Wikipedia simplewiki https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.43.0-wmf.4 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk 0 6 9543890 9531672 2024-05-14T12:42:09Z 93.89.136.145 changed spelling mistac wikitext text/x-wiki frf3od9oa75avtpjgwkhltw2l1byv6r 9543891 9543890 2024-05-14T12:42:35Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 369772 Undid edits by [[Special:Contributions/93.89.136.145|93.89.136.145]] ([[User talk:93.89.136.145|talk]]) to last version by Schminnte: not helpful wikitext text/x-wiki 8mobb1z74t47uinpgxgy1jo8iwo1uu5 0 171 9543877 9521489 2024-05-14T12:38:49Z 93.89.136.145 corrected spelling and grammatical errors wikitext text/x-wiki tglsnrknxz4j7fpcrnoh539pnfxz1h6 9544019 9543877 2024-05-14T14:46:36Z Macdonald-ross 68157 Reverted to revision 9521489 by ChenzwBot. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki gvueer5ephv7ngje2mpbgidiwwqoydn 0 431 9544564 9516107 2024-05-14T18:43:02Z 207.236.13.141 Gen alpha wikitext text/x-wiki 063wpj0i45zmlfvo7toip4z7iigt8ed 9544569 9544564 2024-05-14T18:44:54Z 207.236.13.141 wikitext text/x-wiki k9s86w1w17knjf6skywgt2it05frk4v 0 472 9543883 9494703 2024-05-14T12:40:27Z 93.89.136.145 added more facts wikitext text/x-wiki g88q3uva03b5e3oxtg51470r158q3kq 9543888 9543883 2024-05-14T12:41:47Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 369772 Undid edits by [[Special:Contributions/93.89.136.145|93.89.136.145]] ([[User talk:93.89.136.145|talk]]) to last version by Contagious Owl wikitext text/x-wiki kowqkxv4ya1tifb96fytyq77lxwnomk 0 882 9545061 9543007 2024-05-14T22:19:47Z 212.129.73.50 wikitext text/x-wiki ajlh4v41hzx7m1eslh0fzp6nmufeaob 9545062 9545061 2024-05-14T22:19:52Z ChenzwBot 16695 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/212.129.73.50|212.129.73.50]] ([[User talk:212.129.73.50|talk]]) to last version by 38.133.108.43 wikitext text/x-wiki 984jkq52sbfpb0vtc2mfkduwybekw03 9545064 9545062 2024-05-14T22:20:32Z 212.129.73.50 Replaced content with "your ano[[[o]]oos" wikitext text/x-wiki 7vcb85aqrqvoi1qv0ql9lq8h2581tsp 9545065 9545064 2024-05-14T22:20:52Z 212.129.73.50 wikitext text/x-wiki 9m0u5fjazxksiy709ej9v8ry6sddnfs 9545087 9545065 2024-05-14T22:43:10Z Dream Indigo 1398040 Reverting edits made by a 6 year old wikitext text/x-wiki 984jkq52sbfpb0vtc2mfkduwybekw03 4 1905 9544180 9542673 2024-05-14T16:26:42Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 Reporting [[Special:Contributions/151.188.213.144|151.188.213.144]]. 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([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki forz5ihf2uxzwcgxsa1s9rflqlh2v4v 9544731 9544725 2024-05-14T19:42:43Z Davey2010 314522 /* User-reported */ wikitext text/x-wiki gmqoxmxjnwah0gde1tmf7gxsm127sg3 9545769 9544731 2024-05-15T07:58:05Z Codename Noreste 1320268 Reporting [[Special:Contributions/Baphomet 666 666|Baphomet 666 666]]. wikitext text/x-wiki 7uaale3ull72r9pkf0eu26bmwqowvpz 9545777 9545769 2024-05-15T08:01:10Z Codename Noreste 1320268 Reporting [[Special:Contributions/Mexican Chicana|Mexican Chicana]]. wikitext text/x-wiki ctdj8672iau1uff3bhw9jj75s8alxf4 0 1949 9544090 9532607 2024-05-14T15:35:00Z 216.125.39.154 It helps with history for a more historical reference wikitext text/x-wiki ed8v5oj38j40t0822ogw1h5855k9qru 9544092 9544090 2024-05-14T15:36:19Z Antandrus 407690 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/216.125.39.154|216.125.39.154]] ([[User talk:216.125.39.154|talk]]) to last version by Schminnte wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Titan Missile (41980404201).jpg|thumb|Looking downwards into the silo of a (genuine) Titan II Missile.]] [[File:Sesel map of socialist states.PNG|thumb|Map of Socialist and Communist Countries in 1985]] The '''Cold War (1947-1991)''' was the [[wikt:tense|tense]] fighting between the [[United States]] and its [[wikt:allies|allies]] and the [[Soviet Union]] (also called the USSR) and its allies between the end of [[World War II]] and the fall of the Soviet Union.<ref>Tucker, Spencer (ed)2008. ''Encyclopedia of the Cold War: a political, social, and military history''. (5 vols)</ref><ref>Walker, Martin. 1995. ''The Cold War: a history''.</ref> It is called the "Cold" War because the Americans and the Soviet Union never actually fought each other directly. Instead, they attacked each other in conflicts known as [[proxy war]]s in which powerful countries fight a foreign war but do not send their own troops. Both sides built large militaries with many new weapons and advanced technology. They [[espionage|spied]] on each other and threatened each other. == Conflicting countries == Most of the countries on one side were allied by [[NATO]], whose most powerful country was the [[United States]]. Most of the countries on the other side were allied by the [[Warsaw Pact]], whose most powerful country was the [[Soviet Union]].<ref>Applebaum, Anne 2012. ''Iron Curtain: the crushing of Eastern Europe, 1944–1956''. Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-51569-3</ref> The Western Bloc was the name of the [[capitalism|capitalist]] countries led by the United States. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is an alliance created in 1949 and included the United States, the [[United Kingdom]], [[France]], [[West Germany]],[[Canada]], [[Netherlands]], [[Belgium]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], Italy, Norway, Denmark, Greece, and Turkey. Other countries allied with the Western Bloc include Israel, Brazil, South Korea, Kenya (1960-1991), Bangladesh (1964-1968), Pakistan, North Yemen, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Philippines, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. The [[Warsaw Pact|Eastern Bloc]] was the group of [[socialism|socialist]] countries led by the Soviet Union. The Warsaw Pact was an alliance created in 1955 and included the USSR, [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|Albania]], [[People's Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[Czechoslovakia]], [[East Germany]], Hungary, Poland, and Romania. Other countries allied with the Eastern Bloc included Angola (1975–1991), Cuba, Bolivia, [[People's Republic of Kampuchea|Cambodia]](1977–1979), South Yemen, Tunisia, Nepal, Libya (1974–1991), Mongolia, Jamaica, North Korea, China and Laos (1975–1991). == Background == In February 1917, Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]] of the [[Russian Empire]] was overthrown because people were unhappy with their living conditions (like being a [[Serfdom|serf]]), especially during [[World War I]]. The new government in Russia was a democratic socialist government. Unfortunately, it was ineffective, and people were still unhappy. In November 1917, a communist group called the Bolsheviks, led by [[Vladimir Lenin]], overthrew the new government and were supported by groups of workers called Soviets. The Bolsheviks created a new communist government called the Russian Soviet Federation Socialist Republic (also called simply Soviet Russia or the Russian SFSR). However, not everyone supported the communists. Many countries that had been part of the Russian Empire had left, such as Belarus, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The [[Russian Civil War]] began, with the Soviet Russian Red Army fighting against the [[White Army]] of anticommunist Russians. The White Army was not very united or organized. The Allied Parts of World War I, such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and France, invaded Russia to support the White Army and stop the Red Army. The Red Army eventually won the war in 1922, and established the [[Soviet Union|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] (also called the Soviet Union), along with the newly formed Socialist Republics of [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]], [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic|Armenian SSR]], [[Azerbaijan SSR]] and [[Georgian SSR]]. === World War II === The start of the Cold War in 1947 was caused by a belief that all governments would become either [[Communism|communist]] or [[Capitalism|capitalist]]. The Western Allies feared that the Soviet Union would spread communism to the rest of Europe and was very concerned that Soviet agents had learnt how to make [[atomic bomb]]s after the war. Both nations had opposed [[Nazi Germany]] although the [[United States]] worked with Nazi scientists<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lichtblau|first=Eric|date=2010-11-13|title=Nazis Were Given 'Safe Haven' in U.S., Report Says|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/14/us/14nazis.html|access-date=2021-09-15|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Schumm|first=Laura|title=What Was Operation Paperclip?|url=https://www.history.com/news/what-was-operation-paperclip|access-date=2021-09-15|website=HISTORY|language=en}}</ref> and [[Soviet Union]] had chosen not to fight with Germany in the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop pact]] and the two [[Military occupation|occupied]] [[Poland]] in 1939. However, Germany turned against the Soviet Union in June 1941 and invaded it during [[Operation Barbarossa]]. == After World War II == [[File:Yalta summit 1945 with Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin.jpg|thumb|right|The "[[Allies of World War II|Big Three]]" at the Yalta Conference: [[Winston Churchill]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and [[Joseph Stalin]], early 1945]] After [[World War II]], Germany was left in ruins. The victorious Allies that [[Occupied territory|occupied it]] split it into four parts. in the western half of Germany, one part was given to the United States, one to the United Kingdom, and one to France. The eastern half was occupied by the USSR. The city of [[Berlin]] was also split among the four countries even though it was entirely within the eastern half. [[File:L to R, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, President Harry S. Truman, and Soviet leader Josef Stalin in the... - NARA - 198958.jpg|thumb|right|[[Winston Churchill]], [[Harry S. Truman]] and [[Joseph Stalin]] at the [[Potsdam Conference]], mid-1945.]] The [[Federal Republic of Germany]] (''Bundesrepublik Deutschland'' or BRD), or West Germany, was recognized by the Western Allies in June 1949 and was a capitalist democracy. West Berlin was considered a part of the country. The Soviets named their section of Germany the [[German Democratic Republic]] (''Deutsche Demokratische Republik'' or DDR), or [[East Germany]], later in 1949 was established, and was a socialist state. From April 1948 to May 1949, the Soviets blockaded West Berlin to prevent the city from using West Germany's currency. The United States and its allies supplied the city by airplanes until September 1949 in what became known as the [[Berlin Airlift]]. Many East Germans wanted to live in West Germany for having greater quality of life and political freedom. In 1961, the East German government built the Berlin Wall, dividing the two halves of the city, and heavily guarded it to prevent more people from escaping to the west. The wall was considered a symbol of the Cold War and the [[iron curtain|Iron Curtain]] that divided Europe. == Khrushchev era (1953–1964) == [[File:Truman signing National Security Act Amendment of 1949.jpg|right|thumb|President Truman signs the National Security Act Amendment of 1949 with guests in the Oval Office.]] [[Espionage]], or "spying," has been around for a long time and was very important during the Cold War. After its successful [[nuclear espionage]] in the [[Manhattan Project]], the Soviets created their spy organs, especially the [[KGB]]. The [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] led Americans efforts abroad, and the [[FBI]] led counterespionage. Catching foreign spies and fighting domestic [[subversion]] were KGB functions. In 1953, the Soviet leader [[Joseph Stalin]] died, and [[Nikolai Bulganin]] and [[Nikita Khrushchev]] took his place. Khrushchev later took sole control of the Soviet Union. [[Khrushchev's Secret Speech]] marked a period of [[de-Stalinization]], and Khrushchev tried to undo many of the things done by Stalin (such as the [[Gulag]] prisons and Stalin's cult of personality). In the United States, there was a "Red Scare", and when the Soviets detonated their own atom bomb, there was a big political fallout and the [[United States]] government made everybody scared about communists. Famous people in many fields who had been Communist sympathizers in the past like Larry Adler lost their positions. Many actors were 'blacklisted' and so were not hired to act in movies, which ruined their careers. US Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]] was believed by many when he accused some important Americans of being communists, including some high government officials. [[File:Mao, Bulganin, Stalin, Ulbricht Tsedenbal.jpeg|thumb|right|Mao Zedong and Joseph Stalin in Moscow, December 1949]] [[File:IncheonLandingMcArthur.jpg|thumb|right|General [[Douglas MacArthur]], UN Command CiC (seated), observes the naval shelling of [[Incheon]] from the [[USS Mount McKinley (AGC-7)|USS ''Mount McKinley'']], September 15, 1950]] The 1950s were the beginning of the [[Space Race]] between the United States and the Soviet Union. It began when the Soviets put the first satellite, [[Sputnik 1]], into orbit around Earth. They were the first country to send a vehicle into space. The United States responded by starting [[NASA]] and soon sent up its own satellites. The Soviets also sent the first man ([[Yuri Gagarin]]) into Earth orbit and claimed that proved communism to be the better ideology. In the 1950s, the United States (under President [[Dwight Eisenhower]]) created a policy called "New Look" to cut defense spending and to increase the number of nuclear weapons as a deterrent in order to prevent the Soviet Union from attacking the West. The Soviets also increased their nuclear force, which resulted in [[mutual assured destruction]]. In the [[Suez Crisis]] of 1956, the Cold War alliances were broken in an important way for the first time with the Soviet Union and United States favoring one side and Britain and France the other. The Western Allies also decided to let Soviet troops [[:wikt:suppress|suppress]] the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]]. US vice-president [[Richard Nixon]] engaged in several talks with Khrushchev during the [[1950s]]. One of these was the 1959 "[[Kitchen Debate]]" in a model kitchen in [[Moscow]]. The debates highlighted the political and economic differences between the Americans and the Soviets. The following year, the United States [[Lockheed U-2|U-2 spy plane]] crashed in the Soviet Union. Tensions between the two countries increased. == Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) == {{main article|Cuban Missile Crisis}} [[File:M-26-7.svg|thumb|right|Flag of the [[26th of July Movement]]]]After the United States had invaded [[Cuba]] and failed in the [[Bay of Pigs]], the Soviet Union attempted to supply Cuba with [[nuclear missiles]]. The missiles in Cuba would have allowed the Soviet Union to target almost the entire United States effectively. In response the United States sent a large number of ships to blockade Cuba to prevent the Soviet Union from sharing the weapons. The United States and Soviet Union agreed that the Soviet Union would no longer give nuclear weapons to Cuba if the United States didn't invade Cuba again. That was the highest period of tension during the Cold War and was the closest the world came to a nuclear war, with possible global conflict to follow. == Détente (1962–1981) == [[File:Leonid Brezhnev and Richard Nixon talks in 1973.png|right|thumb|[[Leonid Brezhnev]] and [[Richard Nixon]] during Brezhnev's June 1973 visit to Washington; this was a high-water mark in détente between the United States and the Soviet Union]] After the agreement that ended the Cuban Missile Crisis, relations between both sides eased up. Several treaties, designed to reduce the number of nuclear weapons, were signed. In 1964, the US under President Lyndon Johnson invaded North Vietnam, which resulted in a humiliating defeat for the Americans and South Vietnam in 1975. During this period of [[détente]], the United States began building a good relationship with the [[People's Republic of China]], which had once been an ally of the Soviet Union. == End of the Cold War (1981–1991) == [[File:President Ronald Reagan making his Berlin Wall speech.jpg|thumb|right|Reagan speaks at the [[Berlin Wall]]'s [[Brandenburg Gate]], which inspired [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] to "[[tear down this wall]]."]] [[File:Reagan sitting with people from the Afghanistan-Pakistan region in February 1983.jpg|thumb|President Reagan sitting with the Afghan Mujahideen in February 1983.]] The policy of détente ended in 1981, when US President [[Ronald Reagan]] ordered a massive military build-up to challenge Soviet influence around the world. The United States began to support anti-communists all over the world with money and weapons. The idea was to help them overthrow their communist governments. The Soviets had a slow economy during this decade because military spending was at an all-time high. They tried to keep up with the United States in military spending but could not do so. In the [[Soviet war in Afghanistan]], which started in 1979, the Soviets had a difficult time fighting resistance groups, with some of them armed and trained by the United States. The Soviets' failed invasion of [[Afghanistan]] is often compared to the American failure during the Vietnam War. [[File:Reagan and Gorbachev signing.jpg|thumb|left|Gorbachev and Reagan sign the [[Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty]] at the White House, 1987]] [[File:1991 coup attempt1.jpg|left|thumb|The [[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt|August Coup]] led by Soviet hardliners severely crippled the Soviet Union. This led the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in December 1991]] In the late 1980s, the new Soviet leader, [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], made an effort to make an ally of the United States to fix world problems caused by the war, with the ultimate aim of eliminating nuclear weapons. However, that did not take place because Reagan insisted on having a nuclear missile defence system. The people of the Soviet Union were divided. Some wanted Gorbachev to fight harder to eliminate nuclear weapons, but others did not want him to be talking to the United States at all. The mixed feelings created an atmosphere of political infighting, and the people were no longer united behind one goal. Also, the Communist Party started to crumble. After the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]] in 1989 and without communist rule holding together the countries that comprised the Soviet Union, it was divided into smaller countries in 1991 like [[Russia]], [[Ukraine]], [[Lithuania]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. Eastern Europe got very poor and broken and returned to capitalism. The Cold War was over.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.coldwar.org/articles/90s/fall_of_the_soviet_union.asp|title=Cold War Museum|website=www.coldwar.org|access-date=2018-05-14|archive-date=2017-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724220159/http://coldwar.org/articles/90s/fall_of_the_soviet_union.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> Not all historians agree on when the Cold War ended. Some think it ended when the Berlin Wall fell, but others think it ended when the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/cold_war.htm|title=Cold War|last=Pike|first=John|website=www.globalsecurity.org|language=en|access-date=2018-05-14}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{Commons category}} * [http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Cold_War Cold War] -Citizendium {{Joseph Stalin}} [[Category:Cold War]] ltodujkr3y2txpaof2azc8mxujx6oip 9544107 9544092 2024-05-14T15:42:07Z 216.125.39.154 History wikitext text/x-wiki kl6mfiute0lkc8tzmhth7ril1r49jpb 9544213 9544107 2024-05-14T16:40:44Z 204.193.7.220 wikitext text/x-wiki e544wmg42pnbggnvqym2yo57bvvmbra 9544916 9544213 2024-05-14T21:06:37Z Antandrus 407690 you need to be this tall to ride the Wikipedia wikitext text/x-wiki ltodujkr3y2txpaof2azc8mxujx6oip 0 1976 9544722 9536520 2024-05-14T19:40:27Z 151.188.213.144 Replaced content with "{{infobox continent | title = Antarctic | image = Antarctica.svg | area = * Overall: 14,000,000&nbsp;km² (5,400,000 sq mi)<ref name="cia" /> * Ice-free: 280,000&nbsp;km² (100,000 sq mi) * Ice-covered: 13,720,000&nbsp;km² (5,300,000 sq mi) | population = At Least 77 (about 1000 people living temporarily) | density = | time = None | internet = [[.aq]] | dependencies = {{Collapsible list |title=8 |{{*}} [[Australian Antarctic Territory]..." wikitext text/x-wiki jdeize1imkavvcelqbjlxhxqps09vwa 9544730 9544722 2024-05-14T19:42:17Z JoshuaAuble 1401078 wikitext text/x-wiki pro8i868xjw7gamsicho420k9f3p3dk 0 2138 9543854 9474991 2024-05-14T12:17:45Z 85.92.187.30 i think these changes are true wikitext text/x-wiki gxc19arhku1a4o9bk8di5y64ot45l2f 9543855 9543854 2024-05-14T12:17:50Z ChenzwBot 16695 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/85.92.187.30|85.92.187.30]] ([[User talk:85.92.187.30|talk]]) to last version by InternetArchiveBot wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}{{nobelprize|Physics}} {{Infobox scientist | name = Albert Einstein | image = Einstein 1921 by F Schmutzer - restoration.jpg | caption = Einstein in 1921 | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1879|3|14}} | birth_place = [[Ulm]], [[Kingdom of Württemberg]], [[German Empire]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1955|4|18|1879|3|14}} | death_place = {{nowrap|[[Princeton, New Jersey]], United States}} | children = Lieserl Einstein <br />Hans Albert Einstein <br />Eduard "Tete" Einstein | spouse = {{marriage|[[Mileva Marić]]|1903|1919|end=div}}<br />{{marriage|[[Elsa Löwenthal]]|1919|1936|end=died<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Heilbron |editor-first=John L. |title=The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abqjP-_KfzkC&pg=PA233 |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-974376-6 |page=233}}</ref>{{sfnp|Pais|1982|p=301}}}} | citizenship = {{Plainlist| * Subject of the [[Kingdom of Württemberg]] during the German Empire (1879–1896)<ref name=GEcitizen group=note>During the German Empire, citizens were exclusively subjects of one of the 27 ''Bundesstaaten''.</ref> * [[Statelessness|Stateless]] (1896–1901) * Citizen of [[Switzerland]] (1901–1955) * Austrian subject of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] (1911–1912) * Subject of the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] during the German Empire (1914–1918)<ref name=GEcitizen group=note /> * German citizen of the [[Free State of Prussia]] ([[Weimar Republic]], 1918–1933) * Citizen of the United States (1940–1955) }} | fields = [[Physics]], [[philosophy]] | workplaces = {{Plainlist| * [[Swiss Patent Office]] ([[Bern]]) (1902–1909) * [[University of Bern]] (1908–1909) * [[University of Zurich]] (1909–1911) * [[Karl-Ferdinands-Universität|Charles University in Prague]] (1911–1912) * [[ETH Zurich]] (1912–1914) * [[Prussian Academy of Sciences]] (1914–1933) * [[Humboldt University of Berlin]] (1914–1933) * [[Kaiser Wilhelm Institute]] (director, 1917–1933) * [[German Physical Society]] (president, 1916–1918) * [[Leiden University]] (visits, 1920) * [[Institute for Advanced Study]] (1933–1955) * [[Caltech]] (visits, 1931–1933) * [[University of Oxford]] (visits, 1931–1933) }} | education = {{Plainlist| * [[ETH Zurich]]<ref>{{YouTube|ZaD6SwxxkTs|How much Einstein is there in ETH Zurich?}}</ref> (1896–1900; B.A., 1900) * [[University of Zurich]] (Ph.D., 1905) }} | doctoral_advisor = [[Alfred Kleiner]] | thesis_title = {{lang|de|Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen}} (A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions) | thesis_url = http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:30378/eth-30378-01.pdf | thesis_year = 1905 | academic_advisors = [[Heinrich Friedrich Weber]] | influenced = {{Plainlist| * Virtually all modern [[physics]] }} | known_for = {{Plainlist| * [[General relativity]] * [[Special relativity]] * [[Photoelectric effect]] * [[Mass–energy equivalence|''E=mc²'' (Mass–energy equivalence)]] * [[Planck–Einstein relation|''E=hf'' (Planck–Einstein relation)]] * Theory of [[Brownian motion]] * [[Einstein field equations]] * [[Bose–Einstein statistics]] * [[Bose–Einstein condensate]] * [[Gravitational wave]] * [[Cosmological constant]] * [[Unified field theory]] * [[EPR paradox]] * [[Ensemble interpretation]] * [[List of things named after Albert Einstein|List of other concepts]] }} | awards = {{Plainlist| * [[Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science|Barnard Medal]] (1920) * [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (1921) * [[Matteucci Medal]] (1921) * [[ForMemRS]] (1921)<ref name="frs" /> * [[Copley Medal]] (1925)<ref name="frs" /> * [[Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society]] (1926) * [[Max Planck Medal]] (1929) * [[Member of the National Academy of Sciences]] (1942) * [[Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century|''Time'' Person of the Century]] (1999) }} | signature = Albert Einstein signature 1934.svg | influences = {{Plainlist| * [[Arthur Schopenhauer]] * [[Baruch Spinoza]] * [[Bernhard Riemann]] * [[David Hume]] * [[Ernst Mach]] * [[Hendrik Lorentz]] * [[Hermann Minkowski]] * [[Isaac Newton]] * [[James Clerk Maxwell]] * [[Michele Besso]] * [[Moritz Schlick]] * [[Thomas Young (scientist)|Thomas Young]] }} }} [[File:Albert Einstein Head.jpg|thumb|Albert Einstein in 1947]] '''Albert Einstein''' (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born American Jewish scientist.<ref>The Nobel Prize biography states "He... remained in Berlin until 1933 when he renounced his citizenship for political reasons and emigrated to America... He became a United States citizen in 1940".</ref> He worked on [[theoretical physics]].<ref name="Bio">{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html |title=Albert Einstein&nbsp;– Biography |accessdate=7 March 2007 |publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306133522/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html| archivedate= 6 March 2007 | url-status=live}}</ref> He developed the [[theory of relativity]].<ref name="frs">{{cite journal | last1 = Whittaker | first1 = E. | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1955.0005 | title = Albert Einstein. 1879–1955 | journal = Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society | volume = 1 | pages = 37–67 | date = 1955| jstor = 769242| doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name="YangHamilton2010">{{cite book|author1=Fujia Yang|author2=Joseph H. Hamilton|title=Modern Atomic and Nuclear Physics|date=2010|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4277-16-7}}</ref> He won the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] in 1921 for theoretical physics. His most famous [[equation]] is <math>E=mc^2</math> in which E is for [[Energy]], m for [[mass]], c is the [[speed of light]] is therefore ''Energy'' [[List of mathematical symbols|equals]] ''mass'' [[List of mathematical symbols|multiplied by]] ''the speed of light'' [[Square (algebra)|squared]]. At the start of his career, Einstein didn't think that [[Isaac Newton|Newtonian]] [[mechanics]] was enough to bring together the laws of [[classical mechanics]] and the laws of the [[electromagnetic field]]. Between 1902 and 1909 he made the [[special theory of relativity|theory of special relativity]] to fix it. Einstein also thought that [[Isaac Newton]]'s idea of [[gravity]] was not completely correct. So, he extended his ideas on special relativity to include gravity. In 1916, he published a paper on [[general relativity]] with his theory of gravitation. In 1933, Einstein was visiting the [[United States]] but in [[Germany]], [[Adolf Hitler]] and the [[Nazism|Nazis]] came to power (this is before [[World War II]]). Since Einstein was [[Jewish]], he did not go back to [[Germany]] because of Hitler’s [[anti-Semitic]] laws.<ref>{{cite journal |date=9 June 2017 |first=Thomas |last=Levenson |journal=The Atlantic |title=The Scientist and the Fascist |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/06/einstein-germany-and-the-bomb/528534/}}</ref> He lived in the United States and became an American citizen in 1940.<ref name="BoyerDubofsky2001">{{cite book|author1=Paul S. Boyer|author2=Melvyn Dubofsky|title=The Oxford Companion to United States History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SgtyKzBes6QC&pg=PA218|date=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-508209-8|page=218}}</ref> On the beginning of [[World War II]], he and [[Leó Szilárd]] sent a letter to President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] explaining to him that [[Germany]] was in the making an [[Atomic bomb]]; so Einstein and Szilard [[wikt:recommended|recommended]] that the U.S. should also make one. This led to the [[Manhattan Project]], and the U.S. became the first nation in history to create and use the atomic bomb (not on [[Germany]] but on [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|Japan]]). Einstein and other physicists like [[Richard Feynman]] who worked on the Manhattan Project later regretted that the bomb was used on Japan.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tamari|first1=Vladimir|last2=Feynman|first2=Richard P.|date=1986|title=Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1578389|journal=Leonardo|volume=19|issue=4|pages=350|doi=10.2307/1578389|jstor=1578389|issn=0024-094X}}</ref> Einstein lived in [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]] and was one of the first members invited to the [[Institute for Advanced Study]], where he worked for the rest of his life. He is now thought to be one of the greatest scientists of all time. His contributions helped lay the foundations for all modern branches of [[physics]], including [[quantum mechanics]] and relativity. == Life == === Early life === Einstein was born in [[Ulm]], [[Württemberg]], [[Germany]], on 14 March 1879.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html |title=Albert Einstein – Biographical |work=nobelprize.org |year=2015 |accessdate=25 June 2015}}</ref> His family was [[Jewish]], but was not very [[Wikt:religious|religious]]. However, later in life Einstein became very interested in his [[Judaism]]. Einstein did not begin speaking until he was 3 years old. According to his younger sister, Maja, "He had such difficulty with language that those around him feared he would never learn".<ref>"Einstein: his Life and Universe" by Walter Isaacson</ref> When Einstein was around 4 years old, his father gave him a [[magnetism|magnetic]] [[compass]]. He tried hard to understand how the needle could seem to move itself so that it always pointed north. The needle was in a closed case, so clearly nothing like wind could be pushing the needle around, and yet it moved. So in this way Einstein became interested in studying science and mathematics. His compass gave him ideas to [[Wikt:explore|explore]] the world of science. When he became older, he went to school in [[Switzerland]]. After he graduated, he got a job in the patent office there. While he was working there, he wrote the papers that first made him famous as a great scientist. Einstein married with a 20-year-old Serbian woman [[Mileva Marić]] in January 1903. In 1917, Einstein became very sick with an illness that almost killed him, fortunately he survived. His cousin [[Elsa Einstein|Elsa Löwenthal]] nursed him back to health. After this happened, Einstein divorced Mileva on 14 February 1919, and married Elsa on 2 June 1919. === Children === Einstein's first daughter was Lieserl Einstein. She was born in [[Novi Sad]], [[Vojvodina]], [[Austria-Hungary]] on January 27, 1902. She spent her first years in the care of Serbian grandparents because her father Albert did not want her to be brought to Switzerland, where he had a job offer at the patent office. Some historians believe she died from [[scarlet fever]].<ref>Albert Einstein, Mileva Marić: ''The Love Letters, Princeton, N.J. 1992, p. 78''</ref> Einstein's two sons were Hans Albert Einstein and Eduard Tete Einstein. Hans Albert was born in [[Bern]], [[Switzerland]] in May 1904. He became a professor in Berkeley (California). Eduard was born in [[Zürich]], [[Switzerland]] in July 1910. He died at 55 years old of a stroke in the Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich "Burghölzli" . He had spent his life in and out of hospitals due to his [[schizophrenia]]. === Later life === In spring of 1914, he moved back to Germany, and became ordinary member of the Prussian Academy and director of a newly established institute for physics of the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft. He lived in [[Berlin]] and finished the General Theory of Relativity in November 1915. In the [[Weimar Republic]], he was politically active for [[socialism]] and [[Zionism]]. In 1922, he received the Nobel prize for Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect in 1905. He then tried to formulate a general field theory uniting gravitation and electromagnetism, without success. He had reservations about the quantum mechanics invented by Heisenberg (1925) and Schrödinger (1926). In spring of 1933, Einstein and Elsa were traveling in the US when the [[Nazi]] party came to power. The [[Nazis]] were violently antisemitic. They [[Wikt:accuse|called]] Einstein's relativity theory "Jewish physics," and some German physicists started polemics against his theories. Others, like Planck and Heisenberg, defended Einstein. After their return to Belgium, considering the threats from the [[Nazis]], Einstein resigned from his position in the Prussian Academy in a letter from Oostende. Einstein and Elsa decided not to go back to Berlin and moved to Princeton, New Jersey in the United States, and in 1940 he became a United States [[citizen]]. Before [[World War II]], in August 1939, Einstein at the suggestion of [[Leó Szilárd]] wrote to the U.S. president, [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], to say that the United States should invent an [[atomic bomb]] so that the [[Nazi]] government could not beat them to the punch. He signed the letter. However, he was not part of the [[Manhattan Project]], which was the [[Wikt:project|project]] that created the atomic bomb.<ref>{{cite book| last = Clark| first = Ronald W.| title = Einstein:: The Life and Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6IKVA0lY6MAC&pg=PA28| year = 1984| publisher = Harper Collins| isbn = 978-0-380-01159-9| page = 28 }}</ref> Einstein, a Jew but not an Israeli citizen, was offered the presidency in 1952 but turned it down, stating "I am deeply moved by the offer from our State of Israel, and at once saddened and ashamed that I cannot accept it."<ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Quote/Einstein_On_Presidency.html Albert Einstein on his decision not to accept the Presidency of Israel]</ref> Ehud Olmert was reported to be considering offering the presidency to another non-Israeli, [[Elie Wiesel]], but he was said to be "very not interested".<ref>[http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1159193468801&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull Olmert backs Peres as next president]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Jerusalem Post, 18 October 2006</ref> He did his research on gravitation at the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] at [[Princeton, New Jersey]] until his death on 18 April 1955 of a [[Wikt:burst|burst]] [[aortic aneurysm]]. He was still writing about [[quantum physics]] hours before he died. He was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]]. == Photoelectric effect == In 1905 he came up with a theory that light was made of small particles called [[photons]] {{note|Einstein referred to photons as light quant in his paper}}. Using this theory he was able to explain the [[photoelectric effect]]. The formula relating the energy and frequency of a photon is <math>E = hf </math>. This means that higher frequency light has more energy per photon. The photoelectric effect happens when light shining on a metal surface causes it to emit electrons. The difficulty for the classical wave theory was to explain why this effect only seems to occur for high frequency light such as [[UV]], but not lower frequency such as red or [[infrared]]. Einstein showed that, since higher frequency light has photons with more energy, it has a greater chance of forcing electrons out of the metal. Einstein was also able to explain other phenomena with photons, such as [[fluorescence]] and [[ionization]]. In 1921 he was awarded the [[Nobel Prize]] for this discovery. == Theory of relativity == The [[Special relativity|theory of special relativity]] was published by Einstein in 1905, in the paper ''On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies''.<ref>[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/andp.19053221004 Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper] [[Annalen der Physik]] Volume 322, Issue 10 Jan 1905 Pages fmi, 781-1020 1905 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19053221004</ref> It says that both distance measurements and time measurements change near the [[speed of light]]. This means that as one get closer to the speed of light (nearly 300,000&nbsp;kilometres per second), lengths appear to get shorter, and clocks tick more slowly. Einstein said that [[special relativity]] is based on two ideas. The first is that the [[laws of physics]] are the same for all [[wikt:observer|observers]] that are not moving [[wikt:relation|in relation to]] each other. Things going in the same direction at the same speed are said to be in an [[Frame_of_reference#Inertial_frame_of_reference|inertial frame]]. [[File:SpaceshipMeasuresSpeedOfLight.svg|400px|thumb|center|Light from both stars is measured as having the same speed.]] People in the same "frame" measure how long something takes to happen. Their clocks keep the same time. But in another "frame" their clocks move at a different rate. The reason this happens is as follows. No matter how an observer is moving, if he measures the speed of the light coming from that star it will always be the same number. Imagine an astronaut were all alone in a different universe. It just has an astronaut and a spaceship. Is he moving? Is he standing still? Those questions do not '''mean''' anything. Why? Because when we say we are moving we mean that we can measure our distance from something else at various times. If the numbers get bigger we are moving away. If the numbers get smaller we are moving closer. To have '''movement''' you must have at least two things. An airplane can be moving at several hundred kilometers per hour, but passengers say, "I am just sitting here." [[File:Dribble over Strait.svg|400px|thumb|center|Distance traveled is relative to different standards of reference.]] Suppose some people are on a spaceship and they want to make an accurate clock. At one end they put a mirror, and at the other end they put a simple machine. It shoots one short burst of light toward the mirror and then waits. The light hits the mirror and bounces back. When it hits a light detector on the machine, the machine says, "Count = 1," it simultaneously shoots another short burst of light toward the mirror, and when that light comes back the machine says, "Count = 2." They decide that a certain number of bounces will be defined as a second, and they make the machine change the seconds counter every time it has detected that number of bounces. Every time it changes the seconds counter it also flashes a light out through a porthole under the machine. So somebody outside can see the light flashing every second. [[File:Light-clock.png|400px|thumb|center|Light clock faster at rest and slower in motion]] Every grade school child learns the formula d=rt (distance equals rate multiplied by time). We know the speed of light, and we can easily measure the distance between the machine and the mirror and multiple that to give the distance the light travels. So we have both '''d''' and '''r''', and we can easily calculate '''t'''. The people on the spaceship compare their new "light clock" with their various wrist watches and other clocks, and they are satisfied that they can measure time well using their new light clock. Now this spaceship happens to be going very fast. They see a flash from the clock on the space ship, and then they see another flash. Only the flashes do not come a second apart. They come at a slower rate. Light always goes at the same speed, '''d = rt'''. That is why the clock on the spaceship is not flashing once a second for the outside observer. Special relativity also relates energy with mass, in Albert Einstein's E=mc² formula. == Mass-energy equivalence == '''''E=mc²''''', also called the ''mass-energy equivalence'', is one of the things that Einstein is most famous for. It is a famous equation in [[physics]] and math that shows what happens when mass changes to energy or energy changes to mass. The "E" in the equation stands for energy. Energy is a number which you give to objects depending on how much they can change other things. For instance, a brick hanging over an egg can put enough energy onto the egg to break it, but a feather can not. There are three basic forms of energy: [[potential energy]], [[kinetic energy]], and [[rest energy]]. Two of these forms of energy can be seen in the examples given above, and in the example of a pendulum. [[File:PendulumEnergy.svg|A pendulum converts potential energy to kinetic energy and back.]] A cannonball hangs on a rope from an iron ring. A horse pulls the cannonball to the right side. When the cannonball is released it will move back and forth as diagrammed. It would do that forever except that the movement of the rope in the ring and rubbing in other places causes [[friction]], and the friction takes away a little energy all the time. If we ignore the losses due to friction, then the energy provided by the horse is given to the cannonball as potential energy. (It has energy because it is up high and can fall down.) As the cannonball swings down it gains more and more speed, so the nearer the bottom it gets the faster it is going and the harder it would hit you if you stood in front of it. Then it slows down as its kinetic energy is changed back into potential energy. "Kinetic energy" just means the energy something has because it is '''moving.''' "Potential energy" just means the energy something has because it is in some higher position than something else. When energy moves from one form to another, the amount of energy always remains the same. It cannot be made or destroyed. This rule is called the "conservation law of energy". For example, when you throw a ball, the energy is transferred from your hand to the ball as you release it. But the energy that was in your hand, and now the energy that is in the ball, is the same number. For a long time, people thought that the [[conservation of energy]] was all there was to talk about. When energy transforms into mass, the amount of energy does not remain the same. When mass transforms into energy, the amount of energy also does not remain the same. However, the amount of matter and energy remains the same. Energy turns into mass and mass turns into energy in a way that is defined by Einstein's equation, '''E = mc².''' [[File:Albert Einstein (Nobel).png|thumb|right|180px|Picture of Einstein after winning his Nobel Prize, 1921]] The "m" in Einstein's equation stands for [[mass]]. Mass is the amount of [[matter]] there is in some body. If you knew the number of protons and neutrons in a piece of matter such as a brick, then you could calculate its total mass as the sum of the masses of all the protons and of all the neutrons. (Electrons are so small that they are almost negligible.) Masses pull on each other, and a very large mass such as that of the Earth pulls very hard on things nearby. You would weigh much more on Jupiter than on Earth because Jupiter is so huge. You would weigh much less on the Moon because it is only about one-sixth the mass of Earth. Weight is related to the mass of the brick (or the person) and the mass of whatever is pulling it down on a spring scale – which may be smaller than the smallest moon in the solar system or larger than the Sun. Mass, not weight, can be transformed into energy. Another way of expressing this idea is to say that matter can be transformed into energy. Units of mass are used to measure the amount of matter in something. The mass or the amount of matter in something determines how much energy that thing could be changed into. [[File:Einstein 1921 portrait2.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Albert Einstein, 1921]] Energy can also be transformed into mass. If you were pushing a baby buggy at a slow walk and found it easy to push, but pushed it at a fast walk and found it harder to move, then you would wonder what was wrong with the baby buggy. Then if you tried to run and found that moving the buggy at any faster speed was like pushing against a brick wall, you would be very surprised. The truth is that when something is moved then its mass is increased. Human beings ordinarily do not notice this increase in mass because at the speed humans ordinarily move the increase in mass is almost nothing. As speeds get closer to the speed of light, then the changes in mass become impossible not to notice. The basic experience we all share in daily life is that the harder we push something like a car the faster we can get it going. But when something we are pushing is already going at some large part of the speed of light we find that it keeps gaining mass, so it gets harder and harder to get it going faster. It is impossible to make any mass go at the speed of light because to do so would take [[infinity|infinite]] energy. Sometimes a mass will change to energy. Common examples of elements that make these changes we call [[radioactivity]] are [[radium]] and [[uranium]]. An atom of uranium can lose an ''alpha particle'' (the atomic nucleus of helium) and become a new element with a lighter nucleus. Then that atom will emit two electrons, but it will not be stable yet. It will emit a series of alpha particles and electrons until it finally becomes the element Pb or what we call lead. By throwing out all these particles that have mass it has made its own mass smaller. It has also produced energy.<ref>George Gamow, ''One, Two, Three...Infinity,'' p. 170ff</ref> In most radioactivity, the entire mass of something does not get changed to energy. In an atomic bomb, uranium is transformed into [[krypton]] and [[barium]]. There is a slight difference in the mass of the resulting krypton and barium, and the mass of the original uranium, but the energy that is released by the change is huge. One way to express this idea is to write Einstein's equation as: E = (m_uranium – m_{krypton and barium}) c² The c² in the equation stands for the speed of light squared. To square something means to multiply it by itself, so if you were to square the speed of light, it would be 299,792,458&nbsp;meters per second, times 299,792,458&nbsp;meters per second, which is approximately <br /> (3•10⁸)² = (9•10¹⁶ meters²)/seconds²=<br /> 90,000,000,000,000,000&nbsp;meters²/seconds²<br /> So the energy produced by one kilogram would be:<br /> E = 1&nbsp;kg • 90,000,000,000,000,000&nbsp;meters²/seconds²<br /> E = 90,000,000,000,000,000&nbsp;kg meters²/seconds²<br /> or<br /> E = 90,000,000,000,000,000 joules<br /> or<br /> E = 90,000 terajoule About 60 terajoules were released by [[Little Boy|the atomic bomb that exploded over Hiroshima]].<ref>Los Alamos National Laboratory report LA-8819, ''The yields of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki nuclear explosions'' by John Malik, September 1985. Available online at http://www.mbe.doe.gov/me70/manhattan/publications/LANLHiroshimaNagasakiYields.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227053729/http://www.mbe.doe.gov/me70/manhattan/publications/LANLHiroshimaNagasakiYields.pdf |date=2008-02-27 }}</ref> So about two-thirds of a gram of the radioactive mass in that atomic bomb must have been lost (changed into energy), when the uranium changed into krypton and barium. == BEC == The idea of a [[Bose Einstein Condensation|Bose-Einstein condensate]] came out of a collaboration between S. N. Bose and Prof. Einstein. Einstein himself did not invent it but, instead, refined the idea and helped it become popular. == Zero-point energy == The concept of zero-point energy was developed in Germany by Albert Einstein and Otto Stern in 1913. == Momentum, mass, and energy == [[File:AlbertEinsteinStatue-InIsraelAcademyOfSciencesAndHumanities-ByRobertBerks.JPG|thumb|250px|right|Statue of Albert Einstein in the [[Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities]]]] In classical physics, [[momentum]] is explained by the equation: :p = mv where :p represents momentum :m represents mass :v represents velocity (speed) When Einstein generalized classical physics to include the increase of mass due to the velocity of the moving matter, he arrived at an equation that predicted energy to be made of two components. One component involves "rest mass" and the other component involves momentum, but momentum is not defined in the classical way. The equation typically has values greater than zero for both components: :E² = (m₀c²)² + (pc)² where :E represents the energy of a [[particle]] :m₀ represents the mass of the particle when it is not moving :p represents the momentum of the particle when it is moving :c represents the speed of light. There are two special cases of this equation. [[File:Albert Einstein in later years.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Einstein in his later years, c. 1950s]] A [[photon]] has no rest mass, but it has momentum. (Light reflecting from a mirror pushes the mirror with a force that can be measured.) In the case of a photon, because its m₀ = 0, then: :E² = 0 + (pc)² :E = pc :p = E/c The energy of a photon can be computed from its frequency ν or wavelength λ. These are related to each other by [[Max Planck|Planck]]'s relation, E = hν = hc/λ, where h is the [[Planck constant]] (6.626×10⁻³⁴ joule-seconds). Knowing either frequency or wavelength, you can compute the photon's momentum. In the case of motionless particles with mass, since p = 0, then: :E₀² = (m₀c²)² + 0 which is just :E₀ = m₀c² Therefore, the quantity "m₀" used in Einstein's equation is sometimes called the "rest mass." (The "0" reminds us that we are talking about the energy and mass when the speed is 0.) This famous "mass-energy relation" formula (usually written without the "0"s) suggests that mass has a large amount of energy, so maybe we could convert some mass to a more useful form of energy. The [[nuclear power]] industry is based on that idea. Einstein said that it was not a good idea to use the classical formula relating momentum to velocity, p = mv, but that if someone wanted to do that, he would have to use a particle mass m that changes with speed: :m_v² = m₀² / (1 – v²/c²) In this case, we can say that E = mc² is also true for moving particles. == The General Theory of Relativity == {{General relativity}} The [[General Theory of Relativity]] was published in 1915, ten years after the [[special theory of relativity]] was created. Einstein's general theory of relativity uses the idea of [[spacetime]]. Spacetime is the fact that we have a four-dimensional universe, having three spatial (space) dimensions and one temporal (time) dimension. Any physical event happens at some place inside these three space dimensions, and at some moment in time. According to the general theory of relativity, any mass causes spacetime to curve, and any other mass follows these curves. Bigger mass causes more curving. This was a new way to explain [[gravitation]] ([[gravity]]). General relativity explains gravitational lensing, which is [[light]] bending when it comes near a massive object. This explanation was proven correct during a [[solar eclipse]], when the sun's bending of starlight from distant stars could be measured because of the darkness of the eclipse. General relativity also set the stage for [[cosmology]] (theories of the structure of our [[universe]] at large distances and over long times). Einstein thought that the universe may curve a little bit in both space and time, so that the universe always had existed and always will exist, and so that if an object moved through the universe without bumping into anything, it would return to its starting place, from the other direction, after a very long time. He even changed his equations to include a "cosmological constant," in order to allow a [[mathematical model]] of an unchanging universe. The general theory of relativity also allows the universe to spread out (grow larger and less dense) forever, and most scientists think that [[astronomy]] has proved that this is what happens. When Einstein realized that good models of the universe were possible even without the cosmological constant, he called his use of the cosmological constant his "biggest blunder," and that constant is often left out of the theory. However, many scientists now believe that the cosmological constant is needed to fit in all that we now know about the universe. A popular theory of cosmology is called the [[Big Bang]]. According to the Big Bang theory, the universe was formed 15 billion years ago, in what is called a "[[gravitational singularity]]". This singularity was small, dense, and very hot. According to this theory, all of the matter that we know today came out of this point. Einstein himself did not have the idea of a "[[black hole]]", but later scientists used this name for an object in the universe that bends spacetime so much that not even light can escape it. They think that these ultra-dense objects are formed when giant stars, at least three times the size of our sun, die. This event can follow what is called a [[supernova]]. The formation of black holes may be a major source of gravitational waves, so the search for proof of gravitational waves has become an important scientific pursuit. == Beliefs == Many scientists only care about their work, but Einstein also spoke and wrote often about politics and world [[peace]]. He liked the ideas of [[socialism]] and of having only one [[government]] for the whole world. He also worked for [[Zionism]], the effort to try to create the new country of [[Israel]]. In his final days, Einstein faced a crucial decision. Doctors offered surgery to treat his condition, but he chose a different path. He believed in living life naturally, saying, “I want to go when I want to go. It is tasteless to prolong life artificially.” With these words, Einstein showed us the dignity in accepting life’s natural cycle.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-12-19|title=How Did Albert Einstein Die|website=End Of Stories|url=https://endofstories.com/how-did-albert-einstein-die/|access-date=2024-01-25|language=en-US|archive-date=2024-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125112317/https://endofstories.com/how-did-albert-einstein-die/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On January 3, 1954, Einstein sent the following reply to Gutkind: "The word God is for me nothing more than the expression and product of human weaknesses, the Bible a collection of honourable, but still primitive legends which are nevertheless pretty childish. .... For me the Jewish religion like all other religions is an incarnation of the most childish superstitions."<ref name="Frohlichletter">Randerson, James (2008). [https://www.theguardian.com/science/2008/may/12/peopleinscience.religion "Childish superstition: Einstein's letter makes view of religion relatively clear."] ''The Guardian'' (May 13). Concerns have been raised over ''The Guardian''{{'}}s [https://www.theguardian.com/science/2008/may/13/peopleinscience.religion English translation.] [http://www.auctioncause.com/cf/einstein/images/large.jpg Original letter (handwriting, German).] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209165400/http://www.auctioncause.com/cf/einstein/images/large.jpg |date=2013-12-09 }} "Das Wort Gott ist für mich nichts als Ausdruck und Produkt menschlicher Schwächen, die Bibel eine Sammlung ehrwürdiger aber doch reichlich primitiver Legenden.... Für mich ist die unverfälschte jüdische Religion wie alle anderen Religionen eine Incarnation des primitiven Aberglaubens." Transcribed [https://hpd.de/files/transkript_einstein-gottesbrief.pdf here] and [https://uncertaintist.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/einstein-letter-gutkind-excerpts.pdf here.] Translated [http://de.richarddawkins.net/articles/der-einstein-gutkind-brief-mit-transkript-und-englischer-ubersetzung here] and [https://uncertaintist.wordpress.com/2012/08/31/the-three-million-dollar-meme-einstein-was-an-atheist-not/ here.] Copies of this letter are also located in the Albert Einstein Archives: [http://alberteinstein.info/vufind1/Record/EAR000015665 33-337 (TLXTr)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030164509/http://alberteinstein.info/vufind1/Record/EAR000015665 |date=2020-10-30 }}, [http://alberteinstein.info/vufind1/Record/EAR000015666 33-338 (ALSX)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106070857/http://alberteinstein.info/vufind1/Record/EAR000015666 |date=2020-11-06 }}, and [http://alberteinstein.info/vufind1/Record/EAR000028656 59-897 (TLTr).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104221814/http://alberteinstein.info/vufind1/Record/EAR000028656 |date=2020-11-04 }} Alice Calaprice (2011). ''The Ultimate Quotable Einstein''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, p. 342, cites Einstein Archives 33-337.</ref><ref name="NYT-20080517">{{cite web |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |title=Einstein Letter on God Sells for $404,000 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/17/science/17einsteinw.html |date=May 17, 2008 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=October 8, 2012 }}</ref><ref name="MSNBC-20121005">{{cite web |last=Bryner |first=Jeanna |title=Does God Exist? Einstein's 'God Letter' Does, And It's Up For Sale |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/49306421 |date=October 5, 2012 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |accessdate=October 7, 2012 }}</ref> In 2018 his letter to Gutkind was sold for $2.9 million.<ref name=bbc-20181204>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-46438116 |title=Albert Einstein's 'God letter' sells for $2.9m |work=BBC News |date=4 December 2018 |accessdate=10 December 2018}}</ref> Even though Einstein thought of many ideas that helped scientists understand the world much better, he disagreed with some scientific theories that other scientists liked. The theory of [[quantum mechanics]] discusses things that can happen only with certain [[probability|probabilities]], which cannot be predicted with more precision no matter how much information we might have. This theoretical pursuit is different from [[statistical mechanics]], in which Einstein did important work. Einstein did not like the part of quantum theory that denied anything more than the probability that something would be found to be true of something when it was actually measured; he thought that it should be possible to predict anything, if we had the correct theory and enough information. He once said, "I do not believe that God plays [[dice]] with the [[Universe]]." Because Einstein helped science so much, his name is now used for several different things. A [[unit]] used in [[photochemistry]] was named for him. It is equal to [[Avogadro's number]] multiplied by the energy of one [[photon]] of light. The chemical element [[Einsteinium]] is named after the scientist as well.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele099.html |title= Einsteinium named after Einstein |accessdate=5 December 2008 }}</ref> In slang, we sometimes call a very smart person an "Einstein." == Criticism == Most scientists think that Einstein's theories of special and general relativity work very well, and they use those ideas and formulas in their own work. Einstein disagreed that phenomena in [[quantum mechanics]] can happen out of pure chance. He believed that all natural phenomena have explanations that do not include pure chance. He spent much of his later life trying to find a "[[unified field theory]]" that would include his general relativity theory, [[Maxwell's equations|Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism]], and perhaps a better quantum theory. Most scientists do not think that he succeeded in that attempt. == References == {{reflist|group=note}} {{reflist}} * Einstein, Albert and Infeld, Leopold 1938. ''The evolution of physics: from early concept to relativity and quanta''. Cambridge University Press. A non-mathematical account. == Other websites == {{Commons|Albert Einstein|Albert Einstein}} {{Wikiquote}} * [http://www.juliantrubin.com/einsteininvent.html What Did Albert Einstein Invent?] {{Nobel Prize in Physics}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Einstein, Albert}} [[Category:1879 births]] [[Category:1955 deaths]] [[Category:Albert Einstein| ]] [[Category:German Nobel Prize winners]] [[Category:German physicists]] [[Category:Jewish American academics]] [[Category:Jewish American scientists]] [[Category:Jewish German academics]] [[Category:Jewish Nobel Prize winners]] [[Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States]] [[Category:Nobel Prize in Physics winners]] [[Category:People from Ulm]] [[Category:Refugees from Nazism]] [[Category:Swiss Jews]] [[Category:Swiss physicists]] [[Category:American theoretical physicists]] [[Category:Educators from New Jersey]] ignlf5qi4co1ewf8hq5114kwkrt8by8 9543857 9543855 2024-05-14T12:18:12Z 85.92.187.30 .. wikitext text/x-wiki jlqanicxjbpl465v4s5u0oygm1pdfs5 9543858 9543857 2024-05-14T12:19:10Z 85.92.187.30 people r bitches, so get oer it njnuiejlk avng4i wikitext text/x-wiki ignlf5qi4co1ewf8hq5114kwkrt8by8 9544119 9543858 2024-05-14T15:48:23Z 63.151.133.234 some worng dates wikitext text/x-wiki 2zittv6rtq1cyps3m6bjbkpdz68anxe 9544132 9544119 2024-05-14T15:58:56Z Ravensfire 121204 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/63.151.133.234|63.151.133.234]] ([[User talk:63.151.133.234|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by 85.92.187.30. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki ignlf5qi4co1ewf8hq5114kwkrt8by8 4 2512 9545338 9408708 2024-05-15T02:51:28Z MathXplore 966595 /* General rules &ndash; All pages */ +shortcut wikitext text/x-wiki 6175dqce46o9vj6n2wy4ni72y0gazql 9545341 9545338 2024-05-15T02:52:21Z MathXplore 966595 /* Articles */ +shortcut wikitext text/x-wiki fnekhm4w7uxvhi2aeeggqnaj9dhp1vs 0 2950 9544409 9285059 2024-05-14T17:56:29Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 7542q2nwa1o5y83iddvajqpbnwjzvri 0 2960 9543954 9496705 2024-05-14T13:54:44Z 27.125.244.87 /* People */ wikitext text/x-wiki ar0dw765rxamxhzihnyrnvwd7oker5l 0 3066 9544221 8927427 2024-05-14T16:42:26Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki nvufal59hhugiolrrsr8mfp4tnpf3dn 0 3346 9545720 9464280 2024-05-15T07:04:52Z 45.251.15.180 wikitext text/x-wiki lrv5z3z8syjhgkpgg2k30kczzhqdzz9 9545722 9545720 2024-05-15T07:05:31Z Codename Noreste 1320268 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/45.251.15.180|45.251.15.180]] ([[User talk:45.251.15.180|talk]]) to last version by Lucas Werkmeister: reverting [[WP:VAN|vandalism]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = German | nativename = {{lang|de|Deutsch}} | pronunciation = {{IPA-de|dɔʏtʃ|}} | states = Primarily [[German-speaking Europe]], also in the worldwide [[German as a minority language|German-speaking diaspora]] | speakers = <!-- PLEASE, DO NOT EDIT THIS SECTION BEFORE CONSULTING THE TALK PAGE! --><!--to nearest 5M-->{{sigfig|89|1}} million (2010)<ref>Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2010" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2010), in ''[[Nationalencyklopedin]]''</ref> to 95 million | date = 2014 | ref = <ref name="Ammon, 2014">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vPvmBQAAQBAJ |author=Ammon, Ulrich |title=Die Stellung der deutschen Sprache in der Welt |language=German |edition=1st |date=November 2014 |publisher=de Gruyter |location=Berlin, Germany |isbn=978-3-11-019298-8 |accessdate=24 July 2015}}{{Page needed|date=December 2015}}</ref> | speakers2 = [[Second language|L2 speakers]]: 10–15 million (2014)<ref name="Ammon, 2014" /> | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] | fam3 = [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]] | fam4 = [[High German languages|High German]] | ancestor = [[Old High German]] | ancestor2 = [[Middle High German]] | stand1 = [[German Standard German]] | stand2 = [[Swiss Standard German]] | stand3 = [[Austrian German|Austrian Standard German]] | script = [[Latin script|Latin]] ([[German alphabet]])<br />[[German Braille]] | sign = [[Signed German]], LBG<br />''({{lang|de|Lautsprachbegleitende}} / {{lang|de|Lautbegleitende Gebärden}})'' | nation = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left; | title=[[List of territorial entities where German is an official language|6 countries]] |{{flag|Austria}} |{{flag|Belgium}} |{{flag|Germany}} |{{flag|Liechtenstein}} |{{flag|Luxembourg}} |{{flag|Switzerland}} }}<br /><!--SOURCES FOR EACH COUNTRY ARE REFERENCED IN THE LINKED SUB-ARTICLE--> {{Collapsible list | titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left; | title=[[List of territorial entities where German is an official language|3 dependencies]] |[[File:Flag of South Tyrol.svg|24px]] [[South Tyrol]] ([[Italy]]) |{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Bilingual communes in Poland#Polish/German|31 communes]] in [[Poland]] |{{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brazilian German|9 municipalities]] in [[Brazil]] }} <br />[[List of territorial entities where German is an official language#International institutions|Several international institutions]] | minority = <!--DO NOT ADD COUNTRIES/DEPENDENCIES BEFORE CONSULTING THE TALK PAGE AND CITING DEFINITE SOURCES!-->{{Collapsible list | titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left; | title=[[List of territorial entities where German is an official language#Other legal statuses|13 countries<br /><small>(minority/cultural/national language)</small>]] |{{flag|Brazil}}<small> ([[Espírito Santo]], [[Rio Grande do Sul]] & [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]])</small><br />{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}<br />{{flag|Czech Republic}}<br />{{flag|Denmark}} <small>([[Region of Southern Denmark|Syddanmark]])</small><br />{{flag|Hungary}}<br />{{flag|Italy}} <small>([[Trentino]])</small><br />{{Flag|Kazakhstan}}<br />{{flag|Namibia}}<br />{{flag|Poland}}<br />{{flag|Romania}}<br />{{flag|Russia}} <small>([[Azovo German National District]])</small><br />{{flag|Slovakia}}<br />{{flag|Ukraine}} }} | agency = ''No official regulation'' <br /> (German orthography regulated by the [[Council for German Orthography]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rechtschreibrat.ids-mannheim.de/rat/ |title=Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung – Über den Rat |publisher=Rechtschreibrat.ids-mannheim.de |accessdate=11 October 2010 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226064918/http://www.rechtschreibrat.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>). | iso1 = de | iso2b = ger | iso2t = deu | lc1 = deu | ld1 = [[Standard German|German]] | lc2 = gmh | ld2 = [[Middle High German]] | lc3 = goh | ld3 = [[Old High German]] | lc4 = gct | ld4 = [[Colonia Tovar dialect|Colonia Tovar German]] | lc5 = bar | ld5 = [[Bavarian language|Bavarian]] | lc6 = cim | ld6 = [[Cimbrian language|Cimbrian]] | lc7 = geh | ld7 = [[Hutterite German]] | lc8 = ksh | ld8 = [[Colognian dialect|Kölsch]] | lc9 = nds | ld9 = [[Low German]]{{efn|The status of Low German as a German variety or separate language is subject to discussion.|group=efn}} | lc10 = sli | ld10 = [[Silesian German|Lower Silesian]] | lc11 = ltz | ld11 = [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]]{{efn|The status of Luxembourgish as a German variety or separate language is subject to discussion.<ref name="Ammon, 2014" />|group=efn}} | lc12 = vmf | ld12 = [[Main-Franconian dialects|Mainfränkisch]] | lc13 = mhn | ld13 = [[Mòcheno language|Mócheno]] | lc14 = pfl | ld14 = [[Palatine German language|Palatinate German]] | lc15 = pdc | ld15 = [[Pennsylvania German language|Pennsylvania German]] | lc16 = pdt | ld16 = [[Plautdietsch language|Plautdietsch]]{{efn|The status of Plautdietsch as a German variety or separate language is subject to discussion.|group=efn}} | lc17 = swg | ld17 = [[Swabian German]] | lc18 = gsw | ld18 = [[Swiss German]] | lc19 = uln | ld19 = [[Unserdeutsch language|Unserdeutsch]] | lc20 = sxu | ld20 = [[Upper Saxon German|Upper Saxon]] | lc21 = wae | ld21 = [[Walser German]] | lc22 = wep | ld22 = [[Westphalian language|Westphalian]] | lc23 = hrx | ld23 = [[Riograndenser Hunsrückisch German|Riograndenser Hunsrückisch]] | lc24 = yec | ld24 = [[Yenish language|Yenish]] | glotto = high1287 | glottoname = High Franconian | glotto2 = uppe1397 | glottoname2 = Upper German | lingua = {{hidden begin|toggle=left|title=further information}}52-AC (Continental West Germanic)<br />&gt; 52-ACB (Deutsch & Dutch)<br />&gt; 52-ACB-d ([[Central German]] incl. 52-ACB–dl & -dm [[Standard German|Standard/Generalised High German]])<br />+ 52-ACB-e & -f ([[Upper German]] & [[Swiss German]])<br />+ 52-ACB-h ([[German diaspora|émigré German]] varieties incl. 52-ACB-hc [[Hutterite German]] & 52-ACB-he [[Pennsylvania German language|Pennsylvania German]] etc.)<br />+ 52-ACB-i ([[Yeniche language|Yenish]]);<br />Totalling 285 varieties: 52-ACB-daa to 52-ACB-i {{hidden end}} | map = Legal statuses of German in the world.svg | mapcaption = [[File:Legal status of German in Europe.svg|frameless|center]] {{legend|#ffcc00|(Co-)Official and majority language}} {{legend|#d98575|Co-official, but not majority language}} {{legend|#7373d9|Statutory minority/cultural language}} {{legend|#30efe3|Non-statutory minority language}} | notice = IPA | ethnicity = Germans }} '''German''' (German: ''Deutsch'') is a [[West Germanic language]]. It is spoken in [[Germany]], [[Austria]], [[Switzerland]], [[Liechtenstein]] and [[Luxembourg]]; natively by around 100 million people. It is the most widely spoken [[mother tongue]] in the [[first language]]. There are some people who speak German in [[Belgium]], the [[Netherlands]], [[France]] and Northern [[Italy]]. There are people who speak German in many countries, including the [[United States]] and [[Canada]], where many people emigrated from Germany. It is also spoken in [[Eastern Europe]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Romania]], and [[Russia]]. German is a part of the [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]] [[language family]] and is much like [[English language|English]] and [[Dutch language|Dutch]]. Much of the [[vocabulary]] in German is related to English, but the [[grammar]] is more complicated.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Up|first=Topics|date=|title=Japanese vs German|url=https://www.uptopics.com/japanese-vs-german/|access-date=|website=|language=|archive-date=2023-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531201139/https://www.uptopics.com/japanese-vs-german/|url-status=dead}}</ref> German has a system of [[case (grammar)|cases]], and when helping verbs are used, the main part of the verb must be moved to the end of the sentence. For example, "Someone has stolen my car" is ''Jemand hat mein Auto gestohlen'' ("Someone has my car stolen"), and "Someone called me last night" is ''Jemand hat mich letzte Nacht angerufen'' ("Someone has me last night called"). In writing, every [[noun]] must start with a [[capital letter]]. German is the only language that still has that rule, but Danish and English did so a long time ago. Standard German is an official language in Switzerland, but the Swiss dialect of German is difficult to understand for native speakers from Germany and even for Swiss who are not native to speaking German.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-01|title=German Numbers: Learn To Count From 0 To 1,000+|url=https://www.languagethrone.com/german-numbers/|access-date=2021-09-09|website=Language Throne|language=en-US}}</ref> One reason that the dialects are still so different today is that even if Switzerland adopted Standard German, mostly as a written standard, German Swiss in [[World War II]] wanted to separate themselves from the [[Nazis]] by choosing to speak dialect over the Standard German.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7p8GgX_hWyA|title = Languages of Switzerland|first = |last = |website = YouTube|publisher = |accessdate = |archive-date = 2016-09-09|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160909162420/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7p8GgX_hWyA&gl=US&hl=en|url-status = live}}</ref> [[Swiss German]] also has some differences in [[orthography|spelling]], for example, the letter ''[[ß]]'', which is used only in German, is replaced by ''ss''. [[File:Standardvarietäten des Deutschen.png|thumb]] == Dialects == * [[Alsatian language|Alsatian]] * [[Austro-Bavarian language|Bavarian dialect]] * [[Franconian Dialect]] * [[Kölsch language|Kölsch]] * [[West Low German|Low Saxon]] * [[Swiss German|Swiss dialect]] * Mannheimerisch dialect * [[Palatine German language|Palatinate German]] * Russian (Siberian) dialect == German numbers == German numbers are similar to their English counterparts. Like most languages, the German number system is based mainly on the first 10 numbers. They will pop up over and over throughout all the higher numbers. {| class="wikitable" !English !German |- |1 |Eins |- | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |2 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Zwei |- | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |3 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Drei |- | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |4 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Vier |- | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |5 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Fünf |- | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |6 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Sechs |- | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |7 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Sieben |- | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |8 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Acht |- | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |9 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Neun |- | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |10 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Zehn |} ==References== {{reflist}} '''Notes''' {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} == Other websites == {{InterWiki|code=de}} *[http://www.Deutsched.com Online German Language Course] An online German language course that includes lessons covering pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar. *[http://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/German_phrasebook German phrasebook at Wikivoyage] *[http://www.learntospeakgerman.net Learn to Speak German] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608044636/http://learntospeakgerman.net/ |date=2013-06-08 }} Student Resource *[http://www.populearn.com/german/ Free German Language Course] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217004814/http://www.populearn.com/german/ |date=2013-02-17 }} *[http://www.visuellesynonyme.com/ German Thesaurus] {{Germanic languages}} [[Category:German language| ]] 3p2edsvuca9j7bijenio0kz3c3m1jjq 0 3506 9544309 9467007 2024-05-14T17:17:48Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki ru0qf4cdtb4ckow30gt9mv9wwro5a7y 5 3565 9545790 9426540 2024-05-15T08:08:35Z FusionSub 1248114 /* Oversight logo */ new section wikitext text/x-wiki 1w1zv6z26evh85r1jqdpu2ee4pg4u7c 0 3686 9544792 9521387 2024-05-14T20:06:08Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki td7ooyq32fq9tgkpyngg94yv447iqlu 0 3887 9544067 9520094 2024-05-14T15:08:56Z XXBlackburnXx 527152 Revert to revision 9244019 dated 2023-12-12 03:03:47 by Gendisa.luisa using [[:en:Wikipedia:Tools/Navigation_popups|popups]] wikitext text/x-wiki tg2jl84l486e24aji3q6iwi6z98e2ec 0 3956 9544719 9514266 2024-05-14T19:39:21Z 2402:3A80:4029:56FD:DA4:50:71C3:825F MDINTESAR wikitext text/x-wiki 67p5s64x1x7mouknrhc1yt7b3tyatwn 0 4059 9545809 9266355 2024-05-15T08:47:10Z 212.121.220.221 wikitext text/x-wiki o0y8f3s9w79s4cyzi7dk16ttklmrwl2 9545810 9545809 2024-05-15T08:47:26Z SHB2000 1078549 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/212.121.220.221|212.121.220.221]] ([[User talk:212.121.220.221|talk]]) to last version by XXBlackburnXx: test edits, please use the [[WP:SB|sandbox]] wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Evaporation.png|thumb|alt=Water evaporating|A simple picture explaining the evaporation of water, though in real life you can not see the water, but only steam]] [[File:Gaining salt by evaporating sea water, Camargue, Southern France (9655824795).jpg|thumb|Evaporation ponds in Camargue (Southern France): If all the water in salt water evaporates, the salt remains.]] '''Evaporation''' is when a [[liquid]] becomes a [[gas]] without forming [[Liquid bubble|bubble]]s inside the liquid [[volume]]. If bubbles are formed we are talking instead about "[[boiling]]". For example, water left in a bowl will slowly disappear. The water evaporates into water vapor, the gas phase of water. The water vapor mixes with the air. The opposite of evaporation is [[condensation]]. When the [[molecules]] in a liquid are heated, they move faster. This makes them full of [[energy]] and so the particles collide with each other, and eventually they become so far apart that they become a gas. == Differences between evaporation and boiling == During evaporation only the molecules near the liquid surface are changing from liquid to vapor. During boiling the molecules inside the volume of the liquid are also changing to vapor. For this reason during evaporation no bubbles are formed, instead they are formed during [[boiling]]. Evaporation can happen at any temperature, while boiling happens only at a specified temperature called the "[[boiling point]]". Evaporation happens slowly, but boiling happens quickly. == Rate of evaporation == Some liquids evaporate more quickly than others. There are many factors that affect the evaporation rate. The rate of evaporation depends on the liquid's exposed [[surface area]] (faster when increased), the [[humidity]] of surroundings (slower when increased), the presence of [[wind]] (faster when increased) and the [[temperature]] (faster when increased). Liquid with high boiling points (those that boil at very high temperatures) tend to evaporate more slowly than those with lower boiling temperatures.<ref>'''Learn Science''' intermediate, grades 5 to 6 by Mike Evans and Amy Candler</ref> Evaporation is a very essential part of the [[water cycle]]. ==Related pages== * [[Boiling]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{States of matter}} [[Category:Materials science]] [[Category:Gases]] e07v2x8ctntny6wbklr0qpw309ps70r 9545812 9545810 2024-05-15T08:47:35Z 212.121.220.221 wikitext text/x-wiki 4g5xc9tqbab9k9gag6g4efec562htix 9545813 9545812 2024-05-15T08:47:52Z Codename Noreste 1320268 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/212.121.220.221|212.121.220.221]] ([[User talk:212.121.220.221|talk]]) to last version by SHB2000 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Evaporation.png|thumb|alt=Water evaporating|A simple picture explaining the evaporation of water, though in real life you can not see the water, but only steam]] [[File:Gaining salt by evaporating sea water, Camargue, Southern France (9655824795).jpg|thumb|Evaporation ponds in Camargue (Southern France): If all the water in salt water evaporates, the salt remains.]] '''Evaporation''' is when a [[liquid]] becomes a [[gas]] without forming [[Liquid bubble|bubble]]s inside the liquid [[volume]]. If bubbles are formed we are talking instead about "[[boiling]]". For example, water left in a bowl will slowly disappear. The water evaporates into water vapor, the gas phase of water. The water vapor mixes with the air. The opposite of evaporation is [[condensation]]. When the [[molecules]] in a liquid are heated, they move faster. This makes them full of [[energy]] and so the particles collide with each other, and eventually they become so far apart that they become a gas. == Differences between evaporation and boiling == During evaporation only the molecules near the liquid surface are changing from liquid to vapor. During boiling the molecules inside the volume of the liquid are also changing to vapor. For this reason during evaporation no bubbles are formed, instead they are formed during [[boiling]]. Evaporation can happen at any temperature, while boiling happens only at a specified temperature called the "[[boiling point]]". Evaporation happens slowly, but boiling happens quickly. == Rate of evaporation == Some liquids evaporate more quickly than others. There are many factors that affect the evaporation rate. The rate of evaporation depends on the liquid's exposed [[surface area]] (faster when increased), the [[humidity]] of surroundings (slower when increased), the presence of [[wind]] (faster when increased) and the [[temperature]] (faster when increased). Liquid with high boiling points (those that boil at very high temperatures) tend to evaporate more slowly than those with lower boiling temperatures.<ref>'''Learn Science''' intermediate, grades 5 to 6 by Mike Evans and Amy Candler</ref> Evaporation is a very essential part of the [[water cycle]]. ==Related pages== * [[Boiling]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{States of matter}} [[Category:Materials science]] [[Category:Gases]] e07v2x8ctntny6wbklr0qpw309ps70r 9545814 9545813 2024-05-15T08:48:00Z 212.121.220.221 wikitext text/x-wiki letpcsw9ru4bx6rlf5np9bb103dq6ad 9545815 9545814 2024-05-15T08:48:04Z ChenzwBot 16695 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/212.121.220.221|212.121.220.221]] ([[User talk:212.121.220.221|talk]]) to last version by Codename Noreste wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Evaporation.png|thumb|alt=Water evaporating|A simple picture explaining the evaporation of water, though in real life you can not see the water, but only steam]] [[File:Gaining salt by evaporating sea water, Camargue, Southern France (9655824795).jpg|thumb|Evaporation ponds in Camargue (Southern France): If all the water in salt water evaporates, the salt remains.]] '''Evaporation''' is when a [[liquid]] becomes a [[gas]] without forming [[Liquid bubble|bubble]]s inside the liquid [[volume]]. If bubbles are formed we are talking instead about "[[boiling]]". For example, water left in a bowl will slowly disappear. The water evaporates into water vapor, the gas phase of water. The water vapor mixes with the air. The opposite of evaporation is [[condensation]]. When the [[molecules]] in a liquid are heated, they move faster. This makes them full of [[energy]] and so the particles collide with each other, and eventually they become so far apart that they become a gas. == Differences between evaporation and boiling == During evaporation only the molecules near the liquid surface are changing from liquid to vapor. During boiling the molecules inside the volume of the liquid are also changing to vapor. For this reason during evaporation no bubbles are formed, instead they are formed during [[boiling]]. Evaporation can happen at any temperature, while boiling happens only at a specified temperature called the "[[boiling point]]". Evaporation happens slowly, but boiling happens quickly. == Rate of evaporation == Some liquids evaporate more quickly than others. There are many factors that affect the evaporation rate. The rate of evaporation depends on the liquid's exposed [[surface area]] (faster when increased), the [[humidity]] of surroundings (slower when increased), the presence of [[wind]] (faster when increased) and the [[temperature]] (faster when increased). Liquid with high boiling points (those that boil at very high temperatures) tend to evaporate more slowly than those with lower boiling temperatures.<ref>'''Learn Science''' intermediate, grades 5 to 6 by Mike Evans and Amy Candler</ref> Evaporation is a very essential part of the [[water cycle]]. ==Related pages== * [[Boiling]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{States of matter}} [[Category:Materials science]] [[Category:Gases]] e07v2x8ctntny6wbklr0qpw309ps70r 0 4995 9544133 8485563 2024-05-14T15:59:06Z LilyKitty 103847 about GNU Compiler Collection wikitext text/x-wiki nobelrst97mgtvj2ue3dkvgo3nslnew 0 5122 9544023 9395293 2024-05-14T14:50:15Z 148.77.51.98 fixed horrendous grammar wikitext text/x-wiki q7punj46y5d975nam90srrmtsc5l4rm 0 5249 9544066 9344008 2024-05-14T15:08:47Z 96.5.12.227 /* Marriage */ wikitext text/x-wiki 3rtvj6cf45orf1syzi7mdg9kj2v75pp 0 5729 9544102 9513630 2024-05-14T15:38:38Z 80.195.14.114 The L in Roman numerals wikitext text/x-wiki jnumq3pc8ncptsdb4hg3nxulik34q4j 9544163 9544102 2024-05-14T16:17:50Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/80.195.14.114|80.195.14.114]] ([[User talk:80.195.14.114|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by 2409:40F3:1000:FCAA:8000:0:0:0. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki ebys8eiz5abanxqec11x9t64ffcfdj1 9544165 9544163 2024-05-14T16:18:53Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 revert to last non-vandalized version wikitext text/x-wiki rds0t5y2b99o95rhi3xhsgbtoosp9ho 0 6751 9545197 9517779 2024-05-15T00:41:15Z Orlando Carpi 728885 /* Studio albums */ it's a soundtrack wikitext text/x-wiki pdgb0enlkrqy5l34u8j6xsfgc9xj1ba 9545202 9545197 2024-05-15T00:44:03Z Orlando Carpi 728885 /* Career */ a live album wikitext text/x-wiki nkgqf5zcrynni5ip04qyqjwne26cufd 0 6793 9543878 9368364 2024-05-14T12:39:00Z 93.89.136.145 Corrected words wikitext text/x-wiki 0fjwp7t1oqr4frm4na5b73atkfqs04p 9543879 9543878 2024-05-14T12:39:57Z MathXplore 966595 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/93.89.136.145|93.89.136.145]] ([[User talk:93.89.136.145|talk]]) to last version by Jim.henderson wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Apollo 15 launch.jpg|thumb|Launch of [[Apollo 15]] to the [[Moon]].]] A '''rocket''' may be a [[missile]], [[spacecraft]], [[aircraft]] or other [[vehicle]] which is pushed by a [[rocket engine]]. Some big rockets are launch vehicles and some are manned (e.g. [[Saturn V]]). Other rockets, for example [[missile]]s, are unmanned. ("Manned" means that a person is in it; "unmanned" means that the machine goes without a person.) Most rockets can be launched from the ground because exhaust [[thrust]] from the engine is bigger than the [[weight]] of the vehicle on [[Earth]]. Some are used to bring [[Satellite (artificial)|satellites]] into [[orbit]], for example from a [[spaceport]]. Some rockets such as [[ion thruster]]s are too weak and heavy to lift themselves. They work after other rockets bring them to [[outer space]]. The rocket was invented by the Chinese, using [[gunpowder]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Buchanan|2006|p=2}}</ref> The first rockets were shaped like [[arrow]]s and were not very fast. Most rockets still work by [[fire]]. The fire makes hot exhaust gases that expand and shoot out a nozzle. This makes the rocket go forward. Most rockets still use solid [[fuel]] to make the fire. The biggest ones use liquid fuel because it makes a hotter fire so the rocket is more powerful. However, [[wikt:handling|handling]] the liquid fuel safely is difficult and expensive. Some [[Satellite (artificial)|satellite]] launch vehicles use both. Rockets are also used for [[firework]]s and [[weapon]]s and to control moves in [[outer space]]. Manned rockets, similar to other manned [[aircraft|flying machines]], are designed to limit their [[acceleration]] and [[vibration]] to protect the [[crew]]. Unmanned rockets however are not bound by the limits of humans. Some rockets go faster than the [[speed of sound]] ({{cvt|1|Mach|km/h mph|disp=or}}). Those that go into [[Low Earth orbit]] go {{cvt|30000|km/h}}. [[Yuri Gagarin]] was a [[Soviet]] [[cosmonaut]] who, on 12 April 1961, became the first [[human]] to fly into outer space.<ref name="astro">{{in lang|ru}} {{cite web |url=http://www.astronaut.ru/as_rusia/vvs/text/gagarin.htm |title=Юрий Алексеевич Гагарин |work=Astronaut.ru |date=2007-07-11 |accessdate=2010-03-14}}</ref> He was in the [[R-7]] rocket launched by the [[Soviet Union]]. == Pioneers == *[[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]] *[[Robert H. Goddard]] *[[Wernher von Braun]] *[[Hellmuth Walter]] ==References== {{commonscat|Rockets}} {{reflist}} [[Category:Rockets| ]] [[Category:Ballistics]] <!--Inter wiki --> qx9k7mf0rnopx5x3m6wlseg2obpcwf6 9543884 9543879 2024-05-14T12:40:39Z 93.89.136.145 very good information about rockets wikitext text/x-wiki br9sq0kboydfkzdmbrdo7jv6e5okvga 9543887 9543884 2024-05-14T12:41:15Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 369772 Undid revision 9543884 by [[Special:Contributions/93.89.136.145|93.89.136.145]] ([[User talk:93.89.136.145|talk]]) not helpful wikitext text/x-wiki qx9k7mf0rnopx5x3m6wlseg2obpcwf6 0 7537 9544087 9542632 2024-05-14T15:33:09Z 216.125.39.154 It helps with the history of the Korean War wikitext text/x-wiki 4a6f0tvarqywr6xgz3woro57l68u2iv 9544093 9544087 2024-05-14T15:36:26Z Antandrus 407690 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/216.125.39.154|216.125.39.154]] ([[User talk:216.125.39.154|talk]]) to last version by 173.244.134.124 wikitext text/x-wiki 0gc8yldkgbjdnziyfe610za5w7t3yt9 0 7549 9544004 9498837 2024-05-14T14:39:33Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 Reverted 2 edits by [[Special:Contributions/85.92.169.133|85.92.169.133]] ([[User talk:85.92.169.133|talk]]): Less simple. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki 81kjicvnn585zskzlub4ssxsqxdjjbr 0 7721 9545025 9336486 2024-05-14T21:55:58Z 212.129.73.50 wikitext text/x-wiki tp2e7t6noa58lqkc2oqknkderzmjjsv 9545026 9545025 2024-05-14T21:56:01Z ChenzwBot 16695 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/212.129.73.50|212.129.73.50]] ([[User talk:212.129.73.50|talk]]) to last version by Philipnelson99 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Otheruses|Sentence (law)}} A '''sentence''' is a group of [[word]]s that are joined together to mean something. A sentence is the basic unit of [[language]]. It expresses a complete [[thought]]. It does this by following the [[grammar|grammatical]] basic rules of [[syntax]]. For example: "Ram is walking". A complete sentence has at least a '''[[Subject (grammar)|subject]]''' and a '''main [[verb]]''' to state (declare) a complete thought. Short example: ''She walks''. A subject is the [[noun]] (name) which is doing the main verb. The main [[verb]] is the activity that the subject is doing. In [[English language|English]] and many other languages, the first word of a written sentence has a capital letter. At the end of the sentence there is a punctuation mark depending on whether it is a statement, a question, a command, a request or an exclamation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Parts of Sentence|url=https://grammarword.com/parts-of-sentence|work=GrammarWord|accessdate=25 December 2020|archive-date=7 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307115044/https://grammarword.com/parts-of-sentence|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Phrases and clauses == A ''[[phrase]]'' or ''[[clause]]'' is part of a sentence.<ref name="McA">McArthur, Tom (ed) 1992. ''The Oxford companion to the English language''. Oxford University Press.</ref>^p773–777 This is an example of a sentence: * ''The [[dog]] is happy.'' In this sentence, 'The dog' is the subject, and 'is' is the verb. This is an example of a phrase: * ''The happy dog'' There is no verb, so we do not know anything about what the happy dog is doing. Therefore, it is not a sentence. A clause is a sentence within a sentence. Example: * ''They milked the cows, and then they made cheese and butter''. This sentence has two co-ordinate (~equal) clauses, linked by 'and'.<ref name="McA"/>^{p220 and indranil das} ==Types of sentence== * A '''[[simple sentence]]''' has only one clause, and one independent variable. ''The cat is sleeping''. * A '''[[compound sentence]]''' has two or more clauses. These clauses are joined with [[conjunction]]s, [[punctuation]], or both. ''The dog is happy, but the cat is sad''. * A '''[[complex sentence]]''' has one clause with a [[relative clause]]. ''The dog, which is eating the bone, is happy''. * A '''complex-compound sentence''' (or compound-complex sentence) has many clauses, at least one of which is a relative clause: ''The dog, which is eating the bone, is happy, but the cat is sad''. Sentences have different purposes: * A '''declarative sentence''', or declaration, is the most common type of sentence. It tells something. It ends with a [[full stop]] '''.''' (''The dog is happy''.) * An '''interrogative sentence''', or question, asks something. It ends with a [[question mark]] '''?''' (''Are you happy?'') * An '''exclamatory sentence''', or exclamation, says something out of the ordinary. It ends with an [[exclamation mark]] '''!''' (''That dog is the happiest dog I have ever seen!'') * An '''imperative sentence''', or command, tells someone to do something. (''Give the dog a bone.'') == Basic English sentences == Here are some sentences written in [[Basic English]]: The sky is blue. Today is Monday. Tomorrow is Tuesday. The baby is smiling. Sheila is reading a book. This is the road to take. Read a book about the history of America. There are beautiful flowers growing in the garden. The cushions are new and I feel the comfort they give me. They are playing in the grounds. ==Related pages== * [[Phrase]] * [[Punctuation]] * [[Word]] == References == {{Reflist}} [https://englishnotesguru.com/types-of-sentences-worksheet/ TYpes of sentences worksheet] [[Category:Sentences| ]] 8p61fqsfne9r25a3o22ca7akhbl6qoi 9545028 9545026 2024-05-14T21:56:21Z 212.129.73.50 Replaced content with "buck my hairy fum" wikitext text/x-wiki s2emldevya8u7v76aoeh25r0hhsxitj 9545040 9545028 2024-05-14T22:03:23Z Codename Noreste 1320268 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/212.129.73.50|212.129.73.50]] ([[User talk:212.129.73.50|talk]]) to last version by ChenzwBot wikitext text/x-wiki {{Otheruses|Sentence (law)}} A '''sentence''' is a group of [[word]]s that are joined together to mean something. A sentence is the basic unit of [[language]]. It expresses a complete [[thought]]. It does this by following the [[grammar|grammatical]] basic rules of [[syntax]]. For example: "Ram is walking". A complete sentence has at least a '''[[Subject (grammar)|subject]]''' and a '''main [[verb]]''' to state (declare) a complete thought. Short example: ''She walks''. A subject is the [[noun]] (name) which is doing the main verb. The main [[verb]] is the activity that the subject is doing. In [[English language|English]] and many other languages, the first word of a written sentence has a capital letter. At the end of the sentence there is a punctuation mark depending on whether it is a statement, a question, a command, a request or an exclamation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Parts of Sentence|url=https://grammarword.com/parts-of-sentence|work=GrammarWord|accessdate=25 December 2020|archive-date=7 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307115044/https://grammarword.com/parts-of-sentence|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Phrases and clauses == A ''[[phrase]]'' or ''[[clause]]'' is part of a sentence.<ref name="McA">McArthur, Tom (ed) 1992. ''The Oxford companion to the English language''. Oxford University Press.</ref>^p773–777 This is an example of a sentence: * ''The [[dog]] is happy.'' In this sentence, 'The dog' is the subject, and 'is' is the verb. This is an example of a phrase: * ''The happy dog'' There is no verb, so we do not know anything about what the happy dog is doing. Therefore, it is not a sentence. A clause is a sentence within a sentence. Example: * ''They milked the cows, and then they made cheese and butter''. This sentence has two co-ordinate (~equal) clauses, linked by 'and'.<ref name="McA"/>^{p220 and indranil das} ==Types of sentence== * A '''[[simple sentence]]''' has only one clause, and one independent variable. ''The cat is sleeping''. * A '''[[compound sentence]]''' has two or more clauses. These clauses are joined with [[conjunction]]s, [[punctuation]], or both. ''The dog is happy, but the cat is sad''. * A '''[[complex sentence]]''' has one clause with a [[relative clause]]. ''The dog, which is eating the bone, is happy''. * A '''complex-compound sentence''' (or compound-complex sentence) has many clauses, at least one of which is a relative clause: ''The dog, which is eating the bone, is happy, but the cat is sad''. Sentences have different purposes: * A '''declarative sentence''', or declaration, is the most common type of sentence. It tells something. It ends with a [[full stop]] '''.''' (''The dog is happy''.) * An '''interrogative sentence''', or question, asks something. It ends with a [[question mark]] '''?''' (''Are you happy?'') * An '''exclamatory sentence''', or exclamation, says something out of the ordinary. It ends with an [[exclamation mark]] '''!''' (''That dog is the happiest dog I have ever seen!'') * An '''imperative sentence''', or command, tells someone to do something. (''Give the dog a bone.'') == Basic English sentences == Here are some sentences written in [[Basic English]]: The sky is blue. Today is Monday. Tomorrow is Tuesday. The baby is smiling. Sheila is reading a book. This is the road to take. Read a book about the history of America. There are beautiful flowers growing in the garden. The cushions are new and I feel the comfort they give me. They are playing in the grounds. ==Related pages== * [[Phrase]] * [[Punctuation]] * [[Word]] == References == {{Reflist}} [https://englishnotesguru.com/types-of-sentences-worksheet/ TYpes of sentences worksheet] [[Category:Sentences| ]] 8p61fqsfne9r25a3o22ca7akhbl6qoi 0 8070 9544527 9398447 2024-05-14T18:34:13Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 3xukblppzboin2yup4emh6z7kspbly1 0 8459 9545656 9495119 2024-05-15T06:28:52Z 2603:8081:81F0:2F90:A57B:87BB:DFA8:4653 wikitext text/x-wiki p2tgnfpvq858e1rfn4l89zygj278j75 9545662 9545656 2024-05-15T06:36:15Z MathXplore 966595 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/2603:8081:81F0:2F90:A57B:87BB:DFA8:4653|2603:8081:81F0:2F90:A57B:87BB:DFA8:4653]] ([[User talk:2603:8081:81F0:2F90:A57B:87BB:DFA8:4653|talk]]) to last version by 71.246.18.88 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | image = Steven Spielberg by Gage Skidmore.jpg | caption = Spielberg in July 2017 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1946|12|18}}<ref>{{cite web|author=American Film Institute |url=http://www.afi.com/laa/laa95g.aspx |title=AFI Life Achievement Award |publisher=Afi.com |accessdate=January 31, 2011}}</ref> | birth_place = {{nowrap|[[Cincinnati]], [[Ohio]], U.S.}} | nationality = American | birth_name = Steven Allan Spielberg | spouse = {{marriage|[[Amy Irving]]|1985|1989}}<br />{{marriage|[[Kate Capshaw]]|1991}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biography.com/articles/Steven-Spielberg-9490621 |title=Steven Spielberg Biography |publisher=Biography.com |date=December 18, 1947 |accessdate=January 31, 2011 |archive-date=May 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514201106/https://www.biography.com/articles/Steven-Spielberg-9490621 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | children = 6 | occupation = {{hlist|Movie director|movie producer|screenwriter}} | notable_works = {{hlist|''[[Close Encounters of the Third Kind]]''|''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial]]''|''[[Jaws (movie)|Jaws]]''|''[[Jurassic Park (movie)|Jurassic Park]]''|''[[Lincoln (movie)|Lincoln]]''|''[[Munich (movie)|Munich]]''|''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]''|''[[Saving Private Ryan]]''|''[[Schindler's List]]''|''[[Catch Me If You Can (movie)|Catch Me If You Can]]''}} | education = [[Saratoga High School (California)|Saratoga High School]] | alma_mater = [[California State University, Long Beach]] | networth = {{steady}} '''$3.2&nbsp;billion''' (2012)<ref name="forbes1">[https://www.forbes.com/profile/steven-spielberg Forbes Billionaire List] Forbes.com. Retrieved September 2012.</ref> | years_active = 1963–present }} '''Steven Allan Spielberg''' (born December 18, 1946) is an [[Americans|American]] [[filmmaker]]. He was born at The Jewish Hospital-Mercy Health <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://birth-records.mooseroots.com/l/1321764/Arnold-Meyer-Spielberg|title=Arnold Meyer Spielberg (b. 1917)|website=birth-records.mooseroots.com|access-date=January 10, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Sara Debbie|last=Gutfreund|title=Steven Spielberg's Jewish Roots|url=http://www.aish.com/jw/s/Steven-Spielbergs-Jewish-Roots.html|work=The Jewish Website|date=January 28, 2017|access-date=May 11, 2018|archive-date=May 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512043559/http://www.aish.com/jw/s/Steven-Spielbergs-Jewish-Roots.html|url-status=live}}</ref> in Cincinnati, Ohio.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3t6AgAAQBAJ&dq=steven+spielberg+born+hospital+in+Cincinnati&pg=PA14|title=Steven Spielberg: Groundbreaking Director: Groundbreaking Director|last=Hook|first=Sue Vander|date=2009-09-01|publisher=ABDO Publishing Company|isbn=978-1-61785-252-7|language=en}}</ref> He is from [[Ukrainians]] [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jewish]] family, His parents were pianist Leah Adler (1920&ndash;2017) and engineer [[Arnold Spielberg]] (1917&ndash;2020). He started his movie career learning to direct in 1975.<ref name="Google Books">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TbOXQAAACAAJ&pg=PA35|title=Steven Spielberg: A Biography - Joseph McBride|isbn=9780306809002|accessdate=September 11, 2013|last1=McBride|first1=Joseph|date=6 May 1999}}</ref> He was raised in [[Haddon Township, New Jersey|Haddon Township]], [[New Jersey]]. Spielberg studied at [[Saratoga High School]]. He went to [[California State University, Long Beach]].<ref name="Google Books"/> Spielberg started his career learning how to direct in 1963. His first movies include ''[[Jaws (movie)|Jaws]]'', ''[[Jurassic Park (movie)|Jurassic Park]]'', ''[[Indiana Jones]]'', and ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial]]''.<ref name="Google Books"/> His later movies include ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]'' and ''[[Munich (movie)|Munich]]''. Spielberg helped establish the [[PG-13]] rating for the [[Motion Picture Association of America]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thefw.com/things-you-didnt-know-about-steven-spielberg/|title=10 Things You Didn't Know About Steven Spielberg|publisher=Thefw.com|accessdate=17 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.contactmusic.com/info/steven_spielberg|title=Steven Spielberg|publisher=Contact Music.com|accessdate=September 11, 2013}}</ref> Spielberg married [[Amy Irving]] in 1985. They divorced in 1989.<ref name="Google Books"/> He married [[Kate Capshaw]] in 1991.<ref name="Google Books"/> Spielberg won two [[Academy Award]]s for best director. These two awards were for ''Schindler's List'' and ''Saving Private Ryan''. In 1986, he won the [[BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award]], a Lifetime Achievement Award. He has been nominated and has won several other awards. In 2023, Spielberg was nominated for another Academy Award for his movie ''[[The Fabelmans]]''. In Oscar acceptance speeches given since 1966, Spielberg holds the record for being thanked the most at 43 mentions, more than [[God]] and beating [[Harvey Weinstein]] who was thanked 34 times.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rodriguez|first1=Ashley|title=How powerful was Harvey Weinstein? Almost no one has been thanked at the Oscars more|url=https://qz.com/1101213/harvey-weinstein-is-one-of-the-most-thanked-people-in-oscars-history/|accessdate=15 October 2017|work=Quartz}}</ref> == Filmography == * ''[[The Fabelmans]]'' (2022) * ''[[West Side Story (2021 movie)|West Side Story]]'' (2021) * ''[[Ready Player One (movie)|Ready Player One]]'' (2018) * ''[[The Post (movie)|The Post]]'' (2017) * ''[[The BFG (2016 movie)|The BFG]]'' (2016) * ''[[Bridge of Spies (movie)|Bridge of Spies]]'' (2015) * ''[[Jurassic World]]'' (2015) * ''[[Lincoln (movie)|Lincoln]]'' (2012) * ''[[Men in Black 3]]'' (2012) * ''[[War Horse (movie)|War Horse]]'' (2011) * ''[[The Adventures of Tintin (movie)|The Adventures of Tintin]]'' (2011) * ''[[Real Steel]]'' (2011) * ''[[Cowboys & Aliens]]'' (2011) * ''[[Transformers: Dark of the Moon]]'' (2011) * ''[[Super 8]]'' (2011) * ''[[Paul (film)|Paul]]'' (2011) * ''[[True Grit]]'' (2010) * ''[[Hereafter]]'' (2010) * ''[[Hollywood Don't Surf!]]'' (2010) * ''[[The Lovely Bones]]'' (2009) * ''[[Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen]]'' (2009) * ''[[Eagle Eye]]'' (2008) * ''[[Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull]]'' (2008) * ''[[Munich (movie)|Munich]]'' (2005) * ''[[War of the Worlds (2005 movie)|War of the Worlds]]'' (2005) * ''[[The Terminal]]'' (2004) * ''[[Catch Me If You Can]]'' (2002) * ''[[Minority Report (movie)|Minority Report]]'' (2002) * [[A.I. Artificial Intelligence|''A.I.: Artificial Intelligence'']] (2001) * ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]'' ([[1998]]) (Academy Award, ''Best Director'') * ''[[The Lost World: Jurassic Park]]'' (1997) * ''[[Amistad (1997 movie)|Amistad]]'' (1997) * [[Casper (movie)|Casper]] (1995) * ''[[Schindler's List]]'' (1993) (Academy Award, ''Best Director, Best Picture'') * ''[[Jurassic Park (movie)|Jurassic Park]]'' (1993) * ''[[Hook (movie)|Hook]]'' (1991) * ''[[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]]'' (1989) * ''[[Always (movie)|Always]]'' (1989) * ''[[Empire of the Sun]]'' (1987) * ''[[The Color Purple (movie)|The Color Purple]]'' (1985) * ''[[Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom]]'' (1984) * ''[[Twilight Zone: The Movie]]'' (1983) segment: ''Kick the Can'' * ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial]]'' (1982) * ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'' (1981) * ''[[1941 (movie)|1941]]'' (1979) * ''[[Close Encounters of the Third Kind]]'' (1977) * ''[[Jaws (movie)|Jaws]]'' (1975) * ''[[The Sugarland Express]]'' (1974) ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{Wikiquote|Steven Spielberg}} {{Commons category|Steven Spielberg}} *{{IMDb name|229}} *{{tcmdb name|355283}} *{{Amg name|112325}} *[http://www.vhf.org/ Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation (founded by Spielberg)] *''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' 100: [http://www.time.com/time/time100/artists/profile/spielberg.html Steven Spielberg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000408192324/http://www.time.com/time/time100/artists/profile/spielberg.html |date=2000-04-08 }} *[http://www.empireonline.com/features/spielbergat60/60.asp Spielberg at 60]&nbsp;– ''[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]'' {{Cannes Film Festival jury presidents}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Spielberg, Steven}} [[Category:1946 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Academy Award winning directors]] [[Category:American movie producers]] [[Category:American screenwriters]] [[Category:BAFTA Award winners]] [[Category:Emmy Award winning directors]] [[Category:Golden Globe Award winning directors]] [[Category:Jewish businesspeople]] [[Category:Movie directors from Ohio]] [[Category:Movie producers from Ohio]] [[Category:Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]] [[Category:American billionaires]] [[Category:People with dyslexia]] [[Category:American Jews]] [[Category:American movie directors]] [[Category:American movie editors]] [[Category:Democrats (United States)]] [[Category:Screenwriters from Ohio]] [[Category:Writers from Cincinnati]] [[Category:Businesspeople from Cincinnati]] 8b1unsor1s891llciz8246zupksocbz 0 8668 9545429 7262421 2024-05-15T04:00:38Z Auntof6 22027 resolve unknown template parameters and/or general cleanup using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] wikitext text/x-wiki qy9nu1ud4ieb2dnbjrnfohh3jvc01lf 0 8678 9545068 9347972 2024-05-14T22:21:44Z Dream Indigo 1398040 ± 2 categories using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki ird05hz2hv10qqabok13eppq18frpcg 0 8906 9545067 9456811 2024-05-14T22:21:33Z 2001:56A:F5DD:C900:B5EA:2C93:5C2D:D778 /* Other websites */ wikitext text/x-wiki hwu9od0oj8lirxboe19azoyef0fm8py 9545162 9545067 2024-05-14T23:56:26Z Auntof6 22027 Reverted to revision 9456811 by PotsdamLamb: not a boy band. 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He was a convert to [[Christianity]]. It is believed that he wrote thirteen books of the [[Bible]], together called the [[Pauline epistles]]. They are letters to [[church]]es and Christians. He wrote these letters to encourage them, to help them understand Christian teaching, and to help them to live Christian lives. == Life == === Anti-Christian === [[File:Conversion on the Way to Damascus-Caravaggio (c.1600-1).jpg|thumb|A painting by [[Caravaggio]] for a church in Italy, showing Saul lying by the side of the road]] Paul's name was originally '''Saul''' (not to be confused with King [[Saul]] from the [[books of Samuel]] in the [[Old Testament]]). He grew up learning both the [[Judaism|Jewish]] law and the [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] ways of discussing things. We are first introduced to Saul in the Bible near the end of [[Acts]] 7. The Christian movement had begun with the [[Resurrection of Jesus|resurrection]] and [[Ascension of Jesus|ascension]] of [[Jesus]]. Saul was strongly against this, and he was happy as he watched [[Saint Stephen]], the first [[martyr]] of Jesus, being killed by [[stoning]] after giving a [[Public speaking|speech]] that made the Jewish court angry. He worked for the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] Government and helped lead the arrests and killing of many Christians in [[Israel]] and the nearby area. Later on, Saul was told to go to [[Damascus]] to find and bring back Christians there to be punished. On the way, [[God]] came down from [[heaven]] and spoke to Saul. The Bible tells of what happened like this: {{quote|On his journey, Saul approached Damascus. Suddenly a light from heaven flashed around him. He fell to the ground. He heard a voice speak to him. "Saul! Saul!" the voice said. "Why are you opposing me?" "Who are you, Lord?" Saul asked. "I am Jesus," he replied. "I am the one you are opposing. Now get up and go into the city. There you will be told what you must do." The men traveling with Saul stood there. They weren't able to speak. They had heard the sound. But they didn't see anyone. Saul got up from the ground. He opened his eyes, but he couldn't see. So they led him by hand into Damascus. For three days he was blind. He didn't eat or drink anything.|Acts 9:3–9, [[New International Version|NIRV]]}} [[File:PaulusTarsus LKANRW.jpg|thumb|200px|left|A German-made [[facial composite]] of Paul the Apostle]] === Saul becomes Paul === When Saul reached Damascus, he was taken to [[Ananias]], one of Jesus's [[Disciple (Christianity)|disciples]], where he got his [[sight]] back and was [[baptism|baptized]] as a Christian. He spent the next three years studying the Jewish scriptures again to find explanations for the Christian teachings. His experiences changed his view on [[Christianity]] completely. In Acts 13:9, he begins to be called Paul. This was the [[Hellenic languages|Hellenized]] version of the name Saul. He used his earlier education to explain his new [[faith]] to other people and to discuss things with people who had other beliefs. He travelled around the [[Roman Empire]], teaching others about Christianity, and wrote letters back and forth with the churches he helped to begin. The letters contain many important parts of Christian teaching and have since been part of the [[New Testament]] of the Bible, coming between the Acts of the Apostles and the [[General Epistles]]. It is not known whether Paul actually wrote all of these letters, or whether other people could have written the letters for him. Parts of these letters are read at [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] as the second of two readings that come before the [[Gospel]]. Although the Bible does not say how Paul died, various writers said Paul was put to death by orders of the emperor [[Nero]] in [[ancient Rome|Rome]], in 64/65 AD. He had the rights of [[Roman citizenship]], which meant that he could be put to death by [[decapitation]] with a sword, rather than by [[crucifixion]]. Some stories say he was decapitated. ==Related pages== *[[Twelve Apostles]] == Other websites == * [http://www.easyenglish.info/bible-study/early-church/index.htm Online study about the early Christians in simple English] * [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11952-paul-of-tarsus Jewish Encyclopedia: Saul of Tarsus (known as Paul, the Apostle of the Heathen)] * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/447019/Saint-Paul-the-Apostle "Saint Paul, the Apostle".] Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2009. {{New Testament people}} {{Christianityfooter}} [[Category:0s BC births]] [[Category:67 deaths]] [[Category:Early Christian saints]] [[Category:Jews who converted to Christianity]] [[Category:New Testament people]] [[Category:People executed by decapitation]] 87t3p96ierkz3an8edpzlq3xaphraga 0 12374 9544411 9537853 2024-05-14T17:57:43Z 204.126.11.195 wikitext text/x-wiki 35lc6uepvmsuq2yp0dbscdc414yk058 9545101 9544411 2024-05-14T23:07:14Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/204.126.11.195|204.126.11.195]] ([[User talk:204.126.11.195|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by Yottie. 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The most common [[isotope]] has 26 [[neutrons]]. Titanium was discovered in 1791 by William Gregor. It is [[chemical element]] number 22 on the [[periodic table]]. Its [[symbol]] is ''Ti''. It has 22 [[electrons]] and 22 [[protons]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Periodic Table - Ptable|url=https://ptable.com/?lang=en|access-date=2021-12-01|website=ptable.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Its name comes from the name of the strong Greek gods called [[Titans]]. Titanium can combine with other [[Chemical element|chemicals]] to make different materials. When titanium mixes with [[oxygen]] from the air, it forms titanium dioxide (TiO₂) or titania, which forms a hard [[Passivation (chemistry)|passivation layer]] around the metal that prevents [[corrosion]]. Titanium dioxide is a white pigment that is often used to make things less transparent, brighter, or [[Abrasive|rougher]] - because it does not react with chemicals inside the human body, it is safe to use in foods and other applications, like [[toothpaste]]. [[Titanium alloys]] are used in [[aerospace engineering]] to make very strong and light parts of aeroplanes. These alloys can replace [[steel]] because they are almost as strong as steel but much lighter. They are also much stronger than [[aluminium alloy]]s, but only a little heavier, meaning that titanium parts can be thinner and lighter, while still withstanding the same [[Force|forces]]. It does not [[corrosion|corrode]] in most conditions, even when exposed to [[sea water]] or [[chlorine]]. However, it can burn at high temperatures, and like many metal [[Powder|powders]], titanium dust is extremely flammable. More than a third of the world's titanium in 2021 was produced by a Russian firm, VSMPO-AVISMA, which has factories in many countries including one in [[Redditch]], [[England]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Muir|first=Martha|last2=Johnson|first2=Miles|date=2023-11-17|title=The Redditch factory with links to Russia|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/5f0ca7d7-0ae3-4c43-8bcc-23662607509f|access-date=2023-11-17}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{Periodic Table}} {{Jewellery}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Transition metals]] {{chem-stub}} t77rx3wffpnwl3gq3iik488cqj7rtzm 0 14199 9543904 9537915 2024-05-14T12:52:08Z 164.52.228.5 I brushed up some of the details in the header wikitext text/x-wiki ggn8cqssky0fw0qb4iypu4ezbt3ttta 0 14233 9545931 9285285 2024-05-15T11:08:31Z 2001:4451:1343:3200:5852:AE49:2158:6934 Removed extra spaces. wikitext text/x-wiki 8fa89yedrul8aif51cuvifn5cv4ihqu 0 14449 9544122 9528879 2024-05-14T15:55:26Z 151.188.213.144 wikitext text/x-wiki 1liin3y70fbxyyu3lq0azqcrzih81uz 9544179 9544122 2024-05-14T16:25:36Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/151.188.213.144|151.188.213.144]] ([[User talk:151.188.213.144|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by 86.23.224.7. 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Skinner]]<br /><small>([[Vice Chairman|chairman]]) & ([[CEO]])</small> | area_served = Worldwide | industry = [[Restaurants]] | num_employees = 390,000 (2008)<ref name=mcds>{{cite web |url=http://www.hoovers.com/mcdonald's/--ID__10974--/free-co-factsheet.xhtml |title=McDonald's Corporation |author=Joe Bramhall |publisher=Hoovers |access-date=2007-11-24}}</ref> | revenue = {{profit}} [[United States Dollar|US$]] 22.69 billion (2007)<ref name=mcds/> | operating_income = {{loss}} [[United States Dollar|US$]] 3.879 billion (2007)<ref name=mcds/> | net_income = {{loss}} [[United States Dollar|US$]] 2.359 billion (2007)<ref name="mcds"/> | assets = {{increase}} [[United States Dollar|US$]] 29.391 billion (2007) | equity = {{decrease}} [[United States Dollar|US$]] 15.279 billion (2007) | products = [[Fast food]]<br/>([[hamburgers]]{{•}}[[chicken]]{{•}}[[french fries]]{{•}}[[soft drinks]]{{•}}[[milkshakes]]{{•}}[[salads]]{{•}}[[desserts]]{{•}}[[breakfast]]) | homepage = [http://www.mcdonalds.com/ McDonalds.com] }} [[File:McDonaldsHQIL.jpg|thumb|McDonald's Plaza, the main office of McDonald's]] [[File:Kosher McDonald's, Abasto Shopping, Buenos Aires.jpg|thumb|McDonald's Kosher in [[Buenos Aires]] ([[Argentina]])]] [[File:McDonald's Golden Arches.svg|thumb|Golden Arches logo since 2006, concurrently used with the 2018 logo.]] '''McDonald's''' is an American [[corporation]]<ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.allbusiness.com/business-planning/business-structures-corporations/857636-1.html|title = McDonald's, the world's biggest fast food chain, has reportedly rejected a plan put forward by...|date = 23 January 2006|publisher = Food & Drink Weekly|access-date = 21 November 2008|archive-date = 14 December 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081214222434/http://www.allbusiness.com/business-planning/business-structures-corporations/857636-1.html|url-status = dead}}</ref> that operates one of the largest chains of [[fast food]] [[restaurant]]s in the world.<ref name="foodandwine">{{cite web|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=World's Largest Fast Food Chains|url=http://www.foodandwine.com/slideshows/worlds-largest-fast-food-chains|access-date=May 22, 2016|website=Food & Wine|publisher=Time, Inc. Affluent Media Group}}</ref> McDonald's has over 36,000 stores in 119 [[country|countries]] and [[territory|territories]], the second-most stores out of all fast food chains worldwide behind only the [[submarine sandwich]] chain [[Subway (restaurant)|Subway]].<ref name = McDvsSubway>{{cite web|url = https://knoema.com/infographics/yhawhcb/mcdonald-s-vs-subway-which-has-the-bigger-restaurant-chain|title = McDonald's vs Subway: Which Has the Bigger Restaurant Chain? |publisher = Knoema |first = Bill |last = Ganzel |date = 2016-08-22 |access-date = 2017-02-28}}</ref> They serve almost 54 million people each day.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lubin|first=Mamta Badkar, Gus|title=18 Facts About McDonald's That Will Blow Your Mind|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/19-facts-about-mcdonalds-that-will-blow-your-mind-2012-4|access-date=2021-06-07|website=Business Insider|language=en-US}}</ref> [[File:99billion2006-05-20.JPG|thumb|right|A McDonald's restaurant in Austin, [[Minnesota|Minnesota, United States]] (2006)]] The first McDonald's restaurant was opened by [[Richard and Maurice McDonald|Richard and Maurice (Mac) McDonald]] in 1940. It was located on [[U.S. Route 66|Route 66]] in [[San Bernardino, California|San Bernardino]], [[California]].<ref name = Wessels>{{cite web|url = http://wessels.unl.edu/farminginthe50s/life_16.html|title = Fast Food|work = Life in the 50s & 60s|publisher = Wessels Living History Farm|first = Bill|last = Ganzel|year = 2007|access-date = 2008-11-21}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The McDonald brothers later sold their company to [[Ray Kroc]] in [[Des Plaines, Illinois]]. == Food == McDonald's restaurants mainly serve [[hamburger]]s, [[cheeseburger]]s, [[chicken]] nuggets, burgers, [[french fries]], [[breakfast]] items, [[soft drink]]s, [[milk shake]]s and [[dessert]]s. They also have options such as [[salad]]s, [[apple]]s, [[milk]], McDonald's Popular Picks In [[Australia]], they sell the Frozen Coke,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mcdonalds.com.au/menu/frozen-coke | title=McDonald's Frozen Coke® &#124; Drinks &#124; McDonald's Australia }}</ref> which is very popular. More McDonald's food is sold in the [[United States]] than in any other area, which means that it is McDonald's largest market. [[Europe]] is McDonald's second largest market.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DE1DF1E3CF93BA35753C1A9659C8B63&sec=&spon=|title = Sales Are Up Again at McDonald's |work = The New York Times|date = October 8, 2003}}</ref> The restaurants are either operated directly by McDonalds or more often by a [[franchising|franchise]],<ref name = NYTProfile>{{cite news|url = http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/companies/mcdonalds_corporation/index.html?scp=1-spot&sq=McDonald%27s&st=cse|title = McDonald's Corporation|work = The New York Times|access-date = 2008-11-21}}</ref> where the business is owned and operated by someone else to the standards set by McDonald's and with support from the McDonald's company. The company provides a central source of supply for food items and standardized menu.<ref name = Wessels/> == Criticism == McDonald's used to make their fries in beef [[tallow]]. People liked the flavor the tallow gave to the fries. Criticisms about its high [[saturated fat]] content was a big concern to customers in the 1980's so in 1990, McDonald's switched to using [[vegetable oil]] instead.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-06|title=McDonald's changed its fries recipe but it's not doing you any good|url=https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/food/restaurants-bars/mcdonalds-changed-its-french-fries-recipe-but-its-no-healthier-for-you/news-story/525e00e20a6a1e125c4dded9af60eb24|access-date=2021-06-07|website=NewsComAu|language=en}}</ref> In 2014, McDonald's in [[Europe]] used chicken meat which was produced by using [[genetically modified food|genetically modified animal feed]], which it had not done since 2001. [[Greenpeace]] states that McDonald's saves less than one Eurocent for each Chickenburger and goes down a path not desired by its customers.<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/unternehmen/mcdonald-s-gentechnik-in-chickenburger-und-chickennuggets-a-966345.html http://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/unternehmen/mcdonald-s-gentechnik-in-chickenburger-und-chickennuggets-a-966345.html McDonald's: Gentechnik im Burger], der Spiegel, 2014-04-27.</ref> == Mascot == McDonald's [[mascot]] is a [[clown]] named [[Ronald McDonald]]. He was made in 1963, and [[Willard Scott]] was the first to play as him. == Locations == McDonald's has [[restaurant]]s in the following countries: {{div col|colwidth=20em}} *[[Andorra]] *[[Argentina]] *[[Australia]] *[[Austria]] *[[Azerbaijan]] *[[Bahamas]] *[[Bahrain]] *[[Barbados]] (no longer operates) *[[Belarus]] *[[Belgium]] *[[Brazil]] *[[Bulgaria]] *[[Canada]] *[[Chile]] *[[People's Republic of China|China]] **[[Hong Kong]] **[[Macau]] *[[Colombia]] *[[Costa Rica]] *[[Croatia]] *[[Cyprus]] *[[Czech Republic]] *[[Denmark]] *[[Dominican Republic]] *[[Ecuador]] *[[Egypt]] *[[El Salvador]] *[[Estonia]] *[[Fiji]] *[[Finland]] *[[France]] *[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] *[[Germany]] *[[Greece]] *[[Guatemala]] *[[Honduras]] *[[Hungary]] *[[Iceland]] (no longer operates) *[[India]] *[[Indonesia]] *[[Iran]] (no longer operates) *[[Iraq]] *[[Ireland]] *[[Israel]] *[[Italy]] *[[Japan]] *[[Jordan]] *[[Kuwait]] *[[Latvia]] *[[Lebanon]] *[[Lithuania]] *[[Luxembourg]] *[[North Macedonia]] (no longer operates) *[[Malaysia]] *[[Malta]] *[[Mauritius]] *[[Mexico]] *[[Moldova]] *[[Morocco]] *[[Netherlands]] **[[Aruba]] **[[Curaçao]] *[[New Zealand]] *[[Nicaragua]] *[[Norway]] *[[Oman]] *[[Pakistan]] *[[Panama]] *[[Paraguay]] *[[Peru]] *[[Philippines]] *[[Poland]] *[[Portugal]] *[[Qatar]] *[[Romania]] *[[Russia]] (no longer operates) *[[Samoa]] *[[Saudi Arabia]] *[[Serbia]] *[[Singapore]] *[[Slovakia]] *[[Slovenia]] *[[South Africa]] *[[South Korea]] *[[Spain]] *[[Sri Lanka]] *[[Sweden]] *[[Switzerland]] *[[Taiwan]] *[[Thailand]] *[[Turkey]] *[[Ukraine]] *[[United Arab Emirates]] *[[United Kingdom]] *[[United States]] **[[American Samoa]] **[[Guantanamo Bay Naval Base]] ([[Cuba]]) **[[Guam]] **[[Puerto Rico]] **[[United States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]] *[[Uruguay]] *[[Venezuela]] *[[Vietnam]] {{div col end}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{official website}} * [https://ipnewshub.blogspot.com/2021/10/how-mcdonald-make-burger-in-60-seconda.html How McDonald's makes a burger in 60 seconds and McDonald's burger price] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107182001/https://ipnewshub.blogspot.com/2021/10/how-mcdonald-make-burger-in-60-seconda.html |date=2021-11-07 }} {{McDonald's}} {{Fast food restaurants}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:McDonald's| ]] [[Category:Companies based in Illinois]] [[Category:1940 establishments in Illinois]] sr6hqniyw2frn6zyyrdyzm690wh821y 0 18032 9544691 9405006 2024-05-14T19:24:17Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki s2cl1h37o9tlcfykq2cxbqka4kzzm6g 0 18443 9545425 9531234 2024-05-15T03:54:43Z 2603:8000:4BF0:9370:4F1:AC50:129D:BF7B wikitext text/x-wiki 897qy7hf4o0qajvt450xu0eipyzody0 0 19010 9544665 9489183 2024-05-14T19:12:32Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 3n8mzyjtxhy4y3uyud13103edgybgvd 0 19907 9543917 9537823 2024-05-14T13:10:36Z 188.74.92.86 no more grass wikitext text/x-wiki th232p44rgu0c8mgpbjb5jl4o1iely1 9543918 9543917 2024-05-14T13:10:40Z ChenzwBot 16695 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/188.74.92.86|188.74.92.86]] ([[User talk:188.74.92.86|talk]]) to last version by ChenzwBot wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | name = Grasses | fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Albian|Present|earliest=Barremian}}<ref name=NSR>{{Cite journal|author1=Yan Wu |author2=Hai-Lu You |author3=Xiao-Qiang Li |year=2018 |title=Dinosaur-associated Poaceae epidermis and phytoliths from the Early Cretaceous of China |journal=National Science Review |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=721–727 |doi=10.1093/nsr/nwx145|doi-access=free }}</ref> | image = Meadow Foxtail head.jpg | image_caption = Flowering head of meadow foxtail ''[[Alopecurus pratensis]]'' | taxon = Poaceae | authority = John Hendley Barnhart<ref name="APGIII2009">{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny class classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x|doi-access=free }}</ref> | type_genus = ''[[Poa]]'' | type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] }} '''Grass''' is a type of [[plant]] with narrow leaves growing from the base. Their appearance as a common plant was in the mid-[[Cretaceous]] period. There are 12,000 species now.<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal | first1 = M.J.M. | last1 = Christenhusz | first2 = J.W. | last2 = Byng | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 |url= http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160729085754/http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | archive-date = 2016-07-29 | doi-access = free }}</ref> A common kind of grass is used to cover the ground in places such as [[lawns]] and parks. Grass is usually the color [[green]]. That is because they are wind-pollinated rather than insect-pollinated, so they do not have to attract insects. Green is the best colour for [[photosynthesis]]. [[Grassland]]s such as [[savannah]] and [[prairie]] where grasses are dominant cover 40.5% of the land area of the [[Earth]], except [[Greenland]] and [[Antarctica]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y8344e/y8344e05.htm|title=Grassland of the world|last=Reynolds|first=S.G.|website=www.fao.org|access-date=2016-10-04|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920201355/http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y8344e/y8344e05.htm|archive-date=2016-09-20}}</ref> Grasses are [[monocotyledon]] [[herbaceous plants]]. They include the "grass" of the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Poaceae]], which are called grass by ordinary people. This family is also called the Gramineae, and includes some of the [[sedges]] ([[Cyperaceae]]) and the [[rushes]] ([[Juncaceae]]).<ref>Chapman G.P. & Peat W.E. 1992. ''An introduction to the grasses''. Oxford: CAB Internat.</ref> These three families are not very closely related, though all of them belong to [[clades]] in the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Poales]]. They are similar [[adaptations]] to a similar [[Lifestyle|life-style]]. With about 780 [[genera]] and about 12,000 species,<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016"/> the Poaceae is the fifth-largest plant family. Only the [[Asteraceae]], [[Orchidaceae]], [[Fabaceae]] and [[Rubiaceae]] have more species.<ref name="Stevens">{{cite web|url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb|title=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website|access-date=20 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323175342/http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/|archive-date=23 March 2016}}</ref> The true grasses include [[cereal]]s, [[bamboo]] and the grasses of [[lawn]]s (turf) and [[grassland]]. Uses for graminoids include [[food]] (as [[grain]], [[shoot]]s or [[rhizome]]s), drink ([[beer]], [[whisky]]), [[pasture]] for [[livestock]], [[Thatching|thatch]], [[paper]], [[fuel]], [[clothing]], [[Thermal insulation|insulation]], [[construction]], [[#Sports turf|sports turf]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-04-22|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#Sports turf|reason= }}, [[basket]] [[weaving]] and many others. Many grasses are short, but some grasses can grow tall, such as [[bamboo]]. Plants from the grass family can grow in many places and make [[grassland]]s, including areas which are very dry or cold. There are several other plants that look similar to grass and are referred to as such, but are not members of the grass family. These plants include [[Juncaceae|rush]]es, [[reed (plant)|reeds]], [[papyrus]] and [[water chestnut]]. [[Sea grass|Seagrass]] is a [[Monocotyledon|monocot]] in the [[Order (biology)|order]] ''[[Alismatales]]''. Grasses are an important food for many [[animals]], such as [[deer]], [[buffalo]], [[cattle]], [[mice]], [[grasshopper]]s, [[caterpillar]]s and many other [[grazer]]s. Unlike other plants, grasses grow from the bottom, so when animals eat grass they usually do not destroy the part that grows.<ref>Cheplick G.P. 1998. ''Population biology of grasses''. Cambridge University Press.</ref> This is part of the reason why the plants are so successful. Without grass, more [[soil]] might wash away into [[river]]s ([[erosion]]). == Evolution of grass == Grasses include some of the most versatile plant [[life-form]]s. They became widespread toward the end of the [[Cretaceous]]. Fossilized [[dinosaur]] dung (coprolites) have been found containing grass phytoliths ([[silica]] stones inside grass leaves).<ref>Piperno, Doris E. & Sues, Hans-Dieter 2010. Dinosaurs dined on grass. [[Science (journal)|''Science'']]. '''310''' (5751), pp. 1126{{ndash}}1128.</ref> Grasses have adapted to conditions in lush [[rain forest]]s, dry [[desert]]s, cold mountains and even [[intertidal]] [[habitats]], and are now the most widespread plant type. Grass is a valuable source of food and energy for many animals.<ref>Soderstrom T.R. ''et al'' (eds) 1987. ''Grass systematics and evolution''. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.</ref> == Grass and people == Lawn grass is often planted on [[sports]] fields and in the area around a [[building]]. Sometimes [[chemicals]] and water is used to help lawns to grow. People have used grasses for a long time. People eat parts of grasses. [[Corn]], [[wheat]], [[barley]], [[oats]], [[rice]] and [[millet]] are [[cereals]], common grains whose seeds are used for food and to make [[alcohol]] such as beer. Sugar comes from [[sugar cane]], which is also a plant in the grass family. People have grown grasses as food for [[livestock|farm animal]]s for about 4,000 years. People use bamboo to build houses, fences, furniture and other things. Grass plants can also be used as [[fuel]], to cover [[roof|rooves]], and to [[weaving|weave]] [[basket]]s. == Language == In English, the word "grass" appears in several phrases. For example: * "The grass is always greener on the other side" means "people are never happy with what they have and want something else". * "Don't let the grass grow under your feet" means "Do something". * "A [[snake]] in the grass" is about a person that will not be honest and will trick others. * ''All flesh is grass'': [[Old Testament]] [[book of Isaiah]], chapter 40, verses 6–8. A very true observation of the present-day [[ecology]]. See the [[Miocene]] for the ecological relevance. * Grass is a slang term for [[cannabis]] (pot, weed, or [[Cannabis (drug)|marijuana]]). Cannabis looks like a grass, but it is actually a [[Rosids|rosid]]. == References == {{reflist}} == Related pages == *[[Grassland]] *[[Cereals]] *[[Fertilizer]] *[[Bamboo]] *[[Thatching]] [[Category:Basic English 850 words]] [[Category:Poales]] 0l5w24d3tc4mis5fhk94i083726cbba 9545225 9543918 2024-05-15T01:04:14Z Wolfeislostandchaosrehehe 1463410 yes wikitext text/x-wiki 1f9rsczm1p6aewf4lkcnmxha2cjfy6q 0 20206 9545848 8353181 2024-05-15T10:10:04Z Ristando 1168931 Natrium -> Sodium wikitext text/x-wiki tjt7vxg6fovx8e2qu5e7eea1n2lq82f 0 20289 9544859 9427666 2024-05-14T20:38:19Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 0rwxexmdnzq8ph4jzoimkniapyyezs4 0 20445 9544570 9541881 2024-05-14T18:45:29Z 172.97.180.241 1500 wikitext text/x-wiki aevcj2tq9ii3bnajnignrmftupg801p 9544717 9544570 2024-05-14T19:37:26Z Davey2010 314522 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/172.97.180.241|172.97.180.241]] ([[User talk:172.97.180.241|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by Me Da Wikipedian. 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'''Fraction''' may also mean: *[[Fraction (mathematics)]], a quotient of numbers, e.g. "¾"; or, more generally, an element of a quotient field *[[Fraction (chemistry)]], a quantity of a substance collected by the separation process known as fractionation *[[Fraction (religion)]], the ceremonial act of breaking the bread during Christian Communion *[[Fraction (politics)]], a parliamentary party *[[Fraction (comic)|''Fraction'' (comic)]], a short-lived comic about the theft of a powersuit {{disambig}} llr739keihujxclkza98nl3s7ocxl3u 9543872 9543870 2024-05-14T12:33:52Z 93.89.136.145 wikitext text/x-wiki kqjpnyo668c20m1rqma1uydmg048mhl 9543881 9543872 2024-05-14T12:40:23Z 93.89.136.145 wikitext text/x-wiki 3b2gs2co18fntce9o5hm0ij179ddnm5 9543885 9543881 2024-05-14T12:40:49Z MathXplore 966595 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/93.89.136.145|93.89.136.145]] ([[User talk:93.89.136.145|talk]]) to last version by ChenzwBot wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wiktionary|fraction}} [[File:Fraction Representation.jpg|thumb]] Fraction{{distinguish|Faction}} In common usage a '''fraction''' is any part of a [[Units of measurement|unit]]. '''Fraction''' may also mean: *[[Fraction (mathematics)]], a quotient of numbers, e.g. "¾"; or, more generally, an element of a quotient field *[[Fraction (chemistry)]], a quantity of a substance collected by the separation process known as fractionation *[[Fraction (religion)]], the ceremonial act of breaking the bread during Christian Communion *[[Fraction (politics)]], a parliamentary party *[[Fraction (comic)|''Fraction'' (comic)]], a short-lived comic about the theft of a powersuit {{disambig}} llr739keihujxclkza98nl3s7ocxl3u 9543893 9543885 2024-05-14T12:43:46Z 93.89.136.145 wikitext text/x-wiki m3qpqfcquhm0xh9e3xy7wfj6l2eykxy 9543921 9543893 2024-05-14T13:12:00Z FusionSub 1248114 rmv the word fraction before the {{distinguish|Faction}} template, why it was there I can't tell wikitext text/x-wiki 78otzhz7zmquhthjls2ie86dvbldva2 0 26419 9543866 9247160 2024-05-14T12:29:06Z 39.60.238.156 wikitext text/x-wiki bdqr2mhyhee10ci69i2u1libcwoty1p 9543868 9543866 2024-05-14T12:33:28Z Eptalon 2133 wikitext text/x-wiki tegskz0mmpei4ov4eeitnno1boifqi4 0 26870 9545489 9381267 2024-05-15T04:47:20Z Auntof6 22027 resolve unknown template parameters and/or general cleanup using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] wikitext text/x-wiki p8d0cgyj8091edspdik8hj2vlze93gw 0 27263 9545590 9537975 2024-05-15T05:36:03Z Iceypurple 1463477 grammatical changes wikitext text/x-wiki t1chkkau3pwjruq4i28zgrl11ynb6eo 1 27869 9545830 9418333 2024-05-15T09:18:47Z Cewbot 687081 [[User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|Reminder of an inactive anchor]]: Remove 1 notification wikitext text/x-wiki 2qudo2f6dbzvzt4xb9mewlik04ycn8u 0 28056 9544332 8740388 2024-05-14T17:27:12Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki pzgxqsxntxjxma0y4qc7qse9qo1krg8 0 29185 9544313 8511607 2024-05-14T17:19:56Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 9vs10ugn8rufhu0aes0c9izkkul7e16 0 30968 9545535 8948871 2024-05-15T05:11:58Z 2600:1700:8370:5CC0:92E8:525A:EF8:1FD I fixed the office dates of Tiberius he did not rule during AD he ruled during 14-37 CE. A Britannica article states,"Tiberius (born November 16, 42 BCE—died March 16, 37 CE, Capreae [Capri], near Naples) was the second Roman emperor (14–37 CE), the adopted son of Augustus, whose imperial institutions and imperial boundaries he sought to preserve." this proves that Tiberius did not rule during AD for this article also states that Tiberius was born on November 16, 42 BCE died on March 16, 37 CE. wikitext text/x-wiki qszqvcpojpgc8rtj9iihhwlyqrmlx62 0 31022 9544468 8896563 2024-05-14T18:17:55Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki ofxejuhcgy8vsg23papbgndlo1038r2 0 31339 9545765 9505406 2024-05-15T07:53:50Z 2003:DE:4F1F:6300:B66D:679C:4C8B:52CA Changed one typo, and one colloquial expression to reflect military language properly (i.e. "withdraw" vs "get out of") wikitext text/x-wiki fj1pwm39e3xsnf88g2h43cgh8vjuu22 9545789 9545765 2024-05-15T08:08:15Z Macdonald-ross 68157 Reverted to revision 9505406 by 23.233.149.194: looks perfectly OK to me. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki afhp73eux8bck0rggh1rtywvrsv18qx 9545791 9545789 2024-05-15T08:12:04Z FusionSub 1248114 /* Soviet withdrawal */ I feel like 'leave' would portray the actions done better than 'get out of' while not compromising any simplicity like 'withdraw' would. wikitext text/x-wiki mcij1j5dwv5koqg1nifxply31wfdl6p 0 32737 9545263 9272918 2024-05-15T01:36:01Z Doc Taxon 365128 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Wappen Cottbus.png]] → [[File:DEU Cottbus COA.svg]] wikitext text/x-wiki q1ya0zwyuz9k7ik5069r2ua5h12zhk4 0 34778 9544352 9529973 2024-05-14T17:34:56Z Jim.henderson 70336 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/203.36.124.34|203.36.124.34]] ([[User talk:203.36.124.34|talk]]) to last version by 180.191.152.141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic Taxobox | name = Chordates | fossil_range = Late [[Ediacaran]] – Present | image = Pristella maxillaris.jpg | image_caption = A [[X-ray tetra]] is one of the few chordates with a visible backbone | taxon = Chordata | authority = [[William Bateson|Bateson]], 1885 | subdivision_ranks = Typical Classes | subdivision = See below }} '''Chordates''', phylum '''Chordata''', are a [[phylum]] of [[animal]]s which have a [[notochord]]. The group includes [[vertebrate]]s, with some closely related [[invertebrate]]s. == Classification == === Taxonomy === *'''Phylum Chordata''' ** '''[[Tunicata]]''' – (tunicates, formerly Urochordata; 3,000 species) ** †'''[[Vetulicolia]]''' (8 Cambrian species of fossil) ** '''[[Cephalochordata]]''' – (lancelets, 30 species) ** '''[[Vertebrata]]''' (vertebrates – animals with backbones; 57,739 species) *** '''[[Agnatha]]''' (jawless vertebrates; 100+ species) **** '''[[Myxini]]''' or Hyperotreti (hagfish; 65 species) **** '''[[Conodonta]]''' (Conodonts) **** '''[[Hyperoartia]]''' (Lampreys) **** †'''[[Cephalaspidomorphi]]''' (Paleozoic jawless fish) **** †'''[[Pteraspidomorphi]]''' (Paleozoic jawless fish) *** '''[[Gnathostomata]]''' ([[jaw]]ed vertebrates) **** †'''[[Placodermi]]''' (Paleozoic armoured forms) **** '''[[Chondrichthyes]]''' (cartilaginous fish; 300+ species) **** †'''[[Acanthodii]]''' (Paleozoic "spiny sharks") **** '''[[Osteichthyes]]''' (bony fishes; 30,000+ species) ***** '''[[Actinopterygii]]''' (ray-finned fish; about 30,000 species) ***** '''[[Sarcopterygii]]''' (lobe-finned fish) **** '''[[Tetrapoda]]''' (four-legged vertebrates; 18,000+ species) === Phylogeny === {{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85% |label1='''Chordata''' |1={{clade |label1=&nbsp;[[Tunicata]]&nbsp; |1={{clade |1=&nbsp;[[Appendicularia]]&nbsp;(formerly&nbsp;[[Larvacea]]) |2=&nbsp;[[Thaliacea]]&nbsp; |3=&nbsp;[[Ascidiacea]]&nbsp; }} |2=&nbsp;[[Cephalochordata]] |label3=&nbsp;[[Craniata]]&nbsp; |3={{clade |1=[[Myxini]] |label2=&nbsp;[[Vertebrata]]&nbsp; |2={{clade |1=&nbsp;[[Conodonta]]† |2=&nbsp;[[Cephalaspidomorphi]]† |3=&nbsp;[[Hyperoartia]] |4=&nbsp;[[Pteraspidomorphi]]† |label5=&nbsp;[[Gnathostomata]]&nbsp; |5={{clade |1=&nbsp;[[Placodermi]]† |2=&nbsp;[[Chondrichthyes]] |label3=&nbsp;[[Teleost]]omi&nbsp; |3={{clade |1=&nbsp;[[Acanthodii]]† |label2=&nbsp;[[Osteichthyes]]&nbsp; |2={{clade |1=&nbsp;[[Actinopterygii]] |label2=&nbsp;[[Sarcopterygii]]&nbsp; |2={{clade |label1=<span style=color:white>void</span> |1={{clade |label1=&nbsp;[[Tetrapoda]]&nbsp; |1={{clade |1=&nbsp;[[Amphibia]] |label2=&nbsp;[[Amniota]]&nbsp; |2={{clade |label1=&nbsp;[[Synapsida]]&nbsp; |1={{clade |label1=<span style=color:white>void</span> |1={{clade |1=&nbsp;[[Mammalia]] }} }} |label2=&nbsp;[[Sauropsida]]&nbsp; |2={{clade |label1=<span style=color:white>void</span> |1={{clade |1=&nbsp;[[Aves]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} '''Note:''' Lines show likely [[evolution]]ary relationships. [[extinction|Extinct]] groups are marked with a "†". Extinct animals are ones that have completely died out. === Origin of chordates === According to a long-standing theory, the origin of chordates may be found in transformed larvae of sea-squirts ([[tunicate]]s). Adult tunicates are [[Sessility (zoology)|sessile]], but their larvae are [[motile]], and have some features found in early vertebrates. The process of [[paedomorphosis]], where [[juvenile]] features are retained in the adult, is the proposed mechanism.<ref>Garstang, Walter 1894. Preliminary notes on a new theory of the phylogeny of the chordates. ''Zoologischer Anzeiger'' '''17''', p122.</ref><ref>Garstang, Walter 1928. The morphology of the tunicata, and its bearing on the phylogeny of the Chordata. ''Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science'' '''72''', p51.</ref><ref>de Beer, Gavin 1951. ''Embryos and ancestors''. 3rd ed, Oxfor, The evolution of chordates, p76.</ref> [[Genome]] analysis shows that tunicates are the closest living relatives of vertebrates.<ref>Delsuc, Frédéric ''et al.'' 2006. Tunicates and not cephalochordates are the closest living relatives of vertebrates. ''Nature'' '''439''', 965-968</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == {{Wikispecies|Chordata}} *[http://tolweb.org/Chordata/2499 Chordate node at Tree Of Life] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224172716/http://tolweb.org/Chordata/2499 |date=2007-02-24 }} *[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=7711 Chordate node at NCBI Taxonomy] [[Category:Chordates| ]] r8dxq360ktl1vqc8p6dkrvihqc7e9v6 0 37793 9544891 9037120 2024-05-14T20:53:33Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 1q95zeb2iuum5fz5dbh41dqgcmj4s5t 0 39463 9544558 8692484 2024-05-14T18:42:21Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki ikkdoxlmwuv1a0wr8om1bu315i9okt7 0 39566 9545495 8251947 2024-05-15T04:52:29Z Auntof6 22027 resolve unknown template parameters and/or general cleanup using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] wikitext text/x-wiki azama6k5mz9znv3kzhsfrwsvr6wtl1y 0 40654 9545597 8875496 2024-05-15T05:42:01Z 115.189.132.197 /* References */ wikitext text/x-wiki 1bv6ac81rjf1eiucd4l61efdd3ld06w 9545599 9545597 2024-05-15T05:42:50Z MathXplore 966595 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/115.189.132.197|115.189.132.197]] ([[User talk:115.189.132.197|talk]]) to last version by Macdonald-ross wikitext text/x-wiki :''For 'speech', meaning a ''talk'', see [[Public speaking]]'' '''Speech''' is when [[wikt:speak|spoken]] [[language]] is used to [[communication|communicate]]. Only humans have language. [[Animal]]s do not have speech, but some (birds are a good example) can communicate with each other by using [[nonverbal communication|sounds and gestures]].<ref>Lieberman, Philip. 1991. Uniquely Human: the evolution of speech, thought, and selfless behavior. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-92182-5. OCLC 21764294</ref><ref>Lieberman, Philip. 2006. Toward an evolutionary biology of language. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02184-6. OCLC 62766735.</ref><ref>Lieberman P. 2007. The evolution of human speech: its anatomical and neural bases. ''Current Anthropology''. '''48''' (1): 39–66. doi:10.1086/509092. S2CID 28651524.</ref> Speech is made by sounds vibrating the [[vocal folds]]. Sounds through the voice box is shaped by the jaw, tongue, teeth, [[palate]], lips, and nose. To make speech a person has to be able to: #choose speech sounds #put them into a sequence #produce sound in the voice box #use the lips, tongue, teeth, nose and palate to shape the sounds Difficulties can happen at any stage of this four-stage process. A [[speech and language therapist]] can help work out the stage of the sequence that has difficulties and give therapy.<ref>Bauman-Waengler J. 2000. ''Articulatory & phonological impairments: a clinical focus''. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.</ref><ref>Stackhouse J. and Wells B. 1997. ''Children’s speech and literacy difficulties''. London: Whurr.</ref> Effective speech includes the following elements – fluency, flexibility, accuracy, and comprehensibility. * '''Fluency''' is the ability to communicate an intended message, or affect the listener in the way that is intended by the speaker. *'''Flexibility''' is the ability to adjust the message according to the responses of the listener. It also involves choosing words and expressions which will be understood by the listener(s). Compare with [[Cross-cultural communication]]. * '''Accuracy''' is the use of proper [[grammar]] in spoken language. * '''Comprehensibility''' is the ability to be understood by others. There are three components of sound which influence one’s comprehensibility: ::''Pronunciation'': saying the sounds of words correctly; ::''Intonation'': applying proper stress and rhythm while speaking; and ::''Enunciation'': speaking clearly at an appropriate pace and volume. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Language]] 82d8uri5gn21jjetk3fbncfgtwyjhe0 0 41244 9544501 9395513 2024-05-14T18:29:19Z JAAVIROMA 1448592 Added citations, and a History section. wikitext text/x-wiki 1fyi5d9p30hmireujv1h0pyqmged56r 0 44867 9545534 8338934 2024-05-15T05:11:57Z Auntof6 22027 resolve unknown template parameters and/or general cleanup using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] wikitext text/x-wiki jwhwut4rf6osvjfu7diqy8mtifg8rfc 0 46747 9545530 9528042 2024-05-15T05:10:03Z Auntof6 22027 resolve unknown template parameters and/or general cleanup using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] wikitext text/x-wiki kdjooehq0bxz3i9d7w2ucuxyea3zmu7 0 47482 9543955 9257827 2024-05-14T13:55:08Z 216.109.50.178 wikitext text/x-wiki 4uqjcyfe18hlxyfowfkq73d20yhqpzm 9543956 9543955 2024-05-14T13:55:11Z ChenzwBot 16695 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/216.109.50.178|216.109.50.178]] ([[User talk:216.109.50.178|talk]]) to last version by Rathfelder wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|declarations of independence in general|the U.S. Declaration|United States Declaration of Independence}} A '''declaration of independence''' is a claim of [[independence]] of an aspiring [[state]] or states. States like these are usually formed from part or all of the territory of another nation or failed nation, or are breakaway territories from within the parent state. Declarations of independence are typically made without the consent of the parent state, and hence are sometimes called '''unilateral declarations of independence''' (UDI), particularly by those who question the validity of the declarations. [[Category:Declarations of independence| ]] ra4c6r20rnjscpjb3ylhtmtme8c0glf 0 48143 9545846 9323496 2024-05-15T10:04:17Z Shailendkuumar 1239241 Added one relevant resource that help user to learn more wikitext text/x-wiki skshme9kbfexdqjak3tqu96ztc58w7y 0 48732 9544694 9339118 2024-05-14T19:25:40Z 206.110.235.11 i made it more signa wikitext text/x-wiki radatnnoeaduvv0ac26fykfjzrhf3ph 0 49590 9545807 8824000 2024-05-15T08:44:27Z 93.149.71.234 added a cite and a specification wikitext text/x-wiki cdjfs9bltt2o7wsrrwy43spl20xvyjx 0 50777 9544299 9541795 2024-05-14T17:15:50Z 199.216.165.2 wikitext text/x-wiki sst4rkpheygv9480hcif39mkisiup9r 9545105 9544299 2024-05-14T23:08:52Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/199.216.165.2|199.216.165.2]] ([[User talk:199.216.165.2|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by Me Da Wikipedian. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki kwes4y7d24xrpflyhjw8jcn7c1dpccf 0 51092 9544259 7959311 2024-05-14T17:00:46Z 169.139.65.203 more music they made wikitext text/x-wiki 54ku9gd0gkapmvdn5arm1d5riuwcnxf 0 52428 9543845 9397759 2024-05-14T12:14:17Z 85.92.187.30 i think its a good change wikitext text/x-wiki qox2i3rcjey4tl2hxznq1ligpxjboyl 9543848 9543845 2024-05-14T12:15:03Z 85.92.187.30 i think its a good chnge wikitext text/x-wiki 5whlo5sb8d4qcqb5h2gw1okzz2lb9oh 9543849 9543848 2024-05-14T12:15:40Z 85.92.187.30 Such changes are amazing, and improve totally wikitext text/x-wiki ryltysfqopcvp4h25k4nqotwlef768x 9543850 9543849 2024-05-14T12:15:45Z ChenzwBot 16695 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/85.92.187.30|85.92.187.30]] ([[User talk:85.92.187.30|talk]]) to last version by ChenzwBot wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Lakeland View.jpg|right|thumb|The panorama across Eskdale from [[Ill Crag]]. [[Harter Fell (Eskdale)|Harter Fell]] and [[Hard Knott]] can be seen, also a small [[Tarn (lake)|tarn]].]][[Image:Lake District Map.PNG|thumb|The location of the Lake District, shown in white, within [[Northern England]]]][[File:Cat Bells and Friars Crag.jpg|thumb|{{center|The [[Catbells]] near the tourist town of Keswick}}]] The '''Lake District''', also known as '''The Lakes''' or '''Lakeland''', is a rural area in north west England. It is a popular vacation area, famous for its lakes and its mountains and its associations with the early 19th century poetry and writings of [[William Wordsworth]] and the [[Lake Poets]]. It is on a tentative list of [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]s.<ref>UNESCO, [http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5673/ "England's Lake District"]; retrieved 2012-4-19.</ref> ==History== Lake District National Park (created in 1951) is one of the fifteen [[National parks of the United Kingdom|National parks]] in the [[United Kingdom]]. ==Geography== The Lake District is about 34 miles (55&nbsp;km) across (north-to-south or west-to-east). It is entirely within [[Cumbria]], and is one of [[England]]'s few [[mountain]]ous regions. All the land in England higher than three thousand [[foot (unit of length)|feet]] above sea level is in the Park. ===25 highest fells=== The 25 highest fells (of those given an individual chapter in the ''Pictorial Guides'' by [[Alfred Wainwright]]) are: # [[Scafell Pike]], 978 m / 3210&nbsp;ft # [[Scafell]], 965 m / 3162&nbsp;ft # [[Helvellyn]], 951 m / 3118&nbsp;ft # [[Skiddaw]], 931 m / 3054&nbsp;ft # [[Great End]], 910 m / 2986&nbsp;ft # [[Bowfell]], 902 m / 2960&nbsp;ft # [[Great Gable]], 899 m / 2949&nbsp;ft # [[Pillar (Lake District)|Pillar]], 892 m / 2926&nbsp;ft # [[Nethermost Pike]], 891 m / 2923&nbsp;ft # [[Catstycam]], 889 m / 2917&nbsp;ft # [[Esk Pike]], 885 m / 2903&nbsp;ft # [[Raise (Lake District)]], 883 m / 2896&nbsp;ft # [[Fairfield (Lake District)|Fairfield]], 873 m / 2863&nbsp;ft # [[Blencathra]], 868 m / 2847&nbsp;ft # [[Skiddaw Little Man]], 865 m / 2837&nbsp;ft # [[White Side]], 863 m / 2831&nbsp;ft # [[Crinkle Crags]], 859 m / 2818&nbsp;ft # [[Dollywaggon Pike]], 858 m / 2815&nbsp;ft # [[Great Dodd]], 857 m / 2807&nbsp;ft # [[Grasmoor]], 852 m / 2795&nbsp;ft # [[Stybarrow Dodd]], 843 m / 2772&nbsp;ft # [[St Sunday Crag]], 841 m / 2759&nbsp;ft # [[Scoat Fell]], 841 m / 2759&nbsp;ft # [[Crag Hill]], 839 m / 2753&nbsp;ft # [[High Street (Lake District)|High Street]], 828 m / 2717&nbsp;ft ===Lakes=== [[Image:Lake District view of Boats and Hills.JPG|thumb|Boats on Ullswater]] Only one lake in the National Park has the word 'Lake' in its name, namely [[Bassenthwaite Lake]]. All the others such as [[Windermere (lake)|Windermere]], [[Coniston Water]], [[Ullswater]] and [[Buttermere]] use other forms, such as 'mere' and 'water'. The major lakes and reservoirs in the park are given below. The word 'tarn' is a local word used to describe any small lake that may otherwise be called a [[pond]]. {{columns |col1 = *[[Bassenthwaite Lake]] *[[Brotherswater]] *[[Buttermere]] *[[Coniston Water]] *[[Crummock Water]] *[[Derwent Water]] *[[Devoke Water]] *[[Elter Water]] *[[Ennerdale Water]] *[[Esthwaite Water]] |col2 = *[[Grasmere (lake)|Grasmere]] *[[Haweswater Reservoir]] *[[Hayeswater]] *[[Loweswater]] *[[Rydal Water]] *[[Thirlmere]] *[[Ullswater]] *[[Wast Water]] *[[Windermere]] }} ==Nomenclature== A number of words/phrases are local to the Lake District and are part of the [[Cumbrian dialect]]. These include: *[[fell]] - brought to England by [[Viking]] invaders and close to modern [[Norwegian (language)|Norwegian]] 'Fjell' meaning [[mountain]] *[[tarn (lake)|tarn]] - a word that has been taken to mean a small lake in a [[corrie]], it is a local phrase for any small pool of water *[[Yan Tan Tethera]] - the name for a system of [[sheep]] counting which was traditionally used in the Lake District. Though now rare, it is still used by some and taught in local schools. == Related pages == * [[List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom]] * [[Yorkshire Dales]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commons category|Lake District}} *[http://www.lake-district.gov.uk/ Lake District official website] *[http://www.lakedistrictwalks.com/ Lake District Walks] *[http://www.english-lakes.com Illustrated Guide to the Lake District] ==More reading== *Hollingsworth, S. 'The Geology of the Lake District: a review', ''Proc. Geologists Assoc.'', 65 (Part 4) 1954 *Moseley, F. ''Geology of the Lake District'', Yorkshire Geologic [[Category:Cumbria]] [[Category:World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom]] {{WHSite}} 8pdqd3y4wbjmcnaw5n0nuzderx4mnez 0 56259 9544397 9421725 2024-05-14T17:53:09Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 26 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki l9n8rg4neep16kr9rqwaclrwcykw1qw 0 56416 9543894 9274638 2024-05-14T12:43:57Z 93.89.136.145 fixed spelling wikitext text/x-wiki a0yk8loz8cgzvnlsx4lfcm0baqaioul 9543896 9543894 2024-05-14T12:44:29Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 369772 Undid edits by [[Special:Contributions/93.89.136.145|93.89.136.145]] ([[User talk:93.89.136.145|talk]]) to last version by Mvolz: not needed wikitext text/x-wiki kglzkz7mrn3c5dazpkjsr7ikcq52avg 0 57340 9544757 9303347 2024-05-14T19:53:41Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki q09gm60qin9cqgyk2oxg3ifyx3b9chc 0 58171 9545653 9542124 2024-05-15T06:26:45Z 2603:8081:81F0:2F90:A57B:87BB:DFA8:4653 wikitext text/x-wiki cn2604ajfjtiet01wwhq4zgaw0h32vd 9545708 9545653 2024-05-15T06:50:04Z Operator873 642202 Vandalism wikitext text/x-wiki 1gh6e9zqdhvz0svque3fbngueqj0ax3 0 58943 9545661 9537959 2024-05-15T06:35:53Z 2603:8081:81F0:2F90:A57B:87BB:DFA8:4653 /* Upcoming */ wikitext text/x-wiki ic7hd2nsdbm1l7skt7swzr8kuv0is3p 9545666 9545661 2024-05-15T06:37:12Z 2603:8081:81F0:2F90:A57B:87BB:DFA8:4653 /* 1980s */ wikitext text/x-wiki qo66aq7j0zp7iuryo78yh1uie7y6wbd 9545709 9545666 2024-05-15T06:50:04Z Operator873 642202 Vandalism wikitext text/x-wiki bfuce37u71qdnudezxv6bc3wv60wb5u 0 61244 9544639 9393083 2024-05-14T19:03:47Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 6 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki mzxv1on6u4s3tpkimijxv60akzf9zhj 0 61541 9544644 9468745 2024-05-14T19:05:24Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki t9zya90n7q0f99mvpaspekh1p9417kn 0 62025 9545549 9036628 2024-05-15T05:18:45Z Auntof6 22027 resolve unknown template parameters and/or general cleanup using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] wikitext text/x-wiki a5xok8gmy27l2lzoo96257sh3rvwu9k 0 62150 9544146 9539105 2024-05-14T16:06:07Z 182.181.1.23 /* Travel */ wikitext text/x-wiki ewcu5049s890fmro35r7j64p4pnu473 9545845 9544146 2024-05-15T10:02:01Z 77.194.42.101 /* Travel */ wikitext text/x-wiki 2bpqpltj9521aynb8oa1cyn4v6tacc2 0 62390 9544267 9162281 2024-05-14T17:04:53Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 9853oqsk6akwfwc1b2zhxia77liver8 0 62507 9544388 5734689 2024-05-14T17:48:53Z 2001:2020:30B:ADCE:A45D:963A:A09E:80CA /* Classification */ wikitext text/x-wiki nmqzj4o3grg5h72rtfgtmj0ldj94pfb 0 64158 9544695 9499873 2024-05-14T19:26:11Z 151.188.213.144 wikitext text/x-wiki r5hys5tf35gub0zvrkqsk78oz135l6h 9544696 9544695 2024-05-14T19:26:16Z ChenzwBot 16695 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/151.188.213.144|151.188.213.144]] ([[User talk:151.188.213.144|talk]]) to last version by Ferien wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:LoremIpsumDesign.png|thumb|Using ''Lorem ipsum'' to focus attention on graphic elements in a website design proposal]] '''Lorem ipsum''' is a dummy text used to replace text in some areas just for the purpose of an example. It can be used in [[publishing]] and [[graphic design]]. It is used to demonstrate the [[graphic]]s elements of a document, such as [[font]], [[typography]], and [[Page layout|layout]]. == Background == The lorem ipsum text is usually a section of a [[Latin]] text by [[Cicero]] with words altered, added and removed to make it nonsensical.<ref name="SDop">{{citation | title = What does the filler text "lorem ipsum" mean? | first = Cecil | last = Adams | publisher = The Straight Dope | date = February 2001 | url = http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2290/ | accessdate = 2012-08-01 | archive-date = 2019-05-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190512084049/http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2290/ | url-status = dead }}.</ref> Lorem ipsum text is used in mock-ups of visual design projects before the actual words are put into the finished product. This is often called '''greeking'''. The text is derived from [[Cicero]]'s ''De finibus bonorum et malorum'' (''On the Ends of Goods and Evils'', sometimes the title is translated as ''[About] The Purposes of Good and Evil'' ).<ref name="microsoft">{{cite web|url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/114222/en-us|title=Description of the "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet" text that appears in Word Help|accessdate=2007-03-22|format=HTML|publisher=Microsoft}}</ref> The words "Lorem ipsum..." make no sense. The text was frequently used in [[desktop publishing]] templates. To experiment with the text, it can be copy-pasted into the desktop publishing software, and the typeface and its setting can be tried out. The distribution of letters in Lorem Ipsum is close to that in [[English language]]. This way, you can see what your own text would look like in that graphic format. == Text == There are many Lorem ipsum text generators available, including free versions and online sites. The [[algorithm]] and source files for some versions are in the [[public domain]]. Most generators will start the first paragraph with "L''orem ipsum dolor sit amet,'' " and then words selected from its word list according to model sentence and paragraph structure rules, so as to approximate the distribution of English word, sentence and paragraph lengths. {{quote|Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis knostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.}} == Related pages== * [[List of Latin phrases]] == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == {{commons|Lorem ipsum|Lorem ipsum}} {{wikisource}} <!-- DO NOT ADD MORE GENERATOR LINKS. One lipsum generator site is enough. If you would very much like a new link be added, please go to the "discussion" page and make your case there. Not doing so will have the link immediately removed without review. Thank you. --> * The original ''[[s:la:De finibus bonorum et malorum/Liber Primus|De finibus bonorum et malorum]]'' (Book 1) from Cicero, on Latin WikiSource. 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Ledger started acting on [[television]] in the 1990s and then began acting in [[Hollywood]] [[movies]]. He was an important actor in many movies, including ''[[The Patriot (2000 movie)|The Patriot]]'', ''[[Monster's Ball]]'', and ''[[Brokeback Mountain]]''. He acted as [[Joker (comics)|The Joker]] in ''[[The Dark Knight (movie)|The Dark Knight]]''. Ledger died in [[New York City]] on January 22, 2008.<ref name="AgenceFrance">{{cite news | url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hSnffZ3qPhw5MxwRsbroU0BclsXA | title=Actor Heath Ledger is found dead | publisher=[[Agence France-Presse]] | date=2008-01-22 | accessdate=2008-01-23 | archive-date=2008-01-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080124154343/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hSnffZ3qPhw5MxwRsbroU0BclsXA | url-status=dead }}</ref> His last movie, ''The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus'', came out in 2009.<ref name="IMDb">{{cite news | url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0005132/ | title=Actor Heath Ledger continuing to act. |publisher=[[IMDb.com]] | date=2008-10-20 | accessdate=2008-10-20}}</ref> == Early life and family == Heath Ledger was born in [[Perth, Western Australia]]. Heath and his sister Katherine were named after the two main characters in the book ''[[Wuthering Heights]]'' by [[Emily Brontë]]. Ledger went to [[Guildford Grammar School]], where he started acting. When he was 10 years old, he acted in a [[school]] play as [[Peter Pan]].<ref name="tiscali">{{cite web | url=http://www.tiscali.co.uk/entertainment/film/biographies/heath_ledger_biog.html | title=HEATH LEDGER BIOGRAPHY | publisher=Tiscali film & tv | accessdate=2008-01-23 | archive-date=2009-02-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228191508/http://www.tiscali.co.uk/entertainment/film/biographies/heath_ledger_biog.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> == Career == === Early career === When he was sixteen years old, Ledger [[graduation|graduated]] school early to become an actor.<ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://heathheathens.net/lonesomecowboy-mar06.htm | title=Transcript. Rolling Stone interview | magazine=Rolling Stone | date=March 2006 | accessdate=2008-01-23 | archive-date=2012-04-15 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415151107/http://heathheathens.net/lonesomecowboy-mar06.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> With his best friend, Trevor DiCarlo, Ledger drove across Australia to [[Sydney]]. He came back to Perth in to act in the [[Television programme|television series]] ''[[Sweat (TV series)|Sweat]]'' which was on television in 1996. In this series, he played a [[gay]] [[Cycling|bicycle rider]].<ref name="tiscali" /> In 1996, Ledger acted in the [[fantasy]]-[[drama]] television series ''[[Roar (television series)|Roar]]''. In 1999, Ledger had the main role in the [[teenager|teen]] [[comedy]] movie ''[[10 Things I Hate About You]]''. He also had the main role in the Australian movie ''[[Two Hands]]'', directed by [[Gregor Jordan]].<ref name="tiscali" /> === 2000–2008 === From 2000 to 2005, Ledger had main acting roles in many movies, like ''[[The Patriot (2000 movie)|The Patriot]]'', ''[[Monster's Ball]]'', ''[[A Knight's Tale (movie)|A Knight's Tale]]'', ''[[The Four Feathers]]'', ''[[Ned Kelly (2003 movie)|Ned Kelly]]'', ''[[The Order (2003 movie)|The Order]]'', and ''[[The Brothers Grimm (movie)|The Brothers Grimm]]''. In 2001, he won a prize called the [[National Association of Theatre Owners|ShoWest Award]] for the "Male Star of Tomorrow" for his acting in ''The Patriot'' and ''A Knight's Tale''. In 2003, he was named one of [[Gentlemen's Quarterly|Australian GQ]]'s "Men of the Year" for acting. Ledger was given the "Best Actor of 2005" award from both the [[New York Film Critics Circle Awards|New York Film Critics Circle]] and the [[San Francisco Film Critics Circle]] for his acting in ''[[Brokeback Mountain]]''. In this movie, he plays a worker on a [[ranch]] in [[Wyoming]] named Ennis Del Mar, who is in [[love]] with a [[rodeo]] performer named Jack Twist, who is played by [[Jake Gyllenhaal]]. He also was [[wikt:nominate|nominated]] to win a [[Golden Globe]] award "Best Actor in a Drama" and the [[Academy Award|Academy Award for Best Actor]] for this acting, but he did not win either prize. Also in 2005, Ledger acted as the character [[Giacomo Casanova]] in the [[romantic comedy]] movie called ''[[Casanova (movie)|Casanova]]''. This movie also included actress [[Sienna Miller]]. In 2006, Ledger was asked to join the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.oscars.org/press/pressreleases/2006/06.07.01a.html| title=Academy Invites 120 to Membership| work=Press Release| publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]| date=July 5, 2006| accessdate=2007-08-17}}</ref> In 2007, he was one of six actors to act as different sides of [[singer]] [[Bob Dylan]] in the movie ''[[I'm Not There]]''. Ledger acted in the role of the [[comic book]] [[villain]] [[Joker (comics)|The Joker]] in the movie ''[[The Dark Knight (movie)|The Dark Knight]]''. This movie follows the 2005 movie ''[[Batman Begins]]''. The movie was released on July 18, 2008.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.batman-on-film.com/batmovienewsarchives47.html| title=Heath Ledger? It's TRUE| date=July 21, 2006| work=NEWS ARCHIVES 47| publisher=BATMAN ON FILM| accessdate=2007-08-17}}</ref> He was given respect and many awards for how well he acted in this movie, even though he died six months before it was shown in movie theaters. Some of these awards were the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor. Also after he died, the movie ''The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus'' was first shown in movie theaters in 2009. Ledger was supposed to act as the main role of Doctor Parnassus, but he only [[filmed]] about half of the [[scene]]s before he died. The [[movie director|director]] for this movie, [[Terrry Gilliam]], decided that the movie would be changed so that three other actors would also act as this character in some parts of the movie. The other actors were [[Johnny Depp]], [[Colin Farrell]], and [[Jude Law]], who were all friends with Heath Ledger before he died.<ref>{{cite web |title=Terry Gilliam: The 'Imaginarium' That Almost Wasn't |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=121636569&t=1609539604980 |date=19 December 2009 |website=NPR |access-date=1 January 2021}}</ref> === Music === Ledger started a [[record label|record company]] with a singer named [[Benjamin Chase Harper|Ben Harper]]. In 2006, Ledger was the director of three [[music video]]s. The songs for these music videos were "Cause an Effect" and "Seduction Is Evil (She's Hot)" by Australian [[hip-hop]] musician [[1200 Techniques|N'fa]], and "Morning Yearning" by [[Benjamin Chase Harper|Ben Harper]]. == Public image == === Press reception === Ledger had problems with [[paparazzi]]. It is said that he spat at and [[assault]]ed a [[photographer]] in Sydney in 2004. His relative is also said to have spat on a photographer in 2005. Ledger said this was not true.<ref name="hl_sag_giggles">{{cite web| url=http://stylescenes.latimes.com/fashion/2006/02/heath_explains_.html| title=Heath explains his SAG giggles| work=Styles & Scenes| first=Elizabeth| last=Snead| date=2006-02-03| publisher=[[Los Angeles Times]]| accessdate=2007-08-17| archive-date=2007-08-12| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812092922/http://stylescenes.latimes.com/fashion/2006/02/heath_explains_.html| url-status=dead}}</ref> Ledger caused problems after he was quoted in January 2006 in Australia's ''[[Herald Sun]]'' saying that [[West Virginia]] had banned ''Brokeback Mountain'' when it had not. He also said the state had [[lynching]]s as recently as the 1980s. These statements have been said to not be true by [[History|historians]], who said that the last [[wikt:illegal|illegal]] public hanging in West Virginia happened in 1931.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.thegazz.com/blogs/gazznotes/2006/01/whend-we-stop-stringing-em-up-in-west.html| title=When'd we stop stringing 'em up in West Virginia?| date=2006-01-16| accessdate=2007-08-17| archive-date=2007-10-12| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012133512/http://thegazz.com/blogs/gazznotes/2006/01/whend-we-stop-stringing-em-up-in-west.html| url-status=dead}}</ref> === Personal life === From August 2002 to April 2004, Ledger had a [[intimate relationship|relationship]] with actress [[Naomi Watts]]. They met when they both acted in the movie ''[[Ned Kelly (2003 movie)|Ned Kelly]]''.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,491620,00.html| title=Naomi Watts and Heath Ledger split| date=2003-10-01| author=Gary Susman| publisher=[[Entertainment Weekly]]| accessdate=2008-01-23| archive-date=2008-12-18| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218200149/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,491620,00.html| url-status=dead}}</ref> Before that, he dated the actresses [[Lisa Zane]] and [[Heather Graham]]. Ledger was [[marriage|engaged]] to actress [[Michelle Williams (actress)|Michelle Williams]], whom he met while making the movie ''Brokeback Mountain''.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/archive/2006/03/08/the-heath-is-on-89520-16786391/| title=THE HEATH IS ON| date=2006-03-03| author=Kiki King, Eva Simpson & Caroline Hedley| publisher=[[The Daily Mirror]]| accessdate=2007-08-17| archive-date=2008-01-28| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080128160727/http://www.mirror.co.uk/archive/2006/03/08/the-heath-is-on-89520-16786391/| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/archive/2007/01/24/michelle-marries-heath-ledger-89520-18521524/| title=MICHELLE MARRIES HEATH LEDGER| date=2007-01-24| author=Eva Simpson & Caroline Hedley| publisher=[[The Daily Mirror]]| accessdate=2007-08-17| archive-date=2007-10-12| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012115821/http://www.mirror.co.uk/archive/2007/01/24/michelle-marries-heath-ledger-89520-18521524/| url-status=dead}}</ref> They had one daughter, Matilda Rose, was born on October 28, 2005 in [[New York City]]. In August 2007, the magazine ''[[Us Weekly]]'' said that Ledger and Williams ended their relationship. Ledger and Williams both said that the [[wikt:rumour|rumor]] was not true at that time. In September 2007, Williams' father, Larry, told the ''[[Sydney Daily Telegraph]]'' that Ledger and Williams had separated.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.hollywood.com/news/Williams_Father_Confirms_Ledger_Split/4753467 |title= Williams father confirms Ledger split |author= WENN |publisher= Hollywood.com |date= 2007-09-04 |accessdate= 2008-01-23 |archiveurl= https://archive.today/20120526231152/http://www.hollywood.com/news/Williams_Father_Confirms_Ledger_Split/4753467 |archivedate= 2012-05-26 |url-status= live }}</ref> == Death == Ledger was found dead in his [[apartment]] <ref name="NYTChan">{{cite news | url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/01/22/actor-heath-ledger-is-found-dead/ | author=Sewell Chan | title=The death of Heath Ledger | newspaper=[[New York Times]] | date=2008-01-22 | accessdate=2008-01-22}} </ref><ref name="AP">{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/22/AR2008012202944.html | title=Heath Ledger Found Dead in NYC at Age 28 | author=Tom Hays | publisher=[[Associated Press]] | date=2008-01-22 | accessdate=2008-01-22 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> in the [[SoHo]] neighborhood of [[New York City]] on January 22, 2008. Ledger's body was found by a [[housekeeper]] and a [[massage]] therapist, who entered the bedroom to find him face down on the floor with [[sedative|sleeping pills]] on a nearby [[Table (furniture)|table]].<ref name="MSNBC">{{cite web | url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/22788914/?GT1=10755 | title=Heath Ledger Found Dead in NYC Apartment | publisher=[[MSNBC]] | date=2008-01-22 | accessdate=2008-01-22}}</ref> The [[police]] said that it did not look like the death was [[suicide]]. They also did not think his death was caused by someone else.<ref name="NYTBarron">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/23/movies/23ledger.html?_r=1&hp&oref=slogin | title=Heath Ledger, Actor, Is Found Dead at 28 | author=James Barron | newspaper= The New York Times | date=2008-01-23 | accessdate=2008-01-23}}</ref> On January 23, 2008, Ledger's parents and sister appeared outside Ledger's mother's house in [[Applecross, Western Australia]] and read a short statement to news reporters: {{cquote|"We, Heath's family, confirm the very tragic, untimely and accidental passing of our dearly loved son, brother and doting father of Matilda, who was found in a peaceful sleep in his New York apartment by his housekeeper at 3:30pm [New York Time]. We would like to thank our friends and everyone around the world for their kind wishes at this time. Heath has touched so many people on so many different levels during his short life, but few had the pleasure to truly know him. He was a down-to-earth, generous, kind-hearted, life-loving and unselfish individual who was an extreme inspiration to many. Please now respect our family's need to grieve and come to terms with our loss privately."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,23096240-5001021,00.html | title=Heath Ledger loved life, family tell | publisher=[[Daily Telegraph (Australia)]] | date=2008-01-23 | accessdate=2008-01-23 | archive-date=2008-01-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080128172344/http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,23096240-5001021,00.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>}} The [[Prime Minister of Australia|Australian Prime Minister]] [[Kevin Rudd]] released a statement saying, "It was with great sadness that I have learned of the passing of Heath Ledger... It is tragic that we have lost one of our nation's finest actors in the prime of his life."<ref name="Ninemsn">{{cite web | url=http://news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=73558 | title=Ledger's death a tragic accident: family | publisher=[[ninemsn]] | date=2008-01-23 | accessdate=2008-01-23 | archive-date=2009-01-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112042320/http://news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=73558 | url-status=dead }}</ref> == Filmography == {| class="wikitable" |- !colspan="4"| Movies |- ! Year || Title || Role || Other notes |- | rowspan="2" | 1997 || ''[[Paws (movie)|Paws]]'' || Oberon || |- | ''[[Blackrock (movie)|Blackrock]]'' || Toby || |- | rowspan="2" | 1999 || ''[[10 Things I Hate About You]]'' || Patrick Verona || |- | ''[[Two Hands]]'' || Jimmy || [[Australian Film Institute Awards|AFI Award nominee]] (Best Actor in a Leading Role) |- | 2000 || ''[[The Patriot (2000 movie)|The Patriot]]'' || Gabriel Martin || |- | rowspan="2" | 2001 || ''[[Monster's Ball]]'' || Sonny Grotowski || |- | ''[[A Knight's Tale (movie)|A Knight's Tale]]'' || Sir William Thatcher/<br />Sir Ulrich von Lichtenstein of Gelderland || |- | 2002 || ''[[The Four Feathers (2002 movie)|The Four Feathers]]'' || Harry Faversham || |- | rowspan="2" | 2003 || ''[[The Order (2003 movie)|The Order]]'' || Alex Bernier || |- | ''[[Ned Kelly (2003 movie)|Ned Kelly]]'' || [[Ned Kelly]] || [[Australian Film Institute Awards|AFI Award nominee]] (Best Actor in a Leading Role) |- | rowspan="4" | 2005 || ''[[Casanova (movie)|Casanova]]'' || [[Giacomo Casanova]] || |- | ''[[Brokeback Mountain]]'' || Ennis del Mar || [[Academy Award]] nominee (Best Lead Actor)<br />[[Golden Globe]] nominee (Best Lead Actor - Drama)<br />[[BAFTA Award]] nominee (Best Lead Actor)<br /> [[Screen Actors Guild|SAG]] nominee (Best Lead Actor, Best Ensemble Cast)<br />AFI Award (Best Lead Actor) |- | ''[[The Brothers Grimm (movie)|The Brothers Grimm]]'' || Jacob Grimm || |- | ''[[Lords of Dogtown]]'' || Skip Engblom || |- | 2006 || ''[[Candy (2006 movie)|Candy]]'' || Dan || [[Australian Film Institute Awards|AFI Award]] nominee (Best Actor in a Leading Role)<br />[[Inside Film Awards|IF Award]] nominee (Best Actor)<br />[[Film Critics Circle of Australia|FCCA Award]] nominee (Best Actor) |- | 2007 || ''[[I'm Not There]].'' || Robbie Clark |- | rowspan="2" | 2008 || ''[[The Dark Knight (movie)|The Dark Knight]]'' || [[Joker (comics)|The Joker]] ||Golden Globe Winner, (Best Supporting Actor) Academy Award Winner (Actor in a Leading Role) |- | ''Tree of Life'' || || Incomplete |- | 2009 ||''The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus'' || Tony (sharing character with [[Johnny Depp]], [[Colin Farrell]] and [[Jude Law]]) ||Incomplete performance |- !colspan="4"|Television |- |1992 || ''[[Clowning Around]]'' | |- | rowspan="2" | 1997 || ''[[Home and Away]]'' || Scott Irwin |- | ''[[Roar (TV series)|Roar]]'' || Conor |- | 1996 || ''[[Sweat (TV series)|Sweat]]'' || Snowy Bowles |} == Awards and nominations == If an award in this list is marked as "Nominated," it means that people were thinking about giving that award to Heath Ledger but chose to give it to someone else. * '''[[Academy Award]]s''' ** 2009 - Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role, ''[[The Dark Knight (movie)|The Dark Knight]]'' '''(Won)''' ** 2006 - Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role, ''[[Brokeback Mountain]]'' (Nominated) * '''[[Australian Film Institute Awards]]''' ** 1999 - Best Actor in a Leading Role, ''Two Hands'' (Nominated) ** 2003 - Best Actor in a Leading Role, ''[[Ned Kelly (2003 movie)|Ned Kelly]]'' (Nominated) ** 2006 - Best Actor in a Leading Role, ''[[Candy (2006 movie)|Candy]]'' (Nominated) ** 2008 - Best Actor in a Supporting Role, ''[[The Dark Knight (movie)|The Dark Knight]]'' '''(Won)''' * '''[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]]''' ** 2009 - Best Actor in a Supporting Role, ''[[The Dark Knight (movie)|The Dark Knight]]'' '''(Won)''' ** 2006 - Best Actor in a Leading Role, ''[[Brokeback Mountain]]'' (Nominated) * '''[[Golden Globe Award]]s''' ** 2009 - Best Performance by an Actor In A Supporting Role in a Motion Picture, ''[[The Dark Knight (movie)|The Dark Knight]]'' '''(Won)''' ** 2006 - Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture - Drama, ''[[Brokeback Mountain]]'' (Nominated) * '''[[Independent Spirit Award]]s''' ** 2008 - Robert Altman Award, ''I'm Not There.'' '''(Won)''' <small>*shared w/ cast and crew.</small> ** 2006 - Best Actor, ''[[Brokeback Mountain]]'' (Nominated) * '''[[MTV Movie Awards]]''' ** 2008 - Best Villain, ''[[The Dark Knight (movie)|The Dark Knight]]'' '''(Won)''' ** 2008 - Best Fantasy Actor, ''[[The Dark Knight (movie)|The Dark Knight]]'' '''(Won)''' ** 2006 - Best Kiss, ''[[Brokeback Mountain]]'' '''(Won)''' <small>*shared w/ [[Jake Gyllenhaal]]</small> ** 2002 - Best Kiss, ''[[A Knight's Tale (movie)|A Knight's Tale]]'' (Nominated)<small> *shared w/ [[Shannyn Sossamon]]</small> ** 2002 - Best Musical Sequence ''[[A Knight's Tale (movie)|A Knight's Tale]]'' (Nominated)<small> *shared w/ [[Shannyn Sossamon]] </small> ** 2000 - Best Musical Sequence ''[[10 Things I Hate About You]]'' (Nominated) * '''[[Screen Actors Guild Awards]]''' ** 2009 - Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role, ''[[The Dark Knight (movie)|The Dark Knight]]'' '''(Won)''' ** 2006 - Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture, ''[[Brokeback Mountain]]'' (Nominated) ** 2006 - Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role, ''[[Brokeback Mountain]]'' (Nominated) == References == {{reflist|2}} == Other websites == {{Commons|Heath Ledger}} {{wikiquote-en}} * {{imdb name|id=0005132|name=Heath Ledger}} * [http://themovie-fanatic.com/spotlights/stars/heath_ledger/ Heath Ledger comprehensive profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080127142005/http://themovie-fanatic.com/spotlights/stars/heath_ledger/ |date=2008-01-27 }} * [http://www.nndb.com/people/204/000029117 Heath Ledger] at [[Notable Names Database]] * {{people.com}} * [http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/confidential/indepth/feature/0,22045,5015791,00.html Heath Ledger comprehensive news & profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080127105159/http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/confidential/indepth/feature/0,22045,5015791,00.html |date=2008-01-27 }} at [[Daily Telegraph (Australia)]] * 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Kelly (1855-1880) - Find a Grave Memorial | website=[[Find a Grave]] }}</ref> | birth_place = [[Beveridge, Victoria|Beveridge]], [[Victoria (Australian state)|Victoria]], [[Australia]] | death_date = 11 November 1880 (aged 25) | death_place = [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australian state)|Victoria]], [[Australia]] | alias = | occupation = Bushranger | conviction_penalty = Death | conviction_status = [[Hanging|Executed by hanging]] | spouse = | children = | parents = [[John "Red" Kelly]] (1820–1866)<br/>[[Ellen Kelly]] (née Quinn) (1832–1923) | conviction = Murder, assault, theft, armed robbery | relatives = [[Dan Kelly (bushranger)|Dan Kelly]] (brother)<br>[[Kate Kelly (outlaw)|Kate Kelly]] (sister) }} '''Edward "Ned" Kelly''' (3 June 1855 – 11 November 1880) was an [[Australian]] [[bushranger]].<ref name=dfat>{{cite web |url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/national_icons.html |title=About Australia: National Icons |first= |last= |work=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade |year=2011 |accessdate=2011-10-15 |archive-date=2011-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019233119/http://dfat.gov.au/facts/national_icons.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He has become a [[wikt:symbolic|symbolic]] figure in Australian history, [[folklore]], books, art and movies. As a national [[Cultural icon|icon]], his image was used during the opening ceremony of the [[2000 Summer Olympics]] in [[Sydney]].<ref name=dfat/> He is remembered in the saying "... as game as Ned Kelly"; the word ''game'' in this case meaning ''brave''.<ref name="kp">{{cite web|url=http://vhd.heritage.vic.gov.au/vhd/heritagevic#detail_places;14253|title=Kelly Papers|work=Heritage Places and Objects|publisher=Heritage Council of Victoria|language=|accessdate=2010-02-27}}</ref> While he was growing up, his family was often in [[wikt:trouble|trouble]] with the [[police]]. After fighting a policeman at his home in 1878, Kelly went to [[the bush]] to hide. He [[murder]]ed three policemen who were searching for him. The government made Ned, his brother, and two friends [[outlaw]]s. They became known as the Kelly Gang. Ned Kelly led the gang to rob a number of banks, and even capture a whole town. A final violent fight with police took place at [[Glenrowan, Victoria|Glenrowan]]. Kelly, dressed in home-made metal [[armour]] and [[helmet]], was captured and sent to trial. Found guilty, he was hanged at the [[Old Melbourne Gaol|Melbourne Gaol]] in 1880. A painting of Kelly by Australian artist [[Sidney Nolan]] was sold in 2010 for [[AU$]]5.4 million, the highest price ever paid for an Australian painting.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/03/25/2856436.htm |title=Nolan's Ned Kelly no steal at $5.4m |first= Michael|last=Vincent |work=Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC News) |date=2010-03-26 |accessdate=2016-11-10}}</ref> == Early life == === Beveridge === [[File:Avenel Royal Mail Hotel.JPG|thumb|220px|right|Shelton's Royal Mail Hotel, Avenel, Victoria]] [[File:Avenel Kelly farm.jpg|thumb|220px|Site of the Kelly farm at Avenel]] Edward 'Ned' Kelly was born in [[Beveridge, Victoria|Canadia]], north of Melbourne, in June 1855.<ref name=adb>{{cite web |url= http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/kelly-edward-ned-3933 |title=Biography – Edward (Ned) Kelly |first=John V. |last=Barry |work=– Australian Dictionary of Biography|year=1974 |accessdate=2011-07-05}}</ref> The actual date is not known because the birth was not [[registration|registered]] on the government list of births, deaths and marriages in Victoria.<ref name="jones">{{cite book | title=Ned Kelly: a short life | publisher=Hachette Australia | author=Jones, Ian | year=2008 | location=Sydney, NSW | isbn=9780733623431}}</ref>{{rp|13}} His prison records give the date as 1856.<ref name="nixon">{{cite book|last=Nixon|first=Allan M.|title=Stand and Deliver|publisher=Southwood Press|location=Port Melbourne, Victoria|date=1991|language=}}</ref>{{rp|101}} He was the son of [[Irish people|Irish]] [[Catholic]] parents, John "Red" Kelly and Ellen Quinn. Red Kelly had been a [[convict]] who had been sent to [[Van Diemen's Land]] in 1842 for [[wikt:steal|stealing]] two pigs. He moved to Victoria in 1848.<ref name =mcq>{{cite book |last=McQuilton |first=John |title = The Kelly Outbreak 1878-1880 |publisher =Melbourne University Press |date=1979 |location =Melbourne, Australia | pages = | url=https://archive.org/details/kellyoutbreak1870000mcqu| isbn = 0-522-84180-5}}</ref>{{rp|74}} He met Ellen Quinn, who had come to Victoria from Ireland with her family in 1841.<ref name=mcq/>{{rp|70}} Red started working for Ellen's father, James Quinn, who was a farmer at Beveridge. Ned was probably born at his grandfather's house. Around 1860, Red built a small house for his family, which is still standing in Kelly Street.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://vhd.heritage.vic.gov.au/vhd/heritagevic#detail_places;149 |title=Victorian Heritage Database |first= |last=|work=vhd.heritage.vic.gov.au |year=2011 |accessdate=2011-10-20}}</ref> ===Avenel=== When Ned was about nine, his father moved the family north to a new farm at [[Avenel, Victoria|Avenel]]. Ned saved a young boy, Richard Shelton, from [[drown]]ing in Hughes Creek.<ref name=mcq/>{{rp|75}} The Shelton family, who owned the Royal Mail Hotel,<ref name="rmh">{{cite web|url=http://vhd.heritage.vic.gov.au/vhd/heritagevic#detail_places;33|title=Royal Mail Hotel and cottage|work=Heritage Places and Objects|publisher=Heritage Council of Victoria|language= |accessdate=2010-02-27}}</ref> gave Ned a [[sash]] made from green [[silk]] for his [[wikt:bravery|bravery]].<ref name="tour">{{cite web|url=http://www.ironoutlaw.com/html/tourism.html|title=Tourism|work=The Iron Outlaw|language=|accessdate=2010-02-28|archive-date=2010-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205155923/http://www.ironoutlaw.com/html/tourism.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The sash was {{cvt|230|cm|in|0|lk=on}} long and {{cvt|14|cm|in|0|lk=off}} wide.<ref name=meredith>{{cite book |last= Meredith |first= John |author2= Bill Scott |title =Ned Kelly: after a century of acrimony |publisher =Lansdowne Press | date =1980 |location=Dee Why West, NSW, Australia |pages= |url =https://archive.org/details/nedkellyaftercen0000mere| doi = | id = | isbn =0701814705 }}</ref>{{rp|132}} He was wearing this sash under his armour when he was [[wikt:capture|captured]] at Glenrowan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ironoutlaw.com/html/history_01.html |title=Ned Kelly Australian Ironoutlaw |publisher=Ironoutlaw.com |accessdate=2010-02-19 |archive-date=2010-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308055538/http://www.ironoutlaw.com/html/history_01.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=russell/> The sash, still covered in Ned Kelly's blood, is now kept in the [[Benalla, Victoria|Benalla]] Museum.<ref name=meredith/>{{rp|132}} Red was not a successful farmer and was soon [[wikt:arrest|arrested]] for stealing cattle. In May 1866, he was given one month in prison and had to pay a [[fine]] of [[Pound (currency)|£]]25.<ref name=mcq/>{{rp|75}} Red died on 27 December 1866, and is buried in the Avenel Cemetery.<ref name=mcm/>{{rp|21}} === Greta === Ellen Kelly moved the family to [[Greta, Victoria|Greta]]. There were other members of Ellen's family living in the area. Her father, James Quinn, had moved from Beveridge to a large farm, called Glenmore, on the [[King River (Victoria)|King River]] in north east Victoria.<ref name=mcm/>{{rp|30}} Her sisters, Catherine and Jane, and their ten children, were farming at Greta. Their husbands, brothers John and Thomas Lloyd, were in prison for stealing cattle. When Ellen came to Greta, her brothers, James, William and John Quinn, moved from Glenmore to help the sisters and their families.<ref name=mcm/>{{rp|30}} Some of the Quinn family had also been sent to prison for cattle stealing. James, Ellen's brother, had been charged ten times for cattle stealing.<ref name=mcm/>{{rp|37}} In 1868, Red Kelly's brother, James Kelly, came to visit Ellen. He got [[drunk]] and after an argument with the sisters, tried to burn their house down. He was given the [[death penalty]], but this was later changed to 15 years in prison.<ref name=mcm/>{{rp|30}} The police thought the whole family were trouble makers and criminal.<ref name="jones"/>{{rp|47}} Ellen Kelly and her children moved to a farm on the Eleven Mile Creek, between Greta and Glenrowan.<ref name=mcm/>{{rp|30}} Ned Kelly started work cutting down trees, [[horse training|breaking in horses]], herding cattle and putting up fences.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/ned-kelly |title=Ned Kelly |first= |last= |work=Australian Stories |year=2011 |accessdate=2011-07-05 |archive-date=2011-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811032644/http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/ned-kelly |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Gaol === On 14 October 1869, 14-year-old Ned was arrested for stealing money from a [[China|Chinese]] man. Kelly spent ten days in the police station lockup but there was not enough proof to send Ned to court and he had to be set free.<ref name=adb/> Ned also worked in the bush with ex-convict [[Harry Power]]. [[File:Benalla bootshop2.JPG|thumb|220px|right|The boot shop in Benalla where Ned Kelly hid from the police in 1877]] Power had escaped from a Melbourne [[Gaol]] and started bushranging. Kelly was arrested in May 1870 for helping Power to rob people. He was kept in the gaol at [[Kyneton, Victoria|Kyneton]] for seven weeks.<ref name=adb/> Soon after this, Ned was in trouble again. With his uncle, Jack Lloyd, Ned had got into a fight with a [[hawker]] (a traveling salesman). They then sent a rude letter and some [[cattle|calf]]'s [[testicle]]s to the hawker's wife. In October 1870 he was sent to [[Beechworth, Victoria|Beechworth]] gaol for [[assault]] and for being rude to a lady. He spent five months in Gaol.<ref name=sheppard/> Just three weeks after getting out of Gaol in April 1871, 16-year-old Ned was arrested again. He had ridden a friend's horse into Greta. He did not know that his friend, Isaiah "Wild Wright", had stolen the horse from the [[Mansfield, Victoria|Mansfield]] [[post office]]. There was a fight when a policeman, Constable Hall, tried to arrest him. Hall tried to shoot Kelly three times, but his gun would not work so he hit him over the head with it instead.<ref name=molony/>{{rp|50}} Kelly was sent to [[HM Prison Pentridge|Pentridge Gaol]] in [[Melbourne]].<ref name=molony>{{cite book | last =Molony | first =John Neylon | authorlink = | title =Ned Kelly | publisher =Melbourne University Press | date =2001 | location =[[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] | pages = | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=WhczfF4KdawC&dq=Ned+Kelly+Sacramento&pg=PA53 | doi = | id = | isbn =0522850138 }}</ref>{{rp|53}} After four months he was moved to the prison ship, ''Sacramento'', at [[Williamstown, Victoria|Williamstown]].<ref name=molony/>{{rp|53}} Prison ships were old ships that were used as extra prison space. Prisoners from the ''Sacremento'' worked during the day building a [[sea wall]] at Williamstown beach.<ref name="jones"/>{{rp|92}} They also worked on building a fort for the guns that were protecting Port Phillip Bay.<ref name="jones"/>{{rp|92}} Kelly was released from prison on 2 February 1874.<ref name="jones"/>{{rp|93}} In August, Kelly met his friend "Wild Wright" in Beechworth. He must have been angry with Wright because of the stolen horse which had put him in prison. Behind the Imperial Hotel, they fought a bare [[knuckle]] [[boxing]] match that lasted for 20 rounds.<ref name=mcq/>{{rp|82}} Wright said later that "...he gave me the hiding of my life."<ref name="jones"/>{{rp|97}} In September 1877, Kelly was arrested in [[Benalla, Victoria|Benalla]], for being drunk, riding on a footpath and resisting arrest.<ref name=morgan>{{cite book | last =Morgan | first =Wendy | authorlink = | title =Ned Kelly Reconstructed | publisher = Cambridge University Press| date = 1994| location =Cambridge, UK | pages = | url =https://archive.org/details/nedkellyreconstr0000morg| doi = | id = | isbn = 0521437830}}</ref> Kelly escaped from the police while they were taking him to the [[courthouse]]. After a fight with the police, he ran across the road into a boot shop and locked the door. Kelly gave himself up when the [[judge]] came over to the shop. One of the policemen involved in the fight to arrest Kelly was Thomas Lonigan.<ref name=mcm/> Lonigan was later shot dead by Kelly at [[Stringybark Creek]].<ref name="jones"/>{{rp|165}} == The Fitzpatrick Incident == [[File:Greta ruin1.JPG|thumb|alt=Stone chimney in derelict house|Chimney of the Kelly house at Greta]] Constable Fitzpatrick was in charge of the small police station in Greta. Because of the Kelly family's long history of criminal activity, Police Superintendent C. H. Nicholson had given orders that the police were not to go to the Kelly's house alone.<ref name=mcm/>{{rp|73}} But Fitzpatrick decided he would 'fix the Greta [[wikt:mob|mob]]'. In April 1878, he went to the house to arrest Ned's brother, [[Dan Kelly]] for horse stealing. Dan had only been recently let out of prison. Fitzpatrick was probably drunk, as he had stopped at the [[Winton, Victoria|Winton]] hotel to drink [[brandy]]. Dan Kelly refused to go back to the police station with Fitzpatrick, because the policeman did not have a warrant, the official document needed to make an arrest. Fitzpatrick then tried to make [[Kate Kelly|Kate]], Ned's 15-year-old sister, sit on his knee so he could kiss her.<ref name=mcm/>{{rp|69}} This started a fight with members of the family and Fitzpatrick hurt his [[wrist]]. He and Ellen, Kate's mother, agreed to forget what had happened. But when Fitzpatrick went back to the Benalla police station he said Ned had shot at him three times and Ellen Kelly had hit him on the head with a [[shovel]]. Fitzpatrick lost his job with the police in 1881 after the head of the police force said he was a "liar".<ref name=mcm/>{{rp|69}} A group of police led by Sergeant Steele went back to Greta, and arrested Ellen Kelly (with her baby Alice King), her son-in-law William Skillion, and a neighbour, William "Bricky" Williamson, for the attempted murder of Constable Fitzpatrick.<ref name=mcm/>{{rp|74}} Ned and Dan Kelly were not at the house and could not be arrested. Ellen Kelly said that Ned was not involved, and that he was working {{convert|400|mi|km|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} away. After a trial in Beechworth, Ellen Kelly was sentenced by [[Judge]] [[Redmond Barry]] to three years in prison for trying to kill Constable Fitzpatrick. Skillion and Williamson were given six years in prison.<ref name=mcm/>{{rp|63}} The police offered a reward of £100 for the capture of the Kelly brothers.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article57047894 |title=Gazette Notices. |newspaper=Alexandra and Yea Standard, Gobur, Thornton and Acheron Express |location=[[Victoria (Australia)]] |date=11 May 1878 |accessdate=2011-10-17 |page=2 |publisher=National Library of Australia|quote=One hundred pounds reward is offered by the Government for the arrest of Edward Kelly, who shot at, and wounded Constable Fitzpatrick at Greta on the 15th April, when arresting Daniel Kelly, the brother of the said Edward Kelly, for horse stealing.}}</ref> In 1881 Williamson was let out of prison and given a full pardon because the government knew that he was innocent.<ref name=mcm/>{{rp|74}} ==The Kelly Gang== === Stringybark Creek === [[File:Stringybark creek memorial.JPG|thumb|220px|right|alt=Large stone with brass plate surrounded by bush|Police memorial at Stringybark Creek]] [[File:Thomas Lonigan grave Mansfield.jpg|thumb|alt=Large white headstone with the details of Lonigan's death| Lonigan's grave at Mansfield]] Ned and Dan Kelly went into hiding in [[the bush]]. They were later joined by two friends, [[Joe Byrne (bushranger)|Joe Byrne]] and [[Steve Hart]]. On 25 October 1878, two groups of police set out to find the Kellys. They knew the two brothers were hiding in the Wombat Ranges,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://prov.vic.gov.au/whats-on/exhibitions/ned-kelly/the-kelly-story/string-bark-creek/wombat-ranges-where-troopers-were-shot |title=Wombat Ranges, where troopers were shot - Public Record Office Victoria |first= |last= |work=Archives of the State Government of Victoria |year=2011 |accessdate=2011-12-25 |archive-date=2012-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103021342/http://prov.vic.gov.au/whats-on/exhibitions/ned-kelly/the-kelly-story/string-bark-creek/wombat-ranges-where-troopers-were-shot |url-status=dead }}</ref> a [[mountain range]] between Greta and Mansfield. One group started south from Greta led by Senior Constable Strahan. Strahan said he would shoot the Kellys down like dogs.<ref name=sheppard/>{{rp|16}} A second group led by [[Sergeant]] Michael Kennedy set off from Mansfield heading north. Three other policemen were with him: Constables Thomas McIntyre, Thomas Lonigan, and Michael Scanlon. They set up a camp at Stringybark Creek in a thick forest area. Kennedy and Scanlon went searching for the Kellys, while Lonigan and McIntyre remained at the camp. The Kellys were living in a hut nearby at Bullock Creek. They heard noises and discovered the police camp. They decided to capture the policemen and take their guns and horses. Ned and Dan went to the police camp and told them to [[wikt:surrender|surrender]]. Constable McIntyre put his arms up, but Lonigan got out his gun. Ned Kelly shot him dead. When the other two police returned to camp, McIntyre told them to surrender. When Scanlon went for his gun Kelly also shot him dead. Kennedy ran shooting from tree to tree with Kelly chasing him. Kelly shot him twice, in the armpit and in the chest. Kelly later said that Kennedy "...appeared to be suffering very much and in great agony...I did not wish to leave him alone to linger out in such pain.".<ref name="jones"/>{{rp|171}} Ned put his gun against Kennedy's chest and shot him again.<ref name=mcq/>{{rp|97}} Ned Kelly went back to the camp to get Kennedy's cloak which he then placed over the body.<ref name=mcq/>{{rp|100}} McIntyre escaped during the [[wikt:confusion|confusion]] and went back to Mansfield to tell everyone what had happened. The Victorian government passed a law on 30 October 1878, to make the Kelly gang [[outlaw]]s. This meant they no longer had any legal rights and could be shot by anyone.<ref name=mcm/>{{rp|91}} Anyone who could capture any member of the gang, alive or dead, would be paid a [[reward]] of £500, or £2,000 for all four men. At this time the police did not know that Hart and Byrne were members of the gang. The gang were seen at several places around north east Victoria. They tried to cross the [[Murray River]] to go into [[New South Wales]], but the water was too deep. The police had several large groups hunting for them. === Euroa === On 10 December 1878, the gang robbed the Australian National Bank at [[Euroa, Victoria|Euroa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nedkellytouringroute.com.au/home/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=22&Itemid=51|title=Euroa Information|work=The Ned Kelly Touring Route|accessdate=2009-11-16}}</ref> They had stopped at Faithful Creek station (a farm) and held the people there prisoners. They locked 22 people including farm workers, hawkers (traveling salesmen) and visitors into a storeroom. Joe Byrne kept guard while the rest of the gang went into Euroa. They went to the bank and said they had a message from McCauley, the farm manager. They got into the bank and held up the bank's manager Robert Scott, along with two tellers (bank workers).<ref name="euroa">{{cite web |url=http://prov.vic.gov.au/whats-on/exhibitions/ned-kelly/the-kelly-story/euroa |title=Euroa - Public Record Office Victoria |first= |last= |work=Archives of the State Government of Victoria |year=2011 |accessdate=2011-12-25 |archive-date=2011-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231000053/http://prov.vic.gov.au/whats-on/exhibitions/ned-kelly/the-kelly-story/euroa |url-status=dead }}</ref> After taking all the money, the gang forced Scott, his wife, family, [[maid]]s and tellers to go with them back to Faithful Creek.<ref name="euroa"/> They were locked up with the other [[hostage]]s. The outlaws gave a display of horse riding and tricks which [[entertainment|entertained]] and surprised their hostages. After having supper, and telling the people not to leave the farm for another three hours, the gang left. The [[crime]] was carried out without [[injury]] and the gang stole £2,000.<ref name =sheppard>{{cite book | last =Sheppard | first = Barrie| authorlink = | title =Ned Kelly | publisher = Heinemann Library| date =2000 | location = Melbourne, Victoria| pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn =1-86391-971-6 }}</ref> === Jerilderie === [[File:Jerilderie-ned-kelly-post-office.jpg|thumb|220px|right|alt=Small building|The telegraph office in Jerilderie]] The police increased the reward on the Kelly Gang. More police were sent to guard banks in the country. Friends of the Kellys were locked in gaol. The gang crossed the [[Murray River]] and rode {{convert|60|km|mi|0|lk=off|abbr=on}} north into New South Wales. They arrived in [[Jerilderie, New South Wales|Jerilderie]] on Saturday 8 February 1879. They broke into the local police station and locked the two policemen, Richards and Devine, in the police [[prison|cells]]. The outlaws put on police [[uniform]]s and mixed with the local people. They said that they were extra police from [[Sydney]], who had come to guard the town from the Kelly gang. Ned Kelly took his horse to the [[blacksmith]] to get new [[horseshoe]]s and told the man to send the bill to the New South Wales police force.<ref name="jle">{{cite web|url=http://www.jerilderieletterevent.com.au/home/index.htm|title=Jerilderie Letter Event|language=|accessdate=2010-01-24|archive-date=2010-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815061924/http://www.jerilderieletterevent.com.au/home/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> On Monday the gang rounded up various people and forced them into the back room of the Royal Mail Hotel. While Dan Kelly and Steve Hart kept the hostages busy with "drinks on the house"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jerilderieletterevent.com.au/home/index.htm |title=Jerilderie Letter Event |first= |last= |work=jerilderieletterevent.com.au |year=2011 |accessdate=2011-07-06 |archive-date=2010-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815061924/http://www.jerilderieletterevent.com.au/home/index.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> (free drinks), Ned Kelly and Joe Byrne went to the [[telegraph]] office and cut down some of the poles and cut the wires.<ref name=jle/> They then went and robbed the local bank of about £2,414.<ref name=sheppard/> Kelly also burned all the townspeople's [[mortgage]] deeds in the bank. When the gang left the town they were singing about two earlier bushrangers, [[Ben Hall]] and [[Dan Morgan (bushranger)|Dan Morgan]]: "Hurrah for the good old times of Morgan and Ben Hall."<ref name = mcm>{{cite book | last =McMenomy | first =Keith | authorlink = | title =Ned Kelly - The authentic illustrated story | publisher =Currey O'Neill Ross Pty Ltd | date =1984 | location =South Yarra, Victoria | page = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn =085902122X }}</ref>{{rp|26}} For the next 18 months the police were not able to find the Kelly gang. They [[punishment|punished]] anyone they thought might be helping the gang. More than 20 people were locked up in the Beechworth Prison for three months only because they were said to be friends of the gang.<ref name="bp">{{cite web|url=http://vhd.heritage.vic.gov.au/vhd/heritagevic#detail_places;119|title=HM Prison Beechworth|work=Heritage Places and Objects|publisher=Heritage Council of Victoria|language=|accessdate=2010-02-27}}</ref> None of these people were ever charged with a crime. The government thought the Kelly gang might try and free their friends, so they put up large iron gates on the entrance to the prison.<ref name=bp/> === The Jerilderie Letter === Months before going to Jerilderie, and with help from Joe Byrne, Ned Kelly dictated a long letter (56 pages). The letter told his story, about how he became a bushranger, and the treatment of his family by the police. It also told the story of the treatment of Irish [[Catholic]]s by the police and the [[England|English]] and Irish [[Protestant]] farmers. He even said there might be a [[revolution]] by people in north east Victoria to set up their own [[republic]].<ref name=sheppard/>{{rp|21}} The "[[wikisource:The Jerilderie Letter|Jerilderie Letter]]", as it is called, is a document of about 8,300 words and has become a famous piece of Australian literature. Kelly had written an earlier letter on 14 December 1878, to Donald Cameron, a member of the [[Parliament of Victoria]], but it had been ignored. The Jerilderie Letter was never published. Kelly tried to find the editor of the local newspaper and get him to print the letter. He finally gave the letter to Edward Living, a teller at the bank.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jerilderieletterevent.org/ |title=History of the Jerilderie Letter |accessdate=2008-08-13 |format= |work=Ned Kelly Jerilderie Letter Event homepage |archive-date=2008-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080807175319/http://www.jerilderieletterevent.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Living kept the letter, which was not re-discovered until 1930. It was then published by the ''[[Herald Sun|Melbourne Herald]]''. The handwritten letter was given to the [[State Library of Victoria]] in 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slv.vic.gov.au/collections/treasures/jerilderieletter1.html |title=Jerilderie Letter |accessdate=2008-08-13 |format= |work=Treasures of the State Library of Victoria |archive-date=2008-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724201223/http://www.slv.vic.gov.au/collections/treasures/jerilderieletter1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kelly's words are colorful, rough and full of [[metaphor]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://ergo.slv.vic.gov.au/explore-history/rebels-outlaws/bushrangers/jerilderie-letter |title=The Jerilderie Letter |first= |last=|work=ergo.slv.vic.gov.au |year=2011 |accessdate=2011-12-25}}</ref> He said the police were "... big ugly fat-necked [[wombat]] headed big bellied [[magpie]] legged narrow hipped splay footed sons of Irish [[bailiff]]s or English landlords ...".<ref name=morgan/> == "Last stand" == === Glenrowan === [[File:Ned kelly armour library.JPG|thumb|220px|alt=thick metal pieces made into suit and helmet|Ned Kelly's armour]] The gang decided that [[Aaron Sherritt]], Joe Byrne's best friend, was a police [[spy]]. On the night of 26 June 1880, Dan Kelly and Joe Byrne went to Sherritt's house in the Woolshed Valley near Beechworth and killed him.<ref name=mcq/>{{rp|155}} The four policemen who were protecting him at the time hid under the bed and did not report the murder until the next day. The outlaws knew that the police would send extra men to Beechworth by train to try and capture them. Ned Kelly and Hart arrived in [[Glenrowan, Victoria|Glenrowan]] on 27 June, and took 70 hostages at the Glenrowan Inn ([[hotel]]).<ref name=ghp/> They knew that a train loaded with police was on its way. They forced railway workers at Glenrowan to pull up the rail tracks to make the train crash.<ref name="ghp">{{cite web|url=http://vhd.heritage.vic.gov.au/vhd/heritagevic#detail_places;4073|title=Glenrowan Heritage Precinct|work=Heritage Places and Objects|publisher=Heritage Council of Victoria|language=|accessdate=2010-02-27}}</ref> The bushrangers, wearing homemade [[armour]], would then capture any of the policemen that were alive after the crash.<ref name=mcq/>{{rp|153}} With the police out of the way, the Kelly Gang would then go into Benalla and rob the bank.<ref name=mcq/>{{rp|153}} The captured police would be [[wikt:release|released]] when Ellen Kelly, William Williamson, and William Skillion, were let out of gaol.<ref name=mcq/>{{rp|153}} But the plan to derail the police train failed. The police protecting Aaron Sherritt were too scared to leave his hut and the murder was not reported until the next day. The Kellys had to wait 24 hours longer for the police train than they had planned.<ref name=mcm/>{{rp|161}} The hostages were becoming difficult to control. To keep them amused the outlaws held a dance in the hotel,<ref name=sheppard/>{{rp|23}} where Kelly danced a [[quadrille]] with Jane Jones, daughter of the hotel owner.<ref name=mcm/>{{rp|161}} They also had sporting events including the [[triple jump|hop, step and jump]]. Kelly used two revolvers as extra weights while taking part in the jumping.<ref name=mcm/>{{rp|160}} A local school teacher, Thomas Curnow, talked Ned into letting him take his family home. As soon as he was free Curnow went down to the railway line, waving a lantern (light) wrapped in his red scarf.<ref name=mcm/>{{rp|161}} The train stopped safely. The 46 police quickly left the train and placed themselves around the hotel so that the Kelly Gang was trapped inside.<ref name=ghp/> The gang members put on their armour, made from [[plough]] parts. All four had [[helmet]]s. Each man's armour was quite heavy; Ned's armour weighed {{convert|41.4|kg|lb|0|lk=on|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ripefruit.com/melbourne/sights/ned_kelly.htm |title=Ned Kelly|first= |last=|work=Old Melbourne Gaol's Most Famous Inmate |year=2007 |accessdate=2011-12-27}}</ref> which was about half his body weight.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nfsa.gov.au/digitallearning/heritage/ned_kelly.html |title=Ned Kelly's Armour |first= |last= |work=Australia's Heritage: National Treasures |year=2011 |accessdate=2011-12-27}}</ref> The police fired their guns into the building for seven hours. It is estimated that 15,000 bullets were fired during the shooting.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/ned-kelly-bullets-found/story-e6frf7kx-1111116251401 |title=Bullets from Ned Kelly's shoot-out at Glenrowan found |first= |last= |work=[[Herald Sun]] |date=2008-05-05 |accessdate=2011-04-25 |archive-date=2011-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809100129/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/ned-kelly-bullets-found/story-e6frf7kx-1111116251401 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The police ordered a [[cannon]] from Melbourne so that they could destroy the inn,<ref name=mcq/>{{rp|162}} but it would take too long to arrive so they set fire to the building instead. At dawn on Monday 28 June, Ned Kelly came out of the inn wearing his armour. He marched towards the police, firing his gun at them. Their bullets bounced off his armour. Sergeant Steel shot him in his legs that were not protected by armour. Joe Byrne died in the front room from loss of blood because a gunshot cut his [[femoral artery]].<ref name=mcq/>{{rp|161}} Dan Kelly and Steve Hart may have killed themselves as their bodies were found lying side by side in a back room with their heads on blankets.<ref name=mcm/>{{rp|191}} They had taken off their armour and it was found next to them. Several hostages were shot, and three died, including 13-year-old Jack Jones, the son of the hotel owner.<ref name=sheppard/>{{rp|23}} Martin Cherry, a railway worker, was rescued from the burning hotel but died soon afterwards. George Metcalfe, a quarry worker, who was forced to pull up the railway line died later from injuries.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article812873 |title=Latest special telegrams |newspaper=The Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser (NSW: 1843–1893)|location=NSW |date=1880-10-21 |accessdate=2011-07-13 |page=5 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> The police had one small injury; the police Superintendent, Francis Hare, received a wound to his wrist, then fled the battle. The [[Royal Commission]] set up to examine the Kelly Gang later removed Hare from the [[Victoria Police]].<ref>{{cite book | last =Kenneally | first =J.J. | authorlink = | title =The Inner History of the Kelly Gang | publisher =Standard Newspapers Pty. Ltd | date =1950 | location = | pages =190–191 | url =http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/8493818 | doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref> === Trial and execution === [[Image:NedKelly dock.jpg|thumb|Ned Kelly in court]] Ned Kelly was taken to the [[Old Melbourne Gaol|Melbourne Gaol]] where he was treated for his wounds. He was visited by his mother who was in the same prison for wounding Constable Fitzpatrick.<ref name=mcm/>{{rp|208}} In August he was taken back to Beechworth by train for the first court hearings.<ref name=mcm/>{{rp|210}} The court agreed that Kelly would be tried in court for the murder of Thomas Lonigan and Michael Scanlon at Stringybark Creek. The government thought people around Beechworth might not find Kelly guilty of the crimes, and so they had the trial moved to Melbourne.<ref name=mcm/>{{rp|220}} At the trial the jury found Kelly guilty of both murders. He was sentenced to death by the Irish-born judge Sir [[Redmond Barry]] with the words "May God have mercy on your soul". Kelly said "I will go a little further than that, and say I will see you there when I go".<ref name=mcm/>{{rp|227}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ironoutlaw.com/html/trial.html |title=The sentencing of Edward Kelly |work=ironoutlaw.com |accessdate=2006-11-11 |archive-date=2006-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061026192830/http://www.ironoutlaw.com/html/trial.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Ned Kelly in 1880.png|thumb|220px|Kelly on 10 November 1880,<br/>the day before his execution.]] Many people did not agree with the death sentence. A [[petition]] with more than 60,000 names asked the government for mercy.<ref name=morgan/> Ned Kelly was [[hanging|hanged]] on 11 November 1880, at the Melbourne Gaol for murder.<ref name="omg">{{cite web|url=http://vhd.heritage.vic.gov.au/vhd/heritagevic#detail_places;796|title=Old Melbourne Gaol|work=Heritage Places and Objects|publisher=Heritage Council of Victoria|language=|accessdate=2010-02-27}}</ref> Several newspapers including ''[[The Age]]'' and ''The Herald'' reported Kelly's last words as "Such is life".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article35950505 |title=Execution of Ned Kelly. |newspaper=Burra Record (SA: 1878–1954) |location=SA |date=1880-11-19 |accessdate=2011-07-05 |page=3 |publisher=[[National Library of Australia]]}}</ref> Sir Redmond Barry died after a short illness on 23 November, 1880, only 12 days after Kelly's death.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/barry-sir-redmond-2946 |title=Biography – Sir Redmond Barry |first=Peter |last=Ryan |work=Australian Dictionary of Biography |year=1969 |accessdate=2011-07-06}}</ref> === Re-burial and recent DNA testing === [[File:Ned Kelly death mask.jpg|thumb|220px|alt=man's face, eyes closed|Ned Kelly's death mask]] Following his death, a death mask of Ned Kelly was made. It required the shaving of his beard to make it. Afterwards, Ned Kelly was buried in an unmarked grave at the Melbourne Gaol, in an area with other criminals who had also been hanged at the gaol.<ref name=omg/> The bones of 32 people were dug up in 1929 when the gaol was being redeveloped, and reburied at Pentridge Gaol in [[Coburg, Victoria]]. The burial site at Pentridge was rediscovered in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/national/ned-kellys-bones-found/story-e6frf7l6-1111115749329 |title=Ned Kelly's bones found |first=Laurie |last=Npwell |work=Herald Sun |date=2008-03-09 |accessdate=2011-12-28 |archive-date=2011-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809100102/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/national/ned-kellys-bones-found/story-e6frf7l6-1111115749329 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[DNA]] testing has proved that one set of bones was the [[skeleton]] of Ned Kelly. Experts from the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine said that the DNA clearly matches one of Kelly's living relatives.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.smh.com.au/national/no-bones-about-it-remains-really-are-ned-kellys-20110901-1jo8w.html |title=No bones about it, remains really are Ned Kelly's |first=Bridie |last=Smith |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=2011-09-02 |accessdate=2011-12-28}}</ref> The bones show some of the injuries Kelly got during the shoot out with the police.<ref name=fitz>{{cite web |url= http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2011/s3308141.htm |title=Ned Kelly's skeleton rediscovered |first=Hamish |last=Fitzsimmons |work=Lateline |year=2011|accessdate=2011-09-03}}</ref> The Kelly skeleton does not have a skull.<ref name=fitz/> A [[skull]], said to be Kelly's, was found during the digging at the gaol in 1929. It was put on display at the Old Melbourne Gaol, but it was stolen in 1978.<ref name="nh">{{cite news|url=http://www.ironoutlaw.com/html/documents_07.html|title=I've got Ned's head|last=Ballantine|first=Derek|date=1998-12-06|work=The Iron Outlaw|publisher=Melbourne Herald Sun|accessdate=2009-11-16|archive-date=2010-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115203054/http://www.ironoutlaw.com/html/documents_07.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> On the anniversary of Ned Kelly's hanging, 11 November 2009, a farmer from [[Western Australia]] gave a skull back to Heritage Victoria which he said had been taken from the gaol. It was tested for DNA to see if it was Ned Kelly's skull.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-national/experts-to-examine-ned-kelly-skull-20091113-idgk.html |title=Experts to examine 'Ned Kelly' skull |first=Greg |last=Roberts|work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=2009-11-13 |accessdate=2011-12-28}}</ref> These tests showed it was not, and the location of Kelly's skull is still unknown.<ref name=fitz/> In 2013, the Victorian Government finally gave Kelly's remains to his family. A funeral service was held at St. Patrick's Church, Wangaratta on 18 January, 2013.<ref name=eleni>{{cite web |url= http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-01-18/tears-and-applause-at-ned-kelly27s-farewell/4471524 |title=Tears and applause at Ned Kelly's farewell |first=Eleni |last=Psaltis |work=abc.net.au |year=2013 |accessdate=19 January 2013}}</ref> During the service, family members who read from the Bible wore a green silk sash.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bordermail.com.au/story/1243600/ned-kelly-funeral-most-significant-historical-day/?cs=55 |title=Ned Kelly funeral: 'Most significant, historical day' |first=Aisha |last=Dow |work=The Border Mail |date=18 January 2013 |accessdate=19 January 2013}}</ref> Relatives of Constable Michael Scanlon and Aaron Sherrit also attended the service. Kelly was buried in an unmarked grave at Greta on 20 January 2013.<ref name=eleni/> The DNA that was recovered from Ned's skeleton was mitochondrial DNA. That was matched with one of Ned's maternal relations (Ned's grand nephew Leigh Olver). No adequate quality Y-DNA was recovered from Ned's bones or has been recovered from any of Ned's known paternal side relatives (Y-DNA is passed from father to son). There is a chance that a Y-DNA sample may be isolated from Ned's bones one day using more advanced laboratory procedures, however, it is also possible that a Y-DNA sample could be taken from the remains of one of Ned's male relatives such as his father, his uncles or his brothers. Their graves are all well known. A Y-DNA sample would reveal exactly which Kelly line Ned belongs to. Currently the Kelly Surname Y-DNA study has the results of over 500 Y-DNA samples but no comparison can be made until a sample from one of Ned's family is obtained. Based on location, the most frequent Kelly line in south-west Ireland (Tipperary, Clare and Kerry) is the O'Brien-Kelly line (L226+). == The Ned Kelly story == [[File:MansfieldKellyMonument.JPG|thumb|alt=White marble column|Monument at Mansfield, for the three policemen murdered by Ned Kelly: Lonigan, Scanlon and Kennedy]] Ned Kelly is still a major part of Australian popular culture.<ref name=russell>{{cite web |url= http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/publications/significance2-0/part-2/ned-kelly.html |title=Ned Kelly – Significance 2.0: a guide to assessing the significance of collections |first=Roslyn Russell |last=Russell|work=Distributed collections and significance|year=2011 |accessdate=2011-07-07}}</ref> His story has been told in books, movies, plays and television shows. His image has been used for everything from cakes<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.incrediblecakesbyshannon.com.au/gallery/Birthday%2BCakes/ned-kelly-helmet-birthday-cake/15161 |title=Ned Kelly helmet Birthday cake |first= |last= |work=Incr-Edible Cakes |year=2011 |accessdate=2011-12-27 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> to [[tattoo]]s.<ref name=kemp>{{cite web |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/more-news/as-ned-kelly-says-tatts-life/story-fn7x8me2-1226076675621 |title=Ned Kelly tattoos coincide with cases of violent deaths |first=Miles |last=Kemp |work=[[Herald Sun]] |date=2011-06-16 |accessdate=2011-07-07 |archive-date=2011-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809100040/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/more-news/as-ned-kelly-says-tatts-life/story-fn7x8me2-1226076675621 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A recent study showed that people with a Ned Kelly tattoo were eight times more likely to be murdered.<ref name=kemp/> In 1980, the Australian Post Office released a set of [[postage stamps]] to remember the 100th anniversary of the siege at Glenrowan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://noteworthy-collectibles.com/Australia-Post-Ned-Kelly-Centenary-Full-Set-of-10-1980-P1126590.aspx |title=Australia Post - Ned Kelly Centenary |first= |last= |work=Noteworthy Collectibles |year=2011 |accessdate=2011-12-28 |archive-date=2012-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111001929/http://noteworthy-collectibles.com/Australia-Post-Ned-Kelly-Centenary-Full-Set-of-10-1980-P1126590.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2010 the [[National Gallery of Victoria]] paid AU$2.2 million for a painting of Ned Kelly by artist [[Sidney Nolan]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/04/30/2887167.htm |title=NGV buys Ned Kelly painting |first= |last= |work=ABC News |date=2010-04-30 |accessdate=2011-07-07}}</ref> It was Nolan's paintings of Ned Kelly that inspired the opening ceremony of the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney.<ref name=russell/> In June 2011 the Williamstown [[Australian Rules Football]] Club claimed that Ned Kelly had played 11 games for the club in 1873 while serving time in the prison ship.<ref name=vfl>{{cite web |url= http://www.theage.com.au/sport/legends-of-the-vfavfl-20110618-1g919.html |title=Legends of the VFA/VFL |first=Brent |last=Diamond |work=[[The Age]] |date=2011-06-19 |accessdate=2011-07-07}}</ref> It was also claimed that in 1928 they had found a suit of armour buried on the football ground.<ref name=vfl/> === Books === * ''The True History of the Kelly Gang'' by [[Peter Carey (novelist)|Peter Carey]], 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirroroftheworld.com.au/imagination/ned_kelly/index.php|title=Imagining Ned Kelly|first=|last=|work=Mirror of the World, [[State Library of Victoria]]|year=2011|accessdate=2011-12-27|archive-date=2012-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212103530/http://www.mirroroftheworld.com.au/imagination/ned_kelly/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> This book won the [[Booker Prize|Man Booker Prize]] in 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.themanbookerprize.com/prize/archive |title=Prize archive |first= |last= |work=The Man Booker Prize |year=2011 |accessdate=2011-12-27 |archive-date=2012-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106011610/http://www.themanbookerprize.com/prize/archive |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Our Sunshine'' by Robert Drewe, 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.penguin.com.au/products/9781742531496/our-sunshine-popular-penguins |title=Our Sunshine by Robert Drewe |first= |last= |work=Penguin Books Australia |year=2011 |accessdate=2012-06-21 |archive-date=2012-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430135657/http://www.penguin.com.au/products/9781742531496/our-sunshine-popular-penguins |url-status=dead }}</ref> This novel was used as the basis of Gregor Jordan's movie ''Ned Kelly''.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.boston.com/ae/movies/articles/2004/05/14/faulty_direction_sends_ned_kelly_off_course/ |title=Faulty direction sends 'Ned Kelly' off course - The Boston Globe |first=Janice |last= Page|work=The Boston Globe |date=2004-05-04|publisher=New York Times Company |location=[[Boston]] |issn=0743-1791 |accessdate=2011-12-27}}</ref> === Music === * ''Ned Kelly'' the Rock Opera by Reg Livermore and Patrick Flynn.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://reglivermore.com/regshows_nedkelly.html |title=Ned Kelly |first=Reg |last=Livermore |work=reglivermore.com |year=2011|accessdate=2011-12-28}}</ref> * ''Ned Kelly'' by US country singer [[Johnny Cash]], on his album ''The Man in Black'', 1971<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.discogs.com/Johnny-Cash-Man-In-Black/release/960316 |title=Johnny Cash – Man In Black (Vinyl, LP, Album) at Discogs |first= |last= |work=discogs.com |year=1971 |accessdate=2011-07-07}}</ref> * ''Our Sunshine'' by [[Paul Kelly (musician)|Paul Kelly]], 1999 * ''Game as Ned Kelly'' by Slim Dusty * ''Ned Kelly'' by Ashley Davies, 2001 * ''Ned Kelly'' by [[Waylon Jennings]], 1970 * ''Poor Ned'' by [[Australian]] band Redgum, 1978 * ''If Ned Kelly was King'' by [[Midnight Oil]], 1983 * ''Kate Kelly'' by the Whitlams, 2002 * ''Ballad of Ned Kelly'' by Trevor Lucas performed by Fotheringay * ''Shelter for my Soul'' written and recorded by [[Powderfinger]]'s [[Bernard Fanning]] for the 2003 movie ''Ned Kelly'' and played over the movie's closing credits. === Movie and television === [[File:Grevillea 'Ned Kelly'.jpg|thumb|220px|right|Flower of the Grevillea Ned Kelly]] * ''[[The Story of the Kelly Gang (1906 movie)|The Story of the Kelly Gang]]'' 1906, the world's first feature-length film<ref>{{cite press release | last = Hogan | first = David | title = World's first 'feature' movie to be digitally restored by National movie and Sound Archive | date = 2006-02-07 | publisher = [[National Film and Sound Archive]] | url = http://www.nfsa.afc.gov.au/about_us/media_releases/release.php?id=183 | accessdate = 2008-03-25 | archivedate = 2008-02-01 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080201165419/http://www.nfsa.afc.gov.au/about_us/media_releases/release.php?id=183 }}</ref> (70 minutes). * ''The Kelly Gang'', written, produced and directed by Harry Southwell, 1920. Only short pieces of movie and some photos are left of this two hour movie.<ref name="sa">{{cite web |url=http://afcarchive.screenaustralia.gov.au/newsandevents/at_archive/donations/kellygang/newspage_301.aspx |title=Rare Kelly Gang photos donated to the NFSA |first= |last= |work=Screen Australia |year=2011 |accessdate=2011-12-27 |archive-date=2011-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314131824/http://afcarchive.screenaustralia.gov.au/newsandevents/at_archive/donations/kellygang/newspage_301.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''When the Kellys Were Out'', written, produced and directed by Harry Southwell, 1923.<ref name="sa"/> * ''When the Kellys Rode'', written, produced and directed by Harry Southwell, 1934.<ref name="sa"/> * ''The Glenrowan Affair'', produced by Rupert Kathner, 1951.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acmi.net.au/08B0A5D615B34307871106A0F07ED0EA.aspx |title=The Glenrowan Affair |first= |last= |work=Australian Centre for the Moving Image |year=2011 |accessdate=2011-12-27 |archive-date=2012-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328054401/http://www.acmi.net.au/08B0A5D615B34307871106A0F07ED0EA.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''The Stringybark Massacre'', by independent movie maker Garry Shead, 1967. This 10 minute movie was to be part of a longer Ned Kelly movie.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.artfilms.com.au/Detail.aspx?ItemID=4350 |title=Garry Shead Experimental Films |first= |last= |work=artfilms.com.au |year=2011 |accessdate=2011-12-27 |archive-date=2012-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318113311/http://www.artfilms.com.au/Detail.aspx?ItemID=4350 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''[[Ned Kelly (1970 movie)|Ned Kelly]]'', a movie directed by Tony Richardson and starring [[Mick Jagger]], (1970).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://shop.abc.net.au/browse/product.asp?productid=759760 |title=Ned Kelly – DVD |first= |last= |work=shop.abc.net.au |year=1980 |accessdate=2011-07-07}}</ref> The armour used in this movie can be seen at the [[Braidwood, New South Wales|Braidwood]] [[museum]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.visitbraidwood.com.au/bwdtown |title=Braidwood Town|first= |last= |work=Visit Braidwood |year=2011 |accessdate=2011-12-27}}</ref> * ''The Last Outlaw'', script by Ian Jones and Bronwyn Binns, a four-part television mini-series, 1980. Starred John Jarrat as Ned Kelly, Sigrid Thornton as Kate Kelly, and Steve Bisley as Joe Byrne.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2010/08/03/2972068.htm |title=Ned Kelly limerick winners |first= |last=|work=ABC Goulburn Murray - Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=2010-08-03 |accessdate=2011-12-27}}</ref> * ''Reckless Kelly'', written, directed and starring Yahoo Serious, 1993.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wwwmcc.murdoch.edu.au/ReadingRoom/film/dbase/2001/reckless.html|title=Restless Kelly: Such is life|first=Nadia|last=Levy|work=wwwmcc.murdoch.edu.au|year=2001|accessdate=2011-12-28|archive-date=2011-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118205539/http://wwwmcc.murdoch.edu.au/ReadingRoom/film/dbase/2001/reckless.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ''[[Ned Kelly (2003 movie)|Ned Kelly]]'' directed by Gregor Jordan and starring [[Heath Ledger]], 2003 * ''Ned'' a low budget [[satire]] written, directed and starring Abe Forsythe, 2003.<ref name="megef">{{cite web | url=http://www.megeffects.com.au/data/data.xml | title=Make Up Effects Group | work=Feature Films | date=2006 | accessdate=2011-12-28 | archive-date=2011-02-15 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215214108/http://megeffects.com.au/data/data.xml | url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Besieged: The Ned Kelly Story'', starring Peter Fenton, a television documentary, 2003<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.screenaustralia.gov.au/find-a-film/detail.aspx?tid=18248 |title=Besieged:The Ned Kelly Story |first= |last=|work=Screen Australia |year=2011 |accessdate=2011-12-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://shop.abc.net.au/browse/product.asp?productid=747584 |title=Besieged: The Ned Kelly Story |first= |last= |work=shop.abc.net.au |year=2011 |accessdate=2011-07-07}}</ref> *'' Ned Kelly Uncovered'', documentary with Tony Robinson<ref>{{cite web |url= http://shop.abc.net.au/browse/product.asp?productid=770368 |title=Ned Kelly Uncovered |first= |last= |work=shop.abc.net.au |year=2011 |accessdate=2011-07-07}}</ref> === Theatre === * ''Catching the Kellys'', written by Joseph Pickersgill, performed in Melbourne in 1879.<ref name="austplay">{{cite book | title=Australian plays for the colonial stage: 1834-1899 | publisher=University of Queensland Press | author=Richard Fotheringham, Angela Turner | year=2006 | location=St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia | pages= | isbn=0702234885 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2mIYkb8NaXYC&q=ned+kelly+stage+play}}</ref>{{rp|554}} * ''The Kelly Gang'', by Reg Rede, performed in Victoria in 1896.<ref name="austplay"/>{{rp|558}} * ''Hands Up, or Ned Kelly and his gang'', written by E. Cole, performed in Sydney in 1907<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article14852177|title=The Haymarket Hippodrome|date=April 1, 1907|work=Australian Newspapers, National Library of Australia|publisher=Sydney Morning Herald|page=3|language=|accessdate=2010-03-08}}</ref> * ''Such Is Life'' – a [[ballet]] by Edward Borovansky with music by Verdon Williams, performed in Sydney in 1951<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article23050059 |title=Ned Kelly ballet |newspaper=[[The Argus (Australia)]]|location=[[Melbourne]], Victoria |date=1951-03-05 |accessdate=2011-07-05 |page=6 |publisher=[[National Library of Australia]]}}</ref> * ''The Jerilderie Letter'' written by Peter Finlay, performed in Melbourne in 2007<ref>{{cite web |url= http://chrisboyd.blogspot.com/2007/09/la-mama-jerilderie-letter-by-ned-kelly.html |title=The Jerilderie Letter by Ned Kelly |first=Chris |last=Boyd |work=The Morning After: Performing arts in Australia |date=2007-09-24 |accessdate=2011-07-06}}</ref> * ''Quilting the Armour'', the Kelly story through the eyes of its women. First performed at the Old Melbourne Gaol in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kellywomen.com/Default.aspx |title=Kelly Women |first= |last= |work=kellywomen.com |year=2011 |accessdate=2011-07-07 |archive-date=2011-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611033305/http://www.kellywomen.com/Default.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Plants === * Grevillea Ned Kelly – a small shrub of the [[grevillea]] family, about {{convert|2|m|ft|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} tall, green leaves, with orange to red flowers == References == {{reflist|2}} == Other websites == * {{cite web |url=http://www.nedkellytouringroute.com.au/home/ |title=The Ned Kelly Touring Route |first= |last= |work=nedkellytouringroute.com.au |year=2011 |accessdate=2011-12-27 |archive-date=2013-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513082708/http://www.nedkellytouringroute.com.au/home/ |url-status=dead }} * {{cite web |url=http://www.ironoutlaw.com/index.html |title=Ned Kelly Australian Ironoutlaw |first= |last= |work=ironoutlaw.com |year=2011 |accessdate=2011-12-28 |archive-date=2014-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317135456/http://www.ironoutlaw.com/index.html |url-status=dead }} * [http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/index.html Australia's Heritage]: [http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/publications/significance2-0/part-2/ned-kelly.html Ned Kelly's story across collections] * {{Wikivoyage-inline|Ned Kelly Tourism}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kelly, Ned}} [[Category:Australian murderers]] [[Category:Australian prisoners]] [[Category:Ned Kelly| ]] [[Category:People executed by hanging]] [[Category:People from Victoria (Australia)]] [[Category:1855 births]] [[Category:1880 deaths]] bjgk0r2bzeeo932ddtzljud4wdtdme0 0 120062 9545546 7826362 2024-05-15T05:17:29Z Auntof6 22027 resolve unknown template parameters and/or general cleanup using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] wikitext text/x-wiki 3ymmhfbky4qby60tsxp6w1ajnci7sk4 0 120218 9544283 9339929 2024-05-14T17:12:32Z 206.211.34.13 wikitext text/x-wiki 6irscpeimk2d3y9vfye9lvkbm0agjkk 9544303 9544283 2024-05-14T17:16:21Z 206.211.34.13 wikitext text/x-wiki nhm4yuvig8qqozrjbvon2r0pq7ikxm1 0 122005 9544700 9069787 2024-05-14T19:27:09Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki rwlyx71mf0s5hn0y51meujz4uqoesjb 0 123387 9545645 9536028 2024-05-15T06:21:36Z 2600:6C50:7EF0:71E0:B473:33FC:E534:37BF wikitext text/x-wiki fnszsynqqosw70ixal3517q3t4m2c5p 0 124386 9545490 9225119 2024-05-15T04:47:59Z Auntof6 22027 resolve unknown template parameters and/or general cleanup using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] wikitext text/x-wiki 1hwjfkakkap1pqmarf8dr2qfca1xjrl 0 124859 9544496 9452531 2024-05-14T18:27:05Z 154.161.167.134 /* Sexual arousal in people */ I removed pornographic images from the article. wikitext text/x-wiki 4orwmccrtlu8qmkn1ph4kydcs21n92f 9545097 9544496 2024-05-14T23:05:07Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/154.161.167.134|154.161.167.134]] ([[User talk:154.161.167.134|talk]]): Wikipedia is still not censored. 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1463542 wikitext text/x-wiki kl6s3xxpfk5tc29rkun74gab96t66qb 0 165073 9545455 8404862 2024-05-15T04:23:34Z Auntof6 22027 resolve unknown template parameters and/or general cleanup using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] wikitext text/x-wiki 0e41jetlzh054rqxnuin8pgyvugqcf7 0 167829 9543865 9471115 2024-05-14T12:24:01Z Alisperic 1231446 add flag + ce wikitext text/x-wiki 67lmr0smqbprjd5ulzp9rkkme6oirsx 0 169528 9544844 8798637 2024-05-14T20:29:16Z 2.100.232.98 changed a flag wikitext text/x-wiki 9sbn0jcge2lzfu2x37m04c76noqknpf 0 171502 9545499 8951786 2024-05-15T04:53:43Z Auntof6 22027 resolve unknown template parameters and/or general cleanup using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] wikitext text/x-wiki i1gpj4b8fer044up6llvhe1rmcx0ogx 0 172838 9545304 9401695 2024-05-15T02:30:48Z Doc Taxon 365128 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Glauchau-CoA.svg]] → [[File:DEU Glauchau COA.svg]] [[c:Special:MyLanguage/COM:FR|Renamed]] wikitext text/x-wiki cz5e8ye98y7etqag45kqt2e7xlt9qom 0 173318 9545014 9414828 2024-05-14T21:46:53Z 2601:140:8302:4550:7993:F12F:DEEB:6A28 I made it much more true wikitext text/x-wiki ntskkcs4jsc00itfrxaryl662jxyfcp 9545015 9545014 2024-05-14T21:46:57Z ChenzwBot 16695 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/2601:140:8302:4550:7993:F12F:DEEB:6A28|2601:140:8302:4550:7993:F12F:DEEB:6A28]] ([[User talk:2601:140:8302:4550:7993:F12F:DEEB:6A28|talk]]) to last version by FD950 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:FDR in 1933.jpg|right|thumb|[[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] in 1933.]] The '''New Deal''' was a series of programs launched by US President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] to solve the problems caused by the [[Great Depression]]. The New Deal is often split into two smaller New Deals: the First New Deal and the Second New Deal. During the First Hundred Days of Roosevelt's presidency, Roosevelt and his administration proposed many plans to fix the economy. Percentage of non-agricultural workers in labor unions, 1930: 11.6% Percentage of non-agricultural workers in labor unions, 1937: 22.6% prcentage of non-agricultural workers in labor unions, 1945: 35.5% Percentage of non-agricultural workers in labor unions, 1999: 13.9% CCC: Civilian Conservation Corps WPA: Works Progress Administration FDR: Franklin Delano Roosevelt AAA: Agricultural Adjustment Act TVA: Tennessee Valley Authority HOLC: Home Owners Loan Corporation FERA: Federal Emergency Relief Administration PWA: Public Works Administration CWA: Civil Works Administration NRA: National Recovery Administration == References == * {{cite book |last1= Kennedy|first1= David|last2= Cohen|first2=Lizabeth|last3= Bailey|first3=Thomas|title= The American Pageant|url= https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780618958962|edition= 13th|year= 2006|publisher= Houghton Mifflin Company|location= United States|isbn= 0-618-47940-6|chapter= The Great Depression and the New Deal, 1933–1939}} [[Category:New Deal| ]] 5kxqw67w42zgv4zkj8jox6xnk75mzne 9545127 9545015 2024-05-14T23:22:58Z 2601:140:8302:4550:7993:F12F:DEEB:6A28 wikitext text/x-wiki shwq0lv9nzp5hjbtczl9ychyw6acpvf 9545137 9545127 2024-05-14T23:28:34Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/2601:140:8302:4550:7993:F12F:DEEB:6A28|2601:140:8302:4550:7993:F12F:DEEB:6A28]] ([[User talk:2601:140:8302:4550:7993:F12F:DEEB:6A28|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by ChenzwBot. 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He is often seen with vines of grapes with him. Dionysus was said to be the last god to join the twelve Olympians. Supposedly, [[Hestia]] gave up her seat for him. His plants were [[vines]] and twirling [[ivy]]. He carried a pine cone-topped staff, and his followers were goat-footed [[Satyrs]] and Maenads, wild women who danced energetically during his festivals. Bacchus is the son of Jupiter. == Mythical history == Bacchus was the child of [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]] and Semélé, a human whom [[Juno (mythology)|Juno]] had tricked into asking to see Jupiter as he really was. Since she was a mortal, she was burned up by the sight of Jupiter in his divine form. So Jupiter sewed the infant Bacchus into his thigh, and gave birth to him nine months later. As a child, Bacchus was tutored by Silenus, who was a great lover of wine and often had to be carried on the back of a donkey. Before he took his place at Olympus, Bacchus wandered the world for many years, going as far as India to teach people how to grow wines. == Further reading == * ''Mythology'' by Lady Hestia Evans, published by Candlewick Press. ==Related pages== {{commons}} * [[Dionysus]] - [[Greek mythology]] version of Bacchus {{Europe-stub}} [[Category:Roman gods and goddesses]] br2gorx1c20ypd7wuv23uiomyhjql64 0 186501 9544678 9387261 2024-05-14T19:18:41Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 140v79uqm1t8w2y0jztfu38ml46xcs4 4 189924 9545110 9543268 2024-05-14T23:10:11Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 Adding [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2024/Yotta Eg]]. 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([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki 8mntvwybr19zww80151trdefq6pfh87 9544034 9544031 2024-05-14T14:58:48Z 103.46.200.175 wikitext text/x-wiki bharkiy5sja06y2s0lbcu89mpqe0apx 0 288752 9544257 9430719 2024-05-14T16:59:32Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki fod7ojv19unej1w588mvv1nvasv7lin 0 290349 9544406 9417466 2024-05-14T17:55:10Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 9a4gb3fnm8c8md5f8hxfcd4qt692a8z 0 293667 9544980 7507730 2024-05-14T21:27:08Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 3hlp16la3bkbr9wda825iiqn75576fs 0 293792 9543913 9266727 2024-05-14T13:03:15Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 5w8kn29sw3fy78qy21enxnumg44ou63 0 295029 9543924 9354378 2024-05-14T13:14:07Z CommonsDelinker 5295 Removing [[:c:File:Sylvester,_Barnyard_and_Foghorn_in_Crowing_Pains_(1947)_01.jpg|Sylvester,_Barnyard_and_Foghorn_in_Crowing_Pains_(1947)_01.jpg]]; it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Wdwd|Wdwd]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/Crowi wikitext text/x-wiki lvry072ae000cwgn7dmzh82w40o756u 0 295695 9544048 9411227 2024-05-14T15:04:30Z 23.190.208.145 csas wikitext text/x-wiki jx4xouu73vvt3ej1czr1rvhyy0x4fr6 9544049 9544048 2024-05-14T15:04:33Z ChenzwBot 16695 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/23.190.208.145|23.190.208.145]] ([[User talk:23.190.208.145|talk]]) to last version by Macdonald-ross wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = lightblue | image = Sequoiafarm Sequoiadendron giganteum.jpg | image_width = 240px | image_caption = Redwood tree (Sequoideae) | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | divisio = [[Pinophyta]] | classis = [[Pinopsida]] | ordo = [[Pinales]] | familia = [[Cupressaceae]] | subfamilia =[[Sequoioideae]] | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = *''[[Sequoia (genus)|Sequoia]]'' *''[[Sequoiadendron]]'' *''[[Metasequoia]]'' }} The '''redwoods''' are a subfamily of [[conifers]], the '''Sequoioideae'''. They are in the [[Cypress]] [[family (biology)|family]] [[Cupressaceae]].<ref name="wikimedia1">{{cite web|url=//species.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Redwoods&oldid=703445 |title=Redwoods |publisher=[[Wikispecies]] |date=24 May 2009 |accessdate=2010-07-10}}</ref> They are common in the coastal forests of [[Northern California]] and are perhaps the largest tree in the world. There are three living [[genera]]. There were once more species of redwood trees, but most have become [[extinction|extinct]]. These trees are pyrophytes: they have [[adaptation|adapted]] to survive [[forest fire]]s. Because fire is common where they grow, redwood trees have developed thick, fire-resistant bark. ''Their cones open only after a fire''. Because fire control is better these days, the trees are endangered. Redwood trees can grow to be very large. The largest species, ''Sequoiadendron giganteum'', can get to 94.8 m tall and 17&nbsp;m across. The tallest tree in the world is claimed to be a ''Sequoia sempervirens'' named [[Hyperion (tree)|Hyperion]]. The largest tree in the world by [[volume]] is claimed to be a ''Sequoiadendron giganteum'' named the General Sherman Tree, after [[William Tecumseh Sherman]]. == Species == *''Sequoiadendron giganteum'' trees are also called ''giant sequoias''. Their [[native plant|native]] [[habitat]] is only on the western slopes of the [[Sierra Nevada (US)|Sierra Nevada]] range of [[California]]. They are the largest trees on Earth.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sillett|first1=Stephen C.|last2=Van Pelt|first2=Robert|last3=Carroll|first3=Allyson L.|last4=Campbell-Spickler|first4=Jim|last5=Antoine|first5=Marie E.|date=2019-09-15|title=Structure and dynamics of forests dominated by Sequoiadendron giganteum|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112719305092|journal=Forest Ecology and Management|volume=448|pages=218–239|doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2019.05.064|s2cid=196661231 |issn=0378-1127}}</ref> *''[[Sequoia sempervirens]]'' trees are also called ''coast redwoods''. Their native habitat is only in the Northern California coastal forests ecoregion, on the Northern California coast and several miles into [[Oregon]]. They are the tallest trees on Earth.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sillett|first1=Stephen C.|last2=Van Pelt|first2=Robert|last3=Carroll|first3=Allyson L.|last4=Campbell-Spickler|first4=Jim|last5=Antoine|first5=Marie E.|date=2020-02-15|title=Aboveground biomass dynamics and growth efficiency of Sequoia sempervirens forests|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112719319449|journal=Forest Ecology and Management|volume=458|pages=117740|doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117740|s2cid=213877842 |issn=0378-1127}}</ref> *''[[Metasequoia glyptostroboides]]'' trees are also called ''dawn redwoods''. They are so rare they were thought to be [[extinct]], until rediscovered by a [[Chinese people|Chinese]] [[forester]] in 1943. They were found on [[mountain]]ous slopes in remote parts of the [[Hubei]] region of China. However, in principle, they can grow in many other places. [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-68518623] == References == {{reflist}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q149335}} [[Category:Cupressaceae]] {{biology-stub}} e2hsypif97ilqfjv7z1g0xh6he2t31q 0 295703 9545675 9120838 2024-05-15T06:39:06Z 2407:7000:9D91:8533:A5A9:64DE:71FE:38AB wikitext text/x-wiki 8klfslmu5b5y9ldc32sg6w08dof4ijz 9545710 9545675 2024-05-15T06:51:31Z BigKrow 1386969 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/2407:7000:9D91:8533:A5A9:64DE:71FE:38AB|2407:7000:9D91:8533:A5A9:64DE:71FE:38AB]] ([[User talk:2407:7000:9D91:8533:A5A9:64DE:71FE:38AB|talk]]). 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Spencer showed no remorse in her crime; her full explanation of her actions was "I don't like Mondays; this livens up the day."<ref name="mikkelson">{{cite web | url=http://www.snopes.com/music/songs/mondays.asp | title=Urban Legends Reference Pages: Music (I Don't Like Mondays) | author=Mikkelson, Barbara| date= September 29, 2005 | publisher = [[Snopes.com]] | access-date= April 17, 2007}}</ref> Those comments were the inspiration to the song ''[[I Don't Like Mondays]]'' by [[The Boomtown Rats]], which reached #1 in the [[United Kingdom]] in mid 1979. ==References== {{reflist}} {{us-bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Spencer, Brenda Ann}} [[Category:1962 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American murderers]] [[Category:American prisoners]] [[Category:Criminals from California]] [[Category:People from San Diego, California]] 46pkfmnh7pcqrqo1zkrn03zt7to4qct 0 376468 9543990 9525859 2024-05-14T14:24:41Z 49.204.100.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 809pfa1yyn3kc9gdvggtzywbslbe7b3 0 377477 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talk:1.47.201.166|talk]]) to last version by 2607:FB91:E4C:42F6:ECB2:69AB:87E8:186F wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Elijah Muhammad | birthname = Elijah Robert Poole | image = Elijah Muhammad NYWTS-2.jpg | imagesize = 230px | caption = Muhammad speaking in 1964. | order = Leader of the [[Nation of Islam]] | term_start = 1934 | term_end = 1975 | predecessor = [[Wallace Fard Muhammad]] | successor = [[Warith Deen Mohammed]] | birth_date = {{Birth date|1897|10|7}} | birth_place = [[Sandersville, Georgia]], U.S. | death_date = {{Death date and age|1975|02|25|1897|10|7}} | death_place = [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], U.S. | occupation = Leader of the [[Nation of Islam]] | spouse = [[Clara Muhammad]] (1917–72; her death)<br />(8 children) }} '''Elijah Muhammad''' (born '''Elijah Robert Poole'''; October 7, 1897&nbsp;– February 25, 1975) was an [[African-American]] [[Religion|religious]] leader, who led the [[Nation of Islam]] from 1934 until his death in 1975. He was a mentor to [[Malcolm X]], [[Louis Farrakhan]], [[Muhammad Ali]]; and his son [[Warith Deen Mohammed]]. Muhammad was born on October 7, 1897 in [[Sandersville, Georgia]]. Poole married [[Clara Muhammad|Clara Evans]] (1899–1972) on March 7, 1917. They had eight children. He had and uncounted number of children by numerous underaged girls. He was protected and still allowed to lead the NOI. Muhammad died from [[congestive heart failure]] at the age of 77 on February 25, 1975, the day before [[Saviours' Day]], at [[Mercy Hospital and Medical Center|Mercy Hospital]] in [[Chicago, Illinois]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Elijah Muhammad Dead |url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1007.html?scp=1&sq=%22elijah%20muhammad%22%20obituary&st=cse |quote=Elijah Muhammad, spiritual leader of the nation's Black Muslims, died here today of congestive heart failure. |newspaper=[[New York Times]] |date=February 26, 1975 |access-date=2011-11-15 }}</ref> [[Al Freeman, Jr.]] played him in the 1992 movie ''Malcolm X''. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commonscat-inline}} * [http://www.muhammadspeaks.com Elijah Muhammad's Teachings] * [http://www.noi.org/elijah_muhammad_history.htm Nation of Islam official biography] * [http://www.seventhfam.com Seventh Family of the Nation of Islam] * [http://www.finalcall.com/national/savioursday2k/hem_nation.htm Elijah Muhammad History] * [http://www.malcolmxreloaded.podomatic.com Malcolm X Reloaded: Who Really Assassinated Malcolm X?] * [http://vault.fbi.gov/elijah-muhammad FBI file on Elijah Muhammad] * {{IMDb name|0611247}} *[http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/79045-1/Claude+Andrew+Clegg+III.aspx ''Booknotes'' interview with Claude Andrew Clegg III on ''An Original Man: The Life and Times of Elijah Muhammad'', March 30, 1997.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315105850/http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/79045-1/Claude+Andrew+Clegg+III.aspx |date=March 15, 2016 }} {{US-bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Muhammad, Elijah}} [[Category:1897 births]] [[Category:1975 deaths]] [[Category:African-American people]] [[Category:American civil rights activists]] [[Category:Converts to Islam]] [[Category:Politicians from Georgia (U.S. state)]] [[Category:American Islamic religious leaders]] 26dbjfvz9t6dad1cp26g4orgm5dvtrc 9544054 9544052 2024-05-14T15:05:12Z XXBlackburnXx 527152 Undid revision 9408992 by [[Special:Contributions/2607:FB91:E4C:42F6:ECB2:69AB:87E8:186F|2607:FB91:E4C:42F6:ECB2:69AB:87E8:186F]] ([[User talk:2607:FB91:E4C:42F6:ECB2:69AB:87E8:186F|talk]]) what the hell is this crap wikitext text/x-wiki 7fs5k67sbtul45hazbvzz7etq85fgfu 0 416144 9544290 8982136 2024-05-14T17:14:39Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki sbhvzvq5o9tqihnn4j56d5xong3axss 0 417383 9544480 8874384 2024-05-14T18:21:30Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki kcygd8qekxcluduc1fih5xtrytzftkn 0 417768 9544160 9518316 2024-05-14T16:14:54Z 209.232.148.95 wikitext text/x-wiki srxhotsldre6i8d9ygbnix446n1cg9j 9544161 9544160 2024-05-14T16:15:43Z 209.232.148.95 CHange wikitext text/x-wiki q9263zp08yvxpxb1rgxvrdeyp952nmh 9544743 9544161 2024-05-14T19:48:08Z Davey2010 314522 Reverted 2 edits by [[Special:Contributions/209.232.148.95|209.232.148.95]] ([[User talk:209.232.148.95|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by Davey2010. 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Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki p6jmdxjqe6scejeyg1w2n7k1319mybq 0 498410 9544418 8982142 2024-05-14T17:59:28Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 8wklm9fyccoy0xa1g273ttf40yom4b0 0 502310 9544176 9539691 2024-05-14T16:24:26Z 50.235.208.178 /* Important features */ wikitext text/x-wiki 1irk9hvaq5vswikgik98wtfo3c4sowb 9545167 9544176 2024-05-15T00:09:16Z 58.96.58.126 what humans look like and what they do. wikitext text/x-wiki s4k8ho02png6if0xaki8wfxizf7h6j8 9545168 9545167 2024-05-15T00:09:22Z ChenzwBot 16695 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/58.96.58.126|58.96.58.126]] ([[User talk:58.96.58.126|talk]]) to last version by 50.235.208.178 wikitext text/x-wiki 1irk9hvaq5vswikgik98wtfo3c4sowb 0 504435 9544806 9236662 2024-05-14T20:11:11Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 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2024-05-15T05:28:51Z Auntof6 22027 /* Channel Links */ rem unneeded heading wikitext text/x-wiki av9d1d9nd467ounv5t3doh2rysl2cdw 0 512462 9544478 8786159 2024-05-14T18:21:24Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki j7cmpab0n2b8psq74dyp0t55ptbf1q0 0 518810 9545219 9481684 2024-05-15T01:01:17Z 148.252.147.146 Simplified by shortening article and leaving important points; included better grammar too wikitext text/x-wiki 07buaz3r8rsmq1be2atifog9vm473f3 9545222 9545219 2024-05-15T01:02:38Z 148.252.147.146 Already linked above wikitext text/x-wiki 8rtpb6gijdt5tc192ou2uwk57qw70fh 9545224 9545222 2024-05-15T01:03:04Z 148.252.147.146 Already linked above wikitext text/x-wiki 0e6f9yuqwxn7olh3hz5hese767wmm0i 0 519037 9545041 9453372 2024-05-14T22:03:45Z 67.80.5.79 wikitext text/x-wiki 66uu58pojl6jdi3t00b0y8y8pbb42ii 9545042 9545041 2024-05-14T22:03:49Z ChenzwBot 16695 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/67.80.5.79|67.80.5.79]] ([[User talk:67.80.5.79|talk]]) to last version by 2603:7081:4201:1164:55F9:9FC3:70F4:1291 wikitext text/x-wiki Between [[1519]] and [[1521]], [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] [[conquistador]]s, led by [[Hernán Cortés]], overthrew the [[Aztec Empire]]. This event is called the '''Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire'''. Cortés helped old enemies of the Aztecs defeat them in one of the most important events in the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas]]. The Spanish conquest was devastating to the [[Aztec|Aztec people]]. By 1680, 94% of the Aztec [[population]] had died (due to diseases and viruses).<ref name="prehx" /> ==End of the Empire== [[File:Conquista-de-México-por-Cortés-Tenochtitlan-Painting.png|thumb|center|550px|The Spanish invade Tenochtitlan]] In 1515, two of the states in the Aztec Empire [[rebellion|rebelled]]. This was nothing new for the Aztecs. However, this time, the [[Tlaxcala]] and [[Huexotzingo]] rebels beat the Aztec military.<ref name=art/> Then, in April 1519, Spanish conquistadors, led by Cortés, arrived on the coast of Mexico. In August they marched to [[Tenochtitlan]], the [[Capital city|capital]] of the Aztec Empire. At first, [[Moctezuma II|Montezuma II]], the Aztecs' ruler, invited the Spanish into Tenochtitlan, and things were friendly.<ref name="art">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0nGlswEACAAJ|title=Sources and Methods for the Study of Postconquest Mesoamerican Ethnohistory: Provisional Version|last1=Lockhart|first1=James|last2=Sousa|first2=Lisa|last3=Wood|first3=Stephanie Gail|date=2007|publisher=James Lockhart, Lisa Sousa, and Stephanie Wood|language=en}}</ref> Even when the Spanish made Montezuma II a [[prison]]er, the Aztecs stayed friendly.<ref name=som>{{cite book |author=Somervill, Barbara A. |date=2009 |title=Empire of the Aztecs |url=https://archive.org/details/empireofaztecs0000some|location= |publisher= Infobase Publishing |page= [https://archive.org/details/empireofaztecs0000some/page/63 63]-69 |isbn=978-1-60413149-9}}</ref> However, soon, while Cortés was away, Spanish [[soldier]]s attacked and killed many Aztecs during a [[festival]]. When Cortés got back, he got Montezuma II to tell the Aztecs to stop fighting the conquistadors. By this time, though, the Aztecs had made Montezuma II's brother, Cuauthemoc, the king. Nobody did what Montezuma II said. They kept fighting the conquistadors, and they killed two out of every three Spanish soldiers. In July 1520 the Spanish survivors fled to [[Tlaxcala]], where enemies of the Aztecs protected them.<ref name=som/> Ten months later, Cortés came back to Tenochtitlan with more Spanish [[soldier]]s but mostly Tlaxcaltecas and other [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] enemies of the Aztecs. They started a [[siege]] of Tenochtitlan, so that no food or supplies could get in. After 91 days, without any food, and with [[disease]] throughout the city, Cuauhtemoc finally [[Surrender (military)|surrendered]] to the Spanish on August 13, 1521. The Spanish destroyed Tenochtitlan. They started a Spanish [[colony]] that they named [[New Spain]]. The Aztec Empire had ended.<ref name=som/> ===Weapons=== There were many different reasons why the Spanish were able to take over the Aztec Empire. Different weapons were used through the battle to help Cortes overrule the aztecs. First, their [[weapon]]s and [[armor]] were better than the Aztecs'. Aztec warriors had only [[cotton]] [[armour]] and [[shield]]s made of wood or [[reed (plant)|reed]]s to protect them. The Spanish had [[metal]] armor and shields.<ref name="handbook112">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AHWarqdXsfIC|title=The Oxford Handbook of Mesoamerican Archaeology|last1=Nichols|first1=Deborah L.|last2=Pool|first2=Christopher A.|date=2012-09-24|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-999634-6|language=en}}</ref> For weapons, Aztec warriors had a few choices:<ref name=handbook112/> * ''Macuahuitl:'' A very sharp [[sword]], with a point made of [[obsidian]], which can be sharpened like [[glass]]. This sword could also be used as a [[club (weapon)|club]] * ''Atlatl:'' A weapon used to throw [[spear]]s or [[wikt:dart|darts]] * [[Bow and arrow|Bows and arrows]] None of these weapons could compare to the conquistadors' [[gun]]<nowiki/>s and steel [[sword]]<nowiki/>s.<ref name=handbook112/> Their [[horse]]s and war dogs gave them even more of an advantage against the Aztecs.<ref>{{cite book |author=Hassig, Ross |date=1995 |title=Aztec Warfare: Imperial Expansion and Political Control |url= |location= |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |language= |page=237 |isbn=978-0806127736}}</ref> ===Religion=== As early as 1528, reports have said that Montezuma II thought Hernán Cortés was the [[Aztec mythology|Aztec god]] [[Quetzalcoatl]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Thomas, Hugh |date=April 7, 1995 |title=Conquest: Cortes, Montezuma, and the Fall of Old Mexico |url=https://archive.org/details/conquest00hugh|location= |publisher=Simon and Schuster |language= |page=[https://archive.org/details/conquest00hugh/page/185 185] |isbn=978-0671511043}}</ref> Aztec legends said that Quetzalcoatl would return as a man, and Cortés had arrived on Quetzalcoatl's birthday. Aztec writings from the time say that when Montezuma II greeted Cortés, he gave an [[abdication]] speech, giving up the Aztec throne to "Quetzalcoatl-Cortés":<ref name=carrasco>{{cite book |author=Carrasco, David |date=June 15, 1992 |title=Quetzalcoatl and the Irony of Empire: Myths and Prophecies in the Aztec Tradition |url= |location= |publisher=University of Chicago Press |language= |page=201 |isbn=978-0226094908}}</ref> {{cquote|''O our Lord, thou hast [[suffering|suffered]] [[fatigue]] [and] weariness. Thou hast come to arrive on earth. Thou hast come to govern thy city of Mexico; thou hast come to descend upon thy mat, upon thy seat [throne], which for a moment I have watched for thee, which I have guarded for thee.''}} As historian David Carrasco explains: Motecuhzoma II is welcoming "Quetzalcoatl-Cortes ... back to his city in order to reoccupy the [[throne]] which has been guarded by Montezuma and the other [kings] ... The ancient [[prophecy]] has been fulfilled and the returning lord is invited to occupy his [[throne]] and visit the [[palace]]. There could hardly be a clearer statement of returning the [[sovereignty]] to the original king."<ref name=carrasco/> ===Other causes=== Some [[historian]]s say that the Spanish conquistadors were not the only reason the Aztec Empire fell apart. By 1519, the Empire had other problems that made it easier for Spain to take it over. For example:<ref name="prehx">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/919252317|title=People of the earth : an introduction to world prehistory|last=Fagan|first=Brian M.|date=2016|others=Nadia Durrani|isbn=978-1-317-34682-1|edition=Fourteenth|location=Abingdon, Oxon|oclc=919252317}}</ref><ref name=art/><ref name="handbook112"/> * More and more, [[nobles]] were being allowed to marry commoners. Their children automatically became nobles. This meant there were too many nobles and not enough commoners to do the everyday work in the Empire. Since the commoners were the ones that grew the food for the Empire, this meant there was [[famine|not enough food]] for everyone. * The Aztec [[government]] had started to use [[terrorism|terror]] to keep control over the land it had taken over. When the Spanish conquistadors got to Tenochtitlan, they said the Aztecs often held public [[ceremony|ceremonies]]. They would invite the leaders of the states they took over to come. Then they would do many [[human sacrifice]]s. The conquistadors said that the Empire sacrificed 20,000 people every year {{ndash}} an [[average]] of 55 people a day. * The Aztec government was making the states they took over {{ndash}} and regular people in Tenochtitlan {{ndash}} pay more and more money in [[tribute]]<nowiki/>s (which were like [[tax]]es). * When Cortés and his conquistadors came to Tenochtitlan, they brought [[smallpox]]. This very [[infectious disease|contagious disease]] killed a huge number of Aztecs. Cortes wanted to conquer the aztecs for gold,glory and God. Because of these things, many people in the Aztec Empire were unhappy. Some of them helped the Spanish conquistadors take over the Empire. Some historians, like Brian Fagan and Nadia Durrani, say that the Empire would have fallen apart even if the Spanish had never come. However, because so many people had died of smallpox, there were also not enough people left to fight against the conquistadors when they did come.<ref name=prehx/> <div align=center><gallery perrow="6"> File:Cortez & La Malinche.jpg|Aztec drawing of Cortés's first meeting with Motecuhzoma II File:Matanza templo2.jpg|Aztec drawing of the Spanish [[mass murder|massacring]] them in the Great Temple File:Antoni Gómez i Cros - Hernan Cortés lluita amb dos indis - 876.jpg|Spanish painting of Cortés killing Aztecs File:ROHM D237 Conquistadors exhort their supporters.jpg|Conquistadors' [[metal]] [[armor]], better weapons, and [[horse]]s helped them beat the Aztecs File:LastDaysofTenochtitlanB.jpg|"The Last Days of Tenochtitlan" (1899 painting) File:Tlaxcala - Palacio de Gobierno - Brennende Tempel.jpg|Painting of Aztec temples burning after the Spanish took over </gallery></div> ==After the Empire== Under Spanish control, the Aztec Empire did not exist any more. The Spanish tried to change the Aztecs [[religious conversion|into Catholics]] and make them act like [[Spanish people]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Kellogg, Susan |date=1995 |title=Law and the Transformation of Aztec Culture, 1500{{ndash}}1700 |url=https://archive.org/details/lawtransformatio0000kell|location= |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/lawtransformatio0000kell/page/77 77] |isbn=978-0806127026}}</ref><ref>Schwaller, John F. (July 24, 2013). [http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199766581/obo-9780199766581-0103.xml Post-Conquest Aztecs.] (Oxford Bibliographies): ''Latin American Studies.'' {{doi|10.1093/OBO/9780199766581-0103}}. Accessed July 17, 2016.</ref> They made it easier to change from Aztec rule to Spanish rule by letting many Aztec nobles become Spanish nobles.<ref>Lockhart, James (1991). ''Nahuas and Spaniards: Postconquest Central Mexican History and Philology.'' [[Stanford, California|Stanford]]: Stanford University Press. p. 40. {{ISBN|978-0804719544}}.</ref> The conquistadors [[reward]]ed people who had helped them defeat the Aztecs. Many received an [[Encomienda]], a village full of Aztecs who were [[forced labor|forced to work]] for them. This was not much different from what many [[serfs]] had done during the Aztec Empire. However, workers were badly [[abuse]]d, and many died. Because of this, a Spanish [[bishop]] named [[Bartolomé de las Casas]] suggested using [[African slave trade|African slaves]] to work in New Spain instead. Later, when he saw how much worse African slaves were treated, las Casas changed his mind about this.<ref name=clash>{{cite book |author=Fagan, Brian M. |date=1998 |title=Clash of Cultures |url= |location= |publisher=Rowman Altamira |pages=86–89 |isbn=978-0761991465}}</ref> By 1680, 94% of the Aztec [[population]] had died. This happened for a few reasons:<ref name=prehx/> * [[Disease]], especially smallpox, which the conquistadors had brought from [[Europe]] * Being forced to work too hard with too little food, which caused [[malnutrition]] * [[Famine]] (not being able to grow enough food for themselves, because they were being forced to grow food for other people) * Abuse from the people who were forcing them to work After taking over the Aztec Empire, the Spanish conquistadors moved on to take over other parts of [[Mesoamerica]]. During the same 160 years {{ndash}} from 1520 to 1680 {{ndash}} between 85% and 95% of Mesoamerica's [[Native American|native population]] died.<ref name=prehx/> <div align=center><gallery perrow="6"> File:Aztec smallpox victims.jpg|Aztec drawing of [[smallpox]] victims. This disease killed many Aztecs File:Cultivo con uictli Códice Florentino libro X f.28.jpg|Aztecs being [[forced labor|forced to work]] under the Encomienda system File:Spanish genocide1.jpg|The Spanish burn Aztecs [[Burning at the stake|at the stake]] File:Aztec fire dance recreation.jpg|Aztec culture continues today. This woman is doing a fire dance in Aztec clothing File:DrummerAmeca.JPG|A [[modern]] Aztec [[drum]]ming in [[traditional]] Aztec [[clothing]] File:AzDanceMusDoc.JPG|Aztecs celebrate a [[festival]] in Mexico City in traditional clothing </gallery></div> == Related pages == * [[Aztec]] * [[Aztec Empire]] * [[Spanish Empire]] ** [[Conquistador]]s ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Aztec]] [[Category:Colonialism]] [[Category:16th century in Spain]] [[Category:History of North America]] [[Category:Spanish Empire]] pdailxvn4lkvkh8pgfcgvaapmcitw1o 0 519048 9544566 8511674 2024-05-14T18:43:11Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 2np9afknvvn21bbgjuydmod8s2b0wa8 0 519137 9544373 8474255 2024-05-14T17:43:51Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 1qppr0r8obh4izldxhzxjly7cpv70m3 0 522121 9544308 7295456 2024-05-14T17:17:37Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki csz08vxkww0641dhtyt0n6rzzpjzfhd 0 524103 9545321 8300407 2024-05-15T02:43:54Z BigKrow 1386969 wikitext text/x-wiki 55o72a01n61p64ekrdy5osbrnfjz0gy 0 524791 9544785 8227588 2024-05-14T20:02:29Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 1wjjji0mr203vsogk8wp51i7ixjqhyr 0 524883 9545885 7582325 2024-05-15T10:31:23Z Shailendkuumar 1239241 /* References */ wikitext text/x-wiki d1it44m7314uf037wcs2nkz36p64rjd 9545886 9545885 2024-05-15T10:32:18Z SHB2000 1078549 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/Shailendkuumar|Shailendkuumar]] ([[User talk:Shailendkuumar|talk]]) to last version by Djsasso wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tax advantage''' refers to the [[financial]] gain which applies to certain accounts or [[investment]]s. These include accounts that are, by [[statute]], [[tax]]-reduced, tax-[[wikt:postpone|deferred]], or tax-free.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/tax-advantaged.asp |title=Tax-Advantaged |publisher=Investopedia LLC |access-date=10 December 2015}}</ref> [[Government]]s establish tax advantages to encourage private individuals to contribute [[money]] when it is considered to be in the [[public interest]]. An [[example]] is [[retirement plan]]s, which often offer tax advantages to [[Wikt:incentive|incentivize]] [[saving]]s for [[retirement]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irs.gov/Retirement-Plans/Plan-Sponsor/Lots-of-Benefits-When-You-Set-Up-an-Employee-Retirement-Plan |title=Lots of Benefits - when you set up an employee retirement plan |publisher=IRS |access-date=10 December 2015}}</ref> In the [[United States]] [[municipal bond]]s may also be [[wikt:exempt|exempt]] from certain [[tax]]es.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/28/5-top-tax-advantaged-investments-for-2014.html |title=5 top tax-advantaged investments for 2014 |author=Andrew Osterland |date=28 January 2014 |publisher=CNBC.com |access-date=10 December 2015}}</ref> In [[countries]] in which the average age of the population is increasing, tax advantages may put pressure on [[pension]] [[wikt:plan|plan]]s.<ref>''How Welfare States Shape the Democratic Public: Policy Feedback''. eds. Staffan Kumlin; Isabelle Stadelmann-Steffen (Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar, 2014), p. 229</ref> For example, where benefits are [[wikt:funded|funded]] on a pay-as-you-go basis, the benefits paid to those receiving a pension come directly from the contributions (money paid) of those of working age. If the [[proportion]] of pensioners to working-age people rises, the contributions needed from working people will also rise proportionately. In the [[United States]], the rapid onset of [[Baby Boomer]] [[retirement]] is currently causing such a problem.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v66n4/v66n4p37.html |title=Coping with the Demographic Challenge: Fewer Children and Living Longer |author= Gayle L. Reznik; Dave Shoffner; David A. Weaver |publisher=Social Security Bulletin, Vol. 66, No. 4, 2005/2006 |access-date=10 December 2015}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Taxation]] {{stub}} 90178cmcgitzx76bf99p4wphg8hb1qi 0 527654 9544987 9121605 2024-05-14T21:27:58Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 3shqcwv88om9arik04tb1g64opmt2la 0 528669 9544555 7756028 2024-05-14T18:42:08Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki ew5eqnrpqqk0z2cqrvml03gw2kj02iv 0 529098 9544931 9298778 2024-05-14T21:11:10Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 9wm16kylj5ciyckp41i16dl08dzt9s8 0 529330 9544193 8773048 2024-05-14T16:34:15Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 0oe9ul5us1ps24ovcp138tx4p7mmaxg 0 530998 9544412 9319698 2024-05-14T17:57:44Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki mizyod405fh989y0hoc99jlpyv3x5ey 0 533119 9544542 8801643 2024-05-14T18:39:02Z JAAVIROMA 1448592 Added a paragraph, and citation. wikitext text/x-wiki olewdk5yibfwwyzectm6z69f05y1usp 0 533228 9545657 9091642 2024-05-15T06:31:15Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki e6v40k8lbhtcpvuur6vxv5fsiq6almi 0 538959 9544715 8731192 2024-05-14T19:34:26Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki nj7e6a7fgijhxhju542uez8v79ktjdr 0 539096 9544070 8883551 2024-05-14T15:11:43Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki f4iqona1hg6l17wpilarpwdeoc3ymy7 0 539296 9544832 7559061 2024-05-14T20:23:07Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 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InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 84qc9k1f9jvvuxlptjpyz5uct1ylspb 0 558492 9544590 8319767 2024-05-14T18:49:31Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 3kehy8mb2f08vwu9yqgya53slkipf8z 0 558813 9544820 7948560 2024-05-14T20:17:56Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki qrqk980aj20j2h2e8337yh3lvzsvzuu 828 559671 9543927 8504043 2024-05-14T13:15:35Z MathXplore 966595 Protected "[[Module:Sports table]]": Highly visible page: [[:Category:Modules subject to page protection]] ([Edit=Allow only autoconfirmed users] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite)) Scribunto text/plain -- Module to build tables for standings in Sports -- See documentation for details require('strict') local p = {} -- Main function function p.main(frame) -- Declare locals local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local Args = getArgs(frame, {parentFirst = true}) local ii_start, ii_end, N_rows_res = 0 local text_field_result local notes_exist = false local t = {} local t_footer = {} local t_return = {} local team_list = {} local jj, jjj -- Exit early if we are using section transclusion for a different section if (Args['transcludesection'] and Args['section']) and Args['transcludesection'] ~= Args['section'] then return '' end local templatestyles = frame:extensionTag{ name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = 'Module:Sports table/styles.css' } } -- Edit links if requested local baselink = frame:getParent():getTitle() if mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text == baselink then baselink = '' end local template_name = Args['template_name'] or (baselink ~= '' and (':' .. baselink)) or '' -- Get the custom start point for the table (most will start by default at 1) local top_pos = tonumber(Args['highest_pos']) or 1 -- Get the custom end point for the table (unrestricted if bottom_pos is < top_pos) local bottom_pos = tonumber(Args['lowest_pos']) or 0 local N_teams = top_pos - 1 -- Default to 0 at start, but higher number needed to skip certain entries -- Load modules local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') -- Load style and (sub) modules local style_def = Args['style'] or 'WDL' -- Historically 'football' exists as style, this is now forwarded to WDL if style_def == 'football' then style_def = 'WDL' end local p_style = require('Module:Sports table/'..style_def) local p_sub = require('Module:Sports table/sub') -- Random value used for uniqueness math.randomseed( os.clock() * 10^8 ) local rand_val = math.random() -- Declare colour scheme local result_col = {} result_col = {green1='#BBF3BB', green2='#CCF9CC', green3='#DDFCDD', green4='#EEFFEE', blue1='#BBF3FF', blue2='#CCF9FF', blue3='#DDFCFF', blue4='#EEFFFF', yellow1='#FFFFBB', yellow2='#FFFFCC', yellow3='#FFFFDD', yellow4='#FFFFEE', red1='#FFBBBB', red2='#FFCCCC', red3='#FFDDDD', red4='#FFEEEE', black1='#BBBBBB', black2='#CCCCCC', black3='#DDDDDD', black4='#EEEEEE', orange1='#FEDCBA', orange2='#FEEAD5', white1='inherit',['']='inherit' } -- Show all stats in table or just matches played and points local full_table = true local hide_results = yesno(Args['hide_results'] or 'no') local pld_pts_val = string.lower(Args['only_pld_pts'] or 'no') local show_class_rules = yesno(Args['show_class_rules'] or 'yes') and true or false -- True if par doesn't exist, false otherwise if yesno(pld_pts_val) then full_table = false elseif pld_pts_val=='no_hide_class_rules' then full_table = true show_class_rules = false end -- Declare results column header local results_header = {} results_header = {Q='Qualification', QR='Qualification or relegation', P='Promotion', PQR='Promotion, qualification or relegation', PR='Promotion or relegation', PQ='Promotion or qualification', R='Relegation'} local results_defined = false -- Check whether this would be needed -- Possible prefix for result fields local respre = (Args['result_prefix'] or '') .. '_' respre = (respre == '_') and '' or respre -- Now define line for column header (either option or custom) local local_res_header = results_header[Args[respre..'res_col_header']] or Args[respre..'res_col_header'] or '' -- Check whether it includes a note local res_head_note = Args['note_header_res'] local res_head_note_text = '' if full_table and res_head_note then notes_exist = true res_head_note_text = frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'efn', args = { group='lower-alpha', res_head_note} } end local results_header_txt = '! scope="col" |'..local_res_header..res_head_note_text..'\n' -- Get status option local t_status = p_style.status(Args) -- Alternative syntax for team list if Args['team_order'] and Args['team_order'] ~= '' then local team_order_offset = (tonumber(Args['team_order_start']) or 1) - 1 local tlist = mw.text.split(Args['team_order'], '%s*[;,]%s*') for k, tname in ipairs(tlist) do if tname ~= '' then Args['team' .. (k + team_order_offset)] = tname end end end -- Read in number of consecutive teams (ignore entries after skipping a spot) while Args['team'..N_teams+1] ~= nil and (bottom_pos < top_pos or N_teams < bottom_pos) do N_teams = N_teams+1 -- Sneakily add it twice to the team_list parameter, once for the actual -- ranking, the second for position lookup in sub-tables -- This is possible because Lua allows both numbers and strings as indices. team_list[N_teams] = Args['team'..N_teams] -- i^th entry is team X team_list[Args['team'..N_teams]] = N_teams -- team X entry is position i end -- Optional totals local total_row_name = 'SPORTS_TABLE_TOTAL' if yesno(Args['show_totals'] or 'no') then N_teams = N_teams+1 Args['team' .. N_teams] = total_row_name Args['name_' .. total_row_name] = 'Total' Args['result' .. N_teams] = total_row_name Args['col_' .. total_row_name] = '#eee' team_list[N_teams] = Args['team' .. N_teams] team_list[Args['team'..N_teams]] = N_teams end -- Show position local position_col = yesno(Args['show_positions'] or 'yes') and true or false -- Show groups or note local group_col = yesno(Args['show_groups'] or 'no') and true or false -- Show match_table or not local match_table = yesno(Args['show_matches'] or 'no') and true or false local p_matches = match_table and (style_def == 'Chess' and require('Module:Sports results/'..style_def) or require('Module:Sports results')) -- Custom position column label or note local pos_label = Args['postitle'] or '<abbr title="Position">Pos</abbr>' if position_col == false then pos_label = nil end -- Show status or not local show_status = yesno(Args['show_status'] or 'yes') and true or false -- Get VTE button text (but only for non-empty text) local VTE_text = '' if (template_name ~= '') then VTE_text = require('Module:Navbar')._navbar({ template_name, mini=1, style='float:right', brackets=1 }) -- remove the next part if https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=832717047#Sortable_link_disables_navbar_links? -- is ever fixed if yesno(Args['sortable_table'] or 'no') then VTE_text = mw.ustring.gsub(VTE_text, '<%/?abbr[^<>]*>', ' ') end end -- Add source to title if specified and possible local title_source = false if Args['title'] and Args['title_source'] then Args['title'] = Args['title'] .. Args['title_source'] title_source = true elseif Args['table_header'] and Args['table_header_source'] then Args['table_header'] = Args['table_header'] .. Args['table_header_source'] title_source = true end -- Write column headers t_return = p_style.header(t,Args,p_sub,pos_label,group_col,VTE_text,full_table,results_header_txt) if match_table then -- Add empty column header t_return.count = t_return.count+1 table.insert(t_return.tab_text,'! scope="row" class="unsortable" style="background-color:white;border-top:white;border-bottom:white;line-width:3pt;"| \n') -- Add rest of header t_return = p_matches.header(t_return,Args,p_sub,N_teams,team_list,tonumber(Args['legs']) or 1) end t = t_return.tab_text local N_cols = t_return.count -- Determine what entries go into table -- Find out which team to show (if any) local ii_show = team_list[Args['showteam'] or nil] -- nil if non-existant -- Start and end positions to show local n_to_show = tonumber(Args['show_limit']) or N_teams -- Check for "legal value", if not legal (or non declared), then show all local check_n = ((n_to_show>=(N_teams-top_pos+1)) or (n_to_show<=1) or (n_to_show~=math.floor(n_to_show))) -- Also check whether there is a valid ii_show if check_n or (not ii_show) then ii_start = top_pos ii_end = N_teams else -- It's a proper integer between top_pos+1 and N_teams-1 -- If it is in the middle show the same number above and below -- If it is in the top or bottom, show the exact number -- How many to show on the side local n_show_side = math.floor(n_to_show/2) if (ii_show-top_pos+1)<=n_show_side then -- Top team ii_start = top_pos ii_end = top_pos+n_to_show-1 elseif ii_show>=(N_teams+1-n_show_side) then -- Bottom team ii_start = N_teams+1-n_to_show ii_end = N_teams else -- Normal case ii_start = ii_show-n_show_side ii_end = ii_show+n_show_side end end -- For results column local new_res_ii = ii_start -- Pre-check for existence of column if not hide_results then for ii = ii_start, ii_end do if Args[respre..'result'..ii] and Args[respre..'text_' .. Args[respre..'result'..ii]] then results_defined = true end end end -- Remove results header if it is unused if full_table and not results_defined then -- First get it as one string, then use string replace to replace that header by empty string local t_str = tostring(table.concat(t)) t_str = mw.ustring.gsub( t_str, results_header_txt, '' ) N_cols = N_cols-1 -- There is actually one column less t = {} table.insert(t, t_str) end -- Write rows local team_name, team_code_ii, team_code_jj, pos_num, group_txt, note_local local note_string, note_local, note_local_num, note_id local note_id_list = {} local hth_id_list = {} for ii = ii_start, ii_end do -- First get code team_code_ii = team_list[ii] -- Now read values pos_num = Args['pos_'..team_code_ii] or ii group_txt = Args['group_'..team_code_ii] or ' ' team_name = Args['name_'..team_code_ii] or team_code_ii note_local = Args['note_'..team_code_ii] or nil -- Does it need a promotion/qualification/relegation tag local result_local = Args[respre..'result'..ii] or nil local bg_col = nil -- Get local background colour if result_local then bg_col = result_col[Args[respre..'col_'..result_local]] or Args[respre..'col_'..result_local] or 'inherit' bg_col = 'background-color:'..bg_col..';' -- Full style tag end if not bg_col then bg_col = 'background-color:transparent;' end -- Becomes default if undefined -- Bold this line or not local ii_fw = ii == ii_show and 'font-weight: bold;' or 'font-weight: normal;' if yesno(Args['show_totals'] or 'no') and team_code_ii == total_row_name then ii_fw = 'font-weight: bold;' end -- Check whether there is a note or not, if so get text ready for it if note_local and full_table then -- Set global check for notes to true notes_exist = true -- There are now 3 options for notes -- 1) It is a full note -- 2) It is a referal to another note (i.e. it's just a team code; e.g. note_AAA=Text, note_BBB=AAA) in which the note for BBB should link to the same footnote as AAA, with -- 2a) The other linked note exist in the part of the table shown -- 2b) The part of the note does not exist in the part of the table shown if not Args['note_'..note_local] then -- Option 1 -- Now define the identifier for this note_id = '"table_note_'..team_code_ii..rand_val..'"' -- Add random end for unique ID if more tables are present on article (which might otherwise share an ID) note_id_list[team_code_ii] = note_id -- Call refn template note_string = frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'efn', args = { group='lower-alpha', name=note_id, note_local} } else -- Option 2 -- It is option 2a in either one if either the main note is inside the sub-table -- or another ref to that note is inside the sub-table -- Basically when it either has been defined, or the main link will be in the table note_local_num = team_list[note_local] if note_id_list[note_local] or ((note_local_num >= ii_start) and (note_local_num <= ii_end)) then -- Option 2a note_id = '"table_note_'..note_local..rand_val..'"' note_string = frame:extensionTag{ name = 'ref', args = { group = 'lower-alpha', name = note_id} } else -- Option 2b -- Now define the identifier for this note_id = '"table_note_'..note_local..rand_val..'"' -- Add random end for unique ID note_id_list[note_local] = note_id -- Call refn template note_string = frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'efn', args = { group='lower-alpha', name=note_id, Args['note_'..note_local]} } end end else note_string = ''; end -- Insert status when needed local status_string = '' local status_local = show_status and Args[respre .. 'status_'..team_code_ii] or nil local status_let_first = true local curr_letter -- Only if it is defined if status_local then -- Take it letter by letter for jjj = 1,mw.ustring.len(status_local) do curr_letter = mw.ustring.upper(mw.ustring.sub(status_local,jjj,jjj)) -- See whether it exist if t_status.code[curr_letter] then -- Depending on whether it is the first letter of not if status_let_first then status_string = curr_letter t_status.called[curr_letter] = true status_let_first = false else status_string = status_string..', '..curr_letter t_status.called[curr_letter] = true end end end -- Only add brackets/dash and bolding if it exist if not status_let_first then if t_status.position == 'before' then status_string = '<span style="font-weight:bold">'..string.lower(status_string)..' &ndash;</span> ' else status_string = ' <span style="font-weight:bold">('..status_string..')</span>' end end end -- Now build the rows if yesno(Args['show_totals'] or 'no') and team_code_ii == total_row_name then table.insert(t,'|- class="sortbottom"\n') -- New row else table.insert(t,'|- \n') -- New row end if position_col then table.insert(t,'| style="text-align: center;'..ii_fw..bg_col..'"| '..pos_num..'\n') -- Position number end if full_table and group_col then table.insert(t,'| style="'..ii_fw..bg_col..'" |'..group_txt..'\n') -- Group number/name end -- Build the team string order based on status position local team_string if t_status.position == 'before' then team_string = status_string..team_name..note_string else team_string = team_name..note_string..status_string end table.insert(t,'! scope="row" style="text-align: left; white-space:nowrap;'..ii_fw..bg_col..'"| '..team_string..'\n')-- Team (with possible note) -- Call to subfunction t_return = p_style.row(frame,t,Args,p_sub,notes_exist,hth_id_list,full_table,rand_val,team_list,team_code_ii,ii_start,ii_end,ii_fw,bg_col,N_teams,ii,ii_show) t = t_return.t notes_exist = t_return.notes_exist hth_id_list = t_return.hth_id_list -- Now check what needs to be added inside the results column if full_table then local res_jjj if ii == new_res_ii then -- First check how many rows you need for this N_rows_res = 1 jjj = ii+1 result_local = Args[respre..'result'..ii] or '' local cont_loop = true while (jjj<=ii_end) and cont_loop do if Args['split'..tostring(jjj-1)] then cont_loop = false new_res_ii = jjj else res_jjj = Args[respre..'result'..jjj] or '' if result_local == res_jjj then N_rows_res = N_rows_res+1 else cont_loop = false new_res_ii = jjj end end jjj = jjj+1 end -- Now create this field (reuse ii_fw and bg_col) -- Bold (if in range) or not if ii_show and (ii_show>=ii) and (ii_show<=(ii+N_rows_res-1)) then ii_fw = 'font-weight: bold;' else ii_fw = 'font-weight: normal;' end -- Get background colour bg_col = nil if Args[respre..'result'..ii] then bg_col = result_col[Args[respre..'col_'..result_local]] or Args[respre..'col_'..result_local] or 'inherit' bg_col = 'background-color:'..bg_col..';' -- Full style tag end if not bg_col then bg_col = 'background-color:transparent;' end -- Becomes default if undefined -- Check for notes local note_res_string, note_ref, note_text = '', '', '' if Args['note_res_'..result_local] then notes_exist = true local note_res_local = Args['note_res_'..result_local] -- Split the note_res_local into a table if all the entries are valid local multiref = 1 local note_res_local_table = mw.text.split(note_res_local, '%s*,%s*') if (#note_res_local_table > 1) then for k, note_res_loc in ipairs(note_res_local_table) do multiref = multiref * (Args['note_res_' .. note_res_loc] and 1 or 0) end else multiref = 0 end -- Split failed, so make a single entry table with hth_local inside if multiref < 1 then note_res_local_table = { note_res_local } end for k,note_res_local in ipairs(note_res_local_table) do if not Args['note_res_'..note_res_local] then -- It does not point to another result note note_ref = respre..'res_'..result_local note_id = '"table_note_res_'..result_local..rand_val..'"' -- Identifier note_text = note_res_local else -- It does point to another result note note_ref = respre..'res_'..note_res_local note_id = '"table_note_res_'..note_res_local..rand_val..'"' -- Identifier note_text = Args['note_res_'..note_res_local] end -- Check whether it is already printed if not note_id_list[note_ref] then -- Print it note_id_list[note_ref] = note_id note_res_string = note_res_string .. frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'efn', args = { group='lower-alpha', name=note_id, note_text} } else -- Refer to it note_res_string = note_res_string .. frame:extensionTag{ name = 'ref', args = { group = 'lower-alpha', name = note_id} } end end end -- Get text local text_result = Args[respre..'text_'..result_local] or '' if text_result:match('fbmulticomp') then ii_fw = 'padding:0;' .. ii_fw if text_result:match('fbmulticompefn') then notes_exist = true end end text_field_result = '| style="'..ii_fw..bg_col..'" rowspan="'..tostring(N_rows_res)..'" |'..text_result..note_res_string..'\n' -- See whether it is needed (only when blank for all entries) if results_defined then table.insert(t,text_field_result) end end end -- Insert match row if needed if match_table then local legs = tonumber(Args['legs']) or 1 -- Add empty cell table.insert(t,'| style="background-color:white;border-top:white;border-bottom:white;"| \n') -- Now include note to match results if needed for jj=top_pos,N_teams do team_code_jj = team_list[jj] if ii == jj then -- Nothing else for l=1,legs do local m = (legs == 1) and 'match_' or 'match' .. l .. '_' local match_note = Args[m..team_code_ii..'_'..team_code_jj..'_note'] if match_note then notes_exist = true -- Only when it exist -- First check for existence of reference for note if not (Args['note_'..match_note] or Args[m..match_note..'_note']) then -- It's the entry note_id = '"table_note_'..team_code_ii..'_'..team_code_jj..rand_val..'"' -- Add random end for unique ID if more tables are present on article (which might otherwise share an ID) note_id_list[team_code_ii..'_'..team_code_jj] = note_id note_string = frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'efn', args = { group='lower-alpha', name=note_id, match_note} } else -- Check for existence elsewhere note_local_num = team_list[match_note] or ii_end + 1 if note_id_list[match_note] or ((note_local_num >= ii_start) and (note_local_num <= ii_end)) then -- It exists note_id = '"table_note_'..match_note..rand_val..'"' -- Identifier note_string = frame:extensionTag{ name = 'ref', args = { group = 'lower-alpha', name = note_id} } else -- Now define the identifier for this note_id = '"table_note_'..match_note..rand_val..'"' -- Add random end for unique ID note_id_list[match_note] = note_id -- Call refn template note_string = frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'efn', args = { group='lower-alpha', name=note_id, Args['note_'..match_note]} } end end -- Now append this to the match result string Args[m..team_code_ii..'_'..team_code_jj] = (Args[m..team_code_ii..'_'..team_code_jj] or '')..note_string end end end end -- Add rest of match row t = p_matches.row(t,Args,N_teams,team_list,ii,ii_show,legs) end -- Now, if needed, insert a split (solid line to indicate split in standings, but only when it is not at the last shown position) if Args['split'..ii] and (ii<ii_end) then -- Base size on N_cols (it needs 2*N_cols |) table.insert(t,'|- style="background-color:'..result_col['black1']..'; line-height:3pt;"\n') table.insert(t,string.rep('|',2*N_cols)..'\n') end end -- Close table table.insert(t, '|}') -- Get info for footer local update = Args['update'] or 'unknown' local start_date = Args['start_date'] or 'unknown' local source = Args['source'] or (title_source == true and '') or frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'citation needed', args = { reason='No source parameter defined', date=os.date('%B %Y') } } local class_rules = Args['class_rules'] or nil -- Create footer text -- Date updating local matches_text = Args['matches_text'] or 'match(es)' if string.lower(update)=='complete' then -- Do nothing elseif update=='' then -- Empty parameter table.insert(t_footer,'Updated to '..matches_text..' played on unknown. ') elseif string.lower(update)=='future' then -- Future start date table.insert(t_footer,'First '..matches_text..' will be played on '..start_date..'. ') else table.insert(t_footer,'Updated to '..matches_text..' played on '..update..'. ') end -- Stack footer or not local footer_break = yesno(Args['stack_footer'] or 'no') and true or false -- Variable for linebreak local stack_string = '<br>' if footer_break and (not (string.lower(update)=='complete')) then table.insert(t_footer,stack_string) end if source ~= '' then table.insert(t_footer,'Source: '..source) end if class_rules and full_table and show_class_rules then if (#t_footer > 0) then table.insert(t_footer,'<br>') end table.insert(t_footer,'Rules for classification: '..class_rules) end -- Now for the named status local status_exist = false local status_string = '' local curr_letter for jjj = 1,mw.ustring.len(t_status.letters) do curr_letter = mw.ustring.upper(mw.ustring.sub(t_status.letters,jjj,jjj)) if t_status.called[curr_letter] then if (footer_break and status_exist) then status_string = status_string..stack_string end if t_status.position == 'before' then status_string = status_string..'<span style="font-weight:bold">'..string.lower(curr_letter)..' &ndash;</span> '..t_status.code[curr_letter]..'; ' else status_string = status_string..'<span style="font-weight:bold">('..curr_letter..')</span> '..t_status.code[curr_letter]..'; ' end status_exist = true end end -- Now if it contains entries the '; ' needs to be removed if status_exist then if (#t_footer > 0) then table.insert(t_footer,'<br>') end status_string = mw.ustring.sub(status_string,1,mw.ustring.len(status_string)-2) table.insert(t_footer,status_string) end -- Add notes (if applicable) if notes_exist then if (#t_footer > 0) then table.insert(t_footer,'<br>') end table.insert(t_footer,'Notes:') -- As reflist size text t_footer = '<div class="sports-table-notes">'..table.concat(t_footer)..'</div>' t_footer = t_footer..frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'notelist', args = { group='lower-alpha'} } else -- As reflist size text t_footer = '<div class="sports-table-notes">'..table.concat(t_footer)..'</div>' end -- Add footer to main text table table.insert(t,t_footer) -- Rewrite anchor links for k=1,#t do if t[k]:match('%[%[#[^%[%]]*%|') then t[k] = mw.ustring.gsub(t[k], '(%[%[)(#[^%[%]]*%|)', '%1' .. baselink .. '%2') end end -- Generate tracking if not Args['notracking'] then local getTracking = require('Module:Sports table/argcheck').check local warning_categories, tracking_categories = getTracking(Args, frame:getParent().args) if #warning_categories > 0 then if frame:preprocess( "{{REVISIONID}}" ) == "" then for k=1,#warning_categories do warning_categories[k] = mw.ustring.gsub(warning_categories[k], '^%[%[Category:Pages using sports table with (.*)|(.*)%]%]$', '<div style="color:red">Warning: %1 = %2</div>') end end end for k=1,#warning_categories do table.insert(t, warning_categories[k]) end for k=1,#tracking_categories do table.insert(t, tracking_categories[k]) end if(Args['showteam'] == nil) then local getWarnings = require('Module:Sports table/totalscheck').check local total_warnings = getWarnings(Args, team_list, ii_start, ii_end) if #total_warnings > 0 then if frame:preprocess( "{{REVISIONID}}" ) == "" then for k=1,#total_warnings do table.insert(t, '<div style="color:green">Possible problem: ' .. total_warnings[k] .. '</div>') end end end end else table.insert(t, '[[Category:Pages using sports table with notracking]]') end if Args['float'] then return frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'stack begin', args = {clear = 'true', margin = '1', float = Args['float']} } .. templatestyles .. '\n' .. table.concat(t) .. frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'stack end'} end return templatestyles .. '\n' .. table.concat(t) end return p id9b08yncsf6fh9wgqp6ekuhc64s3r0 0 560978 9545293 9446549 2024-05-15T02:24:57Z 2600:1004:A122:2895:8CA0:6C25:348:D23D wikitext text/x-wiki ib5wjfvmamx3btwficsz73p3dc1tlov 9545294 9545293 2024-05-15T02:25:19Z MathXplore 966595 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/2600:1004:A122:2895:8CA0:6C25:348:D23D|2600:1004:A122:2895:8CA0:6C25:348:D23D]] ([[User talk:2600:1004:A122:2895:8CA0:6C25:348:D23D|talk]]) to last version by 94.207.103.31 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} '''''The Nutshack''''' is a Filipino-American animated [[sitcom]] created by [[Jesse Hernandez]] and [[Ramon Lopez]]. {{DEFAULTSORT:Nutshack, The}} [[Category:Sitcoms]] [[Category:English-language television programs]] huebbjcymdtl38ll89z67wq5df4tc6g 9545307 9545294 2024-05-15T02:35:53Z BigKrow 1386969 TV wikitext text/x-wiki 1k24h3a2kttgvfw6wtiph0l6whs6r3o 0 561770 9544401 8357613 2024-05-14T17:54:00Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki fzxnm3g4tv27kfb2uz8mlxidje5pc45 0 562333 9544821 9319703 2024-05-14T20:18:16Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 79ko22fmxgpcvna8dfc0sfylmsugn6y 0 562867 9544847 9320511 2024-05-14T20:32:00Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki a8xlau25qannh6v2egm9zq3i3ew40rb 0 565762 9544861 9501864 2024-05-14T20:38:49Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 7wyxk76v1xmnmy7b6irei18cxj2jtz0 0 567680 9544127 8697466 2024-05-14T15:57:32Z Paatiwaniuk 1421132 Added background information on the Aswan Low Dam and the process of the construction of the Aswan High Dam. wikitext text/x-wiki s1hbhpqjejji1jw8ysj5zrhzflq5z1r 9544141 9544127 2024-05-14T16:03:10Z WikiSidia 1421145 Added benefits of the Aswan High Dam to the page wikitext text/x-wiki 3nlj34att2rs125vthpc56q6cm7ipfm 9544149 9544141 2024-05-14T16:08:59Z WikiSidia 1421145 Added 2 disadvantages and controversies about the creation of the Aswan high dam wikitext text/x-wiki 8yzeqbh4vicovtg0cavcu5ta0hwobgf 9544227 9544149 2024-05-14T16:44:18Z WikiSidia 1421145 Added many hyperlinks, added a list of all temples and monuments that were moved and added info in the infobox wikitext text/x-wiki hzmtnmlhsa5oqpk5gklpg5lno1a3cac 9544320 9544227 2024-05-14T17:22:09Z WikiSidia 1421145 Added a map with the location of the Aswan High Dam and Lake Nasser on it wikitext text/x-wiki 22g009j1wwns653uwr00o4khcfkwsbc 9544366 9544320 2024-05-14T17:39:04Z WikiSidia 1421145 wikitext text/x-wiki 920udyrt52h6y46856wyo4pitmthn59 9544390 9544366 2024-05-14T17:49:45Z WikiSidia 1421145 /* Benefits */ Fixed typo wikitext text/x-wiki q4ts8l7qx55zoh7ecaly483rvlc5l49 9544393 9544390 2024-05-14T17:50:58Z WikiSidia 1421145 /* Disadvantages and Controversies */ Fixed typo wikitext text/x-wiki pq9fw1653jqxg72v488gnmth57xzg75 9544395 9544393 2024-05-14T17:51:54Z WikiSidia 1421145 /* Disadvantages and Controversies */ Fixed typo wikitext text/x-wiki 4z23j3dgshpz3fgnilvy0zogoeu4mct 9544400 9544395 2024-05-14T17:53:42Z WikiSidia 1421145 /* Disadvantages and Controversies */ Fixed typo wikitext text/x-wiki tba53uzxqes3c45x98648d04xf1qo13 9544408 9544400 2024-05-14T17:56:06Z WikiSidia 1421145 Added alt-text to the map wikitext text/x-wiki p05ga5hseg06myaa0n68t2e04kfexca 9545792 9544408 2024-05-15T08:17:01Z WikiSidia 1421145 Added References heading wikitext text/x-wiki 941a75eyzbwwy3gyrbdi4kludspi8x5 9545793 9545792 2024-05-15T08:18:36Z WikiSidia 1421145 added hyperlink wikitext text/x-wiki 59cd3a9cvsna28wdz2qq2o3ftrn42pq 9545794 9545793 2024-05-15T08:18:58Z FusionSub 1248114 + {{reflist}}, move {{stub}} below reference header wikitext text/x-wiki p440ntpnqsrof8zoja7hwp1wxskrapn 0 570266 9544875 8660739 2024-05-14T20:46:53Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 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poto7ylzs9ltougan6owfsmjyy1ey62 0 592416 9544275 9239227 2024-05-14T17:09:50Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki rts9fk45lkm43oxdj7j7fi8s0kkdwr1 0 592421 9545188 9386480 2024-05-15T00:29:44Z Av3n9er5 1392782 wikitext text/x-wiki olxsvvbmhvlg0z09a2woyyhdyztb96r 0 592532 9544228 8693508 2024-05-14T16:46:03Z SohanSharma108 1463239 Governor of the Odisha is changed. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghubar_Das wikitext text/x-wiki pkbn4v156k5x0f3er88xfqamwnriiao 0 593341 9544753 9128920 2024-05-14T19:51:39Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki t25c56tqve9f8voo1n1579az7sv5vg9 0 593590 9544010 9512948 2024-05-14T14:42:58Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki t9ndv2lsoyetw26y342e70a941fjnkc 0 594750 9544884 7274337 2024-05-14T20:52:05Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki h8uh9wr5hbpiljzgnvqmzt0tvgz80sl 0 594983 9545805 9084090 2024-05-15T08:41:19Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 2swt1yft2wm889a38p94zh613wylkpo 0 597645 9544559 8901673 2024-05-14T18:42:36Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 6gk4ofpjf819matykgvdou6injqftsb 0 599716 9545003 7948639 2024-05-14T21:32:41Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 3yr5ty0v5g8va48lcphnilpjgk9fbye 0 600373 9544335 9216373 2024-05-14T17:29:08Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki qlegb90hhfse8ud6y2do8jx5tn61lle 828 606326 9543916 9219049 2024-05-14T13:10:28Z MathXplore 966595 Protected "[[Module:Icon]]": Highly visible page: [[:Category:Modules subject to page protection]] ([Edit=Allow only autoconfirmed users] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite)) Scribunto text/plain -- This module implements [[Template:Icon]]. require("strict") local yesNo = require("Module:Yesno") local getArgs = require("Module:Arguments").getArgs local getPlain = nil local p = {} -- Determine whether we're being called from a sandbox local sandbox = mw.getCurrentFrame():getTitle():find('sandbox', 1, true) and '/sandbox' or '' -- Implements [[Template:Icon]] -- Returns the icon image corresponding to a string (like 'B') function p._main(args, data) local data_module = 'Module:Icon/data'..sandbox data = data or mw.loadData(data_module) local code = args.class or args[1] local iconData if code then code = code:match('^%s*(.-)%s*$'):lower() -- trim whitespace and put in lower case iconData = data[code] end if not iconData then iconData = data._DEFAULT end return string.format( '[[File:%s%s%s|%s|class=noviewer|alt=%s]]', iconData.image, iconData.tooltip and '|' .. iconData.tooltip or '', iconData.link == false and '|link=' or '', args.size or '16x16px', iconData.alt or '' ) end -- Implements [[Template:Icon link]], a superset of [[Template:Icon]] -- Returns an icon, plus a suitably formatted wikilink function p._link(args, data) args.size = args.size or args.iconsize local icon = p._main(args, data) -- If no link given in args[2], default back to [[Template:Icon]] if not args[2] then return icon end -- Strip wiki markup out of link getPlain = getPlain or require("Module:Text").Text().getPlain local link = getPlain(args[2]) local display = args[3] or args[2] -- italicize display string, if requested if yesNo(args.i) or yesNo(args.italic) or yesNo(args.italics) then display = '<i>'..display..'</i>' end -- if display is link, just use standard wlink if link == display then return icon..'&nbsp;[['..link..']]' end return icon..'&nbsp;[['..link..'|'..display..']]' end function p.main(frame) local args = getArgs(frame,{parentFirst=true}) return p._main(args) end function p.link(frame) local args = getArgs(frame,{parentFirst=true}) return p._link(args) end return p dugmg3j1x6f8yfz6fbayniw6ohsgvlh 0 606743 9544584 9539087 2024-05-14T18:47:29Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 wikitext text/x-wiki gk2hjy93s8sebmn4n5pdx9b04clz6u2 9544586 9544584 2024-05-14T18:47:56Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 wikitext text/x-wiki g0n8sqh0eiwngxg870po7rr5ei86bq3 0 606796 9544878 8940518 2024-05-14T20:47:27Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 9ef0k02ny7dz98mmlkw0qo3u3vyby1d 0 607968 9544537 8969415 2024-05-14T18:36:55Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki ht0k9jcl5fljh6sx9ow019k8kfrg1zn 0 608598 9545570 9510122 2024-05-15T05:28:24Z Auntof6 22027 /* Channel Links */ rem unneeded heading wikitext text/x-wiki pt9sejmqxi9h4nq70j2gxc7g0wshszv 0 611687 9545038 8943400 2024-05-14T22:01:36Z Dream Indigo 1398040 − 2 categories; + 2 categories; ±[[Category:2016 television series endings]]→[[Category:2016 Indian television series endings]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki tn2v0q2akklckut14zyjispcmgd21sl 0 612385 9544464 7558698 2024-05-14T18:17:32Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki j2cb82h963gpx1ofv69tte2wkv1gbqf 0 612586 9544854 7687549 2024-05-14T20:36:20Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki qwow484nipc3sxr7peag1bfdx8ygb14 0 613072 9544972 8888968 2024-05-14T21:23:53Z Dream Indigo 1398040 −[[Category:2013 establishments in India]]; ±[[Category:2013 television series debuts]]→[[Category:2013 Indian television series debuts]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki edz4krmnwo9h4saieykkdh30tf6qpq7 14 613076 9544933 6506285 2024-05-14T21:11:34Z Dream Indigo 1398040 removed [[Category:Television series]]; added [[Category:Television programs by language]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki qup0ydqbxi07ll9dlshkum0p1mbje7t 828 614597 9543928 8504042 2024-05-14T13:16:57Z MathXplore 966595 Protected "[[Module:Taxonbar]]": Highly visible page: [[:Category:Modules subject to page protection]] ([Edit=Allow only autoconfirmed users] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite)) Scribunto text/plain require('strict') local conf = require( 'Module:Taxonbar/conf' ) --configuration module local TaxonItalics = require('Module:TaxonItalics') --use a function from Module:TaxonItalics to italicize a taxon name --[[==========================================================================]] --[[ Local functions ]] --[[==========================================================================]] local function isNilOrEmpty( thing ) if thing == nil or thing == '' then return true end return nil end local function getIdFromWikidata( item, property ) local id = nil if property == 'PWikispecies:$1' then local siteLinks = item.sitelinks if siteLinks then local speciesWiki = item.sitelinks.specieswiki if speciesWiki then id = speciesWiki.title end end return id elseif item.claims[property] == nil then return id end for _, statement in pairs( item.claims[property] ) do if statement.mainsnak.datavalue then id = statement.mainsnak.datavalue.value break end end return id end local function getLink( property, val ) local link, returnVal = '', {} returnVal.isError = false if mw.ustring.find( val, '//' ) then link = val else if type(property) == 'number' and property > 0 then local entityObject = mw.wikibase.getEntity('P'..property) local dataType if entityObject then dataType = entityObject.datatype else returnVal.isError = true end if dataType == 'external-id' then local formatterURL = nil if property == 3746 or --Wildflowers of Israel property == 3795 or --Flora of Israel Online property == 5397 --Tierstimmenarchiv then formatterURL = entityObject:getBestStatements('P1630')[2] --use 2nd formatterURL for English version end if formatterURL == nil then formatterURL = entityObject:getBestStatements('P1630')[1] end --default to [1] if formatterURL then if formatterURL.mainsnak.datavalue and formatterURL.mainsnak.datavalue.value then --nil check for ABA link = formatterURL.mainsnak.datavalue.value end end elseif dataType == 'url' then local subjectItem = entityObject:getBestStatements('P1629')[1] if subjectItem then local officialWebsite = mw.wikibase.getEntity(subjectItem.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id):getBestStatements('P856')[1] if officialWebsite then link = officialWebsite.mainsnak.datavalue.value end end elseif dataType == 'string' then local formatterURL = entityObject:getBestStatements('P1630')[1] if formatterURL then link = formatterURL.mainsnak.datavalue.value else local subjectItem = entityObject:getBestStatements('P1629')[1] if subjectItem then local officialWebsite = mw.wikibase.getEntity(subjectItem.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id):getBestStatements('P856')[1] if officialWebsite then link = officialWebsite.mainsnak.datavalue.value end end end else returnVal.isError = true end elseif type(property) == 'string' then link = property end local valurl = val if mw.ustring.find( link, 'antweb.org' ) then valurl = mw.ustring.gsub(valurl, ' ', '%%20') end if type(property) == 'number' then --doublecheck language for Wildflowers of Israel ID if property == 3746 then link = mw.ustring.gsub(link, '/hebrew/', '/english/') end --format spaces in PfaF binomials, e.g. "Elaeagnus x ebbingei" if property == 4301 then valurl = mw.ustring.gsub(valurl, ' ', '+') end --format spaces in FoAO2 binomials, e.g. "Scaevola basedowii" if property == 6756 then valurl = mw.ustring.gsub(valurl, ' ', '+') end end valurl = mw.ustring.gsub(valurl,'%%','%%%%') link = mw.ustring.gsub(link, '$1', valurl) end link = mw.ustring.gsub(link, '^[Hh][Tt][Tt][Pp]([Ss]?)&#58;//', 'http%1://') -- fix wikidata URL val = mw.ustring.match(val, '([^=/]*)/?$') -- get display name from end of URL if mw.ustring.find( link, '//' ) then returnVal.text = '['..link..' '..mw.text.encode(mw.uri.decode(val, 'PATH'),'%[%]')..']' elseif link == '' then returnVal.text = val else returnVal.text = '<span class="external">[['..link..'|'..val..']]</span>' end return returnVal end local function createRow( id, label, rawValue, link, withUid ) if link then local outStr = '*<span style="white-space:nowrap;">' .. label .. ' <span' if withUid then outStr = outStr..' class="uid"' end return outStr..'>' .. link .. '</span></span>\n' else return '* ' .. mw.text.tag('span', {class='error'}, 'The identifier ' .. id .. ' ' .. rawValue .. ' is not valid.') .. '\n' end end local function copyTable(inTable) if type(inTable) ~= 'table' then return inTable end local outTable = setmetatable({}, getmetatable(inTable)) for key, value in pairs (inTable) do outTable[copyTable(key)] = copyTable(value) end return outTable end local p = {} --[[==========================================================================]] --[[ Main ]] --[[==========================================================================]] function p.authorityControlTaxon( frame ) local resolveEntity = require( 'Module:ResolveEntityId' ) local parentArgs = copyTable(frame:getParent().args) local currentTitle = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() local currentEntityId = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() local stringArgs = false local fromTitleCount, firstRow, rowCount = 1, 0, 0 local outString, errors = '', '' local tFroms = {} --non-sequential table of unique froms local iFroms = 0 --integer size of tFroms, b/c Lua local categories = { '[[Category:Taxonbars without from parameter]]', '[[Category:Taxonbars desynced from Wikidata]]', '', -- [3] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars using multiple manual Wikidata items]] '', -- [4] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with invalid from parameters]] '', -- [5] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars using manual taxon IDs]] '', -- [6] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbar pages requiring a Wikidata item]] '', -- [7] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars without primary Wikidata taxon IDs]] '', -- [8] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars without secondary Wikidata taxon IDs]] '', -- [9] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with duplicate from parameters]] '', --[10] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with manual taxon IDs differing from Wikidata]] '', --[11] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with manual taxon IDs identical to Wikidata]] '', --[12] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars on possible non-taxon pages]] '', --[13] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with automatically added basionyms]] '', --[14] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with automatically added original combinations]] '', --[15] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with automatically added monotypic genera]] '', --[16] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars of monotypic species missing genera]] '', --[17] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with unknown parameters]] '', --[18] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with 20–24 taxon IDs]] '', --[19] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with 25–29 taxon IDs]] '', --[20] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with 30–34 taxon IDs]] '', --[21] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with 35–39 taxon IDs]] '', --[22] placeholder for [[Category:Taxonbars with 40+ taxon IDs]] } local acceptableInstanceOf_Strict = { ['Q16521'] = 'taxon', --strict ['Q310890'] = 'monotypic taxon', --strict ['Q2568288'] = 'ichnotaxon', --strict ['Q23038290'] = 'fossil taxon', --strict ['Q47487597'] = 'monotypic fossil taxon', --strict } local acceptableInstanceOf_All = { ['Q16521'] = 'taxon', --strict ['Q310890'] = 'monotypic taxon', --strict ['Q2568288'] = 'ichnotaxon', --strict ['Q23038290'] = 'fossil taxon', --strict ['Q47487597'] = 'monotypic fossil taxon', --strict ['Q42621'] = 'hybrid', --lax ['Q235536'] = 'incertae sedis', --lax ['Q713623'] = 'clade', --lax ['Q848328'] = 'serotype', --lax ['Q857968'] = 'candidatus', --lax ['Q17487588'] = 'unavailable combination', --lax } --Assess the page's relationship with Wikidata local currentItem = nil if currentTitle.namespace == 10 then --i.e. Module:Taxonbar/sandbox, Template:Taxonbar/doc, etc. if resolveEntity._id(parentArgs['from']) then currentItem = mw.wikibase.getEntity(parentArgs['from']) end if currentItem == nil then if resolveEntity._id(parentArgs['from1']) then currentItem = mw.wikibase.getEntity(parentArgs['from1']) end end elseif resolveEntity._id(currentEntityId) then currentItem = mw.wikibase.getEntity(currentEntityId) else --currentEntityId == nil/unresolvable categories[6] = '[[Category:Taxonbar pages requiring a Wikidata item]]' end if currentItem then categories[12] = '[[Category:Taxonbars on possible non-taxon pages]]' --unset if acceptable found for _, instanceOfState in pairs ( currentItem:getBestStatements('P31') ) do --instance of local instanceOf = instanceOfState.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id if acceptableInstanceOf_All[instanceOf] then categories[12] = '' break end end end --Cleanup args for k, v in pairs( frame:getParent().args ) do if type(k) == 'string' then --make args case insensitive local lowerk = mw.ustring.lower(k) if isNilOrEmpty( parentArgs[lowerk] ) then parentArgs[k] = nil parentArgs[lowerk] = v end --remap abc to abc1 if mw.ustring.find(lowerk,'%d$') == nil then --if no number at end of param if isNilOrEmpty( parentArgs[lowerk..'1'] ) then parentArgs[lowerk] = nil lowerk = lowerk..'1' parentArgs[lowerk] = v end end if v and v ~= '' then --remap 'for' to 'title' if mw.ustring.sub(lowerk,1,3) == 'for' then local forTitle = mw.ustring.gsub(lowerk,'^for','title',1) if isNilOrEmpty( parentArgs[forTitle] ) then parentArgs[lowerk] = nil lowerk = forTitle parentArgs[lowerk] = v end end --find highest from or title param if mw.ustring.sub(lowerk,1,4) == 'from' then local fromNumber = tonumber(mw.ustring.sub(lowerk,5,-1)) if fromNumber and fromNumber >= fromTitleCount then fromTitleCount = fromNumber end --look for duplicate froms while we're here if mw.ustring.find(v, '^Q%d') then if tFroms[v] then categories[9] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with duplicate from parameters]]' tFroms[v] = tFroms[v] + 1 else tFroms[v] = 1 iFroms = iFroms + 1 end if iFroms == 2 then categories[3] = '[[Category:Taxonbars using multiple manual Wikidata items]]' end end elseif mw.ustring.sub(lowerk,1,5) == 'title' then local titleNumber = tonumber(mw.ustring.sub(lowerk,4,-1)) if titleNumber and titleNumber >= fromTitleCount then fromTitleCount = titleNumber end elseif mw.ustring.lower(v) ~= 'no' then stringArgs = true categories[5] = '[[Category:Taxonbars using manual taxon IDs]]' end end end end --Check for unknown parameters --create knowns list local acceptableArgs = { from = true, } --master list of l/c acceptable args for _, d in pairs( conf.databases ) do if d[1] ~= 'Wikidata' then --made obsolete by from acceptableArgs[mw.ustring.lower(d[1])] = true end end for _, a in pairs( conf.aliases ) do acceptableArgs[mw.ustring.lower(a[1])] = true end --create trimmed parents list local baseParentArgs = {} --condensed list of l/c parent args w/o trailing #s for k, v in pairs( parentArgs ) do if type(k) == 'string' then --ignore unnamed params, which have keys of type 'number' local lowerk = mw.ustring.lower(k) local base = mw.ustring.gsub(lowerk, '[%d]*$', '') baseParentArgs[base] = true end end --compare lists and spit out unknowns local unknownParams = {} for k, v in pairs( baseParentArgs ) do if acceptableArgs[k] == nil then categories[17] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with unknown parameters|' .. k ..']]' unknownParams[#unknownParams + 1] = k end end --warn if unknown(s) present if #unknownParams > 0 then local plural = nil local itthem = nil if #unknownParams == 1 then plural = '' itthem = 'it' else plural = 's' itthem = 'them' end if frame:preprocess( '{{REVISIONID}}' ) == '' then errors = errors..'<div class="hatnote" style="color:red">'.. '<strong>Warning:</strong> unknown parameter'..plural..' <strong>'..table.concat(unknownParams, ', ')..'</strong>.<br />'.. 'Please correct '..itthem..' or consider adding '..itthem..' to Wikidata.<br />'.. 'This message is only shown in preview.</div>' end end --Append basionym to arg list, if not already provided if currentItem then local currentBasState = currentItem:getBestStatements('P566')[1] --basionym if currentBasState then local basionymId = currentBasState.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id if basionymId and resolveEntity._id(basionymId) and tFroms[basionymId] == nil then --check that basionym is a strict instance of taxon local basionymItem = mw.wikibase.getEntity(basionymId) if basionymItem then for _, instanceOfState in pairs ( basionymItem:getBestStatements('P31') ) do --instance of local instanceOf = instanceOfState.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id if acceptableInstanceOf_Strict[instanceOf] then --housekeeping tFroms[basionymId] = 1 iFroms = iFroms + 1 fromTitleCount = fromTitleCount + 1 --append basionym & track parentArgs['from'..fromTitleCount] = basionymId categories[13] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with automatically added basionyms]]' break end end end end end end --Append original combination to arg list, if not already provided if currentItem then local currentOCState = currentItem:getBestStatements('P1403')[1] --original combination if currentOCState then local orcoId = currentOCState.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id if orcoId and resolveEntity._id(orcoId) and tFroms[orcoId] == nil then --check that orco is a strict instance of taxon local orcoItem = mw.wikibase.getEntity(orcoId) if orcoItem then for _, instanceOfState in pairs ( orcoItem:getBestStatements('P31') ) do --instance of local instanceOf = instanceOfState.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id if acceptableInstanceOf_Strict[instanceOf] then --housekeeping tFroms[orcoId] = 1 iFroms = iFroms + 1 fromTitleCount = fromTitleCount + 1 --append orco & track parentArgs['from'..fromTitleCount] = orcoId categories[14] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with automatically added original combinations]]' break end end end end end end --Append monotypic genus/species to arg list of monotypic species/genus, if not already provided if currentItem then for _, instanceOfState in pairs ( currentItem:getBestStatements('P31') ) do --instance of local taxonRank = nil local parentItem = nil local parentTaxon = nil local parentTaxonRank = nil local parentMonoGenus = nil --holy grail/tbd local instanceOf = instanceOfState.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id if instanceOf and (instanceOf == 'Q310890' or instanceOf == 'Q47487597') then --monotypic/fossil taxon local taxonRankState = currentItem:getBestStatements('P105')[1] --taxon rank if taxonRankState then taxonRank = taxonRankState.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id end if taxonRank and taxonRank == 'Q7432' then --species --is monotypic species; add genus local parentTaxonState = currentItem:getBestStatements('P171')[1] --parent taxon if parentTaxonState then parentTaxon = parentTaxonState.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id end --confirm parent taxon rank == genus & monotypic if parentTaxon and resolveEntity._id(parentTaxon) then parentItem = mw.wikibase.getEntity(parentTaxon) if parentItem then local parentTaxonRankState = parentItem:getBestStatements('P105')[1] --taxon rank if parentTaxonRankState then parentTaxonRank = parentTaxonRankState.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id end if parentTaxonRank and parentTaxonRank == 'Q34740' then --parent == genus for _, parentInstanceOfState in pairs ( parentItem:getBestStatements('P31') ) do --instance of local parentInstanceOf = parentInstanceOfState.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id if parentInstanceOf and (parentInstanceOf == 'Q310890' or parentInstanceOf == 'Q47487597') then --monotypic/fossil taxon parentMonoGenus = parentTaxon --confirmed break end end if parentMonoGenus and tFroms[parentMonoGenus] == nil then --housekeeping tFroms[parentMonoGenus] = 1 iFroms = iFroms + 1 fromTitleCount = fromTitleCount + 1 --append monotypic genus & track parentArgs['from'..fromTitleCount] = parentMonoGenus categories[15] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with automatically added monotypic genera]]' break end end end end if parentMonoGenus == nil or tFroms[parentMonoGenus] == nil then categories[16] = '[[Category:Taxonbars of monotypic species missing genera]]' break end elseif taxonRank and taxonRank == 'Q34740' then --genus --is monotypic genus; add species --... end end end end --if currentItem --Setup navbox local navboxParams = { name = 'Taxonbar', bodyclass = 'hlist', listclass = '', groupstyle = 'text-align: left;', } for f = 1, fromTitleCount, 1 do local elements, title = {}, nil --cleanup parameters if parentArgs['from'..f] == '' then parentArgs['from'..f] = nil end if parentArgs['title'..f] == '' then parentArgs['title'..f] = nil end --remap aliases for _, a in pairs( conf.aliases ) do local alias, name = mw.ustring.lower(a[1]), mw.ustring.lower(a[2]) if parentArgs[alias..f] and parentArgs[name..f] == nil then parentArgs[name..f] = parentArgs[alias..f] parentArgs[alias..f] = nil end end --Fetch Wikidata item local from = resolveEntity._id(parentArgs['from'..f]) local item = mw.wikibase.getEntity(from) local label = nil if type(item) == 'table' then local statements = item:getBestStatements('P225')[1] --taxon name if statements then local datavalue = statements.mainsnak.datavalue if datavalue then label = datavalue.value end end label = label or item:getLabel() else if parentArgs['from'..f] then categories[1] = '' categories[4] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with invalid from parameters]]' errors = errors .. mw.text.tag('strong', {class='error'}, 'Error: "' .. parentArgs['from'..f] .. '" is not a valid Wikidata entity ID.<br />') end end if label and label ~= '' then title = mw.title.new(label) end if title == nil and parentArgs['title'..f] then title = mw.title.new(parentArgs['title'..f]) end if title == nil and f == 1 then title = currentTitle end if title then if isNilOrEmpty( parentArgs['wikidata'..f] ) and (title.namespace == 0) then if parentArgs['from'..f] then parentArgs['wikidata'..f] = parentArgs['from'..f] elseif item then parentArgs['wikidata'..f] = item.id end end if title.namespace == 0 or stringArgs then --only in mainspace or if manual overrides exist local sourceCount = 0 for _, params in pairs( conf.databases ) do params[1] = mw.ustring.lower(params[1]) local propId = params[3] --Wikidata fallback if requested if (item and item.claims) and (type(propId) == 'string' or (type(propId) == 'number' and propId > 0)) then local wikidataId = getIdFromWikidata( item, 'P' .. propId ) local v = parentArgs[params[1]..f] if wikidataId then if isNilOrEmpty(v) then parentArgs[params[1]..f] = wikidataId else if v and v ~= 'no' and v ~= wikidataId then categories[10] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with manual taxon IDs differing from Wikidata]]' elseif v and v == wikidataId then categories[11] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with manual taxon IDs identical to Wikidata]]' end end end end local val = parentArgs[params[1]..f] if val and val ~= '' and mw.ustring.lower(val) ~= 'no' then if type(propId) == 'number' then if propId < 0 then propId = -propId end --allow link if propId > 0 then --link table.insert( elements, createRow( params[1], params[2]..':', val, getLink( propId, val ).text, true ) ) else --propId == 0; no link table.insert( elements, createRow( params[1], params[2]..':', val, val, true ) ) end else table.insert( elements, createRow( params[1], params[2]..':', val, getLink( propId, val ).text, true ) ) end if params[1] ~= 'wikidata' and params[1] ~= 'wikispecies' then sourceCount = sourceCount + 1 end end end if sourceCount >= 40 then categories[22] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with 40+ taxon IDs]]' elseif sourceCount >= 35 then categories[21] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with 35–39 taxon IDs]]' --endashes elseif sourceCount >= 30 then categories[20] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with 30–34 taxon IDs]]' elseif sourceCount >= 25 then categories[19] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with 25–29 taxon IDs]]' elseif sourceCount >= 20 then categories[18] = '[[Category:Taxonbars with 20–24 taxon IDs]]' end --Generate navbox title if sourceCount > 0 then rowCount = rowCount + 1 if firstRow == 0 then firstRow = f end --set title from wikidata if it doesn't exist if isNilOrEmpty( parentArgs['title'..f] ) then parentArgs['noTitle'..f] = true parentArgs['title'..f] = title.text end --if it exists now, set row heading to title if not isNilOrEmpty( parentArgs['title'..f] ) then navboxParams['group'..f] = TaxonItalics.italicizeTaxonName(parentArgs['title'..f], false) else navboxParams['group'..f] = '' end navboxParams['list'..f] = table.concat( elements ) elseif currentEntityId and (currentEntityId == parentArgs['from'..f] or fromTitleCount == 1) then categories[7] = '[[Category:Taxonbars without primary Wikidata taxon IDs]]' else categories[8] = '[[Category:Taxonbars without secondary Wikidata taxon IDs]]' end --Categorize if not isNilOrEmpty( parentArgs['from'..f] ) then --blank "missing from" if 'from' exists categories[1] = '' --blank "desynced" if 'from' matches current page if parentArgs['from'..f] == currentEntityId then categories[2] = '' end end --cannot be "desynced" if no 'from' params if categories[1] ~= '' then categories[2] = '' end end end end --for f = 1, fromTitleCount, 1 if rowCount > 0 then local Navbox = require('Module:Navbox') if rowCount > 1 then --remove duplicates and move page title to top local rowIDs = {} for f = 1,fromTitleCount,1 do if not isNilOrEmpty( parentArgs['title'..f] ) then if rowIDs[parentArgs['wikidata'..f]] then --remove duplicate navboxParams['group'..f] = nil navboxParams['list'..f] = nil else rowIDs[parentArgs['wikidata'..f]] = true if f > firstRow and (parentArgs['title'..f] == currentTitle.text or parentArgs['wikidata'..f] == currentEntityId) then --move item linked to page to top if navboxParams['group'..f] and navboxParams['group'..f] ~= '' and navboxParams['list'..f] and navboxParams['list'..f] ~= '' then local tempGroup, tempList = navboxParams['group'..f], navboxParams['list'..f] navboxParams['group'..f], navboxParams['list'..f] = navboxParams['group'..firstRow], navboxParams['list'..firstRow] navboxParams['group'..firstRow], navboxParams['list'..firstRow] = tempGroup, tempList end end end end end --adjust navbox for number of rows navboxParams['title'] = '[[Help:Taxon identifiers|Taxon identifiers]]' if rowCount > 2 then navboxParams['navbar'] = 'plain' else navboxParams['state'] = 'off' navboxParams['navbar'] = 'off' end elseif parentArgs['noTitle'..firstRow] then navboxParams['group'..firstRow] = '[[Help:Taxon identifiers|Taxon identifiers]]' else navboxParams['group'..firstRow] = '[[Help:Taxon identifiers|Taxon identifiers]]<br />' .. navboxParams['group'..firstRow] end --return navbox outString = Navbox._navbox(navboxParams) end --if rowCount > 0 --Add categories if string.sub(currentTitle.subpageText,1,9) == 'testcases' then parentArgs['demo'] = true end if not isNilOrEmpty( parentArgs['demo'] ) then outString = outString .. mw.text.nowiki(table.concat(categories)) .. '<br />' elseif currentTitle.namespace == 0 then outString = outString .. table.concat(categories) end return outString .. errors end return p a5vx1r2ivrcgtktk4hy83clvy6oqint 0 615851 9545012 8721954 2024-05-14T21:44:14Z Dream Indigo 1398040 −[[Category:2018 disestablishments in India]]; +[[Category:2010s Indian television series]]; ±[[Category:2018 television series endings]]→[[Category:2018 Indian television series endings]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki przpfpii4t45r2se25q9dki89gsr1w7 0 615879 9544965 8173085 2024-05-14T21:21:52Z Dream Indigo 1398040 −[[Category:2010s Indian television series debuts]]; ±[[Category:2013 television series debuts]]→[[Category:2013 Indian television series debuts]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki 0ynx8v7bglauq1j27s2jlpw9wf3mw2k 0 615945 9544655 8573017 2024-05-14T19:09:46Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 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1398040 −[[Category:2018 disestablishments in India]]; ±[[Category:2018 television series endings]]→[[Category:2018 Indian television series endings]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki rwjhpougzjrhz5zzsj1bm1839k49tl3 0 618353 9545299 8725249 2024-05-15T02:29:20Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki r1tukwfpajaff0vmvydqqcxm07kxtqf 0 619366 9545011 9046772 2024-05-14T21:42:02Z Dream Indigo 1398040 + 2 categories; ±[[Category:2018 disestablishments in India]]→[[Category:2018 Indian television series endings]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]]; + fixes wikitext text/x-wiki qgnrri7u9zqejf4t89omudgdg5bvemv 0 620213 9545002 8216944 2024-05-14T21:32:13Z Dream Indigo 1398040 + 2 categories; ±[[Category:2018 television series endings]]→[[Category:2018 Indian television series endings]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki ganmtd18fulprbk7nvwq55w8gb0czqz 0 620344 9545009 9470930 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subject to page protection]] ([Edit=Allow only autoconfirmed users] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite)) Scribunto text/plain -- to enable us to replicate the current functioning of Country extract, we need to deal with: -- 2 {{<name>}} DONE! -- 3 [[<name>]] DONE! -- 4 [[<name>|<junk>]] DONE! -- 5 [[image:flag of <country>.[svg|gif|png|jpg]|\d+px]] DONE! local p = {} local getArgs = require("Module:Arguments").getArgs local data = mw.loadData("Module:ISO 3166/data/National") --[[----------F I N D N A M E----------]]-- -- Finds the name in the database local function findname(code,cdata,qry) local sqry = p.strip(qry) if cdata["name"] and sqry==p.strip(cdata["name"]) or cdata["isoname"] and sqry==p.strip(cdata["isoname"]) or not cdata["nocode"] and sqry==code or sqry==cdata["alpha3"] or sqry==cdata["numeric"] then return true end for _,tname in pairs(cdata["isonames"] or {}) do if sqry==p.strip(tname) then return true end end for _,tname in pairs(cdata["altnames"] or {}) do if sqry==p.strip(tname) then return true end end return false end --[[----------I S O N A M E----------]]-- -- Find the ISO name of a country/region local function isoname(data,code,lang) if data[code]["isonames"] then local name = data[code]["isodisplaynames"] and data[code]["isodisplaynames"][lang] or data[code]["isonames"][lang] or data[code]["isodisplaynames"] and data[code]["isodisplaynames"][data[code]["defaultlang"] or data["defaultlang"]] or data[code]["isonames"][data[code]["defaultlang"] or data["defaultlang"]] or data[code]["isodisplaynames"] and data[code]["isodisplaynames"]["en"] or data[code]["isonames"]["en"] if name then return name end for _,iname in pairs(data[code]["isonames"]) do return iname end return data[code]["isodisplayname"] or data[code]["isoname"] else return data[code]["isodisplayname"] or data[code]["isoname"] end end --[[----------S T R I P----------]]-- -- Removes junk from the input function p.strip(text) local accents = {["À"]="A",["Á"]="A",["Â"]="A",["Ã"]="A", -- accent list ["Ä"]="A",["Å"]="A",["Ç"]="C",["È"]="E",["É"]="E", ["Ê"]="E",["Ë"]="E",["Ì"]="I",["Í"]="I",["Î"]="I", ["Ï"]="I",["Ñ"]="N",["Ò"]="O",["Ó"]="O",["Ô"]="O", ["Õ"]="O",["Ö"]="O",["Ø"]="O",["Ù"]="U",["Ú"]="U", ["Û"]="U",["Ü"]="U",["Ý"]="Y" } local remove = {"NATION OF","COUNTRY OF","TERRITORY OF", -- text to be removed list "FLAG OF","FLAG","KINGDOM OF","STATE OF"," STATE ", "PROVINCE OF","PROVINCE","TERRITORY" } local patterns = {[".+:"]="",["|.+"]="",["%(.-%)"]="", -- patterns to follow (order may matter) ["%..*"]="",["^THE "]="",["%_"]=" ",["%-"]=" ", ["%d%d?%d?PX"]="", } text = mw.ustring.upper(text) -- Case insensitivity text = mw.ustring.gsub(text,"[À-Ý]",accents) -- Deaccent for pattern,value in pairs(patterns) do -- Follow patterns text = mw.ustring.gsub(text,pattern,value) end for _,words in pairs(remove) do -- Remove unneeded words text = mw.ustring.gsub(text,words,"") end text = mw.ustring.gsub(text,"%W","") -- Remove non alpha-numeric return text end --[[----------P . C A L L S T R I P ---------]]-- -- Calls P.strip but using Module:Arguments function p.callstrip(frame) local args = getArgs(frame) return p.strip(args[1]) or "" end --[[----------P . L U A C O D E---------]]-- -- Makes the ISO code of a country function p.luacode(args) if string.find(args[1] or '',"%-") then args[1], args[2] = string.match(args[1] or '',"^([^%-]*)%-(.*)$") end if args[1] then args[1] = p.strip(args[1]) end if args[2] then args[2] = p.strip(args[2]) end if args["codetype"]=="3" then args["codetype"]="alpha3" end local eot = args.error or "" local catnocountry = (args.nocat and args.nocat == 'true') and '' or '[[Category:Wikipedia page with obscure country]]' local catnosubdivision = (args.nocat and args.nocat == 'true') and '' or '[[Category:Wikipedia page with obscure subdivision]]' if not args[1] then if mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace ~= 0 then catnocountry = '' end return catnocountry, '<span style="font-size:100%" class="error">"No parameter for the country given"</span>' end if not args[2] then --3166-1 code for alpha2,cdata in pairs(data) do if findname(alpha2,cdata,args[1]) then if args["codetype"]=="numeric" or args["codetype"]=="alpha3" then return cdata[args["codetype"]] else return alpha2 end end end if mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace ~= 0 then catnocountry = '' end return catnocountry else --3166-2 code for alpha2,cdata in pairs(data) do if findname(alpha2,cdata,args[1]) then if mw.ustring.match(alpha2,"GB") then -- For England, Wales etc. alpha2 = "GB" end local sdata = mw.loadData("Module:ISO 3166/data/"..alpha2) local empty = true for scode,scdata in pairs(sdata) do if type(scdata)=="table" then empty = false if findname(scode,scdata,args[2]) then return alpha2.."-"..scode end end end if mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace ~= 0 then catnosubdivision = '' end return catnosubdivision end end if mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace ~= 0 then catnocountry = '' end return catnocountry end end --[[----------P . C O D E---------]]-- -- Calls P.Luacode but using Module:Arguments function p.code(frame) return p.luacode(getArgs(frame)) or "" end --[[----------P . N U M E R I C---------]]-- -- Calls P.Luacode but using Module:Arguments and setting it to output a numeric value function p.numeric(frame) local args = getArgs(frame) args["codetype"]="numeric" return p.luacode(args) or "" end --[[----------P . L U A N A M E---------]]-- -- Makes the ISO/common name of a country function p.luaname(args) local code1 = p.luacode(args) local code2 = '' if string.find(code1,"%-") then code1, code2 = string.match(code1,"^([^%-]*)%-(.*)$") end if string.find(code1,"^%u%u$") then if code2=="" then --3166-1 alpha-2 code if data[code1] then return (args.isoname or args.lang) and isoname(data,code1,args.lang) or (data[code1]["displayname"] or data[code1]["name"]) else return '[[Category:Wikipedia page with obscure country]]' end else --3166-2 code local sdata if data[code1] then sdata = mw.loadData("Module:ISO 3166/data/"..code1) else return '[[Category:Wikipedia page with obscure country]]' end if sdata[code2] then return (args.isoname or args.lang) and isoname(sdata,code2,args.lang) or (sdata[code2]["displayname"] or sdata[code2]["name"]) else return '[[Category:Wikipedia page with obscure country]]' end end end end --[[----------P . N A M E---------]]-- -- Calls P.Luaname but using Module:Arguments function p.name(frame) return p.luaname(getArgs(frame)) or "" end --[[----------P . G E O C O O R D I N S E R T---------]]-- -- Wrapper for Module:Coordinates.coordinsert function p.geocoordinsert(frame) -- {{#invoke:ISO 3166|geocoordinsert|{{coord|...}} -- |country=..|subdivision1=...|subdivision2=... -- |type=...|scale=...|dim=...|source=...|globe=... -- }} local args = frame.args local subdivisionqueried = false local catnocountry = (args.nocat and args.nocat == 'true') and '' or '[[Category:Wikipedia page with obscure country]]' local catnosubdivision = (args.nocat and args.nocat == 'true') and '' or '[[Category:Wikipedia page with obscure subdivision]]' or '' local tracking = '' local targs = {} targs[1] = args[1] or '' for i, v in pairs(args) do if i == 'country' and not mw.ustring.find(targs[1], 'region:') then local country = v local k, region = 1, '' -- look for a valid subdivision while region == '' and k < 3 do local subdivision = args['subdivision' .. k] or '' if subdivision ~= '' then region = p.luacode({country, subdivision, nocat = 'true'}) subdivisionqueried = true end k = k + 1 end -- subdivision lookup failed or never attempted, try country only if region == '' then region = p.luacode({country, nocat = 'true'}) if mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace ~= 0 then catnocountry, catnosubdivision = '', '' end if region == '' then tracking = tracking .. catnocountry elseif subdivisionqueried == true then tracking = tracking .. catnosubdivision end end -- something worked, add it to the targs if region ~= '' then targs[#targs + 1] = 'region:' .. region end elseif i == 'type' or i == 'scale' or i == 'dim' or i == 'source' or i == 'globe' then targs[#targs + 1] = i .. ':' .. v end end -- call Module:Coordinates.coordinsert if there is something to insert if #targs > 1 then local coordinsert = require('Module:Coordinates').coordinsert return coordinsert({args = targs}) .. tracking end -- otherwise, just return the coordinates return targs[1] .. tracking end return p cl5y3l9i1ehfhue63ia6kd4363bhtds 0 670981 9544961 8943421 2024-05-14T21:20:19Z Dream Indigo 1398040 removed [[Category:2010s Indian television series debuts]]; added [[Category:2013 Indian television series debuts]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki pro57c7iiiimk2ejoyowdr0ddy9avct 828 674873 9543926 6377128 2024-05-14T13:15:00Z FusionSub 1248114 /* See also */ The templates for discussion archives don't exist here wikitext text/x-wiki cqs7a5w4v72ndd241tb1xdvmm35z2yo 0 675456 9545803 9174837 2024-05-15T08:35:48Z 41.90.70.209 wikitext text/x-wiki 0r34rg8yymwxn321ohm7p51vpz8o1w0 0 677817 9545439 9504405 2024-05-15T04:14:39Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki pxmpqkbp8irr68praklnn81r25n9fzg 0 677836 9544353 8670948 2024-05-14T17:35:08Z 2600:1008:B093:76A8:BC20:AC5D:F2F0:3754 wikitext text/x-wiki g37uzhti343dy710jclhgp643vd33of 9544354 9544353 2024-05-14T17:35:12Z ChenzwBot 16695 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/2600:1008:B093:76A8:BC20:AC5D:F2F0:3754|2600:1008:B093:76A8:BC20:AC5D:F2F0:3754]] ([[User talk:2600:1008:B093:76A8:BC20:AC5D:F2F0:3754|talk]]) to last version by Ferien wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |name = John Rose |image = John Rose, official portrait, 116th Congress.jpg |state = [[Tennessee]] |district = {{ushr|TN|6|6th}} |term_start = January 3, 2019 |term_end = |predecessor = [[Diane Black]] |successor = |office1 = 33rd [[Commissioner of Agriculture of Tennessee|Agriculture Commissioner of Tennessee]] |governor1 = [[Don Sundquist]] |term_start1 = August 1, 2002 |term_end1 = January 18, 2003 |predecessor1 = Dan Wheeler |successor1 = [[Ken Givens]] |birth_name = John Williams Rose |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|2|23}} |birth_place = [[Cookeville, Tennessee]], U.S. |death_date = |death_place = |party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] |spouse = Chelsea Doss (age 33) |education = [[Tennessee Technological University]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])<br>[[Purdue University]] ([[Master of Science|MS]])<br>[[Vanderbilt University]] ([[Juris Doctor|JD]]) |website = {{url|johnrose.com|Campaign website}}<br>{{url|johnrose.house.gov|House website}} }} '''John Williams Rose''' (born February 23, 1965) is an American politician and businessman. He is the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] for Tennessee's [[Tennessee's 6th congressional district|6th]] congressional district since 2019. He was the [[Commissioner of Agriculture of Tennessee]] and was president of Boson Software, LLC.<ref name="CHC">http://www.ajlambert.com/jared/stry_jwr.pdf</ref><ref name="tntech">{{cite web|url=https://www.tntech.edu/news/archive/john-rose-selected-for-tbr-chancellors-award-for-excellence-in-philanthropy|title=John Rose selected for TBR Chancellor's Award for Excellence in Philanthropy|website=Tennessee Tech|access-date=2019-01-26|archive-date=2020-05-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503234437/https://www.tntech.edu/news/archive/john-rose-selected-for-tbr-chancellors-award-for-excellence-in-philanthropy|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * [https://johnrose.house.gov/ Congressman John Rose] official U.S. House website *[https://johnrose.com/ John Rose for Congress] {{CongLinks|votesmart=180452|congbio=R000612|fec=H8TN06094|congress=john-rose/R000612}} {{US-bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rose, John Williams}} [[Category:1965 births]] [[Category:United States representatives from Tennessee]] [[Category:Republican Party (United States) politicians]] [[Category:Businesspeople from Tennessee]] [[Category:Living people]] l2vsw9cvhhsdfxqqwwy636c5ey8pgiq 9544362 9544354 2024-05-14T17:36:51Z 2600:1008:B093:76A8:BC20:AC5D:F2F0:3754 wikitext text/x-wiki meormjobdvkxvzyuda9cuvvqat6qbd9 9544364 9544362 2024-05-14T17:37:52Z Codename Noreste 1320268 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/2600:1008:B093:76A8:BC20:AC5D:F2F0:3754|2600:1008:B093:76A8:BC20:AC5D:F2F0:3754]] ([[User talk:2600:1008:B093:76A8:BC20:AC5D:F2F0:3754|talk]]) to last version by ChenzwBot: reverting [[WP:VAN|vandalism]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |name = John Rose |image = John Rose, official portrait, 116th Congress.jpg |state = [[Tennessee]] |district = {{ushr|TN|6|6th}} |term_start = January 3, 2019 |term_end = |predecessor = [[Diane Black]] |successor = |office1 = 33rd [[Commissioner of Agriculture of Tennessee|Agriculture Commissioner of Tennessee]] |governor1 = [[Don Sundquist]] |term_start1 = August 1, 2002 |term_end1 = January 18, 2003 |predecessor1 = Dan Wheeler |successor1 = [[Ken Givens]] |birth_name = John Williams Rose |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|2|23}} |birth_place = [[Cookeville, Tennessee]], U.S. |death_date = |death_place = |party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] |spouse = Chelsea Doss (age 33) |education = [[Tennessee Technological University]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])<br>[[Purdue University]] ([[Master of Science|MS]])<br>[[Vanderbilt University]] ([[Juris Doctor|JD]]) |website = {{url|johnrose.com|Campaign website}}<br>{{url|johnrose.house.gov|House website}} }} '''John Williams Rose''' (born February 23, 1965) is an American politician and businessman. He is the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] for Tennessee's [[Tennessee's 6th congressional district|6th]] congressional district since 2019. He was the [[Commissioner of Agriculture of Tennessee]] and was president of Boson Software, LLC.<ref name="CHC">http://www.ajlambert.com/jared/stry_jwr.pdf</ref><ref name="tntech">{{cite web|url=https://www.tntech.edu/news/archive/john-rose-selected-for-tbr-chancellors-award-for-excellence-in-philanthropy|title=John Rose selected for TBR Chancellor's Award for Excellence in Philanthropy|website=Tennessee Tech|access-date=2019-01-26|archive-date=2020-05-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503234437/https://www.tntech.edu/news/archive/john-rose-selected-for-tbr-chancellors-award-for-excellence-in-philanthropy|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * [https://johnrose.house.gov/ Congressman John Rose] official U.S. House website *[https://johnrose.com/ John Rose for Congress] {{CongLinks|votesmart=180452|congbio=R000612|fec=H8TN06094|congress=john-rose/R000612}} {{US-bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rose, John Williams}} [[Category:1965 births]] [[Category:United States representatives from Tennessee]] [[Category:Republican Party (United States) politicians]] [[Category:Businesspeople from Tennessee]] [[Category:Living people]] l2vsw9cvhhsdfxqqwwy636c5ey8pgiq 14 685295 9544958 6506286 2024-05-14T21:18:17Z Dream Indigo 1398040 removed [[Category:Television series]]; added [[Category:Television programs by language]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki ku3glg65emuxx36f29aju884m2a5fyu 3 687555 9545108 6488895 2024-05-14T23:10:11Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 Notification: listing at [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] of [[Yotta Eg]]. 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([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki prfpxvdnrkk22bsw5miktj8i6ppc5u2 0 723153 9544448 9281376 2024-05-14T18:13:01Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki cq1dbcveukblzvi5s75wxingfn7z8vn 0 723170 9544476 9275552 2024-05-14T18:20:37Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki l49qkzhwn324o3m65z41zxpac1x3x5t 0 724778 9545818 9359066 2024-05-15T08:58:30Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki hozgpxr8dknrr7l50k7aklw8h2gtgzw 0 726730 9544372 7651147 2024-05-14T17:43:40Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki rle3b0ohvlp7zinaw04eez7679b3yrd 0 727127 9544059 9536780 2024-05-14T15:06:58Z XXBlackburnXx 527152 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/185.69.145.59|185.69.145.59]] ([[User talk:185.69.145.59|talk]]) to last version by ChenzwBot wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}} {{Infobox person | name = Marcus Rashford | honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|MBE}} | image = Press Tren CSKA - MU (3).jpg | image_size = 200 | caption = Rashford warming up for [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] in 2017 | birth_name = Marcus Rashford<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/465277 |title=Squads for 2017/18 Premier League confirmed |publisher=Premier League |date=1 September 2017 |access-date=15 December 2017}}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1997|10|31|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.11v11.com/players/marcus-rashford-250719/ |title=Marcus Rashford |website=11v11.com |publisher=AFS Enterprises |access-date=15 December 2017}}</ref> | birth_place = [[Wythenshawe]], England | nationality = English | occupation = {{hlist|[[footballer]]|Social campaigner}} | organisation = End Child Food Poverty | website = {{URL|https://endchildfoodpoverty.org/}} | module = {{Infobox football biography | embed = yes | header-color = lavender | height = | position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]] | currentclub = [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] | clubnumber = 10 | youthyears1 = 2003–2005 |youthclubs1 = [[Fletcher Moss Rangers F.C.|Fletcher Moss Rangers]] | youthyears2 = 2005–2015 |youthclubs2 = [[Manchester United F.C. Reserves and Academy|Manchester United]] | years1 = 2015– |clubs1 = [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] |caps1 = 128 |goals1 = 37<!-- LEAGUE ONLY --> | nationalyears1 = 2012 |nationalteam1 = [[England national under-16 football team|England U16]] |nationalcaps1 = 2 |nationalgoals1 = 0 | nationalyears2 = 2014 |nationalteam2 = [[England national under-18 football team|England U18]] |nationalcaps2 = 2 |nationalgoals2 = 0 | nationalyears3 = 2016 |nationalteam3 = [[England national under-20 football team|England U20]] |nationalcaps3 = 2 |nationalgoals3 = 0 | nationalyears4 = 2016 |nationalteam4 = [[England national under-21 football team|England U21]] |nationalcaps4 = 1 |nationalgoals4 = 3 | nationalyears5 = 2016– |nationalteam5 = [[England national football team|England]] |nationalcaps5 = 38 |nationalgoals5 = 10 | club-update = 16:06, 15 December 2019 (UTC) | nationalteam-update = 20:11, 17 November 2019 (UTC) | medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Association football|football]]}} {{MedalCountry|{{fb|ENG}}}} {{Medal|Competition|[[UEFA Nations League]]}} {{Medal|Bronze|[[2019 UEFA Nations League Finals|2019]]|}} }} }} He plays with balls . Rashford has been with Manchester United since he was seven years old. He made his debut for the first team in 2016 in a game against Midtjylland. He scored two goals in that game, and two more in his next game against [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]]. Rashford also scored in his first game for the England national team in May 201BC. he sings the song Tarzan the monkey man while on the field Rashford also likes Tom to continue the issues of child food povert in the UK.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Davies|first=Caroline|date=2020-11-21|title='It is never about him': how Marcus Rashford became such a devastating activist|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2020/nov/21/how-marcus-rashford-became-such-a-devastating-activist|access-date=2021-01-29|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Rashford was awarded [[Member of the Order of the British Empire]] for his charity work. In addition, he was also awarded an [[Honorary degree|honorary doctorate]] from the [[University of Manchester]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-07-15|title=Marcus Rashford: Man Utd star awarded honorary doctorate|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-manchester-53407431|access-date=2021-01-29}}</ref> == Club career == === Early life and career === Marcus Rashford was born in Wythenshawe, a town in south Manchester. He started playing football at the age of five for Fletcher Moss Rangers. When he was seven, Rashford started at the pre-academy program at Manchester United.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/us/performance/training/marcus-rashford-men-who-made-him|title=Marcus Rashford - by the men who made him|date=2018-04-06|website=FourFourTwo|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-17}}</ref> Rashford was playing with the Manchester United under-18 team when he got a call to the first-team. Rashford has said that the Brazilian footballer [[Ronaldo]] was his idol growing up.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2017/11/12/marcus-rashford-reveals-tried-emulate-brazil-legend-ronaldo/|title=Marcus Rashford: Ronaldo is my hero, as a kid I saw him destroy Manchester United|last=Law|first=Matt|date=2017-11-12|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2019-12-17|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> === Manchester United first team === ==== 2015-16 season: debut ==== Rashford was on the bench on 21 November 2015 when Manchester United won 2-1 against Watford. His first start was against Midtjylland in the [[UEFA Europa League]]. [[Anthony Martial]] was injured in the warm-up to that game, and Rashford replaced him in the starting team. Rashford scored two goals in the game and United won 5-1. Three days later, he started in the game vs Arsenal. In that game, he scored two more goals and provided an assist. United won 3-2. In the 2015-16 season, Rashford scored a total 8 goals in 18 appearances, and won the [[FA Cup]]. ==== 2016-17 season ==== Marcus Rashford took number 19 for the new season. Rashford won the [[EFL Cup]] with Manchester United in 2017. Rashford scored the crucial winning goal in the Europa League quarter-final. He also started in the Europa League final. Manchester United won 2-0 against Ajax to win the trophy. In total, Rashford scored 11 goals and made 6 assists in the 16/17 season.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.transfermarkt.us/marcus-rashford/leistungsdaten/spieler/258923/plus/0?saison=2016|title=Marcus Rashford - Stats 16/17|website=www.transfermarkt.us|language=en|access-date=2019-12-17}}</ref> ==== 2017-18 season ==== Rashford scored against Basel in his UEFA Champions League debut on 12 September. With that goal, he had scored in his first appearances in six different competitions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/41154816|title=Manchester United 3-0 FC Basel|date=2017-09-12|access-date=2019-12-17|language=en-GB}}</ref> He scored 13 goals in 52 appearances in the 2017-18 season.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.transfermarkt.us/marcus-rashford/leistungsdaten/spieler/258923/plus/0?saison=2017|title=Marcus Rashford - Stats 17/18|website=www.transfermarkt.us|language=en|access-date=2019-12-17}}</ref> ==== 2018-19 season ==== Rashford got the number 10 shirt after Zlatan Ibrahimović left Manchester United. Rashford had a successful season, scoring 13 goals and assisting 9. Rashford helped Manchester United reach the quarterfinals of the UEFA Champions League. United defeated PSG in the process, with Rashford scoring the decisive goal. ==== 2019-20 season ==== The 2019-20 season was Rashford's best season by stats so far. In total, Rashford scored 22 goals including 17 in the Premier League. During the season, he struggled with a back injury. This limited his total game time.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-19|title=Marcus Rashford out for at least two months with double back stress fracture|url=http://www.theguardian.com/football/2020/jan/19/marcus-rashford-out-two-months-back-stress-fracture-injury-manchester-united-england-liverpool|access-date=2021-01-29|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> ==== 2020-21 season ==== Rashford scored 21 club goals in the 2020-21 season and made 15 assists.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marcus Rashford - Player profile 20/21|url=https://www.transfermarkt.us/marcus-rashford/profil/spieler/258923|access-date=2021-06-14|website=www.transfermarkt.us|language=en}}</ref> He enjoyed a particularly good goal-scoring run in the UEFA Champions League. In that competition, he has scored 6 goals in 6 appearances.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marcus Rashford - Stats 20/21|url=https://www.transfermarkt.us/marcus-rashford/leistungsdaten/spieler/258923/plus/0?saison=2020|access-date=2021-01-29|website=www.transfermarkt.us|language=en}}</ref> Rashford was selected for England national team squad in Euro 2021. == Style of play == Marcus Rashford plays either as a center forward or a wide forward. Rashford has said that he prefers playing as a left winger.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Netherton|first=Alexander|date=2020-04-20|title=Rashford prefers left wing role for Manchester United|url=https://thebusbybabe.sbnation.com/2020/4/20/21227732/rashford-prefers-left-wing-role-for-manchester-united|access-date=2021-01-29|website=The Busby Babe|language=en}}</ref> Rashford uses his speed and dribbling to play direct football. These qualities make him more effective on the wings.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-08|title=Gareth Southgate: Marcus Rashford is best as a 'wide raider'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/international/manchester-united-news-marcus-rashford-gareth-southgate-england-vs-bulgaria-epl-a9096751.html|access-date=2021-01-29|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> == Personal life == Rashford comes from a working class family; '''his mother is Melanie Maynard''', a single parent who often had to work multiple jobs to feed their family, sometimes skipping meals herself to ensure Rashford and his siblings ate.In 2012, Rashford was invited to an England under-16 training camp, and was later selected to play in the Victory Shield against Northern Ireland under-16s in September, and Wales under-16s in October. Under-16's manager Kenny Swain later revealed that Rashford only played two appearances for the side due to an understanding with coaches at Manchester United regarding him being underdeveloped physically, and also thought the exposure would have been "too much" for him. Three weeks after making his senior début for United in early 2016, Rashford made his first appearance for the England under-20 team, providing an assist for Kasey Palmer in a 2–1 defeat to Canada under-20s. Despite already making his senior début earlier in the year, Rashford was called up to the England under-21 team for the first time in August 2016 for a fixture in September against Norway under-21s. He scored a hat-trick in the 6–1 home victory over Norway in his only appearance for the team, scoring the third with a penalty, his first since turning professional. Under-21 manager Gareth Southgate praised Rashford for his humility in dropping down to under-21 level. Despite having already made his senior tournament début, it was expected Rashford would be available for selection for the 2017 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, with the hopes of gaining more tournament experience. United manager José Mourinho responded to these reports by stating it would make no sense for his development as he was already playing senior football. In April 2017, Mourinho appeared to concede Rashford would attend the tournament, saying he had no right to stop him from participating, but later in the month reiterated his opinion that dropping down wouldn't make sense, with Rashford having gained so much senior experience throughout the season. In May, Rashford made the decision not to go to the tournament, and was instead selected for the senior squad by Southgate, the new manager. Southgate praised the decisions taken by United coaching staff in helping maximise the potential of Rashford by not allowing him exposure at youth level for England, saying his development had been handled well by all parties. === Charity and activism === Rashford has teamed up with poverty and food waste charity FareShare to provide meals to poor schoolchildren in the [[Greater Manchester]] area. Because of COVID-19 related lockdowns, schoolchildren were not receiving free school meals during this time. Eventually, the charity was able to raise enough money to reach four million children across the country. On 15 June 2020, Rashford wrote an open letter calling for the UK government to end child poverty. Bowing to the building pressure, the government extended free school meals for children during summer holidays. On 1 September, Rashford collaborated with multiple parties to create Child Food Poverty Task Force to help further this cause. In October, Rashford was appointed [[Order of the British Empire|Member of the Order of the British Empire]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marcus Rashford reacts to being awarded an MBE|url=https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/marcus-rashford-reacts-to-being-awarded-an-mbe|access-date=2021-01-29|website=www.manutd.com|language=en}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical, Volume 40, Number 28 {{DEFAULTSORT:Rashford, Marcus}} [[Category:1997 births]] [[Category:2018 FIFA World Cup players]] [[Category:Association football forwards]] [[Category:Black British sportspeople]] [[Category:English footballers]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Manchester United F.C. players]] [[Category:Premier League players]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Manchester]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2016 players]] [[Category:2022 FIFA World Cup players]] mtmesuah4yo80njq5j3aec3aunxw7p7 9544064 9544059 2024-05-14T15:08:03Z XXBlackburnXx 527152 Revert to revision 9403486 dated 2024-03-09 11:39:03 by Auntof6 using [[:en:Wikipedia:Tools/Navigation_popups|popups]] wikitext text/x-wiki qmafaz4sr9to9cn5qyjw69p1bvdkgd1 0 730462 9544581 9286815 2024-05-14T18:46:19Z Cewbot 687081 [[User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|Fixing broken anchor]]: Reminder of an inactive anchor: [[Provinces and territories of Canada#Government|provincial]] wikitext text/x-wiki ld287m5944na5yguqehybnhdwgsujck 0 732701 9544632 9224695 2024-05-14T19:01:57Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki etlo0s924uouy57mzq01auqwancjb5n 0 734219 9544223 9006259 2024-05-14T16:43:56Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki lz9sgrfjp2oa55ywddgnsz97ls22nlo 0 734331 9544356 8672374 2024-05-14T17:35:29Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 1kgadcpgzyzoxfiqkjz1jdox5i12g0a 0 735025 9545541 9540641 2024-05-15T05:15:03Z Auntof6 22027 resolve unknown template parameters and/or general cleanup using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] wikitext text/x-wiki k17njzyv0h2gjj7825mo0m4xavpwl78 0 738318 9544977 9109607 2024-05-14T21:25:26Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 2lvak3kp6e8h0d2zfrcnnuboq0798i7 0 740331 9544862 8997472 2024-05-14T20:39:51Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki bc4gvnt4rbzlib76pvowqbfxfgego90 0 740371 9544535 9516169 2024-05-14T18:36:41Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki nucot109njeaifoae03rqyp663wdwrb 0 741033 9543925 9354379 2024-05-14T13:14:15Z CommonsDelinker 5295 Removing [[:c:File:Sylvester,_Barnyard_and_Foghorn_in_Crowing_Pains_(1947)_01.jpg|Sylvester,_Barnyard_and_Foghorn_in_Crowing_Pains_(1947)_01.jpg]]; it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Wdwd|Wdwd]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/Crowi wikitext text/x-wiki 48m4w8wv2qnmo2qsav1p66tlwggvbfj 0 744759 9544224 8770075 2024-05-14T16:44:04Z 2A02:CE0:1801:26EB:F4DA:7AEE:E1C2:F301 wikitext text/x-wiki sterexh9e6p9yjykdjizet40v0jf49i 9544225 9544224 2024-05-14T16:44:07Z ChenzwBot 16695 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/2A02:CE0:1801:26EB:F4DA:7AEE:E1C2:F301|2A02:CE0:1801:26EB:F4DA:7AEE:E1C2:F301]] ([[User talk:2A02:CE0:1801:26EB:F4DA:7AEE:E1C2:F301|talk]]) to last version by Lights and freedom wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Dance at Molenbeek.jpg|thumb|269x269px|[[Dancing plague of 1518|Dancing plagues]] of the [[Middle Ages]] are thought to have been caused by mass hysteria]] '''Mass hysteria''' or '''mass psychological illness''' is a phenomenon when a large group of people share a common [[emotion]]. This emotion can be positive, such as people being [[Euphoria|euphoric]] at a rock concert, or it can be negative, like after a great person or statesman died. It was first used by the Quarteerly Christian Spectator in 1830, to describe an outbreak of [[cholera]].<ref>The Journal of Health Conducted by an Association of Physicians (1831) p. 180</ref> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Symptoms]] [[Category:Psychology]] [[Category:Human behavior]] {{biology-stub}} a5uh2sm68hgbtty3l71zht0e7menaqf 0 745836 9545286 9541931 2024-05-15T02:21:54Z 2001:2020:309:C943:E5D2:B1E8:CD15:E822 wikitext text/x-wiki jahkcn1excz31usnybn9puoo6ay9kp0 0 745974 9544345 9402916 2024-05-14T17:32:57Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 5q5u183ab5ravwp5hc5qeg6a2gegvjp 0 746447 9544838 8968924 2024-05-14T20:27:46Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki dvzm568tpargx682d1s2zx292695jxy 0 747577 9544137 9543770 2024-05-14T16:00:10Z Davey2010 314522 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/Haseeb8186|Haseeb8186]] ([[User talk:Haseeb8186|talk]]): SPAM. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki m50rh9k9xsuk7xisv0cmgdf40j7d5ly 9544169 9544137 2024-05-14T16:19:12Z Abhijithkalarikkal 1447112 wikitext text/x-wiki e8v2rlrmmjqc0px1gd1kva7hepo598t 0 747761 9544525 8919716 2024-05-14T18:33:35Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki rhqvrnri4povslifc6s8klsb1dzpirt 0 749884 9544317 8814182 2024-05-14T17:21:19Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 8iarscf2n2rjcrjzjv02xwpye741l7p 0 752143 9545739 9543639 2024-05-15T07:29:37Z 111.68.96.99 a wikitext text/x-wiki 02s5977mzovorr4xp2350xk84qho2lz 9545750 9545739 2024-05-15T07:42:29Z Musawar125 1463516 wikitext text/x-wiki ltmlmyhvef17746wg89hsgqi7789oes 0 753436 9545651 8380852 2024-05-15T06:24:42Z 2A0A:EF40:688:A901:21A8:1EB5:C6F1:65FB George Ezra wikitext text/x-wiki dr8jg4xrhtf1a9rmiuzn98z6exlx8t6 0 753958 9545514 9541014 2024-05-15T05:00:16Z 2601:940:C180:3DB0:E4B4:7AD0:7648:2AAA Reverted bad-faith spam vandalism. Government citations from the United States government were purposely removed. Will report to admins to stop disruptive editing. wikitext text/x-wiki kgdt2n1elaqb23tspsk3wpmp3drwp3x 9545547 9545514 2024-05-15T05:17:41Z 2601:940:C180:3DB0:E4B4:7AD0:7648:2AAA Have added the 2022 United States Census citation that specifically states "with adult members born from 1997 to 2013". Please read before editing to 2010 or 2012. That is not what the publication states. wikitext text/x-wiki 3jvvfujo1xbv2ugzzmcw4ds48u01zav 9545684 9545547 2024-05-15T06:39:41Z 2601:940:C180:3DB0:E4B4:7AD0:7648:2AAA wikitext text/x-wiki ocd7ds35odfo8vimgsx8p9hs3zslq03 9545685 9545684 2024-05-15T06:39:45Z ChenzwBot 16695 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/2601:940:C180:3DB0:E4B4:7AD0:7648:2AAA|2601:940:C180:3DB0:E4B4:7AD0:7648:2AAA]] ([[User talk:2601:940:C180:3DB0:E4B4:7AD0:7648:2AAA|talk]]) to last version by 2600:1010:B0B5:38E3:DCD7:18BA:8279:6CBF wikitext text/x-wiki cy9pgrlc28am396zhdhqn92z249x9ur 9545700 9545685 2024-05-15T06:45:37Z Operator873 642202 Reverted to revision 9535932 by Tropical Storm Angela: Last good state. wikitext text/x-wiki lzyx32xft4g8bk0coai30r23ticmy73 0 755402 9545155 9317533 2024-05-14T23:41:21Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 wikitext text/x-wiki px1opia19kohdib6uk8c6ar8ovj5nxe 0 756381 9545096 9500507 2024-05-14T23:01:43Z 72.134.107.147 wikitext text/x-wiki jgw9ozh2lx09oa28pjmptogc6umed5e 9545118 9545096 2024-05-14T23:17:28Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 Reverted [[WP:AGF|good faith]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/72.134.107.147|72.134.107.147]] ([[User talk:72.134.107.147|talk]]): Not simple and not verified. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki 88png5uxvzd8kycbj16emy44jikxn7t 9545160 9545118 2024-05-14T23:48:40Z 72.134.107.147 wikitext text/x-wiki siki6nzolen2typkpiz9kc5fpc41f34 9545161 9545160 2024-05-14T23:51:53Z 72.134.107.147 wikitext text/x-wiki ef31mq7zorz3vcm7hhgbmutlmrx209l 9545186 9545161 2024-05-15T00:21:51Z 72.134.107.147 wikitext text/x-wiki h7z7phu062wcukriir9soubawkyckxh 0 758040 9544249 9543418 2024-05-14T16:54:30Z 178.209.138.201 ritual-b u se.us/riLtua l a b u'se-wik'pedia-has-a-long-history-of-pr[blems/NULL EDIT FREAKS! doh doh DOH! BREAKS F-GS 100:1!DELETE THIS! o danny boy george remembvers u well https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/larosvetitelj wikitext text/x-wiki bt5vnaxm3lgwftevyd3309zbqooas01 9544358 9544249 2024-05-14T17:35:43Z XXBlackburnXx 527152 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/178.209.138.201|178.209.138.201]] ([[User talk:178.209.138.201|talk]]) to last version by DannyS712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox civilian attack | partof = the aftermath of the [[Soviet invasion of Poland]] (during [[World War II]]) and [[Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946)]] | map = {{Location map | USSR | caption = | width = 250 | label = | position = right | border = infobox | float = center }} |image = Trzy krzyze.jpg |image_size = |caption = Katyn-Kharkov-Mednoye memorial in [[Świętokrzyskie Mountains]], [[Poland]] |date = April–May 1940 |type = Mass murder |fatalities = around 22,000 |injuries = |victims = [[Poles]] |perpetrators = [[Soviet Union]] ([[NKVD]]) |location = [[Katyn (rural locality)|Katyn]] Forest, [[Tver|Kalinin]] and [[Kharkiv]] prisons in Soviet Union |coordinates = }} The '''Katyn massacre''' is the name of a series of [[Massacre|killings]] by the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] army during [[World War II]]. Members of the [[NKVD]] killed nearly 22,000 [[Poland|Polish]] [[prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] in a [[forest]] near [[Katyn]], about {{convert|20|km}} from [[Smolensk]]. Most of the prisoners killed were [[Officer|officers]]. The Katyn massacre happened in April and May 1940. [[Stalin]] ordered it on [[Lavrenty Beria|Beria]]'s advice. In April 1990, the Soviet Union/Russia [[wikt:admit|admitted]] it was responsible. In 1990, [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] officially apologised. The Katyn massacre is one in a series of [[NKVD prisoner massacres|similar massacres]] where up to 100,000 people were killed. Between 400 and 450 prisoners survived. People used their stories to change Soviet history books after the apology. In the 1980s, Michail Gorbachev said that Beria and [[Vsevolod Merkulov]] were responsible. He said that the Katyn massacre was one of Stalin's [[wikt:atrocity|atrocities]]. Beria was accused of [[treason]]. He was [[Execution|executed]] in 1953. Merkulov was also executed in 1953 for being close to Beria. Beria and Merkulov were never [[Trial|tried]] for what they did at Katyn. {{authority control}} [[Category:Massacres in Europe during World War II]] [[Category:1940s in the Soviet Union]] {{history-stub}} hjo351gx6o4jf8pcf3ewnguln58pb0j 9544764 9544358 2024-05-14T19:55:13Z 197.147.154.151 wow tenfold contradiciton,supporting my edit, lol wikitext text/x-wiki bt5vnaxm3lgwftevyd3309zbqooas01 9544765 9544764 2024-05-14T19:55:35Z XXBlackburnXx 527152 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/197.147.154.151|197.147.154.151]] ([[User talk:197.147.154.151|talk]]) to last version by XXBlackburnXx wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox civilian attack | partof = the aftermath of the [[Soviet invasion of Poland]] (during [[World War II]]) and [[Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946)]] | map = {{Location map | USSR | caption = | width = 250 | label = | position = right | border = infobox | float = center }} |image = Trzy krzyze.jpg |image_size = |caption = Katyn-Kharkov-Mednoye memorial in [[Świętokrzyskie Mountains]], [[Poland]] |date = April–May 1940 |type = Mass murder |fatalities = around 22,000 |injuries = |victims = [[Poles]] |perpetrators = [[Soviet Union]] ([[NKVD]]) |location = [[Katyn (rural locality)|Katyn]] Forest, [[Tver|Kalinin]] and [[Kharkiv]] prisons in Soviet Union |coordinates = }} The '''Katyn massacre''' is the name of a series of [[Massacre|killings]] by the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] army during [[World War II]]. Members of the [[NKVD]] killed nearly 22,000 [[Poland|Polish]] [[prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] in a [[forest]] near [[Katyn]], about {{convert|20|km}} from [[Smolensk]]. Most of the prisoners killed were [[Officer|officers]]. The Katyn massacre happened in April and May 1940. [[Stalin]] ordered it on [[Lavrenty Beria|Beria]]'s advice. In April 1990, the Soviet Union/Russia [[wikt:admit|admitted]] it was responsible. In 1990, [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] officially apologised. The Katyn massacre is one in a series of [[NKVD prisoner massacres|similar massacres]] where up to 100,000 people were killed. Between 400 and 450 prisoners survived. People used their stories to change Soviet history books after the apology. In the 1980s, Michail Gorbachev said that Beria and [[Vsevolod Merkulov]] were responsible. He said that the Katyn massacre was one of Stalin's [[wikt:atrocity|atrocities]]. Beria was accused of [[treason]]. He was [[Execution|executed]] in 1953. Merkulov was also executed in 1953 for being close to Beria. Beria and Merkulov were never [[Trial|tried]] for what they did at Katyn. {{authority control}} [[Category:Massacres in Europe during World War II]] [[Category:1940s in the Soviet Union]] {{history-stub}} hjo351gx6o4jf8pcf3ewnguln58pb0j 0 758044 9544424 8886689 2024-05-14T18:03:01Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki d7sfxw765ar6f6g2mbslqt6u1c080jk 0 759061 9544900 9016626 2024-05-14T20:57:48Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 2fuc7s6b7e5hl2nrm0iixtqw589k8cv 1 760584 9544769 8894758 2024-05-14T19:57:53Z 148.101.27.119 wikitext text/x-wiki 9544773 9544769 2024-05-14T19:58:26Z Leonidlednev 1133011 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/148.101.27.119|148.101.27.119]] ([[User talk:148.101.27.119|talk]]) to last version by ShakespeareFan00 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talkpage}} == Change war == Aside from the change war, <s>which all parties were at fault for</s>, I am somewhat concerned by the use of the word ''wood''. Although potentially more accurate (describing a smaller area with trees), this could refer to the material [[wood]] and therfore be confusing for a reader on our wiki. Why not use the word [[forest]]? The way I see it, this is another case of ''film'' vs ''movie''. Thoughts? --[[user:Yottie|<span style="font-family:Comic sans ms;color:#000080;font-weight:bold;">Yot<span style="color:#CD0000;">tie</span></span>]] [[user_talk:Yottie|^{<span style="font-family:Times new roman;color:#40E0D0;">=talk=</span>}]] 22:04, 24 June 2020 (UTC) :{{ping|Yottie}} It is not true that "all parties are at fault for change war" - reverting a [[:m:Special:Diff/18480443|WMF-banned editor]] is not change warring and is exempt from the three-revert rule. As for whether or not wood or forest is better, I would prefer forest in this context, but other opinions are welcome. [[User:Naleksuh|Naleksuh]] ([[User talk:Naleksuh|talk]]) 22:11, 24 June 2020 (UTC) ::I second this. He is globally banned, using a proxy to disrupt the page. '''[[User:ImprovedWikiImprovment|<span style="color: darkgreen">IWI</span>]]''' (''[[User talk:ImprovedWikiImprovment|<span style="color: purple">chat</span>]]'') 22:12, 24 June 2020 (UTC) ::(ec) Forest is fine with me too; a limited English speaker may not know all the uses of the word "wood". (Revert anything that Foundation-banned editor does, please.) [[User:Antandrus|Antandrus]] ([[User talk:Antandrus|talk]]) 22:14, 24 June 2020 (UTC) :::I agree, is there consensus to change wood to forest? '''[[User:ImprovedWikiImprovment|<span style="color: darkgreen">IWI</span>]]''' (''[[User talk:ImprovedWikiImprovment|<span style="color: purple">chat</span>]]'') 22:17, 24 June 2020 (UTC) My bad for not knowing about the global ban, I am sorry - I take back the above comment. It still does not change the fact merely reverting the content without consideration for the article itself (in this case, its simplicity) is questionable. I'll go with [[WP:BOLD]] and change it. --[[user:Yottie|<span style="font-family:Comic sans ms;color:#000080;font-weight:bold;">Yot<span style="color:#CD0000;">tie</span></span>]] [[user_talk:Yottie|^{<span style="font-family:Times new roman;color:#40E0D0;">=talk=</span>}]] 22:46, 24 June 2020 (UTC) :Thanks, perfect. :) [[User:Antandrus|Antandrus]] ([[User talk:Antandrus|talk]]) 00:34, 25 June 2020 (UTC) == The numbers game... == Hello, I was reverted before, so I am posting it here: * In the Katyn massacre, between 4.000 and 5.000 poeple (mostly Polish officers) were killed,between May 3 and May 11, 1940 *Lavrentiy Beria proposed to kill all Polish officers and intelligentia; this resulted in the 20.000-25.000 dead (mentioned in the article). *In total, about 100.000 people were killed by the NKVD, this should be described in [[NKVD prisoner massacres]]. So please correct te numbers.--[[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 21:35, 25 June 2020 (UTC) == Correction needed 'about and nearly' == it says about 22000 victims, that could also mean 22449 victims; there were nearly 22000 victims. [[Special:Contributions/65.25.216.210|65.25.216.210]] ([[User talk:65.25.216.210|talk]]) 08:52, 24 October 2022 (UTC) ilwm2o1hm1lsubh0r47tj9k09p9btca 9544777 9544773 2024-05-14T20:01:51Z 148.101.27.119 wikitext text/x-wiki 9544780 9544777 2024-05-14T20:01:59Z Leonidlednev 1133011 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/148.101.27.119|148.101.27.119]] ([[User talk:148.101.27.119|talk]]) to last version by Leonidlednev wikitext text/x-wiki {{talkpage}} == Change war == Aside from the change war, <s>which all parties were at fault for</s>, I am somewhat concerned by the use of the word ''wood''. Although potentially more accurate (describing a smaller area with trees), this could refer to the material [[wood]] and therfore be confusing for a reader on our wiki. Why not use the word [[forest]]? The way I see it, this is another case of ''film'' vs ''movie''. Thoughts? --[[user:Yottie|<span style="font-family:Comic sans ms;color:#000080;font-weight:bold;">Yot<span style="color:#CD0000;">tie</span></span>]] [[user_talk:Yottie|^{<span style="font-family:Times new roman;color:#40E0D0;">=talk=</span>}]] 22:04, 24 June 2020 (UTC) :{{ping|Yottie}} It is not true that "all parties are at fault for change war" - reverting a [[:m:Special:Diff/18480443|WMF-banned editor]] is not change warring and is exempt from the three-revert rule. As for whether or not wood or forest is better, I would prefer forest in this context, but other opinions are welcome. [[User:Naleksuh|Naleksuh]] ([[User talk:Naleksuh|talk]]) 22:11, 24 June 2020 (UTC) ::I second this. He is globally banned, using a proxy to disrupt the page. '''[[User:ImprovedWikiImprovment|<span style="color: darkgreen">IWI</span>]]''' (''[[User talk:ImprovedWikiImprovment|<span style="color: purple">chat</span>]]'') 22:12, 24 June 2020 (UTC) ::(ec) Forest is fine with me too; a limited English speaker may not know all the uses of the word "wood". (Revert anything that Foundation-banned editor does, please.) [[User:Antandrus|Antandrus]] ([[User talk:Antandrus|talk]]) 22:14, 24 June 2020 (UTC) :::I agree, is there consensus to change wood to forest? '''[[User:ImprovedWikiImprovment|<span style="color: darkgreen">IWI</span>]]''' (''[[User talk:ImprovedWikiImprovment|<span style="color: purple">chat</span>]]'') 22:17, 24 June 2020 (UTC) My bad for not knowing about the global ban, I am sorry - I take back the above comment. It still does not change the fact merely reverting the content without consideration for the article itself (in this case, its simplicity) is questionable. I'll go with [[WP:BOLD]] and change it. --[[user:Yottie|<span style="font-family:Comic sans ms;color:#000080;font-weight:bold;">Yot<span style="color:#CD0000;">tie</span></span>]] [[user_talk:Yottie|^{<span style="font-family:Times new roman;color:#40E0D0;">=talk=</span>}]] 22:46, 24 June 2020 (UTC) :Thanks, perfect. :) [[User:Antandrus|Antandrus]] ([[User talk:Antandrus|talk]]) 00:34, 25 June 2020 (UTC) == The numbers game... == Hello, I was reverted before, so I am posting it here: * In the Katyn massacre, between 4.000 and 5.000 poeple (mostly Polish officers) were killed,between May 3 and May 11, 1940 *Lavrentiy Beria proposed to kill all Polish officers and intelligentia; this resulted in the 20.000-25.000 dead (mentioned in the article). *In total, about 100.000 people were killed by the NKVD, this should be described in [[NKVD prisoner massacres]]. So please correct te numbers.--[[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 21:35, 25 June 2020 (UTC) == Correction needed 'about and nearly' == it says about 22000 victims, that could also mean 22449 victims; there were nearly 22000 victims. [[Special:Contributions/65.25.216.210|65.25.216.210]] ([[User talk:65.25.216.210|talk]]) 08:52, 24 October 2022 (UTC) ilwm2o1hm1lsubh0r47tj9k09p9btca 9544786 9544780 2024-05-14T20:02:35Z 148.101.27.119 wikitext text/x-wiki 9544795 9544786 2024-05-14T20:06:26Z XXBlackburnXx 527152 Undid revision 9544786 by [[Special:Contributions/148.101.27.119|148.101.27.119]] ([[User talk:148.101.27.119|talk]]) bahahahahahahah revert wikitext text/x-wiki ilwm2o1hm1lsubh0r47tj9k09p9btca 9544819 9544795 2024-05-14T20:17:56Z 187.188.63.100 wikitext text/x-wiki 9544824 9544819 2024-05-14T20:20:05Z 187.188.63.100 wikitext text/x-wiki 9544828 9544824 2024-05-14T20:21:28Z WikiBayer 767728 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/187.188.63.100|187.188.63.100]] ([[User talk:187.188.63.100|talk]]) to last version by XXBlackburnXx wikitext text/x-wiki ilwm2o1hm1lsubh0r47tj9k09p9btca 9544841 9544828 2024-05-14T20:28:38Z XXBlackburnXx 527152 lol wikitext text/x-wiki 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Belial|talk]]) to last version by ChenzwBot wikitext text/x-wiki '''White nationalism''' is a type of [[nationalism]] that sees [[white people]] as a [[Historical definitions of race|race]].<ref name=hatecrimes>Heidi Beirich and Kevin Hicks. "Chapter 7: White nationalism in America". In Perry, Barbara. ''Hate Crimes''. Greenwood Publishing, 2009. pp.114–115</ref> It also wants to keep a [[national identity]] of white people as a race.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Conversi | first = Daniele | title = Can nationalism studies and ethnic/racial studies be brought together? | journal = [[Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies]] | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | pages = 815–29 | doi = 10.1080/13691830410001699649 | date = July 2004 | s2cid = 143586644 }}</ref><ref>Heidi Beirich and Kevin Hicks. "Chapter 7: White Nationalism in America". In Perry, Barbara. ''Hate Crimes''. Greenwood Publishing, 2009. p.119. "One of the primary political goals of white nationalism is to forge a white identity".</ref><ref name=nytimes>[https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/22/world/americas/white-nationalism-explained.html?_r=0 "White Nationalism, Explained"]. [[The New York Times]]. 21 November 2016. "White nationalism, he said, is the belief that national identity should be built around white ethnicity, and that white people should therefore maintain both a demographic majority and dominance of the nation’s culture and public life. [...] white nationalism is about maintaining political and economic dominance, not just a numerical majority or cultural hegemony".</ref> Many believers of white nationalism see certain [[country|countries]] (often their own country) as being countries that are for white people only.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Rothì | first1 = Despina M. | last2 = Lyons | first2 = Evanthia | last3 = Chryssochoou | first3 = Xenia | title = National attachment and patriotism in a European nation: a British study | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_political-psychology_2005-02_26_1/page/135 | journal = [[Political Psychology (journal)|Political Psychology]] | volume = 26 | issue = 1 | pages = 135–55 | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-9221.2005.00412.x | date = February 2005 }} In this paper, nationalism is termed "identity content" and patriotism "relational orientation".</ref> Often, supporters of white nationalism can also believe in [[white supremacy]], [[nazism]], [[Ku Klux Klan]] and other [[racism|racist]] policies and ideas. ==Related pages== *[[Black nationalism]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Nationalism]] {{White people|state=uncollapsed}} 9z1rnep27xxb5tttzqhco06nr3g362x 0 795678 9545569 9059932 2024-05-15T05:28:03Z Auntof6 22027 /* Channel Links */ rem unneeded heading wikitext text/x-wiki el02293jqwusacpc0q3qosuf5v078ni 3 799700 9545516 9543075 2024-05-15T05:00:56Z Bot873 764901 Bot: Archiving 2 threads (older than 30 days) to [[User talk:Ferien/Archives/2024/April]] wikitext text/x-wiki 1di30gpb5e12owkq7cibwdofkfdlxg8 0 800202 9544850 9513535 2024-05-14T20:33:44Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki koh83pttd0ientwf1n99nkh7mkmgy3g 0 801010 9544766 8454866 2024-05-14T19:56:25Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 8098mizhyf4uujw0pyfj9gohbpvhxhk 0 804980 9544837 9535023 2024-05-14T20:26:32Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 5oa4b1z2ymjkoptkenv6d8wgnomai9y 0 807193 9544198 9149532 2024-05-14T16:35:28Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki lmm7mslkaci7rzabl5j1bwg54lrbxbk 0 808370 9544738 8995363 2024-05-14T19:45:16Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 9 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki d306txvsqh7ll5qwq2rn6c23srqvcb1 0 808575 9544258 9447247 2024-05-14T16:59:43Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 92pkquycd0yfp3s17immv1rsuuyul3z 9544280 9544258 2024-05-14T17:12:05Z Davey2010 314522 rm duplicate archive url and date, amend website cite wikitext text/x-wiki s0crwj3mdaok1io6qrgxa0w1x278tbp 9544293 9544280 2024-05-14T17:14:44Z Davey2010 314522 update ib wikitext text/x-wiki kglglde4g1jmcqew47acnnsvf43t9z1 9544294 9544293 2024-05-14T17:15:24Z Davey2010 314522 oops wikitext text/x-wiki 1vc0t8vu166tothd25ascb8cnw80p1r 0 808607 9544357 8063574 2024-05-14T17:35:40Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 4dqzpfeywqx6lsqipqvb9m4tlp6mmtc 0 808712 9545410 8609587 2024-05-15T03:43:07Z Auntof6 22027 resolve unknown template parameters and/or general cleanup using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] wikitext text/x-wiki m3ssyxmek9u7ywp446i6ijir2n3gbhl 0 809025 9544414 9539124 2024-05-14T17:58:06Z 154.161.167.134 I removed pornographic images from the article. wikitext text/x-wiki g2i3d2xyfyl3j162ext3vxv4a7fh5fo 9545100 9544414 2024-05-14T23:06:48Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/154.161.167.134|154.161.167.134]] ([[User talk:154.161.167.134|talk]]): Not censored. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki d5c9571p4rgay7tw1kght1emz67q21q 0 809372 9545775 8366061 2024-05-15T08:00:46Z 2407:7000:9D91:8533:A5A9:64DE:71FE:38AB wikitext text/x-wiki 47va4neuih587xmohtb4nkxnu42vpnt 0 810359 9545411 9446204 2024-05-15T03:43:25Z Auntof6 22027 resolve unknown template parameters and/or general cleanup using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] wikitext text/x-wiki njn094opg2s6i3xopyibzy8fe6y7t2m 0 812926 9544242 9249680 2024-05-14T16:52:55Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki qd4jmt6uaxdvchf30kpto7x47zaoluf 0 812927 9543945 9502443 2024-05-14T13:46:32Z 64.90.247.254 /* Singles */ wikitext text/x-wiki 5csfccg1dintec14to6em5mbn8ao3xd 9543946 9543945 2024-05-14T13:46:36Z ChenzwBot 16695 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/64.90.247.254|64.90.247.254]] ([[User talk:64.90.247.254|talk]]) to last version by Lee Vilenski wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musician | name = Playboi dooget | image = Playboi Carti (cropped).jpg | caption = Carter performing in 2017 | birth_name = Jordan Terrell Carter | alias = {{hlist|Sir Cartier|Cash Carti||Yung Carti|King Vamp}} | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|09|13}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Schwadron|first1=Eli |title=Happy Birthday, Playboi Carti! |url=https://www.xxlmag.com/news/2016/09/happy-birthday-playboi-carti/ |website=XXL Magazine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914165512/https://www.xxlmag.com/news/2016/09/happy-birthday-playboi-carti/ |archive-date=September 14, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Shahnavaz |first1=Nazanin|title=Playboi Carti Discusses Social Media and the Afterlife|url=https://www.ssense.com/en-us/editorial/music/rap-game-reincarnation|website=Ssense|date=May 8, 2020}}</ref> | birth_place = [[Atlanta, Georgia]], U.S. | occupation = {{hlist|Rapper|singer|songwriter|record producer}} | years_active = 2011–present<ref name="Carti">{{cite web|first=Neil Z.|last=Yeung|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/playboi-carti-mn0003569215|title=Playboi Carti|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=November 21, 2019}}</ref> | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] * [[Trap music|trap]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://acclaimmag.com/music/playboi-cartis-die-lit-is-the-revival-trap-music-needs/|title=Playboi Carti's 'Die Lit' is the revival trap music needs|date=May 25, 2018|website=Acclaim Magazine|access-date=January 11, 2021|archive-date=May 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507171329/https://acclaimmag.com/music/playboi-cartis-die-lit-is-the-revival-trap-music-needs/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[cloud rap]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thefader.com/2019/06/12/playboi-carti-cover-story|title=Young Carti Global|date=June 12, 2019|website=The Fader}}</ref> * [[alternative hip hop|experimental hip hop]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Rap Needs Playboi Carti |url=https://www.complex.com/music/2020/12/why-rap-needs-playboi-carti |website=Complex |date=December 24, 2020}}</ref> * [[punk rock|punk]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/40231/1/playboi-carti-die-lit-modern-punk-icon-interview|title=Playboi Carti is a modern punk icon|website=[[Dazed]]|access-date=December 26, 2020}}</ref> }} | label = {{hlist|AWGE|[[Interscope Records|Interscope]]|Awful}} | associated_acts = {{flatlist| * [[ASAP Mob]] * [[Lil Uzi Vert]] * [[Pi'erre Bourne]] * [[Kanye West]] * [[Bryson Tiller]] }} | module = {{Infobox person | child = yes | children = 2 | website = {{URL|playboicarti.com}} }} }} '''Jordan Terrell Carter''' (born September 13, 1995), known professionally as '''Playboi Carti''', is an American rapper, singer, songwriter and record producer from [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]. Carter was initially signed to local underground label [[Awful Records]] prior to signing with [[ASAP Mob]]'s AWGE Label under [[Interscope Records]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://repertoire.bmi.com/Catalog.aspx?detail=writerid&page=1&fromrow=1&torow=25&keyid=1787800&subid=0|title=BMI – Repertoire Search|website=repertoire.bmi.com|access-date=November 2, 2017}}</ref> After gaining a [[cult following]] early in his career, Carter became popular in 2017. Carter's [[Playboi Carti (mixtape)|first mixtape]] was released in April 2017. The mixtape included the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] charting singles "[[Magnolia (song)|Magnolia]]" and "[[Woke Up Like This]]" (featuring [[Lil Uzi Vert]]). His first studio album ''[[Die Lit]]'' (2018) peaked at number 3 on the US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]].<ref name="xxl">{{cite web |url=http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2017/04/best-songs-of-the-week-kendrick-lamar-playboi-carti/ |title=Best Songs of the Week Featuring Kendrick Lamar, Playboi Carti and More |last=Ivey |first=Justin |date=April 14, 2017 |publisher=[[XXL (magazine)|XXL]] |access-date=April 22, 2017}}</ref> Following a two-year break with little-to-no new music released, Carter's second album, ''[[Whole Lotta Red]]'' (2020), debuted at number one on the ''Billboard'' 200. It became his first chart-topping release. == Discography == * ''THC: The High Chronicals'' (2011) * ''Young Misfit'' (2012) * ''Red'' (2014) * ''death in tune'' (2015) * ''PLAYBOIFRE$H'' (with Chris Fresh) (2016) * ''In Abundance'' (2016) * ''Playboi Carti'' (2017) * ''Die Lit'' (2018) * ''Whole Lotta Red'' (2020) * ''Music'' (2023)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thefader.com/2022/04/13/playboi-carti-new-album-music/amp|title=Playboi Carti says he hopes new album Music “brings peace to the world”}}</ref> === Singles === * 2011 : ''Cry'' * 2012 : ''Carolina Blue'' * 2012 : ''$TEEZE'' * 2012 : ''Blue Crystal$'' * 2013 : ''$ ZOMB $'' * 2013 : ''Outchea'' * 2013 : ''10kk a Couple Thousand$ for the Hoe$'' * 2014 : ''YUNGXANHOE'' * 2014 : ''Heavy'' * 2014 : ''Holyfield'' * 2014 : ''Bag (Interlude)'' * 2014 : ''Talk'' * 2014 : ''Lost'' * 2014 : ''#PRAY #4 #ME'' * 2014 : ''Smash'' * 2014 : ''Smash pt. 2'' * 2014 : ''By Myself / No Help'' * 2015 : ''Chill Freestyle'' * 2015 : ''Broke Boi'' * 2015 : ''Mercedez'' * 2015 : ''money counter'' * 2015 : ''count it up'' * 2015 : ''Fetti'' (featuring Da$h & Maxo Kream) * 2015 : ''Luh Da Feelin'' (featuring Slug Christ) * 2015 : ''Talk (ICYTWAT Remix)'' (featuring ICYTWAT) * 2015 : ''Robber'' (featuring Ethereal) * 2015 : ''Nobody'' * 2015 : ''Don't Tell Nobody'' * 2015 : ''Ohh'' * 2015 : ''Terror Shit'' * 2015 : ''Beef'' (featuring Ethereal) * 2015 : ''PlayboiFre$h Freestyle'' (featuring Chris Fresh) * 2015 : ''Sneak Dissin''' * 2015 : ''Run It'' * 2016 : ''3 Chains'' (featuring Rich the Kid) * 2016 : ''What'' (featuring UnoTheActivist) * 2016 : ''Ghost'' (featuring Key!) * 2016 : ''Sauce'' * 2016 : ''Word to Yams'' * 2016 : ''No Pressure'' (featuring Rich the Kid) * 2016 : ''Pump Fake (Freestyle)'' * 2016 : ''Make Some Blow'' * 2016 : ''Red Lean'' * 2017 : ''Another Day'' (featuring Lamb$) * 2017 : ''Booted Up'' * 2017 : ''Servin & Swervin'' (featuring HoodRich Pablo Juan) * 2017 : ''wokeuplikethis*'' (featuring Lil Uzi Vert) * 2017 : ''Lookin'' * 2017 : ''Sleeping With My 9'' * 2017 : ''Let It Go'' * 2017 : ''Magnolia'' * 2017 : ''New Choppa'' * 2017 : ''We So Proud Of Him'' * 2017 : ''Black n White'' * 2017 : ''Crumbs'' (featuring DRAM) * 2017 : ''FireArm'' (featuring Lil Uzi Vert) * 2018 : ''Molly'' * 2018 : ''All Of Them'' (featuring Rich the Kid) * 2018 : ''Bankroll'' (featuring Lil Uzi Vert) * 2018 : ''In the Lobby'' (featuring Sosamann) * 2018 : ''Lean 4 Real'' (featuring Skepta) * 2018 : ''R.I.P.'' * 2018 : ''Love Hurts'' (featuring Travis Scott) * 2018 : ''Sunshine'' (featuring Demotus & $onoma) * 2018 : ''On Top'' (featuring Rubi Rose) * 2019 : ''Kid Cudi / Pissy Pamper * 2019 : ''Paid In Full'' (featuring SAFE) * 2019 : ''Left Right'' (featuring Lil Uzi Vert) * 2020 : ''Dropped Out'' * 2020 : ''I Took a Walk in the Woods, Now I'm Taller Than the Trees'' (featuring Lord VZA) * 2020 : ''@ Meh'' * 2020 : ''@ Meh (Afraamix)'' * 2020 : ''Nasty'' (featuring A1Billionaire) * 2020 : ''M3rtamorphosis'' * 2021 : ''Miss the Rage'' (featuring Trippie Redd) * 2021 : ''Sky'' * 2022 : ''Narcissist'' * 2022 : ''Our De$tiny'' (featuring ASAP Rocky & Evilgiane) * 2023 : ''Popular'' (featuring The Weekend & Madonna) * Late 2023: "2024" * 2024: BACKR00MS (featuring Travis Scott, Sexisdeath, and Indiana420bitch) ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== * [https://soundcloud.com/678carti Playboi Carti] on [[SoundCloud]] [[Category:1995 births]] [[Category:African-American rappers]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:African-American singers]] [[Category:Rappers from Atlanta]] [[Category:Singers from Atlanta]] [[Category:American rock musicians]] {{US-bio-stub}} a4gg2qj99utttbmi86jm5r5jckwzlsr 9543951 9543946 2024-05-14T13:53:05Z 64.90.247.254 /* Singles */ added BACKROOMS, HOODBYAIR, UR THE MOON, KETAMINE, TYPE SHIT, LUV IT AND FIEN (all playboicarti songs) wikitext text/x-wiki iq2fcma07ozeegvuw2h9leg4a17wa5a 9543968 9543951 2024-05-14T14:04:03Z 64.90.247.254 added his first #1 hit he got on billboard in 2024 along with his awaited album called ¨MUSIC¨ that been mentioned by himself and many more to drop this year. wikitext text/x-wiki 1z1d69of4ttcv6prtcudw2ab0thxijg 9543971 9543968 2024-05-14T14:05:48Z 64.90.247.254 /* Discography */ added the UPCOMING since it isnt released yet and is mentioned to drop in 2024. wikitext text/x-wiki 6pbvslkjfwz82su94xfddnui2du3nhh 9543973 9543971 2024-05-14T14:06:35Z 64.90.247.254 added named wikitext text/x-wiki bmmqb2ibslx9tkfe5e8e54gzdzxtkin 9544000 9543973 2024-05-14T14:35:02Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 Reverted 4 edits by [[Special:Contributions/64.90.247.254|64.90.247.254]] ([[User talk:64.90.247.254|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by ChenzwBot. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki a4gg2qj99utttbmi86jm5r5jckwzlsr 828 815728 9543929 7562891 2024-05-14T13:18:31Z MathXplore 966595 Protected "[[Module:TwitterSnowflake]]": Highly visible page: [[:Category:Modules subject to page protection]] ([Edit=Allow only autoconfirmed users] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite)) Scribunto text/plain local p = {} local Date = require('Module:Date')._Date function p.snowflakeToDate(frame) local format = frame.args.format or "%B %e, %Y" local epoch = tonumber(frame.args.epoch) or 1288834974 local id_str = frame.args.id_str if type(id_str) ~= "string" then error("bad argument #1 (expected string, got " .. type(id_str) .. ")", 2) end if type(format) ~= "string" then error("bad argument #2 (expected string, got " .. type(format) .. ")", 2) end if type(epoch) ~= "number" then error("bad argument #3 (expected number, got " .. type(epoch) .. ")", 2) end local hi, lo = 0, 0 local hiexp = 1 local two32 = 2^32 for c in id_str:gmatch(".") do lo = lo * 10 + c if lo >= two32 then hi, lo = hi * 10^hiexp + math.floor(lo / two32), lo % two32 hiexp = 1 else hiexp = hiexp + 1 end end hi = hi * 10^(hiexp-1) local timestamp = math.floor((hi * 1024 + math.floor(lo / 4194304)) / 1000) + epoch return os.date(format, timestamp) end function p.getDate(frame) -- just pass frame directly to snowflakeToDate, this wraps it but the args are the same plus if (frame.args.id_str):match("%D") then -- not a number, so return -2 return -2 end frame.args.format = "%B %e, %Y" frame.args.epoch = tonumber(frame.args.epoch) or 1288834974 local epochdate = Date(os.date("%B %e, %Y", frame.args.epoch)) local twitterdate = Date(p.snowflakeToDate(frame)) if twitterdate == epochdate then -- created before epoch, so can't determine the date return -1 end local date = Date(frame.args.date) or 0 -- if we error here, then an input of no date causes an error, which is contrary to the entire way {{TwitterSnowflake/datecheck}} works return date - twitterdate end local function abs_datediff(x) if type(x) == 'number' then return math.abs(x) end return math.abs(x.age_days) end function p.datecheck(frame) local args = frame.args if not (args.date and args.id_str) then error('Must define date and id_str, even if they are blank.') end local errors = { args.error1 or 'Date mismatch of two or more days', args.error2 or 'No date, and posted before November 4, 2010', args.error3 or 'Invalid id_str' } if mw.title.getCurrentTitle():inNamespace(0) and args.error_cat then for i = 1, 3 do errors[i] = errors[i] .. 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2024-05-14T22:31:59Z Dream Indigo 1398040 added [[Category:English-language television programs]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki njpq8mi0dynccmp9rlhj33f2ubpuae2 0 850374 9545503 9235408 2024-05-15T04:56:08Z Auntof6 22027 resolve unknown template parameters and/or general cleanup using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] wikitext text/x-wiki jfylgluw7www2c61vfbkzie31br0jud 0 854454 9545422 8934519 2024-05-15T03:51:58Z Auntof6 22027 resolve unknown template parameters and/or general cleanup using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] wikitext text/x-wiki lp5sfgb0gr1mz854zrmrlpyikxhbeam 0 856850 9544775 8981662 2024-05-14T19:59:31Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 0jq0hrm0p8zer3iio03zr40ku6or49g 0 857300 9545632 8403463 2024-05-15T06:13:13Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki dt9pauaig9exglxxm8pddtoe5nc5twx 0 860035 9545467 9542108 2024-05-15T04:27:50Z Auntof6 22027 resolve unknown template parameters and/or general cleanup using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] wikitext text/x-wiki nishjaz8qy0h0ion2tydr57ehdbq5us 0 860485 9544502 9528478 2024-05-14T18:29:37Z Davey2010 314522 +Creation - tried simplifying wikitext text/x-wiki siod5ou6qsq7734vruym148xhrrnnzv 0 860770 9545876 8339208 2024-05-15T10:26:54Z Shailendkuumar 1239241 /* References */ wikitext text/x-wiki elx6a9bbfz62hp0mymusbe6ss0hps1f 0 861772 9544982 9237032 2024-05-14T21:27:20Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki gtbe6fegnl39raywt19m8ifu2wb0m3q 0 861864 9544746 9146537 2024-05-14T19:49:08Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 wikitext text/x-wiki 0yik4qop91b9ip6a691mqs1efp42hz6 10 863124 9545254 9543289 2024-05-15T01:33:04Z Cyberbot I 224035 Updating Admin Stats ([[en:WP:PEACHY|Peachy 2.0 (alpha 8)]]) wikitext text/x-wiki fiq8h3h8gh115nhm627qtn9frgak8io 0 865286 9544761 9230181 2024-05-14T19:54:31Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki f5zntcv85p7mhw2tfa8okjv7w0wrp8f 0 866183 9544910 8859775 2024-05-14T21:04:12Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki k0wtfkprbh6hhakhxnphuvcxhu6v2xg 0 866990 9545089 9542512 2024-05-14T22:47:43Z 2600:8807:8816:8E00:5C0C:5FD9:70EA:C841 wikitext text/x-wiki 89weo6q2bk1fbaqi3kkpxigej3wx6qu 9545091 9545089 2024-05-14T22:48:37Z 2600:8807:8816:8E00:5C0C:5FD9:70EA:C841 wikitext text/x-wiki 1m49hdnk0dah3wbkl8xtnj2w7e7gcnj 9545092 9545091 2024-05-14T22:49:39Z 2600:8807:8816:8E00:5C0C:5FD9:70EA:C841 wikitext text/x-wiki 7604iyzp8adnvkxn73u3fqhs3kemmya 9545120 9545092 2024-05-14T23:18:09Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 Reverted 3 edits by [[Special:Contributions/2600:8807:8816:8E00:5C0C:5FD9:70EA:C841|2600:8807:8816:8E00:5C0C:5FD9:70EA:C841]] ([[User talk:2600:8807:8816:8E00:5C0C:5FD9:70EA:C841|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by Me Da Wikipedian. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki p9y70xmk4zp49ctbo4cvgdju97qv5mi 0 869790 9544993 9489826 2024-05-14T21:28:55Z 2600:8807:8816:8E00:5C0C:5FD9:70EA:C841 wikitext text/x-wiki 22ti18lgctbj16xgergqs4f2xbmnyab 9545149 9544993 2024-05-14T23:33:07Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/2600:8807:8816:8E00:5C0C:5FD9:70EA:C841|2600:8807:8816:8E00:5C0C:5FD9:70EA:C841]] ([[User talk:2600:8807:8816:8E00:5C0C:5FD9:70EA:C841|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by Auntof6. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki 7mi8ntyi4o93tskbul3t0vwhrqpy9js 0 870659 9544750 9528020 2024-05-14T19:51:17Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki ddtai2o8uegltzs3rc72glzx2ya2ip3 0 871332 9544881 9528161 2024-05-14T20:51:01Z Dream Indigo 1398040 Starting those red categories in five minutes + 3 categories; ±[[Category:2018 television series endings]]→[[Category:2018 Indian television series endings]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki oj1p6jam62222371pa24yi2i6cnw61k 9544983 9544881 2024-05-14T21:27:25Z Dream Indigo 1398040 [[Category:2010s Indian television series]] wikitext text/x-wiki e2o1lh4j34byp4up0z9j4k6ovybt3n2 0 871333 9544822 9541572 2024-05-14T20:18:20Z Dream Indigo 1398040 +[[Category:2017 Indian television series debuts]]; +[[Category:2018 Indian television series endings]]; +[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki 3q37lkf629truau9e6dfzflsmtzh64q 9544825 9544822 2024-05-14T20:20:13Z Dream Indigo 1398040 added [[Category:Comedy-drama television series]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki s4wlmbszoxxcyzsj81bkzdkzuspn0zf 9544831 9544825 2024-05-14T20:22:42Z Auntof6 22027 resolve red categories wikitext text/x-wiki lhrhagu9kgeumsacm24bbkoi38bhihy 9544874 9544831 2024-05-14T20:46:42Z Dream Indigo 1398040 I am starting those three red categories now :D I am a slow editor, give me five minutes, please wikitext text/x-wiki bktp43n3p65l4i7igx1fsdxdw4isrfy 9544985 9544874 2024-05-14T21:27:43Z Dream Indigo 1398040 [[Category:2010s Indian television series]] wikitext text/x-wiki i2lb7ckw8ylveppvmljyhain7tcwjc9 0 871660 9544685 8982212 2024-05-14T19:21:33Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki sv5bnt5zite7ia545p5kigne76uoq6f 0 872578 9544802 9543788 2024-05-14T20:09:23Z Dream Indigo 1398040 + 4 categories using 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Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki d27j04u0s8oh2clri160v6b1ltwenaw 0 888317 9545420 9293121 2024-05-15T03:50:49Z Auntof6 22027 resolve unknown template parameters and/or general cleanup using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] wikitext text/x-wiki pfto0yrqoaahuuk3fidtdwknxinnn7f 0 888772 9544367 9467099 2024-05-14T17:41:06Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki k2a05ilelqld1041njyxr0qr9lp26ve 0 890298 9544827 9538020 2024-05-14T20:20:52Z Otters2023 1273641 wikitext text/x-wiki cnnuoic5yixrgqa8tsyy9h1ym4vp2oa 0 891232 9545863 9539981 2024-05-15T10:20:46Z JakaśKreatywnaNazwa 1462194 Added vector version of coat of arms wikitext text/x-wiki 55kyitezh2ma7iu4vxitntwkbexqkli 0 892221 9544485 8533041 2024-05-14T18:24:05Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 19m10obmjh06ikf74k3apybhd2d1g72 0 893001 9544842 9479286 2024-05-14T20:28:41Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 02el5xng9z1d7mdy0lbn24rrpc6l6su 0 896796 9544236 9363431 2024-05-14T16:49:58Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 5tv202clrp8aowbxx3cj84n1q6tvdix 14 898819 9545071 7980545 2024-05-14T22:22:43Z Dream Indigo 1398040 {{Century nationality television series debuts or endings category}} wikitext text/x-wiki bpibhws4os0pcctntz8ctddjgff2bzr 0 898888 9545035 8312252 2024-05-14T21:59:39Z Dream Indigo 1398040 + 4 categories; ±[[Category:2016 television series endings]]→[[Category:2016 Indian television series endings]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki flsrfrtamusyds806avfkk5yp1k2g4c 0 898891 9544902 9093695 2024-05-14T21:00:27Z Dream Indigo 1398040 + 3 categories; ±[[Category:2018 television series endings]]→[[Category:2018 Indian television series endings]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki 5e8okq3xe1f32qmfbfe35wv6yj901an 9544981 9544902 2024-05-14T21:27:20Z Dream Indigo 1398040 [[Category:2010s Indian television series]] wikitext text/x-wiki 16wuhp4331jtwdr8nuyfvsg2cprnt3l 0 899878 9543997 8806702 2024-05-14T14:33:07Z Joshshan 1418297 Comprehensive Simple Wikipedia on Spanish Sahara wikitext text/x-wiki kf3easnnwe07ftty0zbuqt71dzinksx 9544002 9543997 2024-05-14T14:36:45Z Joshshan 1418297 Remove change/change source from every title (my mistake) wikitext text/x-wiki st6ae9nu2bim0mymihd8yg9vltnt29j 9544024 9544002 2024-05-14T14:51:15Z Macdonald-ross 68157 Replaced content with "[[File:Spain Western Sahara Locator.PNG|thumb|180x180px|Spain (orange) and Spanish Sahara (green)]] '''Spanish Sahara''', now known as [[Western Sahara]], was a Spanish [[colony]] located in [[North Africa]]. The region borders [[Morocco]], [[Algeria]], and [[Mauritania]]. It was colonized by [[Spain]] in the late [[19th century]] and remained under Spanish control until the mid-[[1970s]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Western Sahara {{!}} Facts, History, Conf..." wikitext text/x-wiki jqhq3027vmnj9rnf6mxr2u2krm2hnfm 9544086 9544024 2024-05-14T15:32:33Z Joshshan 1418297 Undid revision 9544024 by [[Special:Contributions/Macdonald-ross|Macdonald-ross]] ([[User talk:Macdonald-ross|talk]]) wikitext text/x-wiki st6ae9nu2bim0mymihd8yg9vltnt29j 9544521 9544086 2024-05-14T18:32:34Z Macdonald-ross 68157 Reverted [[WP:AGF|good faith]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/Joshshan|Joshshan]] ([[User talk:Joshshan|talk]]): Not somple. 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added [[Category:2013 Indian television series debuts]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki 6f3m6jbx3iq0be7m22rrshhp97f8t38 9545396 9544974 2024-05-15T03:33:28Z Auntof6 22027 resolve unknown template parameters and/or general cleanup using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] wikitext text/x-wiki juowmvq4xbqkrrz9jj3l5i2k5x0qi5z 0 942611 9545424 8340836 2024-05-15T03:53:04Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki sailjjm2pc4xwq4i4nyj44fv80wm0oq 0 942771 9544760 8858615 2024-05-14T19:54:25Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 31a6lq8r00gf43k6ffhncmarjs9wc0i 0 944265 9545502 8673026 2024-05-15T04:56:02Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 wikitext text/x-wiki ezelg7dfvyf1ao8ir9nzrldqt6h2rsb 0 945763 9544239 9304597 2024-05-14T16:50:56Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki h3er1r2h3s1ryazhc9hdkh58c8sezb8 0 946115 9544493 8982162 2024-05-14T18:26:24Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki b8h3isirn9ozrshwes49j0twkva3gdq 0 952833 9545528 8401566 2024-05-15T05:08:59Z 189.162.239.123 wikitext text/x-wiki jyk0ik8ldwsaoowik5bq94zzc4xboc3 0 953385 9545403 9543673 2024-05-15T03:38:58Z Auntof6 22027 resolve unknown template parameters and/or general cleanup using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] wikitext text/x-wiki til5u9veb40dqtt9bqpkge61g4g8zvq 0 953915 9545388 9489884 2024-05-15T03:31:37Z Auntof6 22027 resolve unknown template parameters and/or general cleanup using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] wikitext text/x-wiki nus3sxgj1cwl580od3ec3pykykjpqh4 0 957956 9544327 9542703 2024-05-14T17:25:38Z 46.6.16.184 thought of Prince harry and William on Camilla wikitext text/x-wiki f7wa3wtsbbmwdgexdkawd221kiqh7bv 9544371 9544327 2024-05-14T17:43:22Z Fr33kman 15149 Reverted [[WP:AGF|good faith]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/46.6.16.184|46.6.16.184]] ([[User talk:46.6.16.184|talk]]): Opinion, proof needed. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki ircecg5k5q2r5bi3fl9egs9yputq5qv 0 958190 9544425 9507021 2024-05-14T18:03:12Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki hqi3v3cdkfdgmbazf8g80ngrrm3vxul 10 961820 9545255 9543287 2024-05-15T01:33:05Z Cyberbot I 224035 Updating Admin Stats ([[en:WP:PEACHY|Peachy 2.0 (alpha 8)]]) wikitext text/x-wiki 6ci53mqu8vx9wsk1mcr1tjxi6bgwk19 0 963242 9545664 8561128 2024-05-15T06:36:49Z 2407:7000:9D91:8533:A5A9:64DE:71FE:38AB wikitext text/x-wiki dl5xddzif8kf30ilj8c1b39g0yvfokm 0 966388 9545315 8806711 2024-05-15T02:40:08Z HuyhamWork 1463426 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ wikitext text/x-wiki hqjosb43nhivpwr6dfp19g9d5ctmml3 9545319 9545315 2024-05-15T02:41:24Z BigKrow 1386969 wikitext text/x-wiki 27pom8ku9i6b5ucrwztgi9h7e8bspxx 0 971579 9543934 9512411 2024-05-14T13:26:21Z 2A00:23C8:9C24:BD01:50F:A8E4:298E:F913 reverted vandalism wikitext text/x-wiki k9uow9l4d2fpiz50xpdfps151s3apg8 9543935 9543934 2024-05-14T13:27:29Z MathXplore 966595 Restored revision 9215577 by [[Special:Contributions/2A00:23C8:9C02:3601:31D8:29D6:B36B:B2FF|2A00:23C8:9C02:3601:31D8:29D6:B36B:B2FF]] ([[en:w:User:BrandonXLF/Restorer|Restorer]]) wikitext text/x-wiki 2mk2d1kfsnijnw7mkq75u14a8rbrrtc 9543939 9543935 2024-05-14T13:30:15Z MathXplore 966595 /* References */ wikitext text/x-wiki klb2z8irynakpcv2kdaww2ufyrheeq3 0 971713 9544124 9543821 2024-05-14T15:57:14Z 151.188.213.144 wikitext text/x-wiki jz9ubj5aw8ommojx266088pe5rr5dk4 9544125 9544124 2024-05-14T15:57:17Z ChenzwBot 16695 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/151.188.213.144|151.188.213.144]] ([[User talk:151.188.213.144|talk]]) to last version by SingFan2023 wikitext text/x-wiki konvrcn9qg42iysittzkfzgo4r3xtaf 0 972402 9545655 8522695 2024-05-15T06:28:36Z FD950 752027 wikitext text/x-wiki tpl4ictmygygulsljg6kejsti6fs05b 0 972434 9544924 9124941 2024-05-14T21:09:14Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 6r89e5k5zrvp6dp5uavj90v0rwco0vb 0 974428 9545387 9528203 2024-05-15T03:31:23Z Auntof6 22027 resolve unknown template parameters and/or general cleanup using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] wikitext text/x-wiki 5827vcdc2ykztumro1gjnbqc1skpgm0 0 975593 9545049 9540807 2024-05-14T22:12:15Z 190.114.40.213 /* Outsoured from Warner Bros. Animation */ wikitext text/x-wiki cur6dba3teumwsl45c9ynaiduqvlaf3 0 978314 9544494 8557167 2024-05-14T18:26:37Z 105.245.124.20 I put the track list in the article and I am trying to help readers to find the tracks quicker wikitext text/x-wiki l0ka0v94owrpx8figok53re5ghc7j6q 0 979297 9544845 8604626 2024-05-14T20:30:52Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki denqvaxygzryws4mz6xbiw4bte7fe24 0 980008 9545529 8670761 2024-05-15T05:09:18Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 wikitext text/x-wiki qq803zdwyyn5nz2nnvyjb88phey8a1u 0 980400 9544349 9398329 2024-05-14T17:34:08Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki 2f90b0l68hqr3golhyeukl920rc5wg4 0 981847 9545837 9541417 2024-05-15T09:33:16Z 2409:4063:428D:A49A:6C75:C8C8:2C01:4310 rv, vandalism: reverted to best version wikitext text/x-wiki f1rhnz32c4nah27nvq5o5v5he5jrqhv 14 982497 9545059 8584330 2024-05-14T22:18:45Z Dream Indigo 1398040 {{Century nationality television series debuts or endings category}} wikitext text/x-wiki bpibhws4os0pcctntz8ctddjgff2bzr 14 982502 9545053 8584340 2024-05-14T22:13:55Z Dream Indigo 1398040 {{Century nationality television series debuts or endings category}} wikitext text/x-wiki bpibhws4os0pcctntz8ctddjgff2bzr 14 982504 9545052 8584342 2024-05-14T22:13:45Z Dream Indigo 1398040 {{Century nationality television series debuts or endings category}} wikitext text/x-wiki bpibhws4os0pcctntz8ctddjgff2bzr 14 982509 9545051 8584354 2024-05-14T22:12:57Z Dream Indigo 1398040 {{Century nationality television series debuts or endings category}} wikitext text/x-wiki bpibhws4os0pcctntz8ctddjgff2bzr 0 984138 9544467 9466399 2024-05-14T18:17:50Z 2409:4085:8D1D:4B36:0:0:8849:DA09 /* Ahirs as Yadavs */ wikitext text/x-wiki kgl4oy3mee1eq8qvi8s6dxz32ryygx1 0 985757 9544246 9058515 2024-05-14T16:53:27Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki hnf2ujltr7rlhpmzek9q79jmeitq9mg 0 985863 9544896 8639288 2024-05-14T20:56:52Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki n1q1ibkgs6iexs53z4jzyeaqwric0a6 0 986499 9543978 9523047 2024-05-14T14:14:08Z 85.31.142.143 /* Career statistics */ wikitext text/x-wiki a51bapukogerkudbjkj2dsvpj7unpun 9543994 9543978 2024-05-14T14:29:21Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 clean up vandalism wikitext text/x-wiki 28i0u9g93uad50mm8qzey844ci42su8 9543995 9543994 2024-05-14T14:29:59Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 /* Club wigen football club */ wikitext text/x-wiki pr21ytgcq7y2u32rnryy57yqyz3756f 0 987395 9544606 9175451 2024-05-14T18:56:52Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki hrf3e238vjqk5g1xq8czeo6z15fpwrs 828 990454 9543920 8649138 2024-05-14T13:11:28Z MathXplore 966595 Protected "[[Module:Infobox road/sections]]": Highly visible page: [[:Category:Modules subject to page protection]] ([Edit=Allow only autoconfirmed users] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite)) Scribunto text/plain local p = {} local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local lengthModule = require("Module:Infobox road/length") local parserModule = require("Module:Road data/parser") local parser = parserModule.parser local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() local function country(args) local state = args.state or args.province local country local countryModule = mw.loadData("Module:Road data/countrymask") local country = args.country or countryModule[state] return country end -- HEADER COLORS function p.headerStyle(args) local deleted = args.decommissioned or args.deleted local uc = args.header_type == "under construction" or args.header_type == "const" or args.header_type == "uc" local minor = args.header_type == "minor" local hist = args.header_type == "hist" or args.header_type == "historic" or args.header_type == "historical" or args.header_type == "scenic" local color = parser(args, 'color') if freeway then return "header-MUTCDblue" elseif uc then return "header-uc" elseif minor then return "header-minor" elseif deleted and header == 'hist' or deleted and color == 'hist' then return "header-deleted-hist" elseif deleted then return "header-deleted" elseif hist then return "header-hist" elseif color then return "header-" .. color elseif args.state or args.province or args.country then local country = country(args) return "header-" .. country or "header-default" else return "header-default" end end function p._section(args) if args.section1 or args.length_km1 or args.length_mi1 or args.length_notes1 or args.direction_a1 or args.terminus_a1 or args.junction1 or args.junctions1 or args.direction_b1 or args.terminus_b1 then local infobox_args = { ['child'] = "yes", ['decat'] = "yes", ['headerclass'] = p.headerStyle(args) } local i = 1 while (1) do local num = i local j = ((i - 1) * 5) + 1 local headern = "header" .. j local lengthLabeln = "label" .. (j + 1) local lengthDatan = "data" .. (j + 1) local directionAn = "label" .. (j + 2) local terminusAn = "data" .. (j + 2) local jctClassn = "class" .. (j + 3) local jctLabeln = "label" .. (j + 3) local jctDatan = "data" .. (j + 3) local directionBn = "label" .. (j + 4) local terminusBn = "data" .. (j + 4) if args['section' .. i] or args["length_km" .. i] or args["length_mi" .. i] or args["length_notes" .. i] or args["direction_a" .. i] or args["terminus_a" .. i] or args["junction" .. i] or args["junctions" .. i] or args["direction_b" .. i] or args["terminus_b" .. i] then if i == 1 then infobox_args['title'] = args['section' .. i] or "Section " .. i else infobox_args[headern] = args['section' .. i] or "Section " .. i end end infobox_args[lengthLabeln] = "Length" infobox_args[lengthDatan] = lengthModule._length(num, args) local dir_a = args["direction_a" .. i] or args.direction_a or '' if dir_a ~= '' then infobox_args[directionAn] = dir_a .. "&nbsp;end" else infobox_args[directionAn] = "From" end infobox_args[terminusAn] = args["terminus_a" .. i] infobox_args[jctClassn] = "plainlist" infobox_args[jctLabeln] = "Major intersections" infobox_args[jctDatan] = args["junction" .. i] or args["junctions" .. i] local dir_b = args["direction_b" .. i] or args.direction_b or '' if dir_b ~= '' then infobox_args[directionBn] = dir_b .. "&nbsp;end" else infobox_args[directionBn] = "From" end infobox_args[terminusBn] = args["terminus_b" .. i] if i == 25 then break else i = i + 1 end end return frame:expandTemplate ({title='Infobox', args = infobox_args}) else return nil end end function p.section(frame) args = getArgs(frame) return p._section(args) end local function loop(args) local ring_road = args.ring_road or '' if ring_road ~= '' then return "[[Ring road]] around " .. ring_road end local beltway_city = args.beltway_city or '' if beltway_city ~= '' then return "[[Beltway]] around " .. beltway_city end local orbital = args.orbital or '' if orbital ~= '' then return "[[Orbital road|Orbital]] around " .. orbital end local loop = args.loop or '' if loop ~= '' then return "[[Loop road|Loop]] around " .. loop end local tloop = args.tloop or '' if tloop == 'none' then return "Tourist loop" elseif tloop ~= '' then return "Tourist loop around " .. tloop end return nil end function p._main(args) if args.terminus_a or args.junction or args.junctions or args.terminus_b or args.ring_road or args.beltway_city or args.orbital or args.loop or args.tloop then local infobox_args = { ['child'] = "yes", ['decat'] = "yes", } infobox_args['title'] = args.section0 or "Major junctions" infobox_args['data1'] = loop(args) local dir_a = args.direction_a or '' if dir_a ~= '' then infobox_args['label2'] = dir_a .. "&nbsp;end" else infobox_args['label2'] = "From" end infobox_args['data2'] = args.terminus_a infobox_args['class3'] = "plainlist" infobox_args['label3'] = "<span style='display:none;'>Major intersections</span>" infobox_args['data3'] = args.junction or args.junctions local dir_b = args.direction_b or '' if dir_b ~= '' then infobox_args['label4'] = dir_b .. 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([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki cp9yvjo5xyrf4icjr86b26thyf4l2bo 9545326 9545325 2024-05-15T02:47:01Z 2600:6C46:4A00:A2F:F083:35F2:771B:4546 wikitext text/x-wiki 4yyozfzc3iuuarsymb4l4qpdqx7klh9 9545327 9545326 2024-05-15T02:47:05Z ChenzwBot 16695 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/2600:6C46:4A00:A2F:F083:35F2:771B:4546|2600:6C46:4A00:A2F:F083:35F2:771B:4546]] ([[User talk:2600:6C46:4A00:A2F:F083:35F2:771B:4546|talk]]) to last version by BigKrow wikitext text/x-wiki cp9yvjo5xyrf4icjr86b26thyf4l2bo 9545330 9545327 2024-05-15T02:47:38Z 2600:6C46:4A00:A2F:F083:35F2:771B:4546 wikitext text/x-wiki t77n7sf2pd726i3p6bgz8fu5b9wu7we 3 998831 9543988 8711544 2024-05-14T14:23:33Z 151.188.137.230 wikitext text/x-wiki 6ot4zldtc6l6hi88b7uux6a32zcmiar 9544789 9543988 2024-05-14T20:03:13Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/151.188.137.230|151.188.137.230]] ([[User talk:151.188.137.230|talk]]): Nonsense. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 3 999145 9545811 8790178 2024-05-15T08:47:29Z SHB2000 1078549 sending warning (warning 1) wikitext text/x-wiki r0pkymc7rleefz0kv3wldv0h1c4b0dh 9545816 9545811 2024-05-15T08:48:05Z ChenzwBot 16695 Adding level 2 warning about possible vandalism on [[Evaporation]] (BOT) wikitext text/x-wiki 9xzkfv5vkv7h5jiugh3y88ev01mztxl 0 999923 9544410 9396376 2024-05-14T17:57:09Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki hawfn7ggnu7leswr2rol0oqdfz6v0qf 0 1004428 9544444 9543439 2024-05-14T18:09:55Z 2409:4085:8D1D:4B36:0:0:8849:DA09 /* Ahirs or Abhiras as Yadavas */ wikitext text/x-wiki d000195kpu6pzcs0o1ebz1lnlgwmwc8 9544451 9544444 2024-05-14T18:14:37Z 2409:4085:8D1D:4B36:0:0:8849:DA09 wikitext text/x-wiki ficgobtqwrbt28tf60jgloe8rt8tsp9 9544456 9544451 2024-05-14T18:15:29Z 2409:4085:8D1D:4B36:0:0:8849:DA09 wikitext text/x-wiki jabznhbj9eu6ldol1ddawh1ujn51xv1 0 1007817 9544338 8783858 2024-05-14T17:30:17Z Darkfrog24 508885 wikitext text/x-wiki 0fffnf0kvp5wsfgwa3hwaf8merg1ijr 0 1011020 9544022 9017998 2024-05-14T14:48:51Z 162.248.94.158 /* References */ Latest cooperation. wikitext text/x-wiki l3bt80e1zzkzguhn2sq25u3fl0eqfpw 0 1014087 9544543 9326119 2024-05-14T18:39:53Z 85.14.144.39 /* Career */ wikitext text/x-wiki 5p5ya2uesbj4mbqoasfhi5dh189ckco 9544545 9544543 2024-05-14T18:39:57Z ChenzwBot 16695 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/85.14.144.39|85.14.144.39]] ([[User talk:85.14.144.39|talk]]) to last version by FerienBot wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person/Wikidata | name = Antoine Dominique Bordes | image = Antoine-Dominique Bordes.jpg | occupation = shipowner | birth_date = {{birth date |df=y|1815|7|22}} | birth_place = [[Gimbrède]], France | death_date = {{death date |1882|5|28}} | death_place = [[Bordeaux]], France | nationality = {{french}} }} '''Antoine-Dominique Bordes''' (1815-1883) was a French shipowner and business manager, founder of the shipping company that bears his name, long the largest in the world. ==Career== Born on July 22, 1815 in the [[Gers]] ( [[France]] ) where his father was [[Physician|a doctor]] (from the faculty of Paris), he joined his older brother Antoine-Dominique at the age of 16, who ran a grain and flour trade in Bordeaux.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Société archéologique|first=historique|date=1958-10-01|title=Bulletin de la Société archéologique, historique littéraire & scientifique du Gers|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6579176m|access-date=2023-01-29|website=Gallica|language=FR}}</ref> Baptized Antoine Apollinaire, he takes the name of his brother in Chile for his business. Antoine-Dominique Bordes left at the age of 18 on the ''Scythian'' to Latin America and arrived in [[Valparaíso]] ( [[Chile]] ). He then began to work as a shipping agent and to create a commercial entourage. In 1837 he founded a consignment house. In 1840, at the age of 25, he joined forces with Captain Ange-Casimir le Quellec to create a port trading company between [[Bordeaux]] and [[Valparaíso|Valparaiso]], which was transformed in 1847 into a maritime shipping company with headquarters in [[Bordeaux]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Antoine-Dominique Bordes (1815-1883)|url=https://data.bnf.fr/11048567/antoine-dominique_bordes/|access-date=2023-01-29|website=data.bnf.fr|language=fr}}</ref> [[File:Pavillon_ADB_(compagnie_Bordes).gif|thumb| flag of the Bordes company (1843-1935)]] After the death of Le Quellec, the Bordes navigation company was created in 1868. Until the death of the founder, the company established itself on Boulevard Malesherbes in [[Paris]] and organized its traffic from the ports of [[Bordeaux]], [[Nantes]], [[Dunkirk]], [[Le Havre]] . From the 1870s his ships also carried Chilean nitrate to [[Liverpool]] and [[Glasgow]].<ref name=":0"/> From February 1857 to July 1859, the Pereire brothers hired him to straighten out the helm of the [[Compagnie Générale Transatlantique|Compagnie Générale Maritime]] . During this period, he was the extraordinary administrator-general. He then befriended Wulfran Puget, also a shipowner : his sons will baptize one of their boats in his name. == References == {{Reflist}} === Related article === *[https://data.bnf.fr/fr/atelier/14505689/compagnie_bordes/ Bordes Company] === Bibliography === * ''Marins Cap-Horniers du Nitrate'' (preface by Francis Roger), Books on Demand, 2014 * M. Barbance, ''Commercial Life of the Cape Horn Route in the XIX Century century .'' ''Armament A.-D. Bordes et fils'', Editions of the School of Advanced Studies in Social Sciences, January 1969, {{ISBN|2-7132-0089-X|978-2-7132-0089-2}} * " The epic of the great Cape Horners of Dunkirk », ''Dunkirk magazine'', n 184, April 2008, {{P.|27 à 30}} * Henri Queffélec, ''These are sailboats that the wind carries away'', the life of Antoine-Dominique Bordes, Presses de la Cité, 1984 * Robert Chevet, ''A Bordeaux deckchair, the adventure of Henri Bordes'', Itarkeo editions, 2017 * Louis Lacroix, ''The Last French Cap-Horniers'', Maritime and Overseas Editions, January 1, 1968 === external links === * [http://www.marinemarchande-site.net/augustin%20morfouace/bordes10.htm Les plus beaux navires de la Cie Bordes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421043739/http://www.marinemarchande-site.net/augustin%20morfouace/bordes10.htm |date=2009-04-21 }} * [http://www.bruzelius.info/Nautica/Ships/Owners/Fleet_lists/AD_Bordes.html Navires de l'armement Bordes et Fils] * <span class="nowrap uid noarchive">[http://viaf.org/viaf/34449524 VIAF]</span> * <span class="nowrap uid noarchive">[http://isni.org/isni/0000000024739441 ISNI]</span> * <span class="nowrap uid noarchive">[http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11048567q BnF]</span> (<span class="nowrap uid noarchive">[http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11048567q données]</span>) * <span class="nowrap uid noarchive">[http://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85117416 LCCN]</span> * <span class="nowrap uid noarchive">[http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072820527 Pays-Bas]</span> * <span class="nowrap uid noarchive">[https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n85117416 WorldCat]</span> [[Category:Articles with authority control information]] nivdj2l61ys3fyouqrhsq4bo90zx409 9544585 9544545 2024-05-14T18:47:39Z 85.14.144.39 /* Bibliography */ wikitext text/x-wiki r4xetbyxmpi0sd1a308gkwmwn5irqk7 9544592 9544585 2024-05-14T18:51:09Z 85.14.144.39 wikitext text/x-wiki s5c9w9psacz7ljiauvana6je9gc4j36 9544597 9544592 2024-05-14T18:53:03Z 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Cool Math Games is owned by Coolmath LLC and first went online in 1997 with the [[slogan]]: "Where logic & thinking meets fun & games.".<ref name="about">{{Cite web|title=About Us|url=https://www.coolmathgames.com/about-us|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913203730/https://www.coolmathgames.com/about-us|archive-date=2019-09-13|access-date=2019-09-13|website=Coolmath Games}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-07-09|title=Freudenthal Instituut|url=https://www.uu.nl/onderzoek/freudenthal-instituut|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114224119/https://www.uu.nl/onderzoek/freudenthal-instituut|archive-date=2019-11-14|access-date=2019-09-13|website=Universiteit Utrecht|language=nl}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Harbison|first=Cammy|date=2019-06-03|title=No, Cool Math Games Isn't Shutting Down: Company Confirms Adobe Flash 2020 Shutdown Won't Kill The Site|url=https://www.newsweek.com/cool-math-games-shutting-down-players-fear-adobe-flash-2020-shutdown-will-end-favorite-1441919|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104104315/https://www.newsweek.com/cool-math-games-shutting-down-players-fear-adobe-flash-2020-shutdown-will-end-favorite-1441919|archive-date=2021-01-04|access-date=2019-09-13|website=Newsweek|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Haasch|first=Palmer|date=2019-06-05|title=Despite rumors, Cool Math Games is not shutting down in 2020|url=https://www.polygon.com/2019/6/5/18653689/coolmath-games-shutting-down-hoax-rumor|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905215340/https://www.polygon.com/2019/6/5/18653689/coolmath-games-shutting-down-hoax-rumor|archive-date=2019-09-05|access-date=2019-10-06|website=Polygon|language=en}}</ref> The website has a policy that it will only have games that the people working for Coolmath Games believe are [[Nonviolence|non-violent]] and [[Education|educational]]. They are partnered with '''coolmath.com''' and '''coolmath4kids.com'''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="about" /> In November 2019, ''[[Popular Mechanics]]'' said Cool Math Games as one of its "50 most important websites" since the internet was created.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 November 2019|title=The Sites That Mean the Most to Us|url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/culture/web/a29666144/favorite-websites/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212003651/https://www.popularmechanics.com/culture/web/a29666144/favorite-websites/|archive-date=12 December 2020|access-date=22 November 2019|website=[[Popular Mechanics]]}}</ref> In September 2022, Coolmath Coding<ref>{{Cite web|last=Co|first=Sandbox &|date=2022-09-20|title=Sandbox Launches Coolmath Coding to Teach Kids How to Code|url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2022/09/20/2519278/0/en/Sandbox-Launches-Coolmath-Coding-to-Teach-Kids-How-to-Code.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172922/https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2022/09/20/2519278/0/en/Sandbox-Launches-Coolmath-Coding-to-Teach-Kids-How-to-Code.html|archive-date=2022-09-20|access-date=2022-09-20|website=GlobeNewswire News Room|language=en}}</ref> was made to teach kids how to code in [[Roblox]] and [[Minecraft]]. == History == === Shutdown hoax === [[Rumor|Rumors]] began spreading in mid-2019 that Cool Math Games was going to shut down in 2020 due to Adobe Flash Player no longer being used. These rumors caused a petition to be created on [[Change.org]] to stop the website from shutting down and it got about 100,000 signatures.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Harbison|first=Cammy|date=2019-06-03|title=No, Cool Math Games Isn't Shutting Down: Company Confirms Adobe Flash 2020 Shutdown Won't Kill The Site|url=https://www.newsweek.com/cool-math-games-shutting-down-players-fear-adobe-flash-2020-shutdown-will-end-favorite-1441919|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104104315/https://www.newsweek.com/cool-math-games-shutting-down-players-fear-adobe-flash-2020-shutdown-will-end-favorite-1441919|archive-date=2021-01-04|access-date=2019-09-13|website=Newsweek|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHarbison2019">Harbison, Cammy (2019-06-03). </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Jenkins|first=Abby|date=June 6, 2020|title=Cool Math Games' shut down is a hoax|url=https://uhsarrow.org/15577/news/cool-math-games-to-shut-down/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006143906/https://uhsarrow.org/15577/news/cool-math-games-to-shut-down/|archive-date=2019-10-06|access-date=2019-10-06|website=Arrow}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Haasch|first=Palmer|date=2019-06-05|title=Despite rumors, Cool Math Games is not shutting down in 2020|url=https://www.polygon.com/2019/6/5/18653689/coolmath-games-shutting-down-hoax-rumor|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905215340/https://www.polygon.com/2019/6/5/18653689/coolmath-games-shutting-down-hoax-rumor|archive-date=2019-09-05|access-date=2019-10-06|website=Polygon|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHaasch2019">Haasch, Palmer (2019-06-05). </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Smith|first=Callum|date=2019-06-05|title=Is Cool Math Games shutting down in 2020? Everything you need to know|url=http://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2019/06/05/cool-math-games-shutting-down-2020-everything-you-need-to-know/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006143903/https://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2019/06/05/cool-math-games-shutting-down-2020-everything-you-need-to-know/|archive-date=2019-10-06|access-date=2019-10-06|website=HITC|language=en}}</ref> However, Cool Math Games said that the website would not be shutting down and they would be getting new HTML5 games and making old Flash games become HTML5 after [[Adobe Flash]] reached its end-of-life in 2020.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> The website started to use [[Emulator|emulators]] like [[Ruffle (software)|Ruffle]] to keep using and playing old flash games.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coolmath Games and Flash|url=https://www.coolmathgames.com/coolmath-games-and-flash|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223203931/https://www.coolmathgames.com/coolmath-games-and-flash|archive-date=February 23, 2020|access-date=2022-06-08|website=www.coolmathgames.com|language=en}}</ref> === Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic === During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], Cool Math Games became more popular, being played by students while in [[COVID-19 lockdowns|lockdown]] and [[Isolation (health care)|self-isolating]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-21|title=School Support March: Enriching Our Children's Minds Amidst Social Distancing|url=https://portwashington-news.com/school-support-march-enriching-our-childrens-minds-amidst-social-distancing/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111190247/https://portwashington-news.com/school-support-march-enriching-our-childrens-minds-amidst-social-distancing/|archive-date=2021-01-11|access-date=2020-09-05|website=Port Washington News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Jackson|first=Wilton|title=Virtual Senior Night: Celebrating spring sports athletes in Rankin County|url=https://www.clarionledger.com/story/sports/high-school/2020/05/19/virtual-senior-night-rankin-county-mississippi/5208613002/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718001230/https://www.clarionledger.com/story/sports/high-school/2020/05/19/virtual-senior-night-rankin-county-mississippi/5208613002/|archive-date=2023-07-18|access-date=2020-09-05|website=The Clarion-Ledger|language=en-US}}</ref> Cool Math Games' [[Alexa]] ranking went up a lot because of this.<ref name="alexa">{{Cite web|title=coolmathgames.com Competitive Analysis, Marketing Mix and Traffic|url=https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/coolmathgames.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117035850/https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/coolmathgames.com|archive-date=2020-11-17|access-date=2020-09-05|website=[[Alexa Internet]]}}</ref> == Reception == Coolmath Games has been received very well. ''[[The Daily Dot]]'' called the website's games "impressive" in a [[report]] of the best games on the site.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Maria|first=Anna|date=June 10, 2020|title=The 5 best Cool Math Games for kids to play in 2020|url=https://www.dailydot.com/unclick/cool-math-games/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030081823/https://www.dailydot.com/unclick/cool-math-games/|archive-date=October 30, 2020|access-date=July 6, 2020|website=The Daily Dot}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} === Footnotes === {{Notelist}} == Other websites == * {{Official website|https://www.coolmathgames.com/}} gzfddygp05j3he80nkkzyvac0t4otrc 3 1088923 9543851 9397760 2024-05-14T12:15:47Z ChenzwBot 16695 Adding level 1 warning about possible vandalism on [[Lake District]] (BOT) wikitext text/x-wiki qhllcmw9iibbseg1fvsongkokqcvhlu 9543856 9543851 2024-05-14T12:17:52Z ChenzwBot 16695 Adding level 2 warning about possible vandalism on [[Albert Einstein]] (BOT) wikitext text/x-wiki 7qoiv9uhnlgbbv2hz0oivg8i736ymdd 9543863 9543856 2024-05-14T12:21:06Z MathXplore 966595 Warning: Editing tests on [[Albert Einstein]]. 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Swinney in May 2024 | office = [[First Minister of Scotland]] | term_start = 8 May 2024 | monarch = [[Charles III]] | deputy = [[Kate Forbes]] | predecessor = [[Humza Yousaf]] | office2 = [[Leader of the Scottish National Party]] | term_start2 = 6 May 2024 | term_end2 = | 1blankname2 = Depute | 1namedata2 = [[Keith Brown (Scottish politician)|Keith Brown]] | predecessor2 = [[Humza Yousaf]] | successor2 = | 1blankname3 = Depute | 1namedata3 = [[Roseanna Cunningham]] | term_start3 = 26 September 2000 | term_end3 = 3 September 2004 | predecessor3 = [[Alex Salmond]] | successor3 = Alex Salmond {{collapsed infobox section begin|Cabinet offices<br />{{nobold|2007–2023}} | titlestyle=border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes | office1 = [[Deputy First Minister of Scotland]] | firstminister1 = [[Nicola Sturgeon]] | term_start1 = 21 November 2014 | term_end1 = 28 March 2023 | predecessor1 = [[Nicola Sturgeon]] | successor1 = [[Shona Robison]] | office2 = [[Cabinet Secretary for Finance and the Economy]]{{Efn|Previously titled Cabinet Secretary for Finance and Sustainable Growth from 2007 to 2011; Cabinet Secretary for Finance, Employment and Sustainable Growth from 2011 to 2014; and Cabinet Secretary for Finance, Constitution and Economy from 2014 to 2016|name=|group=}} | termlabel2 = Acting{{efn|name=Forbes Maternity|Swinney was acting Cabinet Secretary for Finance and the Economy during the maternity leave of [[Kate Forbes]] from 2022 to 2023.}} | term_start2 = 16 July 2022 | term_end2 = 28 March 2023 | firstminister2 = Nicola Sturgeon | predecessor2 = [[Kate Forbes]] | successor2 = [[Shona Robison]] (Finance)<br/>[[Neil Gray]] (Wellbeing Economy, Fair Work and Energy) | term_start3 = 17 May 2007 | term_end3 = 18 May 2016 | firstminister3 = Alex Salmond<br/>Nicola Sturgeon | predecessor3 = [[Tom McCabe]] | successor3 = {{ubl|[[Derek Mackay]]|[[Keith Brown (Scottish politician)|Keith Brown]]}} | office4 = [[Cabinet Secretary for Covid Recovery]] | term_start4 = 20 May 2021 | term_end4 = 28 March 2023 | firstminister4 = [[Nicola Sturgeon]] | predecessor4 = ''Office established'' | successor4 = ''Office abolished'' | office5 = [[Cabinet Secretary for Education and Skills]] | term_start5 = 18 May 2016 | term_end5 = 20 May 2021 | firstminister5 = [[Nicola Sturgeon]] | predecessor5 = {{ubl|[[Angela Constance]]|[[Roseanna Cunningham]]}} | successor5 = [[Shirley-Anne Somerville]] {{Collapsed infobox section end}} }} {{collapsed infobox section begin|Party political offices | titlestyle=border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes | office7 = [[Scottish National Party#Deputy Leader of the Scottish National Party|Deputy Leader of the Scottish National Party]] | leader7 = Alex Salmond | term_start7 = 25 August 1998 | term_end7 = 26 September 2000 | predecessor7 = [[Allan Macartney]] | successor7 = [[Roseanna Cunningham]] {{Collapsed infobox section end}} }} {{collapsed infobox section begin|last=yes|Parliamentary offices | cont=yes |titlestyle=border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes | office8 = [[Member of the Scottish Parliament]]<br />for [[Perthshire North (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Perthshire North]] <br /> {{nobold|[[North Tayside (Scottish Parliament constituency)|North Tayside]] (1999–2011)}} | majority8 = 3,336 (9.8%) | term_start8 = 6 May 1999 | term_end8 = | predecessor8 = ''Constituency established'' | successor8 = | office9 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] <br /> for [[Tayside North (UK Parliament constituency)|Tayside North]] | term_start9 = 1 May 1997 | term_end9 = 14 May 2001 | predecessor9 = [[Bill Walker (Scottish Conservative politician)|Bill Walker]] | successor9 = [[Pete Wishart]] {{Collapsed infobox section end}} }} | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1964|04|13|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Edinburgh]], Scotland | birthname = John Ramsay Swinney | nationality = [[Scottish people|Scottish]] | party = [[Scottish National Party]] | spouse = {{plainlist| * {{marriage|Lorna King|1991|1998|reason=div}} * {{marriage|Elizabeth Quigley|2003}} }} | relatives = [[Tom Hunter (VC)|Tom Hunter]] (uncle) | children = 3 | residence = | alma_mater = [[University of Edinburgh]] | committees = | signature = | website = {{Official URL}} }} '''John Ramsay Swinney''' (born 13 April 1964) is a Scottish politician who is the [[First Minister of Scotland]] since 2024. He was the [[Deputy First Minister of Scotland]] from 2014 to 2023. He had several cabinet roles with First Ministers [[Alex Salmond]] and [[Nicola Sturgeon]] from 2007 to 2023. Swinney has been a member of the [[Member of the Scottish Parliament]] (MSP) since 1999. Swinney was the [[Leader of the Scottish National Party]] (SNP) from 2000 to 2004. In early May 2024, Swinney announced his candidacy for Leader of the Scottish National Party to replace resigning leader [[Humza Yousaf]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-01 |title=John Swinney looks set to be first minister as Kate Forbes backs him |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c88zvgl9y9go |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> He was elected party leader on 8 May 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cochrane |first=Angus |date=6 May 2024 |title=John Swinney wins SNP leadership unopposed |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c72pk2qpqevo |accessdate=6 May 2024 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC}}</ref> ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Swinney, John}} [[Category:1964 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Politicians from Edinburgh]] [[Category:Scottish National Party members of the Scottish Parliament]] [[Category:First Ministers of Scotland]] {{bio-stub}} mswni24cwvgnxalb5zd70z5wic0mike 9545687 9545659 2024-05-15T06:40:13Z 2400:2200:462:3F4D:958A:13A9:2457:7EE wikitext text/x-wiki 51ryni5d3gav1uxldf84xvbeoc2iyv1 9545689 9545687 2024-05-15T06:40:37Z 2400:2200:462:3F4D:958A:13A9:2457:7EE wikitext text/x-wiki 3sysz7li3vw0uys17ogi08hlxtic5ue 9545694 9545689 2024-05-15T06:41:09Z 2400:2200:462:3F4D:958A:13A9:2457:7EE wikitext text/x-wiki htjsctic5afv0uyye1so26ofuwxd5u4 9545695 9545694 2024-05-15T06:41:21Z 2400:2200:462:3F4D:958A:13A9:2457:7EE wikitext text/x-wiki 3sysz7li3vw0uys17ogi08hlxtic5ue 4 1105156 9544488 9534595 2024-05-14T18:24:58Z Davey2010 314522 /* EmailSanta.com */ keep - [[en:WP:ITSNOTABLE]] wikitext text/x-wiki 0cl53g0uub59fe3q8k6vyreu1zl4is6 9544491 9544488 2024-05-14T18:26:13Z Davey2010 314522 /* EmailSanta.com */ ce wikitext text/x-wiki jiv1a503k2xjemjiv9n8ry9pwlvf721 0 1105174 9545317 9534392 2024-05-15T02:40:56Z Jolly1253 1150185 Jolly1253 moved page [[Agatha (miniseries)]] to [[Agatha All Along (miniseries)]]: Confirmed title wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = | caption = | genre = {{Plainlist| * [[Dark comedy]] * [[Superhero fiction|Superhero]] }} | creator = [[Jac Schaeffer]] | based_on = {{Based on|[[Agatha Harkness]]|[[Stan Lee]]|[[Jack Kirby]]}} | developer = | writer = | director = | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Kathryn Hahn]] * [[Aubrey Plaza]] * [[Joe Locke (actor)|Joe Locke]] * [[Patti LuPone]] * [[Sasheer Zamata]] * [[Ali Ahn]] * [[Debra Jo Rupp]] * Miles Gutierrez-Riley }} | theme_music_composer = | composer = [[Christophe Beck]] | country = United States | language = English | num_seasons = | num_episodes = | list_episodes = | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| * [[Kevin Feige]] * [[Louis D'Esposito]] * [[Victoria Alonso]] * [[Brad Winderbaum]] * Jac Schaeffer }} | producer = | location = {{Plainlist| * [[Atlanta, Georgia]] * [[Los Angeles]] }} | cinematography = {{Plainlist| * Caleb Heymann * Jon Chema * Isiah Donté Lee }} | editor = | camera = | runtime = | company = {{Plainlist| * [[Marvel Studios]] * [[20th Television]] }} | budget = | network = [[Disney+]] | released = | last_aired = | related = {{Plainlist| * ''[[WandaVision]]'' * [[List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series|Marvel Cinematic Universe television series]] }} | opentheme = | endtheme = }} '''''Agatha''''' is an upcoming American TV miniseries that will be part of the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] (MCU). Based on the [[Marvel Comics]] character [[Agatha Harkness]], the series will release on [[Disney+]] in 2024. [[Kathryn Hahn]] stars as Harkness, returning from ''[[WandaVision]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Otterson|first=Joe|date=2021-10-07|title=‘WandaVision’ Spinoff Starring Kathryn Hahn in the Works at Disney Plus (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/wandavision-spinoff-kathryn-hahn-1235082445/|access-date=2024-05-06|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> It will be produced by [[Marvel Studios]]. == References == <references /> == Other websites == * {{Official website|https://www.marvel.com/tv-shows/agatha/1}} * {{IMDb title|id=15571732}} {{Marvel Cinematic Universe|selected=Movies}}{{Marvel Comics live-action TV}}{{Disney+ original series}} [[Category:Upcoming television series]] [[Category:Marvel Cinematic Universe television series]] [[Category:American television spin-offs]] [[Category:Disney+ original television series]] [[Category:English-language television programs]] 0iw2qws65f1487j9pmu68kdzgy3ntjq 9545340 9545317 2024-05-15T02:52:06Z Jolly1253 1150185 Clean up, placing source in lead for the time being to support added details wikitext text/x-wiki f503jcd5o9p6pu246ywwfojaq3x0fhq 0 1105192 9544240 9534443 2024-05-14T16:51:43Z 167.249.32.190 wikitext text/x-wiki 6jflgpyqxnbjeo2xfc9f6ubcyq2txmr 0 1105392 9545265 9533799 2024-05-15T01:44:21Z 38.87.30.98 Word fix wikitext text/x-wiki eed7g6jjhesw0v4b46l658hdu2bzo66 2 1105592 9544030 9534524 2024-05-14T14:56:17Z Schminnte 1248665 Logging quick deletion nomination of [[Daisho]]. 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means many things wikitext text/x-wiki 8in7r4ae3wpg1qahdtx61mf7dqsm3na 9544759 9544723 2024-05-14T19:54:04Z Dream Indigo 1398040 Added wikilinks and removed unsourced claim wikitext text/x-wiki 8nqxwyho54gkhjfapi0ipt1iyw0ikdq 9545823 9544759 2024-05-15T09:07:04Z Macdonald-ross 68157 far too heavily flagged wikitext text/x-wiki qsmgmm2znz1nk8bmmp6bzj4no2sjhae 10 1107159 9543864 9543701 2024-05-14T12:21:39Z 2001:2020:32B:E5C1:3873:BAC0:B640:7DAA wikitext text/x-wiki rbw3mma9nnux5khmnbt687uwzhtni9f 0 1107172 9543839 2024-05-14T12:06:51Z 96.27.164.110 Created page with "'''Kagemasa Kōzuki''' (上月 景正, ''Kōzuki Kagemasa'', 12 November 1940) is a Japanese industrialist who is the founder and chairman of Konami, a Japanese entertainment company. He is also known as '''Kaz Kozuki'''. == Career[edit] == Kagemasa Kōzuki founded Konami Industry Co., Ltd. in 1969. The company began manufacturing amusement machines for arcades in 1973." wikitext text/x-wiki dsbc5nrdhnn2obgcapp8rqg4f5wiznj 9543859 9543839 2024-05-14T12:19:12Z MathXplore 966595 +sort, c/e wikitext text/x-wiki mavq39618gsfarlnhdn4gnndnxvt3mg 3 1107175 9543844 2024-05-14T12:10:26Z MathXplore 966595 General note: Creating inappropriate pages. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki qtmoqmxhz4lbjtqgwx6eom0zy1ykbut 9543860 9543844 2024-05-14T12:19:52Z MathXplore 966595 Notice: Direct copying of article from English Wikipedia on [[Kagemasa Kōzuki]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki scmlaplonzzyu8bksqh3tl3jfftko6s 9543861 9543860 2024-05-14T12:20:15Z MathXplore 966595 Caution: Formatting, date, language, etc (Manual of style). ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki lm47ruxijpq2nkecwtbxcrs1blfodx4 3 1107177 9543871 2024-05-14T12:33:41Z ChenzwBot 16695 Adding level 1 warning about vandalism on [[Fraction]] (BOT) wikitext text/x-wiki egrsprpit7xzi36apqczz3mr29slkhl 9543880 9543871 2024-05-14T12:40:14Z MathXplore 966595 Caution: Removal of content, blanking on [[Rocket]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki jzo4xfxokg10dyrrsy8nyiwbgm6wk5l 9543886 9543880 2024-05-14T12:41:12Z MathXplore 966595 Warning: Removal of content, blanking. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki qlqn1tuf3w1q5ausu3hprccty05hwe9 9543892 9543886 2024-05-14T12:43:16Z MathXplore 966595 Final warning: Formatting, date, language, etc (Manual of style) on [[Art]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki 15j7fq6ze6z0cnzkdon4wqhi6p21bi2 9543897 9543892 2024-05-14T12:45:06Z MathXplore 966595 You have been temporarily blocked. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki dpxotyle92mx0xy6bw5x5ck7fpgdmy6 3 1107179 9543902 2024-05-14T12:51:52Z FusionSub 1248114 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Gotham Comedy Club]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki sn0vtt4v7gmipt4jppiku32alyg5rih 9543905 9543902 2024-05-14T12:52:30Z MathXplore 966595 General note: Using Wikipedia for advertising or promotion on [[Gotham Comedy Club]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki c57bt3sjtuhg8zxdds30q3sztam1x28 9543907 9543905 2024-05-14T12:52:43Z FusionSub 1248114 General note: Creating inappropriate pages on [[Gotham Comedy Club]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki d4obieuze468u5aep3p8zhk8fduyyi8 9543908 9543907 2024-05-14T12:53:08Z FusionSub 1248114 Undid revision 9543907 by [[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|FusionSub]] ([[User talk:FusionSub|talk]]) MathXplore beat me to it wikitext text/x-wiki c57bt3sjtuhg8zxdds30q3sztam1x28 9543940 9543908 2024-05-14T13:34:15Z Mahwish Tahir7 1463125 /* i found that you have no article for whatsapp group link */ new section wikitext text/x-wiki 0gr54kncfrt01i0cc1fjs6fkexvgtpi 3 1107181 9543911 2024-05-14T12:58:11Z MathXplore 966595 General note: Creating inappropriate pages. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki 2m8p3ktbhs8nni8f21v4ricnuhv7biy 9544029 9543911 2024-05-14T14:56:17Z Schminnte 1248665 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Daisho]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki tvprvsjr7vhe5asby4fu60ws1jmua5e 3 1107182 9543919 2024-05-14T13:10:42Z ChenzwBot 16695 Adding level 1 warning about vandalism on [[Grass]] (BOT) wikitext text/x-wiki qpkbi9rby5j4douyzsr7javh6i4p5vm 3 1107183 9543938 2024-05-14T13:29:17Z MathXplore 966595 General note: Addition of unsourced or improperly cited material on [[IFK Norrköping]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki jc0tgh596ocoor4h861s6humfj5fbht 3 1107184 9543947 2024-05-14T13:46:37Z ChenzwBot 16695 Adding level 1 warning about vandalism on [[Playboi Carti]] (BOT) wikitext text/x-wiki b5t5skh3vxjl79ydz256wx498g62zuf 9544001 9543947 2024-05-14T14:35:11Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 Caution: Vandalism. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki go7y2qt90z9t683nn321p68sfo0tohk 3 1107185 9543957 2024-05-14T13:55:12Z ChenzwBot 16695 Adding level 1 warning about vandalism on [[Declaration of independence]] (BOT) wikitext text/x-wiki hzj5k6tb52ezh4cxep8qgh4ke5xlmsz 1 1107186 9543958 2024-05-14T13:56:59Z 165.155.164.61 /* hi */ new section wikitext text/x-wiki 12hkwt18kkaqaqrluahlpkhxkkhg5ym 9543959 9543958 2024-05-14T13:57:30Z MathXplore 966595 Reset talk page with [[:w:simple:User:DannyS712/Reset talk|reset talk]] (version 1.1) wikitext text/x-wiki 6ujz0t3lkt6jsf7d1r360l6l7wj3njb 3 1107187 9543960 2024-05-14T13:57:47Z MathXplore 966595 General note: Editing tests on [[Talk:Golden State Warriors]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki awc791zw49zopkx1yggggoklhv3qz7b 3 1107189 9543965 2024-05-14T14:02:08Z MathXplore 966595 General note: Creating inappropriate pages on [[Talk:CaseOh]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki 1qpz8o4qdqq5bvkxtguhk6exn7lb555 3 1107191 9543967 2024-05-14T14:04:00Z MathXplore 966595 General note: Creating inappropriate pages. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki krvz0p5jpdw6ib6qowibnz2duwxka46 2 1107192 9543969 2024-05-14T14:05:01Z Joshshan 1418297 Comprehensive Simple Wikipedia on Spanish Sahara wikitext text/x-wiki rlwl71bqvf6ecjw2fzzhd63836k8uvv 3 1107193 9543979 2024-05-14T14:16:01Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 Welcome to Wikipedia! ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki 03f6fw8tl41k24l19x1wikp2vj8pkjw 3 1107195 9543983 2024-05-14T14:18:00Z MathXplore 966595 General note: Creating inappropriate pages. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki a0oh6vli4bvmxloga0pbb8aon1jh1ik 3 1107196 9543987 2024-05-14T14:21:41Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 General note: Unhelpful changes. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki q2jsq08qotqlwdnq2t0rar6ployhji8 3 1107197 9543992 2024-05-14T14:25:21Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 General note: Unhelpful changes. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki f1z4td81vjpc64h60uszg63ete4xusn 2 1107198 9543993 2024-05-14T14:25:49Z Guide Prince 1370384 Guide Prince wikitext text/x-wiki 3tz9ed9cet9tsud5c9h5fel3ydtldyp 3 1107199 9544005 2024-05-14T14:40:29Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 Welcome to Wikipedia! ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki h4zmvk2re6ko0o3a0s9fq1pd8u9tz9b 3 1107200 9544007 2024-05-14T14:41:41Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 General note: Unhelpful changes. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki tql7fnow7zunpm4zsq9x4d5wo3kfcz4 0 1107201 9544011 2024-05-14T14:43:30Z OpalYosutebito 1395140 Redirected page to [[Rafael Trujillo]] wikitext text/x-wiki 6s76oxynzp8ixcykg391qffvntdh7a2 2 1107202 9544014 2024-05-14T14:44:05Z Joshshan 1418297 Accurate description wikitext text/x-wiki oe06gz1hq9mt4b6k369wknx8csy83k7 0 1107205 9544032 2024-05-14T14:57:11Z 206.211.34.13 Created page with "The Alamo River is a river that flows from the [[Mexicali Valley]] and into the [[Imperial Valley]] until it drains into the [[Salton Sea]] [[File:AlamoRiver1.jpg|thumb|Alamo River near [[Holtville, California|Holtville]] CA]] The river is about 52 miles long (84 km)" wikitext text/x-wiki 9pylq2ac1bbv87d98b54f3izn09zz5n 9545279 9544032 2024-05-15T02:02:41Z MathXplore 966595 c/e wikitext text/x-wiki 48nxokjgufdo2jm1krkjzvtblatl4k3 9545310 9545279 2024-05-15T02:37:46Z BigKrow 1386969 wikitext text/x-wiki s3oopxgzpvtgl9sew6vkso7idv4vkz2 3 1107206 9544033 2024-05-14T14:57:19Z Schminnte 1248665 General note: Not adhering to neutral point of view on [[Network topology]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki hwl4qupg9fg3157lx5ejjfys4y0h9ah 1 1107208 9544053 2024-05-14T15:05:06Z 72.142.115.198 /* erm what the sigma */ new section wikitext text/x-wiki ec46emaliflgmcqsx6glvxptfi5hia3 0 1107209 9544056 2024-05-14T15:06:21Z Eptalon 2133 Created page with "'''Black separatism''' is a [[Separatism|separatist]] political movement mainly in the United States. It propagates that those of [[Africa|African]] descent should have a cultural and econoic development of their own. Black separatism comes from the idea of racial solidarity. It also implies that [[black people]] should organize themselves on the basis of their common skin color, their race, culture, and African heritage.{{sfn|Hall|1978|p=1}} There were a total of 255 bl..." wikitext text/x-wiki e4ho9vlgm7a0kmttbiyusklkb4vg0a3 9544096 9544056 2024-05-14T15:36:57Z Eptalon 2133 wikitext text/x-wiki 1700ee4ppm04hlgqbesk6587qrt9136 0 1107210 9544062 2024-05-14T15:07:49Z 206.211.34.13 Created page with "Slab City is a unincorporated community in Imperial county it is built on a old World war 2 Marine Corps Camp Dunlap it has a off-the-grid Lifestyle its also known for its art as it has many art installations also the city has no laws or water so residents have to [[File:Salvation Mountain 001.jpg|thumb|Salvation Mountain an art installation in slab city its also a popular tourist destination ]] bring their own electricity and water" wikitext text/x-wiki 58t7e5ht234rv73n2qlyi9545vk12sc 9544078 9544062 2024-05-14T15:23:11Z 206.211.34.13 wikitext text/x-wiki 9h4j5og2t98vlnz696j6ltixsrg6do7 9545278 9544078 2024-05-15T02:02:17Z MathXplore 966595 c/e wikitext text/x-wiki rvhltxa4zlnm8q7s4sd2pilwiflj3eo 9545305 9545278 2024-05-15T02:32:58Z BigKrow 1386969 wikitext text/x-wiki skhtdxftsi6z6j4gc8orjp14o3l2v82 9545306 9545305 2024-05-15T02:34:22Z BigKrow 1386969 wikitext text/x-wiki f2ll5hamicyxo19570xlqekfeslqabl 0 1107211 9544063 2024-05-14T15:07:57Z 2A02:810C:8D3F:E390:CD92:F493:D1F0:7524 Redirected page to [[Tanga Loa]] wikitext text/x-wiki mixqo4hc1pxmp6hdnffbd6j0dryx8d3 0 1107213 9544074 2024-05-14T15:15:03Z M234VS 1420627 Vague summaries of Jacir's life/education/career/filmography wikitext text/x-wiki 24bfz7fdf80wr3wd14p22lhuo5x31h4 9544117 9544074 2024-05-14T15:46:58Z M234VS 1420627 Added details with citations about Jacir's work wikitext text/x-wiki hsxhn3xgx6lt8otnham71qyrprkim1h 9545865 9544117 2024-05-15T10:23:02Z M234VS 1420627 edited wording wikitext text/x-wiki 8m3lrpxj1sh2lvsmz9ql5hpr0o4uzxo 9545866 9545865 2024-05-15T10:23:37Z M234VS 1420627 Capitalisation wikitext text/x-wiki mx650l5jn9k64o2thclej1rv67c9ia1 9545871 9545866 2024-05-15T10:25:12Z M234VS 1420627 change of wording wikitext text/x-wiki 20ydpjw4s3ci9hkbqylz28an3xf1ww6 9545874 9545871 2024-05-15T10:26:26Z M234VS 1420627 Punctuation, capitalisation etc wikitext text/x-wiki fjrp16qbi8i4z24v5mxo3orai7tswb7 0 1107216 9544094 2024-05-14T15:36:33Z Barseghian Lilia 1364913 Created page with "This is a list of unwanted people in [[Armenia]] (''personae non gratae''). This list is incomplete, since the personal data of unwanted persons is protected by the Personal Data Protection Law and it cannot be shared without their permission. The list of foreigners who are not allowed in Armenia is kept by the [[:en:National Security Service|National Security Service]] (NSS).<ref name="fip">{{cite web|url=https://fip.am/en/21198|title=The List of Unwelcome Persons an Un..." wikitext text/x-wiki 3hjo9wpp706au6lll7znaaf2y8kvrjk 9544101 9544094 2024-05-14T15:38:35Z Barseghian Lilia 1364913 /* List */ wikitext text/x-wiki n16pzh2zk401nu7pnjbbxlvphg4pejf 9544103 9544101 2024-05-14T15:39:39Z Barseghian Lilia 1364913 wikitext text/x-wiki p00lh82iitnubog8szxjkw5puwukpjl 9544105 9544103 2024-05-14T15:40:17Z Barseghian Lilia 1364913 /* 2023 */ wikitext text/x-wiki 4or0b9e47cum3il6lq0ob5rpv5wo096 9544106 9544105 2024-05-14T15:41:50Z Barseghian Lilia 1364913 /* Removed from the list */ wikitext text/x-wiki b5w4qg8bee2wm3av7ta7qtxp238xtbz 9544108 9544106 2024-05-14T15:42:23Z Barseghian Lilia 1364913 /* Removed from the list */ wikitext text/x-wiki 0ywydd5f0b3t0xu8yy0gtxvwpu5uesn 9544116 9544108 2024-05-14T15:46:46Z Barseghian Lilia 1364913 /* 2023 */ wikitext text/x-wiki j4a1olzoaccrjfuicxnmcw61sbcekur 9544148 9544116 2024-05-14T16:08:04Z Barseghian Lilia 1364913 /* 2023 */ wikitext text/x-wiki o7yc3fmfa4ntnox6caft6n1pe07sdes 9544150 9544148 2024-05-14T16:09:09Z Barseghian Lilia 1364913 /* 2023 */ wikitext text/x-wiki n57mrs9zm489de3fw1ore0a1wernjta 9544151 9544150 2024-05-14T16:09:42Z Barseghian Lilia 1364913 /* 2023 */ wikitext text/x-wiki nvauo9yf6xehu71qhs5fjzapfzmlrux 9544152 9544151 2024-05-14T16:09:55Z Barseghian Lilia 1364913 /* 2023 */ wikitext text/x-wiki gn7gcfu0ouleabiffo0qiu9iop71qtz 9544153 9544152 2024-05-14T16:10:16Z Barseghian Lilia 1364913 /* 2023 */ wikitext text/x-wiki 6z7zrfy0kajc0ckugkfyuupyycwgm56 0 1107217 9544095 2024-05-14T15:36:53Z 80.233.35.184 added wikitext text/x-wiki g45h9lnssp3s3h8jjqphovlzv1d8hdw 9544204 9544095 2024-05-14T16:37:30Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 Added {{[[Template:no sources|no sources]]}} and {{[[Template:original research|original research]]}} tags to article ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki oodlk9yitcpwtfs8l0c6dheceuiku40 9544208 9544204 2024-05-14T16:38:26Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 Added {{[[Template:US-bio-stub|US-bio-stub]]}}, {{[[Template:bio-stub|bio-stub]]}}, {{[[Template:sports-bio-stub|sports-bio-stub]]}} and {{[[Template:sports-bio-stub|sports-bio-stub]]}} tags to article ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki 5x0moyf8uqga9wwmyp6rvlzmcqiqqx1 1 1107218 9544110 2024-05-14T15:43:59Z Joshshan 1418297 /* Question to Macdonald-ross */ new section wikitext text/x-wiki bgsgtyixtp13umy9sm1uemiz4ovsneb 9545798 9544110 2024-05-15T08:28:11Z Macdonald-ross 68157 c.e. wikitext text/x-wiki orxpmkqk3jjtpe62fi9re820f1elu3g 9545799 9545798 2024-05-15T08:30:21Z Macdonald-ross 68157 /* Question to Macdonald-ross */ reply wikitext text/x-wiki robjj9xbd2vhxb43nuketyaiz8a7ahi 9545948 9545799 2024-05-15T11:52:22Z Joshshan 1418297 /* Question to Macdonald-ross */ Reply wikitext text/x-wiki lrx7oisspyfsh738a9lbcxcvpydu5lu 0 1107222 9544131 2024-05-14T15:58:13Z Barseghian Lilia 1364913 Created page with "'''''Kathimerini''''' is a [[Greek language|Greek]] newspaper that talks about politics and money. It started on September 15, 1919.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Doudaki |first1=Vaia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KyapDwAAQBAJ&q=Kathimerini+1919&pg=PA2021 |title=Discourses of Legitimation in the News: The Case of the Economic Crisis in Greece |last2=Boubouka |first2=Angeliki |date=2019-08-14 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-59015-3 |pages=2021–2022 |lan..." wikitext text/x-wiki 1ngjanw3pgyc0to4zba9wzh24tccbdd 9544158 9544131 2024-05-14T16:14:18Z Barseghian Lilia 1364913 wikitext text/x-wiki 3xa4xla7w9b05gd2mbhmfg8k12nz79z 3 1107223 9544135 2024-05-14T15:59:40Z Ravensfire 121204 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Cervell]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki j6k4j3h8eycplkdpqjp3yyf8inebppz 3 1107224 9544138 2024-05-14T16:00:19Z Davey2010 314522 General note: Adding spam links on [[Digital marketing]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki mvubh7qpky9k8f9o3ep04zmwocxth7z 0 1107225 9544162 2024-05-14T16:16:53Z Barseghian Lilia 1364913 Redirected page to [[Installation (computer programs)]] wikitext text/x-wiki 09j5k4i2lagwznczckhdnrh0ar1ag5p 3 1107226 9544164 2024-05-14T16:18:03Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 General note: Unhelpful changes. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki ke7umwmlqi6v6ha0fgvuykynw13txs1 3 1107227 9544167 2024-05-14T16:19:05Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 General note: Unhelpful changes. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki nm9wbjiwb0kwgwibo9ekxqhfru0wvr2 3 1107228 9544170 2024-05-14T16:19:14Z ChenzwBot 16695 Adding level 1 warning about vandalism on [[PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch]] (BOT) wikitext text/x-wiki bwt7zcf16ijh0m5xht7mskplhzf43uy 3 1107229 9544173 2024-05-14T16:19:52Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 Welcome to Wikipedia! ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki jp8mgjr4f0gr8f3yx67yv3spl2gpmng 0 1107230 9544201 2024-05-14T16:37:06Z 134.238.243.99 Linus van pelt $ wikitext text/x-wiki f30qtp8234leu2pwnjmu0n60gn9m0ly 9544217 9544201 2024-05-14T16:41:49Z 134.238.243.99 wikitext text/x-wiki 4klqy5u7k90w27v023ylssimyxa9jra 3 1107231 9544211 2024-05-14T16:39:26Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 Welcome to Wikipedia! ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki p1agwtmv1trwy3952e0mrh5tmrtacku 3 1107233 9544226 2024-05-14T16:44:09Z ChenzwBot 16695 Adding level 1 warning about vandalism on [[Mass hysteria]] (BOT) wikitext text/x-wiki ewtk8t8vza0atttyicy4w5gaoic6wdw 0 1107235 9544235 2024-05-14T16:49:36Z SportsOlympic 975121 Created page with "{{short description|Dutch basketball player}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}} {{Infobox basketball biography | name = | nationality = Dutch | birth_date = {{Birth date|1934|3|19|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Rotterdam]], the Netherlands | death_date = {{death date and age|2024|5|13|1934|3|19|df=y}} | death_place = | height = 192 cm | weight = | team1 = [[Heroes Den Bosch]] | years1 = 1964-1966 | show-medals = yes }} '''Rinus..." wikitext text/x-wiki l1axrxbif4okpukfscuf4a61wfb6v64 3 1107236 9544244 2024-05-14T16:53:22Z 84Swagahh 1377006 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[BL postcode area]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki 0t1oz01x8htf129b407lbl51ldub2qe 0 1107238 9544264 2024-05-14T17:03:24Z 96.4.107.97 jkfl wikitext text/x-wiki ghre47a90v9pagur3xeupjgh0uk6ir1 9544289 9544264 2024-05-14T17:14:03Z 96.4.107.97 Redirect wikitext text/x-wiki sww8c9q0kiawy5dpkp6iit8wbej92o5 9544304 9544289 2024-05-14T17:16:26Z 96.4.107.97 making a disguised dead-end orphan article wikitext text/x-wiki sxmjhqw7h8698ztz8ffphsx0wgmmxq8 9544305 9544304 2024-05-14T17:17:16Z 96.4.107.97 a wikitext text/x-wiki 7mg7b3wq8y9nqbip477jgj7hlwgbjdq 9545107 9544305 2024-05-14T23:10:11Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 Nominated for deletion; see [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2024/Yotta Eg]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki lu45epnutoqn9xcedr5vwoco1m7nvzs 0 1107239 9544273 2024-05-14T17:08:54Z 96.4.107.97 Redirect wikitext text/x-wiki h48ifgpazpjcamyg5q7hkonxbnbsxix 0 1107240 9544277 2024-05-14T17:11:14Z 206.211.34.13 Created page with "[[File:Vista aérea de Tecate Baja California.jpg|thumb|aerial view of Tecate]] Tecate Is a City In [[Baja California (state)|Baja California]] it is the seat for the [[Tecate Municipality]] The city has a population of 72,860 people" wikitext text/x-wiki kvu7nyf62cs7zmby2equne3v5v8u8tt 9544434 9544277 2024-05-14T18:06:39Z 206.211.34.13 wikitext text/x-wiki qgk7qc8yi75hmn07deuckgro59dqka4 9545099 9544434 2024-05-14T23:06:31Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 Redirect is better wikitext text/x-wiki sxr4uq441911jtbeb9cckjzu4y7zf2m 0 1107241 9544296 2024-05-14T17:15:32Z Darkfrog24 508885 Created page with "{{italictitle}} {{Speciesbox | image = | status =LC | status_ref =<ref name=IUCN/> | status_system = IUCN3.1 | taxon = Buergeria choui | authority = (Boulenger, 1900 "1899") | range_map = |synonyms= | synonyms_ref=<ref name=AMNH /> }} The '''Yaeyama Kajika frog''' (''Buergeria choui'') is a [[frog]]. It lives in [[Taiwan]] and Japan on [[Iriomote Island]] and [[Ishigaki Island]].<ref name=AMNH>{{BioRef|ASW6 |title=''Buergeria choui'' (Boulenger, 1900 "1899") |url=h..." wikitext text/x-wiki ghi8ujj7gi0npx85msdme4wcwhvm91o 3 1107242 9544307 2024-05-14T17:17:36Z Bigcheese26 1391751 General note: Removal of content, blanking on [[Dubstep]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki 03bp61nlkeb5ufsn3nte6p8z5popl6k 0 1107243 9544319 2024-05-14T17:22:02Z 2A02:C7C:2D01:CA00:58FF:E3C9:BF6E:1148 Created page with "Creation ex materia is the notion that the universe was formed out of eternal, pre-existing matter. This is in contrast to the notion of creatio ex nihilo, where the universe is created out of nothing. The idea of creation ex materia is already found in ancient near eastern cosmology. In the 5th century BC, Parmenides framed this principle as the philosophical dictum "nothing comes from nothing" (Greek: οὐδὲν ἐξ οὐδενός; Latin: ex nihilo nihil fit). It..." wikitext text/x-wiki ll9nejll1cp0igimurcgydva1ewmxo3 3 1107245 9544343 2024-05-14T17:31:48Z Codename Noreste 1320268 General note: Unhelpful changes. wikitext text/x-wiki 5ai8hn5apfiwr6gk2358uvr81yje3tg 3 1107246 9544355 2024-05-14T17:35:14Z ChenzwBot 16695 Adding level 1 warning about vandalism on [[John Rose]] (BOT) wikitext text/x-wiki ms2ecl9c37fqvx6ty3a3qucmwvrn3sn 9544365 9544355 2024-05-14T17:37:54Z Codename Noreste 1320268 sending warning (warning 2) wikitext text/x-wiki ok5dxo054xhh44h84h159nl2bttms0u 3 1107247 9544361 2024-05-14T17:36:06Z Codename Noreste 1320268 sending warning (warning 1) wikitext text/x-wiki 8yp7u72wze6g5m7ze4xjb0jzun53nhg 10 1107248 9544370 2024-05-14T17:42:47Z 2001:2020:30B:ADCE:A45D:963A:A09E:80CA Created page with "{{Navbox |name=Arthropods |title=<!--Extant -->[[Arthropod]]a classes by subphylum (for arthropoda that are not [[Extinction|extinct]]) |state=collapsed |bodyclass=hlist |above= * Kingdom [[Animal]]ia * Subkingdom [[Eumetazoa]] * (unranked) [[Bilateria]] * (unranked) [[Protostome|Protostomia]] * Superphylum [[Ecdysozoa]] |below=''italic'' are paraphyletic groups |group1=[[Chelicerata]] |list1={{Navbox|subgroup |groupwidth = 6em |list1= * Sea spider|Pycnogonida (sea s..." wikitext text/x-wiki q5nyzjn92m81hxbit7mnoxazn9fxizn 0 1107249 9544382 2024-05-14T17:47:47Z Darkfrog24 508885 translated from en.wiki oldid=1214498626 wikitext text/x-wiki 62a3cvb9o9ub058jkou2jtf9o5mmyc7 1 1107250 9544384 2024-05-14T17:48:11Z Darkfrog24 508885 Created page with "{{translated|en|Ranixalidae|version=1214498626}}" wikitext text/x-wiki gdtbp9pxxjbbei2u8f2c9mgi7jtckag 3 1107251 9544387 2024-05-14T17:48:34Z ChenzwBot 16695 Adding level 1 warning about vandalism on [[Paul the Apostle]] (BOT) wikitext text/x-wiki 3ifl7guw4hjidmnlu9p8va9rejzx0mi 3 1107252 9544398 2024-05-14T17:53:28Z 24chseld101 1453698 /* Hobby */ new section wikitext text/x-wiki 9rjb9cgq96wanb7eeork9951qr1qsj7 3 1107254 9544430 2024-05-14T18:06:01Z Davey2010 314522 General note: Unhelpful changes on [[Rizz]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki bko612kjqupe8lkbigxy7edtnqzfh8c 9545102 9544430 2024-05-14T23:07:25Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 Caution: Vandalism. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki 1h4z1sppmf2khws1kwxvg4du67o4ct5 3 1107256 9544443 2024-05-14T18:09:33Z Codename Noreste 1320268 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[List of nicknames of the prime ministers of India]] wikitext text/x-wiki eaum0bj66cgpe82o6mz1c7fv0ik9kfp 0 1107257 9544452 2024-05-14T18:14:47Z 206.211.34.13 Created page with "The San Quintin Municipality is The second Newest municipality in [[Baja California (state)|Baja California]] It was formed off the Ensenada Municipality [[File:Escudo municipio san quintin.png|thumb|coat of arms of the san quintin municipality]] the population of the municipality is 117,568 people the Seat for the municipality is [[San Quintín, Baja California|San Quintin]]" wikitext text/x-wiki ba5x9uoh7ih9t9tuz03xa9j1yg5pqxh 9544472 9544452 2024-05-14T18:19:31Z 206.211.34.13 wikitext text/x-wiki 5i3xceg23vjl9dpxsvvk6efm7m9j24v 9545274 9544472 2024-05-15T02:00:37Z MathXplore 966595 c/e wikitext text/x-wiki p3h523u31jvpkeowtb4d5qzc4zyhrl3 9545275 9545274 2024-05-15T02:00:54Z MathXplore 966595 MathXplore moved page [[San Quintin Municipality]] to [[San Quintín Municipality]]: per enwiki wikitext text/x-wiki p3h523u31jvpkeowtb4d5qzc4zyhrl3 9545312 9545275 2024-05-15T02:38:46Z BigKrow 1386969 wikitext text/x-wiki hyoc2my0sswdgflcasqwt34po35p58r 0 1107259 9544475 2024-05-14T18:20:28Z Darkfrog24 508885 translated from en.wiki oldid=1055958994 wikitext text/x-wiki jwoawylvv9r5zm6hp3fizvxol5tk3yr 9544479 9544475 2024-05-14T18:21:30Z Darkfrog24 508885 wikitext text/x-wiki a47rac22ousved2x7ij8v4hjmkpfy3c 9544490 9544479 2024-05-14T18:25:34Z Darkfrog24 508885 wikitext text/x-wiki mi738f6wng0jycybe5rszewokwcwely 1 1107260 9544477 2024-05-14T18:20:56Z Darkfrog24 508885 Created page with "{{translated|en|Walkerana|version=1055958994}}" wikitext text/x-wiki 9xeicxvbbq8qu8o7axmzcil1kwcctzn 10 1107261 9544481 2024-05-14T18:21:52Z Darkfrog24 508885 Created page with "{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=genus |link={{subst:#titleparts:{{subst:PAGENAME}}|2|2}} |parent=Ranixalidae |extinct= <!--leave blank or delete this line for "not extinct"; put "yes" for "extinct" --> |refs= <!--Shown on this page only; don't include <ref> tags --> }}" wikitext text/x-wiki 3pyryqh026o1l4godjqm2jqgeh2n7yp 10 1107262 9544482 2024-05-14T18:22:41Z Darkfrog24 508885 Created page with "{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=family |link={{subst:#titleparts:{{subst:PAGENAME}}|2|2}} |parent=Ranoidea |extinct= <!--leave blank or delete this line for "not extinct"; put "yes" for "extinct" --> |refs= <!--Shown on this page only; don't include <ref> tags --> }}" wikitext text/x-wiki n1pv0028iklf6iyrmezqz33vh0k4y6v 0 1107263 9544492 2024-05-14T18:26:22Z 206.211.34.13 Created page with "The Ensenada Municipality is a [[Municipalities of Baja California|Municipality]] in [[Baja California (state)|Baja California]] It used to be the largest Municipality in Baja california but other [[San Quintin Municipality|municipalities]] formed off of Ensenada The population of the Municipality is 443,807 people the seat for the municipality is [[Ensenada]]" wikitext text/x-wiki 6ooi8vvsjcr2ohcxutoihpt3bme1i51 9544497 9544492 2024-05-14T18:27:23Z 206.211.34.13 wikitext text/x-wiki 6zutadlpxnwbmraacd32zgw9p51mmct 9545273 9544497 2024-05-15T01:59:53Z MathXplore 966595 c/e wikitext text/x-wiki 6i7pletojvghqg5g2mcact12pq1419b 9545308 9545273 2024-05-15T02:36:45Z BigKrow 1386969 wikitext text/x-wiki i452azkef5kickzic8tq2ruyccpmdhh 9545309 9545308 2024-05-15T02:37:08Z BigKrow 1386969 wikitext text/x-wiki k7vpenv3pv060s72w5k5f2sbhzrf93c 3 1107264 9544500 2024-05-14T18:27:54Z Daniuu 904753 sending warning (warning 1) wikitext text/x-wiki lnn77uqk4k658da6gbojynuyx0g4dj9 9544512 9544500 2024-05-14T18:30:56Z Daniuu 904753 Warning: Vandalism on [[List of tallest people in the world]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki 710weeqi3noivn5zkcp18x440osqpyd 9544519 9544512 2024-05-14T18:32:17Z Trvvottv 1463277 /* May 2024 */ Reply wikitext text/x-wiki gbcodykguq8l1ip0nljy4yffrs8cfm2 3 1107265 9544509 2024-05-14T18:30:24Z Daniuu 904753 sending warning (warning 1) wikitext text/x-wiki px7ltocavq4fioenwq6w32mgb29sp0q 9544516 9544509 2024-05-14T18:32:01Z 164.116.126.175 /* May 2024 */ Reply wikitext text/x-wiki snk1bn5dp7wnk8t5j3fzx9tq18z9vnf 3 1107266 9544517 2024-05-14T18:32:02Z Tropical Storm Angela 138847 General note: Editing tests on [[Kendall Jenner ]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki 1o3z4xl747816g0vm5l0phavrss90fh 0 1107267 9544607 2024-05-14T18:57:18Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 Created page with "{{Infobox musical artist | name = David Sanborn | image = David Sanborn 2008 2.jpg | caption = Sanborn performing in 2008 | birth_name = David William Sanborn | birth_date = {{birth date|1945|7|30}} | birth_place = [[Tampa, Florida]], U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|2024|5|12|1945|7|30}} | death_place = [[Tarrytown, New York]], U.S. | genre = [[Jazz]], [[jazz fusion]], [[blues rock]]..." wikitext text/x-wiki amzjg9uw13evkdl6ybgnk8q6sseuz1k 9544612 9544607 2024-05-14T18:58:25Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 wikitext text/x-wiki hrsrqonn0gj2i1kpv1ctjjm5rmfrdc8 9544620 9544612 2024-05-14T18:59:42Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 + 11 categories using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki cfejoa7a9qain0gg64e5l7atpiq4261 9544621 9544620 2024-05-14T18:59:48Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 added [[Category:Grammy Award winners]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki h6uevlgkzueri46ua6obs6f5is4owyo 9545218 9544621 2024-05-15T01:00:52Z 2001:2020:309:C943:998E:25A4:8237:CD61 wikitext text/x-wiki 9fsggocyzvrrpvm0ko8yh6zuuk16xsv 9545223 9545218 2024-05-15T01:02:57Z 2001:2020:309:C943:998E:25A4:8237:CD61 /* Other websites */ wikitext text/x-wiki bcfy2m04evh3dh1pe82mncbn61bgsfy 9545231 9545223 2024-05-15T01:11:55Z 2001:2020:309:C943:998E:25A4:8237:CD61 from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyeur_(David_Sanborn_album) wikitext text/x-wiki jzj3up3qravfpkhblwlr5qwhdzt4y4i 9545252 9545231 2024-05-15T01:32:24Z 2001:2020:309:C943:998E:25A4:8237:CD61 The award was for 1986, but given in 1987 wikitext text/x-wiki poun5zp4zs75o1p2zgbt5iryvurzq19 9545261 9545252 2024-05-15T01:33:33Z 2001:2020:309:C943:998E:25A4:8237:CD61 wikitext text/x-wiki d6kxrf69flkv0p6rhj2ci5em7n9ws6h 9545311 9545261 2024-05-15T02:38:16Z 2001:2020:309:C943:E5D2:B1E8:CD15:E822 Punctuation wikitext text/x-wiki behq8mj57u1cv56fbchhzhvis2grond 2 1107268 9544616 2024-05-14T18:59:13Z Laith15R 1463278 Hola wikitext text/x-wiki ercxow0qxa9kgalyv6fidhesk7w30w7 0 1107269 9544634 2024-05-14T19:02:28Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 Created page with "{{Infobox sportsperson | name = Kelvin Kiptum | image = Kelvin Kiptum (KEN) 2023.jpg | imagesize = | caption = Kiptum at the [[2023 London Marathon]] | full_name = Kelvin Kiptum Cheruiyot | birth_date = {{birth date|1999|12|2|df=yes}} | birth_place = Chepsamo, [[Chepkorio]], Kenya | death_date = {{death date and age|2024|2|11|1999|12|2|df=yes}} | death_place = near [[Kaptagat]], Kenya | height = 1.80 m<ref name="Tilastopaja.eu">{{cite web |url=https://www.tilastopaja.eu..." wikitext text/x-wiki a827ucfk3ucwsfji841m2aus59f4qae 9544636 9544634 2024-05-14T19:02:52Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 added [[Category:Kenyan athletes]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki 561boz7t3j207lrhnridk3s7yrd239a 9544637 9544636 2024-05-14T19:03:02Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 added [[Category:Road accident deaths]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki 24nhkpqpcmcv2i5ujojfxs5k8qc0ctz 1 1107270 9544650 2024-05-14T19:07:40Z Liz Lipscombe 1418292 /* The Lead Section */ new section wikitext text/x-wiki j56phnv16ox0b20rwrdvx754w9ri6bs 0 1107271 9544680 2024-05-14T19:19:23Z C.t.char 1418599 Created page on "Saudi Aramco" wikitext text/x-wiki 07uwiyh7778tgap6ategm50rimh8z9i 0 1107274 9544724 2024-05-14T19:40:41Z Dream Indigo 1398040 Dream Indigo moved page [[Isla]] to [[Isla (given name)]]: "Isla" means many things wikitext text/x-wiki sm3089qtba8yyogpjuqhtieu3yiuonp 9544735 9544724 2024-05-14T19:44:15Z Dream Indigo 1398040 disambiguation wikitext text/x-wiki qxb0n0inp8u8vamoeeixsfvq03ou83y 9544741 9544735 2024-05-14T19:47:11Z Dream Indigo 1398040 +[[Category:Place name disambiguation pages]]; 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([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki 4yuf9brrcci4bxqe6m98epg8hxydhc5 4 1107299 9545109 2024-05-14T23:10:11Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 Creating deletion discussion page for [[Yotta Eg]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki tbgsn1novayox439dzpawkx060k5rz4 3 1107300 9545117 2024-05-14T23:15:57Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 General note: Unhelpful changes. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki ko0q46cfvt286beim2aftfwhqesp0xk 3 1107301 9545119 2024-05-14T23:17:43Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 Notice: Not making changes in simple English. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki ky4msy5r3k0qn4ph9wjg91wlmjaa9p9 3 1107302 9545121 2024-05-14T23:18:17Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 General note: Unhelpful changes. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki m8cqnneslsgmv8lazxpdbywb6v9rwzn 9545150 9545121 2024-05-14T23:33:17Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 Caution: Vandalism. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki 4ambcx61jh9w4s10ay6uc10ipza5mgn 3 1107303 9545125 2024-05-14T23:21:26Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 General note: Unhelpful changes. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki bijmt368m076k9j4a9x7kg6k5of5xuh 3 1107304 9545145 2024-05-14T23:31:24Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 General note: Unhelpful changes. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki l7kviet3iy48vu1vv4ur2baq975s7zf 3 1107306 9545151 2024-05-14T23:34:12Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 Welcome to Wikipedia! ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki 7npdnympug3iqij7le0s7wtoe7rm744 3 1107307 9545152 2024-05-14T23:36:41Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 warn and welcome wikitext text/x-wiki c8hgl0al2xxscs4qmbo4dgt2iam0ybz 0 1107310 9545174 2024-05-15T00:14:35Z 2605:B100:112:5679:F997:883E:1582:8611 Created page with "[[I, Don Quixote]] is a [[TV movie]] from 1959. It’s about [[Miguel de Cervantes]] being arrested by the [[Spanish Inquisition]] and telling the other prisoners the story of [[Don Quixote]]. The musical [[Man of La Mancha]] is based on this movie." wikitext text/x-wiki 0ngxpa12zzbyp7cdfexcncqvjyc6zfe 9545175 9545174 2024-05-15T00:14:55Z 2605:B100:112:5679:F997:883E:1582:8611 wikitext text/x-wiki 9ra0jlgtzk9a053a82mzw6x6k6k4ztg 1 1107312 9545178 2024-05-15T00:17:52Z 79.97.23.139 /* my buddy */ new section wikitext text/x-wiki 9465b7fyqbv7lynk0z8rgvp553v589q 9545201 9545178 2024-05-15T00:43:34Z MathXplore 966595 Reset talk page with [[:w:simple:User:DannyS712/Reset talk|reset talk]] (version 1.1) wikitext text/x-wiki 6ujz0t3lkt6jsf7d1r360l6l7wj3njb 3 1107313 9545182 2024-05-15T00:18:45Z ChenzwBot 16695 Adding level 1 warning about vandalism on [[Ned Kelly]] (BOT) wikitext text/x-wiki h1dtuhv0f7d4c2phnkf4s2rjte60wtz 3 1107314 9545185 2024-05-15T00:20:43Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 Welcome to Wikipedia! ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki 5z1x97c90wjtw6q0e1bkiwb26cyvbj7 9545203 9545185 2024-05-15T00:44:24Z MathXplore 966595 General note: Creating inappropriate pages. 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([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki orooi83ipj4bcktvp2k0r233s2f3fx0 0 1107320 9545221 2024-05-15T01:02:20Z 45.72.192.68 ewrew wikitext text/x-wiki 5qfbmkx4w4x3yj35e2favgx49gua67d 0 1107322 9545276 2024-05-15T02:00:54Z MathXplore 966595 MathXplore moved page [[San Quintin Municipality]] to [[San Quintín Municipality]]: per enwiki wikitext text/x-wiki as5g7bti50vw9ho2kqamjce20thy6uu 14 1107323 9545277 2024-05-15T02:01:17Z MathXplore 966595 Created page with "{{Monthly clean-up category}}" wikitext text/x-wiki ss3euq6e3g1edy4fq17yysdo41h3414 3 1107324 9545280 2024-05-15T02:03:15Z MathXplore 966595 General note: Formatting, date, language, etc (Manual of style) on [[Slab City, California]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki ear9wndafx3jkcatf8fkwknyxv3hfal 9545281 9545280 2024-05-15T02:03:30Z MathXplore 966595 Notice: How to make your articles better. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki qcox60hh6myxmu37x4x8uq6ikzrsz6g 3 1107325 9545282 2024-05-15T02:03:57Z MathXplore 966595 Notice: Undoing recent test on [[Adolf Hitler Uunona]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki 1o3gk0kxmout9fyh5dourk9trxueojs 3 1107326 9545287 2024-05-15T02:22:39Z MathXplore 966595 Notice: Direct copying of article from English Wikipedia. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki e7io3r7au4gdqvvy6763ovitlnj62pl 9545288 9545287 2024-05-15T02:22:51Z MathXplore 966595 General note: Creating inappropriate pages. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki 6kxvriouuplp2aet80njzl1uzcq7jn4 0 1107327 9545292 2024-05-15T02:24:21Z MathXplore 966595 MathXplore moved page [[Ksi (Cyrillic letter)]] to [[Ksi (Cyrillic)]]: per enwiki, shorter disambiguation wikitext text/x-wiki le4milzvg4i9x4tv5pr087li7swny5x 3 1107328 9545295 2024-05-15T02:25:31Z MathXplore 966595 General note: Removal of content, blanking on [[The Nutshack]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki pxfsef3o61gqrs6rg88noludfspyd8z 3 1107329 9545296 2024-05-15T02:25:44Z MathXplore 966595 General note: Creating inappropriate pages. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki 43rhcirtnms59nhks25b92ln98obtjg 3 1107331 9545301 2024-05-15T02:30:10Z MathXplore 966595 General note: Creating inappropriate pages. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki ib5yfwq9jkofx8l8y6pg3ho7k4ds4vh 3 1107332 9545303 2024-05-15T02:30:45Z MathXplore 966595 Notice: Possible conflict of interest on [[Dele Kelvin Oye]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki 2107f5tzdgxpk7w3d12bzywxeiei21z 0 1107333 9545318 2024-05-15T02:40:57Z Jolly1253 1150185 Jolly1253 moved page [[Agatha (miniseries)]] to [[Agatha All Along (miniseries)]]: Confirmed title wikitext text/x-wiki fvcemyvoblscv4orqnlag3v3oda3o0n 1 1107334 9545320 2024-05-15T02:43:12Z 162.220.36.221 /* Hello Bella */ new section wikitext text/x-wiki l3pgiye0yd72oom98ta1eyq6qhkpvow 9545322 9545320 2024-05-15T02:44:26Z BigKrow 1386969 Requesting quick deletion ([[WP:QD#A1|QD A1]]). ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki t63p2xkgukdwe3x94ocx367efaw4ff4 9545331 9545322 2024-05-15T02:48:11Z MathXplore 966595 Reset talk page with [[:w:simple:User:DannyS712/Reset talk|reset talk]] (version 1.1) wikitext text/x-wiki 6ujz0t3lkt6jsf7d1r360l6l7wj3njb 3 1107335 9545323 2024-05-15T02:44:27Z BigKrow 1386969 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Talk:Linda Ronstadt]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki gmq664q5h5hcci1nukmiuglbny97o7v 9545332 9545323 2024-05-15T02:48:28Z MathXplore 966595 General note: Unhelpful changes on [[Talk:Linda Ronstadt]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki 2qzc8okc33mc982eq9y947n3tqzgtk6 3 1107336 9545328 2024-05-15T02:47:06Z ChenzwBot 16695 Adding level 1 warning about vandalism on [[Saturday Night (Aaron Carter song)]] (BOT) wikitext text/x-wiki if0hi7nkr0e6yblfuvrzpcxi0iyfes2 3 1107337 9545329 2024-05-15T02:47:24Z CheryPEARL 1 1463436 Created page with "This person is a fan of Beauty Pageants" wikitext text/x-wiki r3khv8q099b9flio0uez3eshieeapa1 2 1107338 9545333 2024-05-15T02:48:34Z CheryPEARL 1 1463436 My very first page to edit wikitext text/x-wiki su4g0vqa2wfoxp3wt2oid1tgzv71x6l 0 1107339 9545334 2024-05-15T02:50:31Z 2806:105E:24:6AA:114E:F513:9581:4E2D Created page with "{{Infobox flag|Name=Flag of Berlin|Image=Flag of Berlin.svg|Proportion=7:4|Adoption=*4 May 2021|Designer=Francisco Medina Asencio}} The '''flag of [[Berlin]]''' ({{lang-de|Bandera de Guadalajara}}) has three horizontal stripes of [[red]], [[white]] and red with the coat of arms of Berlin city conceived by. It was adopted 4 may 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url= |title=Flag of Berlin, Mexico |publisher=CRW Flags |access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> ===Historical flags=== <gallery> Fil..." wikitext text/x-wiki s8bxvv99qs1qj9pex82y6ox17zwbcpt 9545336 9545334 2024-05-15T02:50:49Z 2806:105E:24:6AA:114E:F513:9581:4E2D wikitext text/x-wiki aopdopss03bt6c6i0844v1xgqwoto3x 9545337 9545336 2024-05-15T02:51:08Z 2806:105E:24:6AA:114E:F513:9581:4E2D wikitext text/x-wiki pllvzksq4lb8qfq65r72al6u8o20jo1 9545342 9545337 2024-05-15T02:52:41Z 2806:105E:24:6AA:114E:F513:9581:4E2D wikitext text/x-wiki qu30lvz5g2l7edn9pb4po0shmmfp2mh 9545343 9545342 2024-05-15T02:53:17Z 2806:105E:24:6AA:114E:F513:9581:4E2D /* Historical flags */ wikitext text/x-wiki 6ococq8waoxdfpfbk7yic6vdugfwe5p 9545345 9545343 2024-05-15T02:55:00Z 2806:105E:24:6AA:114E:F513:9581:4E2D wikitext text/x-wiki 3t9uasgm8x0kyqt5was7jiao6gqk2pu 9545346 9545345 2024-05-15T02:57:58Z 2806:105E:24:6AA:114E:F513:9581:4E2D wikitext text/x-wiki pog30p74rs6l5u4ts4908q3defynq9d 9545348 9545346 2024-05-15T02:58:30Z 2806:105E:24:6AA:114E:F513:9581:4E2D /* Related pages */ wikitext text/x-wiki 5qiipra7sj0eknimdsvkdgmarpo4tvt 9545349 9545348 2024-05-15T02:59:26Z 2806:105E:24:6AA:114E:F513:9581:4E2D wikitext text/x-wiki 0ehmzzbo0o9vtu9xk3ou0uzw0din1mn 9545350 9545349 2024-05-15T02:59:40Z 2806:105E:24:6AA:114E:F513:9581:4E2D wikitext text/x-wiki pxqfw6uyl2qr2eq7g9saug6rcqs5ix5 4 1107340 9545335 2024-05-15T02:50:32Z MathXplore 966595 Redirected page to [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#General rules – All pages]] wikitext text/x-wiki r64oboybtyfg8vwfl4nrc424g7p2rf0 4 1107341 9545339 2024-05-15T02:51:58Z MathXplore 966595 Redirected page to [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Articles]] wikitext text/x-wiki kszmflq6n3n8er4y08e1dq653awhpil 14 1107342 9545355 2024-05-15T03:03:35Z 2806:105E:24:6AA:114E:F513:9581:4E2D Created page with "[[Category:Flags of Colombia|Bogotá]]" wikitext text/x-wiki 5uaazbqen1pw12ka9hhhy8md5s7oyuz 9545356 9545355 2024-05-15T03:04:18Z 2806:105E:24:6AA:114E:F513:9581:4E2D wikitext text/x-wiki k0qxugj172a5knv2uiu6eoq6hemxxy2 0 1107344 9545360 2024-05-15T03:05:43Z Comintell 1397476 Stub of notable detection software wikitext text/x-wiki jr1m8kjm1g2ihuh9ygzsnlb4i8tm9kp 9545363 9545360 2024-05-15T03:06:25Z Comintell 1397476 references wikitext text/x-wiki 6hcciulsnv8qsxseugoroo8w4cqsmrs 9545616 9545363 2024-05-15T06:04:21Z MathXplore 966595 MathXplore moved page [[GPTzero]] to [[GPTZero]]: per enwiki wikitext text/x-wiki 6hcciulsnv8qsxseugoroo8w4cqsmrs 10 1107345 9545365 2024-05-15T03:12:51Z Auntof6 22027 Created page with "{{Main other|{{Infobox television/Short description|released={{{released|}}}|first_aired={{{first_aired|}}}|country={{{country|}}}}}}} {{Infobox | templatestyles = Infobox television/styles.css | italic title = {{{italic_title|<noinclude>no</noinclude>}}} | bodyclass = ib-tv vevent | aboveclass = summary | above = {{#invoke:Infobox television|above_title}} | headerclass = summary | autoheaders = y | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|ima..." wikitext text/x-wiki 76lf8uwuajuiht4fhdjbeyvocq9fl6d 14 1107346 9545369 2024-05-15T03:20:15Z 2806:105E:24:6AA:114E:F513:9581:4E2D Created page with "[[Category:Flags]]" wikitext text/x-wiki ankzucbe5xvtpn7ppek7im13wv1cinl 0 1107347 9545380 2024-05-15T03:29:16Z Comintell 1397476 Notable stub about AI detection software, many references, a lot can be added here/ wikitext text/x-wiki g3y36ru23smx2ny9pue3wp606jkwmtd 9545389 9545380 2024-05-15T03:31:47Z Comintell 1397476 Added other website section wikitext text/x-wiki cv49rcauonod0rgvoxvmgpek2caewv3 9545618 9545389 2024-05-15T06:05:02Z MathXplore 966595 MathXplore moved page [[Undetectable AI]] to [[Undetectable.ai]]: per enwiki wikitext text/x-wiki cv49rcauonod0rgvoxvmgpek2caewv3 2 1107348 9545384 2024-05-15T03:30:45Z Skibididopdoprizz 1463447 The things I’ve changed are another “slang” version of edging, unlike mathematical terms but instead more “Gen-z” wikitext text/x-wiki cirxsbaj6hfvy9zrwgdr9cax2m5wcr8 9545386 9545384 2024-05-15T03:31:21Z Skibididopdoprizz 1463447 wikitext text/x-wiki tp599zsx3iqz235b3f3oe8p3xhcp9cg 1 1107349 9545464 2024-05-15T04:26:34Z Ishan chamika 312 1463462 /* myelin */ new section wikitext text/x-wiki jct09fzdl7hkvfoorhiefyrretwkr9a 0 1107350 9545539 2024-05-15T05:14:04Z 189.162.239.123 Created page with "{{Infobox flag|Name=Flag of Michoacán|Image=Flag of Michoacan.svg|Proportion=2:3|Image2=|Adoption=*2010}} The '''State Flag of [[Michoacán]]''' has a white background with the state arm of coat. ==Related pages== * [[List of Mexican flags]] == References == {{commons}} {{reflist}} [[Category:Mexican state flags|Michoacán]] [[Category:Michoacán]] [[Category:White flags|Michoacán]] {{North-America-stub}}" wikitext text/x-wiki axsxblmny6iai8esmcubzb7p3nyhsci 9545620 9545539 2024-05-15T06:06:33Z 189.162.239.123 wikitext text/x-wiki jn44gft1cg4sm95agpcenpkfvh51qz0 9545621 9545620 2024-05-15T06:06:53Z 189.162.239.123 /* History */ wikitext text/x-wiki auwbtik0ds83lajjwmehf4119z55x8w 0 1107351 9545542 2024-05-15T05:15:41Z 189.162.239.123 Created page with "{{Infobox flag|Name=Flag of Sinaloa|Image=Flag of Sinaloa.svg|Proportion=2:3|Image2=|Adoption=*2010}} The '''State Flag of [[Sinaloa]]''' has a white background with the state arm of coat. ==Related pages== * [[List of Mexican flags]] == References == {{commons}} {{reflist}} [[Category:Mexican state flags|Sinaloa]] [[Category:Michoacán]] [[Category:White flags|Sinaloa]] {{North-America-stub}}" wikitext text/x-wiki 2zpvztlc6i4d80ht9cxdnzt06ofxgyp 9545543 9545542 2024-05-15T05:15:57Z 189.162.239.123 wikitext text/x-wiki rzjcjewin2451xqono24jfy5f1o0nbv 0 1107352 9545545 2024-05-15T05:17:07Z 189.162.239.123 Created page with "{{Infobox flag|Name=Flag of Nayarit|Image=Flag of Nayarit.svg|Proportion=2:3|Image2=|Adoption=*2010}} The '''State Flag of [[Nayarit]]''' has a white background with the state arm of coat. ==Related pages== * [[List of Mexican flags]] == References == {{commons}} {{reflist}} [[Category:Mexican state flags|Nayarit]] [[Category:Nayarit]] [[Category:White flags|Nayarit]] {{North-America-stub}}" wikitext text/x-wiki bd0n8i88en1cwbn1kah87q950pschwr 0 1107353 9545550 2024-05-15T05:18:51Z 189.162.239.123 Created page with "{{Infobox flag|Name=Flag of Campeche|Image=Flag of Campeche.svg|Proportion=2:3|Image2=|Adoption=*2010}} The '''State Flag of [[Campeche]]''' has a white background with the state arm of coat. ==Related pages== * [[List of Mexican flags]] == References == {{commons}} {{reflist}} [[Category:Mexican state flags|Campeche]] [[Category:Campeche]] [[Category:White flags|Campeche]] {{North-America-stub}}" wikitext text/x-wiki c572zqnfyt62gqu4bqai18o1tp5v6h0 9545602 9545550 2024-05-15T05:43:44Z 189.162.239.123 wikitext text/x-wiki i9mybdm8unoz0ejmyum0l1mnsu7garw 0 1107354 9545553 2024-05-15T05:19:43Z Iceypurple 1463477 made a new page wikitext text/x-wiki bwutokghm5zb77unrk8dseva2nm8xui 3 1107355 9545600 2024-05-15T05:43:04Z MathXplore 966595 General note: Formatting, date, language, etc (Manual of style) on [[Speech]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki 8az1be7unk0oxn1wu2sqyvd1ckwerma 0 1107356 9545617 2024-05-15T06:04:21Z MathXplore 966595 MathXplore moved page [[GPTzero]] to [[GPTZero]]: per enwiki wikitext text/x-wiki 4d81oul2h7uqqe7msorlmr79x3hrt3d 0 1107357 9545619 2024-05-15T06:05:02Z MathXplore 966595 MathXplore moved page [[Undetectable AI]] to [[Undetectable.ai]]: per enwiki wikitext text/x-wiki c7ddifzb76vanhyuqze8kmodvc0ukmc 0 1107358 9545622 2024-05-15T06:08:28Z 129.126.218.97 I talked about that the guy was king and what happened in breif summary about the border making of spain and morocco wikitext text/x-wiki au8c7mptn51mh7nsrxxnkpbgxkuuodd 9545858 9545622 2024-05-15T10:18:19Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 hoax wikitext text/x-wiki b8xvyvovuav966e0lj2j6ofsdo4f6rz 0 1107359 9545627 2024-05-15T06:10:17Z Werner100359 106408 Created page with " The '''2022-23 FC Liefering season''' was the 10th season of FC Liefering in the [[2. Liga|second league]]. Liefering finished 9th. Despite a contract until 2024, the club ended its collaboration with head coach Ingolitsch at the end of the season. <ref> [https://www.ligaportal.at/2-liga/allgemein/6205-trainerwechsel-fc-liefering-und-fabio-ingolitsch-beenden-zusammenarbeit Ligaportal.at (German)]</ref> ==Squad == {| class="wikitable" Width="750" | bgcolor="#E8E8E8"..." wikitext text/x-wiki lkpwq0ik5o3to75zlyjpeqebjgzsa5j 9545629 9545627 2024-05-15T06:11:17Z Werner100359 106408 wikitext text/x-wiki 8x9ob1h5obkdkhjtm2b2v0adhqmxynn 9545639 9545629 2024-05-15T06:15:28Z MathXplore 966595 MathXplore moved page [[2022– 23 FC Liefering season]] to [[2022–23 FC Liefering season]] without leaving a redirect: Misspelled title: per enwiki wikitext text/x-wiki 8x9ob1h5obkdkhjtm2b2v0adhqmxynn 3 1107360 9545660 2024-05-15T06:35:40Z MathXplore 966595 General note: Removal of content, blanking on [[John Swinney]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki elybybbjojluf9j9oe6zr6khzh89yc0 3 1107361 9545663 2024-05-15T06:36:45Z MathXplore 966595 General note: Removal of content, blanking on [[Steven Spielberg]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki ia1grli8h0r30bgfumju8qipgwnypus 9545706 9545663 2024-05-15T06:48:35Z MathXplore 966595 Caution: Addition of unsourced or improperly cited material on [[Jack Haley]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki 6zliqjczvejjf6hc64xz4yr0smoc08l 3 1107362 9545668 2024-05-15T06:37:30Z Codename Noreste 1320268 sending warning (warning 1) wikitext text/x-wiki my5bkc1154tuf1jy6i2ic0mzjrctaqy 9545671 9545668 2024-05-15T06:38:29Z Codename Noreste 1320268 sending warning (warning 2) wikitext text/x-wiki h6xe820mh97d7kvj239n1898reet41o 9545679 9545671 2024-05-15T06:39:28Z MathXplore 966595 Warning: Vandalism on [[White nationalism]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki ea6w0c3353kst5a55g597xl24ynj906 9545683 9545679 2024-05-15T06:39:35Z ChenzwBot 16695 Adding level 4 warning about possible vandalism on [[White supremacy]] (BOT) wikitext text/x-wiki o8afzjldg425a9o5t74kxykmejdelmp 10 1107363 9545681 2024-05-15T06:39:33Z 2407:7000:9D91:8533:A5A9:64DE:71FE:38AB Created page with "{{Navbox musical artist | title = [[Linkin Park]] [[List of songs recorded by Linkin Park|songs]] | state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} | bodyclass = hlist | name = Linkin Park songs | background = group_or_band | border = {{{border|}}} | above = * [[Linkin Park discography|Discography]] * [[List of awards and nominations received by Linkin Park|Awards and nominations]] | group1 = ''[[Hybrid Theory]]'' | list1 = * "[[Papercut (Linkin Park song)|Papercut]]" * "O..." wikitext text/x-wiki esd9tyki1uism64wqeryd65h7st5g18 3 1107364 9545686 2024-05-15T06:39:46Z ChenzwBot 16695 Adding level 1 warning about vandalism on [[Generation Z]] (BOT) wikitext text/x-wiki qdifajsrdvm1jakoh36yxjoklga4j4o 0 1107365 9545697 2024-05-15T06:44:39Z 2407:7000:9D91:8533:A5A9:64DE:71FE:38AB Created page with "{{Infobox song | name = Lost | cover = | caption = PLZ Tethered Remix cover art | type = single | artist = [[Linkin Park]] | album = [[Meteora (album)#20th anniversary edition|Meteora20]] | released = {{start date|2023|2|10|mf=y}} | recorded = 2002 | studio = | genre = *[[Nu metal]] *[[hard rock]] | length = 3:19 | label = [[Warner Records|Warner]] | writer = * [[Brad Delson]] * [[Chester Bennington]] * Mike Shino..." wikitext text/x-wiki oagb0flip37whyh5eobgwmc478lebha 9545707 9545697 2024-05-15T06:49:36Z BigKrow 1386969 wikitext text/x-wiki bjxxxv4713sco0j67ye7u9b9e8tkzhp 2 1107366 9545711 2024-05-15T06:55:44Z LagoonGoose 1463501 Created page with "[[File:Quetzscale1.png]]" wikitext text/x-wiki hzs44d99czind13w5yq5h7mgrbliou4 9545712 9545711 2024-05-15T06:56:27Z LagoonGoose 1463501 wikitext text/x-wiki rveh61f3eqn2cbni3i5cdg8ssb5hzfi 3 1107368 9545721 2024-05-15T07:05:24Z MathXplore 966595 Notice: Direct copying of article from English Wikipedia on [[Free trade agreements of South Korea]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki r2oppzjeuta8uqbswda2w8e69vzki1d 9545724 9545721 2024-05-15T07:05:36Z MathXplore 966595 General note: Creating inappropriate pages. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki acrlg61whf1vhxmwmtgujxpl37n2bfv 9545729 9545724 2024-05-15T07:20:45Z MathXplore 966595 Caution: Creating inappropriate pages. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki li6z8y106zdljb356up7zfqp1tsm5eu 3 1107369 9545723 2024-05-15T07:05:33Z Codename Noreste 1320268 sending warning (warning 1) wikitext text/x-wiki t4lotljsnfm0avy9bforijl7p2fbwnb 2 1107371 9545728 2024-05-15T07:15:12Z LagoonGoose 1463501 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1213812123|Pterosaur size]]" wikitext text/x-wiki r9oe3ozpre3vroe7j6kxtxnt0helmr0 3 1107373 9545736 2024-05-15T07:26:13Z Codename Noreste 1320268 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Qayyum Ansari]] wikitext text/x-wiki iy2blotv8k8du2efwi7nu7ndf6y92wg 9545738 9545736 2024-05-15T07:29:25Z MathXplore 966595 General note: Creating inappropriate pages. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki r7mq2smdg2ksaej4orguxjxeyw672n4 3 1107374 9545741 2024-05-15T07:30:56Z Koavf 1205 Welcome to Wikipedia! ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki f68jmvklrwavsn9ck9mqx360k948jid 0 1107377 9545747 2024-05-15T07:38:32Z 2407:7000:9D91:8533:A5A9:64DE:71FE:38AB Created page with "{{italictitle}} '''''Twin Falls Idaho''''' is a 1999 American psychological drama movie directed by first time director [[Michael Polish]] (who also stars). Also starring [[Mark Polish]], [[Michele Hicks]], [[Jon Gries]], [[Patrick Bauchau]], [[Garrett Morris]], [[Lesley Anne Warren]], [[Sasha Alexander]] and [[Mary-Pat Green]]. It was distributed by [[Sony Picture Classics]]. ==Other websites== *{{IMDb title|id=0162830|title=Twin Falls Idaho}} *{{rotten-tomatoes|id=twi..." wikitext text/x-wiki ea6bcwvm4z30q41mz76au50ucgb7may 9545754 9545747 2024-05-15T07:46:08Z MathXplore 966595 MathXplore moved page [[Twin Falls Idaho (film)]] to [[Twin Falls Idaho (movie)]]: per [[WP:MOS]] wikitext text/x-wiki ea6bcwvm4z30q41mz76au50ucgb7may 0 1107379 9545749 2024-05-15T07:42:04Z 189.162.239.123 Created page with "{{Infobox flag|Name=Flag of Morelos|Image=Flag of Morelos.svg|Proportion=2:3|Image2=|Adoption=*2010}} The '''State Flag of [[Morelos]]''' has a white background with the state arm of coat. ==Related pages== * [[List of Mexican flags]] == References == {{commons}} {{reflist}} [[Category:Mexican state flags|Morelos]] [[Category:Morelos]] [[Category:White flags|Morelos]] {{North-America-stub}}" wikitext text/x-wiki n9rmu2c8yzumdlfifn20eggejkmsj5n 0 1107380 9545751 2024-05-15T07:43:25Z 189.162.239.123 Created page with "{{Infobox flag|Name=Flag of Puebla|Image=Flag of Puebla.svg|Proportion=2:3|Image2=|Adoption=*2010}} The '''State Flag of [[Puebla]]''' has a white background with the state arm of coat. ==Related pages== * [[List of Mexican flags]] == References == {{commons}} {{reflist}} [[Category:Mexican state flags|Puebla]] [[Category:Puebla]] [[Category:White flags|Puebla]] {{North-America-stub}}" wikitext text/x-wiki cc858o3y0lt2ejfem0vr3ypituqqyys 0 1107381 9545752 2024-05-15T07:44:33Z 189.162.239.123 Created page with "{{Infobox flag|Name=Flag of Hidalgo|Image=Flag of Hidalgo.svg|Proportion=2:3|Image2=|Adoption=*2010}} The '''State Flag of [[Hidalgo]]''' has a white background with the state arm of coat. ==Related pages== * [[List of Mexican flags]] == References == {{commons}} {{reflist}} [[Category:Mexican state flags|Hidalgo]] [[Category:Hidalgo]] [[Category:White flags|Hidalgo]] {{North-America-stub}}" wikitext text/x-wiki 5s1a0zygpni0qayhc8lwez8ana0p2lu 0 1107382 9545755 2024-05-15T07:46:09Z MathXplore 966595 MathXplore moved page [[Twin Falls Idaho (film)]] to [[Twin Falls Idaho (movie)]]: per [[WP:MOS]] wikitext text/x-wiki iktkfl2uf33j8nokcaj9bcgutjipnb5 0 1107383 9545756 2024-05-15T07:46:10Z 189.162.239.123 Created page with "{{Infobox flag|Name=Flag of Aguascalientes|Image=Flag of Aguascalientes.svg|Proportion=2:3|Image2=|Adoption=*2010}} The '''State Flag of [[Aguascalientes]]''' has a white background with the state arm of coat. ==Related pages== * [[List of Mexican flags]] == References == {{commons}} {{reflist}} [[Category:Mexican state flags|Aguascalientes]] [[Category:Aguascalientes]] [[Category:White flags|Aguascalientes]] {{North-America-stub}}" wikitext text/x-wiki gt3tcaub4l9nzi6oemyh2f7r3a1lv73 0 1107384 9545757 2024-05-15T07:47:29Z 189.162.239.123 Created page with "{{Infobox flag|Name=Flag of Zacatecas|Image=Flag of Zacatecas.svg|Proportion=2:3|Image2=|Adoption=*2010}} The '''State Flag of [[Zacatecas]]''' has a white background with the state arm of coat. ==Related pages== * [[List of Mexican flags]] == References == {{commons}} {{reflist}} [[Category:Mexican state flags|Zacatecas]] [[Category:Zacatecas]] [[Category:White flags|Zacatecas]] {{North-America-stub}}" wikitext text/x-wiki qxh6p4969kw8rt6pne9s6irjbr50r1m 0 1107385 9545759 2024-05-15T07:49:11Z 189.162.239.123 Created page with "{{Infobox flag|Name=Flag of San Luis Potosí|Image=Flag of San Luis Potosi.svg|Proportion=2:3|Image2=|Adoption=*2010}} The '''State Flag of [[San Luis Potosí]]''' has a white background with the state arm of coat. ==Related pages== * [[List of Mexican flags]] == References == {{commons}} {{reflist}} [[Category:Mexican state flags|San Luis Potosí]] [[Category:San Luis Potosí]] [[Category:White flags|San Luis Potosí]] {{North-America-stub}}" wikitext text/x-wiki 957sdt6y3916htbd6o7ti7xfw49f5w1 0 1107386 9545761 2024-05-15T07:50:34Z 189.162.239.123 Created page with "{{Infobox flag|Name=Flag of Mexico State|Image=Flag of Nayarit.svg|Proportion=2:3|Image2=|Adoption=*2010}} The '''State Flag of [[Mexico]]''' has a white background with the state arm of coat. ==Related pages== * [[List of Mexican flags]] == References == {{commons}} {{reflist}} [[Category:Mexican state flags|Mexico]] [[Category:Mexico]] [[Category:White flags|Mexico]] {{North-America-stub}}" wikitext text/x-wiki e5dujvmi7qaw1h8oblufhrzg98i5wjv 9545762 9545761 2024-05-15T07:51:22Z MathXplore 966595 removed [[Category:Mexico]]; added [[Category:Mexico (state)]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki l6wk6usxp481kcqf60gazw4e3dko11l 9545764 9545762 2024-05-15T07:52:54Z 189.162.239.123 wikitext text/x-wiki ksf9mkn3wpaakpf6h3tkmxjknuxosuf 9545770 9545764 2024-05-15T07:58:10Z FusionSub 1248114 fix grammar and specify wikitext text/x-wiki lx940uqkd5usiqm3xdgjrxrps8wadsg 0 1107387 9545763 2024-05-15T07:52:02Z 189.162.239.123 Created page with "{{Infobox flag|Name=Flag of Mexico City|Image=Flag of Mexico City.svg|Proportion=2:3|Image2=|Adoption=*2010}} The '''State Flag of [[Mexico City]]''' has a white background with the state arm of coat. ==Related pages== * [[List of Mexican flags]] == References == {{commons}} {{reflist}} [[Category:Mexican state flags|Mexico City]] [[Category:Mexico City]] [[Category:White flags|Mexico City]] {{North-America-stub}}" wikitext text/x-wiki tjzh4iui6xfmiis3cdmuyejiia2q8y2 10 1107388 9545785 2024-05-15T08:05:36Z 2407:7000:9D91:8533:A5A9:64DE:71FE:38AB Created page with "{{Navbox musical artist |name = Steppenwolf |background = group_or_band |title = [[Steppenwolf (band)|Steppenwolf]] |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |bodyclass = hlist |above = * '''[[John Kay (musician)|John Kay]]''' * '''[[Michael Wilk]]''' * '''Gary Link''' * '''[[Ron Hurst (musician)|Ron Hurst]]''' * '''Danny Johnson''' * [[Jerry Edmonton]] * [[Goldy McJohn]] * [[Michael Monarch]] * [[Rushton Moreve]] * [[Nick St. Nicholas]] * [[George Biondo]] * [[Kent Henry]] *..." wikitext text/x-wiki b4u17xk3hd51ihl51ekpcpnaqdavhvh 1 1107389 9545804 2024-05-15T08:40:04Z Macdonald-ross 68157 /* Quality of writing */ new section wikitext text/x-wiki d6asgkjs4my8ao74jccm51e5psph5oa 0 1107391 9545843 2024-05-15T09:54:16Z DebotiC 1463532 A new page updated, named Globsyn Business School. A renowned MBA college in Kolkata wikitext text/x-wiki dv0d0oyiby9m7o1jsiro1rx6yq47q5n 9545854 9545843 2024-05-15T10:12:48Z DebotiC 1463532 Update the info box wikitext text/x-wiki kjs576qztmgtjdfcwgxw0eltxquaki3 0 1107392 9545850 2024-05-15T10:11:24Z Haoreima 1043157 Created page with "'''Manipuri Literary and Cultural Forum, Tripura''' is a group that works for the development of [[Meitei language]] (officially known as [[Manipuri language]]), its [[Meitei literature|literature]] and [[Meitei culture|culture]] in the Indian state of [[Tripura]] and other [[Meitei people|Manipuri]] populated areas." wikitext text/x-wiki jebgbrmtb9w3dsbzh3wdog7iho8c9y4 9545851 9545850 2024-05-15T10:12:20Z Haoreima 1043157 wikitext text/x-wiki nfpgj74s7ywc5gagh7gk2d7acawx639 9545855 9545851 2024-05-15T10:14:52Z Haoreima 1043157 wikitext text/x-wiki 14k66apt4r7mz8uy7h2gtzvs6l3qdjh 9545856 9545855 2024-05-15T10:16:53Z Haoreima 1043157 wikitext text/x-wiki 683aj52e115aotpx873wwvtvdtdjfwr 9545860 9545856 2024-05-15T10:19:00Z Haoreima 1043157 /* Working together with the Sahitya Akademi */ wikitext text/x-wiki ajyiavas7z3v8j7gf16x71l21t1op49 9545861 9545860 2024-05-15T10:19:40Z Haoreima 1043157 wikitext text/x-wiki lvsqmhcatc7us2n72kfhqc8tmectxyp 9545862 9545861 2024-05-15T10:20:38Z Haoreima 1043157 wikitext text/x-wiki 6ct194hrherrox7pwos3ckd1s0hj9y8 9545868 9545862 2024-05-15T10:24:06Z Haoreima 1043157 wikitext text/x-wiki cllcsjucygfhbv5q6w8jdj2mtgu25g9 9545869 9545868 2024-05-15T10:24:23Z Haoreima 1043157 wikitext text/x-wiki 68fcv0xywck4gtac3lf5ggjunk7641h 9545870 9545869 2024-05-15T10:24:57Z Haoreima 1043157 wikitext text/x-wiki tfkuizv1m19cjczabagzul77zd9xrvd 9545873 9545870 2024-05-15T10:26:13Z Haoreima 1043157 wikitext text/x-wiki sawb2kcxvmuaq5kqmao78nerrcmczhv 9545878 9545873 2024-05-15T10:29:47Z Haoreima 1043157 wikitext text/x-wiki jj9v6qtv60chm8ow9v9hemntou1rex1 9545880 9545878 2024-05-15T10:30:12Z Haoreima 1043157 wikitext text/x-wiki lb720vza6l0ozp7t3196zqsyttjn9hu 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celebration */ wikitext text/x-wiki 6rew9heaptc7jbjovfw2haxu56ktzmo 9545906 9545905 2024-05-15T10:42:08Z Haoreima 1043157 wikitext text/x-wiki bk3rigvrgx9wgb7s97ezeh0zj29p039 9545907 9545906 2024-05-15T10:43:30Z Haoreima 1043157 wikitext text/x-wiki 50gcaoftu0726h64scokk1j2cv7velz 9545908 9545907 2024-05-15T10:43:50Z Haoreima 1043157 wikitext text/x-wiki 0hybiaytbx684186gflkvu7rtskxxvi 9545910 9545908 2024-05-15T10:45:56Z Haoreima 1043157 wikitext text/x-wiki mnjvsn6jrt00lk8puppwwvya6o1ir17 9545911 9545910 2024-05-15T10:46:17Z Haoreima 1043157 wikitext text/x-wiki 92wbsoq4iyg18s51kzdpprurf0odshz 9545912 9545911 2024-05-15T10:49:59Z Haoreima 1043157 wikitext text/x-wiki 2vti3rzceyki1q4skf2hu68ey1rgri8 9545913 9545912 2024-05-15T10:50:19Z Haoreima 1043157 wikitext text/x-wiki szyyv40dtetr039bnfk4si90my8s1ho 9545914 9545913 2024-05-15T10:51:49Z Haoreima 1043157 wikitext text/x-wiki 2uup9jim5l6q0i1bxvqb28ppkbssjbw 9545915 9545914 2024-05-15T10:52:40Z Haoreima 1043157 wikitext text/x-wiki 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9545926 9545925 2024-05-15T11:04:48Z Haoreima 1043157 Haoreima moved page [[User:Haoreima/Manipuri Literary and Cultural Forum, Tripura]] to [[Manipuri Literary and Cultural Forum, Tripura]] wikitext text/x-wiki 3y2baj99lx6cwbp96izprl03r7ulw7b 9545929 9545926 2024-05-15T11:07:12Z Haoreima 1043157 /* Related articles */ wikitext text/x-wiki 7zl330j616xrg41m7h3k0yho3c8xal3 9545930 9545929 2024-05-15T11:08:08Z Haoreima 1043157 wikitext text/x-wiki hz4qsbehh2brvmtpx4xorlvtumm6qg4 9545932 9545930 2024-05-15T11:11:54Z Haoreima 1043157 wikitext text/x-wiki 5wakjenb4opolklt64kbl166z9966xk 9545934 9545932 2024-05-15T11:12:23Z Haoreima 1043157 wikitext text/x-wiki 9aaj5g3hm5qjfi90vdamcckrlsx3b2g 9545935 9545934 2024-05-15T11:12:53Z Haoreima 1043157 +[[Category:Tripura]]; +[[Category:Meitei culture]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki bv48v04w1ijeofrtdvhs9nxpr9ev8oj 3 1107393 9545859 2024-05-15T10:18:34Z Me Da Wikipedian 1451744 Warning: Project disruption. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) wikitext text/x-wiki qmv10yckgr2mczmsr7uma6w0lyb1shg 3 1107396 9545884 2024-05-15T10:31:04Z SHB2000 1078549 sending warning (warning 1) wikitext text/x-wiki l7r3d2u6k3v4tvms7bcv90k13w3b7ds 0 1107400 9545938 2024-05-15T11:33:50Z 212.121.220.221 I made a wiki page for Windlehurst School. wikitext text/x-wiki trpfk11cox9t0s8r6jpo54xpt6lps92 1 1107402 9545940 2024-05-15T11:34:38Z Kai0508 1463593 /* The Amazing Spider-Man 2 */ new section wikitext text/x-wiki n8fyt1fx7t4uup5nq40eimy45s6i9df 1 1107403 9545941 2024-05-15T11:35:11Z 183.82.123.6 /* mad cow disease */ new section wikitext text/x-wiki 2ousihk9ybcw6vyn1s6zzoiud68s4fh