Wikipedia http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwanzo MediaWiki 1.7alpha first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk Image Image talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk 2 10837 2006-06-15T04:46:45Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[ug:ئارخېئولوگىيە]] '''Arkiolojia''' (kutoka [[Kiyunani]] αρχαίος = ''zamani'' na λόγος = ''neno, usemi'') ni somo linalohusu mabaki ya tamaduni za watu wa nyakati zilizopita. Waarkiolojia wanatafuta vitu vilivyobaki, kwa mfano kwa kuchimba ardhi na kutafuta mabaki ya majengo, makaburi, silaha, vifaa, vyombo na mifupa ya watu. '''Tofauti na somo la Historia''' haichunguzi maandishi hasa ili kupata ufafanuzi juu ya mambo ya kale. Historia ikiangalia habari arkiolojia huangalia vitu. Waarkiolojia wanaweza kutumia maandishi na habari za historia wakiamua jinsi gani kuendelea na utafiti wao, kwa mfano wachimbe wapi. Lakini hutumia mitindo ya sayansi mbalimbali kuchunguza vitu vinavyopatikana kwa njia ya arkiolojia. '''Mfano bora wa arkiolojia''' ni utafiti wa mji wa '''[[Pompei]]''' huko [[Italia]]. Habari za Pompei zimepatikana katika maandishi mbalimbali ya kiroma lakini mji uliharibika kabisa na kufunikwa na majivu ya [[volkeno]] [[Vesuvio]] mn. mwaka 79 b.K. Kuanzia mwaka 1748 wataalamu walianza kuchimba mahali pa mji mpotevu wakaipata. Hadi leo sehemu kubwa ya mji umefunuliwa tena. Chini ya majivu na udongo wa karne nyingi vitu vingi vimehifadhiwa vizuri ambavyo vingepotea kabisa visingefunikwa, kwa mfano picha za kiroma kwenye kuta za nyumba zenye rangi nzuri kabisa. Hata mabaki ya chakula yamepatikana yakachunguliwa. '''Afrika na Arkiolojia:''' ujuzi wa arkiolojia ni muhimu sana kwa ajili ya historia ya Afrika. Tamaduni nyingi za Afrika ziliendela bila maandishi hadi juzi au hata leo. Habari zetu kuhusu utamaduni wa [[Zimbabwe Kuu]] au kuhusu uenezaji wa [[Wabantu]] hutegemea arkiolojia kwa kiasi kikubwa sana. Hivyo arkiolojia huongeza ujuzi wetu kwa kufunua ushahidi wa nyakati za kale; wakati uleule kazi ya arkiolojia inahatarisha ushahidi huo kwa sababu kazi yake huondoa hifadhi ya udongo. Katika karne za kwanza za arkiolojia mabaki mengi ya tamaduni za kale yameharibika kutokana na kufunuliwa kwao. Kuepukana na tatizo hilo ni jukumu muhimu ya arkiolojia ya kisasa. ==Viungo== * [http://www.archeodroit.net/african-archaeology/index.html "The World Wide Web Library of African Archaeology] (Kiingereza) {{mbegu}} [[Category:Sayansi]] [[af:Argeologie]] [[als:Archäologie]] [[an:Arquiolochía]] [[ar:علم الآثار]] [[bg:Археология]] [[bn:প্রত্নতত্ত্ববিদ্যা]] [[bs:Arheologija]] [[ca:Arqueologia]] [[ceb:Arkeyolohiya]] [[cs:Archeologie]] [[csb:Archeòlogijô]] [[cy:Archaeoleg]] [[da:Arkæologi]] [[de:Archäologie]] [[el:Αρχαιολογία]] [[en:Archaeology]] [[eo:Arkeologio]] [[es:Arqueología]] [[et:Arheoloogia]] [[eu:Arkeologia]] [[fa:باستان‌شناسی]] [[fi:Arkeologia]] [[fr:Archéologie]] [[fur:Archeologjie]] [[gl:Arqueoloxía]] [[he:ארכאולוגיה]] [[hr:Arheologija]] [[hu:Régészet]] [[ia:Archeologia]] [[id:Arkeologi]] [[io:Arkeologio]] [[is:Fornleifafræði]] [[it:Archeologia]] [[ja:考古学]] [[ka:არქეოლოგია]] [[ko:고고학]] [[ky:Археология]] [[la:Archaeologia]] [[lad:Arkeolojiya]] [[lb:Archeologie]] [[li:Archeologie]] [[lt:Archeologija]] [[lv:Arheoloģija]] [[mk:Археологија]] [[ms:Arkeologi]] [[nap:Archeologgia]] [[nl:Archeologie]] [[nn:Arkeologi]] [[no:Arkeologi]] [[nrm:Archéologie]] [[pl:Archeologia]] [[pt:Arqueologia]] [[ro:Arheologie]] [[ru:Археология]] [[scn:Archioluggìa]] [[sco:Airchaeologie]] [[sh:Arheologija]] [[simple:Archaeology]] [[sk:Archeológia]] [[sl:Arheologija]] [[sq:Arkeologjia]] [[sr:Археологија]] [[su:Arkéologi]] [[sv:Arkeologi]] [[ta:தொல்பொருளியல்]] [[th:โบราณคดี]] [[tl:Arkeolohiya]] [[tr:Arkeoloji]] [[ug:ئارخېئولوگىيە]] [[uk:Археологія]] [[vi:Khảo cổ học]] [[vo:Vönotav]] [[zh:考古学]] 8 8544 2006-04-21T13:16:11Z Matt Crypto 20 {{mergeto|Uislamu}} {{baki}} '''Dini''' ya [[Uislamu|kiislamu]] ni mfumo wa maisha ambao [[Mwenyezi Mungu]] amewawekea wanadamu ili waishi maisha mazuri hapa duniani na wapate radhi za Mola wao kesho Akhera. Mfumo huu umekusanya kila linalohusu aina mbali mbali ya nidhamu ya maisha, kama nidhamu ya jamii, siasa, uchumi, na maingiliano mengineo baina ya wanadamu kwa jumla. Kutokana na mfumo huu, mwanadamu anaweza kuishi kwa raha na amani na wenzake ulimwenguni, na kuwa katika hali ya furaha daima, maadamu anafuata maelekezo ya Mola wake, na kutekeleza maamrisho waliyokuja nayo Mitume na Manabii katika zama mbali mbali. Mfumo huu wa maisha akiufuata vilivyo, unampa utulivu na amani katika uhai wake hapa duniani na unampa kufuzu kukubwa kesho Akhera. Dini katika Uislamu, si kitu mbali na maisha ya binadamu, kwani inamuongoza namna gani kumuabudu Mola wake inavyotakikana, na namna gani kuishi na wenzake bila ya kuudhiana. Nayo hunadhimu maisha yake ya kiroho na kiwiliwili, na kuweka mizani baina ya aina mbili hizi za maisha, ili asipate taabu hapa duniani wala kesho Akhera. Dini ya Uislamu inagusia kila sehemu ya maisha ya mwanadamu, na inatoa muongozo katika kila jambo, ili mwanadamu awe khalifa na mwakilishi mzuri wa Mola wake hapa ulimwenguni, kwani yeye ameletwa hapa duniani aishi akimuabudu Mola wake, na akae na wenzake kwa wema na hisani, na kuingiliana nao kwa kila njia nzuri na ya kheri. Kwa hivyo, tunaona katika Uislamu kuna nidhamu ya kijamii inayohusu ndoa na talaka na nafaka na mirathi na arusi na mazishi, na kila linalohusu jamii. Aidha, tunaona kuna nidhamu ya uchumi, na namna gani kufanya biashara na kukuza mali na kukopa na kulipa, kama vile vile tunavyoona nidhamu ya kivita wakati maadui wanapotaka kuleta mchafuko katika nchi, na jihadi dhidi ya wanaomuasi Mwenyezi Mungu. Nidhamu ya ibada, pia ina mipango yake. Maana kuna Sala na Saumu na Zaka na Hija, na kila moja katika ibada hii ina namna zake na masharti yake na wakati wake. Nalo hili la ibada linadumisha uhusiano baina ya mwanadamu na Mola wake, na kuzidi kumkurubisha baina yake na Mola wake. Kwa ufupi, dini ni jambo la dharura sana kwa mwanadamu, kwani bila ya dini, mara nyingi mwanadamu hurudi akawa mshenzi na kufanya mambo yasiyokuwa laiki kwa binadamu kwa kutofahamu uhusiano wake na Mola wake, na huwa duni kuliko mnyama. [[Category:Uislamu]] 10 4605 2005-07-27T10:07:17Z Matt Crypto 20 '''Daktari (ma)''' ni neno la asili ya [[Kilatini]] lililoingia [[Kiswahili]] kwa kupitia [[Kiingereza]]. Hutumiwa na maana mbili: 1) Mtaalamu aliyepata mafunzo maalum kwenye [[chuo kikuu]] ya kutibu [[maradhi]] au wagonjwa. Mtu wenye ujuzi wa kutibu wanaitwa pia '''mganga (wa)''', '''tabibu (ma)'''. 2) Kwa kufuata tabia za lugha nyingine ''dakta(ri)'' hutumiwa pia kama jina la heshima la mtu aliyepata [[shahada]] ya juu kabisa. {{mbegu}} [[de:Doktor]] [[en:doctor]] [[fr:médecin]] [[it:Dottore]] [[pt:médico]] [[zh:&#21307;&#29983;]] 12 2869 2004-02-05T18:16:06Z 163.1.209.245 #redirect [[Kiesperanto]] 16 11547 2006-06-30T12:16:47Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[gv:Shennaghys]] '''Historia''' ni somo kuhusu maisha ya [[binadamu]] na [[utamaduni]] wao wakati uliopita. Mara nyingi neno ''historia'' pia ina maana ya maarifa yoyote kuhusu wakati uliopita, yawe au yasiwe maarifa ya watu (kwa mfano "historia ya ulimwengu"). Wanahistoria wanatoa maarifa yao kutoka [[andiko|maandiko]] ya zamani, kutoka [[fasihi simulizi]] na kutoka [[akiolojia]]. ==Kurasa zinazohusiana== *[[Historia ya Afrika]] {{mbegu}} [[af:Geskiedenis]] [[an:Istoria]] [[ang:Stǣr]] [[ar:تاريخ]] [[ast:Hestoria]] [[az:Tarix]] [[bat-smg:Istuorėjė]] [[be:Гісторыя]] [[bg:История]] [[bm:Tariku]] [[bn:ইতিহাস]] [[br:Istor]] [[bs:Historija]] [[ca:Història]] [[ceb:Kasaysayan]] [[cs:Historiografie]] [[cv:Истори]] [[cy:Hanes]] [[da:Historie]] [[de:Geschichte]] [[el:Ιστορία]] [[en:History]] [[eo:Historio]] [[es:Historia]] [[et:Ajalugu]] [[eu:Historia]] [[fa:تاریخ]] [[fi:Historia]] [[fiu-vro:Aolugu]] [[fo:Søga]] [[fr:Histoire]] [[fur:Storie]] [[fy:Skiednis]] [[ga:Stair]] [[gl:Historia]] [[gv:Shennaghys]] [[he:היסטוריה]] [[hi:इतिहास]] [[hr:Povijest]] [[hu:Történelem]] [[ia:Historia]] [[id:Sejarah]] [[io:Historio]] [[is:Sagnfræði]] [[it:Storia]] [[ja:歴史]] [[jbo:citri]] [[ka:ისტორია]] [[ko:역사]] [[ku:Dîrok]] [[la:Historia]] [[lad:Istoria]] [[lb:Geschicht]] [[li:Historie]] [[lt:Istorija]] [[lv:Vēsture]] [[mk:Историја]] [[ms:Sejarah]] [[mt:Storja]] [[nl:Geschiedenis]] [[nn:Historie]] [[no:Historie]] [[nrm:Histouère]] [[oc:Istòria]] [[pl:Historia]] [[ps:تاريخ]] [[pt:História]] [[ro:Istorie]] [[ru:История]] [[sa:इतिहास]] [[sc:Istòria]] [[scn:Storia]] [[sco:Historie]] [[sh:Historija]] [[simple:History]] [[sk:Dejiny]] [[sl:Zgodovina]] [[sr:Историја]] [[su:Sajarah]] [[sv:Historia]] [[ta:வரலாறு]] [[th:ประวัติศาสตร์]] [[tr:Tarih]] [[tt:Taríx]] [[uk:Історія]] [[ur:تاريخ]] [[vec:Storia]] [[vi:Lịch sử]] [[zh:历史]] [[zh-min-nan:Le̍k-sú]] 17 11002 2006-06-20T14:57:37Z 83.167.112.6 /* Marejeo */ Kwa ujumla, [[historia]] au tarehe, ni kumbukumbu ya maisha ya mwanadamu duniani, hasa ile tarehe iliyosajiliwa na kuhifadhiwa katika vitabu, maandishi mbali mbali, na simulizi au hekaya za mapokeo. Ingawa historia iliyobebwa katika simulizi na hekaya huchukuliwa na baadhi kuwa haina nguvu kwa kukosa ithbati ya maandishi, bado hivi ni vyanzo muhimu vya historia. Mara nyingi historia iliyoko katika maandishi huwa imehifadhiwa katika simulizi na hekaya kwa muda mrefu kabla ya kuandikwa. ==Tarehe ya Afrika== Hapo kale, bara la [[Afrika]] lilishuhudia matukio mengi ya harakati za mwanadamu kuliko mabara mengine ya ulimwengu. Wataalamu wa athari wamegundua athari za binadamu zinazorudi nyuma kufikia hadi miaka milioni minne, na athari za ustaarabu wa Wamisri huko [[Misri]] na Wafiniki huko Tunis na sehemu nyenginezo za Afrika ya Kaskazini katika karne ya tisa (9) [[KK]]. Harakati za madola makubwa ya [[Rumi|Warumi]] na [[Waarabu]] ziliweza kuonekana kabla ya karne ya nne (4) [[BK]], na Waarabu walianza kuingia Afrika huko Habasha ([[Ethiopia]]) tangu karne ya saba (7) BK na kutangaza dini yao na kuieneza katika maeneo mbali mbali ya Afrika pamoja na kuanzisha biashara na ustaarabu na utamaduni na kuimarisha mamlaka zao katika [[Sudan]] ya wakati huo tangu karne ya nane 8 ya Kikristo. Himaya za [[Ghana]], [[Mali]], na [[Songhai]] zilikuwa zikijulikana kwa utajiri wao mkubwa na biashara stawi iliyokuwa ikifanyika wakati huo ya dhahabu na bidhaa nyinginezo. Mwisho wa karne ya 15 BK, himaya ya Songhai ilikuwa na nguvu kuweza kuitia chini ya utawala wake mamlaka ya Mali. Sehemu nyingine za kusini ya Afrika zilikuwa wakati huu hazijulikani sana, na historia yake ilikuwa bado haijasajiliwa. Baina ya karne ya kwanza KK na karne ya kumi na sita (16) BK Watu waliokuwa wakizungumza lugha ya [[Kibantu]] watokao sehemu za [[Nigeria]] na [[Cameroon]] ya leo, ndio waliokuwa wameenea kwenye sehemu mbali mbali kusini mwa bara la Afrika, wakiwa wameanzisha vijiji, mashamba na mamlaka katika sehemu za [[Kongo]], [[Luba]] na [[Mwememutapa]], lakini makundi ya wachungaji wanyama walianza kuhamia kusini katika karne za 15 na 16 na kukutana na [[Wabantu]]. Ndipo walipoanzisha mamlaka zao za [[Bunyoro]], [[Buganda]], [[Rwanda]] na [[Ankole]]. ==Ukoloni== Wazungu walianza kugundua bara la Afrika katika karne ya 15, wakati [[Wareno]] walipokuja kwenye fukwe za bara la Afrika kutafuta njia nyepesi na ya amani ya kufikia [[India]], na kuweza kupata nafasi ya kushikilia biashara ya dhahabu na pembe na watumwa ambayo ilikuwa ikiendelea wakati huo katika bara la Afrika. Katika mwaka 1488 [[Bartolomew Diaz]] alizunguka rasi ya matumaini mema (cape of good hope), na katika mwaka 1498 [[Vasco da Gama]] alifika ufukwe wa Afrika Mashariki na kuendelea mpaka [[India]]. Baada ya hapo, [[Ureno]] alianzisha vituo vya biashara Afrika kufuatiwa na [[Waholanzi]], [[Waingereza]], [[Wafaransa]] na Wazungu wengineo, na biashara ya Watumwa ikashika kani na kuwa na kasi na nguvu. Wakati huu huu [[Waturuki]] walishikilia sehemu za kaskazini ya Afrika na [[Waomani]] wakashikilia ufukwe wa Afrika Mashariki. Kati ya 1880 na 1912, Wazungu waliligawanya bara la Afrika baina yao, na nchi zote zikawa chini ya utawala wa Wazungu isipokuwa [[Liberia]] na [[Ethiopia]]. Wafaransa wakachukuwa Afrika Magharibi na Kaskazini na kwa hivyo nchi za Afrika Magharibi (Dahomey - sasa [Benin]]), [[Guinea]], [[Mali]], [[Cote d'Ivoire]], [[Mauritania]], [[Niger]], [[Senegal]] na Upper Volta (sasa [[Burkina Faso]]) zilikuwa chini ya utawala wake. Hali kadhalika, Algeria, Tunisia na [[Morocco]] zilitawaliwa na wao. Aidha, Wafaransa walitawala [[Togoland]], [[Somaliland]], [[Madagascar]], [[Comoro]], na [[Reunion]]. Waingereza nao wakatawala Afrika Mashariki na Kusini, na kuwa sehemu ya Sudan na Somalia, [[Uganda]], [[Kenya]], [[Tanganyika]], [[Zanzibar]], [[Nyasalanda]], [[Rhodesia]], [[Bechuanaland]], [[Basutoland]] na [[Swaziland]] chini ya utawala wao na baada ya kushinda katika vita huko Afrika ya Kusini walitawala Transvaal, Orange Free State, Cape Colony, na Natal, na huko Afrika ya Magharibi walitawala Gambia, Sierra Leone, the Gold Coast, na Nigeria. Wareno wakachukuwa sehemu ya Guinea, Angola, na Mozambique na sehemu na visiwa fulani fulani huko Afrika ya Magharibi. Wabelgiji wakachukuwa Kongo na Rwanda-Urundi, na Wahispania wakachukuwa sehemu ya Guinea, Spanish Sahara (sasa Sahara ya Magharibi),na Ifni na sehemu fulani za Morocco. Wajerumani nao wakachukuwa Togoland, Cameroon, na baadhi ya nchi katika Afrika ya Magharibi na Afrika ya Mashariki, lakini baada ya vita vya kwanza vya dunia wakanyanganywa. Wataliani wakachukuwa Libya, Eritrea na sehemu ya Somaliland. ==Uhuru== Nchi ya kwanza kujitawala wenyewe katika Afrika ni nchi za Afrika ya Kusini zilizojiunga na kujiendesha wao wenyewe katika mwaka 1910. Misri, katika mwaka wa 1922 walikuwa wanajiendesha wenyewe, na Tangier katika mwaka wa 1925. Madola mengi ya Afrika yalianza kupigania uhuru katika miaka ya baina 1950 na 1960, na Wazungu wakasalimu amri na kuanza kutoa uhuru. Libya wakajinyakulia uhuru katika mwaka wa 1951, Eritrea katika mwaka 1952 ikiwa imejiunga na Ethiopia, Morocco katika mwaka wa 1956, na wakarudishiwa Tangier. Katika mwaka huu wa 1956, Sudan na Tunisia vile vile walipata uhuru wao, na Ghana katika mwaka wa 1957, Guinea katika mwaka wa 1958, na vile vile Morocco wakarudishiwa Spanish Morocco. Katika mwaka wa 1960 Ufaransa ukatoa uhuru kwa Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Cote d'Ivoire, Dahomey (Benin), Gabon, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal na Upper Volta (Burkina Faso). Vile vile, katika mwaka huu huu wa 1960 Congo (Kinshasa), Nigeria, Somalia, na Togo zikapata uhuru wake, na katika mwaka wa 1961 Sierra Leone na Tanganyika zikapata uhuru, na Afrika ya Kusini ikawa Jamhuri. Katika mwaka wa 1962 Algeria, Burundi, Rwanda, na Uganda zikawa huru, na 1963 zikafuatia Zanzibar, Gambia na Kenya, na katika mwaka wa 1964 Malawi (Nyasaland), na Zambia (Rhodesia ya Kaskazini) zikapata uhuru. Baada ya miaka miwili, katika mwaka wa 1966 Botswana (Bechuanaland)na Lesotho (Basutoland) zikajinyakulia uhuru. Mauritius na Swaziland katika mwaka wa 1968 na vile vile Equitorial Guinea. Uhispania ukairudisha Ifni katika mwaka wa 1969 katika mamlaka ya Morocco. Aidha, katika mwaka wa 1974 Portuguese Guinea (Guinea-Bissau) ikapata uhuru wake, na katika mwaka wa 1975 Angola, Cape Verde, Mozambique, Sao Tome na Principe zikapata uhuru. Uhispania vile vile ukaitoa Spanish Sahara (Western Sahara) na kuwapa Morocco na Mauritania katika mwaka wa 1976, lakini wananchi wa Sahara wakakataa kuwa chini ya nchi mbili hizi, na kukazuka vita. Mauritania ukaitoa sehemu yake na kuipa Morocco katika mwaka wa 1979, tatizo ambalo mpaka sasa linaendelea baina ya Morocco na Western Sahara, na Umoja wa Mataifa unajaribu kutatua tatizo hili. Waingereza wakawapa uhuru Seychelles katika mwaka wa 1976, na Ufaransa ukatoa uhuru kwa visiwa vya Ngazija (Comoro) Katika mwaka wa 1977 Djibouti (Afars na Issas) iliyokuwa ikitawaliwa na Wafaransa ikarudi kwa wenyewe. Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) ikapata uhuru katika mwaka wa 1980, na South West Africa, iliyokuwa ikihukumiwa na Afrika ya Kusini ikapata uhuru katika mwaka 1990 na kuitwa Namibia. Ulaya Uingereza ukachukuwa visiwa vya St. Helena na Ascension, na Ufaransa ukaendelea kuhukumu Mayotte na Reunion. Uhispania vile vile ukaendelea kutawala visiwa vya Canary na visiwa viwili vya Ceuta and Melilla, vilivyoko karibu na Morocco vikabakia na Uhispania. ==Marejeo== * {{en}} http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0856495.html * {{en}} Korotayev A. & Khaltourina D. ''Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Secular Cycles and Millennial Trends in Africa.'' Moscow: URSS, 2006. ISBN 5-484-00560-4 [http://urss.ru/cgi-bin/db.pl?cp=&lang=en&blang=en&list=14&page=Book&id=37485]. [[Category:Afrika]] [[ar:تاريخ أفريقيا]] [[de:Geschichte Afrikas]] [[en:History of Africa]] [[es:Historia de África]] [[fi:Afrikan historia]] [[fr:Histoire de l'Afrique]] [[ja:アフリカ史]] [[nl:Geschiedenis van Afrika]] [[pl:Historia Afryki]] [[pt:História da África]] [[sr:Историја Африке]] [[sv:Afrikas historia]] [[zh:非洲史]] 20 10667 2006-06-09T05:33:35Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[hi:अंकगणित]] '''Hesabu''' ni somo inayohusika [[idadi]] na jinsi tunavyoweza kuhesabu nazo: [[Kujumlisha]], [[kutoa]], [[kuzidisha]] na [[kugawa]]. Hesabu ni sehemu ya [[hisabati]]. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Hisabati]] [[ar:حساب]] [[bn:পাটিগণিত]] [[br:Aritmetik]] [[ca:Aritmètica]] [[cs:Aritmetika]] [[da:Aritmetik]] [[de:Arithmetik]] [[en:Arithmetic]] [[eo:Aritmetiko]] [[es:Aritmética]] [[fa:حساب]] [[fi:Aritmetiikka]] [[fr:Arithmétique]] [[gl:Aritmética]] [[he:אריתמטיקה]] [[hi:अंकगणित]] [[hr:Aritmetika]] [[ia:Arithmetica]] [[id:Aritmatika]] [[io:Aritmetiko]] [[it:Aritmetica]] [[ja:算数]] [[jbo:sapme'ocmaci]] [[ka:არითმეტიკა]] [[la:Arithmetica]] [[lt:Aritmetika]] [[mk:Аритметика]] [[nl:Rekenen]] [[no:Aritmetikk]] [[pl:Arytmetyka]] [[pt:Aritmética]] [[ro:Aritmetică]] [[ru:Арифметика]] [[simple:Arithmetic]] [[sk:Aritmetika]] [[sr:Аритметика]] [[sv:Aritmetik]] [[ta:எண்கணிதம்]] [[th:เลขคณิต]] [[tl:Aritmetika]] [[tr:Aritmetik]] [[uk:Арифметика]] [[zh:算术]] 21 5189 2005-11-03T18:31:00Z Chamdarae 78 rv linkspam Hi, FYI, this wikipedia is not yet listed on the protal * http://meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_provisional_portal_of_Wikipedia 24 10967 2006-06-19T10:15:37Z 84.143.242.178 ==[[Afrika]]== ===Afrika ya Mashariki=== *[[Burundi]] *[[Eritrea]] *[[Jibuti]] *[[Kenya]] *[[Komoro]] *[[Rwanda]] *[[Shelisheli]] *[[Somalia]] *[[Tanzania]] *[[Uganda]] *[[Uhabeshi]] (Ethiopia) ===Afrika ya Kati=== *[[Gabon]] *[[Guinea ya Ikweta]] *[[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] *[[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] (Zaire) *[[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] *[[Kamerun]] *[[Sao Tome na Principe]] ===Afrika ya Kaskazini=== *[[Algeria]] *[[Libya]] *[[Misri]] *[[Moroko]] *[[Sahara ya Magharibi]] *[[Sudan]] *[[Tunisia]] ===Afrika ya Kusini=== *[[Angola]] *[[Botswana]] *[[Lesotho]] *[[Malawi]] *[[Mauritius]] *[[Msumbiji]] ([[Mozambiki]]) *[[Namibia]] *[[Afrika Kusini]] *[[Uswazi]] (Swaziland) *[[Zambia]] *[[Zimbabwe]] ===Afrika ya Magharibi=== *[[Benin]] *[[Burkina Faso]] *[[Chadi]] *[[Cabo Verde]] *[[Ivory Coast]] *[[Gambia]] *[[Ghana]] *[[Guinea]] *[[Guinea Bisau]] *[[Liberia]] *[[Mali]] *[[Mauritania]] *[[Niger]] *[[Nigeria]] *[[Senegal]] *[[Sierra Leone]] *[[Togo]] ==[[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]== *[[Belize]] *[[Elsalvadore]] *[[Gwatemala]] *[[Haiti]] *[[Hondurasi]] *[[Kanada]] *[[Kostarika]] *[[Kuba]] *[[Marekani]] au ''Muungano wa Nchi za Amerika'' *[[Meksiko]] au ''Muungano wa Nchi za Meksiko'' *[[Nikaragwa]] *[[Panama]] *[[Santodomingo]] au ''Jamhuri ya Domingo'' ==[[Amerika ya Kusini]]== *[[Arjentina]] *[[Bolivia]] *[[Brasili]] *[[Chile]] *[[Ekwadoro]] *[[Gayana]] *[[Kolombia]] *[[Paragwai]] *[[Peru]] *[[Suriname]] *[[Urugwai]] *[[Venezuela]] ==[[Asia]]== *[[Azerbaijan]] *[[Urusi]] *[[Kazakhstan]] *[[Turkmenistan]] *[[Uajemi]] *[[Uhindi]] *[[Ujapani]] ==[[Ulaya]]== ==[[Oceania]]== == Sayari == * [[Jua]] * [[Dunia]] * [[Zohari]] {{mbegu}} [[Category:Jiografia]] <!-- Interlanguage links --> [[af:Geografie]] [[als:Geographie]] [[az:Coğrafiya]] [[bg:География]] [[bs:Geografija]] [[ca:Geografia]] [[co:Geografia]] [[cs:Geografie]] [[csb:Geògrafijô]] [[cy:Daearyddiaeth]] [[da:Geografi]] [[de:Geografie]] [[el:Γεωγραφία]] [[en:Geography]] [[eo:Geografio]] [[es:Geografía]] [[et:Geograafia]] [[fi:Maantiede]] [[fr:Géographie]] [[fy:Geografy]] [[gl:Xeografía]] [[he:גיאוגרפיה]] [[hi:भूगोल]] [[hr:Zemljopis]] [[hu:Földrajztudomány]] [[ia:Geographia]] [[id:Geografi]] [[it:Geografia]] [[ja:地理学]] [[ko:지리학]] [[ks:Geografia]] [[la:Geographia]] [[lt:Geografija]] [[lv:Ģeogrāfija]] [[mk:Географија]] [[ms:Geografi]] [[nds:Geographie]] [[nl:Geografie]] [[no:Geografi]] [[oc:Geografia]] [[pl:Geografia]] [[pt:Geografia]] [[ro:Geografie]] [[ru:География]] [[simple:Geography]] [[sl:Geografija]] [[sr:Географија]] [[sv:Geografi]] [[th:ภูมิศาสตร์]] [[tl:Heograpiya]] [[tr:Coğrafya]] [[uk:Географія]] [[ur:جغرافيہ]] [[vo:Taledav]] [[zh-cn:地理学]] 27 2883 2004-06-15T17:41:23Z Marcos 3 #REDIRECT [[Uislamu]] 30 11231 2006-06-24T09:22:15Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[lv:Esperanto]] [[Image:Flag of Esperanto.svg|thumb|right|200px|[[Bendera]] ya Kiesperanto]] '''Kiesperanto''' ni [[lugha ya kupangwa]] inayozungumzwa zaidi. Ilipangwa na [[L.L.Zamenhof]], [[myahudi]] aliyetoka mjini Bialystok, nchini [[Urusi]] (siku hizi ni sehemu ya nchi ya [[Poland]]). Alitoa kitabu cha kwanza cha lugha hii mwaka 1887 baada ya kuitengeneza kwa miaka karibu kumi. Nia yake ilikuwa kutengeneza lugha rahisi ili iwe [[lugha saidizi ya kimataifa]], lugha ya pili kwa kila mtu duniani. Waesperanto wengine bado wanataka hiyo, lakini wengine wanapenda kuitumia tu bila nia ya kuieneza duniani kote. Waesperanto wanakitumia Kiesperanto kwa ajili ya kukutana na wageni na kujifunza kuhusu nchi na tamaduni nyingine. Siku hizi, maelfu ya watu wanaitumia mara kwa mara ili kuwasiliana na watu popote duniani. Chunguzi za kitaalamu zimeonyesha kwamba Kiesperanto kinaweza kujifunzwa rahisi zaidi sana kuliko [[lugha asilia]], na pia kwamba kujifunza Kiesperanto kwanza kunarahisisha kujifunza kwa lugha nyingine. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.vessella.it/swa.htm#esperanto Maelezo mengine kuhusu Kiesperanto] *[http://kiesperanto.lernado.it/ Jifunze Kiesperanto] *[http://www.esperanto.se/dok/pragman_sw.html Tangazo la Praha la jamii ya kiesperanto] [[Category:Lugha]] [[af:Esperanto]] [[als:Esperanto]] [[am:ኤስፔራንቶ]] [[ar:إسبرانتو]] [[ast:Esperantu]] [[be:Эспэранта]] [[bg:Есперанто]] [[br:Esperanteg]] [[ca:Esperanto]] [[cs:Esperanto]] [[csb:Esperanto]] [[cv:Эсперанто]] [[cy:Esperanto]] [[da:Esperanto]] [[de:Esperanto]] [[el:Εσπεράντο]] [[en:Esperanto]] [[eo:Esperanto]] [[es:Esperanto]] [[et:Esperanto]] [[eu:Esperanto]] [[fa:اسپرانتو]] [[fi:Esperanto]] [[fr:Espéranto]] [[frp:Èsperanto]] [[fy:Esperanto]] [[ga:Esperanto]] [[gl:Esperanto]] [[he:אספרנטו]] [[hi:एस्पेरान्तो]] [[hr:Esperanto]] [[hu:Eszperantó nyelv]] [[ia:Esperanto]] [[id:Bahasa Esperanto]] [[io:Esperanto]] [[is:Esperantó]] [[it:Esperanto]] [[ja:エスペラント]] [[jbo:esperant]] [[ko:에스페란토]] [[ku:Esperanto]] [[la:Esperanto]] [[li:Esperanto]] [[lt:Esperanto]] [[lv:Esperanto]] [[ms:Bahasa Esperanto]] [[nds:Esperanto]] [[nl:Esperanto]] [[nn:Esperanto]] [[no:Esperanto]] [[oc:Esperanto]] [[os:Эсперанто]] [[pl:Esperanto]] [[pt:Esperanto]] [[ro:Esperanto]] [[ru:Эсперанто]] [[sco:Esperanto]] [[sh:Esperanto]] [[simple:Esperanto]] [[sk:Esperanto]] [[sl:Esperanto]] [[sq:Gjuha Esperanto]] [[sr:Есперанто]] [[sv:Esperanto]] [[th:ภาษาเอสเปอรันโต]] [[tr:Esperanto]] [[uk:Есперанто]] [[vo:Sperantapük]] [[zh:世界语]] [[zh-min-nan:Sè-kài-gí]] 31 7964 2006-04-04T18:30:02Z Marcos 3 '''Lugha ya kuundwa''' ni [[lugha]] ambayo msamiati na serufi zake zimetungwa na watu badala ya kukua kama sehemu ya utamaduni wa umma fulani. Kwa kawaida zinaundwa kwa ajili ya kuwasiliana kati ya watu sawasawa na [[lugha asilia]]. Nyingi zinatengenezwa ili kuwa [[lugha saidizi ya kimataifa|lugha saidizi za kimataifa]], lakini nyingine zinaundwa kwa ajili ya usiri au majaribio ya isimu au bila sababu fulani. Lugha ya kuundwa inayozungumzwa zaidi ni [[Kiesperanto]]. Mara chache '''lugha ya kuundwa''' maana yake ni lugha za kompyuta au za kuandaa programu (angalia [[lugha asilia]]). Kwa sababu ya utata huo watu wengi, hasa [[Kiesperanto|Waesperanto]], hawapendi kutumia neno ''lugha ya kuundwa'', na badala yake wanasema ''[[lugha ya kupangwa]]''. Lakini msemo ''lugha ya kupangwa'' unatumika kwa lugha zile tu ambazo ziliungwa kwa ajili ya utumiaji wa kawaida baina ya watu. [[Category:Lugha]] [[ar:لغات اصطناعية]] [[cs:Umìlý jazyk]] [[de:Künstliche Sprache]] [[en:Constructed language]] [[eo:Konstruita lingvo]] [[fr:Langue construite]] [[hu:Mesterséges nyelv]] [[ia:Lingua artificial]] [[ja:人工言語]] [[la:Lingua artificiosa]] [[nl:Kunsttaal]] [[pl:Języki sztuczne]] [[ro:Limbă artificială]] [[ru:Искусственные языки]] [[sv:Konstgjorda språk]] [[tokipona:toki sin]] 32 8179 2006-04-11T15:05:25Z Nadir Omar Hashim 148 /* kurasa zinazohusiana */ '''Lugha''' ni utaratibu kwa ajili ya kuwasiliana kati ya [[binadamu]] au kati ya viumbe wo wote wenye [[akili]]. Somo la lugha linaitwa [[maarifa ya lugha]] au isimu. ==Maana ya neno "lugha"== Mara chache neno lugha linatumika kwa taratibu za kuwasiliana za [[mnyama|wanyama]]. Lakini taratibu hizo ni tofauti sana: Katika lugha za wanyama, [[sauti]] moja ina maana moja tu. Lakini katika lugha za binadamu, sauti nyingi zinaunganishwa kutengeneza maneno, na maneno mengi yanaunganishwa kutengeneza sentensi. Hivyo mnyama ambaye anaweza kutengeneza sauti ishirini tofauti anaweza "kusema" mambo ishirini tu. Kwa upande mwingine mtu ambaye anaweza kutengeneza sauti ishirini, anaweza kusema mambo zaidi ya bilioni. ==Aina za lugha== Kwa kawaida, lugha ni sehemu ya utamaduni wa umma fulani. Lugha ya aina hii inaitwa [[lugha asilia]]. Lakini pia kuna [[lugha ya kuundwa|lugha za kuundwa]]. ==Kukua na kufa kwa lugha== Tangu siku za kwanza za binadamu, lugha zimekuwa zikichipuka na kukuwa na kutangaa na kufa kama kiumbe chochote mwingine. Kwa hivyo, lugha zilizokuwepo leo ulimwenguni, huenda baada ya karne nyingi kupita zikatoweka na kuzuka nyenginezo. Leo ulimwenguni mathalan, kuna lugha karibu 6,700, zikiwa 1,000 katika bara la kaskazini na kusini ya Marekani, 2,000 zikiwa kwenye bara la Afrika, 230 katika bara la Ulaya, 2,200 katika bara la Asia, na 1,300 katika bara la Oshania (Australia na nchi jirani nayo). ==Kurasa zinazohusiana== * Lugha ya [[Kiarabu]] * Lugha ya [[Kiesperanto]] * Lugha ya [[Kiingereza]] * Lugha ya [[Kiswahili]] * [[Lugha asilia]] * [[Lugha ya kuundwa]] [[Category:Lugha]] [[af:Taal]] [[als:Sprache]] [[ar:لغة]] [[az:Dil]] [[bg:Език]] [[ca:Llenguatge]] [[cs:Jazyk]] [[cy:Iaith]] [[da:Sprog]] [[de:Sprache]] [[el:Γλώσσα]] [[en:Language]] [[eo:Lingvo]] [[es:Lenguaje]] [[fa:زبان]] [[fr:Langage]] [[fy:Taal]] [[gl:Linguaxe]] [[he:שפה]] [[hr:Jezik]] [[hu:Nyelv]] [[ia:Linguage]] [[is:Tungumál]] [[it:Lingua]] [[ja:言語]] [[ko:언어]] [[ku:Ziman]] [[la:Lingua]] [[lt:Kalba]] [[ms:Bahasa]] [[na:Langue]] [[nl:Taal]] [[no:Språk]] [[oc:Lenga]] [[pl:Język (mowa)]] [[pt:Linguagem]] [[ro:Limbă]] [[ru:Язык]] [[simple:Language]] [[sl:Jezik]] [[sr:Језик]] [[sv:Språk]] [[tokipona:toki]] [[tr:Dil]] [[uk:Мова]] [[vo:Pük]] [[xh:Ulwimi]] [[zh-cn:语言]] [[zh-tw:語言]] 33 11001 2006-06-20T12:40:42Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[ru:Естественный язык]] #'''Lugha asilia''' ni lugha ambayo ilikua kama sehemu ya utamaduni wa umma fulani ambao watu wake wanaiongea kama lugha ya mama. Ni kinyuma cha [[lugha ya kuundwa]]. #Mara nyingi '''lugha asilia''' maana yake ni lugha yoyote ambayo inaweza kuzungumzwa na watu, na lugha za kompyuta na za kuandaa programu zinaitwa ''lugha za kuundwa''. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Lugha]] [[br:Yezh naturel]] [[de:Natürliche Sprache]] [[en:Natural language]] [[eo:Natura lingvo]] [[es:Lenguaje natural]] [[fr:Langue naturelle]] [[he:שפה טבעית]] [[hu:Természetes nyelv]] [[ja:自然言語]] [[ko:자연어]] [[pt:Línguas naturais]] [[ru:Естественный язык]] [[sr:Природни језици]] [[th:ภาษาธรรมชาติ]] [[zh:自然语言]] 65 10941 2006-06-18T14:14:22Z Kipala 107 Katika [[bara|mabara]], lililokuwa na nchi nyingi zaidi ni [[Afrika]] likiwa na nchi au madola 53, likifuatiwa na bara la [[Ulaya]] likiwa na madola 46, kisha [[Asia]] likiwa na madola 44, halafu [[Marekani]] ya kaskazini likiwa na madola 23, na baada yake ni [[Australia]] (Oshania) likiwa na madola 14, na mwishowe ni Marekani ya kusini likiwa na madola 12. Kwa hivyo, kwa ujumla, kuna madola 192 katika ulimwengu. ==Nchi za Ulimwengu== (AS)= Asia (AF)= Afrika (NA)= Marekani ya kaskazini (SA)= Marekani ya kusini (A)= Antaktika (EU)= Ulaya na (AU)= Australia au Oshania. ===(A)=== *[[Afghanistan]] ([[Kabul]]) (AS) *[[Afrika Kusini]] ([[Pretoria, Cape Town, Bloemfontein]]) (AF) *[[Albania]] ([[Tirane]]) (EU) *[[Algeria]] ([[Algers]]) (AF) *[[Andorra]] ([[Andorra la Vella]]) (EU) *[[Angola]] ([[Luanda]]) (AF) *[[Antigua na Barbuda]] ([[St. John's]]) (NA) *[[Argentina]] ([[Buenos Aires]]) (SA) *[[Armenia]] ([[Yerevan]]) (EU) *[[Australia]] ([[Canberra]]) (AU) *[[Austria]] ([[Vienna]]) (EU) *[[Azerbaijan]] ([[Baku]]) (AS) ===(B)=== *[[Bahamas]] ([[Nassau]]) (NA) *[[Bahrain]] ([[Manama]]) (AS) *[[Bangladesh]] ([[Dhaka]]) (AS) *[[Barbados]] ([[Bridgetown]]) (NA) *[[Belarus]] ([[Minsk]]) (EU) *[[Belize]] ([[Belmopan]]) (NA) *[[Benin]] ([[Port-Novo]]) (AF) *[[Bhutan]] ([[Thimphu]]) (AS) *[[Bolivia]] ([[Sucre]]) (SA) *[[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] ([[Sarajevo]]) (EU) *[[Botswana]] ([[Gaborone]]) (AF) *[[Brazil]] ([[Brasilia]]) (SA) *[[Brunei]] ([[Bander Seri Begawan]]) (AS) *[[Bulgaria]] ([[Sofia]]) (EU) *[[Burkina Faso]] ([[Ouagadougou]]) (AF) *[[Burma/Myanmar]] ([[Yangon]]) (AS) *[[Burundi]] ([[Bujumbura]]) (AF) ===(C)=== *[[Cambodia]] ([[Phnom Penh]]) (AS) *[[Cape Verde]] ([[Praia]])]] ([[EU - Portugal]]) *[[Chad]] ([[N'Djamena]]) (AF) *[[Chile]] ([[Santiago]]) (SA) *[[Colombia]] ([[Bogota]]) (SA) *[[Costa Rica]] ([[San Jose]]) (NA) *[[Cote d'Ivoire]]/Ivory Coast]] ([[Yamoussoukro]]) (AF) *[[Croatia]] ([[Zagreb]]) (EU) *[[Cuba]] ([[Havana]]) (NA) *[[Cyprus]] ([[Nicosia]]) (AS) and/or (EU) ===(D)=== *[[Denmark]] ([[Copenhagen]]) (EU) *[[Djibouti]] ([[Djibouti]]) (AF) *[[Dominica]] ([[Roseau]]) (NA) *[[Dominican Republic]] ([[Santo Domingo]]) (NA) ===(E)=== *[[East Timor]] ([[Dili]]) (AS) *[[Ecuador]] ([[Quito]]) (SA) *[[El Salvador]] ([[San Salvador]]) (NA) *[[Eritrea]] ([[Asmara]]) (AF) *[[Estonia]] ([[Tallinn]]) (EU) *[[Ethiopia]] ([[Addis Ababa]]) (AF) ===(F)=== *[[Fiji]] ([[Suva]])]] ([[AU - Oceania]]) *[[Finland]] ([[Helsinki]]) (EU) ===(G)=== *[[Gabon]] ([[Libreville]]) (AF) *[[Gambia]] ([[Banjul]]) (AF) *[[Georgia]] ([[Tbilisi]]) (EU) *[[Ghana]] ([[Accra]]) (AF) *[[Grenada]] ([[St. George's]]) (NA) *[[Guatemala]] ([[Guatemala City]]) (NA) *[[Guinea]] ([[Conakry]]) (AF) *[[Guinea-Bisau]] ([[Bisau]]) (AF) *[[Guinea ya Ikweta]] ([[Malabo]]) (AF) *[[Guyana]] ([[Georgetown]]) (SA) ===(H)=== *[[Haiti]] ([[Port-au-Prince]]) (NA) *[[Hispania]] ([[Madrid]]) (EU) *[[Honduras]] ([[Tegucigalpa]]) (NA) *[[Hungary]] ([[Budapest]]) (EU) ===(I)=== *[[Iceland]] ([[Reykjavik]]) (EU) *[[Indonesia]] ([[Jakarta]]) (AS) *[[Iran]] ([[Tehran]]) (AS) *[[Iraq]] ([[Baghdad]]) (AS) *[[Ireland]] ([[Dublin]]) (EU) *[[Israel]] ([[Jerusalem]]) (AS) *[[Italia]] ([[Roma]]) (EU) ===(J)=== *[[Jamaica]] ([[Kingston]]) (NA) *[[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] ([[Bangui]]) (AF) *[[Japan]] ([[Tokyo]]) (AS) *[[Jordan]] ([[Amman]]) (AS) ===(K)=== *[[Kamerun]] ([[Yaounde]]) (AF) *[[Kanada]] ([[Ottawa]]) (NA) *[[Kazakstan]] ([[Astana]]) (AS) *[[Kenya]] ([[Nairobi]]) (AF) *[[Kiribati]] ([[Bairiki]])]] ([[AU - Oceania]]) *[[Komoro]] ([[Moroni]]) (AF) *[[Kongo (Jamhuri ya)]] ([[Brazzaville]]) (AF) *[[Kongo (Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya)]] ([[Kinshasa]]) (AF) *[[Korea, Kaskazini]] ([[Pyongyang]]) (AS) *[[Korea, Kusini]] ([[Seoul]]) (AS) *[[Kuwait]] ([[Kuwait City]]) (AS) *[[Kyrgyzstan]] ([[Bishkek]]) (AS) ===(L)=== *[[Laos]] ([[Vientiane]]) (AS) *[[Latvia]] ([[Riga]]) (EU) *[[Lebanon]] ([[Beirut]]) (AS) *[[Lesoto]] ([[Maseru]]) (AF) *[[Liberia]] ([[Monrovia]]) (AF) *[[Libya]] ([[Tripoli]]) (AF) *[[Liechtenstein]] ([[Vaduz]]) (EU) *[[Lithuania]] ([[Vilnius]]) (EU) *[[Luxembourg]] ([[Luxembourg]]) (EU) ===(M)=== *[[Macedonia]] ([[Skopje]]) (EU) *[[Madagascar]] ([[Antananarivo]]) (AF) *[[Malawi]] ([[Lilongwe]]) (AF) *[[Malaysia]] ([[Kuala Lumpur]]) (AS) *[[Maldives]] ([[Male]]) (AS) *[[Mali]] ([[Bamako]]) (AF) *[[Malta]] ([[Valletta]]) (EU) *[[Marekani]] ([[Washington D.C.]]) (NA) *[[Marshall Islands]] ([[Majuro]])]] ([[AU - Oceania]]) *[[Mauritania]] ([[Nouakchott]]) (AF) *[[Mauritius]] ([[Port Louis]]) (AF) *[[Mexico]] ([[Mexico City]]) (NA) *[[Micronesia]] ([[Palikir]])]] ([[AU - Oceania]]) *[[Misri]] ([[Cairo]]) (AF) *[[Moldova]] ([[Chisinau]]) (EU) *[[Monaco]] ([[Monaco]]) (EU) *[[Mongolia]] ([[Ulan Bator]]) (AS) *[[Morocco]] ([[Rabat]]) (AF)]] ([[including Western Sahara]]) *[[Msumbiji]] ([[Maputo]]) (AF) ===(N)=== *[[Namibia]] ([[Windhoek]]) (AF) *[[Nauru]] ([[no official capital]])]] ([[AU - Oceania]]) *[[Nepal]] ([[Kathmandu]]) (AS) *[[Nicaragua]] ([[Managua]]) (NA) *[[Niger]] ([[Niamey]]) (AF) *[[Nigeria]] ([[Abuja]]) (AF) *[[Norwei]] ([[Oslo]]) (EU) *[[Nyuziland]] ([[Wellington]]) (AU) ===(O)=== *[[Oman]] ([[Muscat]]) (AS) ===(P)=== *[[Pakistan]] ([[Islamabad]]) (AS) *[[Palau]] ([[Koror]])]] ([[AU - Oceania]]) *[[Panama]] ([[Panama City]]) (NA) *[[Papua Nyugini]] ([[Port Moresby]]) (AU) *[[Paraguay]] ([[Asuncion]]) (SA) *[[Peru]] ([[Lima]]) (SA) *[[Philippines]] ([[Manila]]) (AS) *[[Poland]] ([[Warsaw]]) (EU) ===(Q)=== *[[Qatar]] ([[Doha]]) (AS) ===(R)=== *[[Romania]] ([[Bucharest]]) (EU) *[[Rwanda]] ([[Kigali]]) (AF) ===(S)=== *[[Saint Kitts na Nevis]] ([[Basseterre]]) (NA) *[[Saint Lucia]] ([[Castries]]) (NA) *[[Saint Vincent na Grenadines]] ([[Kingstown]]) (NA) *[[Samoa]] ([[Apia]])]] ([[AU - Oceania]]) *[[San Marino]] ([[San Marino]]) (EU) *[[Sao Tome na Principe]] ([[Sao Tome]]) (AF) *[[Saudi Arabia]] ([[Riyadh]]) (AS) *[[Senegal]] ([[Dakar]]) (AF) *[[Seychelles]] ([[Victoria]]) (AF) *[[Sierra Leone]] ([[Freetown]]) (AF) *[[Singapore]] ([[Singapore City]]) (AS) *[[Slovakia]] ([[Bratislava]]) (EU) *[[Slovenia]] ([[Ljubljana]]) (EU) *[[Solomon Islands]] ([[Honiara]])]] ([[AU - Oceania]]) *[[Somalia]] ([[Mogadishu]]) (AF) *[[Sri Lanka]] ([[Colombo]]) (AS) *[[Sudan]] ([[Khartoum]]) (AF) *[[Suriname]] ([[Paramaribo]]) (SA) *[[Swaziland]] ([[Mbabane]]) (AF) *[[Sweden]] ([[Stockholm]]) (EU) *[[Syria]] ([[Damascus]]) (AS) ===(T)=== *[[Taiwan]] ([[Taipei]]) (AS) *[[Tajikistan]] ([[Dushanbe]]) (AS) *[[Tanzania]] ([[Dodoma]]) (AF) *[[Thailand]] ([[Bangkok]]) (AS) *[[Togo]] ([[Lome]]) (AF) *[[Tonga]] ([[Nuku'alofa]])]] ([[AU - Oceania]]) *[[Trinidad and Tobago]] ([[Port-of-Spain]]) (NA) *[[Tunisia]] ([[Tunis]]) (AF) *[[Turkmenistan]] ([[Ashgabat]]) (AS) *[[Tuvalu]] ([[Funafuti]])]] ([[AU - Oceania]]) ===(U)=== *[[Ubelgiji]] ([[Brussels]]) (EU) *[[Ucheki]] ([[Prague]]) (EU) *[[Uchina]] ([[Beijing]]) (AS) *[[Ufaransa]] ([[Paris]]) (EU) *[[Uganda]] ([[Kampala]]) (AF) *[[Ugiriki]] ([[Athens]]) (EU) *[[Uhindi]] ([[New Delhi]]) (AS) *[[Uholanzi]] ([[Amsterdam, The Hague]]) (EU) *[[Uingereza]] ([[London]]) (EU) *[[Ujerumani]] ([[Berlin]]) (EU) *[[Ukraine]] ([[Kiev]]) (EU) *[[United Arab Emirates]] ([[Abu Dhabi]]) (AS) *[[Ureno]] ([[Lisbon]]) (EU) *[[Uruguay]] ([[Montevideo]]) (SA) *[[Urusi]] ([[Moscow]]) (EU, AS) *[[Uswazi]] [[Mbabane]] (AF) *[[Uswisi]] ([[Bern]]) (EU) *[[Uturuki]] ([[Ankara]]) (AS) & (EU) *[[Uzbekistan]] ([[Tashkent]]) (AS) ===(V)=== *[[Vanuatu]] ([[Port-Vila]])]] ([[AU - Oceania]]) *[[Vatican City]] ([[na]]) (EU) *[[Venezuela]] ([[Caracas]]) (SA) *[[Vietnam]] ([[Hanoi]]) (AS) ===(Y)=== *[[Yemen]] ([[Sana]]) (AS) *[[Yugoslavia]] (sasa [[Serbia & Montenegro]]) ([[Belgrade]]) (EU) ===(Z)=== *[[Zambia]] ([[Lusaka]]) (AF) *[[Zimbabwe]] ([[Harare]]) (AF) ==Marejeo== * http://www.infoplease.com * http://www.worldatlas.com * [http://www.yale.edu/swahili/guide.html Yale Africa Guide Interactive] - Nations of Africa [[ca:Nació]] [[da:Folkeslag]] [[de:Nation]] [[en:Nation]] [[es:Nacion]] [[fr:Nation]] [[ja:&#22269;&#27665;]] [[nl:Natie]] [[pl:Nar&#243;d]] [[pt:Nação (história e geografia)]] [[ru:&#1057;&#1090;&#1088;&#1072;&#1085;&#1072;]] [[simple:Nation]] [[zh-cn:&#27665;&#26063;]] 71 8308 2006-04-17T01:19:41Z YurikBot 117 robot Modifying: [[nah:Tlapōhuayōtl]] '''Sayansi''' ni harakati ya kupata ujuzi mpya kwa [[njia ya kisayansi]], na pia ni ujuzi uliopatwa kwa njia hii. Asili ya njia ya kisayansi ni [[mtazamo]]. Kutoka mitazamo wanasayansi wanaumba [[nadharia]]. Baadaye wanaangalia kama bashiri za nadharia ni kweli. Isipokuwa kweli watakanusha nadharia hii. Ikionekana kwamba mara nyingi sana nadharia ilibashiri ukweli, na haijakosea, itakuwa ni nadharia inayokubalika. Mara chache, ujuzi uliopatwa na sayansi inaweza kuwa dhidi ya [[anga]] ya kawaida. Kwa mfano nadharia ya [[atomi]] inasema kwamba katika [[jiwe]] kuna [[uvungu]], na kwamba atomi zinaenda kwa [[mwendo]] mkubwa katika jiwe. Lakini kwa nadharia hii tunaweza kueleza mambo mengi, hata kwa nini tunaamini kwamba jiwe halina uvungu. Kuna sayansi mbalimbali ambazo zinahusu mada mbalimbali: * [[Arkiolojia]] * [[Biolojia]] * [[Elimu]] * [[Fizikia]] * [[Hisabati]] * [[Kemia]] * [[Maarifa]] * [[Teknolojia]] * [[Unajimu]] * [[Utibabi]] {{mbegu}} [[Category:Sayansi]] [[an:Zenzia]] [[ar:علم]] [[ast:Ciencia]] [[be:Навука]] [[bg:Наука]] [[bn:বিজ্ঞান]] [[br:Siañs]] [[bs:Nauka]] [[ca:Ciència]] [[cs:Věda]] [[csb:Ùczba]] [[cv:Ăслăлăх]] [[da:Videnskab]] [[de:Wissenschaft]] [[el:Επιστήμη]] [[en:Science]] [[eo:Scienco]] [[es:Ciencia]] [[et:Teadus]] [[eu:Zientzia]] [[fi:Tiede]] [[fr:Science]] [[gd:Saidheans]] [[gl:Ciencia]] [[gu:વિજ્ઞાન]] [[he:מדע]] [[hi:विज्ञान]] [[hr:Znanost]] [[ht:Syans]] [[hu:Tudomány]] [[ia:Scientia]] [[id:Ilmu]] [[io:Cienco]] [[is:Vísindi]] [[it:Scienza]] [[ja:科学]] [[ka:მეცნიერება]] [[kn:ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ]] [[ko:과학]] [[ku:Zanist]] [[kw:Godhonieth]] [[la:Scientia]] [[li:Weitesjap]] [[lt:Mokslas]] [[mk:Наука]] [[ms:Sains]] [[nah:Tlapōhuayōtl]] [[nds:Wetenschop]] [[nl:Wetenschap]] [[nn:Vitskap]] [[no:Vitenskap]] [[pl:Nauka]] [[pt:Ciência]] [[ro:Ştiinţă]] [[ru:Наука]] [[sh:Nauka]] [[simple:Science]] [[sk:Veda]] [[sl:Znanost]] [[sr:Наука]] [[su:Élmu]] [[sv:Vetenskap]] [[ta:அறிவியல்]] [[th:วิทยาศาสตร์]] [[tl:Agham]] [[tr:Bilim]] [[uk:Наука]] [[vi:Khoa học]] [[wa:Syince]] [[zh:科学]] [[zh-min-nan:Kho-ha̍k]] 72 7404 2006-03-16T20:20:08Z Kipala 107 Neno la '''Sheria''' lina asili ya [[Kiarabu]] (&#1588;&#1585;&#1610;&#1593;&#1577; '''Shari'ah''') na kulingana na ''Kamusi ya Kiswahili sanifu'', iliyotolewa na [[TUKI]] ([[Dar es Salaam]]), '''Sheria''' ni: A) 1) amri zinazotungwa na bunge la nchi fulani ili kusimamia taratibu za nchi hiyo na ambazo ni lazima zifuatwe na watu waliomo humo na anayekwena kinyume nazo hupewa adhabu na mahakama... 2) kanuni zinazotungwa na chombo kama vile halmashauri, na kadhalika kilichopewa mamlaka na bunge ili kusimamia taratibu za mahali fulani kama vile mji, kampuni, mashirika, na kadhalika. 3) ''sheria za mila'' kanuni zinazoendesha taratibu za jamii au kabila fulani ambazo aghalabu hutumika ili kuleta suluhu badala ya kutoa adabu. B) kanuni zinazoendesha taratibu za maisha ya waumini wa dini fulani na ambazo zinatoka Mwenyezi Mungu. Makala inayofuata imeandikwa kulingana na itikadi ya kidini kwa hiyo inafuata maelezo B. Mara nyingi neno Sharia hutumika kwa maana ya Kanuni katika mazungumzo ya kawaida, lakini Sharia hasa ni hukumu alizoziteremsha Mwenyezi Mungu kwa Mitume na Manabii kunadhimu maisha ya wanadamu hapa duniani. Ama Kanuni, huwa ni hukumu zilizopangwa na wanadamu kuendesha maisha yao katika mambo ambayo Sharia haikugusia. Sharia tofauti na Itikadi (Imani) ambayo ni thabiti, ni jambo linalokuwa na kubadilika kwa mujibu wa wakati na zama mbali mbali na huwa inalingana na mazingira ya watu wanapoishi. Mitume waliletwa kwa wanadamu na kuletewa Sharia ili waweze kudhibiti maisha ya jamii zao, kusikuwepo na dhulma wala kukiuka mipaka. Kwa hivyo, Mwenyezi Mungu aliweka mipaka ya kila kitu na kufafanua kwa wanadamu mipaka hii ili wasiipindukie. Ikawa kila jambo katika maisha ya binadamu lina mpaka wake: Chakula mwanadamu ameruhusiwa kula vitu vingi sana, lakini amewekewa mipaka asile vitu fulani, wala asifanye israfu na ubadhirifu katika kula. Ndoa aoe anayempenda katika wanawake, lakini watu aina fulani hawezi kuwaoa, wala kupindukia idadi fulani, wala kukaa na wakeze bila kufanya uadilifu. Hii ni mifano ya mipaka, na mipaka kama hii iko katika kila sehemu ya maisha ya mwanadamu, ili watu katika jamii waishi kwa maskilizano, wema na hisani, bila ya kuudhiana wala kukerana. [[af:Reg]] [[ar:قانون]] [[an:Dreito]] [[ast:Derechu]] [[bn:আইন]] [[ca:Dret]] [[ceb:Pamalaod]] [[co:Drittu]] [[cs:Právo]] [[de:Recht]] [[en:law]] [[es:Derecho]] [[eo:Juro]] [[fa:حقوق (قانونی)]] [[fr:Droit]] [[fy:Rjocht]] [[ga:Dlí]] [[gl:Dereito]] [[hr:Pravo]] [[io:Yuro]] [[is:Lög]] [[it:Diritto]] [[he:משפטים]] [[ky:Hukuk]] [[lad:Dirito]] [[la:Ius]] [[li:Rech]] [[mk:Право]] [[mi:Ture]] [[nl:Recht]] [[ja:法 (法学)]] [[no:Rettsvitenskap]] [[pl:Prawo]] [[pt:Direito]] [[ro:Drept]] [[simple:Law]] [[sk:Právo]] [[sl:Pravo]] [[fi:Laki]] [[sv:Lag]] [[tl:Batas]] [[ta:சட்டம்]] [[th:กฎหมาย]] [[tr:Hukuk]] [[uk:Право]] [[yi:געזעץ]] [[zh:法律]] 73 9328 2006-05-06T02:10:35Z 131.111.8.96 +11 iw '''Siasa''' ni njia ya kufanya [[maamuzi]] katika [[taifa]], [[mji]] au hata [[dunia]] mzima ([[siasa ya kimatatifa]]). Sehemu muhimu ya siasa ni [[majadiliano]] kati ya watu mbalimbali wenye [[nguvu.]] Katika [[dekokrasia]] kila mtu ana kiasi fulani cha nguvu, na kwa hiyo siasa ya demoskrasia ina maana ya watu wote kujadiliana kuhusu maamuzi. '''Utawala wa Kifalme''' Mfumo wa kiuongozi unaompa mamlaka ya dola na serikali Mfalme. Katika mfumo huu madaraka hurithiwa na familia ya kifalme. '''Utawala wa Kiimla''' Mfumo wa kiuongozi unaotoa madaraka yasiyo na mipaka kwa kiongozi. Katika utawala huu watu binafsi hawana haki na uhuru wa kimaamuzi. '''Utawala finyu''' Mfumo unaowapa wachache nguvu za maamuzi katika dola na serikali.Nafasi ya wachache hawa hutokana na haiba na uwezo wao kiuchumi, kijamii, kijeshi au kutokana na mafanikio yao katika nyanja mbalimbali za maisha. Mfumo huu ni nadra sana katika siku za hivi karibuni. Pia waweza kuitwa utawala wa makabaila. '''Utawala wa Umma''' Utawala unaotokana na jamii kuamua misingi ya kujiongoza. Mfumo huu wa utawala hujulikana kama Utawala wa Kidemokrasia na umegawanyika katika sehemu nne. '''Demokrasia Baguzi''' Aina ya Demokrasia inayojikita katika kulinda nguvu za kiuchumi zaidi. '''Demokrasia Duni''' Demokrasia inayotokana na makundi ya watu na kisha kupitia makundi hayo watu kuunda serikali mf- chama - serikali '''Demokrasia Endelevu''' Demokrasia inayotoa fursa ya usawa na kupinga matabaka katika jamii '''Demokrasia Shirikishi''' Katika aina hii ya Demokrasia wachache hupewa dhamana na wengi katika uwakilishi wa jamii katika maamuzi '''Demokrasia''' Mfumo unatoa fursa ya madaraka kwa umma moja kwa moja au kutokana na kuwakilishwa {{mbegu}} [[Category:Siasa]] [[an:Politica]] [[ar:سياسة]] [[ast:Política]] [[bg:&#1055;&#1086;&#1083;&#1080;&#1090;&#1080;&#1082;&#1072;]] [[bn:রাজনীতি]] [[br:Politikerezh]] [[bs:Politika]] [[ca:Política]] [[cs:Politika]] [[da:Politik]] [[de:Politik]] [[en:Politics]] [[eo:Politiko]] [[es:Política]] [[et:Poliitika]] [[fa:سیاست]] [[fi:Politiikka]] [[fr:Politique]] [[fur:Politiche]] [[ga:Polaitíocht]] [[gl:Política]] [[he:&#1508;&#1493;&#1500;&#1497;&#1496;&#1497;&#1511;&#1492;]] [[hr:Politika]] [[hu:Politika]] [[ia:Politica]] [[id:Politik]] [[io:Politiko]] [[it:Politica]] [[ja:&#25919;&#27835;]] [[ka:პოლიტიკა]] [[ko:정치]] [[la:Politica]] [[lb:Politik]] [[li:Polletiek]] [[ln:Politiki]] [[ms:politik]] [[nds:Politik]] [[nl:Politiek]] [[no:Politikk]] [[pl:Polityka]] [[pt:Política]] [[sc:Polìtica]] [[scn:Pulitica]] [[simple:Politics]] [[sv:Politik]] [[th:&#3585;&#3634;&#3619;&#3648;&#3617;&#3639;&#3629;&#3591;]] [[tl:Politika]] [[tr:Politika]] [[uk:&#1055;&#1086;&#1083;&#1110;&#1090;&#1080;&#1082;&#1072;]] [[zh:政治]] 78 9325 2006-05-06T01:23:43Z 131.111.8.96 fix da: fr: no: pl: tl: +ia: nds: ro: '''Ushairi''' ni utungo wa kisanaa ulio na madhumuni ya kutumbuiza au kuelimisha. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Fasihi]] [[af:Poësie]] [[ar:شعر]] [[bg:Поезия]] [[ca:Poesia]] [[cs:Poezie]] [[cy:Barddoniaeth]] [[da:Digt]] [[de:Poesie]] [[en:Poetry]] [[et:Poeesia]] [[es:Poesía]] [[eo:Poezio]] [[fr:Poésie]] [[fy:Poëzy]] [[ga:Filíocht]] [[gd:Bardachd]] [[gl:Poesía]] [[he:שירה]] [[ia:Poesia]] [[io:Poezio]] [[it:Poesia]] [[ko:시 (문학)]] [[lv:Dzeja]] [[mk:Поезија]] [[nl:Poëzie]] [[ja:詩]] [[nds:Lyrik]] [[no:Lyrikk]] [[pl:Liryka]] [[pt:Poesia]] [[ro:Poezie]] [[ru:Поэзия]] [[sa:कविता]] [[sq:Poezia]] [[sl:Pesništvo]] [[sr:Поезија]] [[fi:Runous]] [[sv:Poesi]] [[th:กวีนิพนธ์]] [[tl:Panulaan]] [[tr:Şiir]] [[wa:Arimea]] [[zh-cn:诗歌]] 81 5142 2005-10-30T10:27:07Z Marcos 3 #REDIRECT [[Mwanzo]] 82 sysop 2908 2004-05-21T23:09:15Z 82.68.206.22 <table> <tr><td align="right"><a href="/w/wiki.phtml?title=Special:Allpages&amp;from=Agano_La_Kale" class='internal' title ="Special:Allpages">Agano La Kale</a></td><td> to </td><td align="left">Utibabi</td></tr> </table> 83 2909 2004-01-25T16:57:24Z Angela 1 moved to "Talk:Main_Page" #REDIRECT [[Talk:Main_Page]] 84 sysop 8746 2006-04-25T16:50:40Z Matt Crypto 20 Babu -> Jamii Jamii 85 sysop 8744 2006-04-25T16:49:26Z Matt Crypto 20 jamii 86 sysop 2912 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Articles in category "$1" 87 sysop 2913 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Subcategories 88 sysop 2914 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default /^([a-z]+)(.*)$/sD 89 sysop 2915 2004-10-01T06:58:45Z Neno 24 Mwanzo 90 sysop 7792 2006-03-28T06:44:17Z MediaWiki default <big>'''MediaWiki has been successfully installed.'''</big> 91 sysop 2917 2004-05-31T00:08:02Z Marcos 3 Kuhusu 92 sysop 2918 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default About Wikipedia 93 sysop 2919 2005-06-25T11:26:03Z MediaWiki default Project:About 94 sysop 2920 2004-05-31T00:13:23Z Marcos 3 Msaada 95 sysop 2921 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Help:Contents 96 sysop 2922 2005-06-25T11:26:09Z MediaWiki default {{SITENAME}} 97 sysop 2923 2004-05-31T00:19:15Z Marcos 3 Simulia tatizo 98 sysop 2924 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Project:Bug_reports 99 sysop 2925 2004-05-31T22:54:54Z Marcos 3 Michango 100 sysop 2926 2004-01-29T11:57:50Z MediaWiki default &lt;sitesupportpage&gt; 101 sysop 2927 2004-05-31T00:21:00Z Marcos 3 Maswali ya kawaida 102 sysop 2928 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Project:FAQ 103 sysop 2929 2005-01-04T08:03:17Z Neno 24 Mwongozo 104 sysop 2930 2005-01-04T08:04:50Z Neno 24 Mwongozo 105 sysop 2931 2004-05-31T00:22:45Z Marcos 3 Futa 106 sysop 2932 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Find 107 sysop 2933 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Browse 108 sysop 2934 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Edit 109 sysop 2935 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default This page 110 sysop 2936 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Context 111 sysop 2937 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default My pages 112 sysop 2938 2005-01-05T08:19:07Z Neno 24 Kurasa za pekee 113 sysop 2939 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default More... 114 sysop 2940 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default My page 115 sysop 2941 2004-06-01T15:38:20Z Marcos 3 Majadiliano yangu 116 sysop 2942 2004-10-03T07:05:40Z Neno 24 Matukio mapya 117 sysop 2943 2005-01-05T08:07:24Z Neno 24 Wajibu 118 sysop 2944 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Project:General_disclaimer 119 sysop 2945 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Error 120 sysop 2946 2005-06-25T11:26:07Z MediaWiki default Return to $1. 121 sysop 2947 2004-05-31T00:29:44Z Marcos 3 Toka Wikipedia, kamusi ya maandishi huru. 122 sysop 6318 2006-01-22T17:01:07Z Matt Crypto 20 Viungo viungacho ukurasa huu 123 sysop 2949 2004-05-31T00:30:37Z Marcos 3 Tafuta 124 sysop 2950 2004-10-02T17:56:49Z Neno 24 Nenda 125 sysop 2951 2004-10-01T05:51:36Z Neno 24 Historia ya ukurasa 126 sysop 2952 2004-05-31T00:33:03Z Marcos 3 Ukarasa kwa kuchapa 127 sysop 2953 2005-01-04T08:07:01Z Neno 24 Hariri ukurasa huu 128 sysop 2954 2005-01-04T07:49:02Z Neno 24 Futa ukurasa huo 129 sysop 2955 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Protect this page 130 sysop 2956 2004-05-31T00:34:47Z Marcos 3 Ondoa tunzo la ukarasa 131 sysop 2957 2004-10-01T05:53:09Z Neno 24 Ukurasa mpya 132 sysop 2958 2004-05-31T00:35:49Z Marcos 3 Jadilia ukarasa huu 133 sysop 2959 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Post a comment 134 sysop 2960 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default View content page 135 sysop 2961 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default View subject 136 sysop 4629 2005-07-27T10:45:20Z Matt Crypto 20 Ukurasa wa mtumiaji Ukurasa wa mtumiaji 137 sysop 2963 2005-06-25T11:26:09Z MediaWiki default View project page 138 sysop 2964 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default View image page 139 sysop 2965 2005-06-25T11:26:09Z MediaWiki default View discussion 140 sysop 2966 2004-05-31T00:36:25Z Marcos 3 Lugha nyingine 141 sysop 2967 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default (Redirected from $1) 142 sysop 2968 2005-01-05T07:22:35Z Neno 24 Ukurasa huu umebadilishwa tarehe $1. 143 sysop 11769 2006-07-01T19:11:52Z MediaWiki default This page has been accessed {{plural:$1|one time|$1 times}}. 144 sysop 2970 2004-01-29T11:57:50Z MediaWiki default All text is available under the terms of the <a class=internal href='/wiki/GNU_FDL'>GNU Free Documentation License</a>. 145 sysop 2971 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default (From {{SERVER}}) 146 sysop 2972 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Protected page 147 sysop 11624 2006-07-01T19:11:49Z MediaWiki default {{ns:project}}:Administrators 148 sysop 2974 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Sysop access required 149 sysop 4681 2005-07-29T11:13:28Z MediaWiki default The action you have requested can only be performed by users with "sysop" capability. See $1. 150 sysop 2976 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Developer access required 151 sysop 4646 2005-07-29T11:13:26Z MediaWiki default The action you have requested can only be performed by users with "developer" capability. See $1. 152 sysop 11700 2006-07-01T19:11:51Z MediaWiki default $1 {{PLURAL:$1|byte|bytes}} 153 sysop 2979 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default OK 154 sysop 2980 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default {{SITENAME}} 155 sysop 2981 2004-05-31T00:37:48Z Marcos 3 Kamusi elezo ya maandshi huru 156 sysop 2982 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Retrieved from "$1" 157 sysop 2983 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default You have $1. 158 sysop 2984 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default new messages 159 sysop 2985 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default edit 160 sysop 4682 2005-07-29T11:13:29Z MediaWiki default Contents 161 sysop 2987 2005-01-07T18:10:44Z Neno 24 Fichua 162 sysop 2988 2005-01-07T17:51:16Z Neno 24 Ficha 163 sysop 2989 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default View or restore $1? 164 sysop 11734 2006-07-01T19:11:52Z MediaWiki default {{PLURAL:$1|one deleted edit|$1 deleted edits}} 165 sysop 2991 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default No such action 166 sysop 2992 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default The action specified by the URL is not recognized by the wiki 167 sysop 2993 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default No such special page 168 sysop 4413 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default You have requested an invalid special page, a list of valid special pages may be found at [[{{ns:special}}:Specialpages]]. 169 sysop 2995 2004-05-31T00:25:25Z Marcos 3 Kosa 170 sysop 2996 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Database error 171 sysop 2997 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default A database query syntax error has occurred. This may indicate a bug in the software. The last attempted database query was: <blockquote><tt>$1</tt></blockquote> from within function "<tt>$2</tt>". MySQL returned error "<tt>$3: $4</tt>". 172 sysop 5509 2005-12-02T04:20:04Z MediaWiki default A database query syntax error has occurred. The last attempted database query was: "$1" from within function "$2". MySQL returned error "$3: $4" 173 sysop 2999 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Sorry! The wiki is experiencing some technical difficulties, and cannot contact the database server. <br /> $1 174 sysop 3000 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Could not select database $1 175 sysop 3001 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default The following is a cached copy of the requested page, and may not be up to date. 176 sysop 3002 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Database locked 177 sysop 3003 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Enter a reason for the lock, including an estimate of when the lock will be released 178 sysop 4871 2005-09-05T09:58:38Z MediaWiki default The database is currently locked to new entries and other modifications, probably for routine database maintenance, after which it will be back to normal. The administrator who locked it offered this explanation: $1 179 sysop 4862 2005-09-05T09:58:38Z MediaWiki default The database did not find the text of a page that it should have found, named "$1". This is usually caused by following an outdated diff or history link to a page that has been deleted. If this is not the case, you may have found a bug in the software. Please report this to an administrator, making note of the URL. 180 sysop 3006 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Internal error 181 sysop 3007 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Could not copy file "$1" to "$2". 182 sysop 3008 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Could not rename file "$1" to "$2". 183 sysop 3009 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Could not delete file "$1". 184 sysop 3010 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Could not find file "$1". 185 sysop 3011 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Unexpected value: "$1"="$2". 186 sysop 3012 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Error: could not submit form 187 sysop 3013 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default This action cannot be performed on this page. 188 sysop 4066 2005-07-03T14:17:14Z MediaWiki default Could not delete the page or file specified. (It may have already been deleted by someone else.) 189 sysop 3015 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Bad title 190 sysop 7141 2006-02-26T02:08:18Z MediaWiki default The requested page title was invalid, empty, or an incorrectly linked inter-language or inter-wiki title. It may contain one more characters which cannot be used in titles. 191 sysop 4867 2005-09-05T09:58:38Z MediaWiki default Sorry! This feature has been temporarily disabled because it slows the database down to the point that no one can use the wiki. 192 sysop 4868 2005-09-05T09:58:38Z MediaWiki default Here is a saved copy from $1: 193 sysop 4892 2005-09-05T09:58:40Z MediaWiki default Incorrect parameters to wfQuery()<br /> Function: $1<br /> Query: $2 194 sysop 3020 2005-06-25T11:26:09Z MediaWiki default View source 195 sysop 11723 2006-07-01T19:11:52Z MediaWiki default This page has been locked to prevent editing. You can view and copy the source of this page: 196 sysop 3022 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default User logout 197 sysop 5512 2005-12-02T04:20:05Z MediaWiki default <strong>You are now logged out.</strong><br /> You can continue to use {{SITENAME}} anonymously, or you can log in again as the same or as a different user. Note that some pages may continue to be displayed as if you were still logged in, until you clear your browser cache. 198 sysop 3024 2005-06-25T11:26:09Z MediaWiki default == Welcome, $1! == Your account has been created. Don't forget to change your {{SITENAME}} preferences. 199 sysop 3025 2005-01-04T11:52:34Z Neno 24 Kuingia kwa watumiaji 200 sysop 3026 2005-01-05T08:30:36Z Neno 24 Jina lako 201 sysop 3027 2005-01-04T07:02:50Z Neno 24 Neno la siri 202 sysop 3028 2005-01-05T08:34:31Z Neno 24 Andika tena neno la siri 203 sysop 3029 2005-01-05T07:11:28Z Neno 24 (watumiaji wapya tu) 204 sysop 3030 2005-01-07T18:22:26Z Neno 24 Nikumbushwe kwenye vikao vyote. 205 sysop 3031 2005-01-04T11:54:42Z Neno 24 <b>Tatizo limetokea wakati ulipojaribu kuingia.</b><br />Jaribu tena! 206 sysop 3032 2005-01-04T11:45:01Z Neno 24 <font color=red><b>$1, umeshaingia!</b></font><br /> 207 sysop 3033 2004-10-01T07:18:14Z Neno 24 Ingia 208 sysop 3034 2005-01-05T11:21:51Z Neno 24 Lazima kompyuta yako ipokee [[kuki]] ili uweze kuingia kwenye {{SITENAME}}. 209 sysop 3035 2004-10-01T07:23:05Z Neno 24 Ingia 210 sysop 3036 2004-10-01T18:54:22Z Neno 24 Toka 211 sysop 3037 2004-10-01T18:55:14Z Neno 24 Toka 212 sysop 3038 2004-05-31T00:43:22Z Marcos 3 Hujajiandikisha 213 sysop 3039 2004-10-01T07:20:37Z Neno 24 Ujisajili 214 sysop 5468 2005-12-02T02:47:51Z MediaWiki default by e-mail 215 sysop 3041 2005-01-04T07:12:45Z Neno 24 Maneno uliyoyaandika ni tofauti. 216 sysop 5500 2005-12-02T02:47:54Z MediaWiki default Username entered already in use. Please choose a different name. 217 sysop 3043 2004-05-31T00:44:30Z Marcos 3 Barua pepe yako* 218 sysop 5294 2005-11-09T23:18:31Z MediaWiki default Nickname: 219 sysop 3045 2005-01-05T08:48:48Z Neno 24 Mambo yanayofuatwa na alama (*) ni ya hiari. Anwani yako ya baruapepe inawezesha watu wasiliane nako kwa kupitia tovuti bila ya kulazimishwa kwako kufunua anwani yako, licha ya hayo anwani yako itaweza kutumika kwa kukupatia neno mpya la siri ukilisahau.<br /><br />Jina lako halisi, ukitaka kuliingiza, litatajwa pamoja na kazi zako. 220 sysop 3046 2005-01-04T11:50:27Z Neno 24 Kosa la kuingia 221 sysop 3047 2005-01-05T07:29:03Z Neno 24 Umesajiliwa, lakini bado hujaingizwa. {{SITENAME}} inatumia ''kuki'' ili watumiaji waingizwe. Kompyuta yako inazuia ''kuki''. Tafadhali, ondoa kizuizi hicho uingie kwa kutumia jina mpya na neno la siri. 222 sysop 3048 2005-01-05T11:42:52Z Neno 24 {{SITENAME}} inatumia [[kuki]] ili watumiaji waweze kuingia. Kompyuta yako inakataa kupokea kuki. Tafadhali, ondoa kizuizi hicho, baadaye jaribu tena. 223 sysop 3049 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default You have not specified a valid user name. 224 sysop 3050 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Login successful 225 sysop 5479 2005-12-02T02:47:53Z MediaWiki default '''You are now logged in to {{SITENAME}} as "$1".''' 226 sysop 5485 2005-12-02T02:47:53Z MediaWiki default There is no user by the name "$1". Check your spelling, or create a new account. 227 sysop 5505 2005-12-02T02:47:54Z MediaWiki default Incorrect password entered. Please try again. 228 sysop 3054 2005-01-05T07:07:38Z Neno 24 Nipatie neno mpya la siri 229 sysop 3055 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Password reminder from {{SITENAME}} 230 sysop 11711 2006-07-01T19:11:51Z MediaWiki default Someone (probably you, from IP address $1) requested that we send you a new password for {{SITENAME}} ($4). The password for user "$2" is now "$3". You should log in and change your password now. If someone else made this request or if you have remembered your password and you no longer wish to change it, you may ignore this message and continue using your old password. 231 sysop 3057 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default There is no e-mail address recorded for user "$1". 232 sysop 3058 2005-01-05T12:00:13Z Neno 24 Neno mpya la siri limeshatumia kwenye anwani ya baruapepe ya "$1". Tafadhali, ingia baada ya kulipokea. 233 sysop 5478 2005-12-02T02:47:53Z MediaWiki default 234 sysop 3060 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Bold text 235 sysop 3061 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Bold text 236 sysop 3062 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Italic text 237 sysop 3063 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Italic text 238 sysop 3064 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Link title 239 sysop 3065 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Internal link 240 sysop 3066 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default http://www.example.com link title 241 sysop 3067 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default External link (remember http:// prefix) 242 sysop 3068 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Headline text 243 sysop 3069 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Level 2 headline 244 sysop 3070 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Insert formula here 245 sysop 3071 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Mathematical formula (LaTeX) 246 sysop 3072 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Insert non-formatted text here 247 sysop 3073 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Ignore wiki formatting 248 sysop 3074 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Example.jpg 249 sysop 3075 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Embedded image 250 sysop 4397 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Example.ogg 251 sysop 3077 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Media file link 252 sysop 3078 2005-06-25T11:26:07Z MediaWiki default Your signature with timestamp 253 sysop 3079 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Horizontal line (use sparingly) 254 sysop 3080 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Click a button to get an example text 255 sysop 3081 2005-01-04T07:58:24Z Neno 24 Muhtasari 256 sysop 3082 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Subject/headline 257 sysop 3083 2005-01-04T07:56:34Z Neno 24 Haya ni mabadilisho madogo 258 sysop 3084 2005-01-04T08:02:02Z Neno 24 Simamia ukurasa huu 259 sysop 3085 2004-10-01T05:56:39Z Neno 24 Weka ukurasa 260 sysop 3086 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Preview 261 sysop 3087 2004-06-01T15:50:45Z Marcos 3 Mandhari ya mabadilisho 262 sysop 3088 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default User is blocked 263 sysop 11633 2006-07-01T19:11:50Z MediaWiki default Your user name or IP address has been blocked by $1. The reason given is this:<br />''$2''<br />You may contact $1 or one of the other [[{{ns:project}}:Administrators|administrators]] to discuss the block. Note that you may not use the "e-mail this user" feature unless you have a valid e-mail address registered in your [[Special:Preferences|user preferences]]. Your IP address is $3. Please include this address in any queries you make. 264 sysop 3090 2005-06-25T11:26:09Z MediaWiki default Login required to edit 265 sysop 11778 2006-07-01T19:11:52Z MediaWiki default You have to $1 to edit pages. 266 sysop 3092 2005-06-25T11:26:09Z MediaWiki default Login required to read 267 sysop 3093 2005-06-25T11:26:09Z MediaWiki default You have to [[Special:Userlogin|login]] to read pages. 268 sysop 3094 2005-06-25T11:26:09Z MediaWiki default You are not allowed to create an account 269 sysop 3095 2005-06-25T11:26:09Z MediaWiki default To be allowed to create accounts in this Wiki you have to [[Special:Userlogin|log]] in and have the appropriate permissions. 270 sysop 3096 2005-01-05T07:03:50Z Neno 24 Neno la siri limeshakutumia. 271 sysop 3097 2005-01-04T07:08:08Z Neno 24 Neno la siri la '$1' limeshatumwa kwa $2. 272 sysop 3098 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default (New) 273 sysop 3099 2005-01-08T16:10:16Z Neno 24 Ukurasa unaotaka haujaandikwa bado. Ukipenda unaweza kuuandika wewe mwenyewe kwa kutumia sanduku la hapa chini (tazama [[Project:Help|Mwongozo]] kwa maelezo zaidi). Ukifika hapa kwa makosa, bofya kibonyezi '''back''' (nyuma) cha programu yako. 274 sysop 11629 2006-07-01T19:11:50Z MediaWiki default ----''This is the discussion page for an anonymous user who has not created an account yet or who does not use it. We therefore have to use the numerical IP address to identify him/her. Such an IP address can be shared by several users. If you are an anonymous user and feel that irrelevant comments have been directed at you, please [[Special:Userlogin|create an account or log in]] to avoid future confusion with other anonymous users.'' 275 sysop 3101 2004-10-03T07:02:11Z Neno 24 (Ukurasa huu haujaandikishwa bado) 276 sysop 3102 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default (Updated) 277 sysop 7159 2006-02-26T02:08:19Z MediaWiki default <strong>Note:</strong> 278 sysop 5263 2005-11-09T23:18:29Z MediaWiki default <strong>This is only a preview; changes have not yet been saved!</strong> 279 sysop 11719 2006-07-01T19:11:51Z MediaWiki default This preview reflects the text in the upper text editing area as it will appear if you choose to save. 280 sysop 3106 2005-01-04T08:05:58Z Neno 24 Kuhahiri $1 281 sysop 3107 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default (section) 282 sysop 3108 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default (comment) 283 sysop 3109 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Edit conflict: $1 284 sysop 5768 2005-12-22T07:43:32Z MediaWiki default Someone else has changed this page since you started editing it. The upper text area contains the page text as it currently exists. Your changes are shown in the lower text area. You will have to merge your changes into the existing text. <b>Only</b> the text in the upper text area will be saved when you press "Save page".<br /> 285 sysop 3111 2005-01-04T07:50:12Z Neno 24 Maandishi yako 286 sysop 3112 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Stored version 287 sysop 3113 2005-01-04T08:13:47Z Neno 24 <strong>ANGALIA: Unakuwa unahariri nakala ya zamani ya ukurasa huu. Ukiendelea kuihariri, mabadilisho yote yaliyofanywa tangu pale yatapotezwa.</strong> 288 sysop 3114 2005-06-25T11:26:09Z MediaWiki default Differences 289 sysop 3115 2005-01-04T07:45:21Z Neno 24 Tafadhali zingatia kwamba makala yote ya {{SITENAME}} unayoyaandika yanafuata $2 (tazama $1 kwa maelezo zaidi). Usipotaka maandishi yako yaweze kuharirishwa bure na kutolewa wakati wowote, basi usiyaandike hapa.<br /> Unakuwa unaahidi kwamba maandishi unayoyaingia ni yako tu, au uliyapata kutoka bure au ni mali ya watu wote. <strong>USITOLEE MAKALA YALIYOHIFADHIWA HAKI ZAO ZA KUTUMIWA BILA KUPATA RUHUSA HALALI!</strong> 290 sysop 3116 2005-01-04T08:24:22Z Neno 24 ANGALIA: Urefu wa ukurasa huu ni kilobaiti $1; vipitiaji kadhaa vinaweza kuwa na matatizo ya kuhariri ukurasa wenye urefu karibu au zaidi ya kb 32. Tafadhali fikiria kuhusu kukata ukurasa kwa vipande vifupi. 291 sysop 4429 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default <strong>WARNING: The database has been locked for maintenance, so you will not be able to save your edits right now. You may wish to cut-n-paste the text into a text file and save it for later.</strong> 292 sysop 3118 2005-01-04T08:33:21Z Neno 24 ANGALIA: Ukurasa huu unakingwa kwa hiyo watumiaji wenye haki za wasimamizi tu wanaweza kuuhariri. Hakikisha kwamba unakuwa unafuata <a href='/w/index.php/Project:Protected_page_guidelines'>mwongozo wa kuhariri kurasa zinazokingwa</a>. 293 sysop 3119 2005-06-25T11:26:07Z MediaWiki default Revision history 294 sysop 3120 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default There is no edit history for this page. 295 sysop 3121 2005-06-25T11:26:07Z MediaWiki default Revision not found 296 sysop 5783 2005-12-22T07:43:33Z MediaWiki default The old revision of the page you asked for could not be found. Please check the URL you used to access this page. 297 sysop 3123 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Loading page history 298 sysop 3124 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Current revision 299 sysop 3125 2005-06-25T11:26:07Z MediaWiki default Revision as of $1 300 sysop 3126 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default cur 301 sysop 3127 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default next 302 sysop 3128 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default last 303 sysop 3129 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default orig 304 sysop 3130 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Diff selection: mark the radio boxes of the versions to compare and hit enter or the button at the bottom.<br /> Legend: (cur) = difference with current version, (last) = difference with preceding version, M = minor edit. 305 sysop 3131 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default (Difference between revisions) 306 sysop 3132 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default loading revision for diff 307 sysop 3133 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Line $1: 308 sysop 3134 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Edit the current version of this page 309 sysop 3135 2005-06-25T11:26:07Z MediaWiki default Search results 310 sysop 3136 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default Wikipedia:Searching 311 sysop 3137 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default Searching Wikipedia 312 sysop 11739 2006-07-01T19:11:52Z MediaWiki default For more information about searching {{SITENAME}}, see [[{{ns:project}}:Searching|Searching {{SITENAME}}]]. 313 sysop 3139 2005-06-25T11:26:07Z MediaWiki default For query "$1" 314 sysop 3140 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Badly formed search query 315 sysop 3141 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default We could not process your query. This is probably because you have attempted to search for a word fewer than three letters long, which is not yet supported. It could also be that you have mistyped the expression, for example "fish and and scales". Please try another query. 316 sysop 3142 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default The query "$1" matched $2 page titles and the text of $3 pages. 317 sysop 7158 2006-02-26T02:08:19Z MediaWiki default '''There is no page titled "$1".''' You can [[$1|create this page]]. 318 sysop 3144 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Article title matches 319 sysop 3145 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default No page title matches 320 sysop 3146 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Page text matches 321 sysop 3147 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default No page text matches 322 sysop 3148 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default previous $1 323 sysop 3149 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default next $1 324 sysop 3150 2005-06-25T11:26:09Z MediaWiki default View ($1) ($2) ($3). 325 sysop 3151 2005-06-25T11:26:07Z MediaWiki default Showing below up to <b>$1</b> results starting with #<b>$2</b>. 326 sysop 3152 2005-06-25T11:26:07Z MediaWiki default Showing below <b>$3</b> results starting with #<b>$2</b>. 327 sysop 3153 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default '''Note''': unsuccessful searches are often caused by searching for common words like "have" and "from", which are not indexed, or by specifying more than one search term (only pages containing all of the search terms will appear in the result). 328 sysop 3154 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Search 329 sysop 11714 2006-07-01T19:11:51Z MediaWiki default Search in namespaces:<br />$1<br />$2 List redirects<br />Search for $3 $9 330 sysop 4441 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default {{SITENAME}} search is disabled. You can search via Google in the meantime. Note that their indexes of {{SITENAME}} content may be out of date. 331 sysop 3157 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default (Main) 332 sysop 3158 2004-10-01T18:59:35Z Neno 24 Mapendekezo 333 sysop 3159 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Not logged in 334 sysop 4671 2005-07-29T11:13:28Z MediaWiki default You must be [[Special:Userlogin|logged in]] to set user preferences. 335 sysop 3161 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default You are logged in as "$1". Your internal ID number is $2. See [[Project:User preferences help]] for help deciphering the options. 336 sysop 3162 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Preferences have been reset from storage. 337 sysop 3163 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Quickbar 338 sysop 3164 2005-01-05T07:05:31Z Neno 24 Badilisha neno la siri 339 sysop 3165 2004-10-02T17:55:08Z Neno 24 Sura 340 sysop 4396 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Math 341 sysop 3167 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Date format 342 sysop 3168 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Failed to parse 343 sysop 3169 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default unknown error 344 sysop 7156 2006-02-26T02:08:19Z MediaWiki default unknown function 345 sysop 3171 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default lexing error 346 sysop 3172 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default syntax error 347 sysop 3173 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default PNG conversion failed; check for correct installation of latex, dvips, gs, and convert 348 sysop 4437 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default Save 349 sysop 4433 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default Reset 350 sysop 3176 2005-01-05T11:54:49Z Neno 24 Neno la siri la zamani 351 sysop 3177 2005-01-05T07:10:08Z Neno 24 Neno mpya la siri 352 sysop 3178 2005-01-05T08:32:54Z Neno 24 Andika tena neno mpya la siri 353 sysop 3179 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Editing 354 sysop 5268 2005-11-09T23:18:30Z MediaWiki default Rows: 355 sysop 5228 2005-11-09T23:18:23Z MediaWiki default Columns: 356 sysop 4443 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default Search 357 sysop 5267 2005-11-09T23:18:29Z MediaWiki default Hits per page: 358 sysop 5233 2005-11-09T23:18:23Z MediaWiki default Lines per hit: 359 sysop 5232 2005-11-09T23:18:23Z MediaWiki default Context per line: 360 sysop 5271 2005-11-09T23:18:30Z MediaWiki default Threshold for stub display: 361 sysop 5264 2005-11-09T23:18:29Z MediaWiki default Titles in recent changes: 362 sysop 3188 2005-06-25T11:26:07Z MediaWiki default Your preferences have been saved. 363 sysop 4456 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default The number of hours your local time differs from server time (UTC). 364 sysop 4392 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Local time 365 sysop 4455 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default Offset¹ 366 sysop 4445 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default Server time 367 sysop 3193 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Fill in from browser 368 sysop 3194 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Disable e-mail from other users 369 sysop 3195 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Search in these namespaces by default: 370 sysop 3196 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default changes 371 sysop 3197 2004-10-03T07:00:01Z Neno 24 Mabadilisho ya karibuni 372 sysop 3198 2004-08-04T21:55:48Z Marcos 3 Orodha ya mabadilisho yaliyofanywa katika Wikipedia siku zilizopita. 373 sysop 3199 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Loading recent changes 374 sysop 3200 2005-01-07T17:30:35Z Neno 24 Yanayofuata hapa chini ni mabadilisho <strong>$1</strong> yaliyofanywa wakati wa siku <strong>$2</strong> zilizopita. 375 sysop 3201 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Below are the changes since <b>$2</b> (up to <b>$1</b> shown). 376 sysop 3202 2005-01-07T18:14:03Z Neno 24 Onyesha mabadilisho mapya kuanzia $1 377 sysop 3203 2005-01-07T17:57:24Z Neno 24 $1 mabadilisho madogo | $2 bots | $3 watumiaji | $4 mabadilisho yafuatiliwayo 378 sysop 3204 2005-01-07T17:26:22Z Neno 24 Onyesha mabadilisho $1 yaliyofanywa wakati wa siku $2 zilizopita<br />$3 379 sysop 3205 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default in $4 form; $1 minor edits; $2 secondary namespaces; $3 multiple edits. 380 sysop 3206 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default ; $1 edits from logged in users 381 sysop 3207 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default diff 382 sysop 3208 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default hist 383 sysop 3209 2005-01-07T17:48:24Z Neno 24 Ficha 384 sysop 3210 2005-01-07T18:33:17Z Neno 24 <Font color=red>Fichua</font> 385 sysop 3211 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default table 386 sysop 3212 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default list 387 sysop 3213 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default $1 changes 388 sysop 3214 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default m 389 sysop 3215 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default N 390 sysop 4628 2005-07-27T10:44:37Z Matt Crypto 20 Pakia faili 391 sysop 3217 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Upload file 392 sysop 3218 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Upload images 393 sysop 3219 2005-06-25T11:26:07Z MediaWiki default Re-upload 394 sysop 3220 2005-06-25T11:26:07Z MediaWiki default Return to the upload form. 395 sysop 3221 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Not logged in 396 sysop 4477 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default You must be [[Special:Userlogin|logged in]] to upload files. 397 sysop 3223 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Upload images, sounds, documents etc. 398 sysop 3224 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Upload error 399 sysop 8743 2006-04-25T16:48:38Z Matt Crypto 20 Ukipanga kupakia faili huria, ni afadhali kuipakia kwenye [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Wikimedia Commons]. Miradi yote ya Wikipedia zinaweza kuitumia kutoka Commons. Bonyeza [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload hapa] kupakia faili kwenye Commons. Kunakili faili kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha moja kwenye Commons, unaweza kutumia zana hii [http://magnusmanske.de/wikipedia/commonshelper.php]. Use the form below to upload files, to view or search previously uploaded images go to the [[Special:Imagelist|list of uploaded files]], uploads and deletions are also logged in the [[Special:Log/upload|upload log]]. To include the image in a page, use a link in the form '''<nowiki>[[{{ns:6}}:file.jpg]]</nowiki>''', '''<nowiki>[[{{ns:6}}:file.png|alt text]]</nowiki>''' or '''<nowiki>[[{{ns:-2}}:file.ogg]]</nowiki>''' for directly linking to the file. 400 sysop 3226 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default upload log 401 sysop 11767 2006-07-01T19:11:52Z MediaWiki default Upload log 402 sysop 3228 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Below is a list of the most recent file uploads. 403 sysop 3229 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Filename 404 sysop 3230 2005-01-04T07:52:17Z Neno 24 Muhtasari 405 sysop 3231 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Copyright status 406 sysop 3232 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Source 407 sysop 3233 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default I affirm that the copyright holder of this file agrees to license it under the terms of the $1. 408 sysop 6311 2006-01-22T16:32:35Z Matt Crypto 20 Wikipedia:Hatimiliki 409 sysop 3235 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default {{SITENAME}} copyright 410 sysop 3236 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Uploaded files 411 sysop 3237 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default You must affirm that your upload does not violate any copyrights. 412 sysop 3238 2005-01-04T08:18:37Z Neno 24 Hifadhi bila kujali maonyo yoyote. 413 sysop 4663 2005-07-29T11:13:28Z MediaWiki default File names must be at least three letters. 414 sysop 4641 2005-07-29T11:13:26Z MediaWiki default File name has been changed to "$1". 415 sysop 3241 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default ".$1" is not a recommended image file format. 416 sysop 11691 2006-07-01T19:11:51Z MediaWiki default It is recommended that files do not exceed $1 bytes in size; this file is $2 bytes 417 sysop 3243 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Successful upload 418 sysop 3244 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default File $1 uploaded successfully. Please follow this link: $2 to the description page and fill in information about the file, such as where it came from, when it was created and by whom, and anything else you may know about it. If this is an image, you can insert it like this: <tt><nowiki>[[Image:$1|thumb|Description]]</nowiki></tt> 419 sysop 3245 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Upload warning 420 sysop 3246 2005-06-25T11:26:07Z MediaWiki default Save file 421 sysop 4475 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default uploaded "[[$1]]" 422 sysop 7179 2006-02-26T02:08:20Z MediaWiki default Uploads disabled 423 sysop 4374 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default File list 424 sysop 11675 2006-07-01T19:11:51Z MediaWiki default Below is a list of '''$1''' {{plural:$1|file|files}} sorted $2. 425 sysop 4346 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default fetching file list 426 sysop 3252 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Show all images with names matching 427 sysop 3253 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Search 428 sysop 4450 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default Show last $1 files sorted $2. 429 sysop 3255 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default all 430 sysop 3256 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default by name 431 sysop 3257 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default by date 432 sysop 3258 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default by size 433 sysop 3259 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default del 434 sysop 3260 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default desc 435 sysop 4660 2005-07-29T11:13:27Z MediaWiki default Legend: (desc) = show/edit file description. 436 sysop 4659 2005-07-29T11:13:27Z MediaWiki default File history 437 sysop 3263 2005-06-25T11:26:07Z MediaWiki default rev 438 sysop 3264 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default del 439 sysop 4377 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. <br /><i>Click on date to see the file uploaded on that date</i>. 440 sysop 4373 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Links 441 sysop 4391 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default The following pages link to this file: 442 sysop 4412 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default There are no pages that link to this file. 443 sysop 7255 2006-03-06T15:17:50Z Marcos 3 Takwimu 444 sysop 7254 2006-03-06T15:16:46Z Marcos 3 Takwimu za {{SITENAME}} 445 sysop 7256 2006-03-06T15:19:50Z Marcos 3 Takwimu za watumiaji 446 sysop 7253 2006-03-06T15:16:13Z Marcos 3 Kwa ujumla kuna karasa '''$1''' katika utaratibu wa Wikipedia hii. Hiyo inazingatia karasa za majadiliano, karasa kuhusu {{SITENAME}}, karasa ndogo sana, karasa za kuelekeza na nyingine ambazo kwa uwezekano mkubwa siyo makala za kweli. Tusipohesabu hizi, kwa uwezekano mkubwa kuna makala '''$2''' za kweli. Tangu mwanzo wa wikiwiki hii kumekuwa na maangalizo '''$2''' ya karasa, na mara '''$4''' karasa zimehaririwa. Kwa hiyo kwa kadiri kila ukarasa umehaririwa mara '''$5''', na baada ya kila kuhariri kumekuwa na maangalizi '''$6''' ya ukarasa. 447 sysop 7257 2006-03-06T15:24:26Z Marcos 3 Kuna watumiaji '''$1''' waliojiandikisha. '''$2''' (au '''$4%''') wa hawa ni wakabidhi (angalia $3). 448 sysop 3274 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Maintenance page 449 sysop 3275 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default This page includes several handy tools for everyday maintenance. Some of these functions tend to stress the database, so please do not hit reload after every item you fixed ;-) 450 sysop 3276 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Back to Maintenance Page 451 sysop 3277 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Disambiguation pages 452 sysop 4647 2005-07-29T11:13:26Z MediaWiki default Template:disambig 453 sysop 3279 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default The following pages link to a <i>disambiguation page</i>. They should link to the appropriate topic instead.<br />A page is treated as disambiguation if it is linked from $1.<br />Links from other namespaces are <i>not</i> listed here. 454 sysop 4648 2005-07-29T11:13:26Z MediaWiki default Double redirects 455 sysop 3281 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Each row contains links to the first and second redirect, as well as the first line of the second redirect text, usually giving the "real" target page, which the first redirect should point to. 456 sysop 7143 2006-02-26T02:08:18Z MediaWiki default Broken redirects 457 sysop 7144 2006-02-26T02:08:18Z MediaWiki default The following redirects link to non-existent pages: 458 sysop 7166 2006-02-26T02:08:19Z MediaWiki default Self-linking pages 459 sysop 7167 2006-02-26T02:08:19Z MediaWiki default The following pages link to themselves: 460 sysop 3286 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Pages with misspellings 461 sysop 3287 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default The following pages contain a common misspelling, which are listed on $1. The correct spelling might be given (like this). 462 sysop 3288 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default List of common misspellings 463 sysop 3289 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Missing Language Links 464 sysop 3290 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Find missing language links for 465 sysop 3291 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default These pages do <i>not</i> link to their counterpart in $1. Redirects and subpages are <i>not</i> shown. 466 sysop 3292 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Orphaned pages 467 sysop 3293 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Orphaned pages 468 sysop 4473 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default Unused files 469 sysop 3295 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Popular pages 470 sysop 11709 2006-07-01T19:11:51Z MediaWiki default $1 {{PLURAL:$1|view|views}} 471 sysop 3297 2005-06-25T11:26:09Z MediaWiki default Wanted pages 472 sysop 11702 2006-07-01T19:11:51Z MediaWiki default $1 {{PLURAL:$1|link|links}} 473 sysop 3299 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default All pages 474 sysop 3300 2004-10-01T05:57:53Z Neno 24 Ukurasa wa bahati 475 sysop 3301 2005-06-25T11:26:07Z MediaWiki default Short pages 476 sysop 3302 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Long pages 477 sysop 3303 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Dead-end pages 478 sysop 3304 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default User list 479 sysop 3305 2005-01-05T08:21:30Z Neno 24 Kurasa za pekee 480 sysop 3306 2005-01-05T08:24:40Z Neno 24 Kurasa za pekee kwa watumiaji wote 481 sysop 3307 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default For sysop use only 482 sysop 3308 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default For developer use only 483 sysop 3309 2004-05-31T00:34:29Z Marcos 3 Tunza ukarasa huu 484 sysop 3310 2005-01-05T08:18:05Z Neno 24 Mabadilisho 485 sysop 3311 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default (to pages linked from "$1") 486 sysop 3312 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Debug 487 sysop 3313 2004-10-03T06:57:22Z Neno 24 Kurasa mpya 488 sysop 3314 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Oldest pages 489 sysop 3315 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Interlanguage links 490 sysop 3316 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Move this page 491 sysop 3317 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default <p>Please note that other web sites may link to an image with a direct URL, and so may still be listed here despite being in active use.</p> 492 sysop 3318 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Book sources 493 sysop 4643 2005-07-29T11:13:26Z MediaWiki default Below is a list of links to other sites that sell new and used books, and may also have further information about books you are looking for. 494 sysop 3320 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default $1 to $2 495 sysop 3321 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default No send address 496 sysop 4394 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default You must be [[Special:Userlogin|logged in]] and have a valid e-mail address in your [[Special:Preferences|preferences]] to send e-mail to other users. 497 sysop 3323 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default E-mail this user 498 sysop 3324 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default E-mail user 499 sysop 3325 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default If this user has entered a valid e-mail address in his or her user preferences, the form below will send a single message. The e-mail address you entered in your user preferences will appear as the "From" address of the mail, so the recipient will be able to reply. 500 sysop 3326 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default No e-mail address 501 sysop 3327 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default This user has not specified a valid e-mail address, or has chosen not to receive e-mail from other users. 502 sysop 3328 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default From 503 sysop 3329 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default To 504 sysop 3330 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Subject 505 sysop 3331 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Message 506 sysop 3332 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Send 507 sysop 3333 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default E-mail sent 508 sysop 3334 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Your e-mail message has been sent. 509 sysop 6330 2006-01-22T23:06:27Z Marcos 3 Maangalizi 510 sysop 3336 2005-06-25T11:26:09Z MediaWiki default (for user "$1") 511 sysop 3337 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default You have no items on your watchlist. 512 sysop 3338 2005-06-25T11:26:09Z MediaWiki default Not logged in 513 sysop 4703 2005-07-29T11:13:29Z MediaWiki default You must be [[Special:Userlogin|logged in]] to modify your watchlist. 514 sysop 3340 2005-06-25T11:26:03Z MediaWiki default Added to watchlist 515 sysop 11623 2006-07-01T19:11:49Z MediaWiki default The page "[[:$1]]" has been added to your [[Special:Watchlist|watchlist]]. Future changes to this page and its associated Talk page will be listed there, and the page will appear '''bolded''' in the [[Special:Recentchanges|list of recent changes]] to make it easier to pick out. If you want to remove the page from your watchlist later, click "Unwatch" in the sidebar. 516 sysop 3342 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Removed from watchlist 517 sysop 11733 2006-07-01T19:11:52Z MediaWiki default The page "[[:$1]]" has been removed from your watchlist. 518 sysop 3344 2005-06-25T11:26:09Z MediaWiki default Watch this page 519 sysop 3345 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Stop watching 520 sysop 3346 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Not a content page 521 sysop 4702 2005-07-29T11:13:29Z MediaWiki default None of your watched items was edited in the time period displayed. 522 sysop 11771 2006-07-01T19:11:52Z MediaWiki default * $1 pages watched not counting talk pages * [[Special:Watchlist/edit|Show and edit complete watchlist]] * [[Special:Watchlist/clear|Remove all pages]] 523 sysop 3349 2005-06-25T11:26:09Z MediaWiki default checking recent edits for watched pages 524 sysop 3350 2005-06-25T11:26:09Z MediaWiki default checking watched pages for recent edits 525 sysop 3351 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Remove checked items from watchlist 526 sysop 3352 2005-06-25T11:26:09Z MediaWiki default Your watchlist contains $1 pages. 527 sysop 4523 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default Here's an alphabetical list of your watched content pages. Check the boxes of pages you want to remove from your watchlist and click the 'remove checked' button at the bottom of the screen (deleting a content page also deletes the accompanying talk page and vice versa). 528 sysop 3354 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Removing requested items from watchlist... 529 sysop 3355 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Couldn't remove item '$1'... 530 sysop 3356 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Problem with item '$1', invalid name... 531 sysop 3357 2005-06-25T11:26:09Z MediaWiki default Below are the last $1 changes in the last <b>$2</b> hours. 532 sysop 3358 2005-06-25T11:26:09Z MediaWiki default Show last $1 hours $2 days $3 533 sysop 3359 2005-06-25T11:26:09Z MediaWiki default This is a saved version of your watchlist. 534 sysop 3360 2004-10-01T05:47:16Z Neno 24 Futa ukurasa 535 sysop 3361 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Confirm 536 sysop 4106 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default content was: '$1' 537 sysop 4105 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default content before blanking was: '$1' 538 sysop 3364 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default page was empty 539 sysop 3365 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Confirm delete 540 sysop 3366 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default (Deleting "$1") 541 sysop 3367 2005-01-04T08:15:27Z Neno 24 Angalia: Ukurasa unaotaka kuhariri una historia yake: 542 sysop 11642 2006-07-01T19:11:50Z MediaWiki default You are about to permanently delete a page or image along with all of its history from the database. Please confirm that you intend to do this, that you understand the consequences, and that you are doing this in accordance with [[{{ns:project}}:Policy]]. 543 sysop 3369 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Yes, I really want to delete this. 544 sysop 3370 2005-06-25T11:26:03Z MediaWiki default Action complete 545 sysop 3371 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default "$1" has been deleted. See $2 for a record of recent deletions. 546 sysop 4089 2005-07-03T14:17:14Z MediaWiki default deleted "[[$1]]" 547 sysop 11646 2006-07-01T19:11:50Z MediaWiki default Deletion log 548 sysop 3374 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Below is a list of the most recent deletions. 549 sysop 3375 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default deletion log 550 sysop 3376 2005-06-25T11:26:07Z MediaWiki default Reverted to earlier revision 551 sysop 3377 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Reason for deletion 552 sysop 3378 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Revert to earlier version was successful. 553 sysop 3379 2005-06-25T11:26:07Z MediaWiki default Roll back edits 554 sysop 3380 2005-06-25T11:26:07Z MediaWiki default rollback 555 sysop 3381 2005-06-25T11:26:07Z MediaWiki default Rollback failed 556 sysop 3382 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Cannot revert edit; last contributor is only author of this page. 557 sysop 7137 2006-02-26T02:08:18Z MediaWiki default Cannot rollback last edit of [[$1]] by [[User:$2|$2]] ([[User talk:$2|Talk]]); someone else has edited or rolled back the page already. Last edit was by [[User:$3|$3]] ([[User talk:$3|Talk]]). 558 sysop 3384 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default The edit comment was: "<i>$1</i>". 559 sysop 11735 2006-07-01T19:11:52Z MediaWiki default Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/$2|$2]] ([[User_talk:$2|Talk]]); changed back to last version by [[User:$1|$1]] 560 sysop 11724 2006-07-01T19:11:52Z MediaWiki default Protection log 561 sysop 11725 2006-07-01T19:11:52Z MediaWiki default Below is a list of page locks and unlocks. 562 sysop 4426 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default protected "[[$1]]" 563 sysop 4472 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default unprotected "[[$1]]" 564 sysop 4882 2005-09-05T09:58:39Z MediaWiki default View deleted pages 565 sysop 3391 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default View and restore deleted pages 566 sysop 3392 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default The following pages have been deleted but are still in the archive and can be restored. The archive may be periodically cleaned out. 567 sysop 3393 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Restore deleted page 568 sysop 3394 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default $1 revisions archived 569 sysop 3395 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default If you restore the page, all revisions will be restored to the history. If a new page with the same name has been created since the deletion, the restored revisions will appear in the prior history, and the current revision of the live page will not be automatically replaced. 570 sysop 3396 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Deleted revision as of $1 571 sysop 11757 2006-07-01T19:11:52Z MediaWiki default Restore 572 sysop 4471 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default restored "[[$1]]" 573 sysop 5282 2005-11-09T23:18:30Z MediaWiki default [[:$1|$1]] has been successfully restored. See [[Special:Log/delete]] for a record of recent deletions and restorations. 574 sysop 3400 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default User contributions 575 sysop 4631 2005-07-27T10:48:26Z Matt Crypto 20 Michango yangu 576 sysop 3402 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default For $1 577 sysop 3403 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default No changes were found matching these criteria. 578 sysop 3404 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Below are this user's last <b>$1</b> changes in the last <b>$2</b> days. 579 sysop 3405 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default View the last $1 changes; view the last $2 days. 580 sysop 3406 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default (top) 581 sysop 3407 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default No target 582 sysop 3408 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default You have not specified a target page or user to perform this function on. 583 sysop 3409 2005-01-05T08:12:13Z Neno 24 (Orodha ya viungo) 584 sysop 3410 2005-01-05T08:14:37Z Neno 24 Kurasa zifuatazo zinaunganishwa hapa: 585 sysop 3411 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default No pages link to here. 586 sysop 3412 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default redirect page 587 sysop 3413 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Block user 588 sysop 11634 2006-07-01T19:11:50Z MediaWiki default Use the form below to block write access from a specific IP address or username. This should be done only only to prevent vandalism, and in accordance with [[{{ns:project}}:Policy|policy]]. Fill in a specific reason below (for example, citing particular pages that were vandalized). 589 sysop 4384 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default IP Address 590 sysop 3416 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Reason 591 sysop 3417 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Block this user 592 sysop 3418 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Invalid IP address 593 sysop 3419 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default You must supply a reason for the block. 594 sysop 3420 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Block succeeded 595 sysop 7142 2006-02-26T02:08:18Z MediaWiki default [[{{ns:Special}}:Contributions/$1|$1]] has been blocked. <br />See [[{{ns:Special}}:Ipblocklist|IP block list]] to review blocks. 596 sysop 3422 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Unblock user 597 sysop 3423 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Use the form below to restore write access to a previously blocked IP address or username. 598 sysop 3424 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Unblock this address 599 sysop 4389 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default "[[$1]]" unblocked 600 sysop 3426 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default List of blocked IP addresses and usernames 601 sysop 4774 2005-08-19T23:41:02Z MediaWiki default $1, $2 blocked $3 ($4) 602 sysop 3428 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default block 603 sysop 3429 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default unblock 604 sysop 3430 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default contribs 605 sysop 4640 2005-07-29T11:13:26Z MediaWiki default Autoblocked because your IP address has been recently used by "[[User:$1|$1]]". The reason given for $1's block is: "'''$2'''" 606 sysop 11635 2006-07-01T19:11:50Z MediaWiki default Block log 607 sysop 4064 2005-07-03T14:17:14Z MediaWiki default blocked "[[$1]]" with an expiry time of $2 608 sysop 3434 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default This is a log of user blocking and unblocking actions. Automatically blocked IP addresses are not listed. See the [[Special:Ipblocklist|IP block list]] for the list of currently operational bans and blocks. 609 sysop 4691 2005-07-29T11:13:29Z MediaWiki default unblocked $1 610 sysop 3436 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Lock database 611 sysop 3437 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Unlock database 612 sysop 3438 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Locking the database will suspend the ability of all users to edit pages, change their preferences, edit their watchlists, and other things requiring changes in the database. Please confirm that this is what you intend to do, and that you will unlock the database when your maintenance is done. 613 sysop 3439 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Unlocking the database will restore the ability of all users to edit pages, change their preferences, edit their watchlists, and other things requiring changes in the database. Please confirm that this is what you intend to do. 614 sysop 3440 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Yes, I really want to lock the database. 615 sysop 3441 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Yes, I really want to unlock the database. 616 sysop 3442 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Lock database 617 sysop 3443 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Unlock database 618 sysop 3444 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default You did not check the confirmation box. 619 sysop 3445 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Database lock succeeded 620 sysop 3446 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Database lock removed 621 sysop 3447 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default The database has been locked. <br />Remember to remove the lock after your maintenance is complete. 622 sysop 3448 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default The database has been unlocked. 623 sysop 3449 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default SQL query 624 sysop 3450 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Use the form below to make a direct query of the database. Use single quotes ('like this') to delimit string literals. This can often add considerable load to the server, so please use this function sparingly. 625 sysop 3451 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Please note that all queries are logged. 626 sysop 3452 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Enter query 627 sysop 3453 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Submit query 628 sysop 3454 2005-06-25T11:26:07Z MediaWiki default Only read-only queries are allowed. 629 sysop 3455 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Query successful 630 sysop 6316 2006-01-22T16:50:10Z Matt Crypto 20 Sogeza 631 sysop 4405 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Using the form below will rename a page, moving all of its history to the new name. The old title will become a redirect page to the new title. Links to the old page title will not be changed; be sure to check for double or broken redirects. You are responsible for making sure that links continue to point where they are supposed to go. Note that the page will '''not''' be moved if there is already a page at the new title, unless it is empty or a redirect and has no past edit history. This means that you can rename a page back to where it was just renamed from if you make a mistake, and you cannot overwrite an existing page. <b>WARNING!</b> This can be a drastic and unexpected change for a popular page; please be sure you understand the consequences of this before proceeding. 632 sysop 11699 2006-07-01T19:11:51Z MediaWiki default The associated talk page will be automatically moved along with it '''unless:''' *A non-empty talk page already exists under the new name, or *You uncheck the box below. In those cases, you will have to move or merge the page manually if desired. 633 sysop 3459 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Move page 634 sysop 3460 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Not logged in 635 sysop 4404 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default You must be a registered user and [[Special:Userlogin|logged in]] to move a page. 636 sysop 3462 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default To new title 637 sysop 6317 2006-01-22T16:51:00Z Matt Crypto 20 Sogeza 638 sysop 3464 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Move succeeded 639 sysop 3465 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Page "[[$1]]" moved to "[[$2]]". 640 sysop 3466 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default A page of that name already exists, or the name you have chosen is not valid. Please choose another name. 641 sysop 7814 2006-03-28T06:44:19Z MediaWiki default '''The page itself was moved successfully, but the talk page could not be moved because one already exists at the new title. Please merge them manually.''' 642 sysop 3468 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default moved to 643 sysop 7795 2006-03-28T06:44:17Z MediaWiki default Move associated talk page 644 sysop 3470 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default The corresponding talk page was also moved. 645 sysop 3471 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default The corresponding talk page was <strong>not</strong> moved. 646 sysop 3472 2005-01-04T07:06:26Z Neno 24 $1 umehamishwa hapa $2 647 sysop 3473 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Export pages 648 sysop 11654 2006-07-01T19:11:51Z MediaWiki default You can export the text and editing history of a particular page or set of pages wrapped in some XML. This can be imported into another wiki using MediaWiki via the Special:Import page. To export pages, enter the titles in the text box below, one title per line, and select whether you want the current version as well as all old versions, with the page history lines, or just the current version with the info about the last edit. In the latter case you can also use a link, e.g. [[{{ns:Special}}:Export/{{int:mainpage}}]] for the page {{int:mainpage}}. 649 sysop 3475 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Include only the current revision, not the full history 650 sysop 4637 2005-07-29T11:13:26Z MediaWiki default System messages 651 sysop 11627 2006-07-01T19:11:50Z MediaWiki default This is a list of system messages available in the MediaWiki namespace. 652 sysop 3478 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Enlarge 653 3479 2004-02-22T03:45:35Z MediaWiki default This is a list of all messages available in the MediaWiki: namespace <table border=1 width=100%><tr><td> '''Name''' </td><td> '''Default text''' </td><td> '''Current text''' </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:1movedto2&action=edit 1movedto2] </td><td> $1 moved to $2 </td><td> {{MSGNW:1movedto2}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:About&action=edit about] </td><td> About </td><td> {{MSGNW:about}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Aboutpage&action=edit aboutpage] </td><td> Wikipedia:About </td><td> {{MSGNW:aboutpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Aboutwikipedia&action=edit aboutwikipedia] </td><td> About Wikipedia </td><td> {{MSGNW:aboutwikipedia}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accmailtext&action=edit accmailtext] </td><td> The Password for &#39;$1&#39; has been sent to $2. </td><td> {{MSGNW:accmailtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accmailtitle&action=edit accmailtitle] </td><td> Password sent. </td><td> {{MSGNW:accmailtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Actioncomplete&action=edit actioncomplete] </td><td> Action complete </td><td> {{MSGNW:actioncomplete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Addedwatch&action=edit addedwatch] </td><td> Added to watchlist </td><td> {{MSGNW:addedwatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Addedwatchtext&action=edit addedwatchtext] </td><td> The page &quot;$1&quot; has been added to your &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Watchlist&quot;&gt;watchlist&lt;/a&gt;. Future changes to this page and its associated Talk page will be listed there, and the page will appear &lt;b&gt;bolded&lt;/b&gt; in the &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Recentchanges&quot;&gt;list of recent changes&lt;/a&gt; to make it easier to pick out.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;If you want to remove the page from your watchlist later, click &quot;Stop watching&quot; in the sidebar. </td><td> {{MSGNW:addedwatchtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Administrators&action=edit administrators] </td><td> Wikipedia:Administrators </td><td> {{MSGNW:administrators}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Affirmation&action=edit affirmation] </td><td> I affirm that the copyright holder of this file agrees to license it under the terms of the $1. </td><td> {{MSGNW:affirmation}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:All&action=edit all] </td><td> all </td><td> {{MSGNW:all}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Allmessages&action=edit allmessages] </td><td> All_messages </td><td> {{MSGNW:allmessages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Allmessagestext&action=edit allmessagestext] </td><td> This is a list of all messages available in the MediaWiki: namespace </td><td> {{MSGNW:allmessagestext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Allpages&action=edit allpages] </td><td> All pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:allpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Alphaindexline&action=edit alphaindexline] </td><td> $1 to $2 </td><td> {{MSGNW:alphaindexline}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Alreadyloggedin&action=edit alreadyloggedin] </td><td> &lt;font color=red&gt;&lt;b&gt;User $1, you are already logged in!&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br&gt; </td><td> {{MSGNW:alreadyloggedin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Alreadyrolled&action=edit alreadyrolled] </td><td> Cannot rollback last edit of &#91;&#91;$1]] by &#91;&#91;User:$2&#124;$2]] (&#91;&#91;User talk:$2&#124;Talk]]); someone else has edited or rolled back the article already. Last edit was by &#91;&#91;User:$3&#124;$3]] (&#91;&#91;User talk:$3&#124;Talk]]). </td><td> {{MSGNW:alreadyrolled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ancientpages&action=edit ancientpages] </td><td> Oldest articles </td><td> {{MSGNW:ancientpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Anontalkpagetext&action=edit anontalkpagetext] </td><td> ---- &#39;&#39;This is the discussion page for an anonymous user who has not created an account yet or who does not use it. We therefore have to use the numerical &#91;&#91;IP address]] to identify him/her. Such an IP address can be shared by several users. If you are an anonymous user and feel that irrelevant comments have been directed at you, please &#91;&#91;Special:Userlogin&#124;create an account or log in]] to avoid future confusion with other anonymous users.&#39;&#39; </td><td> {{MSGNW:anontalkpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Articleexists&action=edit articleexists] </td><td> A page of that name already exists, or the name you have chosen is not valid. Please choose another name. </td><td> {{MSGNW:articleexists}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Articlepage&action=edit articlepage] </td><td> View article </td><td> {{MSGNW:articlepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Asksql&action=edit asksql] </td><td> SQL query </td><td> {{MSGNW:asksql}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Asksqltext&action=edit asksqltext] </td><td> Use the form below to make a direct query of the database. Use single quotes (&#39;like this&#39;) to delimit string literals. This can often add considerable load to the server, so please use this function sparingly. </td><td> {{MSGNW:asksqltext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Autoblocker&action=edit autoblocker] </td><td> Autoblocked because you share an IP address with &quot;$1&quot;. Reason &quot;$2&quot;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:autoblocker}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badarticleerror&action=edit badarticleerror] </td><td> This action cannot be performed on this page. </td><td> {{MSGNW:badarticleerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badfilename&action=edit badfilename] </td><td> Image name has been changed to &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:badfilename}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badfiletype&action=edit badfiletype] </td><td> &quot;.$1&quot; is not a recommended image file format. </td><td> {{MSGNW:badfiletype}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badipaddress&action=edit badipaddress] </td><td> No user exists by that name </td><td> {{MSGNW:badipaddress}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badquery&action=edit badquery] </td><td> Badly formed search query </td><td> {{MSGNW:badquery}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badquerytext&action=edit badquerytext] </td><td> We could not process your query. This is probably because you have attempted to search for a word fewer than three letters long, which is not yet supported. It could also be that you have mistyped the expression, for example &quot;fish and and scales&quot;. Please try another query. </td><td> {{MSGNW:badquerytext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badretype&action=edit badretype] </td><td> The passwords you entered do not match. </td><td> {{MSGNW:badretype}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badtitle&action=edit badtitle] </td><td> Bad title </td><td> {{MSGNW:badtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badtitletext&action=edit badtitletext] </td><td> The requested page title was invalid, empty, or an incorrectly linked inter-language or inter-wiki title. </td><td> {{MSGNW:badtitletext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blanknamespace&action=edit blanknamespace] </td><td> (Main) </td><td> {{MSGNW:blanknamespace}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockedtext&action=edit blockedtext] </td><td> Your user name or IP address has been blocked by $1. The reason given is this:&lt;br&gt;&#39;&#39;$2&#39;&#39;&lt;p&gt;You may contact $1 or one of the other &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Administrators&#124;administrators]] to discuss the block. Note that you may not use the &quot;email this user&quot; feature unless you have a valid email address registered in your &#91;&#91;Special:Preferences&#124;user preferences]]. Your IP address is $3. Please include this address in any queries you make. &#61;=Note to AOL users== Due to continuing acts of vandalism by one particular AOL user, Wikipedia often blocks AOL proxies. Unfortunately, a single proxy server may be used by a large number of AOL users, and hence innocent AOL users are often inadvertently blocked. We apologise for any inconvenience caused. If this happens to you, please email an administrator, using an AOL email address. Be sure to include the IP address given above. </td><td> {{MSGNW:blockedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockedtitle&action=edit blockedtitle] </td><td> User is blocked </td><td> {{MSGNW:blockedtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockip&action=edit blockip] </td><td> Block user </td><td> {{MSGNW:blockip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockipsuccesssub&action=edit blockipsuccesssub] </td><td> Block succeeded </td><td> {{MSGNW:blockipsuccesssub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockipsuccesstext&action=edit blockipsuccesstext] </td><td> &quot;$1&quot; has been blocked. &lt;br&gt;See &#91;&#91;Special:Ipblocklist&#124;IP block list]] to review blocks. </td><td> {{MSGNW:blockipsuccesstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockiptext&action=edit blockiptext] </td><td> Use the form below to block write access from a specific IP address or username. This should be done only only to prevent vandalism, and in accordance with &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Policy&#124;policy]]. Fill in a specific reason below (for example, citing particular pages that were vandalized). </td><td> {{MSGNW:blockiptext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklink&action=edit blocklink] </td><td> block </td><td> {{MSGNW:blocklink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklistline&action=edit blocklistline] </td><td> $1, $2 blocked $3 </td><td> {{MSGNW:blocklistline}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklogentry&action=edit blocklogentry] </td><td> blocked &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{MSGNW:blocklogentry}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklogpage&action=edit blocklogpage] </td><td> Block_log </td><td> {{MSGNW:blocklogpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklogtext&action=edit blocklogtext] </td><td> This is a log of user blocking and unblocking actions. Automatically blocked IP addresses are not be listed. See the &#91;&#91;Special:Ipblocklist&#124;IP block list]] for the list of currently operational bans and blocks. </td><td> {{MSGNW:blocklogtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bold_sample&action=edit bold_sample] </td><td> Bold text </td><td> {{MSGNW:bold_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bold_tip&action=edit bold_tip] </td><td> Bold text </td><td> {{MSGNW:bold_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Booksources&action=edit booksources] </td><td> Book sources </td><td> {{MSGNW:booksources}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Booksourcetext&action=edit booksourcetext] </td><td> Below is a list of links to other sites that sell new and used books, and may also have further information about books you are looking for. Wikipedia is not affiliated with any of these businesses, and this list should not be construed as an endorsement. </td><td> {{MSGNW:booksourcetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Brokenredirects&action=edit brokenredirects] </td><td> Broken Redirects </td><td> {{MSGNW:brokenredirects}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Brokenredirectstext&action=edit brokenredirectstext] </td><td> The following redirects link to a non-existing article. </td><td> {{MSGNW:brokenredirectstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bugreports&action=edit bugreports] </td><td> Bug reports </td><td> {{MSGNW:bugreports}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bugreportspage&action=edit bugreportspage] </td><td> Wikipedia:Bug_reports </td><td> {{MSGNW:bugreportspage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bureaucratlog&action=edit bureaucratlog] </td><td> Bureaucrat_log </td><td> {{MSGNW:bureaucratlog}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bureaucratlogentry&action=edit bureaucratlogentry] </td><td> set $1: $2 </td><td> {{MSGNW:bureaucratlogentry}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bureaucrattext&action=edit bureaucrattext] </td><td> The action you have requested can only be performed by sysops with &quot;bureaucrat&quot; status. </td><td> {{MSGNW:bureaucrattext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bureaucrattitle&action=edit bureaucrattitle] </td><td> Bureaucrat access required </td><td> {{MSGNW:bureaucrattitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bydate&action=edit bydate] </td><td> by date </td><td> {{MSGNW:bydate}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Byname&action=edit byname] </td><td> by name </td><td> {{MSGNW:byname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bysize&action=edit bysize] </td><td> by size </td><td> {{MSGNW:bysize}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cachederror&action=edit cachederror] </td><td> The following is a cached copy of the requested page, and may not be up to date. </td><td> {{MSGNW:cachederror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cancel&action=edit cancel] </td><td> Cancel </td><td> {{MSGNW:cancel}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cannotdelete&action=edit cannotdelete] </td><td> Could not delete the page or image specified. (It may have already been deleted by someone else.) </td><td> {{MSGNW:cannotdelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cantrollback&action=edit cantrollback] </td><td> Cannot revert edit; last contributor is only author of this article. </td><td> {{MSGNW:cantrollback}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Categories&action=edit categories] </td><td> Page categories </td><td> {{MSGNW:categories}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Category&action=edit category] </td><td> category </td><td> {{MSGNW:category}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Category_header&action=edit category_header] </td><td> Articles in category &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{MSGNW:category_header}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Changepassword&action=edit changepassword] </td><td> Change password </td><td> {{MSGNW:changepassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Changes&action=edit changes] </td><td> changes </td><td> {{MSGNW:changes}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Columns&action=edit columns] </td><td> Columns </td><td> {{MSGNW:columns}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Commentedit&action=edit commentedit] </td><td> (comment) </td><td> {{MSGNW:commentedit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirm&action=edit confirm] </td><td> Confirm </td><td> {{MSGNW:confirm}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmcheck&action=edit confirmcheck] </td><td> Yes, I really want to delete this. </td><td> {{MSGNW:confirmcheck}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmdelete&action=edit confirmdelete] </td><td> Confirm delete </td><td> {{MSGNW:confirmdelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmdeletetext&action=edit confirmdeletetext] </td><td> You are about to permanently delete a page or image along with all of its history from the database. Please confirm that you intend to do this, that you understand the consequences, and that you are doing this in accordance with &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Policy]]. </td><td> {{MSGNW:confirmdeletetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contextchars&action=edit contextchars] </td><td> Characters of context per line </td><td> {{MSGNW:contextchars}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contextlines&action=edit contextlines] </td><td> Lines to show per hit </td><td> {{MSGNW:contextlines}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contribslink&action=edit contribslink] </td><td> contribs </td><td> {{MSGNW:contribslink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contribsub&action=edit contribsub] </td><td> For $1 </td><td> {{MSGNW:contribsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contributions&action=edit contributions] </td><td> User contributions </td><td> {{MSGNW:contributions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Copyrightpage&action=edit copyrightpage] </td><td> Wikipedia:Copyrights </td><td> {{MSGNW:copyrightpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Copyrightpagename&action=edit copyrightpagename] </td><td> Wikipedia copyright </td><td> {{MSGNW:copyrightpagename}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Copyrightwarning&action=edit copyrightwarning] </td><td> Please note that all contributions to Wikipedia are considered to be released under the GNU Free Documentation License (see $1 for details). If you don&#39;t want your writing to be edited mercilessly and redistributed at will, then don&#39;t submit it here.&lt;br&gt; You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource. &lt;strong&gt;DO NOT SUBMIT COPYRIGHTED WORK WITHOUT PERMISSION!&lt;/strong&gt; </td><td> {{MSGNW:copyrightwarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Couldntremove&action=edit couldntremove] </td><td> Couldn&#39;t remove item &#39;$1&#39;... </td><td> {{MSGNW:couldntremove}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Createaccount&action=edit createaccount] </td><td> Create new account </td><td> {{MSGNW:createaccount}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Createaccountmail&action=edit createaccountmail] </td><td> by eMail </td><td> {{MSGNW:createaccountmail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cur&action=edit cur] </td><td> cur </td><td> {{MSGNW:cur}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Currentevents&action=edit currentevents] </td><td> Current events </td><td> {{MSGNW:currentevents}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Currentrev&action=edit currentrev] </td><td> Current revision </td><td> {{MSGNW:currentrev}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Databaseerror&action=edit databaseerror] </td><td> Database error </td><td> {{MSGNW:databaseerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dateformat&action=edit dateformat] </td><td> Date format </td><td> {{MSGNW:dateformat}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dberrortext&action=edit dberrortext] </td><td> A database query syntax error has occurred. This could be because of an illegal search query (see $5), or it may indicate a bug in the software. The last attempted database query was: &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;tt&gt;$1&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; from within function &quot;&lt;tt&gt;$2&lt;/tt&gt;&quot;. MySQL returned error &quot;&lt;tt&gt;$3: $4&lt;/tt&gt;&quot;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:dberrortext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dberrortextcl&action=edit dberrortextcl] </td><td> A database query syntax error has occurred. The last attempted database query was: &quot;$1&quot; from within function &quot;$2&quot;. MySQL returned error &quot;$3: $4&quot;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:dberrortextcl}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deadendpages&action=edit deadendpages] </td><td> Dead-end pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:deadendpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Debug&action=edit debug] </td><td> Debug </td><td> {{MSGNW:debug}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Defaultns&action=edit defaultns] </td><td> Search in these namespaces by default: </td><td> {{MSGNW:defaultns}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Defemailsubject&action=edit defemailsubject] </td><td> Wikipedia e-mail </td><td> {{MSGNW:defemailsubject}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletecomment&action=edit deletecomment] </td><td> Reason for deletion </td><td> {{MSGNW:deletecomment}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletedarticle&action=edit deletedarticle] </td><td> deleted &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{MSGNW:deletedarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletedtext&action=edit deletedtext] </td><td> &quot;$1&quot; has been deleted. See $2 for a record of recent deletions. </td><td> {{MSGNW:deletedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deleteimg&action=edit deleteimg] </td><td> del </td><td> {{MSGNW:deleteimg}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletepage&action=edit deletepage] </td><td> Delete page </td><td> {{MSGNW:deletepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletesub&action=edit deletesub] </td><td> (Deleting &quot;$1&quot;) </td><td> {{MSGNW:deletesub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletethispage&action=edit deletethispage] </td><td> Delete this page </td><td> {{MSGNW:deletethispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletionlog&action=edit deletionlog] </td><td> deletion log </td><td> {{MSGNW:deletionlog}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dellogpage&action=edit dellogpage] </td><td> Deletion_log </td><td> {{MSGNW:dellogpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dellogpagetext&action=edit dellogpagetext] </td><td> Below is a list of the most recent deletions. All times shown are server time (UTC). &lt;ul&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; </td><td> {{MSGNW:dellogpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Developerspheading&action=edit developerspheading] </td><td> For developer use only </td><td> {{MSGNW:developerspheading}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Developertext&action=edit developertext] </td><td> The action you have requested can only be performed by users with &quot;developer&quot; status. See $1. </td><td> {{MSGNW:developertext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Developertitle&action=edit developertitle] </td><td> Developer access required </td><td> {{MSGNW:developertitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Diff&action=edit diff] </td><td> diff </td><td> {{MSGNW:diff}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Difference&action=edit difference] </td><td> (Difference between revisions) </td><td> {{MSGNW:difference}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disambiguations&action=edit disambiguations] </td><td> Disambiguation pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:disambiguations}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disambiguationspage&action=edit disambiguationspage] </td><td> Wikipedia:Links_to_disambiguating_pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:disambiguationspage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disambiguationstext&action=edit disambiguationstext] </td><td> The following articles link to a &lt;i&gt;disambiguation page&lt;/i&gt;. They should link to the appropriate topic instead.&lt;br&gt;A page is treated as dismbiguation if it is linked from $1.&lt;br&gt;Links from other namespaces are &lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt; listed here. </td><td> {{MSGNW:disambiguationstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disclaimerpage&action=edit disclaimerpage] </td><td> Wikipedia:General_disclaimer </td><td> {{MSGNW:disclaimerpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disclaimers&action=edit disclaimers] </td><td> Disclaimers </td><td> {{MSGNW:disclaimers}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Doubleredirects&action=edit doubleredirects] </td><td> Double Redirects </td><td> {{MSGNW:doubleredirects}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Doubleredirectstext&action=edit doubleredirectstext] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;Attention:&lt;/b&gt; This list may contain false positives. That usually means there is additional text with links below the first #REDIRECT.&lt;br&gt; Each row contains links to the first and second redirect, as well as the first line of the second redirect text, usually giving the &quot;real&quot; taget article, which the first redirect should point to. </td><td> {{MSGNW:doubleredirectstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editcomment&action=edit editcomment] </td><td> The edit comment was: &quot;&lt;i&gt;$1&lt;/i&gt;&quot;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:editcomment}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editconflict&action=edit editconflict] </td><td> Edit conflict: $1 </td><td> {{MSGNW:editconflict}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editcurrent&action=edit editcurrent] </td><td> Edit the current version of this page </td><td> {{MSGNW:editcurrent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Edithelp&action=edit edithelp] </td><td> Editing help </td><td> {{MSGNW:edithelp}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Edithelppage&action=edit edithelppage] </td><td> Wikipedia:How_does_one_edit_a_page </td><td> {{MSGNW:edithelppage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editing&action=edit editing] </td><td> Editing $1 </td><td> {{MSGNW:editing}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editingold&action=edit editingold] </td><td> &lt;strong&gt;WARNING: You are editing an out-of-date revision of this page. If you save it, any changes made since this revision will be lost.&lt;/strong&gt; </td><td> {{MSGNW:editingold}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editsection&action=edit editsection] </td><td> edit </td><td> {{MSGNW:editsection}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editthispage&action=edit editthispage] </td><td> Edit this page </td><td> {{MSGNW:editthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailflag&action=edit emailflag] </td><td> Disable e-mail from other users </td><td> {{MSGNW:emailflag}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailforlost&action=edit emailforlost] </td><td> * Entering an email address is optional. But it enables people to contact you through the website without you having to reveal your email address to them, and it also helps you if you forget your password. </td><td> {{MSGNW:emailforlost}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailfrom&action=edit emailfrom] </td><td> From </td><td> {{MSGNW:emailfrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailmessage&action=edit emailmessage] </td><td> Message </td><td> {{MSGNW:emailmessage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailpage&action=edit emailpage] </td><td> E-mail user </td><td> {{MSGNW:emailpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailpagetext&action=edit emailpagetext] </td><td> If this user has entered a valid e-mail address in his or her user preferences, the form below will send a single message. The e-mail address you entered in your user preferences will appear as the &quot;From&quot; address of the mail, so the recipient will be able to reply. </td><td> {{MSGNW:emailpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailsend&action=edit emailsend] </td><td> Send </td><td> {{MSGNW:emailsend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailsent&action=edit emailsent] </td><td> E-mail sent </td><td> {{MSGNW:emailsent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailsenttext&action=edit emailsenttext] </td><td> Your e-mail message has been sent. </td><td> {{MSGNW:emailsenttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailsubject&action=edit emailsubject] </td><td> Subject </td><td> {{MSGNW:emailsubject}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailto&action=edit emailto] </td><td> To </td><td> {{MSGNW:emailto}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailuser&action=edit emailuser] </td><td> E-mail this user </td><td> {{MSGNW:emailuser}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Enterlockreason&action=edit enterlockreason] </td><td> Enter a reason for the lock, including an estimate of when the lock will be released </td><td> {{MSGNW:enterlockreason}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Error&action=edit error] </td><td> Error </td><td> {{MSGNW:error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Errorpagetitle&action=edit errorpagetitle] </td><td> Error </td><td> {{MSGNW:errorpagetitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Exbeforeblank&action=edit exbeforeblank] </td><td> content before blanking was: </td><td> {{MSGNW:exbeforeblank}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Exblank&action=edit exblank] </td><td> page was empty </td><td> {{MSGNW:exblank}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Excontent&action=edit excontent] </td><td> content was: </td><td> {{MSGNW:excontent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Explainconflict&action=edit explainconflict] </td><td> Someone else has changed this page since you started editing it. The upper text area contains the page text as it currently exists. Your changes are shown in the lower text area. You will have to merge your changes into the existing text. &lt;b&gt;Only&lt;/b&gt; the text in the upper text area will be saved when you press &quot;Save page&quot;. &lt;p&gt; </td><td> {{MSGNW:explainconflict}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Export&action=edit export] </td><td> Export pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:export}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Exportcuronly&action=edit exportcuronly] </td><td> Include only the current revision, not the full history </td><td> {{MSGNW:exportcuronly}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Exporttext&action=edit exporttext] </td><td> You can export the text and editing history of a particular page or set of pages wrapped in some XML; this can then be imported into another wiki running MediaWiki software, transformed, or just kept for your private amusement. </td><td> {{MSGNW:exporttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Extlink_sample&action=edit extlink_sample] </td><td> http&#58;//www.example.com link title </td><td> {{MSGNW:extlink_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Extlink_tip&action=edit extlink_tip] </td><td> External link (remember http&#58;// prefix) </td><td> {{MSGNW:extlink_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Faq&action=edit faq] </td><td> FAQ </td><td> {{MSGNW:faq}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Faqpage&action=edit faqpage] </td><td> Wikipedia:FAQ </td><td> {{MSGNW:faqpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filecopyerror&action=edit filecopyerror] </td><td> Could not copy file &quot;$1&quot; to &quot;$2&quot;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:filecopyerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filedeleteerror&action=edit filedeleteerror] </td><td> Could not delete file &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:filedeleteerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filedesc&action=edit filedesc] </td><td> Summary </td><td> {{MSGNW:filedesc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filename&action=edit filename] </td><td> Filename </td><td> {{MSGNW:filename}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filenotfound&action=edit filenotfound] </td><td> Could not find file &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:filenotfound}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filerenameerror&action=edit filerenameerror] </td><td> Could not rename file &quot;$1&quot; to &quot;$2&quot;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:filerenameerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filesource&action=edit filesource] </td><td> Source </td><td> {{MSGNW:filesource}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filestatus&action=edit filestatus] </td><td> Copyright status </td><td> {{MSGNW:filestatus}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Fileuploaded&action=edit fileuploaded] </td><td> File &quot;$1&quot; uploaded successfully. Please follow this link: ($2) to the description page and fill in information about the file, such as where it came from, when it was created and by whom, and anything else you may know about it. </td><td> {{MSGNW:fileuploaded}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Formerror&action=edit formerror] </td><td> Error: could not submit form </td><td> {{MSGNW:formerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Fromwikipedia&action=edit fromwikipedia] </td><td> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. </td><td> {{MSGNW:fromwikipedia}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Getimagelist&action=edit getimagelist] </td><td> fetching image list </td><td> {{MSGNW:getimagelist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Gnunote&action=edit gnunote] </td><td> All text is available under the terms of the &lt;a class=internal href=&#39;/wiki/GNU_FDL&#39;&gt;GNU Free Documentation License&lt;/a&gt;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:gnunote}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Go&action=edit go] </td><td> Go </td><td> {{MSGNW:go}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Googlesearch&action=edit googlesearch] </td><td> &lt;!-- SiteSearch Google --&gt; &lt;FORM method=GET action=&quot;http&#58;//www.google.com/search&quot;&gt; &lt;TABLE bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt; &lt;A HREF=&quot;http&#58;//www.google.com/&quot;&gt; &lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http&#58;//www.google.com/logos/Logo_40wht.gif&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; ALT=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;INPUT TYPE=text name=q size=31 maxlength=255 value=&quot;$1&quot;&gt; &lt;INPUT type=submit name=btnG VALUE=&quot;Google Search&quot;&gt; &lt;font size=-1&gt; &lt;input type=hidden name=domains value=&quot;http&#58;//sw.wikipedia.org&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&quot;&quot;&gt; WWW &lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&quot;http&#58;//sw.wikipedia.org&quot; checked&gt; http&#58;//sw.wikipedia.org &lt;br&gt; &lt;input type=&#39;hidden&#39; name=&#39;ie&#39; value=&#39;$2&#39;&gt; &lt;input type=&#39;hidden&#39; name=&#39;oe&#39; value=&#39;$2&#39;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt; &lt;/FORM&gt; &lt;!-- SiteSearch Google --&gt; </td><td> {{MSGNW:googlesearch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Guesstimezone&action=edit guesstimezone] </td><td> Fill in from browser </td><td> {{MSGNW:guesstimezone}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Headline_sample&action=edit headline_sample] </td><td> Headline text </td><td> {{MSGNW:headline_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Headline_tip&action=edit headline_tip] </td><td> Level 2 headline </td><td> {{MSGNW:headline_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Help&action=edit help] </td><td> Help </td><td> {{MSGNW:help}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Helppage&action=edit helppage] </td><td> Wikipedia:Help </td><td> {{MSGNW:helppage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Hide&action=edit hide] </td><td> hide </td><td> {{MSGNW:hide}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Hidetoc&action=edit hidetoc] </td><td> hide </td><td> {{MSGNW:hidetoc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Hist&action=edit hist] </td><td> hist </td><td> {{MSGNW:hist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Histlegend&action=edit histlegend] </td><td> Legend: (cur) = difference with current version, (last) = difference with preceding version, M = minor edit </td><td> {{MSGNW:histlegend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:History&action=edit history] </td><td> Page history </td><td> {{MSGNW:history}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Historywarning&action=edit historywarning] </td><td> Warning: The page you are about to delete has a history: </td><td> {{MSGNW:historywarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Hr_tip&action=edit hr_tip] </td><td> Horizontal line (use sparingly) </td><td> {{MSGNW:hr_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ignorewarning&action=edit ignorewarning] </td><td> Ignore warning and save file anyway. </td><td> {{MSGNW:ignorewarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ilshowmatch&action=edit ilshowmatch] </td><td> Show all images with names matching </td><td> {{MSGNW:ilshowmatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ilsubmit&action=edit ilsubmit] </td><td> Search </td><td> {{MSGNW:ilsubmit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Image_sample&action=edit image_sample] </td><td> Example.jpg </td><td> {{MSGNW:image_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Image_tip&action=edit image_tip] </td><td> Embedded image </td><td> {{MSGNW:image_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagelinks&action=edit imagelinks] </td><td> Image links </td><td> {{MSGNW:imagelinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagelist&action=edit imagelist] </td><td> Image list </td><td> {{MSGNW:imagelist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagelisttext&action=edit imagelisttext] </td><td> Below is a list of $1 images sorted $2. </td><td> {{MSGNW:imagelisttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagepage&action=edit imagepage] </td><td> View image page </td><td> {{MSGNW:imagepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagereverted&action=edit imagereverted] </td><td> Revert to earlier version was successful. </td><td> {{MSGNW:imagereverted}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imgdelete&action=edit imgdelete] </td><td> del </td><td> {{MSGNW:imgdelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imgdesc&action=edit imgdesc] </td><td> desc </td><td> {{MSGNW:imgdesc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imghistlegend&action=edit imghistlegend] </td><td> Legend: (cur) = this is the current image, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. &lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;Click on date to see image uploaded on that date&lt;/i&gt;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:imghistlegend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imghistory&action=edit imghistory] </td><td> Image history </td><td> {{MSGNW:imghistory}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imglegend&action=edit imglegend] </td><td> Legend: (desc) = show/edit image description. </td><td> {{MSGNW:imglegend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Infobox&action=edit infobox] </td><td> Click a button to get an example text </td><td> {{MSGNW:infobox}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Internalerror&action=edit internalerror] </td><td> Internal error </td><td> {{MSGNW:internalerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Intl&action=edit intl] </td><td> Interlanguage links </td><td> {{MSGNW:intl}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ip_range_invalid&action=edit ip_range_invalid] </td><td> Invalid IP range. </td><td> {{MSGNW:ip_range_invalid}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipaddress&action=edit ipaddress] </td><td> IP Address/username </td><td> {{MSGNW:ipaddress}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipb_expiry_invalid&action=edit ipb_expiry_invalid] </td><td> Expiry time invalid. </td><td> {{MSGNW:ipb_expiry_invalid}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipbexpiry&action=edit ipbexpiry] </td><td> Expiry </td><td> {{MSGNW:ipbexpiry}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipblocklist&action=edit ipblocklist] </td><td> List of blocked IP addresses and usernames </td><td> {{MSGNW:ipblocklist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipbreason&action=edit ipbreason] </td><td> Reason </td><td> {{MSGNW:ipbreason}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipbsubmit&action=edit ipbsubmit] </td><td> Block this user </td><td> {{MSGNW:ipbsubmit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipusubmit&action=edit ipusubmit] </td><td> Unblock this address </td><td> {{MSGNW:ipusubmit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipusuccess&action=edit ipusuccess] </td><td> &quot;$1&quot; unblocked </td><td> {{MSGNW:ipusuccess}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Isredirect&action=edit isredirect] </td><td> redirect page </td><td> {{MSGNW:isredirect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Italic_sample&action=edit italic_sample] </td><td> Italic text </td><td> {{MSGNW:italic_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Italic_tip&action=edit italic_tip] </td><td> Italic text </td><td> {{MSGNW:italic_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Iteminvalidname&action=edit iteminvalidname] </td><td> Problem with item &#39;$1&#39;, invalid name... </td><td> {{MSGNW:iteminvalidname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Largefile&action=edit largefile] </td><td> It is recommended that images not exceed 100k in size. </td><td> {{MSGNW:largefile}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Last&action=edit last] </td><td> last </td><td> {{MSGNW:last}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lastmodified&action=edit lastmodified] </td><td> This page was last modified $1. </td><td> {{MSGNW:lastmodified}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lineno&action=edit lineno] </td><td> Line $1: </td><td> {{MSGNW:lineno}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Link_sample&action=edit link_sample] </td><td> Link title </td><td> {{MSGNW:link_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Link_tip&action=edit link_tip] </td><td> Internal link </td><td> {{MSGNW:link_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Linklistsub&action=edit linklistsub] </td><td> (List of links) </td><td> {{MSGNW:linklistsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Linkshere&action=edit linkshere] </td><td> The following pages link to here: </td><td> {{MSGNW:linkshere}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Linkstoimage&action=edit linkstoimage] </td><td> The following pages link to this image: </td><td> {{MSGNW:linkstoimage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Linktrail&action=edit linktrail] </td><td> /^(&#91;a-z]+)(.*)$/sD </td><td> {{MSGNW:linktrail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Listform&action=edit listform] </td><td> list </td><td> {{MSGNW:listform}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Listusers&action=edit listusers] </td><td> User list </td><td> {{MSGNW:listusers}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loadhist&action=edit loadhist] </td><td> Loading page history </td><td> {{MSGNW:loadhist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loadingrev&action=edit loadingrev] </td><td> loading revision for diff </td><td> {{MSGNW:loadingrev}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Localtime&action=edit localtime] </td><td> Local time display </td><td> {{MSGNW:localtime}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockbtn&action=edit lockbtn] </td><td> Lock database </td><td> {{MSGNW:lockbtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockconfirm&action=edit lockconfirm] </td><td> Yes, I really want to lock the database. </td><td> {{MSGNW:lockconfirm}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockdb&action=edit lockdb] </td><td> Lock database </td><td> {{MSGNW:lockdb}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockdbsuccesssub&action=edit lockdbsuccesssub] </td><td> Database lock succeeded </td><td> {{MSGNW:lockdbsuccesssub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockdbsuccesstext&action=edit lockdbsuccesstext] </td><td> The database has been locked. &lt;br&gt;Remember to remove the lock after your maintenance is complete. </td><td> {{MSGNW:lockdbsuccesstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockdbtext&action=edit lockdbtext] </td><td> Locking the database will suspend the ability of all users to edit pages, change their preferences, edit their watchlists, and other things requiring changes in the database. Please confirm that this is what you intend to do, and that you will unlock the database when your maintenance is done. </td><td> {{MSGNW:lockdbtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Locknoconfirm&action=edit locknoconfirm] </td><td> You did not check the confirmation box. </td><td> {{MSGNW:locknoconfirm}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Login&action=edit login] </td><td> Log in </td><td> {{MSGNW:login}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginend&action=edit loginend] </td><td> &amp;lt;loginend&amp;gt; </td><td> {{MSGNW:loginend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginerror&action=edit loginerror] </td><td> Login error </td><td> {{MSGNW:loginerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginpagetitle&action=edit loginpagetitle] </td><td> User login </td><td> {{MSGNW:loginpagetitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginproblem&action=edit loginproblem] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;There has been a problem with your login.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;Try again! </td><td> {{MSGNW:loginproblem}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginprompt&action=edit loginprompt] </td><td> You must have cookies enabled to log in to Wikipedia. </td><td> {{MSGNW:loginprompt}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginsuccess&action=edit loginsuccess] </td><td> You are now logged in to Wikipedia as &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:loginsuccess}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginsuccesstitle&action=edit loginsuccesstitle] </td><td> Login successful </td><td> {{MSGNW:loginsuccesstitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Logout&action=edit logout] </td><td> Log out </td><td> {{MSGNW:logout}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Logouttext&action=edit logouttext] </td><td> You are now logged out. You can continue to use Wikipedia anonymously, or you can log in again as the same or as a different user. Note that some pages may continue to be displayed as if you were still logged in, until you clear your browser cache </td><td> {{MSGNW:logouttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Logouttitle&action=edit logouttitle] </td><td> User logout </td><td> {{MSGNW:logouttitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lonelypages&action=edit lonelypages] </td><td> Orphaned pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:lonelypages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Longpages&action=edit longpages] </td><td> Long pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:longpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Longpagewarning&action=edit longpagewarning] </td><td> WARNING: This page is $1 kilobytes long; some browsers may have problems editing pages approaching or longer than 32kb. Please consider breaking the page into smaller sections. </td><td> {{MSGNW:longpagewarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mailmypassword&action=edit mailmypassword] </td><td> Mail me a new password </td><td> {{MSGNW:mailmypassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mailnologin&action=edit mailnologin] </td><td> No send address </td><td> {{MSGNW:mailnologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mailnologintext&action=edit mailnologintext] </td><td> You must be &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; and have a valid e-mail address in your &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Preferences&quot;&gt;preferences&lt;/a&gt; to send e-mail to other users. </td><td> {{MSGNW:mailnologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mainpage&action=edit mainpage] </td><td> Main Page </td><td> {{MSGNW:mainpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mainpagetext&action=edit mainpagetext] </td><td> Wiki software successfully installed. </td><td> {{MSGNW:mainpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Maintenance&action=edit maintenance] </td><td> Maintenance page </td><td> {{MSGNW:maintenance}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Maintenancebacklink&action=edit maintenancebacklink] </td><td> Back to Maintenance Page </td><td> {{MSGNW:maintenancebacklink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Maintnancepagetext&action=edit maintnancepagetext] </td><td> This page includes several handy tools for everyday maintenance. Some of these functions tend to stress the database, so please do not hit reload after every item you fixed ;-) </td><td> {{MSGNW:maintnancepagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysopfail&action=edit makesysopfail] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;User &#39;$1&#39; could not be made into a sysop. (Did you enter the name correctly?)&lt;/b&gt; </td><td> {{MSGNW:makesysopfail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysopname&action=edit makesysopname] </td><td> Name of the user: </td><td> {{MSGNW:makesysopname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysopok&action=edit makesysopok] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;User &#39;$1&#39; is now a sysop&lt;/b&gt; </td><td> {{MSGNW:makesysopok}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysopsubmit&action=edit makesysopsubmit] </td><td> Make this user into a sysop </td><td> {{MSGNW:makesysopsubmit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysoptext&action=edit makesysoptext] </td><td> This form is used by bureaucrats to turn ordinary users into administrators. Type the name of the user in the box and press the button to make the user an administrator </td><td> {{MSGNW:makesysoptext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysoptitle&action=edit makesysoptitle] </td><td> Make a user into a sysop </td><td> {{MSGNW:makesysoptitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Matchtotals&action=edit matchtotals] </td><td> The query &quot;$1&quot; matched $2 article titles and the text of $3 articles. </td><td> {{MSGNW:matchtotals}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math&action=edit math] </td><td> Rendering math </td><td> {{MSGNW:math}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_failure&action=edit math_failure] </td><td> Failed to parse </td><td> {{MSGNW:math_failure}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_image_error&action=edit math_image_error] </td><td> PNG conversion failed </td><td> {{MSGNW:math_image_error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_lexing_error&action=edit math_lexing_error] </td><td> lexing error </td><td> {{MSGNW:math_lexing_error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_sample&action=edit math_sample] </td><td> Insert formula here </td><td> {{MSGNW:math_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_syntax_error&action=edit math_syntax_error] </td><td> syntax error </td><td> {{MSGNW:math_syntax_error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_tip&action=edit math_tip] </td><td> Mathematical formula (LaTeX) </td><td> {{MSGNW:math_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_unknown_error&action=edit math_unknown_error] </td><td> unknown error </td><td> {{MSGNW:math_unknown_error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_unknown_function&action=edit math_unknown_function] </td><td> unknown function </td><td> {{MSGNW:math_unknown_function}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Media_sample&action=edit media_sample] </td><td> Example.mp3 </td><td> {{MSGNW:media_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Media_tip&action=edit media_tip] </td><td> Media file link </td><td> {{MSGNW:media_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Minlength&action=edit minlength] </td><td> Image names must be at least three letters. </td><td> {{MSGNW:minlength}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Minoredit&action=edit minoredit] </td><td> This is a minor edit </td><td> {{MSGNW:minoredit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Minoreditletter&action=edit minoreditletter] </td><td> M </td><td> {{MSGNW:minoreditletter}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mispeelings&action=edit mispeelings] </td><td> Pages with misspellings </td><td> {{MSGNW:mispeelings}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mispeelingspage&action=edit mispeelingspage] </td><td> List of common misspellings </td><td> {{MSGNW:mispeelingspage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mispeelingstext&action=edit mispeelingstext] </td><td> The following pages contain a common misspelling, which are listed on $1. The correct spelling might be given (like this). </td><td> {{MSGNW:mispeelingstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missingarticle&action=edit missingarticle] </td><td> The database did not find the text of a page that it should have found, named &quot;$1&quot;. &lt;p&gt;This is usually caused by following an outdated diff or history link to a page that has been deleted. &lt;p&gt;If this is not the case, you may have found a bug in the software. Please report this to an administrator, making note of the URL. </td><td> {{MSGNW:missingarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missinglanguagelinks&action=edit missinglanguagelinks] </td><td> Missing Language Links </td><td> {{MSGNW:missinglanguagelinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missinglanguagelinksbutton&action=edit missinglanguagelinksbutton] </td><td> Find missing language links for </td><td> {{MSGNW:missinglanguagelinksbutton}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missinglanguagelinkstext&action=edit missinglanguagelinkstext] </td><td> These articles do &lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt; link to their counterpart in $1. Redirects and subpages are &lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt; shown. </td><td> {{MSGNW:missinglanguagelinkstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Moredotdotdot&action=edit moredotdotdot] </td><td> More... </td><td> {{MSGNW:moredotdotdot}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movearticle&action=edit movearticle] </td><td> Move page </td><td> {{MSGNW:movearticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movedto&action=edit movedto] </td><td> moved to </td><td> {{MSGNW:movedto}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movenologin&action=edit movenologin] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{MSGNW:movenologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movenologintext&action=edit movenologintext] </td><td> You must be a registered user and &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; to move a page. </td><td> {{MSGNW:movenologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movepage&action=edit movepage] </td><td> Move page </td><td> {{MSGNW:movepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movepagebtn&action=edit movepagebtn] </td><td> Move page </td><td> {{MSGNW:movepagebtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movepagetalktext&action=edit movepagetalktext] </td><td> The associated talk page, if any, will be automatically moved along with it &#39;&#39;&#39;unless:&#39;&#39;&#39; *You are moving the page across namespaces, *A non-empty talk page already exists under the new name, or *You uncheck the box below. In those cases, you will have to move or merge the page manually if desired. </td><td> {{MSGNW:movepagetalktext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movepagetext&action=edit movepagetext] </td><td> Using the form below will rename a page, moving all of its history to the new name. The old title will become a redirect page to the new title. Links to the old page title will not be changed; be sure to &#91;&#91;Special:Maintenance&#124;check]] for double or broken redirects. You are responsible for making sure that links continue to point where they are supposed to go. Note that the page will &#39;&#39;&#39;not&#39;&#39;&#39; be moved if there is already a page at the new title, unless it is empty or a redirect and has no past edit history. This means that you can rename a page back to where it was just renamed from if you make a mistake, and you cannot overwrite an existing page. &lt;b&gt;WARNING!&lt;/b&gt; This can be a drastic and unexpected change for a popular page; please be sure you understand the consequences of this before proceeding. </td><td> {{MSGNW:movepagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movetalk&action=edit movetalk] </td><td> Move &quot;talk&quot; page as well, if applicable. </td><td> {{MSGNW:movetalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movethispage&action=edit movethispage] </td><td> Move this page </td><td> {{MSGNW:movethispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mycontris&action=edit mycontris] </td><td> My contributions </td><td> {{MSGNW:mycontris}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mypage&action=edit mypage] </td><td> My page </td><td> {{MSGNW:mypage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mytalk&action=edit mytalk] </td><td> My talk </td><td> {{MSGNW:mytalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nbytes&action=edit nbytes] </td><td> $1 bytes </td><td> {{MSGNW:nbytes}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nchanges&action=edit nchanges] </td><td> $1 changes </td><td> {{MSGNW:nchanges}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newarticle&action=edit newarticle] </td><td> (New) </td><td> {{MSGNW:newarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newarticletext&action=edit newarticletext] </td><td> You&#39;ve followed a link to a page that doesn&#39;t exist yet. To create the page, start typing in the box below (see the &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Help&#124;help page]] for more info). If you are here by mistake, just click your browser&#39;s &#39;&#39;&#39;back&#39;&#39;&#39; button. </td><td> {{MSGNW:newarticletext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newmessages&action=edit newmessages] </td><td> You have $1. </td><td> {{MSGNW:newmessages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newmessageslink&action=edit newmessageslink] </td><td> new messages </td><td> {{MSGNW:newmessageslink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newpage&action=edit newpage] </td><td> New page </td><td> {{MSGNW:newpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newpageletter&action=edit newpageletter] </td><td> N </td><td> {{MSGNW:newpageletter}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newpages&action=edit newpages] </td><td> New pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:newpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newpassword&action=edit newpassword] </td><td> New password </td><td> {{MSGNW:newpassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newtitle&action=edit newtitle] </td><td> To new title </td><td> {{MSGNW:newtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newusersonly&action=edit newusersonly] </td><td> (new users only) </td><td> {{MSGNW:newusersonly}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Next&action=edit next] </td><td> next </td><td> {{MSGNW:next}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nextn&action=edit nextn] </td><td> next $1 </td><td> {{MSGNW:nextn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nlinks&action=edit nlinks] </td><td> $1 links </td><td> {{MSGNW:nlinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noaffirmation&action=edit noaffirmation] </td><td> You must affirm that your upload does not violate any copyrights. </td><td> {{MSGNW:noaffirmation}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noarticletext&action=edit noarticletext] </td><td> (There is currently no text in this page) </td><td> {{MSGNW:noarticletext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noblockreason&action=edit noblockreason] </td><td> You must supply a reason for the block. </td><td> {{MSGNW:noblockreason}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noconnect&action=edit noconnect] </td><td> Sorry! The wiki is experiencing some technical difficulties, and cannot contact the database server. </td><td> {{MSGNW:noconnect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nocontribs&action=edit nocontribs] </td><td> No changes were found matching these criteria. </td><td> {{MSGNW:nocontribs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nocookieslogin&action=edit nocookieslogin] </td><td> Wikipedia uses cookies to log in users. You have cookies disabled. Please enable them and try again. </td><td> {{MSGNW:nocookieslogin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nocookiesnew&action=edit nocookiesnew] </td><td> The user account was created, but you are not logged in. Wikipedia uses cookies to log in users. You have cookies disabled. Please enable them, then log in with your new username and password. </td><td> {{MSGNW:nocookiesnew}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nodb&action=edit nodb] </td><td> Could not select database $1 </td><td> {{MSGNW:nodb}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noemail&action=edit noemail] </td><td> There is no e-mail address recorded for user &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:noemail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noemailtext&action=edit noemailtext] </td><td> This user has not specified a valid e-mail address, or has chosen not to receive e-mail from other users. </td><td> {{MSGNW:noemailtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noemailtitle&action=edit noemailtitle] </td><td> No e-mail address </td><td> {{MSGNW:noemailtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nogomatch&action=edit nogomatch] </td><td> No page with this exact title exists, trying full text search. </td><td> {{MSGNW:nogomatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nohistory&action=edit nohistory] </td><td> There is no edit history for this page. </td><td> {{MSGNW:nohistory}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nolinkshere&action=edit nolinkshere] </td><td> No pages link to here. </td><td> {{MSGNW:nolinkshere}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nolinkstoimage&action=edit nolinkstoimage] </td><td> There are no pages that link to this image. </td><td> {{MSGNW:nolinkstoimage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noname&action=edit noname] </td><td> You have not specified a valid user name. </td><td> {{MSGNW:noname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nonefound&action=edit nonefound] </td><td> &lt;strong&gt;Note&lt;/strong&gt;: unsuccessful searches are often caused by searching for common words like &quot;have&quot; and &quot;from&quot;, which are not indexed, or by specifying more than one search term (only pages containing all of the search terms will appear in the result). </td><td> {{MSGNW:nonefound}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nospecialpagetext&action=edit nospecialpagetext] </td><td> You have requested a special page that is not recognized by the wiki. </td><td> {{MSGNW:nospecialpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nosuchaction&action=edit nosuchaction] </td><td> No such action </td><td> {{MSGNW:nosuchaction}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nosuchactiontext&action=edit nosuchactiontext] </td><td> The action specified by the URL is not recognized by the wiki </td><td> {{MSGNW:nosuchactiontext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nosuchspecialpage&action=edit nosuchspecialpage] </td><td> No such special page </td><td> {{MSGNW:nosuchspecialpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nosuchuser&action=edit nosuchuser] </td><td> There is no user by the name &quot;$1&quot;. Check your spelling, or use the form below to create a new user account. </td><td> {{MSGNW:nosuchuser}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notanarticle&action=edit notanarticle] </td><td> Not an article </td><td> {{MSGNW:notanarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notargettext&action=edit notargettext] </td><td> You have not specified a target page or user to perform this function on. </td><td> {{MSGNW:notargettext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notargettitle&action=edit notargettitle] </td><td> No target </td><td> {{MSGNW:notargettitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Note&action=edit note] </td><td> &lt;strong&gt;Note:&lt;/strong&gt; </td><td> {{MSGNW:note}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notextmatches&action=edit notextmatches] </td><td> No article text matches </td><td> {{MSGNW:notextmatches}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notitlematches&action=edit notitlematches] </td><td> No article title matches </td><td> {{MSGNW:notitlematches}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notloggedin&action=edit notloggedin] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{MSGNW:notloggedin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nowatchlist&action=edit nowatchlist] </td><td> You have no items on your watchlist. </td><td> {{MSGNW:nowatchlist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nowiki_sample&action=edit nowiki_sample] </td><td> Insert non-formatted text here </td><td> {{MSGNW:nowiki_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nowiki_tip&action=edit nowiki_tip] </td><td> Ignore wiki formatting </td><td> {{MSGNW:nowiki_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nviews&action=edit nviews] </td><td> $1 views </td><td> {{MSGNW:nviews}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ok&action=edit ok] </td><td> OK </td><td> {{MSGNW:ok}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Oldpassword&action=edit oldpassword] </td><td> Old password </td><td> {{MSGNW:oldpassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Orig&action=edit orig] </td><td> orig </td><td> {{MSGNW:orig}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Orphans&action=edit orphans] </td><td> Orphaned pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:orphans}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Otherlanguages&action=edit otherlanguages] </td><td> Other languages </td><td> {{MSGNW:otherlanguages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Pagemovedsub&action=edit pagemovedsub] </td><td> Move succeeded </td><td> {{MSGNW:pagemovedsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Pagemovedtext&action=edit pagemovedtext] </td><td> Page &quot;&#91;&#91;$1]]&quot; moved to &quot;&#91;&#91;$2]]&quot;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:pagemovedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Passwordremindertext&action=edit passwordremindertext] </td><td> Someone (probably you, from IP address $1) requested that we send you a new Wikipedia login password. The password for user &quot;$2&quot; is now &quot;$3&quot;. You should log in and change your password now. </td><td> {{MSGNW:passwordremindertext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Passwordremindertitle&action=edit passwordremindertitle] </td><td> Password reminder from Wikipedia </td><td> {{MSGNW:passwordremindertitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Passwordsent&action=edit passwordsent] </td><td> A new password has been sent to the e-mail address registered for &quot;$1&quot;. Please log in again after you receive it. </td><td> {{MSGNW:passwordsent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Perfdisabled&action=edit perfdisabled] </td><td> Sorry! This feature has been temporarily disabled because it slows the database down to the point that no one can use the wiki. </td><td> {{MSGNW:perfdisabled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Perfdisabledsub&action=edit perfdisabledsub] </td><td> Here&#39;s a saved copy from $1: </td><td> {{MSGNW:perfdisabledsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Popularpages&action=edit popularpages] </td><td> Popular pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:popularpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Postcomment&action=edit postcomment] </td><td> Post a comment </td><td> {{MSGNW:postcomment}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Powersearch&action=edit powersearch] </td><td> Search </td><td> {{MSGNW:powersearch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Powersearchtext&action=edit powersearchtext] </td><td> Search in namespaces :&lt;br&gt; $1&lt;br&gt; $2 List redirects &amp;nbsp; Search for $3 $9 </td><td> {{MSGNW:powersearchtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Preferences&action=edit preferences] </td><td> Preferences </td><td> {{MSGNW:preferences}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefslogintext&action=edit prefslogintext] </td><td> You are logged in as &quot;$1&quot;. Your internal ID number is $2. See &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:User preferences help]] for help deciphering the options. </td><td> {{MSGNW:prefslogintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefsnologin&action=edit prefsnologin] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{MSGNW:prefsnologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefsnologintext&action=edit prefsnologintext] </td><td> You must be &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; to set user preferences. </td><td> {{MSGNW:prefsnologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefsreset&action=edit prefsreset] </td><td> Preferences have been reset from storage. </td><td> {{MSGNW:prefsreset}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Preview&action=edit preview] </td><td> Preview </td><td> {{MSGNW:preview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Previewconflict&action=edit previewconflict] </td><td> This preview reflects the text in the upper text editing area as it will appear if you choose to save. </td><td> {{MSGNW:previewconflict}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Previewnote&action=edit previewnote] </td><td> Remember that this is only a preview, and has not yet been saved! </td><td> {{MSGNW:previewnote}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prevn&action=edit prevn] </td><td> previous $1 </td><td> {{MSGNW:prevn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Printableversion&action=edit printableversion] </td><td> Printable version </td><td> {{MSGNW:printableversion}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Printsubtitle&action=edit printsubtitle] </td><td> (From http&#58;//www.wikipedia.org) </td><td> {{MSGNW:printsubtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectedarticle&action=edit protectedarticle] </td><td> protected &#91;&#91;$1]] </td><td> {{MSGNW:protectedarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectedpage&action=edit protectedpage] </td><td> Protected page </td><td> {{MSGNW:protectedpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectedpagewarning&action=edit protectedpagewarning] </td><td> WARNING: This page has been locked so that only users with sysop privileges can edit it. Be sure you are following the &lt;a href=&#39;/wiki/Wikipedia:Protected_page_guidelines&#39;&gt;protected page guidelines&lt;/a&gt;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:protectedpagewarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectedtext&action=edit protectedtext] </td><td> This page has been locked to prevent editing; there are a number of reasons why this may be so, please see &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Protected page]]. You can view and copy the source of this page: </td><td> {{MSGNW:protectedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectlogpage&action=edit protectlogpage] </td><td> Protection_log </td><td> {{MSGNW:protectlogpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectlogtext&action=edit protectlogtext] </td><td> Below is a list of page locks/unlocks. See &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Protected page]] for more information. </td><td> {{MSGNW:protectlogtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectpage&action=edit protectpage] </td><td> Protect page </td><td> {{MSGNW:protectpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectthispage&action=edit protectthispage] </td><td> Protect this page </td><td> {{MSGNW:protectthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbbrowse&action=edit qbbrowse] </td><td> Browse </td><td> {{MSGNW:qbbrowse}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbedit&action=edit qbedit] </td><td> Edit </td><td> {{MSGNW:qbedit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbfind&action=edit qbfind] </td><td> Find </td><td> {{MSGNW:qbfind}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbmyoptions&action=edit qbmyoptions] </td><td> My pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:qbmyoptions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbpageinfo&action=edit qbpageinfo] </td><td> Context </td><td> {{MSGNW:qbpageinfo}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbpageoptions&action=edit qbpageoptions] </td><td> This page </td><td> {{MSGNW:qbpageoptions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbsettings&action=edit qbsettings] </td><td> Quickbar settings </td><td> {{MSGNW:qbsettings}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbspecialpages&action=edit qbspecialpages] </td><td> Special pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:qbspecialpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Querybtn&action=edit querybtn] </td><td> Submit query </td><td> {{MSGNW:querybtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Querysuccessful&action=edit querysuccessful] </td><td> Query successful </td><td> {{MSGNW:querysuccessful}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Randompage&action=edit randompage] </td><td> Random page </td><td> {{MSGNW:randompage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Range_block_disabled&action=edit range_block_disabled] </td><td> The sysop ability to create range blocks is disabled. </td><td> {{MSGNW:range_block_disabled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rchide&action=edit rchide] </td><td> in $4 form; $1 minor edits; $2 secondary namespaces; $3 multiple edits. </td><td> {{MSGNW:rchide}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rclinks&action=edit rclinks] </td><td> Show last $1 changes in last $2 days; $3 </td><td> {{MSGNW:rclinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rclistfrom&action=edit rclistfrom] </td><td> Show new changes starting from $1 </td><td> {{MSGNW:rclistfrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rcliu&action=edit rcliu] </td><td> ; $1 edits from logged in users </td><td> {{MSGNW:rcliu}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rcloaderr&action=edit rcloaderr] </td><td> Loading recent changes </td><td> {{MSGNW:rcloaderr}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rclsub&action=edit rclsub] </td><td> (to pages linked from &quot;$1&quot;) </td><td> {{MSGNW:rclsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rcnote&action=edit rcnote] </td><td> Below are the last &lt;strong&gt;$1&lt;/strong&gt; changes in last &lt;strong&gt;$2&lt;/strong&gt; days. </td><td> {{MSGNW:rcnote}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rcnotefrom&action=edit rcnotefrom] </td><td> Below are the changes since &lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt; (up to &lt;b&gt;$1&lt;/b&gt; shown). </td><td> {{MSGNW:rcnotefrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Readonly&action=edit readonly] </td><td> Database locked </td><td> {{MSGNW:readonly}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Readonlytext&action=edit readonlytext] </td><td> The database is currently locked to new entries and other modifications, probably for routine database maintenance, after which it will be back to normal. The administrator who locked it offered this explanation: &lt;p&gt;$1 </td><td> {{MSGNW:readonlytext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Readonlywarning&action=edit readonlywarning] </td><td> WARNING: The database has been locked for maintenance, so you will not be able to save your edits right now. You may wish to cut-n-paste the text into a text file and save it for later. </td><td> {{MSGNW:readonlywarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Recentchanges&action=edit recentchanges] </td><td> Recent changes </td><td> {{MSGNW:recentchanges}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Recentchangescount&action=edit recentchangescount] </td><td> Number of titles in recent changes </td><td> {{MSGNW:recentchangescount}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Recentchangeslinked&action=edit recentchangeslinked] </td><td> Related changes </td><td> {{MSGNW:recentchangeslinked}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Recentchangestext&action=edit recentchangestext] </td><td> Track the most recent changes to the wiki on this page. </td><td> {{MSGNW:recentchangestext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Redirectedfrom&action=edit redirectedfrom] </td><td> (Redirected from $1) </td><td> {{MSGNW:redirectedfrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Remembermypassword&action=edit remembermypassword] </td><td> Remember my password across sessions. </td><td> {{MSGNW:remembermypassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Removechecked&action=edit removechecked] </td><td> Remove checked items from watchlist </td><td> {{MSGNW:removechecked}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Removedwatch&action=edit removedwatch] </td><td> Removed from watchlist </td><td> {{MSGNW:removedwatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Removedwatchtext&action=edit removedwatchtext] </td><td> The page &quot;$1&quot; has been removed from your watchlist. </td><td> {{MSGNW:removedwatchtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Removingchecked&action=edit removingchecked] </td><td> Removing requested items from watchlist... </td><td> {{MSGNW:removingchecked}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Resetprefs&action=edit resetprefs] </td><td> Reset preferences </td><td> {{MSGNW:resetprefs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Restorelink&action=edit restorelink] </td><td> $1 deleted edits </td><td> {{MSGNW:restorelink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Resultsperpage&action=edit resultsperpage] </td><td> Hits to show per page </td><td> {{MSGNW:resultsperpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Retrievedfrom&action=edit retrievedfrom] </td><td> Retrieved from &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{MSGNW:retrievedfrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Returnto&action=edit returnto] </td><td> Return to $1. </td><td> {{MSGNW:returnto}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Retypenew&action=edit retypenew] </td><td> Retype new password </td><td> {{MSGNW:retypenew}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Reupload&action=edit reupload] </td><td> Re-upload </td><td> {{MSGNW:reupload}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Reuploaddesc&action=edit reuploaddesc] </td><td> Return to the upload form. </td><td> {{MSGNW:reuploaddesc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Reverted&action=edit reverted] </td><td> Reverted to earlier revision </td><td> {{MSGNW:reverted}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revertimg&action=edit revertimg] </td><td> rev </td><td> {{MSGNW:revertimg}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revertpage&action=edit revertpage] </td><td> Reverted edit of $2, changed back to last version by $1 </td><td> {{MSGNW:revertpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revhistory&action=edit revhistory] </td><td> Revision history </td><td> {{MSGNW:revhistory}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revisionasof&action=edit revisionasof] </td><td> Revision as of $1 </td><td> {{MSGNW:revisionasof}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revnotfound&action=edit revnotfound] </td><td> Revision not found </td><td> {{MSGNW:revnotfound}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revnotfoundtext&action=edit revnotfoundtext] </td><td> The old revision of the page you asked for could not be found. Please check the URL you used to access this page. </td><td> {{MSGNW:revnotfoundtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rollback&action=edit rollback] </td><td> Roll back edits </td><td> {{MSGNW:rollback}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rollbackfailed&action=edit rollbackfailed] </td><td> Rollback failed </td><td> {{MSGNW:rollbackfailed}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rollbacklink&action=edit rollbacklink] </td><td> rollback </td><td> {{MSGNW:rollbacklink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rows&action=edit rows] </td><td> Rows </td><td> {{MSGNW:rows}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Savearticle&action=edit savearticle] </td><td> Save page </td><td> {{MSGNW:savearticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Savedprefs&action=edit savedprefs] </td><td> Your preferences have been saved. </td><td> {{MSGNW:savedprefs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Savefile&action=edit savefile] </td><td> Save file </td><td> {{MSGNW:savefile}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Saveprefs&action=edit saveprefs] </td><td> Save preferences </td><td> {{MSGNW:saveprefs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Search&action=edit search] </td><td> Search </td><td> {{MSGNW:search}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchdisabled&action=edit searchdisabled] </td><td> &lt;p&gt;Sorry! Full text search has been disabled temporarily, for performance reasons. In the meantime, you can use the Google search below, which may be out of date.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;!-- SiteSearch Google --&gt; &lt;FORM method=GET action=&quot;http&#58;//www.google.com/search&quot;&gt; &lt;TABLE bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt; &lt;A HREF=&quot;http&#58;//www.google.com/&quot;&gt; &lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http&#58;//www.google.com/logos/Logo_40wht.gif&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; ALT=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;INPUT TYPE=text name=q size=31 maxlength=255 value=&quot;$1&quot;&gt; &lt;INPUT type=submit name=btnG VALUE=&quot;Google Search&quot;&gt; &lt;font size=-1&gt; &lt;input type=hidden name=domains value=&quot;http&#58;//sw.wikipedia.org&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&quot;&quot;&gt; WWW &lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&quot;http&#58;//sw.wikipedia.org&quot; checked&gt; http&#58;//sw.wikipedia.org &lt;br&gt; &lt;input type=&#39;hidden&#39; name=&#39;ie&#39; value=&#39;$2&#39;&gt; &lt;input type=&#39;hidden&#39; name=&#39;oe&#39; value=&#39;$2&#39;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt; &lt;/FORM&gt; &lt;!-- SiteSearch Google --&gt; </td><td> {{MSGNW:searchdisabled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchhelppage&action=edit searchhelppage] </td><td> Wikipedia:Searching </td><td> {{MSGNW:searchhelppage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchingwikipedia&action=edit searchingwikipedia] </td><td> Searching Wikipedia </td><td> {{MSGNW:searchingwikipedia}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchquery&action=edit searchquery] </td><td> For query &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{MSGNW:searchquery}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchresults&action=edit searchresults] </td><td> Search results </td><td> {{MSGNW:searchresults}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchresultshead&action=edit searchresultshead] </td><td> Search result settings </td><td> {{MSGNW:searchresultshead}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchresulttext&action=edit searchresulttext] </td><td> For more information about searching Wikipedia, see $1. </td><td> {{MSGNW:searchresulttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sectionedit&action=edit sectionedit] </td><td> (section) </td><td> {{MSGNW:sectionedit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selectonly&action=edit selectonly] </td><td> Only read-only queries are allowed. </td><td> {{MSGNW:selectonly}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selflinks&action=edit selflinks] </td><td> Pages with Self Links </td><td> {{MSGNW:selflinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selflinkstext&action=edit selflinkstext] </td><td> The following pages contain a link to themselves, which they should not. </td><td> {{MSGNW:selflinkstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Servertime&action=edit servertime] </td><td> Server time is now </td><td> {{MSGNW:servertime}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Setbureaucratflag&action=edit setbureaucratflag] </td><td> Set bureaucrat flag </td><td> {{MSGNW:setbureaucratflag}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Shortpages&action=edit shortpages] </td><td> Short pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:shortpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Show&action=edit show] </td><td> show </td><td> {{MSGNW:show}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showhideminor&action=edit showhideminor] </td><td> $1 minor edits </td><td> {{MSGNW:showhideminor}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showingresults&action=edit showingresults] </td><td> Showing below &lt;b&gt;$1&lt;/b&gt; results starting with #&lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:showingresults}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showingresultsnum&action=edit showingresultsnum] </td><td> Showing below &lt;b&gt;$3&lt;/b&gt; results starting with #&lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:showingresultsnum}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showlast&action=edit showlast] </td><td> Show last $1 images sorted $2. </td><td> {{MSGNW:showlast}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showpreview&action=edit showpreview] </td><td> Show preview </td><td> {{MSGNW:showpreview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showtoc&action=edit showtoc] </td><td> show </td><td> {{MSGNW:showtoc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sig_tip&action=edit sig_tip] </td><td> Your signature with timestamp </td><td> {{MSGNW:sig_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitestats&action=edit sitestats] </td><td> Site statistics </td><td> {{MSGNW:sitestats}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitestatstext&action=edit sitestatstext] </td><td> There are &lt;b&gt;$1&lt;/b&gt; total pages in the database. This includes &quot;talk&quot; pages, pages about Wikipedia, minimal &quot;stub&quot; pages, redirects, and others that probably don&#39;t qualify as articles. Excluding those, there are &lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt; pages that are probably legitimate articles.&lt;p&gt; There have been a total of &lt;b&gt;$3&lt;/b&gt; page views, and &lt;b&gt;$4&lt;/b&gt; page edits since the software was upgraded (July 20, 2002). That comes to &lt;b&gt;$5&lt;/b&gt; average edits per page, and &lt;b&gt;$6&lt;/b&gt; views per edit. </td><td> {{MSGNW:sitestatstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitesubtitle&action=edit sitesubtitle] </td><td> The Free Encyclopedia </td><td> {{MSGNW:sitesubtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitesupport&action=edit sitesupport] </td><td> Donations </td><td> {{MSGNW:sitesupport}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitesupportpage&action=edit sitesupportpage] </td><td> &amp;lt;sitesupportpage&amp;gt; </td><td> {{MSGNW:sitesupportpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitetitle&action=edit sitetitle] </td><td> Wikipedia </td><td> {{MSGNW:sitetitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Skin&action=edit skin] </td><td> Skin </td><td> {{MSGNW:skin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Specialpages&action=edit specialpages] </td><td> Special pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:specialpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Spheading&action=edit spheading] </td><td> Special pages for all users </td><td> {{MSGNW:spheading}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sqlislogged&action=edit sqlislogged] </td><td> Please note that all queries are logged. </td><td> {{MSGNW:sqlislogged}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sqlquery&action=edit sqlquery] </td><td> Enter query </td><td> {{MSGNW:sqlquery}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Statistics&action=edit statistics] </td><td> Statistics </td><td> {{MSGNW:statistics}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Storedversion&action=edit storedversion] </td><td> Stored version </td><td> {{MSGNW:storedversion}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Stubthreshold&action=edit stubthreshold] </td><td> Threshold for stub display </td><td> {{MSGNW:stubthreshold}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Subcategories&action=edit subcategories] </td><td> Subcategories </td><td> {{MSGNW:subcategories}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Subject&action=edit subject] </td><td> Subject/headline </td><td> {{MSGNW:subject}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Subjectpage&action=edit subjectpage] </td><td> View subject </td><td> {{MSGNW:subjectpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Successfulupload&action=edit successfulupload] </td><td> Successful upload </td><td> {{MSGNW:successfulupload}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Summary&action=edit summary] </td><td> Summary </td><td> {{MSGNW:summary}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sysopspheading&action=edit sysopspheading] </td><td> For sysop use only </td><td> {{MSGNW:sysopspheading}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sysoptext&action=edit sysoptext] </td><td> The action you have requested can only be performed by users with &quot;sysop&quot; status. See $1. </td><td> {{MSGNW:sysoptext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sysoptitle&action=edit sysoptitle] </td><td> Sysop access required </td><td> {{MSGNW:sysoptitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tableform&action=edit tableform] </td><td> table </td><td> {{MSGNW:tableform}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkexists&action=edit talkexists] </td><td> The page itself was moved successfully, but the talk page could not be moved because one already exists at the new title. Please merge them manually. </td><td> {{MSGNW:talkexists}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkpage&action=edit talkpage] </td><td> Discuss this page </td><td> {{MSGNW:talkpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkpagemoved&action=edit talkpagemoved] </td><td> The corresponding talk page was also moved. </td><td> {{MSGNW:talkpagemoved}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkpagenotmoved&action=edit talkpagenotmoved] </td><td> The corresponding talk page was &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; moved. </td><td> {{MSGNW:talkpagenotmoved}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Textboxsize&action=edit textboxsize] </td><td> Textbox dimensions </td><td> {{MSGNW:textboxsize}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Textmatches&action=edit textmatches] </td><td> Article text matches </td><td> {{MSGNW:textmatches}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Thisisdeleted&action=edit thisisdeleted] </td><td> View or restore $1? </td><td> {{MSGNW:thisisdeleted}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Thumbnail-more&action=edit thumbnail-more] </td><td> Enlarge </td><td> {{MSGNW:thumbnail-more}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Timezoneoffset&action=edit timezoneoffset] </td><td> Offset </td><td> {{MSGNW:timezoneoffset}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Timezonetext&action=edit timezonetext] </td><td> Enter number of hours your local time differs from server time (UTC). </td><td> {{MSGNW:timezonetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Titlematches&action=edit titlematches] </td><td> Article title matches </td><td> {{MSGNW:titlematches}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Toc&action=edit toc] </td><td> Table of contents </td><td> {{MSGNW:toc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uclinks&action=edit uclinks] </td><td> View the last $1 changes; view the last $2 days. </td><td> {{MSGNW:uclinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ucnote&action=edit ucnote] </td><td> Below are this user&#39;s last &lt;b&gt;$1&lt;/b&gt; changes in the last &lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt; days. </td><td> {{MSGNW:ucnote}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uctop&action=edit uctop] </td><td> (top) </td><td> {{MSGNW:uctop}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unblockip&action=edit unblockip] </td><td> Unblock user </td><td> {{MSGNW:unblockip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unblockiptext&action=edit unblockiptext] </td><td> Use the form below to restore write access to a previously blocked IP address or username. </td><td> {{MSGNW:unblockiptext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unblocklink&action=edit unblocklink] </td><td> unblock </td><td> {{MSGNW:unblocklink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unblocklogentry&action=edit unblocklogentry] </td><td> unblocked &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{MSGNW:unblocklogentry}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undelete&action=edit undelete] </td><td> Restore deleted page </td><td> {{MSGNW:undelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletearticle&action=edit undeletearticle] </td><td> Restore deleted article </td><td> {{MSGNW:undeletearticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletebtn&action=edit undeletebtn] </td><td> Restore! </td><td> {{MSGNW:undeletebtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletedarticle&action=edit undeletedarticle] </td><td> restored &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{MSGNW:undeletedarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletedtext&action=edit undeletedtext] </td><td> The article &#91;&#91;$1]] has been successfully restored. See &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Deletion_log]] for a record of recent deletions and restorations. </td><td> {{MSGNW:undeletedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletehistory&action=edit undeletehistory] </td><td> If you restore the page, all revisions will be restored to the history. If a new page with the same name has been created since the deletion, the restored revisions will appear in the prior history, and the current revision of the live page will not be automatically replaced. </td><td> {{MSGNW:undeletehistory}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletepage&action=edit undeletepage] </td><td> View and restore deleted pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:undeletepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletepagetext&action=edit undeletepagetext] </td><td> The following pages have been deleted but are still in the archive and can be restored. The archive may be periodically cleaned out. </td><td> {{MSGNW:undeletepagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeleterevision&action=edit undeleterevision] </td><td> Deleted revision as of $1 </td><td> {{MSGNW:undeleterevision}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeleterevisions&action=edit undeleterevisions] </td><td> $1 revisions archived </td><td> {{MSGNW:undeleterevisions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unexpected&action=edit unexpected] </td><td> Unexpected value: &quot;$1&quot;=&quot;$2&quot;. </td><td> {{MSGNW:unexpected}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockbtn&action=edit unlockbtn] </td><td> Unlock database </td><td> {{MSGNW:unlockbtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockconfirm&action=edit unlockconfirm] </td><td> Yes, I really want to unlock the database. </td><td> {{MSGNW:unlockconfirm}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockdb&action=edit unlockdb] </td><td> Unlock database </td><td> {{MSGNW:unlockdb}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockdbsuccesssub&action=edit unlockdbsuccesssub] </td><td> Database lock removed </td><td> {{MSGNW:unlockdbsuccesssub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockdbsuccesstext&action=edit unlockdbsuccesstext] </td><td> The database has been unlocked. </td><td> {{MSGNW:unlockdbsuccesstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockdbtext&action=edit unlockdbtext] </td><td> Unlocking the database will restore the ability of all users to edit pages, change their preferences, edit their watchlists, and other things requiring changes in the database. Please confirm that this is what you intend to do. </td><td> {{MSGNW:unlockdbtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unprotectedarticle&action=edit unprotectedarticle] </td><td> unprotected &#91;&#91;$1]] </td><td> {{MSGNW:unprotectedarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unprotectthispage&action=edit unprotectthispage] </td><td> Unprotect this page </td><td> {{MSGNW:unprotectthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unusedimages&action=edit unusedimages] </td><td> Unused images </td><td> {{MSGNW:unusedimages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unusedimagestext&action=edit unusedimagestext] </td><td> &lt;p&gt;Please note that other web sites such as the international Wikipedias may link to an image with a direct URL, and so may still be listed here despite being in active use. </td><td> {{MSGNW:unusedimagestext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unwatchthispage&action=edit unwatchthispage] </td><td> Stop watching </td><td> {{MSGNW:unwatchthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Updated&action=edit updated] </td><td> (Updated) </td><td> {{MSGNW:updated}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Upload&action=edit upload] </td><td> Upload file </td><td> {{MSGNW:upload}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadbtn&action=edit uploadbtn] </td><td> Upload file </td><td> {{MSGNW:uploadbtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploaddisabled&action=edit uploaddisabled] </td><td> Sorry, uploading is disabled. </td><td> {{MSGNW:uploaddisabled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadedfiles&action=edit uploadedfiles] </td><td> Uploaded files </td><td> {{MSGNW:uploadedfiles}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadedimage&action=edit uploadedimage] </td><td> uploaded &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{MSGNW:uploadedimage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploaderror&action=edit uploaderror] </td><td> Upload error </td><td> {{MSGNW:uploaderror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadfile&action=edit uploadfile] </td><td> Upload images, sounds, documents etc. </td><td> {{MSGNW:uploadfile}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadlink&action=edit uploadlink] </td><td> Upload images </td><td> {{MSGNW:uploadlink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadlog&action=edit uploadlog] </td><td> upload log </td><td> {{MSGNW:uploadlog}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadlogpage&action=edit uploadlogpage] </td><td> Upload_log </td><td> {{MSGNW:uploadlogpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadlogpagetext&action=edit uploadlogpagetext] </td><td> Below is a list of the most recent file uploads. All times shown are server time (UTC). &lt;ul&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; </td><td> {{MSGNW:uploadlogpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadnologin&action=edit uploadnologin] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{MSGNW:uploadnologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadnologintext&action=edit uploadnologintext] </td><td> You must be &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; to upload files. </td><td> {{MSGNW:uploadnologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadtext&action=edit uploadtext] </td><td> &lt;strong&gt;STOP!&lt;/strong&gt; Before you upload here, make sure to read and follow the &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy&quot;&gt;image use policy&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;p&gt;If a file with the name you are specifying already exists on the wiki, it&#39;ll be replaced without warning. So unless you mean to update a file, it&#39;s a good idea to first check if such a file exists. &lt;p&gt;To view or search previously uploaded images, go to the &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Imagelist&quot;&gt;list of uploaded images&lt;/a&gt;. Uploads and deletions are logged on the &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Wikipedia:Upload_log&quot;&gt;upload log&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;p&gt;Use the form below to upload new image files for use in illustrating your articles. On most browsers, you will see a &quot;Browse...&quot; button, which will bring up your operating system&#39;s standard file open dialog. Choosing a file will fill the name of that file into the text field next to the button. You must also check the box affirming that you are not violating any copyrights by uploading the file. Press the &quot;Upload&quot; button to finish the upload. This may take some time if you have a slow internet connection. &lt;p&gt;The preferred formats are JPEG for photographic images, PNG for drawings and other iconic images, and OGG for sounds. Please name your files descriptively to avoid confusion. To include the image in an article, use a link in the form &lt;b&gt;&#91;&#91;image:file.jpg]]&lt;/b&gt; or &lt;b&gt;&#91;&#91;image:file.png&#124;alt text]]&lt;/b&gt; or &lt;b&gt;&#91;&#91;media:file.ogg]]&lt;/b&gt; for sounds. &lt;p&gt;Please note that as with wiki pages, others may edit or delete your uploads if they think it serves the encyclopedia, and you may be blocked from uploading if you abuse the system. </td><td> {{MSGNW:uploadtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadwarning&action=edit uploadwarning] </td><td> Upload warning </td><td> {{MSGNW:uploadwarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userexists&action=edit userexists] </td><td> The user name you entered is already in use. Please choose a different name. </td><td> {{MSGNW:userexists}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userlogin&action=edit userlogin] </td><td> Log in </td><td> {{MSGNW:userlogin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userlogout&action=edit userlogout] </td><td> Log out </td><td> {{MSGNW:userlogout}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userpage&action=edit userpage] </td><td> View user page </td><td> {{MSGNW:userpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userstats&action=edit userstats] </td><td> User statistics </td><td> {{MSGNW:userstats}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userstatstext&action=edit userstatstext] </td><td> There are &lt;b&gt;$1&lt;/b&gt; registered users. &lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt; of these are administrators (see $3). </td><td> {{MSGNW:userstatstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Version&action=edit version] </td><td> Version </td><td> {{MSGNW:version}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Viewcount&action=edit viewcount] </td><td> This page has been accessed $1 times. </td><td> {{MSGNW:viewcount}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Viewprevnext&action=edit viewprevnext] </td><td> View ($1) ($2) ($3). </td><td> {{MSGNW:viewprevnext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Viewsource&action=edit viewsource] </td><td> View source </td><td> {{MSGNW:viewsource}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Viewtalkpage&action=edit viewtalkpage] </td><td> View discussion </td><td> {{MSGNW:viewtalkpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wantedpages&action=edit wantedpages] </td><td> Wanted pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:wantedpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchdetails&action=edit watchdetails] </td><td> ($1 pages watched not counting talk pages; $2 total pages edited since cutoff; $3... &lt;a href=&#39;$4&#39;&gt;show and edit complete list&lt;/a&gt;.) </td><td> {{MSGNW:watchdetails}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watcheditlist&action=edit watcheditlist] </td><td> Here&#39;s an alphabetical list of your watched pages. Check the boxes of pages you want to remove from your watchlist and click the &#39;remove checked&#39; button at the bottom of the screen. </td><td> {{MSGNW:watcheditlist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchlist&action=edit watchlist] </td><td> My watchlist </td><td> {{MSGNW:watchlist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchlistcontains&action=edit watchlistcontains] </td><td> Your watchlist contains $1 pages. </td><td> {{MSGNW:watchlistcontains}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchlistsub&action=edit watchlistsub] </td><td> (for user &quot;$1&quot;) </td><td> {{MSGNW:watchlistsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchmethod-list&action=edit watchmethod-list] </td><td> checking watched pages for recent edits </td><td> {{MSGNW:watchmethod-list}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchmethod-recent&action=edit watchmethod-recent] </td><td> checking recent edits for watched pages </td><td> {{MSGNW:watchmethod-recent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchnochange&action=edit watchnochange] </td><td> None of your watched items were edited in the time period displayed. </td><td> {{MSGNW:watchnochange}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchnologin&action=edit watchnologin] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{MSGNW:watchnologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchnologintext&action=edit watchnologintext] </td><td> You must be &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; to modify your watchlist. </td><td> {{MSGNW:watchnologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchthis&action=edit watchthis] </td><td> Watch this article </td><td> {{MSGNW:watchthis}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchthispage&action=edit watchthispage] </td><td> Watch this page </td><td> {{MSGNW:watchthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Welcomecreation&action=edit welcomecreation] </td><td> &lt;h2&gt;Welcome, $1!&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Your account has been created. Don&#39;t forget to personalize your wikipedia preferences. </td><td> {{MSGNW:welcomecreation}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whatlinkshere&action=edit whatlinkshere] </td><td> What links here </td><td> {{MSGNW:whatlinkshere}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistacctext&action=edit whitelistacctext] </td><td> To be allowed to create accounts in this Wiki you have to &#91;&#91;Special:Userlogin&#124;log]] in and have the appropriate permissions. </td><td> {{MSGNW:whitelistacctext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistacctitle&action=edit whitelistacctitle] </td><td> You are not allowed to create an account </td><td> {{MSGNW:whitelistacctitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistedittext&action=edit whitelistedittext] </td><td> You have to &#91;&#91;Special:Userlogin&#124;login]] to edit articles. </td><td> {{MSGNW:whitelistedittext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistedittitle&action=edit whitelistedittitle] </td><td> Login required to edit </td><td> {{MSGNW:whitelistedittitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistreadtext&action=edit whitelistreadtext] </td><td> You have to &#91;&#91;Special:Userlogin&#124;login]] to read articles. </td><td> {{MSGNW:whitelistreadtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistreadtitle&action=edit whitelistreadtitle] </td><td> Login required to read </td><td> {{MSGNW:whitelistreadtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wikipediapage&action=edit wikipediapage] </td><td> View meta page </td><td> {{MSGNW:wikipediapage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wikititlesuffix&action=edit wikititlesuffix] </td><td> Wikipedia </td><td> {{MSGNW:wikititlesuffix}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wlnote&action=edit wlnote] </td><td> Below are the last $1 changes in the last &lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt; hours. </td><td> {{MSGNW:wlnote}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wlsaved&action=edit wlsaved] </td><td> This is a saved version of your watchlist. </td><td> {{MSGNW:wlsaved}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wlshowlast&action=edit wlshowlast] </td><td> Show last $1 hours $2 days $3 </td><td> {{MSGNW:wlshowlast}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wrong_wfQuery_params&action=edit wrong_wfQuery_params] </td><td> Incorrect parameters to wfQuery()&lt;br&gt; Function: $1&lt;br&gt; Query: $2 </td><td> {{MSGNW:wrong_wfQuery_params}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wrongpassword&action=edit wrongpassword] </td><td> The password you entered is incorrect. Please try again. </td><td> {{MSGNW:wrongpassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourdiff&action=edit yourdiff] </td><td> Differences </td><td> {{MSGNW:yourdiff}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Youremail&action=edit youremail] </td><td> Your e-mail* </td><td> {{MSGNW:youremail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourname&action=edit yourname] </td><td> Your user name </td><td> {{MSGNW:yourname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yournick&action=edit yournick] </td><td> Your nickname (for signatures) </td><td> {{MSGNW:yournick}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourpassword&action=edit yourpassword] </td><td> Your password </td><td> {{MSGNW:yourpassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourpasswordagain&action=edit yourpasswordagain] </td><td> Retype password </td><td> {{MSGNW:yourpasswordagain}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourtext&action=edit yourtext] </td><td> Your text </td><td> {{MSGNW:yourtext}} </td></tr></table> 654 7954 2006-04-04T18:23:21Z Marcos 3 '''Lugha saidizi ya kimataifa''' ni [[lugha ya kuundwa]] iliyoundwa kwa ajili ya mawasiliano kati ya watu toka mataifa mbalimbali. Lugha saidizi ya kimataifa inayozungumzwa zaidi ni [[Kiesperanto]]. Nyingine ni kama [[Kivolapuki]], [[Kiido]] na [[Kiinterlingua]]. {{mbegu}} [[en:International auxiliary language]] [[eo:Internacia planlingvo]] [[es:Lengua auxiliar]] [[fi:Kansainvälinen apukieli]] [[ia:Lingua auxiliar international]] [[it:Lingua ausiliaria internazionale]] [[ja:国際補助語]] [[ko:국제어]] [[mt:Lingwa Awziljari Internazzjonali]] [[no:Internasjonalt hjelpespråk]] [[pl:Język pomocniczy]] [[sv:Internationellt hjälpspråk]] 655 sysop 3481 2004-05-22T08:37:14Z 82.68.206.22 <ol start=1></ol> 656 sysop 3482 2004-05-21T23:01:06Z 82.68.206.22 <ol start=1><li><a href="/wiki/Kamati_ya_elimu" class='internal' title ="Kamati ya elimu">Kamati ya elimu</a> (28 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historia_ya_Afrika" class='internal' title ="Historia ya Afrika">Historia ya Afrika</a> (58 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknolojia_ya_chuma" class='internal' title ="Teknolojia ya chuma">Teknolojia ya chuma</a> (80 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maandiko_ya_Agao_jipya" class='internal' title ="Maandiko ya Agao jipya">Maandiko ya Agao jipya</a> (91 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maarifa" class='internal' title ="Maarifa">Maarifa</a> (93 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasihi_simulizi" class='internal' title ="Fasihi simulizi">Fasihi simulizi</a> (97 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombwe" class='internal' title ="Bombwe">Bombwe</a> (119 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushairi" class='internal' title ="Ushairi">Ushairi</a> (119 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikristo" class='internal' title ="Kikristo">Kikristo</a> (138 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biolojia" class='internal' title ="Biolojia">Biolojia</a> (144 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblia" class='internal' title ="Biblia">Biblia</a> (145 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agano_la_kale" class='internal' title ="Agano la kale">Agano la kale</a> (149 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injili" class='internal' title ="Injili">Injili</a> (150 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkiolojia" class='internal' title ="Arkiolojia">Arkiolojia</a> (154 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utibabi" class='internal' title ="Utibabi">Utibabi</a> (161 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadithi" class='internal' title ="Hadithi">Hadithi</a> (196 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesi" class='internal' title ="Nesi">Nesi</a> (205 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrolojia" class='internal' title ="Astrolojia">Astrolojia</a> (228 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elimu" class='internal' title ="Elimu">Elimu</a> (254 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unajimu" class='internal' title ="Unajimu">Unajimu</a> (266 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayansi" class='internal' title ="Sayansi">Sayansi</a> (267 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiyahudi" class='internal' title ="Kiyahudi">Kiyahudi</a> (283 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknolojia" class='internal' title ="Teknolojia">Teknolojia</a> (306 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madola" class='internal' title ="Madola">Madola</a> (315 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dola" class='internal' title ="Dola">Dola</a> (334 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taifa" class='internal' title ="Taifa">Taifa</a> (338 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitali" class='internal' title ="Hospitali">Hospitali</a> (344 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mataifa" class='internal' title ="Mataifa">Mataifa</a> (345 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usanifu" class='internal' title ="Usanifu">Usanifu</a> (378 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugha_saada_ya_kimataifa" class='internal' title ="Lugha saada ya kimataifa">Lugha saada ya kimataifa</a> (387 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesabu" class='internal' title ="Hesabu">Hesabu</a> (398 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheria" class='internal' title ="Sheria">Sheria</a> (398 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenga" class='internal' title ="Jenga">Jenga</a> (406 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathayo" class='internal' title ="Mathayo">Mathayo</a> (417 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiislamu" class='internal' title ="Kiislamu">Kiislamu</a> (454 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugha_asilia" class='internal' title ="Lugha asilia">Lugha asilia</a> (478 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siasa" class='internal' title ="Siasa">Siasa</a> (499 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daktari" class='internal' title ="Daktari">Daktari</a> (507 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiswahili" class='internal' title ="Kiswahili">Kiswahili</a> (547 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majenzi" class='internal' title ="Majenzi">Majenzi</a> (648 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historia" class='internal' title ="Historia">Historia</a> (662 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng" class='internal' title ="Sheng">Sheng</a> (678 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dini" class='internal' title ="Dini">Dini</a> (705 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maarifa_ya_lugha" class='internal' title ="Maarifa ya lugha">Maarifa ya lugha</a> (759 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiografia" class='internal' title ="Jiografia">Jiografia</a> (849 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemia" class='internal' title ="Kemia">Kemia</a> (884 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasihi" class='internal' title ="Fasihi">Fasihi</a> (922 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngoma" class='internal' title ="Ngoma">Ngoma</a> (946 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugha_iliyotengenezwa" class='internal' title ="Lugha iliyotengenezwa">Lugha iliyotengenezwa</a> (1152 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisabati" class='internal' title ="Hisabati">Hisabati</a> (1211 bytes)</li> </ol> 657 sysop 3483 2004-04-24T00:06:56Z 129.79.245.53 <ol start=1><li><a href="/w/wiki.phtml?title=Agano_la_Kale&amp;action=edit" class='new' title ="Agano la Kale">Agano la Kale</a> (<a href="/w/wiki.phtml?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;target=Agano_la_Kale" class='internal' title ="Special:Whatlinkshere">2 links</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/wiki.phtml?title=Tanzania&amp;action=edit" class='new' title ="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> (<a href="/w/wiki.phtml?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;target=Tanzania" class='internal' title ="Special:Whatlinkshere">2 links</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/wiki.phtml?title=Idadi&amp;action=edit" class='new' title ="Idadi">Idadi</a> (<a href="/w/wiki.phtml?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;target=Idadi" class='internal' title ="Special:Whatlinkshere">2 links</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/wiki.phtml?title=Lugha_zilizotengenezwa&amp;action=edit" class='new' title ="Lugha zilizotengenezwa">Lugha zilizotengenezwa</a> (<a href="/w/wiki.phtml?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;target=Lugha_zilizotengenezwa" class='internal' title ="Special:Whatlinkshere">2 links</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/wiki.phtml?title=Kenya&amp;action=edit" class='new' title ="Kenya">Kenya</a> (<a href="/w/wiki.phtml?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;target=Kenya" class='internal' title ="Special:Whatlinkshere">2 links</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/wiki.phtml?title=Maandiko_ya_Agao_Jipya&amp;action=edit" class='new' title ="Maandiko ya Agao Jipya">Maandiko ya Agao Jipya</a> (<a href="/w/wiki.phtml?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;target=Maandiko_ya_Agao_Jipya" class='internal' title ="Special:Whatlinkshere">2 links</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/wiki.phtml?title=Kiingereza&amp;action=edit" class='new' title ="Kiingereza">Kiingereza</a> (<a href="/w/wiki.phtml?title=Special:Whatlinkshere&amp;target=Kiingereza" class='internal' title ="Special:Whatlinkshere">2 links</a>)</li> </ol> 658 sysop 3484 2004-05-21T23:36:06Z Marcos 3 <ol start=1><li><a href="/wiki/Agano_la_kale" class='internal' title ="Agano la kale">Agano la kale</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkiolojia" class='internal' title ="Arkiolojia">Arkiolojia</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrolojia" class='internal' title ="Astrolojia">Astrolojia</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombwe" class='internal' title ="Bombwe">Bombwe</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblia" class='internal' title ="Biblia">Biblia</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biolojia" class='internal' title ="Biolojia">Biolojia</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dini" class='internal' title ="Dini">Dini</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dola" class='internal' title ="Dola">Dola</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daktari" class='internal' title ="Daktari">Daktari</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elimu" class='internal' title ="Elimu">Elimu</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasihi" class='internal' title ="Fasihi">Fasihi</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasihi_simulizi" class='internal' title ="Fasihi simulizi">Fasihi simulizi</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historia" class='internal' title ="Historia">Historia</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historia_ya_Afrika" class='internal' title ="Historia ya Afrika">Historia ya Afrika</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadithi" class='internal' title ="Hadithi">Hadithi</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitali" class='internal' title ="Hospitali">Hospitali</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesabu" class='internal' title ="Hesabu">Hesabu</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injili" class='internal' title ="Injili">Injili</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenga" class='internal' title ="Jenga">Jenga</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiografia" class='internal' title ="Jiografia">Jiografia</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikristo" class='internal' title ="Kikristo">Kikristo</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemia" class='internal' title ="Kemia">Kemia</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiislamu" class='internal' title ="Kiislamu">Kiislamu</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiyahudi" class='internal' title ="Kiyahudi">Kiyahudi</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamati_ya_elimu" class='internal' title ="Kamati ya elimu">Kamati ya elimu</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiesperanto" class='internal' title ="Kiesperanto">Kiesperanto</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugha_iliyotengenezwa" class='internal' title ="Lugha iliyotengenezwa">Lugha iliyotengenezwa</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugha" class='internal' title ="Lugha">Lugha</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugha_asilia" class='internal' title ="Lugha asilia">Lugha asilia</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majenzi" class='internal' title ="Majenzi">Majenzi</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maandiko_ya_Agao_jipya" class='internal' title ="Maandiko ya Agao jipya">Maandiko ya Agao jipya</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathayo" class='internal' title ="Mathayo">Mathayo</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat1" class='internal' title ="Mat1">Mat1</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat2" class='internal' title ="Mat2">Mat2</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat3" class='internal' title ="Mat3">Mat3</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat4" class='internal' title ="Mat4">Mat4</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat5" class='internal' title ="Mat5">Mat5</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat6" class='internal' title ="Mat6">Mat6</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat7" class='internal' title ="Mat7">Mat7</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat8" class='internal' title ="Mat8">Mat8</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat9" class='internal' title ="Mat9">Mat9</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat10" class='internal' title ="Mat10">Mat10</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat11" class='internal' title ="Mat11">Mat11</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat12" class='internal' title ="Mat12">Mat12</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat13" class='internal' title ="Mat13">Mat13</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat14" class='internal' title ="Mat14">Mat14</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat15" class='internal' title ="Mat15">Mat15</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat16" class='internal' title ="Mat16">Mat16</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat17" class='internal' title ="Mat17">Mat17</a> (0 views)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat18" class='internal' title ="Mat18">Mat18</a> (0 views)</li> </ol> 659 3485 2004-02-19T13:40:02Z ArnoLagrange 2 [[de:Benutzer:ArnoLagrange]] [[en:User:ArnoLagrange]] [[eo:Vikipediisto:ArnoLagrange]] [[fr:Utilisateur:ArnoLagrange]] '''eo''' : Arno Lagrange estas franca vikipediisto aktiva en la [[Kiesperanto|esperanta]] vikipedio. 660 11616 2006-07-01T14:42:59Z Escarbot 176 robot Adding: an, ast, az, ba, be, bn, ceb, csb, fa, fiu-vro, fo, fur, gu, gv, io, jbo, ka, km, ky, lad, lb, li, mk, nds, oc, ps, sc, scn, sco, sq, su, tl, ug, uz, vec, vi, zh-min-nan Removing: als Modifying: es, gl, zh '''Hisabati''' ni somo inayohusika na [[idadi]], [[upimaji]] na [[ukubwa]]. Kwa ujumla ni somo inayohusika na [[mwundo|miundo]] na [[kielezo|vielezo]]. Hisabati inatimiza somo mbalimbali, kama [[hesabu]], [[jiometria]] na [[aljebra]]. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Hisabati]] [[af:Wiskunde]] [[an:Matematicas]] [[ar:رياضيات]] [[ast:Matemátiques]] [[az:Riyaziyyat]] [[ba:Математика]] [[be:Матэматыка]] [[bg:Математика]] [[bn:গণিত]] [[br:Matematikoù]] [[bs:Matematika]] [[ca:Matemàtiques]] [[ceb:Matematika]] [[co:Matematica]] [[cs:Matematika]] [[csb:Matematika]] [[cy:Mathemateg]] [[da:Matematik]] [[de:Mathematik]] [[el:Μαθηματικά]] [[en:Mathematics]] [[eo:Matematiko]] [[es:Matemáticas]] [[et:Matemaatika]] [[eu:Matematika]] [[fa:ریاضیات]] [[fi:Matematiikka]] [[fiu-vro:Matõmaatiga]] [[fo:Støddfrøði]] [[fr:Mathématiques]] [[fur:Matematiche]] [[fy:Wiskunde]] [[ga:Matamaitic]] [[gd:Matamataig]] [[gl:Matemáticas]] [[gu:ગણિત]] [[gv:Maddaght]] [[he:מתמטיקה]] [[hr:Matematika]] [[hu:Matematika]] [[ia:Mathematica]] [[id:Matematika]] [[io:Matematiko]] [[is:Stærðfræði]] [[it:Matematica]] [[ja:数学]] [[jbo:cmaci]] [[ka:მათემატიკა]] [[km:គណិតសាស្ត្រ]] [[ko:수학]] [[ky:Математика]] [[la:Mathematica]] [[lad:Matematika]] [[lb:Mathematik]] [[li:Mathematik]] [[lt:Matematika]] [[lv:Matemātika]] [[mk:Математика]] [[ms:Matematik]] [[nds:Mathematik]] [[nl:Wiskunde]] [[no:Matematikk]] [[oc:Matematicas]] [[pl:Matematyka]] [[ps:شمېر پوهنه]] [[pt:Matemática]] [[ro:Matematică]] [[ru:Математика]] [[sc:Matemàtica]] [[scn:Matimàtica]] [[sco:Mathematics]] [[simple:Mathematics]] [[sk:Matematika]] [[sl:Matematika]] [[sq:Matematika]] [[sr:Математика]] [[su:Matematika]] [[sv:Matematik]] [[ta:கணிதம்]] [[th:คณิตศาสตร์]] [[tl:Matematika]] [[tr:Matematik]] [[tt:Matematik]] [[ug:ماتېماتىكا]] [[uk:Математика]] [[uz:Matematika]] [[vec:Matematèga]] [[vi:Toán học]] [[zh:数学]] [[zh-min-nan:Sò·-ha̍k]] 661 8163 2006-04-10T12:12:46Z Matt Crypto 20 #REDIRECT [[Agano_la_Kale]] 662 3488 2004-02-21T22:22:53Z Srtxg 6 moved to "Historia_ya_Afrika" #REDIRECT [[Historia_ya_Afrika]] 664 3490 2004-02-21T22:26:11Z Srtxg 6 moved to "Lugha_asilia" #REDIRECT [[Lugha_asilia]] 665 3491 2004-02-21T22:29:45Z Srtxg 6 moved to "Maarifa_ya_lugha" #REDIRECT [[Maarifa_ya_lugha]] 666 7969 2006-04-04T18:36:06Z Marcos 3 #REDIRECT [[Lugha_ya kuundwa]] 667 3493 2004-02-21T22:36:10Z Srtxg 6 #REDIRECT [[Maandiko_ya_Agao_jipya]] 668 3494 2004-02-21T22:35:38Z Srtxg 6 moved to "Maandiko_ya_Agao_jipya" #REDIRECT [[Maandiko_ya_Agao_jipya]] 669 7966 2006-04-04T18:33:48Z Marcos 3 #REDIRECT [[Lugha_saidizi_ya_kimataifa]] 670 3496 2004-02-21T22:38:14Z Srtxg 6 moved to "Kamati_ya_elimu" #REDIRECT [[Kamati_ya_elimu]] 672 sysop 3498 2004-04-24T12:44:06Z 129.79.245.53 <ol start=1><li><a href="/wiki/Agano_la_kale" class='internal' title ="Agano la kale">Agano la kale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkiolojia" class='internal' title ="Arkiolojia">Arkiolojia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biolojia" class='internal' title ="Biolojia">Biolojia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombwe" class='internal' title ="Bombwe">Bombwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daktari" class='internal' title ="Daktari">Daktari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasihi_simulizi" class='internal' title ="Fasihi simulizi">Fasihi simulizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadithi" class='internal' title ="Hadithi">Hadithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injili" class='internal' title ="Injili">Injili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenga" class='internal' title ="Jenga">Jenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiografia" class='internal' title ="Jiografia">Jiografia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemia" class='internal' title ="Kemia">Kemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiislamu" class='internal' title ="Kiislamu">Kiislamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiswahili" class='internal' title ="Kiswahili">Kiswahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiyahudi" class='internal' title ="Kiyahudi">Kiyahudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maarifa" class='internal' title ="Maarifa">Maarifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngoma" class='internal' title ="Ngoma">Ngoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng" class='internal' title ="Sheng">Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheria" class='internal' title ="Sheria">Sheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siasa" class='internal' title ="Siasa">Siasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknolojia_ya_chuma" class='internal' title ="Teknolojia ya chuma">Teknolojia ya chuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usanifu" class='internal' title ="Usanifu">Usanifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushairi" class='internal' title ="Ushairi">Ushairi</a></li> </ol> 673 sysop 3499 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Bureaucrat_log 674 sysop 4065 2005-07-03T14:17:14Z MediaWiki default Changed group membership for $1 from $2 to $3 675 sysop 3501 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default The action you have requested can only be performed by sysops with "bureaucrat" status. 676 sysop 3502 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Bureaucrat access required 677 sysop 3503 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default {{SITENAME}} e-mail 678 sysop 4347 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default <form method="get" action="http://www.google.com/search" id="googlesearch"> <input type="hidden" name="domains" value="{{SERVER}}" /> <input type="hidden" name="num" value="50" /> <input type="hidden" name="ie" value="$2" /> <input type="hidden" name="oe" value="$2" /> <input type="text" name="q" size="31" maxlength="255" value="$1" /> <input type="submit" name="btnG" value="$3" /> <div> <input type="radio" name="sitesearch" id="gwiki" value="{{SERVER}}" checked="checked" /><label for="gwiki">{{SITENAME}}</label> <input type="radio" name="sitesearch" id="gWWW" value="" /><label for="gWWW">WWW</label> </div> </form> 679 sysop 5769 2005-12-22T07:43:32Z MediaWiki default Invalid IP range. 680 sysop 3506 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Expiry time invalid. 681 sysop 3507 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Expiry 682 sysop 3508 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default <b>User "$1" could not be made into a sysop. (Did you enter the name correctly?)</b> 683 sysop 3509 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Name of the user: 684 sysop 3510 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default <b>User "$1" is now a sysop</b> 685 sysop 3511 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Make this user into a sysop 686 sysop 3512 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default This form is used by bureaucrats to turn ordinary users into administrators. Type the name of the user in the box and press the button to make the user an administrator 687 sysop 3513 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Make a user into a sysop 688 sysop 3514 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default The sysop ability to create range blocks is disabled. 689 sysop 3515 2005-06-25T11:26:07Z MediaWiki default Set bureaucrat flag 690 sysop 3516 2005-06-25T11:26:09Z MediaWiki default Version 691 6488 2006-01-27T09:24:07Z 153.1.31.156 /* Projects */ [[en:User:sj]] [[de:User:Sj]] Mimi ni [[m:User:Sj|Samuel Klein]]; ninatoka [[Uingereza]]. Ninasaidia sana na [[Wikipedia]] wa [[Kiingereza]]. == English == There's still lots of English on these pages, isn't it? So I don't feel so bad for writing English myself. Small steps. Come back soon, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Sj Sj]. Next meeting will be on Monday January 30 in the project work room at 09 o’clock. == For translation == : ''[[User:Sj/Strings]] to be translated'' [http://www.kenya-wildlife-service.org/default.htm Wildlife Service] [http://www.yale.edu/swahili/ Kamusi Project dictionary] | [[Kiswahili]] | [[Kiingereza]] <br> | [[Kikuyu]] | [[Luya]]? | [[Luo]] | [[Masai]] | [[Bantu]] | [[Tanzania]] | [[Kenya]] | [[Kakamega]] | [[Kisumu]] <br> | [[Lamu]] | [[Malindi]] | [[Mombasa]] | [[Nairobi]] | [[Nakuru]] | [[Dar es Salaam]] | [[Entebbe]] | <br> [[Turkana]] (Lake) | [[Masai Mara]] | [[Amboseli]] | [[Tsavo]] <br> | [[Kilimanjaro]] | [[Mt Kenya]] (??) '''[[Wazee]]''': | [[Jomo Kenyatta]] | [[Julius Nyerere]] | [[Mwai Kibaki]] | [[Daniel Arap Moi]] | [[Richard Leakey]] [[Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu]] | [[The Daily Nation]] 692 8882 2006-04-27T02:37:37Z 130.220.79.99 /* Viuongo vya nje */ '''Sheng''' ni lugha ya mitaani inayochanganya [[Kiswahili]] sanifu na [[Kiingereza]] pamoja na lugha mbalimbali za kienyeji kama vile [[Gikuyu]], [[Dholuo]] n.k.. Sana sana hutumiwa na vijana katika mji wa [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]]. Hata hivyo lugha hii inasambaa katika sehemu mbalimbali za Kenya na watu wa matabaka mbalimbali wanaitumia. Sheng inatumiwa kwenye mabasi, redioni, muziki, na hata wakati mwingine kwenye [[bunge la Kenya]]. Sheng ilianza kutumika mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 70 katika kitongoji cha [[Eastlands]] katika jiji la Nairobi. Wanamuziki, hasa wa mtindo wa "rap" wamefanya lugha hii kujulikana na kuanza kukubalika. Wanamuziki kama vile [[Kalamashaka]] na [[Nonini]] wamekuwa wakiitumia sana kwenye nyimbo zao. Ingawa misamiati mingi, muundo, na kanuni za Sheng zinatoka kwenye lugha ya Kiswahili, Sheng inatumia maneno ya [[Kiingereza]] na pia lugha za makabila nchini Kenya. Ingawa kuna watu wengi wanaoipenda na kuitetea Sheng, wako wengine, wakiwemo walimu wa lugha mashuleni na vyuoni, wanaoipinga kwa maelezo kuwa inaharibu lugha ya Kiswahili na pia inahatarisha uwezo wa watoto na vijana kumudu Kiingereza na Kiswahili sanifu. Baadhi ya maneno ya Sheng: * manzi, mshi, dame, chikidee, chile, chick = msichana * "fit!", "fit sana!" = mzuri, ''okay'' * "Nai" - Nairobi * "sasa" = habari yako (ya sasa, ya saa hizi) * chali, mhi, kijanaa, aguy, = mvulana * kitu zii sana = kitu kibaya * kucheki = kuangalia * Kuenda tao = kuenda mjini * Kukatia = kumwambia unayempenda maneno matamu "flirting" * Kujiskia,Kufeel fly = kuwa na maringo * kupata ball = kupata mimba * Kugonga wall , kugonga mawe = kujaribu kumwongelesha msichana lakini hataki kujihusisha nawe * kulapa mtu = kujidai kuwa humwoni mtu * Tia ritho = kuangalia. tia ritho= (literary: put to the eye) katika kikuyu, jina 'ritho' lamaanisha 'jicho'. * Kushona = kupata mimba. Mfano: Dame ameshona; * Kuchill = hali ya kutofanya mapenzi kabla ya ndoa. * Kusota = hali ya kuwa bila pesa ama hela (being broke) * Kuhanya = kufanya mapenzi ki-holelaholela * Keroro = mvinyo, pombe * Kugotea = kusalimia, (hello) * kuwa gauge = hali ya kuwa mlevi, (drunk) * Mahaga = sehemu ya nyuma ya msichana, matako * Ndae = Gari (car) ==Viuongo vya nje== *[http://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI3043947/ Tasnifu kuhusu Sheng]Talking Sheng: The role of a hybrid language in the construction of identity and youth culture in Nairobi, Kenya. *[http://africanlanguages.com/kdp/sheng/ Kamusi ya Sheng/Kiingereza, Kiingereza/Sheng] *[http://osporne.blogspot.com/ Blogu ya Sheng] Bloki ya Osporne [[Category:Lugha]] [[Category:Kenya]] [[de:Sheng (Sprache)]] [[en:Sheng language]] Kutia Ndani = kula (lit. To put inside) Kupewa = Kunywa pombe Karao, Deawoo, = Polisi (Deawoo from the brand of cars used by some police in Kenya) 693 11618 2006-07-01T15:24:57Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: af, als, ast, ca, fa, it, kg, ko, ln, nn, no, oc, pt, ru, th, zh Modifying: ar, es, fi [[Image:Swahili_area.gif|right|thumb|290px|Maeneo penye wasemaji wa Kiswahili]] '''Kiswahili''' ni lugha ya [[Kibantu, lugha|kibantu]] yenye misamiati mingi ya kiarabu inayozungumzwa katika eneo kubwa la [[Afrika ya Mashariki]]. Hakuna uhakika kuhusu idadi za wasemaji wa lugha; idadi zinazotajwa zinatofautiana. Wasemaji wa [[lugha ya kwanza]] wako labda kati ya milioni 7 hadi 10, na wasemaji wa [[lugha ya pili]] zaidi ya milioni sabini. Idadi ya wasemaji wa lugha ya kwanza inakua, kwa sababu lugha inaenea katika maeneo ambapo lugha nyingine zilikuwa lugha kuu, na hasa katika miji ya [[Tanzania]] imekuwepo lugha kuu, badala ya [[lugha ya kikabila|lugha za kikabila]]. Kati ya nchi ambapo Kiswahili kinatumika ni [[Tanzania]], [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|Kongo-Kinshasa]], [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], Msumbiji, Somalia na visiwa vya [[Bahari Hindi]]. ==Lugha rasmi== Kiswahili kimekuwa lugha rasmi katika nchi zifuatazo: * '''Tanzania''': Lugha ya taifa; ni lugha ya shule za msingi, lugha ya utawala serikalini na mahakamani; inatumika kote nchini, kanisani, kwenye misikiti, kwa redio, TV na idadi kubwa ya magazeti. * '''Kenya''': ni lugha ya taifa lakini Kiingereza ni lugha rasmi ya Kiutawala; Kiswahili ni lugha ya kwanza ya mawasiliano kati ya wanachi wakikutana nje ya eneo penye kabila moja tu; ni lugha inayofundishwa lakini si lugha ya kufundisha mashuleni; ni lugha inayotumika na polisi na jeshi, ni lugha ya kuhutubia wanachi mjini na kitaifa; sehemu za ibada makanisani inatumia Kiswahili; kuna gazeti moja tu ya Kiswahili; sehemu za programu redioni na kwenye TV ni kwa Kiswahili. Lugha inachanganywa mara nyingi na Kiingereza na lugha za maeneo au kikabila. * '''Uganda''': imetangazwa kuwa lugha ya kitaifa tangu 2005; iliwahi kuwa lugha ya kitaifa wakati wa utawala wa [[Idi Amin]]; wakati wa ukoloni ilifundishwa mashuleni ikaelekea kuwa lugha rasmi pamoja na Kiingereza lakini matumizi haya yalipingwa hasa na [[Buganda|Waganda]] hivyo Waingereza waliacha mipango haya. Ni lugha ya polisi na jeshi hali ambayo imeleta ugumu kwa lugha kukubalika na wanachi wengi kutokana na historia ya utawala wa kijeshi Uganda; watu wengi bado hukumbuka hasa matusi ya wanajeshi waliowatesa wakisema Kiswahili. Lakini kuna maeneo ya Uganda ambako Kiswahili kinatumika na watu wengi kama lugha ya sokoni na barabarani. * '''Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo''': Kiswahili ni kati ya lugha nne za kitaifa, pia lugha ya jeshi katika magharibi ya nchi. Kiswahili kimefika na misafara ya [[biashara ya watumwa]] na pembe za ndovu kutoka Zanzibar na pwani la Tanganyika. Imeenea zaidi kati ya mchanganyiko wa wafanyakazi kwenye migodi ya [[Katanga]]. ==Lugha ya kwanza, lugha ya pili== Kiasili Kiswahili kilikuwa lugha ya kwanza tu ya wakazi wa miji ya Waswahili kwenye pwani, katika sehemu za pwani pia kijijini. Baada ya kuenea kimekuwa lugha ya watu wengi mjini hasa Tanzania lakini pia Kenya. Kimeenea zaidi kama lugha ya mawasiliano na biashara pale ambako watu wa makabila mbalimbali wanakutana. Pamoja na nchi zinazotajwa hapo juu Kiswahili kinatumika katika Kaskazini ya Msumbiji, Kusini kabisa ya Somalia, Mashariki ya Burundi. Maeneo ya mpaka wa Tanzania kuna pia wasemaji kadhaa huko Malawi na Zambia. Tanzania na Kenya zilipokea wakimbizi wengi waliojifunza Kiswahili lakini hakuna uhakika kama bado kinatumika wakirudi Rwanda, Sudan au Somalia. ==Kimataifa== Lugha hii leo imekuwa na umuhimu mkubwa duniani kwa jumla, na hasa [[Afrika]], kwa sababu ya kuenea kwake nchi mbali mbali, na kukusanya kwake watu wa makabila na nchi kadha wa kadha wakaweza kufahamiana kwa lugha moja, hasa ilivyokuwa ni lugha mojawapo katika lugha kubwa za Afrika ambazo zinachukuwa mahala pa lugha za kigeni zilizoletwa na [[Ukoloni|Wakoloni]], kama [[Kifaransa]], [[Kiingereza]], [[Kitalia]], [[Kireno]] na kadhalika. Leo, imekuwa inatumiwa katika kusambaza habari katika vituo mbali mbali ulimwenguni kama vile [[Sauti ya Amerika]], [[BBC]], [[Deutsche Welle]], [[Monte Carlo]], na nchi nyenginezo za [[Uchina]] na Urusi na [[Irani]] na kwengineko. Aidha, imekuwa ni mojawapo ya lugha muhimu zinazofundishwa katika vyuo vikuu nchini [[Marekani]], [[Uingereza]], [[Ulaya]], [[Urusi]], [[Uchina]], na barani Afrika. Lugha hii ina utajiri mkubwa wa misamiati na misemo na mithali na mashairi na mafumbo na vitendawili na nyimbo. Nayo inatumika katika mashule kufundishia elimu mbali mbali za dini na dunia, na kuna vitabu vingi vilivyotungwa kwa kutumia lugha hii, vikiwa vya hadithi au hekaya au riwaya. Kiswahili ni lugha iliyoanza takriban miaka 800-1000 iliyopita katika mazingira ya vituo vya biashara vya pwani. Kwa karne nyingi iliandikwa kwa herufi za [[Kiarabu]] (سواحلي sawaHili au لغة سواحيلية lugha sawaHiliya). Sarufi ya kwanza pamoja na Kamusi iliandikwa mnamo 1848 na [[Ludwig Krapf]] huko Rabai Mpya / [[Mombasa]]. :''Tako la kifungu: [[Historia ya Kiswahili]] :''Tako la kifungu: [[Lahaja za Kiswahili]] ==Viungo vya nje== * {{en}} [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=SWA "Kiswahili, lugha moja ya Tanzania] * {{en}} [http://research.yale.edu/swahili/learn/?q=en/home Jifunze Kiswahili] * [http://www.yale.edu/swahili/ Kamusi Hai ya Kiswahili/Kiingereza] * {{en}}{{fr}}[http://mwanasimba.free.fr/ Mwana Simba: Kiswahili? Hakuna matata!] * [http://www.swahili.at/ Swahili Literatur/Fasihi ya Swahili] (Kijerumani/Kiswahili) * [http://www.kiswahili.at/ Woerterbuch/Kamusi Kiswahili/Deutsch Deutsch/Kiswahili] (Kijerumani/Kiswahili) * [http://www.swahili.de/ Vitabu vya Kiswahili na Kijerumani / Swahili-Buecher und Übungen] [[Category:Afrika]] [[Category:Lugha]] [[Category:Waswahili]] [[af:Swahili]] [[als:Swahili (Sprache)]] [[am:ስዋሂሊ]] [[ar:لغة سواحيلية]] [[ast:Suahili]] [[ca:Suahili]] [[cs:Svahilština]] [[cy:Swahili]] [[de:Swahili (Sprache)]] [[en:Swahili language]] [[eo:Svahila lingvo]] [[es:Swahili]] [[fa:زبان سواحلی]] [[fi:Swahili]] [[fr:Swahili]] [[it:Lingua swahili]] [[ja:スワヒリ語]] [[kg:Kiswahili]] [[ko:스와힐리어]] [[li:Swahili]] [[ln:Kiswahili]] [[nl:Swahili]] [[nn:Swahili]] [[no:Swahili]] [[oc:Swahili]] [[pl:Suahili]] [[pt:KiSwahili]] [[ru:Суахили]] [[sco:Swauheilie]] [[sv:Swahili]] [[th:ภาษาสวาฮีลี]] [[zh:斯瓦希里语]] 694 3520 2004-04-03T11:02:47Z Borislav 9 Hello, I'm a user from Bulgaria. Hello, I'm a user from Bulgaria. [[:m:User:Borislav|My user page on meta]]. [[bg:Потребител:Borislav]] [[en:User:Borislav]] 695 3521 2005-03-18T15:57:57Z 212.72.22.49 20 '''General disclaimer''' - [[Wikipedia:Risk disclaimer|Use Wikipedia at your own risk!]] - [[Wikipedia:Medical disclaimer|Wikipedia does not give medical advice]] - [[Wikipedia:Legal disclaimer|Wikipedia does not give legal opinions]] - [[Wikipedia:Content disclaimer|Wikipedia contains spoilers and content you may find objectionable]] <center><font face="Arial" size="+2"><b> W<small>IKIPEDIA</small> M<small>AKES</small> N<small>O</small> G<small>UARANTEE</small> O<small>F</small> V<small>ALIDITY</small> </b></font></center> '''Wikipedia''' is an online open-content encyclopedia, that is, a voluntary association of individuals and groups who are developing a common resource of human knowledge. Its structure allows any individual with an Internet connection and World Wide Web browser to alter the content found here. 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The laws in your country may not recognize as broad a protection of free speech as the laws of the United States or the principles under the UN Charter, and as such, ''Wikipedia'' cannot be responsible for any potential violations of such laws should you link to this domain or use any of the information contained herein in anyway whatsoever. :'''<big>If you need specific advice (for example, medical, legal, financial, or risk management) please seek a professional who is licensed or knowledgable in that area.</big>''' Read [[Wikipedia:Risk disclaimer]], [[Wikipedia:Medical disclaimer]], and [[Wikipedia:Legal disclaimer]] for specific disclaimers. :'''<big>Wikipedia is not uniformly peer reviewed; while readers may correct errors or remove erroneous suggestions they have no legal duty to do so and thus all information read here is without any implied warranty of fitness for any purpose or use whatsoever.</big>''' '''No consequential damages can be sought against ''Wikipedia''''', as it is a voluntary association of individuals developed freely to create various open source online educational, cultural and informational resources. '''This information is being given to you gratuitously''' and there is '''no agreement or understanding between you and ''Wikipedia''''' regarding your use or modification of this information beyond the [[GNU Free Documentation License]] neither is anyone at ''Wikipedia'' responsible should someone change, edit, modify or remove any information that you may post on ''Wikipedia'' or any of its associated projects. Thank you for spending the time to read this page, and please enjoy your experience at ''Wikipedia''. <!--Remain seated until the aircraft stops moving and the seat-belt light goes off. ;-) ha, ha! NO SMOKING IN THE TERMINAL BUILDING...Do not adjust your television set, YOU ARE NOW ENTERING THE TWILIGHT ZONE --> [[en:Wikipedia:General_disclaimer]] [[ca:Viquipèdia:Avís legal]] [[da:Wikipedia:Generelle forbehold]] [[hu:Wikip%C3%A9dia:Jogi_nyilatkozat]] [[no:Wikipedia:Generelle forbehold]] [[tr:Hukuk]] [[pl:Wikipedia:Zrzeczenie si&#281; odpowiedzialno&#347;ci]] [[sv:Wikipedia:Allmänt förbehåll]] [[zh:Wikipedia:%E5%85%8D%E8%B4%A3%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E]] 696 sysop 3522 2004-05-21T23:41:55Z 82.68.206.22 <ol start=1><li><a href="/wiki/Mat22" class='internal' title ="Mat22">Mat22</a> (9962 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat26" class='internal' title ="Mat26">Mat26</a> (9154 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat27" class='internal' title ="Mat27">Mat27</a> (7753 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat13" class='internal' title ="Mat13">Mat13</a> (7577 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat12" class='internal' title ="Mat12">Mat12</a> (6913 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat21" class='internal' title 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href="/wiki/Mat6" class='internal' title ="Mat6">Mat6</a> (4715 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat14" class='internal' title ="Mat14">Mat14</a> (4470 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat19" class='internal' title ="Mat19">Mat19</a> (4386 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat11" class='internal' title ="Mat11">Mat11</a> (4351 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat16" class='internal' title ="Mat16">Mat16</a> (4331 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat7" class='internal' title ="Mat7">Mat7</a> (3996 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat17" class='internal' title ="Mat17">Mat17</a> (3966 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat2" class='internal' title ="Mat2">Mat2</a> (3946 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat4" class='internal' title ="Mat4">Mat4</a> (3620 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat1" class='internal' title ="Mat1">Mat1</a> (3489 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat28" class='internal' title ="Mat28">Mat28</a> (3038 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat3" class='internal' title ="Mat3">Mat3</a> (2862 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiesperanto" class='internal' title ="Kiesperanto">Kiesperanto</a> (1908 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugha" class='internal' title ="Lugha">Lugha</a> (1395 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisabati" class='internal' title ="Hisabati">Hisabati</a> (1211 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugha_iliyotengenezwa" class='internal' title ="Lugha iliyotengenezwa">Lugha iliyotengenezwa</a> (1152 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngoma" class='internal' title ="Ngoma">Ngoma</a> (946 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasihi" class='internal' title ="Fasihi">Fasihi</a> (922 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemia" class='internal' title ="Kemia">Kemia</a> (884 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiografia" class='internal' title ="Jiografia">Jiografia</a> (849 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maarifa_ya_lugha" class='internal' title ="Maarifa ya lugha">Maarifa ya lugha</a> (759 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dini" class='internal' title ="Dini">Dini</a> (705 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng" class='internal' title ="Sheng">Sheng</a> (678 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historia" class='internal' title ="Historia">Historia</a> (662 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majenzi" class='internal' title ="Majenzi">Majenzi</a> (648 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiswahili" class='internal' title ="Kiswahili">Kiswahili</a> (547 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daktari" class='internal' title ="Daktari">Daktari</a> (507 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siasa" class='internal' title ="Siasa">Siasa</a> (499 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugha_asilia" class='internal' title ="Lugha asilia">Lugha asilia</a> (478 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiislamu" class='internal' title ="Kiislamu">Kiislamu</a> (454 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathayo" class='internal' title ="Mathayo">Mathayo</a> (417 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenga" class='internal' title ="Jenga">Jenga</a> (406 bytes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesabu" class='internal' title ="Hesabu">Hesabu</a> (398 bytes)</li> </ol> 697 3523 2004-05-15T15:07:45Z 163.1.209.241 698 3524 2004-05-15T15:08:07Z 163.1.209.241 699 sysop 3525 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default + 700 sysop 3526 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default n 701 sysop 3527 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default . 702 sysop 3528 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default a 703 sysop 3529 2005-06-25T11:26:03Z MediaWiki default v 704 sysop 3530 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default &lt;accesskey-contributions&gt; 705 sysop 3531 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default &lt;accesskey-currentevents&gt; 706 sysop 3532 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default d 707 sysop 3533 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default e 708 sysop 3534 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default &lt;accesskey-emailuser&gt; 709 sysop 3535 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default &lt;accesskey-help&gt; 710 sysop 3536 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default h 711 sysop 3537 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default o 712 sysop 3538 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default o 713 sysop 3539 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default z 714 sysop 3540 2005-06-25T11:26:03Z MediaWiki default i 715 sysop 3541 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default m 716 sysop 3542 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default y 717 sysop 3543 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default n 718 sysop 3544 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default &lt;accesskey-portal&gt; 719 sysop 3545 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default &lt;accesskey-preferences&gt; 720 sysop 3546 2005-06-25T11:26:03Z MediaWiki default p 721 sysop 3547 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default = 722 sysop 3548 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default x 723 sysop 3549 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default r 724 sysop 3550 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default c 725 sysop 3551 2005-06-25T11:26:03Z MediaWiki default s 726 sysop 3552 2005-06-25T11:26:03Z MediaWiki default f 727 sysop 3553 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default &lt;accesskey-sitesupport&gt; 728 sysop 3554 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default &lt;accesskey-specialpage&gt; 729 sysop 3555 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default q 730 sysop 3556 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default t 731 sysop 3557 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default d 732 sysop 3558 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default w 733 sysop 3559 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default u 734 sysop 3560 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default . 735 sysop 3561 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default e 736 sysop 3562 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default w 737 sysop 3563 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default l 738 sysop 3564 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default b 739 sysop 3565 2005-06-25T11:26:03Z MediaWiki default + 740 sysop 3566 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default and 741 sysop 3567 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Talk for this IP 742 sysop 4639 2005-07-29T11:13:26Z MediaWiki default Anonymous user(s) of {{SITENAME}} 743 sysop 3569 2004-05-31T22:26:34Z Marcos 3 Makala 744 sysop 3570 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Compare selected versions 745 sysop 3571 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Confirm protection 746 sysop 3572 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Do you really want to protect this page? 747 sysop 3573 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Confirm unprotection 748 sysop 3574 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Do you really want to unprotect this page? 749 sysop 3575 2005-01-05T08:09:06Z Neno 24 Yaliyomo yafuata $1. 750 sysop 6315 2006-01-22T16:48:43Z Matt Crypto 20 Futa 751 sysop 3577 2005-01-04T07:47:34Z Neno 24 Hariri 752 sysop 3578 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Feed: 753 sysop 3579 2004-05-31T00:32:39Z Marcos 3 Historia 754 sysop 3580 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Import pages 755 sysop 3581 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Import failed: $1 756 sysop 3582 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Conflicting history revision exists (may have imported this page before) 757 sysop 3583 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Empty or no text 758 sysop 3584 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Import succeeded! 759 sysop 3585 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Please export the file from the source wiki using the Special:Export utility, save it to your disk and upload it here. 760 sysop 3586 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Please enter the text you want to be formatted.\n It will be shown in the infobox for copy and pasting.\nExample:\n$1\nwill become:\n$2 761 sysop 3587 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default ISBN 762 sysop 3588 2005-01-05T07:20:07Z Neno 24 Ukurasa huu umebadilishwa tarehe $1 na $2. 763 sysop 3589 2005-01-04T11:59:18Z Neno 24 Unatakiwa [[special:Userlogin|kuingia]] ili uweze kusoma kurasa nyingine. 764 sysop 3590 2005-01-04T12:01:43Z Neno 24 Unatakiwa kuingia au kujisajili 765 sysop 3591 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Error sending mail: $1 766 sysop 11696 2006-07-01T19:11:51Z MediaWiki default Consult the [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents User's Guide] for information on using the wiki software. == Getting started == * [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Configuration_settings Configuration settings list] * [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:FAQ MediaWiki FAQ] * [http://mail.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/mediawiki-announce MediaWiki release mailing list] 767 sysop 3593 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Make a user into a sysop 768 sysop 3594 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Can't write to or create math output directory 769 sysop 3595 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Can't write to or create math temp directory 770 sysop 3596 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure. 771 sysop 5772 2005-12-22T07:43:32Z MediaWiki default <b>Missing image</b><br /><i>$1</i> 772 sysop 6320 2006-01-22T17:03:30Z Matt Crypto 20 Sogeza 773 sysop 3599 2004-10-03T07:09:43Z Neno 24 Safari 774 sysop 3600 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Creative Commons RDF metadata disabled for this server. 775 sysop 3601 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Dublin Core RDF metadata disabled for this server. 776 sysop 3602 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default The wiki server can't provide data in a format your client can read. 777 sysop 3603 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Category 778 sysop 3604 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Help 779 sysop 4414 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default File 780 sysop 3606 2004-06-01T15:21:05Z Marcos 3 Makala 781 sysop 4667 2005-07-29T11:13:28Z MediaWiki default Media page 782 sysop 3608 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Message 783 sysop 3609 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Special 784 sysop 3610 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Template 785 sysop 3611 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default User page 786 sysop 4668 2005-07-29T11:13:28Z MediaWiki default Project page 787 sysop 3613 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Based on work by $1. 788 sysop 3614 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default $1 - {{SITENAME}} 789 sysop 11712 2006-07-01T19:11:51Z MediaWiki default The following data is cached and may not be up to date. 790 sysop 3616 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Personal tools 791 sysop 3617 2004-10-01T07:07:14Z Neno 24 {{SITENAME}}:Jumuia 792 sysop 3618 2004-10-01T05:55:28Z Neno 24 Wikipedia:Jumuia 793 sysop 3619 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default {{SITENAME}} is powered by [http://www.mediawiki.org/ MediaWiki], an open source wiki engine. 794 sysop 3620 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default * <strong>Real name</strong> (optional): if you choose to provide it this will be used for giving you attribution for your work.<br /> * <strong>Email</strong> (optional): Enables people to contact you through the website without you having to reveal your email address to them, and it can be used to send you a new password if you forget it. 795 sysop 4421 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default Misc 796 sysop 5261 2005-11-09T23:18:29Z MediaWiki default User profile 797 sysop 5262 2005-11-09T23:18:29Z MediaWiki default Recent changes 798 sysop 6314 2006-01-22T16:47:12Z Matt Crypto 20 Hifadhi 799 sysop 3625 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Reason for protecting 800 sysop 3626 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default (give a reason) 801 sysop 3627 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default (Protecting "$1") 802 sysop 3628 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Proxy blocker 803 sysop 3629 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Your IP address has been blocked because it is an open proxy. Please contact your Internet service provider or tech support and inform them of this serious security problem. 804 sysop 5782 2005-12-22T07:43:33Z MediaWiki default Done. 805 sysop 4673 2005-07-29T11:13:28Z MediaWiki default http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc$1.txt 806 sysop 3632 2005-06-25T11:26:07Z MediaWiki default Rights: 807 sysop 3633 2005-06-25T11:26:07Z MediaWiki default Rollback 808 sysop 3634 2005-06-25T11:26:07Z MediaWiki default Select a newer version for comparison 809 sysop 3635 2005-06-25T11:26:07Z MediaWiki default Select an older version for comparison 810 sysop 3636 2005-06-25T11:26:07Z MediaWiki default There were serious xhtml markup errors detected by tidy. 811 sysop 3637 2005-06-25T11:26:07Z MediaWiki default <b>User rights for "$1" could not be set. (Did you enter the name correctly?)</b> 812 sysop 3638 2005-06-25T11:26:07Z MediaWiki default Set user rights 813 sysop 6333 2006-01-22T23:32:02Z Marcos 3 {{SITENAME}} mtumiaji $1 814 sysop 4679 2005-07-29T11:13:28Z MediaWiki default {{SITENAME}} user(s) $1 815 sysop 3641 2005-01-05T08:27:39Z Neno 24 Ukarasa maalumu 816 sysop 3642 2004-06-01T15:24:27Z Marcos 3 Majadiliano 817 sysop 3643 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default <!-- MediaWiki:talkpagetext --> 818 sysop 3644 2004-10-03T07:07:45Z Neno 24 Vifaa 819 sysop 3645 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default Add a comment to this page. [alt-+] 820 sysop 3646 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default Discussion about edits from this ip address [alt-n] 821 sysop 3647 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default The user page for the ip you're editing as [alt-.] 822 sysop 3648 2004-06-01T15:41:40Z Marcos 3 Angalia makala [alt-a] 823 sysop 3649 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default Atom feed for this page 824 sysop 3650 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default See the differences between the two selected versions of this page. [alt-v] 825 sysop 3651 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default View the list of contributions of this user 826 sysop 3652 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default Find background information on current events 827 sysop 3653 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default Delete this page [alt-d] 828 sysop 3654 2004-06-01T15:52:17Z Marcos 3 Unaweza kusanifisha ukarasa huu. Tafadhali angalia mandhari ya mabadilisho kwanza. [alt-e] 829 sysop 3655 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default Send a mail to this user 830 sysop 3656 2004-06-01T15:54:56Z Marcos 3 Msaada kuhusu kusanifisha karasa na kushirikiana katika mradi huu. 831 sysop 3657 2004-06-01T16:06:43Z Marcos 3 Aina za jamani za ukarasa huu [alt-h] 832 sysop 3658 2004-06-01T16:20:55Z Marcos 3 Unatiliwa moyo kujiandikisha, lakini siyo lazima. [alt-o] 833 sysop 3659 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default Log out [alt-o] 834 sysop 3660 2004-06-01T15:39:36Z Marcos 3 Angalia ukarasa wa mwanzo [alt-z] 835 sysop 3661 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Mark this as a minor edit [alt-i] 836 sysop 3662 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default Move this page [alt-m] 837 sysop 3663 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default List of my contributions [alt-y] 838 sysop 3664 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default My talk page [alt-n] 839 sysop 3665 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default You don't have the permissions to move this page 840 sysop 3666 2004-06-01T15:41:10Z Marcos 3 Kuhusu mradi, unaweza kufanya nini, uangalie wapi 841 sysop 3667 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default My preferences 842 sysop 3668 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Preview your changes, please use this before saving! [alt-p] 843 sysop 3669 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default Protect this page [alt-=] 844 sysop 3670 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default Load a random page [alt-x] 845 sysop 3671 2004-06-01T16:22:18Z Marcos 3 Orodha ya mabadilisho yaliyofanywa siku zilizopita [alt-r] 846 sysop 3672 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default Recent changes in pages linking to this page [alt-c] 847 sysop 3673 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default RSS feed for this page 848 sysop 3674 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Save your changes [alt-s] 849 sysop 4684 2005-07-29T11:13:29Z MediaWiki default Search {{SITENAME}} [alt-f] 850 sysop 3676 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default Support Wikipedia 851 sysop 3677 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default This is a special page, you can't edit the page itself. 852 sysop 3678 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default List of all special pages [alt-q] 853 sysop 3679 2004-06-01T16:10:38Z Marcos 3 Majadiliano kuhusu makala hii [alt-t] 854 sysop 3680 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default Restore $1 deleted edits to this page [alt-d] 855 sysop 3681 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default Remove this page from your watchlist [alt-w] 856 sysop 3682 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default Upload images or media files [alt-u] 857 sysop 3683 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default My user page [alt-.] 858 sysop 3684 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default This page is protected. You can view it's source. [alt-e] 859 sysop 3685 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Add this page to your watchlist [alt-w] 860 sysop 3686 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default The list of pages you're monitoring for changes. [alt-l] 861 sysop 3687 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default List of all wiki pages that link here [alt-b] 862 sysop 11756 2006-07-01T19:11:52Z MediaWiki default Undelete {{PLURAL:$1|one edit|$1 edits}} 863 sysop 4695 2005-07-29T11:13:29Z MediaWiki default unprotect 864 sysop 3690 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Reason for unprotecting 865 sysop 3691 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default (Unprotecting "$1") 866 sysop 3692 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Unwatch 867 sysop 3693 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default <b>User rights for "$1" updated</b> 868 sysop 3694 2004-06-02T10:27:40Z MediaWiki default '''Note:''' After saving, you have to tell your bowser to get the new version: '''Mozilla:''' click ''reload''(or ''ctrl-r''), '''IE / Opera:''' ''ctrl-f5'', '''Safari:''' ''cmd-r'', '''Konqueror''' ''ctrl-r''. 869 sysop 3695 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default <strong>Tip:</strong> Use the 'Show preview' button to test your new CSS/JS before saving. 870 sysop 3696 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default '''Remember that you are only previewing your user CSS, it has not yet been saved!''' 871 sysop 3697 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default '''Remember that you are only testing/previewing your user JavaScript, it has not yet been saved!''' 872 sysop 7182 2006-02-26T02:08:20Z MediaWiki default Mail object returned error: 873 sysop 6329 2006-01-22T22:49:43Z Marcos 3 Angalia 874 sysop 3700 2005-01-04T07:51:12Z Neno 24 Jina lako halisi* 875 3701 2004-06-02T10:28:55Z MediaWiki default {{int:allmessagestext}} <table border=1 width=100%><tr><td> '''Name''' </td><td> '''Default text''' </td><td> '''Current text''' </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:1movedto2&action=edit 1movedto2]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:1movedto2|Talk]] </td><td> $1 moved to $2 </td><td> {{int:1movedto2}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:About&action=edit about]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:About|Talk]] </td><td> About </td><td> {{int:About}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Aboutpage&action=edit aboutpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Aboutpage|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:About </td><td> {{int:Aboutpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Aboutwikipedia&action=edit aboutwikipedia]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Aboutwikipedia|Talk]] </td><td> About Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Aboutwikipedia}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-addsection&action=edit accesskey-addsection]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-addsection|Talk]] </td><td> + </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-addsection}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-anontalk&action=edit accesskey-anontalk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-anontalk|Talk]] </td><td> n </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-anontalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-anonuserpage&action=edit accesskey-anonuserpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-anonuserpage|Talk]] </td><td> . </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-anonuserpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-article&action=edit accesskey-article]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-article|Talk]] </td><td> a </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-article}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-compareselectedversions&action=edit accesskey-compareselectedversions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-compareselectedversions|Talk]] </td><td> v </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-compareselectedversions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-contributions&action=edit accesskey-contributions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-contributions|Talk]] </td><td> &amp;lt;accesskey-contributions&amp;gt; </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-contributions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-currentevents&action=edit accesskey-currentevents]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-currentevents|Talk]] </td><td> &amp;lt;accesskey-currentevents&amp;gt; </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-currentevents}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-delete&action=edit accesskey-delete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-delete|Talk]] </td><td> d </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-delete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-edit&action=edit accesskey-edit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-edit|Talk]] </td><td> e </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-edit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-emailuser&action=edit accesskey-emailuser]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-emailuser|Talk]] </td><td> &amp;lt;accesskey-emailuser&amp;gt; </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-emailuser}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-help&action=edit accesskey-help]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-help|Talk]] </td><td> &amp;lt;accesskey-help&amp;gt; </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-help}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-history&action=edit accesskey-history]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-history|Talk]] </td><td> h </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-history}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-login&action=edit accesskey-login]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-login|Talk]] </td><td> o </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-login}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-logout&action=edit accesskey-logout]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-logout|Talk]] </td><td> o </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-logout}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-mainpage&action=edit accesskey-mainpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-mainpage|Talk]] </td><td> z </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-mainpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-minoredit&action=edit accesskey-minoredit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-minoredit|Talk]] </td><td> i </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-minoredit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-move&action=edit accesskey-move]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-move|Talk]] </td><td> m </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-move}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-mycontris&action=edit accesskey-mycontris]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-mycontris|Talk]] </td><td> y </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-mycontris}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-mytalk&action=edit accesskey-mytalk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-mytalk|Talk]] </td><td> n </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-mytalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-portal&action=edit accesskey-portal]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-portal|Talk]] </td><td> &amp;lt;accesskey-portal&amp;gt; </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-portal}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-preferences&action=edit accesskey-preferences]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-preferences|Talk]] </td><td> &amp;lt;accesskey-preferences&amp;gt; </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-preferences}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-preview&action=edit accesskey-preview]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-preview|Talk]] </td><td> p </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-preview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-protect&action=edit accesskey-protect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-protect|Talk]] </td><td> = </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-protect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-randompage&action=edit accesskey-randompage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-randompage|Talk]] </td><td> x </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-randompage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-recentchanges&action=edit accesskey-recentchanges]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-recentchanges|Talk]] </td><td> r </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-recentchanges}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-recentchangeslinked&action=edit accesskey-recentchangeslinked]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-recentchangeslinked|Talk]] </td><td> c </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-recentchangeslinked}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-save&action=edit accesskey-save]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-save|Talk]] </td><td> s </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-save}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-search&action=edit accesskey-search]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-search|Talk]] </td><td> f </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-search}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-sitesupport&action=edit accesskey-sitesupport]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-sitesupport|Talk]] </td><td> &amp;lt;accesskey-sitesupport&amp;gt; </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-sitesupport}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-specialpage&action=edit accesskey-specialpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-specialpage|Talk]] </td><td> &amp;lt;accesskey-specialpage&amp;gt; </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-specialpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-specialpages&action=edit accesskey-specialpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-specialpages|Talk]] </td><td> q </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-specialpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-talk&action=edit accesskey-talk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-talk|Talk]] </td><td> t </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-talk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-undelete&action=edit accesskey-undelete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-undelete|Talk]] </td><td> d </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-undelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-unwatch&action=edit accesskey-unwatch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-unwatch|Talk]] </td><td> w </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-unwatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-upload&action=edit accesskey-upload]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-upload|Talk]] </td><td> u </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-upload}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-userpage&action=edit accesskey-userpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-userpage|Talk]] </td><td> . </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-userpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-viewsource&action=edit accesskey-viewsource]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-viewsource|Talk]] </td><td> e </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-viewsource}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-watch&action=edit accesskey-watch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-watch|Talk]] </td><td> w </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-watch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-watchlist&action=edit accesskey-watchlist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-watchlist|Talk]] </td><td> l </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-watchlist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-whatlinkshere&action=edit accesskey-whatlinkshere]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-whatlinkshere|Talk]] </td><td> b </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-whatlinkshere}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accmailtext&action=edit accmailtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accmailtext|Talk]] </td><td> The Password for &#39;$1&#39; has been sent to $2. </td><td> {{int:Accmailtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accmailtitle&action=edit accmailtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accmailtitle|Talk]] </td><td> Password sent. </td><td> {{int:Accmailtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Actioncomplete&action=edit actioncomplete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Actioncomplete|Talk]] </td><td> Action complete </td><td> {{int:Actioncomplete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Addedwatch&action=edit addedwatch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Addedwatch|Talk]] </td><td> Added to watchlist </td><td> {{int:Addedwatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Addedwatchtext&action=edit addedwatchtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Addedwatchtext|Talk]] </td><td> The page &quot;$1&quot; has been added to your &#91;&#91;Special:Watchlist&#124;watchlist]]. Future changes to this page and its associated Talk page will be listed there, and the page will appear &#39;&#39;&#39;bolded&#39;&#39;&#39; in the &#91;&#91;Special:Recentchanges&#124;list of recent changes]] to make it easier to pick out. &lt;p&gt;If you want to remove the page from your watchlist later, click &quot;Stop watching&quot; in the sidebar. </td><td> {{int:Addedwatchtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Addsection&action=edit addsection]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Addsection|Talk]] </td><td> + </td><td> {{int:Addsection}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Administrators&action=edit administrators]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Administrators|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:Administrators </td><td> {{int:Administrators}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Affirmation&action=edit affirmation]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Affirmation|Talk]] </td><td> I affirm that the copyright holder of this file agrees to license it under the terms of the $1. </td><td> {{int:Affirmation}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:All&action=edit all]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:All|Talk]] </td><td> all </td><td> {{int:All}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Allmessages&action=edit allmessages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Allmessages|Talk]] </td><td> All system messages </td><td> {{int:Allmessages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Allmessagestext&action=edit allmessagestext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Allmessagestext|Talk]] </td><td> This is a list of all system messages available in the MediaWiki: namespace. </td><td> {{int:Allmessagestext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Allpages&action=edit allpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Allpages|Talk]] </td><td> All pages </td><td> {{int:Allpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Alphaindexline&action=edit alphaindexline]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Alphaindexline|Talk]] </td><td> $1 to $2 </td><td> {{int:Alphaindexline}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Alreadyloggedin&action=edit alreadyloggedin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Alreadyloggedin|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;font color=red&gt;&lt;b&gt;User $1, you are already logged in!&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt; </td><td> {{int:Alreadyloggedin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Alreadyrolled&action=edit alreadyrolled]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Alreadyrolled|Talk]] </td><td> Cannot rollback last edit of &#91;&#91;$1]] by &#91;&#91;User:$2&#124;$2]] (&#91;&#91;User talk:$2&#124;Talk]]); someone else has edited or rolled back the page already. Last edit was by &#91;&#91;User:$3&#124;$3]] (&#91;&#91;User talk:$3&#124;Talk]]). </td><td> {{int:Alreadyrolled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ancientpages&action=edit ancientpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ancientpages|Talk]] </td><td> Oldest pages </td><td> {{int:Ancientpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:And&action=edit and]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:And|Talk]] </td><td> and </td><td> {{int:And}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Anontalk&action=edit anontalk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Anontalk|Talk]] </td><td> Talk for this IP </td><td> {{int:Anontalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Anontalkpagetext&action=edit anontalkpagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Anontalkpagetext|Talk]] </td><td> ----&#39;&#39;This is the discussion page for an anonymous user who has not created an account yet or who does not use it. We therefore have to use the numerical &#91;&#91;IP address]] to identify him/her. Such an IP address can be shared by several users. If you are an anonymous user and feel that irrelevant comments have been directed at you, please &#91;&#91;Special:Userlogin&#124;create an account or log in]] to avoid future confusion with other anonymous users.&#39;&#39; </td><td> {{int:Anontalkpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Anonymous&action=edit anonymous]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Anonymous|Talk]] </td><td> Anonymous user(s) of Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Anonymous}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Article&action=edit article]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Article|Talk]] </td><td> Content page </td><td> {{int:Article}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Articleexists&action=edit articleexists]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Articleexists|Talk]] </td><td> A page of that name already exists, or the name you have chosen is not valid. Please choose another name. </td><td> {{int:Articleexists}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Articlepage&action=edit articlepage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Articlepage|Talk]] </td><td> View content page </td><td> {{int:Articlepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Asksql&action=edit asksql]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Asksql|Talk]] </td><td> SQL query </td><td> {{int:Asksql}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Asksqltext&action=edit asksqltext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Asksqltext|Talk]] </td><td> Use the form below to make a direct query of the database. Use single quotes (&#39;like this&#39;) to delimit string literals. This can often add considerable load to the server, so please use this function sparingly. </td><td> {{int:Asksqltext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Autoblocker&action=edit autoblocker]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Autoblocker|Talk]] </td><td> Autoblocked because you share an IP address with &quot;$1&quot;. Reason &quot;$2&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Autoblocker}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badarticleerror&action=edit badarticleerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badarticleerror|Talk]] </td><td> This action cannot be performed on this page. </td><td> {{int:Badarticleerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badfilename&action=edit badfilename]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badfilename|Talk]] </td><td> Image name has been changed to &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Badfilename}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badfiletype&action=edit badfiletype]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badfiletype|Talk]] </td><td> &quot;.$1&quot; is not a recommended image file format. </td><td> {{int:Badfiletype}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badipaddress&action=edit badipaddress]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badipaddress|Talk]] </td><td> Invalid IP address </td><td> {{int:Badipaddress}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badquery&action=edit badquery]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badquery|Talk]] </td><td> Badly formed search query </td><td> {{int:Badquery}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badquerytext&action=edit badquerytext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badquerytext|Talk]] </td><td> We could not process your query. This is probably because you have attempted to search for a word fewer than three letters long, which is not yet supported. It could also be that you have mistyped the expression, for example &quot;fish and and scales&quot;. Please try another query. </td><td> {{int:Badquerytext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badretype&action=edit badretype]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badretype|Talk]] </td><td> The passwords you entered do not match. </td><td> {{int:Badretype}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badtitle&action=edit badtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badtitle|Talk]] </td><td> Bad title </td><td> {{int:Badtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badtitletext&action=edit badtitletext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badtitletext|Talk]] </td><td> The requested page title was invalid, empty, or an incorrectly linked inter-language or inter-wiki title. </td><td> {{int:Badtitletext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blanknamespace&action=edit blanknamespace]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blanknamespace|Talk]] </td><td> (Main) </td><td> {{int:Blanknamespace}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockedtext&action=edit blockedtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blockedtext|Talk]] </td><td> Your user name or IP address has been blocked by $1. The reason given is this:&lt;br /&gt;&#39;&#39;$2&#39;&#39;&lt;p&gt;You may contact $1 or one of the other &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Administrators&#124;administrators]] to discuss the block. Note that you may not use the &quot;email this user&quot; feature unless you have a valid email address registered in your &#91;&#91;Special:Preferences&#124;user preferences]]. Your IP address is $3. Please include this address in any queries you make. </td><td> {{int:Blockedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockedtitle&action=edit blockedtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blockedtitle|Talk]] </td><td> User is blocked </td><td> {{int:Blockedtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockip&action=edit blockip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blockip|Talk]] </td><td> Block user </td><td> {{int:Blockip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockipsuccesssub&action=edit blockipsuccesssub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blockipsuccesssub|Talk]] </td><td> Block succeeded </td><td> {{int:Blockipsuccesssub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockipsuccesstext&action=edit blockipsuccesstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blockipsuccesstext|Talk]] </td><td> &quot;$1&quot; has been blocked. &lt;br /&gt;See &#91;&#91;Special:Ipblocklist&#124;IP block list]] to review blocks. </td><td> {{int:Blockipsuccesstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockiptext&action=edit blockiptext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blockiptext|Talk]] </td><td> Use the form below to block write access from a specific IP address or username. This should be done only only to prevent vandalism, and in accordance with &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Policy&#124;policy]]. Fill in a specific reason below (for example, citing particular pages that were vandalized). </td><td> {{int:Blockiptext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklink&action=edit blocklink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blocklink|Talk]] </td><td> block </td><td> {{int:Blocklink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklistline&action=edit blocklistline]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blocklistline|Talk]] </td><td> $1, $2 blocked $3 (expires $4) </td><td> {{int:Blocklistline}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklogentry&action=edit blocklogentry]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blocklogentry|Talk]] </td><td> blocked &quot;$1&quot; with an expiry time of $2 </td><td> {{int:Blocklogentry}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklogpage&action=edit blocklogpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blocklogpage|Talk]] </td><td> Block_log </td><td> {{int:Blocklogpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklogtext&action=edit blocklogtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blocklogtext|Talk]] </td><td> This is a log of user blocking and unblocking actions. Automatically blocked IP addresses are not be listed. See the &#91;&#91;Special:Ipblocklist&#124;IP block list]] for the list of currently operational bans and blocks. </td><td> {{int:Blocklogtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bold_sample&action=edit bold_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bold_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Bold text </td><td> {{int:Bold_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bold_tip&action=edit bold_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bold_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Bold text </td><td> {{int:Bold_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Booksources&action=edit booksources]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Booksources|Talk]] </td><td> Book sources </td><td> {{int:Booksources}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Booksourcetext&action=edit booksourcetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Booksourcetext|Talk]] </td><td> Below is a list of links to other sites that sell new and used books, and may also have further information about books you are looking for.Wikipedia is not affiliated with any of these businesses, and this list should not be construed as an endorsement. </td><td> {{int:Booksourcetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Brokenredirects&action=edit brokenredirects]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Brokenredirects|Talk]] </td><td> Broken Redirects </td><td> {{int:Brokenredirects}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Brokenredirectstext&action=edit brokenredirectstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Brokenredirectstext|Talk]] </td><td> The following redirects link to a non-existing pages. </td><td> {{int:Brokenredirectstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bugreports&action=edit bugreports]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bugreports|Talk]] </td><td> Bug reports </td><td> {{int:Bugreports}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bugreportspage&action=edit bugreportspage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bugreportspage|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:Bug_reports </td><td> {{int:Bugreportspage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bureaucratlog&action=edit bureaucratlog]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bureaucratlog|Talk]] </td><td> Bureaucrat_log </td><td> {{int:Bureaucratlog}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bureaucratlogentry&action=edit bureaucratlogentry]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bureaucratlogentry|Talk]] </td><td> Rights for user &quot;$1&quot; set &quot;$2&quot; </td><td> {{int:Bureaucratlogentry}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bureaucrattext&action=edit bureaucrattext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bureaucrattext|Talk]] </td><td> The action you have requested can only be performed by sysops with &quot;bureaucrat&quot; status. </td><td> {{int:Bureaucrattext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bureaucrattitle&action=edit bureaucrattitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bureaucrattitle|Talk]] </td><td> Bureaucrat access required </td><td> {{int:Bureaucrattitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bydate&action=edit bydate]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bydate|Talk]] </td><td> by date </td><td> {{int:Bydate}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Byname&action=edit byname]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Byname|Talk]] </td><td> by name </td><td> {{int:Byname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bysize&action=edit bysize]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bysize|Talk]] </td><td> by size </td><td> {{int:Bysize}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cachederror&action=edit cachederror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Cachederror|Talk]] </td><td> The following is a cached copy of the requested page, and may not be up to date. </td><td> {{int:Cachederror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cancel&action=edit cancel]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Cancel|Talk]] </td><td> Cancel </td><td> {{int:Cancel}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cannotdelete&action=edit cannotdelete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Cannotdelete|Talk]] </td><td> Could not delete the page or image specified. (It may have already been deleted by someone else.) </td><td> {{int:Cannotdelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cantrollback&action=edit cantrollback]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Cantrollback|Talk]] </td><td> Cannot revert edit; last contributor is only author of this page. </td><td> {{int:Cantrollback}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Categories&action=edit categories]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Categories|Talk]] </td><td> Categories </td><td> {{int:Categories}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Category&action=edit category]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Category|Talk]] </td><td> category </td><td> {{int:Category}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Category_header&action=edit category_header]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Category_header|Talk]] </td><td> Articles in category &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{int:Category_header}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Changepassword&action=edit changepassword]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Changepassword|Talk]] </td><td> Change password </td><td> {{int:Changepassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Changes&action=edit changes]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Changes|Talk]] </td><td> changes </td><td> {{int:Changes}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Columns&action=edit columns]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Columns|Talk]] </td><td> Columns </td><td> {{int:Columns}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Commentedit&action=edit commentedit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Commentedit|Talk]] </td><td> (comment) </td><td> {{int:Commentedit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Compareselectedversions&action=edit compareselectedversions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Compareselectedversions|Talk]] </td><td> Compare selected versions </td><td> {{int:Compareselectedversions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirm&action=edit confirm]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirm|Talk]] </td><td> Confirm </td><td> {{int:Confirm}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmcheck&action=edit confirmcheck]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmcheck|Talk]] </td><td> Yes, I really want to delete this. </td><td> {{int:Confirmcheck}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmdelete&action=edit confirmdelete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmdelete|Talk]] </td><td> Confirm delete </td><td> {{int:Confirmdelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmdeletetext&action=edit confirmdeletetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmdeletetext|Talk]] </td><td> You are about to permanently delete a page or image along with all of its history from the database. Please confirm that you intend to do this, that you understand the consequences, and that you are doing this in accordance with &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Policy]]. </td><td> {{int:Confirmdeletetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmprotect&action=edit confirmprotect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmprotect|Talk]] </td><td> Confirm protection </td><td> {{int:Confirmprotect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmprotecttext&action=edit confirmprotecttext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmprotecttext|Talk]] </td><td> Do you really want to protect this page? </td><td> {{int:Confirmprotecttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmunprotect&action=edit confirmunprotect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmunprotect|Talk]] </td><td> Confirm unprotection </td><td> {{int:Confirmunprotect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmunprotecttext&action=edit confirmunprotecttext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmunprotecttext|Talk]] </td><td> Do you really want to unprotect this page? </td><td> {{int:Confirmunprotecttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contextchars&action=edit contextchars]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Contextchars|Talk]] </td><td> Characters of context per line </td><td> {{int:Contextchars}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contextlines&action=edit contextlines]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Contextlines|Talk]] </td><td> Lines to show per hit </td><td> {{int:Contextlines}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contribslink&action=edit contribslink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Contribslink|Talk]] </td><td> contribs </td><td> {{int:Contribslink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contribsub&action=edit contribsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Contribsub|Talk]] </td><td> For $1 </td><td> {{int:Contribsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contributions&action=edit contributions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Contributions|Talk]] </td><td> User contributions </td><td> {{int:Contributions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Copyright&action=edit copyright]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Copyright|Talk]] </td><td> Content is available under $1. </td><td> {{int:Copyright}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Copyrightpage&action=edit copyrightpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Copyrightpage|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:Copyrights </td><td> {{int:Copyrightpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Copyrightpagename&action=edit copyrightpagename]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Copyrightpagename|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia copyright </td><td> {{int:Copyrightpagename}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Copyrightwarning&action=edit copyrightwarning]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Copyrightwarning|Talk]] </td><td> Please note that all contributions to Wikipedia are considered to be released under the GNU Free Documentation License (see $1 for details). If you don&#39;t want your writing to be edited mercilessly and redistributed at will, then don&#39;t submit it here.&lt;br /&gt; You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource. &lt;strong&gt;DO NOT SUBMIT COPYRIGHTED WORK WITHOUT PERMISSION!&lt;/strong&gt; </td><td> {{int:Copyrightwarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Couldntremove&action=edit couldntremove]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Couldntremove|Talk]] </td><td> Couldn&#39;t remove item &#39;$1&#39;... </td><td> {{int:Couldntremove}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Createaccount&action=edit createaccount]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Createaccount|Talk]] </td><td> Create new account </td><td> {{int:Createaccount}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Createaccountmail&action=edit createaccountmail]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Createaccountmail|Talk]] </td><td> by email </td><td> {{int:Createaccountmail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cur&action=edit cur]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Cur|Talk]] </td><td> cur </td><td> {{int:Cur}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Currentevents&action=edit currentevents]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Currentevents|Talk]] </td><td> Current events </td><td> {{int:Currentevents}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Currentrev&action=edit currentrev]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Currentrev|Talk]] </td><td> Current revision </td><td> {{int:Currentrev}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Databaseerror&action=edit databaseerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Databaseerror|Talk]] </td><td> Database error </td><td> {{int:Databaseerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dateformat&action=edit dateformat]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Dateformat|Talk]] </td><td> Date format </td><td> {{int:Dateformat}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dberrortext&action=edit dberrortext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Dberrortext|Talk]] </td><td> A database query syntax error has occurred. This could be because of an illegal search query (see $5), or it may indicate a bug in the software. The last attempted database query was: &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;tt&gt;$1&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; from within function &quot;&lt;tt&gt;$2&lt;/tt&gt;&quot;. MySQL returned error &quot;&lt;tt&gt;$3: $4&lt;/tt&gt;&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Dberrortext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dberrortextcl&action=edit dberrortextcl]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Dberrortextcl|Talk]] </td><td> A database query syntax error has occurred. The last attempted database query was: &quot;$1&quot; from within function &quot;$2&quot;. MySQL returned error &quot;$3: $4&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Dberrortextcl}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deadendpages&action=edit deadendpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deadendpages|Talk]] </td><td> Dead-end pages </td><td> {{int:Deadendpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Debug&action=edit debug]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Debug|Talk]] </td><td> Debug </td><td> {{int:Debug}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Defaultns&action=edit defaultns]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Defaultns|Talk]] </td><td> Search in these namespaces by default: </td><td> {{int:Defaultns}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Defemailsubject&action=edit defemailsubject]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Defemailsubject|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia e-mail </td><td> {{int:Defemailsubject}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Delete&action=edit delete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Delete|Talk]] </td><td> Delete </td><td> {{int:Delete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletecomment&action=edit deletecomment]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deletecomment|Talk]] </td><td> Reason for deletion </td><td> {{int:Deletecomment}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletedarticle&action=edit deletedarticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deletedarticle|Talk]] </td><td> deleted &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{int:Deletedarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletedtext&action=edit deletedtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deletedtext|Talk]] </td><td> &quot;$1&quot; has been deleted. See $2 for a record of recent deletions. </td><td> {{int:Deletedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deleteimg&action=edit deleteimg]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deleteimg|Talk]] </td><td> del </td><td> {{int:Deleteimg}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletepage&action=edit deletepage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deletepage|Talk]] </td><td> Delete page </td><td> {{int:Deletepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletesub&action=edit deletesub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deletesub|Talk]] </td><td> (Deleting &quot;$1&quot;) </td><td> {{int:Deletesub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletethispage&action=edit deletethispage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deletethispage|Talk]] </td><td> Delete this page </td><td> {{int:Deletethispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletionlog&action=edit deletionlog]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deletionlog|Talk]] </td><td> deletion log </td><td> {{int:Deletionlog}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dellogpage&action=edit dellogpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Dellogpage|Talk]] </td><td> Deletion_log </td><td> {{int:Dellogpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dellogpagetext&action=edit dellogpagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Dellogpagetext|Talk]] </td><td> Below is a list of the most recent deletions. All times shown are server time (UTC). &lt;ul&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; </td><td> {{int:Dellogpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Developerspheading&action=edit developerspheading]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Developerspheading|Talk]] </td><td> For developer use only </td><td> {{int:Developerspheading}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Developertext&action=edit developertext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Developertext|Talk]] </td><td> The action you have requested can only be performed by users with &quot;developer&quot; status. See $1. </td><td> {{int:Developertext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Developertitle&action=edit developertitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Developertitle|Talk]] </td><td> Developer access required </td><td> {{int:Developertitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Diff&action=edit diff]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Diff|Talk]] </td><td> diff </td><td> {{int:Diff}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Difference&action=edit difference]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Difference|Talk]] </td><td> (Difference between revisions) </td><td> {{int:Difference}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disambiguations&action=edit disambiguations]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Disambiguations|Talk]] </td><td> Disambiguation pages </td><td> {{int:Disambiguations}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disambiguationspage&action=edit disambiguationspage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Disambiguationspage|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:Links_to_disambiguating_pages </td><td> {{int:Disambiguationspage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disambiguationstext&action=edit disambiguationstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Disambiguationstext|Talk]] </td><td> The following pages link to a &lt;i&gt;disambiguation page&lt;/i&gt;. They should link to the appropriate topic instead.&lt;br /&gt;A page is treated as dismbiguation if it is linked from $1.&lt;br /&gt;Links from other namespaces are &lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt; listed here. </td><td> {{int:Disambiguationstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disclaimerpage&action=edit disclaimerpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Disclaimerpage|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:General_disclaimer </td><td> {{int:Disclaimerpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disclaimers&action=edit disclaimers]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Disclaimers|Talk]] </td><td> Disclaimers </td><td> {{int:Disclaimers}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Doubleredirects&action=edit doubleredirects]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Doubleredirects|Talk]] </td><td> Double Redirects </td><td> {{int:Doubleredirects}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Doubleredirectstext&action=edit doubleredirectstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Doubleredirectstext|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;Attention:&lt;/b&gt; This list may contain false positives. That usually means there is additional text with links below the first #REDIRECT.&lt;br /&gt; Each row contains links to the first and second redirect, as well as the first line of the second redirect text, usually giving the &quot;real&quot; target page, which the first redirect should point to. </td><td> {{int:Doubleredirectstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Edit&action=edit edit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Edit|Talk]] </td><td> Edit </td><td> {{int:Edit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editcomment&action=edit editcomment]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Editcomment|Talk]] </td><td> The edit comment was: &quot;&lt;i&gt;$1&lt;/i&gt;&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Editcomment}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editconflict&action=edit editconflict]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Editconflict|Talk]] </td><td> Edit conflict: $1 </td><td> {{int:Editconflict}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editcurrent&action=edit editcurrent]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Editcurrent|Talk]] </td><td> Edit the current version of this page </td><td> {{int:Editcurrent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Edithelp&action=edit edithelp]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Edithelp|Talk]] </td><td> Editing help </td><td> {{int:Edithelp}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Edithelppage&action=edit edithelppage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Edithelppage|Talk]] </td><td> Help:Editing </td><td> {{int:Edithelppage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editing&action=edit editing]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Editing|Talk]] </td><td> Editing $1 </td><td> {{int:Editing}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editingold&action=edit editingold]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Editingold|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;strong&gt;WARNING: You are editing an out-of-date revision of this page. If you save it, any changes made since this revision will be lost.&lt;/strong&gt; </td><td> {{int:Editingold}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editsection&action=edit editsection]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Editsection|Talk]] </td><td> edit </td><td> {{int:Editsection}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editthispage&action=edit editthispage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Editthispage|Talk]] </td><td> Edit this page </td><td> {{int:Editthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailflag&action=edit emailflag]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailflag|Talk]] </td><td> Disable e-mail from other users </td><td> {{int:Emailflag}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailforlost&action=edit emailforlost]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailforlost|Talk]] </td><td> Fields marked with a star (*) are optional. Storing an email address enables people to contact you through the website without you having to reveal your email address to them, and it can be used to send you a new password if you forget it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Your real name, if you choose to provide it, will be used for giving you attribution for your work. </td><td> {{int:Emailforlost}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailfrom&action=edit emailfrom]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailfrom|Talk]] </td><td> From </td><td> {{int:Emailfrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailmessage&action=edit emailmessage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailmessage|Talk]] </td><td> Message </td><td> {{int:Emailmessage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailpage&action=edit emailpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailpage|Talk]] </td><td> E-mail user </td><td> {{int:Emailpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailpagetext&action=edit emailpagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailpagetext|Talk]] </td><td> If this user has entered a valid e-mail address in his or her user preferences, the form below will send a single message. The e-mail address you entered in your user preferences will appear as the &quot;From&quot; address of the mail, so the recipient will be able to reply. </td><td> {{int:Emailpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailsend&action=edit emailsend]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailsend|Talk]] </td><td> Send </td><td> {{int:Emailsend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailsent&action=edit emailsent]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailsent|Talk]] </td><td> E-mail sent </td><td> {{int:Emailsent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailsenttext&action=edit emailsenttext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailsenttext|Talk]] </td><td> Your e-mail message has been sent. </td><td> {{int:Emailsenttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailsubject&action=edit emailsubject]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailsubject|Talk]] </td><td> Subject </td><td> {{int:Emailsubject}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailto&action=edit emailto]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailto|Talk]] </td><td> To </td><td> {{int:Emailto}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailuser&action=edit emailuser]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailuser|Talk]] </td><td> E-mail this user </td><td> {{int:Emailuser}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Enterlockreason&action=edit enterlockreason]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Enterlockreason|Talk]] </td><td> Enter a reason for the lock, including an estimate of when the lock will be released </td><td> {{int:Enterlockreason}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Error&action=edit error]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Error|Talk]] </td><td> Error </td><td> {{int:Error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Errorpagetitle&action=edit errorpagetitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Errorpagetitle|Talk]] </td><td> Error </td><td> {{int:Errorpagetitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Exbeforeblank&action=edit exbeforeblank]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Exbeforeblank|Talk]] </td><td> content before blanking was: </td><td> {{int:Exbeforeblank}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Exblank&action=edit exblank]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Exblank|Talk]] </td><td> page was empty </td><td> {{int:Exblank}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Excontent&action=edit excontent]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Excontent|Talk]] </td><td> content was: </td><td> {{int:Excontent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Explainconflict&action=edit explainconflict]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Explainconflict|Talk]] </td><td> Someone else has changed this page since you started editing it. The upper text area contains the page text as it currently exists. Your changes are shown in the lower text area. You will have to merge your changes into the existing text. &lt;b&gt;Only&lt;/b&gt; the text in the upper text area will be saved when you press &quot;Save page&quot;. &lt;p&gt; </td><td> {{int:Explainconflict}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Export&action=edit export]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Export|Talk]] </td><td> Export pages </td><td> {{int:Export}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Exportcuronly&action=edit exportcuronly]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Exportcuronly|Talk]] </td><td> Include only the current revision, not the full history </td><td> {{int:Exportcuronly}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Exporttext&action=edit exporttext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Exporttext|Talk]] </td><td> You can export the text and editing history of a particular page or set of pages wrapped in some XML; this can then be imported into another wiki running MediaWiki software, transformed, or just kept for your private amusement. </td><td> {{int:Exporttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Extlink_sample&action=edit extlink_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Extlink_sample|Talk]] </td><td> http&#58;//www.example.com link title </td><td> {{int:Extlink_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Extlink_tip&action=edit extlink_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Extlink_tip|Talk]] </td><td> External link (remember http&#58;// prefix) </td><td> {{int:Extlink_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Faq&action=edit faq]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Faq|Talk]] </td><td> FAQ </td><td> {{int:Faq}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Faqpage&action=edit faqpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Faqpage|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:FAQ </td><td> {{int:Faqpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Feedlinks&action=edit feedlinks]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Feedlinks|Talk]] </td><td> Feed: </td><td> {{int:Feedlinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filecopyerror&action=edit filecopyerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filecopyerror|Talk]] </td><td> Could not copy file &quot;$1&quot; to &quot;$2&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Filecopyerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filedeleteerror&action=edit filedeleteerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filedeleteerror|Talk]] </td><td> Could not delete file &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Filedeleteerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filedesc&action=edit filedesc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filedesc|Talk]] </td><td> Summary </td><td> {{int:Filedesc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filename&action=edit filename]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filename|Talk]] </td><td> Filename </td><td> {{int:Filename}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filenotfound&action=edit filenotfound]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filenotfound|Talk]] </td><td> Could not find file &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Filenotfound}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filerenameerror&action=edit filerenameerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filerenameerror|Talk]] </td><td> Could not rename file &quot;$1&quot; to &quot;$2&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Filerenameerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filesource&action=edit filesource]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filesource|Talk]] </td><td> Source </td><td> {{int:Filesource}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filestatus&action=edit filestatus]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filestatus|Talk]] </td><td> Copyright status </td><td> {{int:Filestatus}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Fileuploaded&action=edit fileuploaded]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Fileuploaded|Talk]] </td><td> File &quot;$1&quot; uploaded successfully. Please follow this link: $2 to the description page and fill in information about the file, such as where it came from, when it was created and by whom, and anything else you may know about it. </td><td> {{int:Fileuploaded}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Formerror&action=edit formerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Formerror|Talk]] </td><td> Error: could not submit form </td><td> {{int:Formerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Fromwikipedia&action=edit fromwikipedia]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Fromwikipedia|Talk]] </td><td> From Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Fromwikipedia}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Getimagelist&action=edit getimagelist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Getimagelist|Talk]] </td><td> fetching image list </td><td> {{int:Getimagelist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Go&action=edit go]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Go|Talk]] </td><td> Go </td><td> {{int:Go}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Googlesearch&action=edit googlesearch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Googlesearch|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;!-- SiteSearch Google --&gt; &lt;FORM method=GET action=&quot;http&#58;//www.google.com/search&quot;&gt; &lt;TABLE bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt; &lt;A HREF=&quot;http&#58;//www.google.com/&quot;&gt; &lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http&#58;//www.google.com/logos/Logo_40wht.gif&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; ALT=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;INPUT TYPE=text name=q size=31 maxlength=255 value=&quot;$1&quot;&gt; &lt;INPUT type=submit name=btnG VALUE=&quot;Google Search&quot;&gt; &lt;font size=-1&gt; &lt;input type=hidden name=domains value=&quot;{{SERVER}}&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&quot;&quot;&gt; WWW &lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&quot;{{SERVER}}&quot; checked&gt; {{SERVER}} &lt;br /&gt; &lt;input type=&#39;hidden&#39; name=&#39;ie&#39; value=&#39;$2&#39;&gt; &lt;input type=&#39;hidden&#39; name=&#39;oe&#39; value=&#39;$2&#39;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt; &lt;/FORM&gt; &lt;!-- SiteSearch Google --&gt; </td><td> {{int:Googlesearch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Guesstimezone&action=edit guesstimezone]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Guesstimezone|Talk]] </td><td> Fill in from browser </td><td> {{int:Guesstimezone}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Headline_sample&action=edit headline_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Headline_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Headline text </td><td> {{int:Headline_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Headline_tip&action=edit headline_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Headline_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Level 2 headline </td><td> {{int:Headline_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Help&action=edit help]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Help|Talk]] </td><td> Help </td><td> {{int:Help}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Helppage&action=edit helppage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Helppage|Talk]] </td><td> Help:Contents </td><td> {{int:Helppage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Hide&action=edit hide]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Hide|Talk]] </td><td> hide </td><td> {{int:Hide}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Hidetoc&action=edit hidetoc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Hidetoc|Talk]] </td><td> hide </td><td> {{int:Hidetoc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Hist&action=edit hist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Hist|Talk]] </td><td> hist </td><td> {{int:Hist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Histlegend&action=edit histlegend]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Histlegend|Talk]] </td><td> Diff selection: mark the radio boxes of the versions to compare and hit enter or the button at the bottom.&lt;br/&gt; Legend: (cur) = difference with current version, (last) = difference with preceding version, M = minor edit. </td><td> {{int:Histlegend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:History&action=edit history]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:History|Talk]] </td><td> Page history </td><td> {{int:History}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:History_short&action=edit history_short]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:History_short|Talk]] </td><td> History </td><td> {{int:History_short}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Historywarning&action=edit historywarning]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Historywarning|Talk]] </td><td> Warning: The page you are about to delete has a history: </td><td> {{int:Historywarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Hr_tip&action=edit hr_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Hr_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Horizontal line (use sparingly) </td><td> {{int:Hr_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ignorewarning&action=edit ignorewarning]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ignorewarning|Talk]] </td><td> Ignore warning and save file anyway. </td><td> {{int:Ignorewarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ilshowmatch&action=edit ilshowmatch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ilshowmatch|Talk]] </td><td> Show all images with names matching </td><td> {{int:Ilshowmatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ilsubmit&action=edit ilsubmit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ilsubmit|Talk]] </td><td> Search </td><td> {{int:Ilsubmit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Image_sample&action=edit image_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Image_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Example.jpg </td><td> {{int:Image_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Image_tip&action=edit image_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Image_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Embedded image </td><td> {{int:Image_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagelinks&action=edit imagelinks]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imagelinks|Talk]] </td><td> Image links </td><td> {{int:Imagelinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagelist&action=edit imagelist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imagelist|Talk]] </td><td> Image list </td><td> {{int:Imagelist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagelisttext&action=edit imagelisttext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imagelisttext|Talk]] </td><td> Below is a list of $1 images sorted $2. </td><td> {{int:Imagelisttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagepage&action=edit imagepage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imagepage|Talk]] </td><td> View image page </td><td> {{int:Imagepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagereverted&action=edit imagereverted]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imagereverted|Talk]] </td><td> Revert to earlier version was successful. </td><td> {{int:Imagereverted}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imgdelete&action=edit imgdelete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imgdelete|Talk]] </td><td> del </td><td> {{int:Imgdelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imgdesc&action=edit imgdesc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imgdesc|Talk]] </td><td> desc </td><td> {{int:Imgdesc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imghistlegend&action=edit imghistlegend]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imghistlegend|Talk]] </td><td> Legend: (cur) = this is the current image, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;Click on date to see image uploaded on that date&lt;/i&gt;. </td><td> {{int:Imghistlegend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imghistory&action=edit imghistory]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imghistory|Talk]] </td><td> Image history </td><td> {{int:Imghistory}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imglegend&action=edit imglegend]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imglegend|Talk]] </td><td> Legend: (desc) = show/edit image description. </td><td> {{int:Imglegend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Import&action=edit import]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Import|Talk]] </td><td> Import pages </td><td> {{int:Import}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Importfailed&action=edit importfailed]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Importfailed|Talk]] </td><td> Import failed: $1 </td><td> {{int:Importfailed}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Importhistoryconflict&action=edit importhistoryconflict]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Importhistoryconflict|Talk]] </td><td> Conflicting history revision exists (may have imported this page before) </td><td> {{int:Importhistoryconflict}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Importnotext&action=edit importnotext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Importnotext|Talk]] </td><td> Empty or no text </td><td> {{int:Importnotext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Importsuccess&action=edit importsuccess]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Importsuccess|Talk]] </td><td> Import succeeded! </td><td> {{int:Importsuccess}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Importtext&action=edit importtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Importtext|Talk]] </td><td> Please export the file from the source wiki using the Special:Export utility, save it to your disk and upload it here. </td><td> {{int:Importtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Infobox&action=edit infobox]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Infobox|Talk]] </td><td> Click a button to get an example text </td><td> {{int:Infobox}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Infobox_alert&action=edit infobox_alert]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Infobox_alert|Talk]] </td><td> Please enter the text you want to be formatted.\n It will be shown in the infobox for copy and pasting.\nExample:\n$1\nwill become:\n$2 </td><td> {{int:Infobox_alert}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Internalerror&action=edit internalerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Internalerror|Talk]] </td><td> Internal error </td><td> {{int:Internalerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Intl&action=edit intl]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Intl|Talk]] </td><td> Interlanguage links </td><td> {{int:Intl}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ip_range_invalid&action=edit ip_range_invalid]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ip_range_invalid|Talk]] </td><td> Invalid IP range. </td><td> {{int:Ip_range_invalid}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipaddress&action=edit ipaddress]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipaddress|Talk]] </td><td> IP Address/username </td><td> {{int:Ipaddress}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipb_expiry_invalid&action=edit ipb_expiry_invalid]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipb_expiry_invalid|Talk]] </td><td> Expiry time invalid. </td><td> {{int:Ipb_expiry_invalid}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipbexpiry&action=edit ipbexpiry]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipbexpiry|Talk]] </td><td> Expiry </td><td> {{int:Ipbexpiry}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipblocklist&action=edit ipblocklist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipblocklist|Talk]] </td><td> List of blocked IP addresses and usernames </td><td> {{int:Ipblocklist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipbreason&action=edit ipbreason]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipbreason|Talk]] </td><td> Reason </td><td> {{int:Ipbreason}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipbsubmit&action=edit ipbsubmit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipbsubmit|Talk]] </td><td> Block this user </td><td> {{int:Ipbsubmit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipusubmit&action=edit ipusubmit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipusubmit|Talk]] </td><td> Unblock this address </td><td> {{int:Ipusubmit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipusuccess&action=edit ipusuccess]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipusuccess|Talk]] </td><td> &quot;$1&quot; unblocked </td><td> {{int:Ipusuccess}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Isbn&action=edit isbn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Isbn|Talk]] </td><td> ISBN </td><td> {{int:Isbn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Isredirect&action=edit isredirect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Isredirect|Talk]] </td><td> redirect page </td><td> {{int:Isredirect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Italic_sample&action=edit italic_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Italic_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Italic text </td><td> {{int:Italic_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Italic_tip&action=edit italic_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Italic_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Italic text </td><td> {{int:Italic_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Iteminvalidname&action=edit iteminvalidname]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Iteminvalidname|Talk]] </td><td> Problem with item &#39;$1&#39;, invalid name... </td><td> {{int:Iteminvalidname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Largefile&action=edit largefile]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Largefile|Talk]] </td><td> It is recommended that images not exceed 100k in size. </td><td> {{int:Largefile}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Last&action=edit last]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Last|Talk]] </td><td> last </td><td> {{int:Last}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lastmodified&action=edit lastmodified]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lastmodified|Talk]] </td><td> This page was last modified $1. </td><td> {{int:Lastmodified}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lastmodifiedby&action=edit lastmodifiedby]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lastmodifiedby|Talk]] </td><td> This page was last modified $1 by $2. </td><td> {{int:Lastmodifiedby}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lineno&action=edit lineno]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lineno|Talk]] </td><td> Line $1: </td><td> {{int:Lineno}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Link_sample&action=edit link_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Link_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Link title </td><td> {{int:Link_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Link_tip&action=edit link_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Link_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Internal link </td><td> {{int:Link_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Linklistsub&action=edit linklistsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Linklistsub|Talk]] </td><td> (List of links) </td><td> {{int:Linklistsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Linkshere&action=edit linkshere]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Linkshere|Talk]] </td><td> The following pages link to here: </td><td> {{int:Linkshere}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Linkstoimage&action=edit linkstoimage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Linkstoimage|Talk]] </td><td> The following pages link to this image: </td><td> {{int:Linkstoimage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Linktrail&action=edit linktrail]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Linktrail|Talk]] </td><td> /^(&#91;a-z]+)(.*)$/sD </td><td> {{int:Linktrail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Listform&action=edit listform]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Listform|Talk]] </td><td> list </td><td> {{int:Listform}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Listusers&action=edit listusers]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Listusers|Talk]] </td><td> User list </td><td> {{int:Listusers}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loadhist&action=edit loadhist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loadhist|Talk]] </td><td> Loading page history </td><td> {{int:Loadhist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loadingrev&action=edit loadingrev]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loadingrev|Talk]] </td><td> loading revision for diff </td><td> {{int:Loadingrev}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Localtime&action=edit localtime]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Localtime|Talk]] </td><td> Local time display </td><td> {{int:Localtime}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockbtn&action=edit lockbtn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lockbtn|Talk]] </td><td> Lock database </td><td> {{int:Lockbtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockconfirm&action=edit lockconfirm]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lockconfirm|Talk]] </td><td> Yes, I really want to lock the database. </td><td> {{int:Lockconfirm}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockdb&action=edit lockdb]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lockdb|Talk]] </td><td> Lock database </td><td> {{int:Lockdb}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockdbsuccesssub&action=edit lockdbsuccesssub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lockdbsuccesssub|Talk]] </td><td> Database lock succeeded </td><td> {{int:Lockdbsuccesssub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockdbsuccesstext&action=edit lockdbsuccesstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lockdbsuccesstext|Talk]] </td><td> The database has been locked. &lt;br /&gt;Remember to remove the lock after your maintenance is complete. </td><td> {{int:Lockdbsuccesstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockdbtext&action=edit lockdbtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lockdbtext|Talk]] </td><td> Locking the database will suspend the ability of all users to edit pages, change their preferences, edit their watchlists, and other things requiring changes in the database. Please confirm that this is what you intend to do, and that you will unlock the database when your maintenance is done. </td><td> {{int:Lockdbtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Locknoconfirm&action=edit locknoconfirm]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Locknoconfirm|Talk]] </td><td> You did not check the confirmation box. </td><td> {{int:Locknoconfirm}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Login&action=edit login]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Login|Talk]] </td><td> Log in </td><td> {{int:Login}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginend&action=edit loginend]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginend|Talk]] </td><td> &amp;nbsp; </td><td> {{int:Loginend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginerror&action=edit loginerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginerror|Talk]] </td><td> Login error </td><td> {{int:Loginerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginpagetitle&action=edit loginpagetitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginpagetitle|Talk]] </td><td> User login </td><td> {{int:Loginpagetitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginproblem&action=edit loginproblem]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginproblem|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;There has been a problem with your login.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Try again! </td><td> {{int:Loginproblem}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginprompt&action=edit loginprompt]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginprompt|Talk]] </td><td> You must have cookies enabled to log in to Wikipedia. </td><td> {{int:Loginprompt}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginreqtext&action=edit loginreqtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginreqtext|Talk]] </td><td> You must &#91;&#91;special:Userlogin&#124;login]] to view other pages. </td><td> {{int:Loginreqtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginreqtitle&action=edit loginreqtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginreqtitle|Talk]] </td><td> Login Required </td><td> {{int:Loginreqtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginsuccess&action=edit loginsuccess]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginsuccess|Talk]] </td><td> You are now logged in to Wikipedia as &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Loginsuccess}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginsuccesstitle&action=edit loginsuccesstitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginsuccesstitle|Talk]] </td><td> Login successful </td><td> {{int:Loginsuccesstitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Logout&action=edit logout]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Logout|Talk]] </td><td> Log out </td><td> {{int:Logout}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Logouttext&action=edit logouttext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Logouttext|Talk]] </td><td> You are now logged out. You can continue to use Wikipedia anonymously, or you can log in again as the same or as a different user. Note that some pages may continue to be displayed as if you were still logged in, until you clear your browser cache </td><td> {{int:Logouttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Logouttitle&action=edit logouttitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Logouttitle|Talk]] </td><td> User logout </td><td> {{int:Logouttitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lonelypages&action=edit lonelypages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lonelypages|Talk]] </td><td> Orphaned pages </td><td> {{int:Lonelypages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Longpages&action=edit longpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Longpages|Talk]] </td><td> Long pages </td><td> {{int:Longpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Longpagewarning&action=edit longpagewarning]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Longpagewarning|Talk]] </td><td> WARNING: This page is $1 kilobytes long; some browsers may have problems editing pages approaching or longer than 32kb. Please consider breaking the page into smaller sections. </td><td> {{int:Longpagewarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mailerror&action=edit mailerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mailerror|Talk]] </td><td> Error sending mail: $1 </td><td> {{int:Mailerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mailmypassword&action=edit mailmypassword]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mailmypassword|Talk]] </td><td> Mail me a new password </td><td> {{int:Mailmypassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mailnologin&action=edit mailnologin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mailnologin|Talk]] </td><td> No send address </td><td> {{int:Mailnologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mailnologintext&action=edit mailnologintext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mailnologintext|Talk]] </td><td> You must be &lt;a href=&quot;{{localurl:Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; and have a valid e-mail address in your &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Preferences&quot;&gt;preferences&lt;/a&gt; to send e-mail to other users. </td><td> {{int:Mailnologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mainpage&action=edit mainpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mainpage|Talk]] </td><td> Main Page </td><td> {{int:Mainpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mainpagedocfooter&action=edit mainpagedocfooter]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mainpagedocfooter|Talk]] </td><td> Please see &#91;http&#58;//meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_i18n documentation on customizing the interface] and the &#91;http&#58;//meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_User%27s_Guide User&#39;s Guide] for usage and configuration help. </td><td> {{int:Mainpagedocfooter}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mainpagetext&action=edit mainpagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mainpagetext|Talk]] </td><td> Wiki software successfully installed. </td><td> {{int:Mainpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Maintenance&action=edit maintenance]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Maintenance|Talk]] </td><td> Maintenance page </td><td> {{int:Maintenance}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Maintenancebacklink&action=edit maintenancebacklink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Maintenancebacklink|Talk]] </td><td> Back to Maintenance Page </td><td> {{int:Maintenancebacklink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Maintnancepagetext&action=edit maintnancepagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Maintnancepagetext|Talk]] </td><td> This page includes several handy tools for everyday maintenance. Some of these functions tend to stress the database, so please do not hit reload after every item you fixed ;-) </td><td> {{int:Maintnancepagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysop&action=edit makesysop]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysop|Talk]] </td><td> Make a user into a sysop </td><td> {{int:Makesysop}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysopfail&action=edit makesysopfail]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysopfail|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;User &quot;$1&quot; could not be made into a sysop. (Did you enter the name correctly?)&lt;/b&gt; </td><td> {{int:Makesysopfail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysopname&action=edit makesysopname]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysopname|Talk]] </td><td> Name of the user: </td><td> {{int:Makesysopname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysopok&action=edit makesysopok]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysopok|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;User &quot;$1&quot; is now a sysop&lt;/b&gt; </td><td> {{int:Makesysopok}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysopsubmit&action=edit makesysopsubmit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysopsubmit|Talk]] </td><td> Make this user into a sysop </td><td> {{int:Makesysopsubmit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysoptext&action=edit makesysoptext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysoptext|Talk]] </td><td> This form is used by bureaucrats to turn ordinary users into administrators. Type the name of the user in the box and press the button to make the user an administrator </td><td> {{int:Makesysoptext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysoptitle&action=edit makesysoptitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysoptitle|Talk]] </td><td> Make a user into a sysop </td><td> {{int:Makesysoptitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Matchtotals&action=edit matchtotals]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Matchtotals|Talk]] </td><td> The query &quot;$1&quot; matched $2 page titles and the text of $3 pages. </td><td> {{int:Matchtotals}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math&action=edit math]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math|Talk]] </td><td> Rendering math </td><td> {{int:Math}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_bad_output&action=edit math_bad_output]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_bad_output|Talk]] </td><td> Can&#39;t write to or create math output directory </td><td> {{int:Math_bad_output}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_bad_tmpdir&action=edit math_bad_tmpdir]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_bad_tmpdir|Talk]] </td><td> Can&#39;t write to or create math temp directory </td><td> {{int:Math_bad_tmpdir}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_failure&action=edit math_failure]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_failure|Talk]] </td><td> Failed to parse </td><td> {{int:Math_failure}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_image_error&action=edit math_image_error]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_image_error|Talk]] </td><td> PNG conversion failed; check for correct installation of latex, dvips, gs, and convert </td><td> {{int:Math_image_error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_lexing_error&action=edit math_lexing_error]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_lexing_error|Talk]] </td><td> lexing error </td><td> {{int:Math_lexing_error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_notexvc&action=edit math_notexvc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_notexvc|Talk]] </td><td> Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure. </td><td> {{int:Math_notexvc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_sample&action=edit math_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Insert formula here </td><td> {{int:Math_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_syntax_error&action=edit math_syntax_error]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_syntax_error|Talk]] </td><td> syntax error </td><td> {{int:Math_syntax_error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_tip&action=edit math_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Mathematical formula (LaTeX) </td><td> {{int:Math_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_unknown_error&action=edit math_unknown_error]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_unknown_error|Talk]] </td><td> unknown error </td><td> {{int:Math_unknown_error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_unknown_function&action=edit math_unknown_function]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_unknown_function|Talk]] </td><td> unknown function </td><td> {{int:Math_unknown_function}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Media_sample&action=edit media_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Media_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Example.mp3 </td><td> {{int:Media_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Media_tip&action=edit media_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Media_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Media file link </td><td> {{int:Media_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Minlength&action=edit minlength]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Minlength|Talk]] </td><td> Image names must be at least three letters. </td><td> {{int:Minlength}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Minoredit&action=edit minoredit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Minoredit|Talk]] </td><td> This is a minor edit </td><td> {{int:Minoredit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Minoreditletter&action=edit minoreditletter]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Minoreditletter|Talk]] </td><td> M </td><td> {{int:Minoreditletter}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mispeelings&action=edit mispeelings]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mispeelings|Talk]] </td><td> Pages with misspellings </td><td> {{int:Mispeelings}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mispeelingspage&action=edit mispeelingspage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mispeelingspage|Talk]] </td><td> List of common misspellings </td><td> {{int:Mispeelingspage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mispeelingstext&action=edit mispeelingstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mispeelingstext|Talk]] </td><td> The following pages contain a common misspelling, which are listed on $1. The correct spelling might be given (like this). </td><td> {{int:Mispeelingstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missingarticle&action=edit missingarticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Missingarticle|Talk]] </td><td> The database did not find the text of a page that it should have found, named &quot;$1&quot;. &lt;p&gt;This is usually caused by following an outdated diff or history link to a page that has been deleted. &lt;p&gt;If this is not the case, you may have found a bug in the software. Please report this to an administrator, making note of the URL. </td><td> {{int:Missingarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missingimage&action=edit missingimage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Missingimage|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;Missing image&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;$1&lt;/i&gt; </td><td> {{int:Missingimage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missinglanguagelinks&action=edit missinglanguagelinks]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Missinglanguagelinks|Talk]] </td><td> Missing Language Links </td><td> {{int:Missinglanguagelinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missinglanguagelinksbutton&action=edit missinglanguagelinksbutton]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Missinglanguagelinksbutton|Talk]] </td><td> Find missing language links for </td><td> {{int:Missinglanguagelinksbutton}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missinglanguagelinkstext&action=edit missinglanguagelinkstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Missinglanguagelinkstext|Talk]] </td><td> These pages do &lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt; link to their counterpart in $1. Redirects and subpages are &lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt; shown. </td><td> {{int:Missinglanguagelinkstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Moredotdotdot&action=edit moredotdotdot]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Moredotdotdot|Talk]] </td><td> More... </td><td> {{int:Moredotdotdot}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Move&action=edit move]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Move|Talk]] </td><td> Move </td><td> {{int:Move}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movearticle&action=edit movearticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movearticle|Talk]] </td><td> Move page </td><td> {{int:Movearticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movedto&action=edit movedto]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movedto|Talk]] </td><td> moved to </td><td> {{int:Movedto}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movenologin&action=edit movenologin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movenologin|Talk]] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{int:Movenologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movenologintext&action=edit movenologintext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movenologintext|Talk]] </td><td> You must be a registered user and &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; to move a page. </td><td> {{int:Movenologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movepage&action=edit movepage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movepage|Talk]] </td><td> Move page </td><td> {{int:Movepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movepagebtn&action=edit movepagebtn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movepagebtn|Talk]] </td><td> Move page </td><td> {{int:Movepagebtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movepagetalktext&action=edit movepagetalktext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movepagetalktext|Talk]] </td><td> The associated talk page, if any, will be automatically moved along with it &#39;&#39;&#39;unless:&#39;&#39;&#39; *You are moving the page across namespaces, *A non-empty talk page already exists under the new name, or *You uncheck the box below. In those cases, you will have to move or merge the page manually if desired. </td><td> {{int:Movepagetalktext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movepagetext&action=edit movepagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movepagetext|Talk]] </td><td> Using the form below will rename a page, moving all of its history to the new name. The old title will become a redirect page to the new title. Links to the old page title will not be changed; be sure to &#91;&#91;Special:Maintenance&#124;check]] for double or broken redirects. You are responsible for making sure that links continue to point where they are supposed to go. Note that the page will &#39;&#39;&#39;not&#39;&#39;&#39; be moved if there is already a page at the new title, unless it is empty or a redirect and has no past edit history. This means that you can rename a page back to where it was just renamed from if you make a mistake, and you cannot overwrite an existing page. &lt;b&gt;WARNING!&lt;/b&gt; This can be a drastic and unexpected change for a popular page; please be sure you understand the consequences of this before proceeding. </td><td> {{int:Movepagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movetalk&action=edit movetalk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movetalk|Talk]] </td><td> Move &quot;talk&quot; page as well, if applicable. </td><td> {{int:Movetalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movethispage&action=edit movethispage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movethispage|Talk]] </td><td> Move this page </td><td> {{int:Movethispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mycontris&action=edit mycontris]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mycontris|Talk]] </td><td> My contributions </td><td> {{int:Mycontris}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mypage&action=edit mypage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mypage|Talk]] </td><td> My page </td><td> {{int:Mypage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mytalk&action=edit mytalk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mytalk|Talk]] </td><td> My talk </td><td> {{int:Mytalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Navigation&action=edit navigation]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Navigation|Talk]] </td><td> Navigation </td><td> {{int:Navigation}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nbytes&action=edit nbytes]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nbytes|Talk]] </td><td> $1 bytes </td><td> {{int:Nbytes}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nchanges&action=edit nchanges]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nchanges|Talk]] </td><td> $1 changes </td><td> {{int:Nchanges}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newarticle&action=edit newarticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newarticle|Talk]] </td><td> (New) </td><td> {{int:Newarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newarticletext&action=edit newarticletext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newarticletext|Talk]] </td><td> You&#39;ve followed a link to a page that doesn&#39;t exist yet. To create the page, start typing in the box below (see the &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Help&#124;help page]] for more info). If you are here by mistake, just click your browser&#39;s &#39;&#39;&#39;back&#39;&#39;&#39; button. </td><td> {{int:Newarticletext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newmessages&action=edit newmessages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newmessages|Talk]] </td><td> You have $1. </td><td> {{int:Newmessages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newmessageslink&action=edit newmessageslink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newmessageslink|Talk]] </td><td> new messages </td><td> {{int:Newmessageslink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newpage&action=edit newpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newpage|Talk]] </td><td> New page </td><td> {{int:Newpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newpageletter&action=edit newpageletter]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newpageletter|Talk]] </td><td> N </td><td> {{int:Newpageletter}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newpages&action=edit newpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newpages|Talk]] </td><td> New pages </td><td> {{int:Newpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newpassword&action=edit newpassword]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newpassword|Talk]] </td><td> New password </td><td> {{int:Newpassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newtitle&action=edit newtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newtitle|Talk]] </td><td> To new title </td><td> {{int:Newtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newusersonly&action=edit newusersonly]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newusersonly|Talk]] </td><td> (new users only) </td><td> {{int:Newusersonly}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Next&action=edit next]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Next|Talk]] </td><td> next </td><td> {{int:Next}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nextn&action=edit nextn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nextn|Talk]] </td><td> next $1 </td><td> {{int:Nextn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nlinks&action=edit nlinks]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nlinks|Talk]] </td><td> $1 links </td><td> {{int:Nlinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noaffirmation&action=edit noaffirmation]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noaffirmation|Talk]] </td><td> You must affirm that your upload does not violate any copyrights. </td><td> {{int:Noaffirmation}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noarticletext&action=edit noarticletext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noarticletext|Talk]] </td><td> (There is currently no text in this page) </td><td> {{int:Noarticletext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noblockreason&action=edit noblockreason]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noblockreason|Talk]] </td><td> You must supply a reason for the block. </td><td> {{int:Noblockreason}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noconnect&action=edit noconnect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noconnect|Talk]] </td><td> Sorry! The wiki is experiencing some technical difficulties, and cannot contact the database server. </td><td> {{int:Noconnect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nocontribs&action=edit nocontribs]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nocontribs|Talk]] </td><td> No changes were found matching these criteria. </td><td> {{int:Nocontribs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nocookieslogin&action=edit nocookieslogin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nocookieslogin|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia uses cookies to log in users. You have cookies disabled. Please enable them and try again. </td><td> {{int:Nocookieslogin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nocookiesnew&action=edit nocookiesnew]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nocookiesnew|Talk]] </td><td> The user account was created, but you are not logged in. Wikipedia uses cookies to log in users. You have cookies disabled. Please enable them, then log in with your new username and password. </td><td> {{int:Nocookiesnew}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nocreativecommons&action=edit nocreativecommons]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nocreativecommons|Talk]] </td><td> Creative Commons RDF metadata disabled for this server. </td><td> {{int:Nocreativecommons}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nodb&action=edit nodb]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nodb|Talk]] </td><td> Could not select database $1 </td><td> {{int:Nodb}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nodublincore&action=edit nodublincore]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nodublincore|Talk]] </td><td> Dublin Core RDF metadata disabled for this server. </td><td> {{int:Nodublincore}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noemail&action=edit noemail]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noemail|Talk]] </td><td> There is no e-mail address recorded for user &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Noemail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noemailtext&action=edit noemailtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noemailtext|Talk]] </td><td> This user has not specified a valid e-mail address, or has chosen not to receive e-mail from other users. </td><td> {{int:Noemailtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noemailtitle&action=edit noemailtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noemailtitle|Talk]] </td><td> No e-mail address </td><td> {{int:Noemailtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nogomatch&action=edit nogomatch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nogomatch|Talk]] </td><td> No page with this exact title exists, trying full text search. </td><td> {{int:Nogomatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nohistory&action=edit nohistory]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nohistory|Talk]] </td><td> There is no edit history for this page. </td><td> {{int:Nohistory}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nolinkshere&action=edit nolinkshere]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nolinkshere|Talk]] </td><td> No pages link to here. </td><td> {{int:Nolinkshere}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nolinkstoimage&action=edit nolinkstoimage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nolinkstoimage|Talk]] </td><td> There are no pages that link to this image. </td><td> {{int:Nolinkstoimage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noname&action=edit noname]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noname|Talk]] </td><td> You have not specified a valid user name. </td><td> {{int:Noname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nonefound&action=edit nonefound]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nonefound|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;strong&gt;Note&lt;/strong&gt;: unsuccessful searches are often caused by searching for common words like &quot;have&quot; and &quot;from&quot;, which are not indexed, or by specifying more than one search term (only pages containing all of the search terms will appear in the result). </td><td> {{int:Nonefound}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nospecialpagetext&action=edit nospecialpagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nospecialpagetext|Talk]] </td><td> You have requested a special page that is not recognized by the wiki. </td><td> {{int:Nospecialpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nosuchaction&action=edit nosuchaction]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nosuchaction|Talk]] </td><td> No such action </td><td> {{int:Nosuchaction}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nosuchactiontext&action=edit nosuchactiontext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nosuchactiontext|Talk]] </td><td> The action specified by the URL is not recognized by the wiki </td><td> {{int:Nosuchactiontext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nosuchspecialpage&action=edit nosuchspecialpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nosuchspecialpage|Talk]] </td><td> No such special page </td><td> {{int:Nosuchspecialpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nosuchuser&action=edit nosuchuser]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nosuchuser|Talk]] </td><td> There is no user by the name &quot;$1&quot;. Check your spelling, or use the form below to create a new user account. </td><td> {{int:Nosuchuser}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notacceptable&action=edit notacceptable]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Notacceptable|Talk]] </td><td> The wiki server can&#39;t provide data in a format your client can read. </td><td> {{int:Notacceptable}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notanarticle&action=edit notanarticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Notanarticle|Talk]] </td><td> Not a content page </td><td> {{int:Notanarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notargettext&action=edit notargettext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Notargettext|Talk]] </td><td> You have not specified a target page or user to perform this function on. </td><td> {{int:Notargettext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notargettitle&action=edit notargettitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Notargettitle|Talk]] </td><td> No target </td><td> {{int:Notargettitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Note&action=edit note]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Note|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;strong&gt;Note:&lt;/strong&gt; </td><td> {{int:Note}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notextmatches&action=edit notextmatches]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Notextmatches|Talk]] </td><td> No page text matches </td><td> {{int:Notextmatches}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notitlematches&action=edit notitlematches]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Notitlematches|Talk]] </td><td> No page title matches </td><td> {{int:Notitlematches}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notloggedin&action=edit notloggedin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Notloggedin|Talk]] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{int:Notloggedin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nowatchlist&action=edit nowatchlist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nowatchlist|Talk]] </td><td> You have no items on your watchlist. </td><td> {{int:Nowatchlist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nowiki_sample&action=edit nowiki_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nowiki_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Insert non-formatted text here </td><td> {{int:Nowiki_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nowiki_tip&action=edit nowiki_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nowiki_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Ignore wiki formatting </td><td> {{int:Nowiki_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-category&action=edit nstab-category]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-category|Talk]] </td><td> Category </td><td> {{int:Nstab-category}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-help&action=edit nstab-help]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-help|Talk]] </td><td> Help </td><td> {{int:Nstab-help}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-image&action=edit nstab-image]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-image|Talk]] </td><td> Image </td><td> {{int:Nstab-image}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-main&action=edit nstab-main]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-main|Talk]] </td><td> Article </td><td> {{int:Nstab-main}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-media&action=edit nstab-media]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-media|Talk]] </td><td> Media </td><td> {{int:Nstab-media}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-mediawiki&action=edit nstab-mediawiki]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-mediawiki|Talk]] </td><td> Message </td><td> {{int:Nstab-mediawiki}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-special&action=edit nstab-special]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-special|Talk]] </td><td> Special </td><td> {{int:Nstab-special}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-template&action=edit nstab-template]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-template|Talk]] </td><td> Template </td><td> {{int:Nstab-template}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-user&action=edit nstab-user]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-user|Talk]] </td><td> User page </td><td> {{int:Nstab-user}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-wp&action=edit nstab-wp]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-wp|Talk]] </td><td> About </td><td> {{int:Nstab-wp}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nviews&action=edit nviews]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nviews|Talk]] </td><td> $1 views </td><td> {{int:Nviews}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ok&action=edit ok]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ok|Talk]] </td><td> OK </td><td> {{int:Ok}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Oldpassword&action=edit oldpassword]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Oldpassword|Talk]] </td><td> Old password </td><td> {{int:Oldpassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Orig&action=edit orig]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Orig|Talk]] </td><td> orig </td><td> {{int:Orig}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Orphans&action=edit orphans]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Orphans|Talk]] </td><td> Orphaned pages </td><td> {{int:Orphans}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Othercontribs&action=edit othercontribs]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Othercontribs|Talk]] </td><td> Based on work by $1. </td><td> {{int:Othercontribs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Otherlanguages&action=edit otherlanguages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Otherlanguages|Talk]] </td><td> Other languages </td><td> {{int:Otherlanguages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Pagemovedsub&action=edit pagemovedsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Pagemovedsub|Talk]] </td><td> Move succeeded </td><td> {{int:Pagemovedsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Pagemovedtext&action=edit pagemovedtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Pagemovedtext|Talk]] </td><td> Page &quot;&#91;&#91;$1]]&quot; moved to &quot;&#91;&#91;$2]]&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Pagemovedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Pagetitle&action=edit pagetitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Pagetitle|Talk]] </td><td> $1 - Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Pagetitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Passwordremindertext&action=edit passwordremindertext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Passwordremindertext|Talk]] </td><td> Someone (probably you, from IP address $1) requested that we send you a new Wikipedia login password. The password for user &quot;$2&quot; is now &quot;$3&quot;. You should log in and change your password now. </td><td> {{int:Passwordremindertext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Passwordremindertitle&action=edit passwordremindertitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Passwordremindertitle|Talk]] </td><td> Password reminder from Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Passwordremindertitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Passwordsent&action=edit passwordsent]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Passwordsent|Talk]] </td><td> A new password has been sent to the e-mail address registered for &quot;$1&quot;. Please log in again after you receive it. </td><td> {{int:Passwordsent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Perfcached&action=edit perfcached]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Perfcached|Talk]] </td><td> The following data is cached and may not be completely up to date: </td><td> {{int:Perfcached}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Perfdisabled&action=edit perfdisabled]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Perfdisabled|Talk]] </td><td> Sorry! This feature has been temporarily disabled because it slows the database down to the point that no one can use the wiki. </td><td> {{int:Perfdisabled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Perfdisabledsub&action=edit perfdisabledsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Perfdisabledsub|Talk]] </td><td> Here&#39;s a saved copy from $1: </td><td> {{int:Perfdisabledsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Personaltools&action=edit personaltools]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Personaltools|Talk]] </td><td> Personal tools </td><td> {{int:Personaltools}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Popularpages&action=edit popularpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Popularpages|Talk]] </td><td> Popular pages </td><td> {{int:Popularpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Portal&action=edit portal]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Portal|Talk]] </td><td> Community portal </td><td> {{int:Portal}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Portal-url&action=edit portal-url]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Portal-url|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:Community Portal </td><td> {{int:Portal-url}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Postcomment&action=edit postcomment]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Postcomment|Talk]] </td><td> Post a comment </td><td> {{int:Postcomment}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Poweredby&action=edit poweredby]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Poweredby|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia is powered by &#91;http&#58;//www.mediawiki.org/ MediaWiki], an open source wiki engine. </td><td> {{int:Poweredby}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Powersearch&action=edit powersearch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Powersearch|Talk]] </td><td> Search </td><td> {{int:Powersearch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Powersearchtext&action=edit powersearchtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Powersearchtext|Talk]] </td><td> Search in namespaces :&lt;br /&gt; $1&lt;br /&gt; $2 List redirects &amp;nbsp; Search for $3 $9 </td><td> {{int:Powersearchtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Preferences&action=edit preferences]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Preferences|Talk]] </td><td> Preferences </td><td> {{int:Preferences}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefs-help-userdata&action=edit prefs-help-userdata]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefs-help-userdata|Talk]] </td><td> * &lt;strong&gt;Real name&lt;/strong&gt; (optional): if you choose to provide it this will be used for giving you attribution for your work.&lt;br/&gt; * &lt;strong&gt;Email&lt;/strong&gt; (optional): Enables people to contact you through the website without you having to reveal your email address to them, and it can be used to send you a new password if you forget it. </td><td> {{int:Prefs-help-userdata}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefs-misc&action=edit prefs-misc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefs-misc|Talk]] </td><td> Misc settings </td><td> {{int:Prefs-misc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefs-personal&action=edit prefs-personal]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefs-personal|Talk]] </td><td> User data </td><td> {{int:Prefs-personal}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefs-rc&action=edit prefs-rc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefs-rc|Talk]] </td><td> Recent changes and stub display </td><td> {{int:Prefs-rc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefslogintext&action=edit prefslogintext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefslogintext|Talk]] </td><td> You are logged in as &quot;$1&quot;. Your internal ID number is $2. See &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:User preferences help]] for help deciphering the options. </td><td> {{int:Prefslogintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefsnologin&action=edit prefsnologin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefsnologin|Talk]] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{int:Prefsnologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefsnologintext&action=edit prefsnologintext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefsnologintext|Talk]] </td><td> You must be &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; to set user preferences. </td><td> {{int:Prefsnologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefsreset&action=edit prefsreset]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefsreset|Talk]] </td><td> Preferences have been reset from storage. </td><td> {{int:Prefsreset}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Preview&action=edit preview]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Preview|Talk]] </td><td> Preview </td><td> {{int:Preview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Previewconflict&action=edit previewconflict]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Previewconflict|Talk]] </td><td> This preview reflects the text in the upper text editing area as it will appear if you choose to save. </td><td> {{int:Previewconflict}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Previewnote&action=edit previewnote]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Previewnote|Talk]] </td><td> Remember that this is only a preview, and has not yet been saved! </td><td> {{int:Previewnote}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prevn&action=edit prevn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prevn|Talk]] </td><td> previous $1 </td><td> {{int:Prevn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Printableversion&action=edit printableversion]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Printableversion|Talk]] </td><td> Printable version </td><td> {{int:Printableversion}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Printsubtitle&action=edit printsubtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Printsubtitle|Talk]] </td><td> (From http&#58;//sw.wikipedia.org) </td><td> {{int:Printsubtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protect&action=edit protect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protect|Talk]] </td><td> Protect </td><td> {{int:Protect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectcomment&action=edit protectcomment]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectcomment|Talk]] </td><td> Reason for protecting </td><td> {{int:Protectcomment}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectedarticle&action=edit protectedarticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectedarticle|Talk]] </td><td> protected &#91;&#91;$1]] </td><td> {{int:Protectedarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectedpage&action=edit protectedpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectedpage|Talk]] </td><td> Protected page </td><td> {{int:Protectedpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectedpagewarning&action=edit protectedpagewarning]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectedpagewarning|Talk]] </td><td> WARNING: This page has been locked so that only users with sysop privileges can edit it. Be sure you are following the &lt;a href=&#39;/w/wiki.phtml/Wikipedia:Protected_page_guidelines&#39;&gt;protected page guidelines&lt;/a&gt;. </td><td> {{int:Protectedpagewarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectedtext&action=edit protectedtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectedtext|Talk]] </td><td> This page has been locked to prevent editing; there are a number of reasons why this may be so, please see &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Protected page]]. You can view and copy the source of this page: </td><td> {{int:Protectedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectlogpage&action=edit protectlogpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectlogpage|Talk]] </td><td> Protection_log </td><td> {{int:Protectlogpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectlogtext&action=edit protectlogtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectlogtext|Talk]] </td><td> Below is a list of page locks/unlocks. See &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Protected page]] for more information. </td><td> {{int:Protectlogtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectpage&action=edit protectpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectpage|Talk]] </td><td> Protect page </td><td> {{int:Protectpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectreason&action=edit protectreason]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectreason|Talk]] </td><td> (give a reason) </td><td> {{int:Protectreason}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectsub&action=edit protectsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectsub|Talk]] </td><td> (Protecting &quot;$1&quot;) </td><td> {{int:Protectsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectthispage&action=edit protectthispage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectthispage|Talk]] </td><td> Protect this page </td><td> {{int:Protectthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Proxyblocker&action=edit proxyblocker]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Proxyblocker|Talk]] </td><td> Proxy blocker </td><td> {{int:Proxyblocker}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Proxyblockreason&action=edit proxyblockreason]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Proxyblockreason|Talk]] </td><td> Your IP address has been blocked because it is an open proxy. Please contact your Internet service provider or tech support and inform them of this serious security problem. </td><td> {{int:Proxyblockreason}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Proxyblocksuccess&action=edit proxyblocksuccess]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Proxyblocksuccess|Talk]] </td><td> Done. </td><td> {{int:Proxyblocksuccess}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbbrowse&action=edit qbbrowse]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbbrowse|Talk]] </td><td> Browse </td><td> {{int:Qbbrowse}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbedit&action=edit qbedit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbedit|Talk]] </td><td> Edit </td><td> {{int:Qbedit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbfind&action=edit qbfind]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbfind|Talk]] </td><td> Find </td><td> {{int:Qbfind}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbmyoptions&action=edit qbmyoptions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbmyoptions|Talk]] </td><td> My pages </td><td> {{int:Qbmyoptions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbpageinfo&action=edit qbpageinfo]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbpageinfo|Talk]] </td><td> Context </td><td> {{int:Qbpageinfo}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbpageoptions&action=edit qbpageoptions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbpageoptions|Talk]] </td><td> This page </td><td> {{int:Qbpageoptions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbsettings&action=edit qbsettings]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbsettings|Talk]] </td><td> Quickbar settings </td><td> {{int:Qbsettings}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbspecialpages&action=edit qbspecialpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbspecialpages|Talk]] </td><td> Special pages </td><td> {{int:Qbspecialpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Querybtn&action=edit querybtn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Querybtn|Talk]] </td><td> Submit query </td><td> {{int:Querybtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Querysuccessful&action=edit querysuccessful]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Querysuccessful|Talk]] </td><td> Query successful </td><td> {{int:Querysuccessful}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Randompage&action=edit randompage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Randompage|Talk]] </td><td> Random page </td><td> {{int:Randompage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Range_block_disabled&action=edit range_block_disabled]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Range_block_disabled|Talk]] </td><td> The sysop ability to create range blocks is disabled. </td><td> {{int:Range_block_disabled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rchide&action=edit rchide]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rchide|Talk]] </td><td> in $4 form; $1 minor edits; $2 secondary namespaces; $3 multiple edits. </td><td> {{int:Rchide}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rclinks&action=edit rclinks]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rclinks|Talk]] </td><td> Show last $1 changes in last $2 days&lt;br /&gt;$3 </td><td> {{int:Rclinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rclistfrom&action=edit rclistfrom]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rclistfrom|Talk]] </td><td> Show new changes starting from $1 </td><td> {{int:Rclistfrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rcliu&action=edit rcliu]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rcliu|Talk]] </td><td> ; $1 edits from logged in users </td><td> {{int:Rcliu}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rcloaderr&action=edit rcloaderr]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rcloaderr|Talk]] </td><td> Loading recent changes </td><td> {{int:Rcloaderr}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rclsub&action=edit rclsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rclsub|Talk]] </td><td> (to pages linked from &quot;$1&quot;) </td><td> {{int:Rclsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rcnote&action=edit rcnote]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rcnote|Talk]] </td><td> Below are the last &lt;strong&gt;$1&lt;/strong&gt; changes in last &lt;strong&gt;$2&lt;/strong&gt; days. </td><td> {{int:Rcnote}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rcnotefrom&action=edit rcnotefrom]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rcnotefrom|Talk]] </td><td> Below are the changes since &lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt; (up to &lt;b&gt;$1&lt;/b&gt; shown). </td><td> {{int:Rcnotefrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Readonly&action=edit readonly]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Readonly|Talk]] </td><td> Database locked </td><td> {{int:Readonly}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Readonlytext&action=edit readonlytext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Readonlytext|Talk]] </td><td> The database is currently locked to new entries and other modifications, probably for routine database maintenance, after which it will be back to normal. The administrator who locked it offered this explanation: &lt;p&gt;$1 </td><td> {{int:Readonlytext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Readonlywarning&action=edit readonlywarning]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Readonlywarning|Talk]] </td><td> WARNING: The database has been locked for maintenance, so you will not be able to save your edits right now. You may wish to cut-n-paste the text into a text file and save it for later. </td><td> {{int:Readonlywarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Recentchanges&action=edit recentchanges]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Recentchanges|Talk]] </td><td> Recent changes </td><td> {{int:Recentchanges}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Recentchangescount&action=edit recentchangescount]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Recentchangescount|Talk]] </td><td> Number of titles in recent changes </td><td> {{int:Recentchangescount}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Recentchangeslinked&action=edit recentchangeslinked]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Recentchangeslinked|Talk]] </td><td> Related changes </td><td> {{int:Recentchangeslinked}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Recentchangestext&action=edit recentchangestext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Recentchangestext|Talk]] </td><td> Track the most recent changes to the wiki on this page. </td><td> {{int:Recentchangestext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Redirectedfrom&action=edit redirectedfrom]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Redirectedfrom|Talk]] </td><td> (Redirected from $1) </td><td> {{int:Redirectedfrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Remembermypassword&action=edit remembermypassword]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Remembermypassword|Talk]] </td><td> Remember my password across sessions. </td><td> {{int:Remembermypassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Removechecked&action=edit removechecked]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Removechecked|Talk]] </td><td> Remove checked items from watchlist </td><td> {{int:Removechecked}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Removedwatch&action=edit removedwatch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Removedwatch|Talk]] </td><td> Removed from watchlist </td><td> {{int:Removedwatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Removedwatchtext&action=edit removedwatchtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Removedwatchtext|Talk]] </td><td> The page &quot;$1&quot; has been removed from your watchlist. </td><td> {{int:Removedwatchtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Removingchecked&action=edit removingchecked]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Removingchecked|Talk]] </td><td> Removing requested items from watchlist... </td><td> {{int:Removingchecked}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Resetprefs&action=edit resetprefs]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Resetprefs|Talk]] </td><td> Reset preferences </td><td> {{int:Resetprefs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Restorelink&action=edit restorelink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Restorelink|Talk]] </td><td> $1 deleted edits </td><td> {{int:Restorelink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Resultsperpage&action=edit resultsperpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Resultsperpage|Talk]] </td><td> Hits to show per page </td><td> {{int:Resultsperpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Retrievedfrom&action=edit retrievedfrom]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Retrievedfrom|Talk]] </td><td> Retrieved from &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{int:Retrievedfrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Returnto&action=edit returnto]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Returnto|Talk]] </td><td> Return to $1. </td><td> {{int:Returnto}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Retypenew&action=edit retypenew]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Retypenew|Talk]] </td><td> Retype new password </td><td> {{int:Retypenew}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Reupload&action=edit reupload]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Reupload|Talk]] </td><td> Re-upload </td><td> {{int:Reupload}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Reuploaddesc&action=edit reuploaddesc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Reuploaddesc|Talk]] </td><td> Return to the upload form. </td><td> {{int:Reuploaddesc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Reverted&action=edit reverted]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Reverted|Talk]] </td><td> Reverted to earlier revision </td><td> {{int:Reverted}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revertimg&action=edit revertimg]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Revertimg|Talk]] </td><td> rev </td><td> {{int:Revertimg}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revertpage&action=edit revertpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Revertpage|Talk]] </td><td> Reverted edit of $2, changed back to last version by $1 </td><td> {{int:Revertpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revhistory&action=edit revhistory]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Revhistory|Talk]] </td><td> Revision history </td><td> {{int:Revhistory}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revisionasof&action=edit revisionasof]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Revisionasof|Talk]] </td><td> Revision as of $1 </td><td> {{int:Revisionasof}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revnotfound&action=edit revnotfound]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Revnotfound|Talk]] </td><td> Revision not found </td><td> {{int:Revnotfound}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revnotfoundtext&action=edit revnotfoundtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Revnotfoundtext|Talk]] </td><td> The old revision of the page you asked for could not be found. Please check the URL you used to access this page. </td><td> {{int:Revnotfoundtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rfcurl&action=edit rfcurl]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rfcurl|Talk]] </td><td> http&#58;//www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc$1.html </td><td> {{int:Rfcurl}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rights&action=edit rights]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rights|Talk]] </td><td> Rights: </td><td> {{int:Rights}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rollback&action=edit rollback]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rollback|Talk]] </td><td> Roll back edits </td><td> {{int:Rollback}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rollback_short&action=edit rollback_short]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rollback_short|Talk]] </td><td> Rollback </td><td> {{int:Rollback_short}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rollbackfailed&action=edit rollbackfailed]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rollbackfailed|Talk]] </td><td> Rollback failed </td><td> {{int:Rollbackfailed}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rollbacklink&action=edit rollbacklink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rollbacklink|Talk]] </td><td> rollback </td><td> {{int:Rollbacklink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rows&action=edit rows]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rows|Talk]] </td><td> Rows </td><td> {{int:Rows}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Savearticle&action=edit savearticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Savearticle|Talk]] </td><td> Save page </td><td> {{int:Savearticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Savedprefs&action=edit savedprefs]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Savedprefs|Talk]] </td><td> Your preferences have been saved. </td><td> {{int:Savedprefs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Savefile&action=edit savefile]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Savefile|Talk]] </td><td> Save file </td><td> {{int:Savefile}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Saveprefs&action=edit saveprefs]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Saveprefs|Talk]] </td><td> Save preferences </td><td> {{int:Saveprefs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Search&action=edit search]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Search|Talk]] </td><td> Search </td><td> {{int:Search}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchdisabled&action=edit searchdisabled]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Searchdisabled|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;p&gt;Sorry! Full text search has been disabled temporarily, for performance reasons. In the meantime, you can use the Google search below, which may be out of date.&lt;/p&gt; </td><td> {{int:Searchdisabled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchhelppage&action=edit searchhelppage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Searchhelppage|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:Searching </td><td> {{int:Searchhelppage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchingwikipedia&action=edit searchingwikipedia]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Searchingwikipedia|Talk]] </td><td> Searching Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Searchingwikipedia}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchquery&action=edit searchquery]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Searchquery|Talk]] </td><td> For query &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{int:Searchquery}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchresults&action=edit searchresults]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Searchresults|Talk]] </td><td> Search results </td><td> {{int:Searchresults}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchresultshead&action=edit searchresultshead]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Searchresultshead|Talk]] </td><td> Search result settings </td><td> {{int:Searchresultshead}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchresulttext&action=edit searchresulttext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Searchresulttext|Talk]] </td><td> For more information about searching Wikipedia, see $1. </td><td> {{int:Searchresulttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sectionedit&action=edit sectionedit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sectionedit|Talk]] </td><td> (section) </td><td> {{int:Sectionedit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selectnewerversionfordiff&action=edit selectnewerversionfordiff]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Selectnewerversionfordiff|Talk]] </td><td> Select a newer version for comparison </td><td> {{int:Selectnewerversionfordiff}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selectolderversionfordiff&action=edit selectolderversionfordiff]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Selectolderversionfordiff|Talk]] </td><td> Select an older version for comparison </td><td> {{int:Selectolderversionfordiff}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selectonly&action=edit selectonly]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Selectonly|Talk]] </td><td> Only read-only queries are allowed. </td><td> {{int:Selectonly}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selflinks&action=edit selflinks]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Selflinks|Talk]] </td><td> Pages with Self Links </td><td> {{int:Selflinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selflinkstext&action=edit selflinkstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Selflinkstext|Talk]] </td><td> The following pages contain a link to themselves, which they should not. </td><td> {{int:Selflinkstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Seriousxhtmlerrors&action=edit seriousxhtmlerrors]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Seriousxhtmlerrors|Talk]] </td><td> There were serious xhtml markup errors detected by tidy. </td><td> {{int:Seriousxhtmlerrors}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Servertime&action=edit servertime]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Servertime|Talk]] </td><td> Server time is now </td><td> {{int:Servertime}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Set_rights_fail&action=edit set_rights_fail]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Set_rights_fail|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;User rights for &quot;$1&quot; could not be set. (Did you enter the name correctly?)&lt;/b&gt; </td><td> {{int:Set_rights_fail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Set_user_rights&action=edit set_user_rights]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Set_user_rights|Talk]] </td><td> Set user rights </td><td> {{int:Set_user_rights}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Setbureaucratflag&action=edit setbureaucratflag]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Setbureaucratflag|Talk]] </td><td> Set bureaucrat flag </td><td> {{int:Setbureaucratflag}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Shortpages&action=edit shortpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Shortpages|Talk]] </td><td> Short pages </td><td> {{int:Shortpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Show&action=edit show]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Show|Talk]] </td><td> show </td><td> {{int:Show}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showhideminor&action=edit showhideminor]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Showhideminor|Talk]] </td><td> $1 minor edits &#124; $2 bots &#124; $3 logged in users </td><td> {{int:Showhideminor}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showingresults&action=edit showingresults]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Showingresults|Talk]] </td><td> Showing below &lt;b&gt;$1&lt;/b&gt; results starting with #&lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt;. </td><td> {{int:Showingresults}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showingresultsnum&action=edit showingresultsnum]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Showingresultsnum|Talk]] </td><td> Showing below &lt;b&gt;$3&lt;/b&gt; results starting with #&lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt;. </td><td> {{int:Showingresultsnum}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showlast&action=edit showlast]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Showlast|Talk]] </td><td> Show last $1 images sorted $2. </td><td> {{int:Showlast}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showpreview&action=edit showpreview]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Showpreview|Talk]] </td><td> Show preview </td><td> {{int:Showpreview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showtoc&action=edit showtoc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Showtoc|Talk]] </td><td> show </td><td> {{int:Showtoc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sig_tip&action=edit sig_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sig_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Your signature with timestamp </td><td> {{int:Sig_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitestats&action=edit sitestats]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sitestats|Talk]] </td><td> Site statistics </td><td> {{int:Sitestats}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitestatstext&action=edit sitestatstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sitestatstext|Talk]] </td><td> There are &#39;&#39;&#39;$1&#39;&#39;&#39; total pages in the database. This includes &quot;talk&quot; pages, pages about Wikipedia, minimal &quot;stub&quot; pages, redirects, and others that probably don&#39;t qualify as content pages. Excluding those, there are &#39;&#39;&#39;$2&#39;&#39;&#39; pages that are probably legitimate content pages. There have been a total of &#39;&#39;&#39;$3&#39;&#39;&#39; page views, and &#39;&#39;&#39;$4&#39;&#39;&#39; page edits since the wiki was setup. That comes to &#39;&#39;&#39;$5&#39;&#39;&#39; average edits per page, and &#39;&#39;&#39;$6&#39;&#39;&#39; views per edit. </td><td> {{int:Sitestatstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitesubtitle&action=edit sitesubtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sitesubtitle|Talk]] </td><td> The Free Encyclopedia </td><td> {{int:Sitesubtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitesupport&action=edit sitesupport]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sitesupport|Talk]] </td><td> Donations </td><td> {{int:Sitesupport}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitetitle&action=edit sitetitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sitetitle|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Sitetitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Siteuser&action=edit siteuser]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Siteuser|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia user $1 </td><td> {{int:Siteuser}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Siteusers&action=edit siteusers]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Siteusers|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia user(s) $1 </td><td> {{int:Siteusers}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Skin&action=edit skin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Skin|Talk]] </td><td> Skin </td><td> {{int:Skin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Spamprotectiontext&action=edit spamprotectiontext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Spamprotectiontext|Talk]] </td><td> The page you wanted to save was blocked by the spam filter. This is probably caused by a link to an external site. You might want to check the following regular expression for patterns that are currently blocked: </td><td> {{int:Spamprotectiontext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Spamprotectiontitle&action=edit spamprotectiontitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Spamprotectiontitle|Talk]] </td><td> Spam protection filter </td><td> {{int:Spamprotectiontitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Specialpage&action=edit specialpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Specialpage|Talk]] </td><td> Special Page </td><td> {{int:Specialpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Specialpages&action=edit specialpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Specialpages|Talk]] </td><td> Special pages </td><td> {{int:Specialpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Spheading&action=edit spheading]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Spheading|Talk]] </td><td> Special pages for all users </td><td> {{int:Spheading}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sqlislogged&action=edit sqlislogged]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sqlislogged|Talk]] </td><td> Please note that all queries are logged. </td><td> {{int:Sqlislogged}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sqlquery&action=edit sqlquery]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sqlquery|Talk]] </td><td> Enter query </td><td> {{int:Sqlquery}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Statistics&action=edit statistics]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Statistics|Talk]] </td><td> Statistics </td><td> {{int:Statistics}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Storedversion&action=edit storedversion]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Storedversion|Talk]] </td><td> Stored version </td><td> {{int:Storedversion}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Stubthreshold&action=edit stubthreshold]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Stubthreshold|Talk]] </td><td> Threshold for stub display </td><td> {{int:Stubthreshold}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Subcategories&action=edit subcategories]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Subcategories|Talk]] </td><td> Subcategories </td><td> {{int:Subcategories}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Subject&action=edit subject]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Subject|Talk]] </td><td> Subject/headline </td><td> {{int:Subject}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Subjectpage&action=edit subjectpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Subjectpage|Talk]] </td><td> View subject </td><td> {{int:Subjectpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Successfulupload&action=edit successfulupload]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Successfulupload|Talk]] </td><td> Successful upload </td><td> {{int:Successfulupload}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Summary&action=edit summary]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Summary|Talk]] </td><td> Summary </td><td> {{int:Summary}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sysopspheading&action=edit sysopspheading]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sysopspheading|Talk]] </td><td> For sysop use only </td><td> {{int:Sysopspheading}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sysoptext&action=edit sysoptext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sysoptext|Talk]] </td><td> The action you have requested can only be performed by users with &quot;sysop&quot; status. See $1. </td><td> {{int:Sysoptext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sysoptitle&action=edit sysoptitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sysoptitle|Talk]] </td><td> Sysop access required </td><td> {{int:Sysoptitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tableform&action=edit tableform]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tableform|Talk]] </td><td> table </td><td> {{int:Tableform}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talk&action=edit talk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Talk|Talk]] </td><td> Discussion </td><td> {{int:Talk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkexists&action=edit talkexists]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Talkexists|Talk]] </td><td> The page itself was moved successfully, but the talk page could not be moved because one already exists at the new title. Please merge them manually. </td><td> {{int:Talkexists}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkpage&action=edit talkpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Talkpage|Talk]] </td><td> Discuss this page </td><td> {{int:Talkpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkpagemoved&action=edit talkpagemoved]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Talkpagemoved|Talk]] </td><td> The corresponding talk page was also moved. </td><td> {{int:Talkpagemoved}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkpagenotmoved&action=edit talkpagenotmoved]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Talkpagenotmoved|Talk]] </td><td> The corresponding talk page was &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; moved. </td><td> {{int:Talkpagenotmoved}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkpagetext&action=edit talkpagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Talkpagetext|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;!-- MediaWiki:talkpagetext --&gt; </td><td> {{int:Talkpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Textboxsize&action=edit textboxsize]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Textboxsize|Talk]] </td><td> Textbox dimensions </td><td> {{int:Textboxsize}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Textmatches&action=edit textmatches]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Textmatches|Talk]] </td><td> Page text matches </td><td> {{int:Textmatches}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Thisisdeleted&action=edit thisisdeleted]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Thisisdeleted|Talk]] </td><td> View or restore $1? </td><td> {{int:Thisisdeleted}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Thumbnail-more&action=edit thumbnail-more]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Thumbnail-more|Talk]] </td><td> Enlarge </td><td> {{int:Thumbnail-more}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Timezoneoffset&action=edit timezoneoffset]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Timezoneoffset|Talk]] </td><td> Offset </td><td> {{int:Timezoneoffset}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Timezonetext&action=edit timezonetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Timezonetext|Talk]] </td><td> Enter number of hours your local time differs from server time (UTC). </td><td> {{int:Timezonetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Titlematches&action=edit titlematches]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Titlematches|Talk]] </td><td> Article title matches </td><td> {{int:Titlematches}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Toc&action=edit toc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Toc|Talk]] </td><td> Table of contents </td><td> {{int:Toc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Toolbox&action=edit toolbox]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Toolbox|Talk]] </td><td> Toolbox </td><td> {{int:Toolbox}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-addsection&action=edit tooltip-addsection]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-addsection|Talk]] </td><td> Add a comment to this page. &#91;alt-+] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-addsection}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-anontalk&action=edit tooltip-anontalk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-anontalk|Talk]] </td><td> Discussion about edits from this ip address &#91;alt-n] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-anontalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-anonuserpage&action=edit tooltip-anonuserpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-anonuserpage|Talk]] </td><td> The user page for the ip you&#39;re editing as &#91;alt-.] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-anonuserpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-article&action=edit tooltip-article]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-article|Talk]] </td><td> View the content page &#91;alt-a] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-article}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-atom&action=edit tooltip-atom]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-atom|Talk]] </td><td> Atom feed for this page </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-atom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-compareselectedversions&action=edit tooltip-compareselectedversions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-compareselectedversions|Talk]] </td><td> See the differences between the two selected versions of this page. &#91;alt-v] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-compareselectedversions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-contributions&action=edit tooltip-contributions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-contributions|Talk]] </td><td> View the list of contributions of this user </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-contributions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-currentevents&action=edit tooltip-currentevents]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-currentevents|Talk]] </td><td> Find background information on current events </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-currentevents}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-delete&action=edit tooltip-delete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-delete|Talk]] </td><td> Delete this page &#91;alt-d] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-delete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-edit&action=edit tooltip-edit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-edit|Talk]] </td><td> You can edit this page. Please use the preview button before saving. &#91;alt-e] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-edit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-emailuser&action=edit tooltip-emailuser]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-emailuser|Talk]] </td><td> Send a mail to this user </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-emailuser}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-help&action=edit tooltip-help]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-help|Talk]] </td><td> The place to find out. </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-help}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-history&action=edit tooltip-history]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-history|Talk]] </td><td> Past versions of this page, &#91;alt-h] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-history}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-login&action=edit tooltip-login]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-login|Talk]] </td><td> You are encouraged to log in, it is not mandatory however. &#91;alt-o] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-login}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-logout&action=edit tooltip-logout]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-logout|Talk]] </td><td> Log out &#91;alt-o] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-logout}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-mainpage&action=edit tooltip-mainpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-mainpage|Talk]] </td><td> Visit the Main Page &#91;alt-z] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-mainpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-minoredit&action=edit tooltip-minoredit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-minoredit|Talk]] </td><td> Mark this as a minor edit &#91;alt-i] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-minoredit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-move&action=edit tooltip-move]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-move|Talk]] </td><td> Move this page &#91;alt-m] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-move}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-mycontris&action=edit tooltip-mycontris]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-mycontris|Talk]] </td><td> List of my contributions &#91;alt-y] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-mycontris}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-mytalk&action=edit tooltip-mytalk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-mytalk|Talk]] </td><td> My talk page &#91;alt-n] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-mytalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-nomove&action=edit tooltip-nomove]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-nomove|Talk]] </td><td> You don&#39;t have the permissions to move this page </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-nomove}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-portal&action=edit tooltip-portal]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-portal|Talk]] </td><td> About the project, what you can do, where to find things </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-portal}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-preferences&action=edit tooltip-preferences]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-preferences|Talk]] </td><td> My preferences </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-preferences}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-preview&action=edit tooltip-preview]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-preview|Talk]] </td><td> Preview your changes, please use this before saving! &#91;alt-p] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-preview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-protect&action=edit tooltip-protect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-protect|Talk]] </td><td> Protect this page &#91;alt-=] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-protect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-randompage&action=edit tooltip-randompage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-randompage|Talk]] </td><td> Load a random page &#91;alt-x] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-randompage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-recentchanges&action=edit tooltip-recentchanges]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-recentchanges|Talk]] </td><td> The list of recent changes in the wiki. &#91;alt-r] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-recentchanges}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-recentchangeslinked&action=edit tooltip-recentchangeslinked]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-recentchangeslinked|Talk]] </td><td> Recent changes in pages linking to this page &#91;alt-c] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-recentchangeslinked}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-rss&action=edit tooltip-rss]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-rss|Talk]] </td><td> RSS feed for this page </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-rss}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-save&action=edit tooltip-save]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-save|Talk]] </td><td> Save you changes &#91;alt-s] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-save}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-search&action=edit tooltip-search]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-search|Talk]] </td><td> Search this wiki &#91;alt-f] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-search}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-sitesupport&action=edit tooltip-sitesupport]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-sitesupport|Talk]] </td><td> Support Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-sitesupport}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-specialpage&action=edit tooltip-specialpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-specialpage|Talk]] </td><td> This is a special page, you can&#39;t edit the page itself. </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-specialpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-specialpages&action=edit tooltip-specialpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-specialpages|Talk]] </td><td> List of all special pages &#91;alt-q] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-specialpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-talk&action=edit tooltip-talk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-talk|Talk]] </td><td> Discussion about the content page &#91;alt-t] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-talk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-undelete&action=edit tooltip-undelete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-undelete|Talk]] </td><td> Restore $1 deleted edits to this page &#91;alt-d] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-undelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-unwatch&action=edit tooltip-unwatch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-unwatch|Talk]] </td><td> Remove this page from your watchlist &#91;alt-w] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-unwatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-upload&action=edit tooltip-upload]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-upload|Talk]] </td><td> Upload images or media files &#91;alt-u] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-upload}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-userpage&action=edit tooltip-userpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-userpage|Talk]] </td><td> My user page &#91;alt-.] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-userpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-viewsource&action=edit tooltip-viewsource]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-viewsource|Talk]] </td><td> This page is protected. You can view it&#39;s source. &#91;alt-e] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-viewsource}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-watch&action=edit tooltip-watch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-watch|Talk]] </td><td> Add this page to your watchlist &#91;alt-w] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-watch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-watchlist&action=edit tooltip-watchlist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-watchlist|Talk]] </td><td> The list of pages you&#39;re monitoring for changes. &#91;alt-l] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-watchlist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-whatlinkshere&action=edit tooltip-whatlinkshere]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-whatlinkshere|Talk]] </td><td> List of all wiki pages that link here &#91;alt-b] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-whatlinkshere}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uclinks&action=edit uclinks]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uclinks|Talk]] </td><td> View the last $1 changes; view the last $2 days. </td><td> {{int:Uclinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ucnote&action=edit ucnote]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ucnote|Talk]] </td><td> Below are this user&#39;s last &lt;b&gt;$1&lt;/b&gt; changes in the last &lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt; days. </td><td> {{int:Ucnote}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uctop&action=edit uctop]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uctop|Talk]] </td><td> (top) </td><td> {{int:Uctop}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unblockip&action=edit unblockip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unblockip|Talk]] </td><td> Unblock user </td><td> {{int:Unblockip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unblockiptext&action=edit unblockiptext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unblockiptext|Talk]] </td><td> Use the form below to restore write access to a previously blocked IP address or username. </td><td> {{int:Unblockiptext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unblocklink&action=edit unblocklink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unblocklink|Talk]] </td><td> unblock </td><td> {{int:Unblocklink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unblocklogentry&action=edit unblocklogentry]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unblocklogentry|Talk]] </td><td> unblocked &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{int:Unblocklogentry}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undelete&action=edit undelete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undelete|Talk]] </td><td> Restore deleted page </td><td> {{int:Undelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undelete_short&action=edit undelete_short]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undelete_short|Talk]] </td><td> Undelete </td><td> {{int:Undelete_short}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletearticle&action=edit undeletearticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletearticle|Talk]] </td><td> Restore deleted page </td><td> {{int:Undeletearticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletebtn&action=edit undeletebtn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletebtn|Talk]] </td><td> Restore! </td><td> {{int:Undeletebtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletedarticle&action=edit undeletedarticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletedarticle|Talk]] </td><td> restored &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{int:Undeletedarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletedtext&action=edit undeletedtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletedtext|Talk]] </td><td> &#91;&#91;$1]] has been successfully restored. See &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Deletion_log]] for a record of recent deletions and restorations. </td><td> {{int:Undeletedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletehistory&action=edit undeletehistory]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletehistory|Talk]] </td><td> If you restore the page, all revisions will be restored to the history. If a new page with the same name has been created since the deletion, the restored revisions will appear in the prior history, and the current revision of the live page will not be automatically replaced. </td><td> {{int:Undeletehistory}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletepage&action=edit undeletepage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletepage|Talk]] </td><td> View and restore deleted pages </td><td> {{int:Undeletepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletepagetext&action=edit undeletepagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletepagetext|Talk]] </td><td> The following pages have been deleted but are still in the archive and can be restored. The archive may be periodically cleaned out. </td><td> {{int:Undeletepagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeleterevision&action=edit undeleterevision]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeleterevision|Talk]] </td><td> Deleted revision as of $1 </td><td> {{int:Undeleterevision}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeleterevisions&action=edit undeleterevisions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeleterevisions|Talk]] </td><td> $1 revisions archived </td><td> {{int:Undeleterevisions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unexpected&action=edit unexpected]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unexpected|Talk]] </td><td> Unexpected value: &quot;$1&quot;=&quot;$2&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Unexpected}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockbtn&action=edit unlockbtn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unlockbtn|Talk]] </td><td> Unlock database </td><td> {{int:Unlockbtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockconfirm&action=edit unlockconfirm]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unlockconfirm|Talk]] </td><td> Yes, I really want to unlock the database. </td><td> {{int:Unlockconfirm}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockdb&action=edit unlockdb]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unlockdb|Talk]] </td><td> Unlock database </td><td> {{int:Unlockdb}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockdbsuccesssub&action=edit unlockdbsuccesssub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unlockdbsuccesssub|Talk]] </td><td> Database lock removed </td><td> {{int:Unlockdbsuccesssub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockdbsuccesstext&action=edit unlockdbsuccesstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unlockdbsuccesstext|Talk]] </td><td> The database has been unlocked. </td><td> {{int:Unlockdbsuccesstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockdbtext&action=edit unlockdbtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unlockdbtext|Talk]] </td><td> Unlocking the database will restore the ability of all users to edit pages, change their preferences, edit their watchlists, and other things requiring changes in the database. Please confirm that this is what you intend to do. </td><td> {{int:Unlockdbtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unprotect&action=edit unprotect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unprotect|Talk]] </td><td> Unprotect </td><td> {{int:Unprotect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unprotectcomment&action=edit unprotectcomment]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unprotectcomment|Talk]] </td><td> Reason for unprotecting </td><td> {{int:Unprotectcomment}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unprotectedarticle&action=edit unprotectedarticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unprotectedarticle|Talk]] </td><td> unprotected &#91;&#91;$1]] </td><td> {{int:Unprotectedarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unprotectsub&action=edit unprotectsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unprotectsub|Talk]] </td><td> (Unprotecting &quot;$1&quot;) </td><td> {{int:Unprotectsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unprotectthispage&action=edit unprotectthispage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unprotectthispage|Talk]] </td><td> Unprotect this page </td><td> {{int:Unprotectthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unusedimages&action=edit unusedimages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unusedimages|Talk]] </td><td> Unused images </td><td> {{int:Unusedimages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unusedimagestext&action=edit unusedimagestext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unusedimagestext|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;p&gt;Please note that other web sites may link to an image with a direct URL, and so may still be listed here despite being in active use. </td><td> {{int:Unusedimagestext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unwatch&action=edit unwatch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unwatch|Talk]] </td><td> Unwatch </td><td> {{int:Unwatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unwatchthispage&action=edit unwatchthispage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unwatchthispage|Talk]] </td><td> Stop watching </td><td> {{int:Unwatchthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Updated&action=edit updated]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Updated|Talk]] </td><td> (Updated) </td><td> {{int:Updated}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Upload&action=edit upload]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Upload|Talk]] </td><td> Upload file </td><td> {{int:Upload}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadbtn&action=edit uploadbtn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadbtn|Talk]] </td><td> Upload file </td><td> {{int:Uploadbtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploaddisabled&action=edit uploaddisabled]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploaddisabled|Talk]] </td><td> Sorry, uploading is disabled. </td><td> {{int:Uploaddisabled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadedfiles&action=edit uploadedfiles]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadedfiles|Talk]] </td><td> Uploaded files </td><td> {{int:Uploadedfiles}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadedimage&action=edit uploadedimage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadedimage|Talk]] </td><td> uploaded &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{int:Uploadedimage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploaderror&action=edit uploaderror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploaderror|Talk]] </td><td> Upload error </td><td> {{int:Uploaderror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadfile&action=edit uploadfile]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadfile|Talk]] </td><td> Upload images, sounds, documents etc. </td><td> {{int:Uploadfile}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadlink&action=edit uploadlink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadlink|Talk]] </td><td> Upload images </td><td> {{int:Uploadlink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadlog&action=edit uploadlog]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadlog|Talk]] </td><td> upload log </td><td> {{int:Uploadlog}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadlogpage&action=edit uploadlogpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadlogpage|Talk]] </td><td> Upload_log </td><td> {{int:Uploadlogpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadlogpagetext&action=edit uploadlogpagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadlogpagetext|Talk]] </td><td> Below is a list of the most recent file uploads. All times shown are server time (UTC). &lt;ul&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; </td><td> {{int:Uploadlogpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadnologin&action=edit uploadnologin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadnologin|Talk]] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{int:Uploadnologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadnologintext&action=edit uploadnologintext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadnologintext|Talk]] </td><td> You must be &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; to upload files. </td><td> {{int:Uploadnologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadtext&action=edit uploadtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadtext|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;strong&gt;STOP!&lt;/strong&gt; Before you upload here, make sure to read and follow the &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Image_use_policy&quot;&gt;image use policy&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;p&gt;If a file with the name you are specifying already exists on the wiki, it&#39;ll be replaced without warning. So unless you mean to update a file, it&#39;s a good idea to first check if such a file exists. &lt;p&gt;To view or search previously uploaded images, go to the &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Imagelist&quot;&gt;list of uploaded images&lt;/a&gt;. Uploads and deletions are logged on the &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Wikipedia:Upload_log&quot;&gt;upload log&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Use the form below to upload new image files for use in illustrating your pages. On most browsers, you will see a &quot;Browse...&quot; button, which will bring up your operating system&#39;s standard file open dialog. Choosing a file will fill the name of that file into the text field next to the button. You must also check the box affirming that you are not violating any copyrights by uploading the file. Press the &quot;Upload&quot; button to finish the upload. This may take some time if you have a slow internet connection. &lt;p&gt;The preferred formats are JPEG for photographic images, PNG for drawings and other iconic images, and OGG for sounds. Please name your files descriptively to avoid confusion. To include the image in a page, use a link in the form &lt;b&gt;&#91;&#91;Image:file.jpg]]&lt;/b&gt; or &lt;b&gt;&#91;&#91;Image:file.ogg]]&lt;/b&gt; for sounds. &lt;p&gt;Please note that as with wiki pages, others may edit or delete your uploads if they think it serves the project, and you may be blocked from uploading if you abuse the system. </td><td> {{int:Uploadtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadwarning&action=edit uploadwarning]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadwarning|Talk]] </td><td> Upload warning </td><td> {{int:Uploadwarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:User_rights_set&action=edit user_rights_set]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:User_rights_set|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;User rights for &quot;$1&quot; updated&lt;/b&gt; </td><td> {{int:User_rights_set}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Usercssjs&action=edit usercssjs]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Usercssjs|Talk]] </td><td> &#39;&#39;&#39;Note:&#39;&#39;&#39; After saving, you have to tell your bowser to get the new version: &#39;&#39;&#39;Mozilla:&#39;&#39;&#39; click &#39;&#39;reload&#39;&#39;(or &#39;&#39;ctrl-r&#39;&#39;), &#39;&#39;&#39;IE / Opera:&#39;&#39;&#39; &#39;&#39;ctrl-f5&#39;&#39;, &#39;&#39;&#39;Safari:&#39;&#39;&#39; &#39;&#39;cmd-r&#39;&#39;, &#39;&#39;&#39;Konqueror&#39;&#39;&#39; &#39;&#39;ctrl-r&#39;&#39;. </td><td> {{int:Usercssjs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Usercssjsyoucanpreview&action=edit usercssjsyoucanpreview]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Usercssjsyoucanpreview|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;strong&gt;Tip:&lt;/strong&gt; Use the &#39;Show preview&#39; button to test your new css/js before saving. </td><td> {{int:Usercssjsyoucanpreview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Usercsspreview&action=edit usercsspreview]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Usercsspreview|Talk]] </td><td> &#39;&#39;&#39;Remember that you are only previewing your user css, it has not yet been saved!&#39;&#39;&#39; </td><td> {{int:Usercsspreview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userexists&action=edit userexists]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Userexists|Talk]] </td><td> The user name you entered is already in use. Please choose a different name. </td><td> {{int:Userexists}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userjspreview&action=edit userjspreview]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Userjspreview|Talk]] </td><td> &#39;&#39;&#39;Remember that you are only testing/previewing your user javascript, it has not yet been saved!&#39;&#39;&#39; </td><td> {{int:Userjspreview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userlogin&action=edit userlogin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Userlogin|Talk]] </td><td> Log in </td><td> {{int:Userlogin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userlogout&action=edit userlogout]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Userlogout|Talk]] </td><td> Log out </td><td> {{int:Userlogout}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Usermailererror&action=edit usermailererror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Usermailererror|Talk]] </td><td> Mail object returned error: </td><td> {{int:Usermailererror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userpage&action=edit userpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Userpage|Talk]] </td><td> View user page </td><td> {{int:Userpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userstats&action=edit userstats]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Userstats|Talk]] </td><td> User statistics </td><td> {{int:Userstats}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userstatstext&action=edit userstatstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Userstatstext|Talk]] </td><td> There are &#39;&#39;&#39;$1&#39;&#39;&#39; registered users. &#39;&#39;&#39;$2&#39;&#39;&#39; of these are administrators (see $3). </td><td> {{int:Userstatstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Version&action=edit version]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Version|Talk]] </td><td> Version </td><td> {{int:Version}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Viewcount&action=edit viewcount]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Viewcount|Talk]] </td><td> This page has been accessed $1 times. </td><td> {{int:Viewcount}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Viewprevnext&action=edit viewprevnext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Viewprevnext|Talk]] </td><td> View ($1) ($2) ($3). </td><td> {{int:Viewprevnext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Viewsource&action=edit viewsource]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Viewsource|Talk]] </td><td> View source </td><td> {{int:Viewsource}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Viewtalkpage&action=edit viewtalkpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Viewtalkpage|Talk]] </td><td> View discussion </td><td> {{int:Viewtalkpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wantedpages&action=edit wantedpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wantedpages|Talk]] </td><td> Wanted pages </td><td> {{int:Wantedpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watch&action=edit watch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watch|Talk]] </td><td> Watch </td><td> {{int:Watch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchdetails&action=edit watchdetails]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchdetails|Talk]] </td><td> ($1 pages watched not counting talk pages; $2 total pages edited since cutoff; $3... &lt;a href=&#39;$4&#39;&gt;show and edit complete list&lt;/a&gt;.) </td><td> {{int:Watchdetails}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watcheditlist&action=edit watcheditlist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watcheditlist|Talk]] </td><td> Here&#39;s an alphabetical list of your watched pages. Check the boxes of pages you want to remove from your watchlist and click the &#39;remove checked&#39; button at the bottom of the screen. </td><td> {{int:Watcheditlist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchlist&action=edit watchlist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchlist|Talk]] </td><td> My watchlist </td><td> {{int:Watchlist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchlistcontains&action=edit watchlistcontains]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchlistcontains|Talk]] </td><td> Your watchlist contains $1 pages. </td><td> {{int:Watchlistcontains}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchlistsub&action=edit watchlistsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchlistsub|Talk]] </td><td> (for user &quot;$1&quot;) </td><td> {{int:Watchlistsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchmethod-list&action=edit watchmethod-list]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchmethod-list|Talk]] </td><td> checking watched pages for recent edits </td><td> {{int:Watchmethod-list}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchmethod-recent&action=edit watchmethod-recent]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchmethod-recent|Talk]] </td><td> checking recent edits for watched pages </td><td> {{int:Watchmethod-recent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchnochange&action=edit watchnochange]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchnochange|Talk]] </td><td> None of your watched items were edited in the time period displayed. </td><td> {{int:Watchnochange}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchnologin&action=edit watchnologin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchnologin|Talk]] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{int:Watchnologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchnologintext&action=edit watchnologintext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchnologintext|Talk]] </td><td> You must be &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; to modify your watchlist. </td><td> {{int:Watchnologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchthis&action=edit watchthis]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchthis|Talk]] </td><td> Watch this page </td><td> {{int:Watchthis}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchthispage&action=edit watchthispage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchthispage|Talk]] </td><td> Watch this page </td><td> {{int:Watchthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Welcomecreation&action=edit welcomecreation]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Welcomecreation|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;h2&gt;Welcome, $1!&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Your account has been created. Don&#39;t forget to change your Wikipedia preferences. </td><td> {{int:Welcomecreation}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whatlinkshere&action=edit whatlinkshere]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Whatlinkshere|Talk]] </td><td> What links here </td><td> {{int:Whatlinkshere}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistacctext&action=edit whitelistacctext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Whitelistacctext|Talk]] </td><td> To be allowed to create accounts in this Wiki you have to &#91;&#91;Special:Userlogin&#124;log]] in and have the appropriate permissions. </td><td> {{int:Whitelistacctext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistacctitle&action=edit whitelistacctitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Whitelistacctitle|Talk]] </td><td> You are not allowed to create an account </td><td> {{int:Whitelistacctitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistedittext&action=edit whitelistedittext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Whitelistedittext|Talk]] </td><td> You have to &#91;&#91;Special:Userlogin&#124;login]] to edit pages. </td><td> {{int:Whitelistedittext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistedittitle&action=edit whitelistedittitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Whitelistedittitle|Talk]] </td><td> Login required to edit </td><td> {{int:Whitelistedittitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistreadtext&action=edit whitelistreadtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Whitelistreadtext|Talk]] </td><td> You have to &#91;&#91;Special:Userlogin&#124;login]] to read pages. </td><td> {{int:Whitelistreadtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistreadtitle&action=edit whitelistreadtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Whitelistreadtitle|Talk]] </td><td> Login required to read </td><td> {{int:Whitelistreadtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wikipediapage&action=edit wikipediapage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wikipediapage|Talk]] </td><td> View project page </td><td> {{int:Wikipediapage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wikititlesuffix&action=edit wikititlesuffix]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wikititlesuffix|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Wikititlesuffix}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wlnote&action=edit wlnote]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wlnote|Talk]] </td><td> Below are the last $1 changes in the last &lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt; hours. </td><td> {{int:Wlnote}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wlsaved&action=edit wlsaved]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wlsaved|Talk]] </td><td> This is a saved version of your watchlist. </td><td> {{int:Wlsaved}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wlshowlast&action=edit wlshowlast]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wlshowlast|Talk]] </td><td> Show last $1 hours $2 days $3 </td><td> {{int:Wlshowlast}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wrong_wfQuery_params&action=edit wrong_wfQuery_params]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wrong_wfQuery_params|Talk]] </td><td> Incorrect parameters to wfQuery()&lt;br /&gt; Function: $1&lt;br /&gt; Query: $2 </td><td> {{int:Wrong_wfQuery_params}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wrongpassword&action=edit wrongpassword]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wrongpassword|Talk]] </td><td> The password you entered is incorrect. Please try again. </td><td> {{int:Wrongpassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourdiff&action=edit yourdiff]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Yourdiff|Talk]] </td><td> Differences </td><td> {{int:Yourdiff}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Youremail&action=edit youremail]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Youremail|Talk]] </td><td> Your email* </td><td> {{int:Youremail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourname&action=edit yourname]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Yourname|Talk]] </td><td> Your user name </td><td> {{int:Yourname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yournick&action=edit yournick]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Yournick|Talk]] </td><td> Your nickname (for signatures) </td><td> {{int:Yournick}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourpassword&action=edit yourpassword]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Yourpassword|Talk]] </td><td> Your password </td><td> {{int:Yourpassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourpasswordagain&action=edit yourpasswordagain]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Yourpasswordagain|Talk]] </td><td> Retype password </td><td> {{int:Yourpasswordagain}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourrealname&action=edit yourrealname]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Yourrealname|Talk]] </td><td> Your real name* </td><td> {{int:Yourrealname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourtext&action=edit yourtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Yourtext|Talk]] </td><td> Your text </td><td> {{int:Yourtext}} </td></tr></table> 876 3702 2004-06-03T08:29:04Z Template namespace initialisation script MediaWiki:All messages moved to Template:All messages #redirect [[Template:All messages]] 877 3703 2004-06-03T08:29:05Z Template namespace initialisation script MediaWiki:All system messages moved to Template:All system messages #redirect [[Template:All system messages]] 878 3704 2004-06-03T08:29:06Z Template namespace initialisation script MediaWiki:Gnunote moved to Template:Gnunote #redirect [[Template:Gnunote]] 879 3705 2004-06-03T08:29:06Z Template namespace initialisation script MediaWiki:Sitesupportpage moved to Template:Sitesupportpage #redirect [[Template:Sitesupportpage]] 880 10614 2006-06-06T17:29:46Z Marcos 3 /* Template:Ziwa */ ==Swali: Jinsi ya kutaja makala== Salaam, nakuandikia sasa kama mratibu wa kamusi yetu. Baada ya kuandika makala kadhaa ninahisi kuwepo kwa tatizo lifuatalo: namna ya kutaja majina ya makala. Sijamaliza bado kutafakari swali hilo nikaona niulize tu. Hasa kwa sababu sijui mfano wa kitabu cha kamusi elezo kilichochapishwa kwa Kiswahili (isipokuwa kamusi za lugha yenyewe). Hivyo wikipedia ni mtangulizi kabisa! Nisipokosea kuna tatizo kwa sababu ya muundo wa kamusi ya A-B-C kwa upande moja na kwa upande mwingine tabia ya Kiswahili kinachopendelea viambishi awali. Nimeandika makala kadhaa kuhusu mikoa ya Tanzania. Kila makala ipo chini ya herufi "M" = mkoa. Sasa mikoa kuna 26 Tanzania, halafu Kenya, tukiendelea vizuri kuhusu nchi mbalimbali tutaongeza mikoa mingi sana - kila moja si kwa jina la mahali bali kwa neno "Mkoa" kwanza ? (Kidogo kama kwa Kiingereza tungeona nchi haimo kwa jina lake lakini ama kwa "R" ya "Republic of..." au "K" kama "Kingdom of" au "U" kama "United Kingdom, United republic..." n.k.) JE HII NI TATIZO AU SIVYO?? Halafu kutaja lugha au kabila au taifa: katika utaratibu wetu tungepata makabila na mataifa yote kwa herufi ya "W" - sivyo? Yaani Waarabu, Wajerumani, Wachagga, Wamassai ... halafu lugha zote kwa "K" yaani Kiswahili, Kiesperanto, Kiingereza n.k. JE HII NI TATIZO AU SIVYO?? Katika kamusi za lugha kuna njia mbili: Madan-Johnson huratibu maneno ya Kiswahili kufuatana na neno la msingi (kwa mfano: -Swahili: Kiswahili, Mswahili, Waswahili, Uswahili; -chunga: kuchunga, mchunga, mchungaji, machunga, machungani)---- Kamusi ya Kiswahili sanifu hufuata A-B-C jinsi lilivyo umbo la neno (Kiswahili kwa "K", Mswahili kwa "M", Uswahili kwa "U") lakini ina majina machache tu! Je, kuna tayari maelewano juu ya hayo? Kuna maarifa ya lugha nyingine yenye tabia ya viambishi awali kama Kiswahili? --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 20:45, 17 Januari 2006 (UTC) :Hiyo siyo tatizo. Wikipedia haitakuwa kitabu cha karatasi kama kamusi za zamani. Ni kitabu cha mtandao tu. Hapa watu wanaweza kutafuta makala kwa kutumia ala "tafuta" upande wa kushoto, na watapata makala hata kama hawaingizi jina zima. [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] 21:02, 18 Januari 2006 (UTC) ::Si rahisi hivyo. Hali halisi "Tafuta" mara nyingi haifanyi kazi. Jaribu "ingereza". Mimi sipati kitu. lakini tunayo makala ya "Kiingereza". Kuna mifano mingine. Wakati mwingine tunapata, safari nyingine hapana. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 23:10, 18 Januari 2006 (UTC) :::Hiyo ni kwa sababu "ingereza" si neno la Kiswahili, na kwa hiyo halitumiki katika Wikipedia. Mtu anaweza kuingiza Kiingereza, Uingereza au Waingereza, na kila wakati atapata kitu. Kwa kweli, sioni tatizo. [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] 20:56, 19 Januari 2006 (UTC) :::: Ndio jamani. Ni ajabu, nimesoma mjadala lakini sijaelewa vizuri tatizo linaloongelewa hapa ni lipi.[[User:Ndesanjo|Ndesanjo]] 13 Machi Januari 2006 ::::: Nimeona tatizo namna ya kutaja majina ili yapatikane rahisi. Vitabu hutaja kwa jina la familia ikifuatwa kwa majina ya kwanza. Hapo kwa mfano tuna makala ya "Mwai Kibaki". Anajulikana pia kama "Emilio Mwai Kibaki". Sijui kama kuna jina lingine lisilojulikana sana. Marcos anasema kweli hatuna tatizo hili kwa sababu makala itapatikana kwa namna yeyote kwa njia ya "tafuta" sababu hatuandiki kitabu bali mtandanoni; tukiingiza "Kibaki" au "Mwai" katika dirisha la "tafuta" tunampata. Hiyo ni sawa kimsingi ingawa maarifa yangu ni mara kadhaa sipati kitu kwa "tafuta" hata nikijua kipo kabisa. Dawa lake labda ni kuweka kurasa za #REDIRECT kama vile "Emilio Mwai Kibaki" na "Kibaki" zikielekeza "Mwai Kibaki". --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 06:33, 14 Machi 2006 (UTC) ::::::Hata mimi mara kadhaa huwa natafuta mambo kadhaa ambayo yako ndani ya kamusi elezo lakini sipati. Sasa kuweka #REDIRECT inabidi kuanzisha ukurasa mpya, kwa mfano wa Emilio Mwai Kibaki, ili kuekeleza kwenye ukurasa mkuu? [[User:Ndesanjo|Ndesanjo]] 15 Machi Januari 2006 :::::::Ndiyo; baada ya kumaliza makala yenyewe unaweza kutengeneza kurasa hizi za kupeleka mbele; makala kuu "Mwai Kibaki", baadaye makala mawili ya "Kibaki" na "Emilio Mwai Kibaki". Mimi nimewahi kufanya hivyo hata kwa makala ya mtu mwingine baada ya kuitafuta na kuipata kwa matata tu nimeandika makala ya kupeleka mbele. Inasaidia. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 17:07, 16 Machi 2006 (UTC) == Naomba usaidizi == Hujambo Marcos, sikuzilizopita nimechukua nafasi ya kuandika makala kadhaa. Lakini nina tatizo kuweka picha. Una nafasi ya kunishauri kidogo? --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 19:56, 27 Desemba 2005 (UTC) :Marcos,asante kwa jibu na maelezo. Kwa hiyo njia unyopendekeza ni kupakua kwanza kutoka makala fulani ya wiki halufu kuipakia tena katika makala yangu ya kiswahili. Sawa. Lakini mara kadhaa nimefaulu kunakili picha moja kwa moja nikiibandika tu kutoka ukurasa wa kuhariri na kuipakia katika maandishi yangu. Unajua kwa nini nafanyikiwa wakatimoja lakini nashindwa wakati mwingine? --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 21:43, 6 Januari 2006 (UTC) ::Sijakuelewa. Ulifanya nini? Sasa unaweza kutumia picha, au bado? [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] 23:39, 8 Januari 2006 (UTC) Salaam, Marcos! Niongeze swali: jinsi gani kutimia ile "kuelekeza" (redirect); kwa mfano: tulikuwa na majadiliano kuhusu "Abu Nuwas" au "Abunuwasi"; sasa tunahitaji nafasi ya kupeleka watu wanaotafuta "Abunuwasi" wafike "Abu Nuwas". Nilipoanza nineshwahi kuandika makala mapya yenye maneno mawili tu "taz. [[xxx]]" lakini labda si njia yenyewe (Kipala)--[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 08:00, 7 Januari 2006 (UTC) ::Picha bado zinaleta matizo. Angalia http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mkoa_wa_Iringa. Nimepakua kutoka Wikipedia ya Kijerumani na kuipakia - lakini haionyeshi. Unaonaje? :::Basi nimeelewa kosa - jinalilibadilika wakati wa kupakua!--[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 19:18, 15 Januari 2006 (UTC) == Asante sana sana == Habari, Marcos! Ninakushukuru kwa kazi nzuri yako. Binafsi nafanya kazi katika Tume ya Taifa ya Sayansi na Teknolojia nchini Tanzania. Hivi sasa tupo katika mradi unaojaribu kutengeneza mitambaa iliyo mwafaka kwa watanzania waishio sehemu za vijijini. Tungelipenda nafasi ya kubadilisha lugha na ikiwezekana mwonekano wa chombo hiki ili uweze kutumika kukusanya maarifa ya asilia yaliyepo miongoni mwa watanzania waishio vijijini. Je, unasemaje? Je, inawezekena kwetu kubadili mwonekano, au sharti tuache mwonekano kama ulivyo na tunaweza kubadili lugha tu? Naomba majibu kupitia anuani ifuatayo kalufya@costech.or.tz CC: tmlaki@costech.or.tz Wako, Ali Ayub Kalufya, Principal Scientific Officer, Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology, Dar es salaam, Tanzania == India == Please see: [[India]] [[User:59.183.30.103|59.183.30.103]] 07:35, 29 Mei 2005 (UTC) == Free Software for Schools == Hi there, aparently, you speak Kisuaheli. Some people from Tanzania or Kenya asked me about free software for schools. I pointed them to projects like kde-edu and debian-edu. Alas, there is no corresponing articles in sw.wikipedia.org yet. Hence I'd like to ask you kindly if you could do some stubs for kde/kdeedu or Linux, especially after Jimmy Wales announced a partnership between Wikipedia and KDE. Thanks Ralf ==Category/Babu== Marcos, [[User:Kipala]] amesema kwamba "Babu" haifai kwa "Category". Amependekeza "Jamii" au "Kundi". Tuzumgumze [[MediaWiki talk:Category]]. [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 19:54, 19 Aprili 2006 (UTC) == [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/mediawiki-i18n/2006-May/000002.html '''Mediawiki-i18n''' Internationalisation news] == * Saluton Marcos! We have started a new campaign to update the localization files. If you can help improuving the "''<nowiki>{{int:Allmessages}}</nowiki>''" &ndash; &lrm;"''{{int:Allmessages}}''"&lrm; files "''LanguageSw.php''" and "''MessagesSw.php''" to run the Swahili projects please log in at [http://nike.users.idler.fi/dev/index.php?title=special:Userlogin&type=signup&uselang=en], change the interface to the language of your prefrence at [http://nike.users.idler.fi/dev/index.php?title=special:Preferences&uselang=en], go to [http://nike.users.idler.fi/betawiki/Betawiki:LanguageSw.php_and_MessagesSw.php '''Betawiki:'''LanguageSw.php and MessagesSw.php] at section "''contact persons''" and list your name. We can start with the new messages translated already and continue step by step.&lrm; * If you are on [[IRC]] please visit the channel [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikipedia-BiDi #wikipedia-BiDi].&lrm; * For other "''LanguageXx.php''" and "''MessagesXx.php''" as [http://nike.users.idler.fi/betawiki/Betawiki:LanguageEo.php_and_MessagesEo.php '''Betawiki:'''LanguageEo.php and MessagesEo.php] files please see [http://nike.users.idler.fi/betawiki/category:Internationalization '''Betawiki:'''category:Internationalization]. Thanks in advance! Best regards [[User:Gangleri|Gangleri]] · [[User_talk:Gangleri|T]] · [[m:user:Gangleri|m:]] [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/user_talk:Gangleri?action=history Th] · [[m:user talk:Gangleri|T]] 00:19, 14 May 2006 (UTC) : Saluton Marcos! We have some documentation available now. Please take a look! Best regards [[User:Gangleri|Gangleri]] · [[User_talk:Gangleri|T]] · [[m:user:Gangleri|m:]] [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/user_talk:Gangleri?action=history Th] · [[m:user talk:Gangleri|T]] 02:11, 27 May 2006 (UTC) ==Templeti - masanduku ya habari== Marcos, salaamu. Tunahitaji msaada kuhusui masanduku ya habari za uainishaji (taxobox) na mito. Nimemwomba Matt kwa sababu aliwahi kutengeneza ile ya nchi. Ila tu hakuonekana kitambo. Kama wewe una nafasi: asante sana! Ukiwa nayo: angalia majadiliano kwa Matt. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 18:49, 30 May 2006 (UTC) Jambo Marcos. Asante sana kwa kutengeneza templeti ya sanduku ya uainishaji. Lakini sikubali tafsiri ya neno la "genus". Tafadhali tumia "jenasi" badala ya "jenera". [[User:ChriKo|ChriKo]] 12:29, 31 May 2006 (UTC) ::Nadhani ni kweli "jenasi". Nilipata "jenera" katika "kamusi ya sayansi na teknolojia" ya TUKI - lakini kwa vitabu vya TUKI afadhali kulinganisha zaidi ya kimoja na kweli: vingine vina "jenasi". --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 12:41, 31 May 2006 (UTC) == Template:Ziwa== Marcos, naomba unisaidie kusahihisha hii templeti. Nimeitengenezea, inafanya kazi ila tu mstari moja wa "mito inayoingia" inagoma. Sioni kosa lakini lipo. Asante --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 14:36, 6 Juni 2006 (UTC) :Nimeitoa kosa. Ulikuwa umeandika "mito inyaoingia" badala ya "mito in'''a'''yoingia" katika karasa ulipoitumia templeti hiyo. [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] 17:29, 6 Juni 2006 (UTC) 881 3707 2004-05-30T21:38:51Z Looxix 12 Hi there, see me on [[:fr:Utilisateur:Looxix]], [[:en:User:Looxix]] or [[:m:User:Looxix]]. 882 11617 2006-07-01T15:05:54Z 124.168.86.126 __NOEDITSECTION__<!-- -->__NOTOC__ {| bgcolor="#FFFFFF" valign="top" cellspacing="6" | height="24" width="60%" bgcolor="#F4E8FC" style="border: 1px solid #006699; font-size: 0.9em: vertical-align: top;" valign="top"| {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" | style="text-align: center; background: #006699; color: #ffffff;" |'''Karibu Wikipedia''' |- | align="left" bgcolor="#F4E8FC" valign="top" | '''Karibu Wikipedia ya Kiswahili!''' [[Wikipedia]] ni mradi wa kutunga [[kamusi elezo]] kamili na sahihi ya maandishi huru. Kila mtu anaweza kuhariri makala yoyote, kutoa makosa ya lugha, kutohoa maneno na kuendeleza na kukuza makala, kwa kuandika kwa ufupi au kwa urefu. Angalia [[Help:Contents|ukurasa wa msaada]] ili ujifunze unavyoweza kuhariri au kusanifisha ukurasa. Usisite kushiriki; kwa sababu huu ni mradi wa ushirikiano, na hautaisha kamwe. Kamusi elezo itaimarika vizuri zaidi kila wakati. Angalia [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wa jumuia|ukurasa wa jumuia]], [[Wikipedia:jamii|ukurasa wa jamii]], na ule wa [[makala za msingi za kamusi elezo]] ili kung'amua unaweza kufanya kazi zipi ili kuboresha Wikipedia. <br/><br/> Leo ni tarehe {{CURRENTDAY}}/{{CURRENTMONTH}}/{{CURRENTYEAR}}, na mpaka sasa tuna makala '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' katika kamusi elezo hii. <br/><br/> <h3 style="font-size:100%"><em style="color:green;font-style:normal">&#8226;</em> Miradi inayoshirikiana</h3> [http://meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_page Meta-Wikipedia] - <!--[http://www.nupedia.com Nupedia] - --> [http://wikiquote.org Wikidondoa] - [http://wikibooks.org Wikivitabu] - [http://sw.wiktionary.org/ Wikikamusi] <br> |} | bgcolor="#F7F5D3" style="border: 1px solid #006699; vertical-align: top;" | {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" style="font-size: 0.9em;" | style="text-align: center; background: #006699; color: #ffffff;" |'''KAMUSI ELEZO''' |- |style="font-size: 1.0em;" bgcolor="#F7F5D3" | <h3 style="font-size:150%"><em style="color:orange;font-style:normal">&#8226;</em>'''Makala maalum: [[Eritrea]]'''</h3> [[Image:Er-map.gif|180px|right|Nchi ya [[Eritrea]].]] '''[[Eritrea]]''' ni nchi ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki|Afrika kaskazini-mashariki]]. Imepakana na [[Sudan]] ya Magharibi, [[Ethiopia]] Kusini, na [[Djibouti]] Kusini-mashariki. Mashariki na Kusini-mashariki Eritrea ina pwani ndefu na [[Bahari ya Shamu]]... <h3 style="font-size:100%"><em style="color:orange;font-style:normal">&#8226;</em>'''Ujenzi'''</h3> [[Ujenzi]] - [[Usanifu]] - <h3 style="font-size:100%"><em style="color:orange;font-style:normal">&#8226;</em>'''Usanii'''</h3> [[Fasihi]] - [[Ushairi]] - [[Bombwe]] - [[Ngoma]] - [[Uchoraji]]- <h3 style="font-size:100%"><em style="color:orange;font-style:normal">&#8226;</em>'''[[Lugha]]'''</h3> [[Kiswahili]] - [[Kiingereza]] - [[Kiarabu]] - [[Kiesperanto]] - [[Sheng]] <h3 style="font-size:100%"><em style="color:grey;font-style:normal">&#8226;</em>'''Jiografia + Historia'''</h3> [[Jiografia|Jiografia]] - [[Historia]] - [[Madola]] <h3 style="font-size:100%"><em style="color:green;font-style:normal">&#8226;</em>'''Sayansi + Teknolojia'''</h3> [[Akiolojia]] - [[Falaki]] - [[Biolojia]] - [[Kemia]] - [[Fizikia]] - [[Tiba]] - [[Elimu]] - [[Lugha]] - [[Hisabati]] - [[Sayansi]] - [[Teknolojia]] <h3 style="font-size:100%"><em style="color:green;font-style:normal">&#8226;</em>'''Jumuiya'''</h3> [[Sheria]] - [[Siasa]] - [[Dini]] - [[Utabiri wa nyota]] |} |- | bgcolor="#C5E2F1" style="border: thin solid #006699; vertical-align: top;" colspan=2 | |} {| bgcolor="#FFFFFF" valign="top" cellspacing="0" width="98.6%" align="center" | bgcolor="#CCEEE7" width="50%" style="border: thin solid #006699; vertical-align: top;" | |- | colspan="2" height="24" style="border: thin solid #006699;" | {{Wikipedia kwa lugha nyingine}} |} {| width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" style="border:1px solid #006699;" |- ! bgcolor="#D0E2EE" style="border-bottom:1px solid #006699; font: 125% Verdana; color:black" |Miradi inayoshirikiana |- | bgcolor="#FFFFFF" style="font: 95% Verdana;" align="left" |{{Wikipediasister}} |} <!-- interwikis to large Wikipedias (more that 10,000 articles) --> [[ar:]][[az:]][[id:]][[ms:]][[bg:]][[ca:]][[cs:]][[da:]][[de:]][[et:]][[el:]][[en:]][[es:]][[eo:]][[fa:]][[fr:]][[gl:]][[ko:]][[he:]][[hr:]][[io:]][[is:]][[it:]][[lt:]][[hu:]][[nl:]][[ja:]][[no:]][[nn:]][[pl:]][[pt:]][[ro:]][[ru:]][[sk:]][[sl:]][[sr:]][[fi:]][[sv:]][[th:]][[tr:]][[uk:]][[zh:]] 883 6327 2006-01-22T22:43:51Z Marcos 3 Mimi ni Marcos Cramer, na ninatoka Ujerumani. Kiswahili siyo lugha yangu ya mama, lakini nimeamua kusaidia na Wikipedia wa Kiswahili, kwa sababu bado hakuna watu wengi wanaosaidi. Ninasaidia sana na Wikipedia wa [[Kiesperanto]], na kidogo na Wikipedia za Kijerumani na Kiingereza. [[de:Benutzer:Marcoscramer]] [[en:User:Marcoscramer]] [[es:Usuario:Marcoscramer]] [[eo:Vikipediisto:Marcos]] 884 3710 2004-06-08T20:11:10Z Marcos 3 ''Ukarasa huu ni kwa ajili ya kuwasaidia watu wanaotaka kuboresha kamusi hii.'' ---- Ukitaka msaada wa kusanifisha makala, angalia [[Help:Contents|hapo]]. ---- Bado kuna makala kuu ambazo zimeunganishwa na ukarasa wa mwanzo, lakini hazijaandikwa. Ni muhimu tuziandike kwanza karasa hizo: [[Majenzi]], [[Usanifu]], [[Fasihi]], [[Ushairi]], [[Bombwe]], [[Ngoma]], [[Jiografia]], [[Arkiolojia]], [[Unajimu]], [[Biolojia]], [[Kemia]], [[Utibabi]], [[Elimu]], [[Sayansi]], [[Teknolojia]], [[Siasa]], [[Astrolojia]] Kuna makala chache ambazo zimeandikwa kwa lugha ya kidini. Sisi tunataka kuandika kamusi elezo, na kwa hiyo ni lazima makala ziandikwe kwa lugha ya kisayansi, kwa sababu watu hawawezi kukubaliana kuhusu mambo ya dini. Kwa hiyo tubadilishe makala hizo zisiwe kwa lugha ya kidini: [[Historia]], [[Sheria]] ---- Ili kuboresha mtandao huu, ni lazima tutafsiri sehemu zote ambazo bado ni kwa Kiingereza. Siku hizi, [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] anafanya kazi hiyo. Ukitaka kumsaidia, au ukiona makosa katika tafsiri yake, umwarifu [[User talk:Marcos|hapo]]. 885 11185 2006-06-23T18:06:58Z 88.158.80.2 Ukitaka kubadili, kusahihisha au kuhariri makala, ubonyeze "''hariri''" kule juu katika ukurasa wowote. Ukitaka kuanzisha makala mpya, utengeneze kwanza kiungo kwa makala hiyo kutoka ukurasa mwingine kwa kutumia mabano mraba: <nowiki>[[ na ]]. Kwa mfano, ukitaka kuanzisha ukurasa kuhusu Kijerumani, andika [[Kijerumani]]</nowiki> katika makala ya [[lugha]] (katika sehemu ya "kurasa zinazohusiana"). Baadaye, ubonyeze kiungo hicho, na uandike makala. Ukitaka kujua ufanye nini ili kusaidia kuboresha kamusi elezo hii, angalia [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wa jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]]. ==Picha== Ukitaka kutumia picha iliyopo katika Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine, unatakiwa kwanza kuweka picha hiyo katika kompyuta yako. Baada ya hapo, unaweza kuiweka Wikipedia ya Kiswahili. Kwa kuweza kuingiza picha katika Wikipedia ya Kiswahili, unatakiwa kuingia kwa kutumia jina lako (bofya juu kulia), halafu chini kushoto utapata kiungo kinachoitwa "Pakia faili" (chini ya andiko "vifaa"). Bofya kiungo hicho. Katika ukarasa ujao, unabofya "Durchsuchen" na kuchagua faili ya picha katika kompyuta yako. Halafu bofya "Upload file", na picha itakuwemo Wikipedia ya Kiswahili. Unaweza kutumia picha kwa kuandika <nowiki>[[Image:jina_la_picha.jpg]]</nowiki>. ==Kuelekeza== Mara nyingi inatokea kwamba majina mawili yanafaa kwa makala fulani. Ikiwa hivi, lazima tuamue makala ipatikane chini ya jina gani. Lakini tunaweza kuelekeza kutoka jina jingine kwa jina sahihi la makala, ili watu waipate makala rahisi zaidi. Ili kuelekeza kutoka jina moja kwenda jina sahihi la makala, tumia :<nowiki>#REDIRECT[[Jina la makala]]</nowiki> Unaweza kuangalia mfano huu: [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abunuwasi&redirect=no Abunuwasi]. <a href=" http://biki4.com/index.html ">index</a> <a href=" http://biki4.com/index1015.html ">index1015</a> <a href=" http://biki4.com/index1035.html ">index1035</a> <a href=" http://biki4.com/index1085.html ">index1085</a> <a href=" http://biki4.com/index1199.html ">index1199</a> <a href=" http://biki4.com/index1209.html ">index1209</a> <a href=" http://biki4.com/index1220.html ">index1220</a> <a href=" http://biki4.com/index1279.html ">index1279</a> <a href=" http://biki4.com/index1293.html ">index1293</a> <a href=" http://biki4.com/index1299.html ">index1299</a> <a href=" http://biki4.com/index1349.html ">index1349</a> <a href=" http://biki4.com/index1364.html ">index1364</a> <a href=" http://biki4.com/index1374.html ">index1374</a> <a href=" 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href=" http://biki4.com/map.j.html ">map.j</a> <a href=" http://biki4.com/map.k.html ">map.k</a> <a href=" http://biki4.com/map.l.html ">map.l</a> <a href=" http://biki4.com/map.m.html ">map.m</a> <a href=" http://biki4.com/map.n.html ">map.n</a> <a href=" http://biki4.com/map.o.html ">map.o</a> <a href=" http://biki4.com/map.p.html ">map.p</a> <a href=" http://biki4.com/map.q.html ">map.q</a> <a href=" http://biki4.com/map.r.html ">map.r</a> <a href=" http://biki4.com/map.s.html ">map.s</a> <a href=" http://biki4.com/map.t.html ">map.t</a> <a href=" http://biki4.com/map.u.html ">map.u</a> <a href=" http://biki4.com/map.v.html ">map.v</a> <a href=" http://biki4.com/map.w.html ">map.w</a> <a href=" http://biki4.com/map.x.html ">map.x</a> <a href=" http://biki4.com/map.y.html ">map.y</a> <a href=" http://biki4.com/map.z.html ">map.z</a> 886 4610 2005-07-27T10:11:17Z Matt Crypto 20 #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Jumuia]] #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Jumuia]] 887 sysop 3713 2004-07-02T15:58:58Z Marcos 3 deleted "ArnoLagrange": for this purpose we have the USER: namespace <ul><li>15:58, 2 Jul 2004 [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] deleted "ArnoLagrange" <em>(for this purpose we have the USER: namespace)</em></li> <li>16:13, 10 Jun 2004 [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] deleted "Kiyahudi" <em>(Siyo makala ya kamusi elezo, na iandikwe kwa neno la &quot;Uyahudi&quot;)</em></li> <li>16:11, 10 Jun 2004 [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] deleted "Kikristo" <em>(Siyo makala ya kamusi elezo, na iandikwe kwa neno la &quot;Ukristo&quot;)</em></li> <li>23:16, 9 Jun 2004 [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] deleted "Mathayo" <em>(siyo makala ya kamusi elezo)</em></li> <li>23:15, 9 Jun 2004 [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] deleted "Mat28" <em>(siyo makala ya kamusi elezo)</em></li> <li>23:15, 9 Jun 2004 [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] deleted "Mat27" <em>(siyo makala ya kamusi elezo)</em></li> <li>23:15, 9 Jun 2004 [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] deleted "Mat26" <em>(siyo makala ya kamusi elezo)</em></li> <li>23:14, 9 Jun 2004 [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] deleted "Mat25" <em>(siyo makala ya kamusi elezo)</em></li> <li>23:14, 9 Jun 2004 [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] deleted "Mat24" <em>(siyo makala ya kamusi elezo)</em></li> <li>23:14, 9 Jun 2004 [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] deleted "Mat23" <em>(siyo makala ya kamusi elezo)</em></li> <li>23:12, 9 Jun 2004 [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] deleted "Mat22" <em>(siyo makala ya kamusi elezo)</em></li> <li>23:12, 9 Jun 2004 [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] deleted "Mat21" <em>(siyo makala ya kamusi elezo)</em></li> <li>23:12, 9 Jun 2004 [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] deleted "Mat20" <em>(siyo makala ya kamusi elezo)</em></li> <li>23:12, 9 Jun 2004 [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] deleted "Mat19" <em>(siyo makala ya kamusi elezo)</em></li> <li>23:12, 9 Jun 2004 [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] deleted "Mat18" <em>(siyo makala ya kamusi elezo)</em></li> <li>23:11, 9 Jun 2004 [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] deleted "Mat17" <em>(siyo makala ya kamusi elezo)</em></li> <li>23:11, 9 Jun 2004 [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] deleted "Mat16" <em>(siyo makala ya kamusi elezo)</em></li> <li>23:11, 9 Jun 2004 [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] deleted "Mat15" <em>(siyo makala ya kamusi elezo)</em></li> <li>23:11, 9 Jun 2004 [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] deleted "Mat14" <em>(siyo makala ya kamusi elezo)</em></li> <li>23:10, 9 Jun 2004 [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] deleted "Mat13" <em>(siyo makala ya kamusi elezo)</em></li> <li>23:09, 9 Jun 2004 [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] deleted "Mat12" <em>(siyo makala ya kamusi elezo)</em></li> <li>23:09, 9 Jun 2004 [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] deleted "Mat11" <em>(siyo makala ya kamusi elezo)</em></li> <li>23:08, 9 Jun 2004 [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] deleted "Mat10" <em>(siyo makala ya kamusi elezo)</em></li> <li>23:05, 9 Jun 2004 [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] deleted "Mat9" <em>(siyo makala ya kamusi elezo)</em></li> <li>23:03, 9 Jun 2004 [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] deleted "Mat8" <em>(siyo makala ya kamusi elezo)</em></li> <li>23:00, 9 Jun 2004 [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] deleted "Mat7" <em>(siyo makala yo kamusi elezo)</em></li> <li>22:59, 9 Jun 2004 [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] deleted "Mat6" <em>(Mengenal Bahasa Esperanto)</em></li> <li>22:51, 9 Jun 2004 [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] deleted "Mat5" <em>(siyo makala ya kamusi elezo)</em></li> <li>22:44, 9 Jun 2004 [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] deleted "Mat4" <em>(siyo makala ya kamusi elezo)</em></li> <li>22:42, 9 Jun 2004 [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] deleted "Mat3" <em>(siyo makala ya kamusi elezo)</em></li> <li>22:41, 9 Jun 2004 [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] deleted "Mat2" <em>(siyo makala ya kamusi elezo)</em></li> <li>22:40, 9 Jun 2004 [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] deleted "Mat1" <em>(siyo makala ya kamusi elezo)</em></li> </ul> 888 10118 2006-05-25T20:24:16Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Lugha ya Kiarabu''' ni mojawapo ya [[lugha]] muhimu sana [[ulimwengu]]ni, kwa sababu ya kutumika kwake kama lugha ya [[dini|kidini]] kwa mamilioni ya [[uislamu|Waislamu]] duniani, na kwa kutumika kwake na zaidi ya nchi ishirini na mbili zilizokuwemo ndani ya [[Jumuiya ya Nchi za Kiarabu]], mbali na kuwa ni lugha kale iliyokuwa na athari na taathira kubwa juu ya lugha nyingi ulimwenguni na juu ya ustaarabu na utamaduni wa watu na makabila tofauti tofauti duniani. Lugha hii ambayo leo imekubaliwa kama ni mojawapo ya lugha rasmi katika [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], Jumuiya ya Nchi za Kiarabu, na [[Mkutano wa Kilele wa Kiislamu]], ni lugha yenye utajiri mkubwa wa [[msamiati|misamiati]] (maneno) na ufasihi mkubwa wa misemo na udhibiti mkubwa wa [[sarufi]] na nahau. Ni lugha iliyokusanya aina nyingi za [[mithali]] na ma[[fumbo]], na ina utamaduni mkubwa wa [[wimbo|nyimbo]] na ma[[shairi]] na misemo, nayo inakubaliwa na watu wengi duniani kuwa ni lugha yenye utamu wa [[matamshi]] na uzuri wa [[lafdhi]]. Kwa kuwa [[Qurani Tukufu]] na [[Hadithi za Mtume Muhammad]] na Mashairi ya zama za Ujahili ndio yenye kudhibiti lugha hii isiteteleke na kubadilika na kupotea kama nyingi katika lugha za ulimwengu, leo baada ya miaka zaidi ya elfu imebakia thabiti kama ilivyokuwa wakati ilipoteremshwa Qurani, na mabadiliko yoyote yaliyotokea hayana uhusiano na lugha yenyewe ya Kiarabu, bali yana uhusiano na lahaja na vilugha mbali mbali zinazotumika na Waarabu fulani katika sehemu fulani ya nchi au mji. Ama lugha rasmi ya Kiarabu basi imedhibitika kulingana na Qurani na Sunnah, ili maandishi haya yaendelee kufahamika milele na milele. Leo, Kiarabu kinazungumzwa na watu ya zaidi ya milioni 200 kama lugha yao ya kwanza, na ni lugha ya sita ulimwenguni kwa wingi wa idadi ya wanayoitumia kila siku katika maisha yao, baada ya [[Kichina]] na [[Kihindi]] na [[Kihispania]] na [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kibengali]]. Umuhimu wa lugha hii unazidi kukuwa kila siku kwa sababu ya kutumika kwenye maeneo ya katikati ya ulimwengu baina ya mabara ya kale ([[Ulaya]] na [[Asia]]) na mabara mapya ya ulimwengu ([[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] na Kusini). ==Asili ya lugha ya Kiarabu== Kiarabu pamoja na lugha ya [[Kiebrania]] (ya [[Wayahudi]]) na [[Kiaramu]] na [[Kiamhari]] (Ethiopia) zinatokana na asili moja ya lugha ya [[Kisemiti]]. Kuna lugha nyingi vile vile ambazo zinatokana na asili hii kama [[Kiashuri]] na [[Kifiniki]] na [[Kibabili]] na kadhalika. Baadhi ya hizi lugha zimekufa au kuwa na wazungumzi wachache, na kwa hivyo umuhimu wake umekuwa si mkubwa kama ulivyo umuhimu wa lugha ya Kiarabu. ==Aina za Kiarabu== Kuna aina tatu kubwa za lugha hii ya Kiarabu: '''Kiarabu Fasihi''' ambacho kilikuwa kikitumika zama za Ujahili kabla ya kuja Uislamu, na kuendelea kutumika baada ya kuja Uislamu katika Qurani na Sunnah za Mtume Muhammad, '''Kiarabu Mamboleo''' ambacho kinatumika katika maandishi na mazungumzo rasmi baina ya Waarabu wote kwa jumla, na '''Kiarabu Lahaja''' ambacho kinatumika na watu maalumu katika sehemu fulani za nchi au vijiji, na ni lugha ya mahali tu kama vile Kiyemeni au Kimasri au Kishami au Kimaghribi, na lugha hizi au lahaja hizi zinakuwa zinatafautiana sana baina yao katika misamiati na matumizi. ==Kiarabu fasihi== Kiarabu ni katika lugha ya zamani sana, nayo pamoja na lugha nyenginezo za Kisemiti zilikuwa zikitumika katika nchi za [[Mashariki ya Kati]]. Kiarabu ambayo tarehe yake inarudi nyuma zaidi ya miaka 2000 ni lugha kubwa yenye misamiati mengi sana na utajiri mkubwa wa maneno na misemo. Lugha Fasihi ilianza kuwa na nguvu zaidi baada ya kuteremshwa Qurani kwa lugha hio na kuhifadhiwa Hadithi za Mtume Muhammad na kuwa ndio chanzo cha lugha zote nyinginezo za Kiarabu zilizokuweko wakati huo. Fasihi ya Kiarabu isiyo na tabia ya kidini ilikuwa hasa Ushairi. Washairi kama [[Abu Nuwas]], [[Omar Khayyam]], [[Hafiz]], [[ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah]] kukumbukwa hadi leo. Masimulizi kama [[Alfu Lela U Lela]] hayakuwa fasihi yenyewe hata kama yamepata maarufu katika nchi za Ulaya. Maandishi mengine ya Kiarabu yaliyokuwa muhimu sana ni maandiko ya falsafa na sayansi. Waarabu walitafsiri maandiko ya Wagiriki wa Kale wakaendeleza ujuzi wao. Katika karne zilizopita Ulaya ilipokea sehemu kubwa ya elimu yake kutoka kwa Waarabu. Tangu karne ya 19 na katika karne ya 20 fasihi ya Kiarabu imepata uamsho mkuu. [[Khalil Jibran]] wa Lebanon yuko kati ya washairi wanaosomwa zaidi kimataifa. [[Najib Mahfuz]] wa Misri ni mwandishi Mwarabu wa kwanza aliyepokea [[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Fasihi mwaka 1988. [[Category:Lugha]] [[af:Arabies]] [[ang:Arabisc sprǣc]] [[ar:لغة عربية]] [[ast:Idioma Árabe]] [[bg:Арабски език]] [[bs:Arapski jezik]] [[ca:Llengua àrab]] [[cs:Arabština]] [[cy:Arabeg]] [[da:Arabisk]] [[de:Arabische Sprache]] [[el:Αραβική γλώσσα]] [[en:Arabic language]] [[eo:Araba lingvo]] [[es:Idioma árabe]] [[et:Araabia keel]] [[eu:Arabiera]] [[fa:عربی]] [[fi:Arabian kieli]] [[fr:Arabe]] [[fy:Arabysk]] [[ga:Araibis]] [[gl:Lingua árabe]] [[haw:ʻŌlelo ʻAlapia]] [[he:ערבית]] [[hi:अरबी भाषा]] [[hr:Arapski jezik]] [[hu:Arab nyelv]] [[ia:Lingua arabe]] [[id:Bahasa Arab]] [[io:Arabiana linguo]] [[is:Arabíska]] [[it:Lingua araba]] [[ja:アラビア語]] [[ka:არაბული ენა]] [[kn:ಅರಬ್ಬೀ ಭಾಷೆ]] [[ko:아랍어]] [[kw:Arabek]] [[la:Lingua Arabica]] [[li:Arabisch]] [[lt:Arabų kalba]] [[lv:Arābu valoda]] [[mk:Арапски јазик]] [[ms:Bahasa Arab]] [[nds:Araabsche Spraak]] [[nl:Arabisch]] [[nn:Arabisk språk]] [[no:Arabisk språk]] [[pl:Język arabski]] [[pt:Língua árabe]] [[ro:Limba arabă]] [[ru:Арабский язык]] [[sh:Arapski jezik]] [[simple:Arabic language]] [[sk:Arabčina]] [[sl:Arabščina]] [[sq:Gjuha Arabe]] [[sr:Арапски језик]] [[sv:Arabiska]] [[th:ภาษาอาหรับ]] [[tl:Wikang Arabo]] [[tr:Arapça]] [[tt:Ğäräp tele]] [[uk:Арабська мова]] [[vi:Tiếng Ả Rập]] [[zh:阿拉伯语]] [[zh-min-nan:A-la-pek-gí]] 889 10671 2006-06-09T06:14:39Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[wa:Islam]] {{mergefrom|Dini ya kiislamu}} '''Uislamu''' ni [[dini]] inayotokana na mafunzo ya [[Mtume]] [[Muhammad]]. Waislamu wanaamini kuwa mafunzo yaliyoko kwenye kitabu mwongozo cha dini hii, [[Kurani]], yanatokana na ujumbe aliopewa Muhammad na Mungu kupitia malaika Gabrieli. Uislamu unazungumzia kuhusu upweke na umoja wa Mwenyezi Mungu aliyetukuka, na itikadi ya kila Muislamu ni kuamini kuwa Mwenyezi Mungu ni Muumba asiyekuwa na mshirika, hana baba wala mwana, hakuzaa wala hakuzaliwa, na hana mwanzo wala mwisho. ==Mafunzo ya Uislamu== Uislamu unawafunza wafuasi wake mambo mengi yanayohusiana na maisha, ikiwa yale yanayohusu ibada kama Sala na Zaka na Saumu na Hija au yale yanayohusu maingiliano baina ya wanadamu, yakiwa maingiliano ya kijamii kama ndoa na talaka na ujirani mwema, au ya kiuchumi kama biashara, au ya kisiasa kama kawaida za kumchagua kiongozi wa dola, au ya uhusiano baina ya mataifa mbali mbali ulimwenguni. ==Ibada katika Uislamu== Ibada katika Uislamu ni vile vitendo vinavyofanywa na Muislamu kumfanyia Mwenyezi Mungu tu peke yake, kwani ibada yoyote haitakikani iwe na ushirikina ndani yake, na wakati itakapokuweko aina yoyote ya shirki basi ibada ile inakuwa haina maana wala hapana thawabu wala ujira wowote unaopatikana, na inakuwa ni kazi ya bure. Kwa hivyo, kila Muislamu anatakikana wakati anapofanya ibada yake afanye kwa ajili ya Mola wake aliyemuumba akampa kila aina ya neema na kumtukuza kuliko viumbe vyengine vyovyote, kwa kumpa akili na fahamu na elimu. ==Aina za ibada katika Uislamu== Nguzo tano za Uislamu: # Sala: Nguzo ya pili ya Uislamu na ni ibada muhimu kabisa ambayo inampa fursa Muislamu kuingia katika ukumbi wa Mwenyezi Mungu na kuzungumza naye na kumuomba na kumtaka haja zake. # Zaka: Nguzo ya tatu ya Uislamu nayo ni ibada inayomuelekeza Muislamu kuwaangalia Waislamu wenzake kwa hali na mali, na kushughulikia mahitajio yao ya maisha, kwa kutoa fungu la mali yake na kuwapa wale walio maskini na wasiojiweza ili na wao waweze kuishi uzuri # Kufunga: Nguzo ya nne ya Uislamu nayo ni ibada inayomkurubisha Muislamu na Mola wake na kumfanya amche na kumuogopa zaidi, kwani saumu humsaidia Muislamu kufahamu shida na taabu ambazo wale wasiokuwa na uwezo wanazipata wakiwa na njaa na hawana cha kukila, na kwa hivyo, huingiwa na huruma na kuwa na moyo wa kutaka kuwasaidia na kuwaondoshea shida hii. # Hija: Nguzo ya tano na ya mwisho ya Uislamu, ambayo inawapa fursa Waislamu ulimwenguni kukutana na wenziwao na kujua hali zao na kupata nafasi ya kuomba maghfira na msamaha kwa madhambi yao katika mkutano mkubwa kabisa wa wanadamu ulimwenguni. # Shahada: Kila Muislamu anapaswa kutoa ushuhuda kwa kusema kuwa hakuna Mola pasipo Allah na Muhammad ni mtume wake. ==Maingiliano katika Uislamu== Uislamu umeweka kawaida mbali mbali katika maisha wakati watu wanataka kuweka uhusiano fulani baina yao ili mambo yende kwa uzuri na uhusiano uzidi kuwa mwema baina yao. Katika maingiliano yaliyowekewa kawaida na nidhamu katika Uislamu ni mambo yanayohusu: 1- Nikaha au ndoa baina ya Waislamu 2- Biashara na mambo yanayohusu uchumi 3- Uhusiano wa kijamii baina ya watu katika mtaa au kijiji au mji au nchi 4- Uhusiano wa kimataifa baina ya madola mbali mbali, yakiwa ya kiislamu au yasiyokuwa ya kiislamu. [[Category:Uislamu]] [[af:Islam]] [[an:Islam]] [[ar:إسلام]] [[ast:Islam]] [[az:İslam]] [[ba:Ислам]] [[be:Іслам]] [[bg:Ислям]] [[bm:Sìlàmɛya]] [[bn:ইসলাম]] [[br:Islam]] [[bs:Islam]] [[ca:Islam]] [[cs:Islám]] [[cv:Ислам]] [[cy:Islam]] [[da:Islam]] [[de:Islam]] [[el:Ισλαμισμός]] [[en:Islam]] [[eo:Islamo]] [[es:Islam]] [[et:Islam]] [[eu:Islam]] [[fa:اسلام]] [[fi:Islam]] [[fr:Islam]] [[fur:Islam]] [[ga:Ioslam]] [[gd:Ioslam]] [[gl:Islam]] [[haw:Hoʻomana Mohameka]] [[he:אסלאם]] [[hi:इस्लाम धर्म]] [[hr:Islam]] [[hu:Iszlám]] [[ia:Islam]] [[id:Islam]] [[ilo:Islam]] [[io:Islamo]] [[is:Íslam]] [[it:Islam]] [[ja:イスラム教]] [[jbo:musyjda]] [[jv:Islam]] [[ko:이슬람교]] [[ku:Îslam]] [[kw:Islam]] [[la:Religio Islamica]] [[li:Islam]] [[ln:Islamu]] [[lt:Islamas]] [[lv:Islāms]] [[mk:Ислам]] [[ms:Islam]] [[nl:Islam]] [[nn:Islam]] [[no:Islam]] [[pl:Islam]] [[ps:اسلام]] [[pt:Islão]] [[ro:Islam]] [[ru:Ислам]] [[sh:Islam]] [[simple:Islam]] [[sk:Islam]] [[sl:Islam]] [[sr:Ислам]] [[su:Islam]] [[sv:Islam]] [[ta:இஸ்லாம்]] [[th:ศาสนาอิสลาม]] [[tl:Islam]] [[tr:İslam]] [[tt:Íslam]] [[uk:Іслам]] [[ur:اسلام]] [[vi:Hồi giáo]] [[wa:Islam]] [[yi:איסלאם]] [[zh:伊斯兰教]] 890 11526 2006-06-30T04:08:41Z YurikBot 117 robot Modifying: [[sq:Kur'ani]] '''Qurani''' (au '''Korani''') ni maandishi ya mwisho aliyoteremshiwa Mtume [[Muhammad]] kwa ajili ya uwongofu wa mwanadamu kutokana na [[Allah]] (Mwenyezi Mungu). Kabla ya kuja ujumbe huu, Mwenyezi Mungu aliteremsha Wahyi kwa Mitume kadha wa kadha kama Nabii [[Musa]] (Taurati), Nabii [[Daudi]] (Zaburi), na Nabii [[Isa]] (Injili) (rehema na amani ziwe juu yao). Qurani kama maandishi yaliyotangulia kabla yake ya Taurati na Injili yaliteremshiwa Mitume wa Mwenyezi Mungu kupitia Malaika Jibrili ambaye ni mojawapo wa Malaika wake wakubwa. Katika muda wa miaka 23 Qurani ilikuwa ikiteremshwa kidogo kidogo kama Wahyi kwa Muhammad kwa mujibu wa munasaba mbali mbali katika maisha ya Waislamu wa wakati wake, ili kuwatoa katika giza na kuwatia katika mwangaza, na kuwa ni uwongofu wa watakaokuja katika Waislamu baada yao. Kuanzia wakati Muhammad alipokuwa na miaka 40 mpaka alipofikia umri wa miaka 63, [[Jibrili]] alikuwa akitumwa kwake kumteremshia hii Qurani yenye ujumbe kutoka kwa Mola wake uliokusanya maamrisho na makatazo na maelekezo na simulizi mbali mbali za Umma zilizotangulia kwa ajili ya kuwaongoza Waislamu duniani, na kwa hivyo Qurani imeteremshwa katika muda wa miaka 23 mpaka alipofariki Mtume Muhammad dunia. Kwa kuwa kila ufunuo au wahyi huteremshwa kwa Nabii fulani kwa lugha yake anayoitumia katika zama zake, kama vile Kiibria kwa Mtume Musa na Kiaramia kwa Mtume Isa, vile vile Qurani iliteremshwa kwa lugha ya Muhammad ambayo ilikuwa ni Kiarabu. Pamoja na hayo, leo kuna tafsiri nyingi sana ulimwenguni za Qurani kwa lugha mbali mbali ili Waislamu wa makabila na jinsi tofauti tofauti waweze kufahamu maana ya Qurani kwa lugha zao. Qurani pamoja na Sunnah za Mtume Muhammad ndizo chanzo cha Sharia ya Kiislamu, na kutokana na maandishi haya, Waislamu wanajifunza kila aina ya Ibada (Sala, Saumu, Zaka na Hija), na kila aina ya Maingiliano (ya kijamii, kisiasa, kiuchumi na kadhalika). Tofauti kubwa baina ya maandishi haya ni kuwa Qurani ni maneno ya Mwenyezi Mungu kwa Waislamu au wanadamu kwa jumla, na Sunnah ni maneno na vitendo vya Mtume Muhammad katika uhai wake alipokuwa mjumbe wa Mwenyezi Mungu, na yote mengine aliyoyaona na kuyasikia yakifanywa na Masahaba zake akawa hakuyapinga au kuyatoa makosa na yanachukuliwa kuwa ni mambo aliyoyakubali kuendelewa kufanywa. Leo Qurani baada ya miaka ya zaidi ya elfu na kitu ni yale yale maneno na maandishi yaliyoachwa na Mtume Muhammad kwa Waislamu, nayo husomwa na kuzungumzwa na kusomeshwa na kuhubiriwa na kufasiriwa na kufanyiwa uchunguzi mbali mbali na Waislamu na wasiokuwa Waislamu, na kila kukicha mambo mengi katika maisha na sayansi yanagunduliwa yakiwa yanakubaliana na yale yaliyokuwemo ndani ya hii Qurani. ==Marejeo== *[http://www.e-mushaf.com Multiple Translation of the Qur'an] * http://www.quranitukufu.com/ * http://www.islamicity.com/mosque/quran/ * http://www.islamicity.com/mosque/quran/#Translations * http://www.grad.cgu.edu/~dadabhoa/webpage/quran.htm [[Category:Uislamu]] [[af:Koran]] [[ar:قرآن]] [[bg:Коран]] [[bs:Kur'an]] [[ca:Alcorà]] [[cs:Korán]] [[cv:Коран]] [[da:Koran]] [[de:Koran]] [[el:Κοράνιο]] [[en:Qur'an]] [[eo:Korano]] [[es:Corán]] [[et:Koraan]] [[eu:Koran]] [[fa:قرآن]] [[fi:Koraani]] [[fr:Coran]] [[ga:An Córan]] [[gl:Corán]] [[he:הקוראן]] [[hi:क़ुरान]] [[hr:Kuran]] [[hu:Korán]] [[ia:Koran]] [[id:Al-Qur'an]] [[ilo:Koran]] [[is:Kóraninn]] [[it:Corano]] [[ja:クルアーン]] [[ko:꾸란]] [[ku:Qur'an]] [[la:Alcoranum]] [[lb:Koran]] [[ms:Al-Quran]] [[nl:Koran]] [[nn:Koranen]] [[no:Koranen]] [[pl:Koran]] [[pt:Alcorão]] [[ro:Coran]] [[ru:Коран]] [[scn:Curanu]] [[sh:Kuran]] [[simple:Qur'an]] [[sk:Korán]] [[sl:Koran]] [[sq:Kur'ani]] [[sr:Куран]] [[su:Qur'an]] [[sv:Koranen]] [[ta:திருக்குர்ஆன்]] [[th:อัลกุรอาน]] [[tr:Kur'an]] [[tt:Qör'än]] [[uk:Коран]] [[zh:古兰经]] 891 11262 2006-06-24T18:46:52Z YurikBot 117 robot Modifying: [[is:Hadíða]] '''Hadithi''' au Sunnah ni maneno na vitendo ambavyo Mtume Muhammad alikuwa akisema au akifanya katika kipindi hiki cha [[Utume]]. Hadithi hizi ni moja ya miongozo ya kiimani kwa Waislamu. Hadithi hizi zinajumuisha pia mambo aliyoyaona au kuyasikia katika muda wa Utume wake akalinyamazia kimya au akawa hakulipinga na akalikubali. [[Muhammad]] aliishi miaka kama arobaini bila kuwa na Imani ya [[Mungu]]. Kisha Mwenyezi Mungu akamletea mjumbe kutoka kwake aitwaye [[Jibrili]] inayeaminika kuwa ndiye aliyempa aya zilizoko katika msahafu wa [[Waislamu]], [[Kurani]]. Inaelezwa kuwa Jibrili alimpa Muhammad aya hizo kwa muda wa miaka ishirini na tatu mpaka alipofariki dunia akiwa na umri wa miaka 63. Hadithi za Mtume Muhammad zimekusanywa katika vitabu vingi sana na [[wanazuoni]] mbali mbali wa Hadithi, lakini vitabu vya hadithi ambavyo ni muhimu na vinategemewa na wengi katika [[Uislamu]] ni hivi vifuatavyo: ==Vitabu vya Hadithi== *''1- Sahih Al-Bukhari'' *''2- Sahih Muslim'' *''3- Sunan An-Nasai'' *''4- Sunan At-Tirmidhi'' *''5- Sunan Ibn Majah'' *''6- Sunan Abu Daud'' *''7- Muwatt'a Ibn Maalik'' *''8- Musnad Ahmad bin Hanbal'' Mtume Muhammad alikuwa hapendelei ziandikwe Hadithi zake wakati mmoja na Kurani ili yasije yakachanganyika maneno yake na yale ya Mwenyezi Mungu, na kwa hivyo Hadithi zilichelewa kuandikwa mpaka baada ya kufariki kwake dunia kwa muda mkubwa kidogo, na kwa sababu hii Hadithi zikatawanyika sehemu mbali mbali kulingana na usahihi wake au udhaifu wake au uwongo wake. Kuna Hadithi aina nne kulingana na fahamu na kutegemewa kwa msimulizi wa hiyo Hadithi. Hadithi Sahihi, Hadithi Hasan (Nzuri), Hadithi Dhaifu, na Hadithi Maudhu'u (Hadithi ya Uwongo). Vile vile, kuna aina nyingine za Hadithi zilizogawanyika kwa mujibu wa mambo mengine kama kwa mujibu wa wapokezi, au mfululizo wa wasimulizi, au idadi ya wasimulizi katika kila sehemu ya mfululizo, au kwa mujibu wa simulizi yenyewe na msimulizi wake. ==Hadithi kwa mujibu wa fahamu na kutegemewa kwa msimulizi== *Hadithi Sahihi huwa imesimuliwa kutegemewa ukweli wake na dini yake na ambaye anafahamu nini anasimulia, na kuieleza hadithi kama alivyoipokea kutoka kwa Mtume Muhammad. *Hadithi Hasan au Nzuri huwa inajulikana asli yake na wasimulizi ni watu maarufu. *Hadithi Dhaifu huwa ile isiyofikia daraja ya Hasan, kwa sababu ya upungufu wa mmoja katika wasimulizi, au mfululizo wa wasimulizi haufikii mpaka kwa Mtume unakatika kwa mojawapo ya Masahaba, au mmoja katika wasimulizi kuwa si wa kutegemewa, na kuwa kuna kasoro fulani katika mambo haya. *Hadithi Maudhu'u (ya Uwongo) ni ile hadithi iliyobuniwa ikatiwa katika Hadithi za Mtume, na huwa kawaida inakwenda kinyume na Qurani au Hadithi nyenginezo Sahihi au Hasan, au kutonasibiana na maneno yake Mtume au kuwa msimulizi wa Hadithi hii ni mwongo, au kuwa msimulizi hakukutana na yule ambaye amesema amepokea kwake katika mfululizo wa wasimulizi waliotajwa, au kuweko kasoro fulani katika maelezo au matukio yaliyotajwa ndani ya Hadithi hio. ==Hadithi kwa mujibu wa wasimulizi== *Hadithi Qudsi ni ile hadithi ambayo Mtume Muhammad ameisimulia kutoka kwa Mola wake *Hadithi Marfu'u ni hadithi iliyopokewa na mfululizo wa wasimulizi na kufikishwa mpaka kwa Mtume *Hadithi Mauquf ni ile hadithi iliyosimuliwa na masahaba lakini wasiseme kuwa wameipokea kutoka kwa Mtume mwenyewe. *Hadithi Maqtu'u ni ile hadithi iliyokatika silsila au mfululizo wake [[Category:Uislamu]] [[ar:حديث نبوي]] [[bn:হাদীস]] [[bs:Hadis]] [[da:Hadith]] [[de:Hadith]] [[en:Hadith]] [[es:Hadiz]] [[fr:Hadith]] [[he:חדית']] [[id:Hadits]] [[is:Hadíða]] [[it:Hadith]] [[ja:ハディース]] [[ko:하디스]] [[nl:Hadith]] [[nn:Hadíth]] [[no:Hadith]] [[pl:Hadis]] [[pt:Hadith]] [[ru:Хадис]] [[sv:Hadith]] [[tr:Hadis]] [[uk:Хадис]] 892 3718 2004-11-05T22:59:22Z Aphaia 14 [[w:ja:利用者:Aphaia]]-Japanese<br> [[w:en:User:Aphaia]]-English 893 3719 2004-07-31T01:19:24Z Aphaia 14 I don't know Swahiri and thefore the content of this article. I suppose however it is better to make this disambigious page for the academic title "daktari" and the profession on medicine "daktari". Sorry in English. [[User:Aphaia|Aphaea]] 08:41, 21 Jun 2004 (UTC) 894 3720 2004-06-23T03:20:46Z Aphaia 14 Agano la kale moved to Agno la Kale #REDIRECT [[Agno la Kale]] 895 3721 2004-06-23T03:21:18Z Aphaia 14 Agno la Kale moved to Agano la Kale #REDIRECT [[Agano la Kale]] 896 sysop 3722 2004-08-13T12:55:55Z 24.29.135.164 <table> <tr><td align="right"><a href="/w/wiki.phtml?title=Special:Allpages&amp;from=Agano_La_Kale" title ="Special:Allpages">Agano La Kale</a></td><td> to </td><td align="left">Utibabi</td></tr> </table> 897 3723 2004-07-08T07:38:08Z 24.242.154.118 [[Link title]] 898 5991 2005-12-31T08:11:51Z Kipala 107 I don't speak Swahili. Sometimes I visit sw.wp for making interlang links. [http://www.yale.edu/swahili/ On-line Swahili Dictionary] - en, es, ru ''Thank you for pointing out this problem, I didn't write the [[Daktari]] page, but now I tried to fix it a little bit.''[[User:Neno|Neno]] :No problem. And thank you for your visit my page on en. :) Aph. [[en:User:Aphaia]] [[ja:利用者:Aphaia]] == Swahili / Brussels Conference== Thx for your note. Now what kind of comment and where did you think of? By the way: en archei e ho logos. - if thats supposed to be the Greek from John1 try this transscription: en arche en ho logos --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 08:11, 31 Desemba 2005 (UTC) 899 3725 2004-07-19T12:12:26Z Webkid 17 Hi, I'm a user from Bulgaria, a country in Eastern Europe. Hi, I'm a user from Bulgaria, a country in Eastern Europe. 900 3726 2004-07-30T22:34:51Z Aphaia 14 User:KIZU moved to User:Aphaia #REDIRECT [[User:Aphaia]] 901 3727 2004-07-30T22:34:51Z Aphaia 14 User talk:KIZU moved to User talk:Aphaia #REDIRECT [[User talk:Aphaia]] 902 3728 2004-08-03T12:09:12Z Suisui 13 [[ja:利用者:Suisui]][[m:User:Suisui]] 903 3729 2004-08-03T12:09:22Z Suisui 13 Hi. I'm mainly active on ja.wikipedia. If you have any comment for me, please write it [[m:User talk:Suisui]]. Thanx. 904 8210 2006-04-12T20:40:57Z Matt Crypto 20 {{uhalifu wa hakimiliki}} Historia ya Kanisa la Kikristu, Karne za 1-8 DIBAJI Historia ni jambo la pekee, tena jambo gumu lililo na sehemu nyingi. Awali kuna mambo yatokeayo. Kisha kuna watu wanaotangaza mambo hayo na kushikwa nayo. Nao huandika habari za yaliyotokea kuwaarifu wengine . Jambo gumu lakini, ni kueleza mambo kamili jinsi yalivyotokea. Kama umewahi kuhudhuria barazani , bila shaka umepata kusikia mshtakiwa akisemwa na mashahidi hata wanne wenye ushahidi mbalimbali. Pengine watu hujiona wakisema ukweli, lakini hasira ama wivu ama pendo huwafanya waseme nusu tu ya ukweli. Kufahamu kamili ukweli wa historia ni kigumu. Ukweli wa historia si kama ule wa hesabu ambao ni hakika isiyobadilika (1+1=2 popote). Tena unapofuata historia ya watu na mawazo yao, ugumu huzidi, kwa kuwa kila mtu, toka mwanzo wake, ni fumbo. Vilevile kila mtu ana kuchukia ama kupendelea kwake bila sababu yenye akili. Kwa mfano, Mfaransa fulani aandikaye historia ya Ufaransa, ataweka ama kukaza mambo mbali na Mwiingereza fulani anayeandika historia hiyo hiyo. Mmoja ataingiza mambo yasiyohesabiwa na mwingine. Katika [[biblia]] yenyewe sehemu fulani ni historia, nyingine ni ngano, ama hadithi. Waandishi wa agano la kale walimsadiki Mungu mmoja hali majirani zao wangali wakisadiki miungu wengi. Wakati wa vita Waisraeli wakadai kwamba Mungu wao alikuwa ameingia kuwasaidia watu wake na kuwadhuru adui zao. Hivyo ndivyo majirani walidai kwamba miungu wao walikuwa wamewasaidia kuwashinda Waisraeli. Maana watu hao walichanganya ukweli wa historia, ukweli wa ngano na ukweli wa imani. Sehemu za [[Agano Jipya]] vilevile ni historia. Nalo liliandikwa na watu waliompenda Yesu sana na ambao waliamini kwamba alikuwa amefufuka katika wafu na ni Bwana na Mwokozi wa watu wote. Lakini zamani zile palikuwa hapana vitabu vingine vielezavyo habari za Yesu, ila sentensi moja mbili hapo na hapo zinazowasemea watu wanaojiita wafuasi wa mtu filani aliyeitwa Kristu. Basi kuna aina mbalimbali za ukweli: ukweli wa ngano kama ule wa kitabu cha Mwanzo ama ule wa mababu zetu; ukweli wa historia kama historia ya Tanzania, ama historia ya kanisa letu au dini yetu; kuna ukweli wa hesabu. Pengine aina mbalimbali za ukweli huchanganyika na kama katika biblia. Tena inawezekana ukweli wa aina fulani utabadilika. Ukweli wa hesabu haubadilike, 1akini ukweli wa historia unaweza kubadilika (yaani tunapopata habari zaidi kuhusu jambo fulani, mara kwa mara tunaona kwamba mambo, siyo jinsi yalivyodhaniwa wala kutangazwa mwanzoni). Zaidi ya mambo ya historia yaliyotokea, twapaswa kufahamu maana yake, la hapo, tunatumia mafunzo mengine. Kwa mfano, tunafahamu kwamba [[Augustini]] Mt. alidharau ndoa na mambo yahusuyo kiume na kike. Hili ni jambo la historia. Tunajua vilevile kwamba Augustini huyo alikuwa na mwanamke muda wa miaka 16 bila kufunga naye ndoa. Hili ni jambo la historia . Tukitumia mafunzo mengine, kama vile mafunzo ya nia za watu (psychology) tunasaidiwa kufahamu chuki yake Augustini alipodharau ndoa. Kwa mfano, huenda aliona janaa ama hatia kwa sababu ya maisha yake ya zamani. Huu ni mfano kwamba zaidi ya mambo ya historia yenyewe, twapaswa kufahamu maana yake. Yatubidi pia kuwafahamu waandikao historia, maana nao wana kuchukia na kupendelea kwao bila sababu zenye akili. Ndio kusema pengine watu huandika ili nchi ama kanisa lao litukuzwe ama lisifiwe. Tumewahi kuona hali hio kanisani baada ya Matengenezo ya Kanisa la Uingereza ambapo wanahistoria wakotoliki wamesema uongo juu ya tabia na nia za Waprotestanti. Wanahistoria Waprotestanti vilevile walifanya hivyo hivyo. Ingawaje ni vigumu kuelewa kama habari fulani za historia zina ukweli, lakini hata hapo mafunzo ya historia yana maana sana. Jambo muhimu ni kufahamu kwa nini watu wamefanya hivi badala ya vile, ama kwa nini hali ni hivi, badala ya vile. Kwa mfano, tumejitahidi tangu zamani kufanya mafundisho yote ya dini yawe waziwazi, na kuyaweka katika katekismu. Lakini mambo ya historia yametia mashaka kati yetu. Kwa mfano, huenda tukifundishwa kuwaepuka wapagani ili imani yetu isiharibike. Lakini historia imetutambulisha kwamba Yesu na wafuasi wake hawakufanya hivyo. Bali wakaingia hatarini wakitangaza habari za wokovu ulimwenguni kote. Mfano mwingine wa hivi karibuni ndio halmashauri za maparokia. Muda wa miaka mingi wengi huwa wamefikiri kwamba ni padre tu anayeweza kukata mashauri yote, na kufanya mambo yote ya kisakramenti. Historia imetusaidia hapo namna gani? Mafunzo ya Agano Jipya na ya kanisa jisi lilivyokuwa mwanzoni wakati wa Mitume hutuhakikishia kwamba mashauri yalikatwa na jumuiya, sio na mtu peke yake. Tena wakati huo, baadhi ya makanisa wakawachagua waliowataka kuwa wenye kutoa masakramenti na kusimamia jumuiya. Halafu mafunzo hayo hutuonyesha kwamba tuna uwezo kurudisha hali ama desturi tuonazo zinafaa. Na mambo mengine yaliyohesabiwa na watu wa zamani kuwa yenye uhakoka kabisa wa historia (kama habari za asili ya wanadamu katika kitabu cha Mwanzo) hufahamika kwamba siku hizi huwa ni ukweli hasa wa ngano kuliko wa historia. Mwishowe, kuna aina mbalimbali za historia. Kuna historia ya watu, ya vita, ya mawazo. Kwa kwe1i historia ya fi1osofia ndiyo historia ya mawazo. Na tunapozungumzia fi1osofia ya kigriki i1iyoingi1ia kanisa, maana yake, ni historia ya mawazo. Vi1evi1e historia ya miundo ya kanisa yaweza kusemeka. == Muhtasari == Tumeona kwamba historia huandikwa na watu. Na watu mara kwa mara hawawezi kufahamu wala kupasha ukweli kamili. Kwa hiyo ukweli wa historia sio kama ukweli wa hesabu isiyobadilika. Tena kufahamu maana ya historia ni kugumu, kufahamu kwa kiasi kidogo tu hakutusaidii sana. Hata hivyo, lakini, ina maana sana kwetu ikitusaidia kufahamu hali ya mambo jinsi ilivyo sasa. Pia historia ya kanisa inatufahamisha kwamba Mungu hakutuweka hapa duniani na kisha kutusahau wala kutuacha. Bali anaendelea kuingilia kati ya maisha yetu, akitubadilisha na kutufanya watu wapya. Mtatambua kwamba kitabu hiki ni muhtasari ya historia ya kanisa. Mambo ya historia ni mengi, nasi hatuwezi kuyakuta yote katika dara moja wala kitabu kimoja. Kwa hiyo, kitabu hiki hukaza baadhi ya mambo muhimu katika historia ya kanisa: jinsi kanisa ilivyokuwa zamani kwa zamani; uhusiano kati ya kanisa na serikali; miundo ya kanisa na liturgia yake; baadhi ya mafundisho makuu ambayo yamefumbua imani ya kikristu. Kwani kitabu hiki ni muhtasari hasa, mtabakiwa na maswali mengi. Kwa kweli kusudi kuu la kitabu hiki ni kuwahimiza mwulize maswali, na kuwakumbusha kwamba sisi wanadamu tunaumba historia yetu , yaani kanisa letu ndilo lile lile tunaloliunda. Tena maneno nayo yasitutiishe. Kweli tuna uwezo na uhuru wa kuiongoza na kuibadilisha miundo ya kanisa lipate kutumikia makusudi yetu tulio wafuasi wa Yesu. Kwa mfano, tukipenda zaidi kudhani kanisa ni Baba ama Mama Mkubwa anayetufariji na kutukomboa, pengine tutajenga majengo makubwa yatakayokuwa ishara za salama na utakatifu. Lakini tukiona kwamba kanisa hasa ni kundi la watu wazima ambao wamejiweka katika kuwatumikia wengine, hatutahanghaikia sana kujenga majengo, bali tutakazana kuimarisha jumuiya za watu walio kanisa. Hapo kanisa sio mahali pa salama, bali ni mtumbwi mdogo, kama ule wa mitume, kwenye mawimbi makubwa baharini. Usalama wetu ni Yesu mwenyewe aliye kati yetu. Kwa hiyo tena twapaswa kujiuliza maswali. Tukiona mambo yamebadilika, tujiulize kama tumefahamu mabadiliko na kama yanafaa. Tujiulize kama mabadiliko hayo huwatumikia watu kweli ama sheria tu. Tujiulize kama yanawatumikia watu wote ama sisi wakristu tu. Tujiulize kama tunathubutu kubadilisha mambo yanayohusu uzima wetu na kama tuko tayari kuwasamehe wanaokosea. Tujiulize kama tuko tayari kushika wajibu wetu wa kuongoza na kuumba historia, ama kama tutaridhika kuongozwa tu. Mwishowe, mkitumia kitabu hiki darasani, msisitesite kumwuliza mwalimu mengi, tena ukikitumia nyumbani, mwulize padre ama wengine ambao wamewahi kujifunza zaidi historia ya kanisa letu. NB: Hii ni dibaji tu. Kuna sura tatu ambazo nitaiweka baadaye. [[af:Christendom]] [[ar:&#1605;&#1587;&#1610;&#1581;&#1610;&#1577;]] [[bg:&#1061;&#1088;&#1080;&#1089;&#1090;&#1080;&#1103;&#1085;&#1089;&#1090;&#1074;&#1086;]] [[ca:Cristianisme]] [[cs:K&#345;es&#357;anstv&#237;]] [[cy:Cristnogaeth]] [[da:Kristendom]] [[de:Christentum]] [[en:Chritianity]] [[et:Kristlus]] [[es:Cristianismo]] [[eo:Kristanismo]] [[fr:Christianisme]] [[hr:Kr&#353;&#263;anstvo]] [[ia:Christianismo]] [[it:Cristianesimo]] [[he:&#1504;&#1510;&#1512;&#1493;&#1514;]] [[lt:Krik&#353;&#269;ionyb&#279;]] [[hu:Kereszténység]] [[ms:Nasarani]] [[nl:Christendom]] [[ja:&#12461;&#12522;&#12473;&#12488;&#25945;]] [[no:Kristendom]] [[pl:Chrze&#347;cija&#324;stwo]] [[pt:Cristianismo]] [[ro:Cre&#351;tinism]] [[ru:&#1061;&#1088;&#1080;&#1089;&#1090;&#1080;&#1072;&#1085;&#1089;&#1090;&#1074;&#1086;]] [[simple:Christianity]] [[sl:Kr&#353;&#269;anstvo]] [[sr:&#1061;&#1088;&#1080;&#1096;&#1115;&#1072;&#1085;&#1089;&#1090;&#1074;&#1086;]] [[fi:Kristinusko]] [[sv:Kristendomen]] [[tr:Hristiyan]] [[uk:&#1061;&#1088;&#1080;&#1089;&#1090;&#1080;&#1103;&#1085;&#1089;&#1090;&#1074;&#1086;]] [[wa:Crustinnisse]] [[zh:&#22522;&#30563;&#25945;]] 905 3731 2004-09-20T04:03:52Z Node ue 21 Swahili wikipedia logo, gfdl, by node Swahili wikipedia logo, gfdl, by node 906 sysop 3732 2004-10-31T19:52:44Z Pteron 28 uploaded "Afrika_-_ramani_ya_dunia.png" <ul><li>19:52, 31 Oct 2004 [[User:Pteron|Pteron]] uploaded "[[:Image:Afrika_-_ramani_ya_dunia.png|Afrika_-_ramani_ya_dunia.png]]"</li> <li>17:20, 24 Sep 2004 [[User:Node ue|Node ue]] uploaded "[[:Image:Wiki.png|Wiki.png]]" <em>(Swahili wikipedia logo, GFDL. Translated text by node. This logo is a trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation.)</em></li> <li>18:30, 22 Sep 2004 [[User:Hashar|Hashar]] uploaded "[[:Image:Wiki.png|Wiki.png]]" <em>(new logo)</em></li> <li>04:03, 20 Sep 2004 [[User:Node ue|Node ue]] uploaded "[[:Image:Sw-wiki-logo.png|Sw-wiki-logo.png]]" <em>(Swahili wikipedia logo, gfdl, by node)</em></li> </ul> 907 3733 2004-09-22T18:30:41Z Hashar 22 new logo new logo 908 3734 2005-01-22T10:09:48Z Haso 34 nani alimpa muhamadi utume? naomba ushaidi wa aya. napedan kujibu swali lilo letwa na ndugu moja kuhusu muhhamd alipata utume wake wapi au nani alima utume alimpa utume muhhamd ni Mungu tazama Quran 21:107 kwa majadiliano sana nitumie xassant@yahoo.com 909 3735 2004-12-04T11:14:20Z Neno 24 Jina langu halisi ni [http://www.vessella.it Nino Vessella]. Ukipenda kupata habari zaidi zangu tafadhali usome hapa: [http://www.vessella.it www.vessella.it] Il mio nome vero à [http://www.vessella.it Nino Vessella]. Se vuoi proprio saperne un po' di più leggi qui: [http://www.vessella.it www.vessella.it] Mia vera nomo estas [http://www.vessella.it Nino Vessella]. Se vi nepre deziras koni min iom pli, legu: [http://www.vessella.it www.vessella.it] My real name is [http://www.vessella.it Nino Vessella]. If you want to know a little more about me look at: [http://www.vessella.it www.vessella.it] 910 3736 2004-09-28T02:13:17Z Davidcannon 25 {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} 911 9578 2006-05-14T00:20:21Z Gangleri 42 [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/mediawiki-i18n/2006-May/000002.html <nowiki>[Mediawiki-i18n]</nowiki> Internationalisation news] Hello Neno. Welcome to Wikipedia. In reply to your [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2004-September/017597.html post] on the mailing list, there are two ways the text in the menus and options can be changed. The easiest way is to edit the [[meta:MediaWiki namespace|MediaWiki namespace]]. This is a collection of templates that can be edited by an administrator and will take immediate effect on the site. There is a list of them at [[Special:Allmessages]]. The other way is to create a [[meta:Language.php|language.php]] file. One has been started at [[meta:LanguageSw.php]] but I'd recommend you check out a more recent one to start from since some things have changed since them. You could base it one which is complete such as [http://cvs.sourceforge.net/viewcvs.py/wikipedia/phase3/languages/LanguageDe.php?rev=1.86&view=log LanguageDe.php] which you can get from SourceForge. The Language.php file lets you change everything you can change with the MediaWiki namespace, and some additional options such as the namespace titles, names of the special pages, month and days-of-the-week names and some of the [[Special:Preferences|preferences]] options. Any changes in the MediaWiki namespace overwrite those in the Language.php file. You can also ask a developer to make these changes without having to fill in the php file by asking at [[meta:non-development tasks for developers|non-development tasks for developers]]. To edit the MediaWiki namespace, you need to be an [[w:en:Wikipedia:Administrators|administrator]]. You can request to be one at [[meta:requests for permissions]], but since you've only made five edits, it seems a little soon to be doing that. This wiki does have one admin ([[User:Marcos|Marcos]]) but he has been absent since the start of August. I'd suggest you familiarize yourself with wiki editing a bit more and get some experience before asking for adminship just to be sure you understand how the namespaces work. Let me know on [[w:en:User talk:Angela|my talk page]] at the English Wikipedia if I can be of any more help. [[User:Angela|Angela]] 11:55, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC) == kiswahili-speaking friends == You don't happen to know other people who speak swahili, do you? This place needs a bit of life. Also, welcome to sw. :) [[User:Sj|Sj]] 20:32, 28 Sep 2004 (UTC) ''Samahani, lakini sielewi nia yako :)''[[User:Neno|Neno]] ==More about translating the interface== Hi. You can use the language.php one, but that includes a lot of uneccesary parts that aren't needed in every translations. You might find it easier to choose one of the other [http://cvs.sourceforge.net/viewcvs.py/wikipedia/phase3/languages/ languages]. The corrections you make won't show up until a developer uploads the file to CVS. Adding it as a patch to [[MediaZilla:]] is probably the quickest way to get it uploaded. When I said about getting experience with the other namespaces, I meant ones like the Wikipedia or template namespaces, which are not protected. However, I do understand your concern that you can't get experience with the MediaWiki namespace. I've actually made you an admin now, although I'm converned it's a bit early so please be careful not to edit any MediaWiki pages you don't understand. Some can cause the site to stop working! You might find the [[en:Wikipedia:Administrators' how-to guide|administrators' how-to guide]] on the English Wikipedia a useful place to start, along with the [[meta:MediaWiki namespace|MediaWiki namespace]] help pages on meta. If you have any problems, please let me know on my [[:en:User talk:Angela|talk page at en]]. Good luck with this new wiki. [[User:Angela|Angela]] 12:21, 30 Sep 2004 (UTC) Hi Neno. I think this [http://djini.de/better_arabic.html arabic converter] on [[:de:Benutzer:Elian|Elian's]] site will help you to use Arabic characters. [[User:Angela|Angela]] 14:32, 2 Oct 2004 (UTC) == Hello == Welcome to sw, I don't speak Swahili regretfully, and visit here to make interlang links between other projects. There are some confusions on interlang links for example between [[Daktari]] and other languages' articles (there are two sorts of articles on the others; medical doctor and doctral degree), I wish you would fix and order the links on the page, then I will be help to order the links on other Wikipedias to Swahili ... but obviously it's time for you to configure the site itself :) I wish sw goes well with your effort. Cheers. --[[User:Aphaia|Aphaia]] 10:09, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC) ''Thank you for pointing out this problem, I didn't write the [[Daktari]] page, but now I tried to fix it a little bit.''[[User:Neno|Neno]] == Invitation for meta == Hello Neno, thank you for your correction of Daktari article. Today I would like to let you know some multilingual coordination on [[m:|meta]]. That is: *[[m:Translation of the week]] Each week we translate a short article into every Wikipedia. It helps to add a new material to our participating project. *[[m:Reports]]. Elian has started this ambitious and helpful project. Would you like to report the current situation of Swahili or other wikipedias which you know very well? If I read your report on sw:, it will be my great pleasure. Cheers. --[[User:Aphaia|Aphaia]] 22:19, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC) == [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/mediawiki-i18n/2006-May/000002.html <nowiki>[Mediawiki-i18n]</nowiki> Internationalisation news] == * Halló Neno! We have started a new campaign to update the localization files. If you can help improuving the "''<nowiki>{{int:Allmessages}}</nowiki>''" &ndash; &lrm;"''{{int:Allmessages}}''"&lrm; files "''LanguageSw.php''" and "''MessagesSw.php''" to run the Swahili projects please log in at [http://nike.users.idler.fi/dev/index.php?title=special:Userlogin&type=signup&uselang=en], change the interface to the language of your prefrence at [http://nike.users.idler.fi/dev/index.php?title=special:Preferences&uselang=en], go to [http://nike.users.idler.fi/betawiki/Betawiki:LanguageSw.php_and_MessagesSw.php '''Betawiki:'''LanguageSw.php and MessagesSw.php] at section "''contact persons''" and list your name. We can start with the new messages translated already and continue step by step.&lrm; * If you are on [[IRC]] please visit the channel [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikipedia-BiDi #wikipedia-BiDi].&lrm; * For other "''LanguageXx.php''" and "''MessagesXx.php''" files please see [http://nike.users.idler.fi/betawiki/category:Internationalization '''Betawiki:'''category:Internationalization]. Thanks in advance! Best regards [[User:Gangleri|Gangleri]] · [[User_talk:Gangleri|T]] · [[m:user:Gangleri|m:]] [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/user_talk:Gangleri?action=history Th] · [[m:user talk:Gangleri|T]] 00:20, 14 May 2006 (UTC) 912 3738 2004-09-28T13:21:34Z Angela 1 Jina langu ni [[:en:User:Angela|Angela]]. Samahani, sisemi [[Kiswahili]]. [[en:User:Angela]] 913 3739 2004-10-01T06:57:18Z Neno 24 Ukarasa wa mwanzo moved to Mwanzo #REDIRECT [[Mwanzo]] 915 11439 2006-06-27T18:37:41Z Kipala 107 Tunahitaji masahihisho la Sanduku la nchi Ukurasa huu ni kwa ajili ya kuwasaidia watu wanaotaka kuboresha kamusi hii. __TOC__ == Older == Ukitaka msaada wa kusanifisha makala, angalia [[Help:Contents|hapa]]. ---- Makala nzuri ionekane kama makala hii: [[lugha]] Ukifikiri kwamba hutaweza kuandika moja kwa moja makala ndefu na nzuri kama hiyo, uanzishe makala ndogo tu (kama hii: [[hesabu]]), na baadaye watu wengine (au wewe mwenyewe) wataweza kuikuza na kuiboresha. ---- Bado kuna makala kuu ambazo zimeunganishwa na ukarasa wa mwanzo, lakini hazijaandikwa. Ni muhimu tuziandike kwanza kurasa hizo: :[[Majenzi]], [[Usanifu]], [[Fasihi]], [[Ushairi]], [[Bombwe]], [[Ngoma]], [[Jiografia]], [[Arkiolojia]], [[Unajimu]], [[Biolojia]], [[Kemia]], [[Utibabu]], [[Elimu]], [[Sayansi]], [[Teknolojia]], [[Siasa]], [[Astrolojia]] Kuna makala chache ambazo zimeandikwa kwa lugha ya kidini. Sisi tunataka kuandika kamusi elezo, na kwa hiyo ni lazima makala ziandikwe kwa lugha ya kisayansi, kwa sababu watu hawawezi kukubaliana kuhusu mambo ya dini. Kwa hiyo tubadilishe makala hizo zisiwe kwa lugha ya kidini: :[[Sheria]] Kuna makala chache ambazo zimeandikwa kwa rai ya watu wachache. Lakini kwa kamusi elezo ni lazima kwamba rai za watu wote zivumiliwe. Kwa hiyo ni lazima kubadilisha makala hii: :[[Dini]], [[Uislamu]], [[Hadithi za Mtume Muhammad]] (makala hizi tatu zimeandikwa kwa rai ya waislamu tu, lakini hiyo siyo sawa. Angalia makala kwa Kiingereza ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion Religion] na [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam Islam]) ili kujifunza makala kama hizo ziandikwe namna gani, ili kuvumilia maoni ya watu wote.) ---- Ili kuboresha tovuti hiyo, ni lazima tutafsiri sehemu zote ambazo bado ni kwa Kiingereza. Siku hizi, [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] anafanya kazi hiyo. Ukitaka kumsaidia, au ukiona makosa katika tafsiri yake, umwarifu [[User talk:Marcos|hapa]]. == Wasimamizi wanahitajika (''Administrators needed'') == Ili kuzuia wahuni na kulinda makala ... tembelea [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. (''To block vandals & protect pages ... see [[Wikipedia:Administrators]].'') ==Makala fupi== Ninaazimia kufuta makala fupi &mdash; [[Special:Shortpages]] &mdash; kwa sababu nyingi ni duni kabisa (k.m. viungo vya Wikipedia zingine tu, au makala ya kamusi tu). [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 10:49, 26 Julai 2005 (UTC) ''I intend to delete some of the shorter pages, because many of them aren't of much use at all (for example, containing only interwiki links, or a brief dicdef etc). This makes the encyclopedia look very unpromising indeed. I suggest we cut the cruft, and keep only the articles that are either full articles or proper stubs.'' [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 10:49, 26 Julai 2005 (UTC) : ''Agreed; nice work! On to the next barrier...''' [[User:Sj|Sj]] 13:26, 6 Desemba 2005 (UTC) ==Makala yanayostahili kufutwa== Tufanyeje kuhusu makala yanayostahili kufutwa? Wikipedia za lugha mbalimbali zina ukurasa wa kupendekeza kufutwa kwa makala. Halafu wanawiki wanaweza kuchangia rai zao. Mimi ningependekeza kufuta makala '''Benzi karl fredrick'''kwa sababu mbili: A) mtu huyu alikuwa na jina kamili ndilo "Carl Friedrich Benz". Tusianze aina hii ya lugha tafadhali - baadaye tutapata "Bushi Georgi" au "Churichilli Winisitoni" au hata "Muwarimu Niyelele" kwa sababu mtu fulani anataka kuingiza lahaja ya nyumbani au tatizo lake la kutamka herufi fulani akidai kasoro yake ndicho Kiswahili chenyewe!! B)makala inajaa makosa - Benz haikuwa mtu wa kwanza aliyetengeneza injini ya petroli. Kwa sababu ya jina la makala ni la makosa haina faida kusahihisha makosa yaliyomo --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 19:32, 26 Januari 2006 (UTC) : Ninakubali ni lazima kutumia jina kamili kwa makala. Wanawiki wote wana uwezo kusogeza makala (bonyeza "sogeza" juu ya makala). Pia, tunaweza kutumia majina mengi kwa makala moja (yaani "redirects": [[:en:Wikipedia:Redirects]]). Sasa, makala hii inaitwa [[Carl Friedrich Benz]] (labda [[Karl Friedrich Benz]] ni bora kabisa?). : Kupendekeza makala kufutwa, haidhuru kuuliza hapa kwa sasa; pengine tuanze, kwa mfano, [[Wikipedia:Makala kwa ufutaji]] (kuliganan na [[:en:Wikipedia:Articles for Deletion]])? . [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 21:36, 26 Januari 2006 (UTC) ::Sawa, lakini kwa jina twende kwa [[Benz Karl Friedrich]] - nimeangalia upya kuna umbo zote mbili ingawa "Karl" ina ushuhuda bora kuliko "Carl" --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 23:40, 26 Januari 2006 (UTC) ===Sahihi Yesu Kanisa=== inafaa kufutwa. Mwandishi anajaribu kuipeleka katika wikipedia za lugha nyingi. Nimeombwa kuitafsiri lakini sijapata majibu nilipouliza kuhusu mambo mbalimbali; siamini ya kwamba habari zake ni sahihi. Jinsi ilivyo makala ni ya Kiingereza pamoja na maneno kadhaa ya Kiswahili; halafu ameongeza kwa Kiswahili maneno ya Biblia yasiyoeleweka jinsi yalivyo. Sababu ya kuifuta ni pamoja na lugha ya kwamba mwandishi hajui mwenyewe jina la kanisa hili kwa Kiswahili; ameniandikia ya kwamba wako Tanzania, Kenya n.k. lakini hajui jina wanalotumia. "Sahihi Yesu" ni hisia tu. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 22:44, 18 Machi 2006 (UTC) ===Zergeisterung=== Neno '''»Zergeisterung«''' halina maana kabisa kwa Kijerumani. Makala ni mzaha. Neno hili limewahi kufutwa mara kadhaa katika wikipedia ya kijerumani kwa sababu hawakubali makala ya mzaha. Lifutwe na hapa. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 21:26, 5 May 2006 (UTC) ===Category:Miji_mikuu_ya_Afrika=== Nimeanzisha kwa kosa, Miji Mikuu Afrika ilikuwepo tayari --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 20:31, 16 May 2006 (UTC) == Sanduku la mchanga == Nimefanya "[[Sanduku la mchanga]]" nikasihia "'''Idadi'''" hapo. == Interface == There are still a number of [[Special:Allmessages|interface]] strings that need translating... anyone up for it? [[User:Sj|Sj]] 13:27, 6 Desemba 2005 (UTC) :: i can try [[User:Omoo|Omoo]] 04:16, 18 Desemba 2005 (UTC) : I've tried to do a couple, taking the cue from Kilinux's glossary [http://www.kilinux.org/kiblog/documents/glossary/sw_TZ_extended_glossary_klnX_041122.po]. The strings "[[MediaWiki:Watchlist|My watchlist]]", "[[MediaWiki:Privacy|Privacy policy]]" and "[[MediaWiki:Cite article link|Cite this article]]" remain to be translated for the main ''browsing'' (as opposed to editing) interface. [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 17:13, 22 Januari 2006 (UTC) :: I can help out too [[User:Mudux01|Mudux01]] 12:19, may 2006 (UTC) == Interwiki Bot Status == Hi. I would like to get my interwiki bot [[user:YurikBot|YurikBot]] marked as a bot in your language. The bot is already operating in almost 50 languages, and it would lower the server load and improve the quality of articles if all interwikies are updated at the same time. You can read more or ask questions [[:en:user talk:Yurik|here]]. I always run the latest version of the [[meta:Pywikipediabot|Pywikipediabot]] (i am also one of the developers of this project). The request for the bot status is [[meta:Requests for bot status#en:User:YurikBot|here]]. Please support. Thank you. --[[:en:user:Yurik|Yurik (en)]] 23:39, 5 Januari 2006 (UTC) : This would be great (I presume there'd be no objections from anyone else here); but there's no listing for sw on [[meta:Requests for bot status#en:User:YurikBot]]. [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 17:26, 22 Januari 2006 (UTC) == Jimmy Wales wa Wikipedia== [http://jikomboe.blogspot.com/2005/10/jimmy-wales-wa-wikipedia-na-ruby-wa.html]. [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 13:46, 25 Januari 2006 (UTC) ==Tahajia ya Jina letu, "Village Pump" na Templeti "Swen"== {{swen|Fikra tatu: 1) Tahajia ya Jina la toleo hili la Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili. Sasa ni "Wikipedia". Matoleo mengine yatumia tahajia ya lugha zao, k.m., Wikipedia ya Kifaransa ni "Wikipédia", ya Kiesperanto ni "Vikipedio" etc. Swali langu ni, "Wikipedia" ni tahajia bora kwa toleo la Kiswahili? Labda kitu kama "Wikipidia" au "Wikipiidia" ni bora? 2) Wikipedia zingine zina makala za kuzumgumza juu ya mambo ya mradi wote. Inaitwa "Village Pump" kwa Kiingereza. Sasa, tunatumia makala hii kwa madhumuni ile. Labda tuanze makala ya "[[Wikipedia:Pampu ya kijiji]]" (au "[[Wikipedia:Kisima cha kijiji]]"...)? 3) Nimetunga Templeti kwa kuandika katika Kiswahili na Kiingereza pamoja. Templeti hii inaitwa "swen". Ninaitumia kwa sababu ninaweza kushiriki kwa Kiswahili cha kiwango cha msingi tu, lakini ningependa kufahamika!|Three thoughts: 1) The spelling of the name of the Swahili Wikipedia. Currently it's "Wikipedia". Other editions use the spelling of their languages, e.g., the French Wikipedia is "Wikipédia", the Esperanto name is "Vikipedio" etc. My question is, is "Wikipedia" the best spelling for the Swahili edition? Maybe something like "Wikipidia" or "Wikipiidia" would be better? 2) Other Wikipedias have articles for discussing matters for the entire project. It's called the "Village Pump" in English. At the moment, we use this page for that purpose. Perhaps we should start a "Village Pump", or "Village Well" page? 3) I have created a template for writing Swahili and English together. This template is called "swen". I use it because I can participate with a only a basic level of Swahili, but I'd like to be understood!}} [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 13:45, 2 Februari 2006 (UTC) : '''Sioni tatizo kuhusu "wikipedia"''' '''kwa sababu mbili''': a)Kiswahili chenyewe ni lugha ya kupokea maneno mapya haraka (kutoka Kiarabu, Kiajemi, Kireno, Kijerumani, Kiingereza pamoja na lugha nyingi za Kibantu); b) maneno yatokayo nje hubadilishwa yasipolingana na tabia ya Kiswahili (k.m.: konsonanti nyingi zinazofuatana hutenganishwa kwa vokali; herufi au sauti zisipopatikana kwa Kiswahili hubadilishwa na herufi ambazo ni kawaida). Hata mifano iliyotajwa hapo juu ya Kifaransa na Kiesperanto inaenda sambamba na msingi huu. : Mimi naona neno "wikipedia" halina kitu kinachodai badiliko: hakuna ufuatano wa konsonanti nyingi wala herufi zisizopatikana katika Kiswahili wala maana ya kando yasiyofaa. : Nimelinganisha kurasa za wikipedia za lugha zingine za Kibantu: vilevile isipokuwa utaratibu wa lugha yenyewe inadai badiliko (taz. st: Wikipedia ya Sesotho; rw: Wikipedia mu Kinyarwanda; tofauti kufuatana na tabia zao: sn: Wikipediya Chishona; xh: iWikipedia Xhosa). --- '''Basi, ibaki'''! : '''Kuhusu Kisima cha Kijiji''': si dhana ya Kiafrika sana; ukitaka kuiga mfano wa pampu: iwe '''baraza'''. Ndipo sehemu ya nyumba ya Waswahili wenyewe wanapopenda kukaa kivulini na kuzungumza. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 17:37, 2 Februari 2006 (UTC) ==[[Template:Sanduku la habari za nchi]]== {{swen|Mimi na [[User:Kipala]] tumetengeneza templeti ya nchi. Inawezekana kunakili templeti hii kutoka Wikipedia ya Kiingereza. Kwa mfano, angalia [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Ni lazima kubadili "Infobox Country" kwa "Sanduku la habari za nchi", lakini majina ya uga (fields) zinabaki kwa Kiingereza. Data katika uga zinahitaji kutafsiriwa. Napendekeza turuhusu Kiingereza kwa majina ya uga kwa muda mchache, wakati Wikipedia hii ni ndogo, kurahisisha kunakili data. Pia, nimeficha uga kama GDP, HDP na PPP, lakini ni rahisi kuzifichua.|Kipala and I have ported the country infobox from the English Wikipedia. An example is on the [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] article. It's now possible to simply copy over an infobox from an English language article without much modification. The "Infobox Country" needs to be replaced with "Sanduku la habari za nchi", but the field names remain the same. The data in the fields needs to be translated of course. I suggest we allow the English field names to remain for the time being, while the Wikipedia is small, to facilitate the copying over of data. I've also commented out some fields, like GDP, HDP and PPP, for now, but we can put them in easily enough if it's wanted.}} [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 16:48, 21 Aprili 2006 (UTC) ::==Masahihisho la Sanduku la nchi== ::Tunahitaji masahihisho. Country boxes za Kiingereza mara nyingi zina nafasi ya "leader Title1" na "title2" pia "name1" na "name2". Inaleta matatizo kidogo. Naomba mabingwa wasahihishe. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 18:37, 27 Juni 2006 (UTC) [[af:Wikipedia:Geselshoekie]] [[als:Wikipedia:Ich brauche Hilfe]] [[an:Wikipedia:Tabierna]] [[ang:Wikipedia:Þorpes Wiella]] [[ar:ويكيبيديا:الميدان]] [[ast:Uiquipedia:Chigre]] [[be:Вікіпэдыя:Форум]] [[bg:Уикипедия:Разговори]] [[bm:Wikipedia:Le lavoir]] [[bn:উইকিপিডিয়া:আলোচনা সভা]] [[br:Wikipedia:An ti-chopin]] [[bs:Wikipedia:Čaršija]] [[bug:Wikipedia:Warung Kopi]] [[ca:Viquipèdia:La taverna]] [[chr:ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ:ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎾᎿᎢ]] [[cs:Wikipedie:Pod lípou]] [[cv:Википеди:Канашлăв]] [[cy:Wicipedia:Y Caffi]] [[da:Wikipedia:Landsbybrønden]] [[de:Wikipedia:Forum]] [[el:Βικιπαίδεια:Αγορά]] [[en:Wikipedia:Village pump]] [[eo:Vikipedio:Diskutejo]] [[es:Wikipedia:Café]] [[et:Vikipeedia:Üldine arutelu]] [[eu:Wikipedia:Txokoa]] [[fa:ویکی‌پدیا:قهوه‌خانه]] [[fi:Wikipedia:Kahvihuone]] [[fo:Wikipedia:Undirhúsið]] [[fr:Wikipédia:Le Bistro]] [[fur:Vichipedie:Ostarie]] [[fy:Wikipedy:Oerlis side]] [[ga:Vicipéid:Halla baile]] [[gd:Wikipedia:Talla a'Bhaile]] [[gl:Wikipedia:A Taberna]] [[gu:વિકિપીડિયા:ચોતરો]] [[he:ויקיפדיה:מזנון]] [[hi:विकिपीडिया:गाँव का पम्प]] [[hr:Wikipedia:Kafić]] [[hu:Wikipédia:Kocsmafal]] [[ia:Wikipedia:Taverna]] [[id:Wikipedia:Warung Kopi]] [[is:Wikipedia:Potturinn]] [[it:Wikipedia:Bar]] [[ja:Wikipedia:井戸端]] [[ka:ვიკიპედია:ყავახანა]] [[ko:위키백과:사랑방]] [[kw:Wikipedia:Porth Kemmynieth]] [[la:Vicipaedia:Taberna]] [[lb:Wikipedia:De Stamminet]] [[li:Wikipedia:De kaffee]] [[lv:Wikipedia:Kopienas portāls]] [[mi:Wikipedia:Kōrero]] [[ms:Wikipedia:Kedai Kopi]] [[mt:Wikipedija:Pjazza]] [[na:Wikipedia:Domaneab]] [[nah:Wikipedia:Tlatlahtoaloyan]] [[nap:Wikipedia:Circolo]] [[nds:Wikipedia:Ik bruuk Hülp]] [[nl:Wikipedia:De kroeg]] [[nn:Wikipedia:Samfunnshuset]] [[no:Wikipedia:Tinget]] [[oc:Oiquipedià:La tavèrna]] [[os:Википеди:Ныхас]] [[pl:Wikipedia:Kawiarenka pod Wesołym Encyklopedystą]] [[pt:Wikipedia:Esplanada]] [[ro:Wikipedia:Cafenea]] [[roa-rup:Uichipedia:Fântâna]] [[ru:Википедия:Форум]] [[sc:Wikipedia:Tzilleri]] [[scn:Wikipedia:Circulu]] [[sco:Wikipedia:Mercat Cross]] [[sh:Wikipedia:Pijaca-Пијаца]] [[simple:Wikipedia:Simple talk]] [[sk:Wikipédia:Krčma]] [[sl:Wikipedija:Pod lipo]] [[sq:Wikipedia:Kuvendi]] [[sr:Википедија:Трг]] [[su:Wikipédia:Padungdengan]] [[sv:Wikipedia:Bybrunnen]] [[ta:விக்கிபீடியா:ஆலமரத்தடி]] [[th:วิกิพีเดีย:สภากาแฟ]] [[tl:Wikipedia:Kapihan]] [[tr:Vikipedi:Köy çeşmesi]] [[tt:Wikipedia:Bäxäslek]] [[uk:Вікіпедія:Кнайпа]] [[vec:Wikipedia:Ciacołe]] [[vi:Wikipedia:Thảo luận]] [[wa:Wikipedia:Cåbaret]] [[zh:Wikipedia:互助客栈]] [[zh-min-nan:Wikipedia:Chhiū-á-kha]] 916 3742 2004-10-08T09:37:45Z 139.30.32.113 Shairi utunzi wa kisanaa,ulio na madhumuni ya kutumbuiza au kuelimisha. 917 3743 2004-10-15T14:02:23Z Bgbot 23 Bgbot's main task '''Bgbot''' is a bot which is primarily active on [[:bg:|Bulgarian Wikipedia]]. Its main task on other wikipedias consists of making of bg: interwikis. The bot was developed by [[:bg:Потребител:Borislav|User:Borislav]], so any possible complaints about it should be [[:bg:Потребител беседа:Borislav|directed]] to him :-). [[bg:Потребител:Bgbot]] 918 3744 2004-10-16T09:55:16Z Bgbot 23 Bgbot's talk page on bg: <div class="toccolours" style="text-align:center">Please, use the [[:bg:Потребител беседа:Bgbot|'''Bgbot's talk page on bg:''']].</div> 919 5846 2005-12-25T14:44:19Z Kipala 107 Sijui je mistari hii inayofuata ina nafasi gani katika wikipedia? Hapo chini ni waraka inayojaribu kuonekana kama mkristo ameandika lakini ni wazi si ya kweli. Ni wazi kabisa waraka huu umeandikwa na mtu anayependa kulalamika kuhusu uhusiano kati ya madhahebu au dini mbalimbali huko Zanzibar. Lakini hasemi wazi anatumia uwongo. Wikipedia ni mahali pa elimu isitumike ovyo na vikundi vya kisiasa kupigania vita vyao! Tena hatii sahihi yake. Sijui wengine wanasemaje lakini mimi naona heri ifutwe! --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 14:43, 25 Desemba 2005 (UTC) == JE! WAISLAM ZANZIBAR INAELEKEA WAPI? == ***WARAKA MAALUM KWA WAKRISTO ZANZIBAR*** ''' == Why Edit ==''' Wapendwa katika Bwana Ndugu wakristo umefika wakati tumeonelea ipo haja ya kuwaelezeni machache ili kuona maendeleo yetu na mafanikio tuliokwisha yapata hapa Zanzibar, yanaendelezwa na hayarudi nyuma kwa namna yoyote. Hapana shaka kuwa munaelewa kuwa idadi yetu hadi sasa bado ni ndogo sana na wengi wetu tungali katika kiwango na hadhi ya wahamiaji na sio Wazanzibari kama wanavyosema wenyewe. MAFANIKIO YETU Kabla ya kugusia yale ambayo tunahisi ndio lengo la waraka huu hapana budi kuwatajieni mambo machache ambayo tumefanikiwa kuyapata hadi sasa. Pamoja na jitihada zetu za muda mrefu bado tunapaswa tumsifu Bwana kwa msaada wake Mtakatifu, Bwana atatupa ushindi na mafanikio makuu zaidi ya haya na atawafumba macho maadui zetu wazidi kulala ili mipango yetu yote ya kuibadilisha Zanzibar kidemografia ifanikiwe katika kipindi kifupi kijacho. Mafanikio yetu yameenea katika kila upande , uchumi, siasa, huduma za jmii, umiliki wa ardhi, ujenzi, elimu n.k. ili kupata picha kamili ni vyema kuorodhesha kwa ufupi mafanikio hayo: 1. Nafasi yetu kwa upande wa elimu imekuwa ya kuridhisha kupitia nafasi za serikali. Hivi sasa ni rahisi na limekuwa jambo la kawaida katika kila matangazo ya wito wa masomo kusikia majina ya wakristo kati ya vijana 7 hadi 10 ni lazima upate vijana wawili hadi watatu kutoka katika makanisa yetu. 2. Sambamba na nafasi za elimu vijana wetu wamekuwa wanapata nafasi nyingi za ajira katika serikali ya Zanzibar. Hali ya kutoelewana kisiasa baina ya Wazanzibari imetoa mwanya kwetu kuingiza vijana wa kikristo wenye asili ya bara kwa wingi kwani wamekuwa wanaaminika zaidi kuliko vijana wa Zanzibar. 3. hali tulioieleza juu imetuwezesha kuwa na nafasi kuwa na wakristo wengi katika nafasi za juu serikalini na katika chama tawala. Hali hii ni lazima iendelezwe katika ngazi zote kwani imekuwa ikitusaidia hasa katika kiwango cha masheha na kamati zao kwani huku ndiko kunako mambo mengi ya kila siku. 4. Tumepata fursa ya kutumia Taasisi za serikali kwa uendeshaji wa ibada zetu, hali hii imefanya tuzidi kukubaliwa na Waislamu na kuvumiliwa na inaweza kutupa nafasi ya kuwavuta katika NENO LA BWANA. 5. Kwa upande wa mashamba (vijijini) tumepata wasaa mzuri wa kununua ardhi toka kwa waislamu ambao hadi sasa bado hawajashtuka. Ardhi hizi zimetuwezesha kujenga makanisa kadhaa ambayo hapo awali hayakuwepo. 6. Idadi ya skuli na vituo vyetu (ambavyo licha ya picha ya juu kuwa haviendeshwi kwa misingi ya kikristo lakini kiukweli ni vituo vya kimisionari) vimeongezeka kwa hali ya kuridhisha. Skuli hizi ni kuanzia kwa watoto wadogo hadi vituo kama hichi kilichopo Mji Mkongwe (Stone Town Youth Centre) na zinafanya kazi vizuri katika kupandikiza mila za kikristo. 7. Sera ziliopo hivi sasa kwa upande wa uingiaji na utokaji Zanzibar imetusaidia sana katika uingiaji wetu (Wakristo) kutoka Bara na hivyo kusaidia kufuta ile imani ya kuwa Zanzibar ni kisiwa cha Waislamu na eti Wazanzibari kwa zaidi ya asilimia 99 ni Waislamu. 8. Ujaji wa Wakristo kwa wingi kutoka bara umewezesha kuongezeka kwa idadi ya mabaa na klabu za pombe. Hivi sasa nia jambo la kawaida kuona magari ya aina mbali mbali yanayomilikiwa na eti Waislamu yamebeba kreti za bia na pombe kali. 9. Kujiingiza kwetu katika Taasisi za dola katika ngazi za mitaa kumetuwezesha kupata nafasi ya kutangaza Ukristo kwa njia ya mihadhara na wakati huo huo kudhibiti mihadhara ya wazi ya waislamu kwa kutumia madai ya kashfa na kutatanisha maelewano mazuri baina ya watu wa dini tofauti. 10. Tumefanikiwa kupata viwanja vingi katika maeneo ya Mjini ambayo yangali mapya. Maeneo haya ni kama Tomondo, Mombasa, Mwanakwerekwe, n.k. ambayo tayari tumeshajenga makanisa yetu ingawaje kwa sasa hayajawa na waumini wengi wa kuyatumia nab ado yanaonekana ni matupi. Ndugu wapendwa katika bwana, Mafanikio hayo yasitufanye tukalewa na kusahau jukumu la kanisa la kuona kuwa utawala wa Bwana unashuka Zanzibarharaka iwezekanavyo. Kosa lolotetutakalofanya hivi sasa linaweza kuturudisha nyuma hatua kadhaa na huenda nafasi tu hii tulionayo hivi sasa tusiipate kwa karne ijayo. Mambo ya kufanya yanayotukabili ili kuimarisha nafasi yetu na kuona yale tuliokwisha yapata hayatutoki na kufanyia dira kwa karne ijayo ni haya yafuatayo: Tusahau tafauti zetu dhidi ya adui Ingawaje tupo madhehebu nyingi lakini tunawajibika kuelewa kuwa Waislamu na Uislamu wao ni adui namba moja ambaye hatutofaulu kupambana nae mmoja mmoja. Uislamu hapa Zanzibar ni dini iliyofungamana na mila na utamaduni hivyo kila itakapowezekana tusahau tafauti zetu ndogo ndogo na hata kubwa kukabiliana nao, vyenginevyo tutarudi kama wakati wa karume Tuhakikishe tunapata ardhi Hii ni mbinu kongwe katika usambazaji ukristo. Wazee wetu walipoleta ukristo Zanzibar na katika Afrika jitihada waliyofanya ni kupata ardhi kubwa kwa ajili ya ujenzi wa maeneo yetu, majengo ya hospitali, shule, zahanati, vituo vya chekechea, makanisa n.k. Tunahitaji ardhi kubwa ili kuziweka huduma hizo mahala pamoja kwa ajili ya kueneza injili ya bwana na Muokozi wetu. Tununuwe nyumba na viwanja kwa ujenzi wa makanisa Inaonekana waislamu wenye siasa kali na baadhi ya watendaji wa serikali wameanza kushtuka na ongezeko kubwa ka makanisa katika kisiwa cha unguja. Kuna dalili kuwa tunaweza kupata ugumu katika kupata viwanja kwa ajili ya makanisa. Njia tunayoweza kuitumia kwa muda huu ni kununua viwanja vitupu au nyumba za waislamu kwa bei kubwa inayowashawishi kuviuza na baadae tukaweza kuvijenga au kugeuza nyumba hizo kuwa makanisa. Tujenge shule na hospitali kwa wingi Hizi ni taasisi pekee ambazo tunaweza kuzitumia kueneza neon la bwana kwa waislamu walio wengi hapa Zanzibar. Kwa kutumia umaskini unaowakabili wengi wa wazanzibari na uchache wa huduma hizo tunaweza kujitangaza vizuri, tujitahidi kutoa huduma nzuri, kuweka vifaa vya kisasa, kuweka bei ndogo, kuweka upendo ili vituo vya waislamu au hata vile vya serikali visiweze kuvikaribia vyetu. Shule ni sehemu muhimu ya kupandikiza mafundisho yetu zaidi kwa watoto wadogo (Nursery) Tunadai muda zaidi katika vyombo vya habari (Tv na Redio) Kwa muda mrefu sasa uislamu na waislamu wamehodhi vyombo hivi vya habari mbali na kuwa siku ya ijumaa ambayo yote humilikiwa na vipindi vya kiislamu vyombo hivyo hutenga siku nyengine kadhaa kwa vipindi vya kiislamu na hata kuthubutu kutia adhana kila wakati was ala hali hii inaudhi na inatoa picha ya wazi ya serikali kupendelea uislam ingawaje kuwa haina dini. Wakati wa kusherehekea miaka 25 ya TVZ tulizungumzia suala hili lakini inaonekana halikupata mtu wa kulifanyia kazi. Sasa tuhakikishe kuwa ukristo unapata muda zaidi katika vyombo hivyo au uislamu nao upunguziwe nafasi. Tuongeze mihadhara ya wazi. Wakati waislamu wamezuiliwa kufanya mihadhara ya wazi, sisi tujitahidi kuhakikisha kuwa mihadhara yetu inaongezeka kwa kiwango kikubwa. Kwa kuwa Waislamu hawahudhurii mihadhara hiyo, lazima tuone wakristo wa mjini na mashamba wanahamasishwa na kupatiwa nyenzo kuhudhuria. Vopaza sauti vitumike kuhakikisha neon la bwana linafika kila pahala. Mihadhara ifanyike karibu na nyumba, misikiti na kwenye viwanja vya wazi. Tuendelee kutumia shule na sehemu za umma Ili kuwafanya waislamu watuzoee na kuondosha chuki yao kwetu ni lazima kuendelea kutumia mashule na sehemu za Umma zilizo wazi kwa mambo yetu ya ibada kwa kipindi kirefu, hali hii inaweza kuwafanya washindwe kuona tofauti kati yetu na wao. Tufanye suala la uhamiaji Zanzibar kuwa jepesi Uzoefu unaonyesha kuwa ni jambo gumu kuwabatiza Wazanzibari waislamu. Hali hii inafanya ongezeko la wakristo kuwa dogo au halipo kabisa ukitoa wale wanaozaliwa katika familia za kikristo. Njia pekee ya kuhakikisha ongezeko la makanisa na Taasisi zetu ni kuongezeka kwa wakristo. Jambo hili litawezekana kwa kwa kuingiza wakristo wengi kutoka Tanzania Bara au wapagani ambao tutaweza kuwabatiza kwa kutumia udugu wetu wa kikabila au asili ya Bara. Kwa kuwatumia ndugu zetu wakristo waliomo serikalini (SMZ au SMT) tuhakikishe kuwa suala la uhamiaji linabakia kuwa wazi na rahisi na linaendelea kwa kila hali. Tuzuie jaribio lolote la kadi za uraia au vitambulisho. Wakristo wanapaswa kuelewa kuwa iwapo serikali ya Zanzibar itaamua kufanya ili kuwa na vitambulisho au kadi za uraia kwa wazanzibari pekee, basi jambo hilo litaathiri sana mipango yetu ya muda mrefu kwa Zanzibar. Jitihada zozote za kuiimarisha Zanzibar kama Zanzibar na nje ya utanzania ni lazima tuelewe kuwa Uislamu utapata nguvu na kuwa tishio kwa hapa Zanzibar na hata bara. Iwapo tutawajibika kuunga mkono ni kadi za uraia na vitambulisho vya watanzania kwa ujumla na sio Zanzibar pekee. Tujipenyeze vyamani na kushika nafasi muhimu. Lazima tuelewe kuwa chama chochote cha siasa kinalenga kukamata serikali ili kiweze kutekeleza yale yanayoaminika kuwa ni mazuri kwa chama hicho. Tunapozungumzia vyama vya siasa kwa Zanzibar tunahusisha zaidi kwenye CCM na CUF. Watu wetu wamefaulu kuingia kwa wingi kwenye chama tawala na katika jumuiya zake. Tupenyeze wenzetu serikalini. Sambamba na suala tulilolielekeza juu hatuna budi kusomesha vijana wetu na kuhakikisha kuwa tunatumia kila njia na ushawishi ili kuwaingiza serikalini na hasa katika sehemu muhimu. Hii itaarahisisha kuungwa mkono mipango yetu na kupunguziwa vikwazo kwa mikakati yetu. Tuunge mkono sera za utalii. Hadi sasa wengi wa watalii wanaoingia Zanzibar hutokea nchi za kikristo. Desturi za watalii hupungana na zile za kizanzibari na hata za Kiislamu. Watalii wanasaidia kuongezeka kwa mabaa na vivazi ambavyo waislamu wanataka visivaliwe hasa na wanawake. Tujenge mabaa na kuongeza pombe. Waislamu wengi huchukia pombe na huweza kuhama iwapo duka lapombe au baa ipo karibu nao. Waislamu hatari ni wale wanaosoma na kupata muda wa kujishughulisha na dini yao. Pombe ni kitu ambacho humtoa muislamu katika Uislamu wa vitendo na kumkaribisha na Ukristo. Tuwafuate wakristo waliosilimu ili tuwarudishe Ukristo. Watu wa aina hii wanakuwa bado hawajatulia na mara nyingi huwemo katika matatizo. Pana haja ya kuwalenga watu hawa ili kuwarudisha kabla hawajatulia au kupata elimu nzuri. Matatizo yao ndio pahala pa kuanzia ili Bwana awateremshie roho ya utulivu. Uzima wa ukristo ni kuwa na wafuasi wengi kadiri iwezekanavyo. Tuwafuate wanawake kwa misaada. Jumuiya zisizo za kiserikali zinaungwa mkono duniani kote na hasa zile za wanawake na watoto, tujiweke pamoja ili tuweze kuwavuta wanawake kwa njia ya kuwasaidia. Tuongeze vituo vya mafunzo ya kikristo. Kituo cha vijana cha mji mkongwe (Sone Town Youth Center) kimekuwa kikifanya kazi yake vizuri kwani hadi sasa lengo lake la ndani bado halijaeleweka na vijana wanaohudhuria hapo kwa shughuli mbali mbali, jitihada zifanyike ili kuwa na vituo vya aina hii katika maeneo mengine. Lengo kuu liwe ni vijana na wanawake bila ya kuonesha dalili za kidini. Tuwaoe wanawake wao kwa kusilimu kimajina. Jitihada za makusudi zifanyike ili kila itakapowezekana kuwaoa wanawake wa kiislamu ili tuweze kuwabatiza baadae, njia nzuri iwapo patakuwa na ugumu ni kusilimu kiuongo ili kuruhusiwa kuwaoa wanawake wao. Tuanzishe NGO’s na sisi tuwe viongozi. Kwa kuwa hivi sasa wafadhili wameamua kuzisaidia Ngo’s moja kwa moja badala ya serikali ni lazima tujitahidi kuunda jumuiya zetu ambazo zitawashirikisha waislamu lakini uongozi wa juu ni lazima uwe mikononi mwetu. Hii itatuwezesha kuona sera zetu na malengo yetu yanatekelezwa kwa kivuli hicho. Tujenge ukaribu na viongozi ili kuwadhibiti waislamu. Mambo yetu mengi yamekuwa yanakwenda vizuri katika maeneo mbali mbali baada ya wenzetu kuwemo katika kamati za masheha, matawi ya vyma na kamati za maendeleo za maeneo mbali mbali. Hali hii ni lazima iongezeke ili udhibiti wa shughuli za waislamu uwe mzuri zaidi na wakati huo huo kuona kuwa mambo yetu yanakwenda yakiwa na baraka ya vyombo vya dola na vyama vya siasa. Tuwachonganishe mashehe wenye msimamo mkali. Mashehe wenye msimamo mkali wamekuwa ni tatizo kwa ukristo kwani wana wafuasi wengi na wamekuwa wakisema wazi na kushutumu maendeleo yetu. Mashehe hao ni lazima wachonganishwe na serikali ili hali ikiruhusu wazuiliwe kuendesha shughuli zao. Wakati tukifanya hivyo hatuna budi kuwaunga mkono mashehe wote ambao wamekuwa wakitusaidia kwa njia mbali mbali. Tulenge kuifuta tabligh Pamoja kuwa tabligh sio hatari moja kwa moja kwa ukristo lakini bado inastahili kupigwa vita kwa sababu ni aina pekee ya mihadhara ya waislamu inayoruhusiwa humu Zanzibar. Tabligh inaweza kuwazindua baadhi ya waislamu ambao ni vyema kubaki bila ya kuzinduliwa. Tudai turudishiwe taasisi zetu. Serikali ya Zanzibar bado inaonekana kuwa ngumu kurudisha katika milki ya makanisa ardhi na taasisi zetu. Dalili za huko nyuma zilionekana nzuri kwani tulifanikiwa kupata hospitali yetu ya Welezo na eneo la kiungani hata hivyopanakuwepo na ugumu wa kurudishiwa shule zetu. Kwa kuwatumia wenzetu waliomo serikalini na baraza la wawakilishi lazima tuzidishe harakati za madai ya taasisi zote zilizobaki. Tulete waumini kutoka mashamba kuanza makanisa. Hivi sasa pameibuka wasiwasi kuhusiana na wingi wa makanisa ambayo hayjapata waumini wa kuyajaza. Ili kuficha dosari hii na hoja kadhaa utaratibu uliopo hivi sasa chini ya baadhi ya makanisa ni lazima uungwe mkono. Wakristo wahamiaji wengi hufikia mashamba hivyo pawekwe na utaratibu wa kuwaleta mjini ili kujaza makanisa. NENO LA MWISHO Wapendwa katika Bwana, Miongozo hii ni mikubwa na inaweza kuamsha baadhi ya waumini wa kikristo hasa wale ambao bado hawajampokea Roho Mtakatifu vizuri. Hata hivyo kwa uwezo wa Bwana Mungu wetu ni mpango rahisi, suala la muhimu ni haya kufahamika na kila mkristo apendae kumtumikia Bwana. Pia hatuna budi kuishukuru awamu ya nne ya serikali ya mapinduzi ambayo imefungua milango kwa ukristo kushuhudia ongezeko la makanisa Bwana awe nasi. Hii ilikuwa ni nukuu ya nakala ya pongezi na mikakati dhidi ya Zanzibar na utamaduni wake wa kiislam, sasa tunafanyaje ? == Uislamu Zanzibar Inaelekea Wapi? == Asalam aleykhum, Hakika mada hii imenigusa mno na kunisikitisha sana kuona jnsi watanzania wenzetu wanavyotufanyia! Ila nina imani kubwa kuwa kwa nguvu zake Allah (SW) hakuna lolote watakalifanikiwa kwani njama za kuua uislamu katika sura ya dunia ilikuwepo tangia enzi za mitume wetu. Enzi za Bwana Mtume Muhammad (S.A. W) alipigwa vita sana lakini kwa uwezo wak Allah(SW) Mtume wetu Muhammad (SWA)alifanikiwa sana hadi sisi tumekuja kuikuta imani hii. Cha msingi nawaomba waislamu tushikamane kuuangusha utawala huu wa kidhalimu kwa amani katika kura za Octoba na tuwe na msimamo thabiti. Mara Nyingi tunashindwa kwa kuwa hatuna imani thabiti kwa dini yetu. Tunapenda mno maisha ya hapa duniani badala ya kujitengenezea hatma kwa Mola wetu kesho tutakapokufa. Inafurahisha kuona kuwa wanatuhofia hivyo tushike uzi ule ule na sisi tuanzishe mashule na misikiti mikubwa tujenge vijijini. Mimi ni mtu wa bara (Tanzania Bara) ni Mwisilamu Mwanamke. Ningeomba waislamu kwa pamoja tujitahidi kujenga misikiti na vituo vya elimu kwa watoto na wakubwa ili tuwafufue watu kiimani. Suala si zito tu Zanzibar bali hata huku bara! Kinababa wakiislamu wanawaachia mabinti zao kuvaa hovyo kwa kufuaa tamaduni za kipuuzi za wakristo, hawawafundishi wake zao dini badala yake wanakwenda bar kulewa au kucheza bao! Jamani tuanzeni kuwa na misimamo kuanzia majumbani mwetu kila mtu akiwa na familia yenye msimamo hakika hawa makafiri hatatupata kwa misaada yao ya hospitali wala shule. Wabillah Tawfiq Mkereketwa - Bara 920 4898 2005-09-14T07:15:59Z Mark Dingemanse 27 interwiki Karibu juu ya ''user page'' yangu. Ninasoma Isimu ya Lugha na nimesoma Kiswahili kidogo. Mara nyingi, ninaandika ndani [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mark_Dingemanse Wikipedia Kiingereeza]. [[af:Gebruiker:Mark Dingemanse]] [[de:Benutzer:Mark Dingemanse]] [[ee:User:Mark Dingemanse]] [[en:User:Mark Dingemanse]] [[fr:Utilisateur:Mark Dingemanse]] [[ha:User:Mark Dingemanse]] [[nl:Gebruiker:Mark Dingemanse]] [[yo:User:Mark Dingemanse]] 921 11410 2006-06-26T23:11:40Z Kipala 107 '''Kiingereza''' ni lugha ya [[Kigermanik]] cha Magharibi iliyokua nchini [[Uingereza]]. Leo, zaidi ya wasemaji wa [[lugha ya kwanza]] milioni mia nne wanazumgumza Kiingereza duniani. Watu wengi wanazumgumza Kiingereza kama [[lugha ya pili]], kwa sababu ni lugha muhimu sana kwenye nyanja za [[sayansi]] na [[uchumi]] wa kimataifa. ==Uenezaji wa Kiingereza== Kiingereza ni [[lugha rasmi]] ya pekee katika nchi za Uingereza, [[Marekani]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[Jamaica]], na nchi nyingine. Kiingereza ni lugha rasmi pamoja na lugha nyingine katika nchi nyingi, kwa mfano [[Kanada]] (na [[Kifaransa]]), [[India]] (na [[Kihindi]] na lugha za majimbo), [[Ireland]] (na [[Kigaelik]]). ===Kiingereza katika Afrika=== Nchi nyingi za [[Afrika]] zinatumia Kiingereza kama lugha rasmi, lakini ni [[Waafrika]] wachache (isipokuwa Waafrika Kusini) ni wasema wa lugha wa kwanza. Nchi hizo ni [[Afrika Kusini]], [[Ghana]], [[Gambia]], [[Lesotho]], [[Liberia]], [[Kamerun]], [[Kenya]], [[Namibia]], [[Nigeria]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Uswazi|Swaziland]], [[Zambia]] na [[Zimbabwe]]. Kiingereza kinazumgumzwa pia nchini nyingine za Afrika ambapo sio lugha rasmi. Lugha nyingi za Afrika zimeazima [[neno|maneno]] ya Kiingereza. Maneno haya yamerekebisha sauti ya lugha nyingine, kwa mfano: ''Kiingereza'': '''train''' --> ''[[Kiswahili]]'': '''[[treni]]'''. ==Historia ya Kiingereza== ===Mwanzo wa lugha=== Lugha ya Kiingereza imeanza huko [[Uingereza]] kutokana na kuingiliana kwa lugha mbalimbali hasa lugha za kale za Ujerumani, Denmark na Ufaransa. Kusini ya kisiwa cha Uingereza ilikuwa sehemu ya [[Dola la Roma]] hadi mwanzo wa karne ya tano. Wenyeji walitumia lugha ya [[Kikelti]] pamoja na [[Kilatini]] ya Waroma, hasa mjini. ===Uvamizi wa Waanglia-Saksoni: kuja kwa [[Kigermanik]]=== Baada ya kuondoka kwa Waroma kisiwani makabila kutoka [[Ujerumani]] wa Kaskazini na [[Denmark]] walianza kuvamia kisiwa. Katika mwendo wa karne mbili waliteka sehemu kubwa ya Uingereza isipokuwa sehemu za magharibi kama vile [[Cornwall]] na [[Wales]] na sehemu za Kaskazini penye [[Waskoti]]. Wavamiaji walileta lugha zao za [[Kisaksoni]] na [[Kianglia]] (Ujerumani wa Kaskazini) zilizounganika kuwa lugha ya Kiingereza cha Kale. Inaonekena ya kwamba wenyeji walio wengi walianza kutumia lugha ya watawala wapya, wengine waliuawa au walihamia sehemu zisizo chini ya Waanglia-Saksoni. Lugha hii iliathiriwa mara mbili. Kwanza ndio Wadenmark waliojaribu kujenga ufalme wao kisiwani. Waliteka sehemu za Uingereza ya Magharibi. Kiasi cha maneno kutoka lugha yao kimeingia Kiingereza cha kale kama Wales. ===Uvamizi wa Wanormandy: kuja kwa [[Kifaransa]], lugha mbili kando === Mwaka 1066 jeshi la Kinormandy kutoka Ufaransa wa Kaskazini walivamia na kuteka Uingereza. Wanormandy walikuwa wa asili ya [[Skandinavia]] lakini walikuwa wameshaanza kutumia lugha ya [[Kifaransa]] cha Kale. Wanajeshi hawa walikuwa mabwana wapya wa Uingereza wakitumia Kifaransa chao cha [[Normandy]]. Kwa karne kadhaa lugha mbili zilitumika kandokando: Kiingereza cha Kianglia-Saksoni cha watu wa kawaida na kile Kifaransa cha Kinormandy cha tabaka ya watawala. Kwa jumla watawala walianza kutumia lugha ya raia lakini lugha hii ilibadilika pia kwa kupokea maneno mengi kutoka kwa Kifaransa. Kuna makadirio ya kwamba zaidi ya theluthi moja ya maneno yote ya Kiingereza ni za asili ya Kifaransa. ===Kuingiliana kwa lugha zote mbili: Kiingereza cha Kati=== Kipindi hiki cha kuingiliana kati ya Kifaransa cha mabwana na lugha ya kawaida kimeleta Kiingereza cha Kati. Hadi leo asili ya maneno kutoka Kijerumani na Kifaransa ni wazi kabisa. Mfano mzuri ni maneno tofauti ya wanyama kadha na nyama yao: ng'ombe huitwa "cow" (sawa na Kijerumani wa Kaskazini "Kau") lakini nyama yake ni "beef" (kutokana neo la Kifaransa kwa ng'ombe "boeuf"); vilevile "sheep" kwa mnyama ya kondoo na "mutton" kwa nyama yake (Kijerumani ya Kaskazini: "Schaap" - Kifaransa: "mutton"), vilevile swine – pork (nguruwe) und calf – veal (ndama). Wakulima wafugaji walitumia lugha yao kwa mnyama - mabwana wasiogusa mnyama lakini kula nyama yake waliendelea kutumia neno la kifaransa kwa ajili ya mnyama yuleyule. Maneno yote mawili yaliingia katika Kiingereza cha Kisasa lakini kwa mambo mawili tofauti. ===Kiingereza cha Kisasa=== Kiingereza cha kisasa kimeanza na tafsiri ya [[Biblia]] ya [[William Tyndale]] baadaye na washairi wakuu kama [[William Shakespeare]]. Teknolojia ya [[uchapaji]] vitabu ilisambaza lugha hii nchini kote na kupunguza athira ya [[lahaja]] mbalimbali. Wakati ule Kiingereza kilipokea pia maneno mengi kutoka lugha za [[Kilatini]] na [[Kigiriki]] zilizokuwa lugha za taaluma na sayansi hadi karne ya 18 kote [[Ulaya]]. Kiingereza cha kisasa cha leo kimeendelea kurahisisha lugha. Lakini urekebisho wa [[tahajia]] umeshindikana hadi leo hata kama kulikuwa na majaribio mbalimbali. Kutokana na historia yake Kiingereza kimebaki na tahajia isiyolingana na matamshi ya maneno. Mwandishi [[George Bernhard Shaw]] alionyesha tatizo hili kwa pendekezo la dhihaka: Neno la "fish" (samaki) liandikwe "ghoti": gh kama sauti ya "f" katika "cough", o kama sauti ya "i" katika "women", na ti kama sauti ya "sh" katika "nation". ===Uenezaji wa Kiingereza duniani=== Tangu karne ya 19 idadi kubwa ya wasemaji wa Kiingereza hawakuishi tena Unigerezea bali [[Marekani]]. Wakati wa karne ileile Kiingereza kilikuwa lugha ya utawala katika maeneo makubwa ya koloni za Dola la Uingereza. Baada ya koloni kuwa nchi huru mara nyingi Kiingereza kimeendela kuwa lugha rasmi za nchi hizi. Kutokana na matukio haya yote Kiingereza kimekuwa leo lugha ya kwanza ya mawasiliano duniani hata kama si lugha yenye wasemaji wengi wa lugha ya kwanza. == Viungo vya nje == * [http://members.lycos.co.uk/rre/ Re-Romanization of English] [[Category:Lugha za Kigermanik]] [[af:Engels (taal)]] [[als:Englische Sprache]] [[am:እንግሊዝኛ]] [[an:Idioma anglés]] [[ang:Nīwu Englisc sprǣc]] [[ar:لغة إنجليزية]] [[arc:ܥܢܓܠܝܼܙܝܼ]] [[ast:Inglés]] [[az:İngilis dili]] [[be:Ангельская мова]] [[bg:Английски език]] [[br:Saozneg]] [[bs:Engleski jezik]] [[ca:Anglès]] [[cs:Angličtina]] [[cv:Акăлчан чĕлхи]] [[cy:Saesneg]] [[da:Engelsk (sprog)]] [[de:Englische Sprache]] [[el:Αγγλική γλώσσα]] [[en:English language]] [[eo:Angla lingvo]] [[es:Idioma inglés]] [[et:Inglise keel]] [[eu:Ingeles]] [[fa:زبان انگلیسی]] [[fi:Englannin kieli]] [[fr:Anglais]] [[fy:Ingelsk]] [[ga:Béarla]] [[gd:A' Bheurla]] [[gl:Lingua inglesa]] [[got:𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌹𐌻𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰]] [[gu:અંગ્રેજી ભાષા]] [[he:אנגלית]] [[hi:अंग्रेज़ी]] [[hr:Engleski jezik]] [[hu:Angol nyelv]] [[hy:Անգլերեն]] [[ia:Anglese]] [[id:Bahasa Inggris]] [[ilo:Pagsasao nga English]] [[io:Angliana linguo]] [[is:Enska]] [[it:Lingua inglese]] [[iu:ᖃᓪᓗᓈᑎᑐᑦ]] [[ja:英語]] [[jbo:glibau]] [[jv:Basa Inggris]] [[ka:ინგლისური ენა]] [[ko:영어]] [[ku:Zimanê îngilîzî]] [[kw:Sowsnek]] [[la:Lingua Anglica]] [[lb:Englesch]] [[li:Ingels]] [[ln:Lingɛlɛ́sa]] [[lt:Anglų kalba]] [[lv:Angļu valoda]] [[mg:Anglisy fiteny]] [[mk:Англиски јазик]] [[ms:Bahasa Inggeris]] [[nah:Inglestlahtoli]] [[nap:Lengua ngrese]] [[nds:Engelsche Spraak]] [[nds-nl:Ingels]] [[nl:Engels]] [[nn:Engelsk språk]] [[no:Engelsk språk]] [[nrm:Angliais]] [[nv:Bilagáana bizaad]] [[oc:Anglés]] [[pdc:Englisch]] [[pi:Āngalabhāsā]] [[pl:Język angielski]] [[pt:Língua inglesa]] [[rm:Lingua englaisa]] [[ro:Limba engleză]] [[ru:Английский язык]] [[scn:Lingua ngrisa]] [[sco:Inglis leid]] [[se:Eaŋgalsgiella]] [[sh:Engleski jezik]] [[simple:English language]] [[sk:Angličtina]] [[sl:Angleščina]] [[sq:Gjuha Angleze]] [[sr:Енглески језик]] [[st:Senyesemane]] [[sv:Engelska]] [[ta:ஆங்கிலம்]] [[th:ภาษาอังกฤษ]] [[tk:Iňlisçe]] [[tl:Wikang Ingles]] [[tpi:Tok Inglis]] [[tr:İngilizce]] [[ug:ئىنگلىز تىلى]] [[uk:Англійська мова]] [[vi:Tiếng Anh]] [[xh:IsiNgesi]] [[zh:英语]] [[zh-min-nan:Eng-gí]] [[zh-yue:英語]] 922 3748 2004-10-31T20:07:18Z Pteron 28 Hi - I'm '''Thomas Wieczorek''', a student from Cologne, Germany. Sorry this is in English for now, but writing articles in Swahili is going to be hard enough... (please someone correct my articles - they're bound to be riven with errors!) Anyway - primary goal is to get the Swahili Wikipedia past the 100 article mark - perhaps that'll attract more people when they see it at the bottom of the English Wikipedia then... ==== Articles ==== <small>([http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Special:Contributions&target=145.254.185.70 145.254.185.70] is me too, when I forget to log in...)</small> *[[Kiingereza]] *[[Afrika]] 923 11579 2006-06-30T21:57:59Z Kipala 107 [[Image:LocationAfrica.png|thumb|320px|Afrika duniani]] [[Image:Afrika Kanda.PNG|thumbnail|right|250px|Kanda za Afrika kufuatana na Umoja wa Mataifa]] '''Afrika''' ni [[bara]] kubwa la pili duniani. Bara hili lina eneo la kilometa za mraba 30,244,050 na zaidi ya wakazi milioni 800. [[Asia]] ndio bara pekee kubwa kushinda Afrika. ==Jina la Afrika== Neno "Afrika" limepatikana kutokana na lugha ya [[Kilatini]] ya [[Roma|Waroma]] wa Kale. Waroma hawakumaanisha bara lote kwa jina hili bali eneo katika [[Tunisia]] ya leo tu. Asili yake ni katika kabila au taifa la "Afrig" walioishi sehemu zile. Wakati huu [[Wagiriki]] wa Kale walitumia zaidi jina la [[Libya]] kwa ajili ya nchi kusini ya Bahari ya Mediteraneo. Maeneo ya ndani kuelekea kusini mara nyingi yaliitwa kwa jina la "Ethiopia" linalomaanisha nchi ya watu weusiweusi (kigiriki "aithiops": aliyechomwa na jua). Katika ramani za kale kutoka Ulaya maneno yote matatatu ya "Afrika", "Lybia" na "Ethiopia" yanapatikana yakitumika kama jina la bara. Jina la "Afrika" limekuwa kawaida kuanzia karne ya 16. BK. == Lugha == ''tazama makala "[[Lugha za Afrika]]"'' Zaidi ya [[lugha]] elfu ya Kiafrika zinazungumzwa katika Afrika leo. Lugha za [[Ulaya]] zinazumgumzwa pia, haswa [[Kiingereza]], [[Kifaransa]] na Kireno. [[Kiafrikaans]] ni lugha ya pekee ya Afrika Kusini yenye asili ya Ulaya. [[Lugha za Kibantu]] (kwa mfano [[Kiswahili]]) ni lugha muhimu katika [[Afrika ya Kusini]], [[Afrika ya Kati]] na [[Afrika ya Mashariki]]. [[Kiarabu]] ni lugha muhimu Afrika ya Kazakazini. ==Orodha ya [[nchi]] na maeneo kufuatana na kanda za bara (1)== [[Image:Africa satellite plane.jpg|thumbnail|right|250px|Afrika]] ===[[Afrika ya Mashariki]]:=== {| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border:1px solid #aaa; border-collapse:collapse" |- bgcolor="#ECECEC" ! Jina la nchi au eneo,<br> [[bendera]] ! [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na eneo|Eneo]]<br>(km²) ! [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi|Wakazi]]<br>(mnamo Julai 2002 takriban) ! [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi kwa km²|Wakazi kwa km²]] ! [[Mji Mkuu]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Burundi.svg|left|30px]] [[Burundi]] | align="right" | 27,830 | align="right" | 6,373,002 | align="right" | 229.0 | [[Bujumbura]] |- | [[Image:Flag of the Comoros.svg|left|30px]] [[Komoro]] | align="right" | 2,170 | align="right" | 614,382 | align="right" | 283.1 | [[Moroni, Comoros|Moroni]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Djibouti.svg|left|30px]] [[Jibuti]] | align="right" | 23,000 | align="right" | 472,810 | align="right" | 20.6 | [[Djibouti City|Djibouti]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Eritrea.svg|left|30px]] [[Eritrea]] | align="right" | 121,320 | align="right" | 4,465,651 | align="right" | 36.8 | [[Asmara]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Ethiopia.svg|left|30px]] [[Ethiopia]] | align="right" | 1,127,127 | align="right" | 67,673,031 | align="right" | 60.0 | [[Addis Ababa]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Kenya.svg|left|30px]] [[Kenya]] | align="right" | 582,650 | align="right" | 31,138,735 | align="right" | 53.4 | [[Nairobi]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Madagascar.svg|left|30px]] [[Madagaska]] | align="right" | 587,040 | align="right" | 16,473,477 | align="right" | 28.1 | [[Antananarivo]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Malawi.svg|left|30px]] [[Malawi]] | align="right" | 118,480 | align="right" | 10,701,824 | align="right" | 90.3 | [[Lilongwe]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Mauritius.svg|left|30px]] [[Mauritius]] | align="right" | 2,040 | align="right" | 1,200,206 | align="right" | 588.3 | [[Port Louis]] |- | [[Image:Flag of France.svg|left|30px]] [[Mahore|Mayotte]] ([[Ufaransa]]) | align="right" | 374 | align="right" | 170,879 | align="right" | 456.9 | [[Mamoudzou]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Mozambique.svg|left|30px]] [[Msumbiji]] | align="right" | 801,590 | align="right" | 19,607,519 | align="right" | 24.5 | [[Maputo]] |- | [[Image:Flag of France.svg|left|30px]] [[Réunion]] (Ufaransa) | align="right" | 2,512 | align="right" | 743,981 | align="right" | 296.2 | [[Saint-Denis, Réunion|Saint-Denis]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Rwanda.svg|left|30px]] [[Rwanda]] | align="right" | 26,338 | align="right" | 7,398,074 | align="right" | 280.9 | [[Kigali]] |- | [[Image:Flag of the Seychelles.svg|left|30px]] [[Shelisheli]] | align="right" | 455 | align="right" | 80,098 | align="right" | 176.0 | [[Victoria (Shelisheli)|Victoria]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Somalia.svg|left|30px]] [[Somalia]] | align="right" | 637,657 | align="right" | 7,753,310 | align="right" | 12.2 | [[Mogadishu]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Sudan.svg|left|30px]] [[Sudan]] | align="right" | 2,505,810 | align="right" | 37,090,298 | align="right" | 14.8 | [[Khartoum]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Tanzania.svg|left|30px]] [[Tanzania]] | align="right" | 945,087 | align="right" | 37,187,939 | align="right" | 39.3 | [[Dodoma]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Uganda.svg|left|30px]] [[Uganda]] | align="right" | 236,040 | align="right" | 24,699,073 | align="right" | 104.6 | [[Kampala]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Zambia.svg|left|30px]] [[Zambia]] | align="right" | 752,614 | align="right" | 9,959,037 | align="right" | 13.2 | [[Lusaka]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg|left|30px]] [[Zimbabwe]] | align="right" | 390,580 | align="right" | 11,376,676 | align="right" | 29.1 | [[Harare]] |} ===[[Afrika ya Kati]]=== {| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border:1px solid #aaa; border-collapse:collapse" |- bgcolor="#ECECEC" ! Jina la nchi au eneo,<br> [[bendera]] ! [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na eneo|Eneo]]<br>(km²) ! [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi|Wakazi]]<br>(mnamo Julai 2002 takriban) ! [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi kwa km²|Wakazi kwa km²]] ! [[Mji Mkuu]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Angola.svg|left|30px]] [[Angola]] | align="right" | 1,246,700 | align="right" | 10,593,171 | align="right" | 8.5 | [[Luanda]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Cameroon.svg|left|30px]] [[Kamerun]] | align="right" | 475,440 | align="right" | 16,184,748 | align="right" | 34.0 | [[Yaoundé]] |- | [[Image:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg|left|30px]] [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | align="right" | 622,984 | align="right" | 3,642,739 | align="right" | 5.8 | [[Bangui]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Chad.svg|left|30px]] [[Chadi]] | align="right" | 1,284,000 | align="right" | 8,997,237 | align="right" | 7.0 | [[N'Djamena]] |- | [[Image:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg|left|30px]] [[Kongo, Jamhuri ya]] | align="right" | 342,000 | align="right" | 2,958,448 | align="right" | 8.7 | [[Brazzaville]] |- | [[Image:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|left|30px]] [[Kongo, Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia]] | align="right" | 2,345,410 | align="right" | 55,225,478 | align="right" | 23.5 | [[Kinshasa]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg|left|30px]] [[Guinea ya Ikweta]] | align="right" | 28,051 | align="right" | 498,144 | align="right" | 17.8 | [[Malabo]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Gabon.svg|left|30px]] [[Gabon]] | align="right" | 267,667 | align="right" | 1,233,353 | align="right" | 4.6 | [[Libreville]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg|left|30px]] [[São Tomé na Príncipe]] | align="right" | 1,001 | align="right" | 170,372 | align="right" | 170.2 | [[São Tomé]] |} ===[[Afrika ya Kaskazini]]=== {| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border:1px solid #aaa; border-collapse:collapse" |- bgcolor="#ECECEC" ! Jina la nchi au eneo,<br> [[bendera]] ! [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na eneo|Eneo]]<br>(km²) ! [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi|Wakazi]]<br>(mnamo Julai 2002 takriban) ! [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi kwa km²|Wakazi kwa km²]] ! [[Mji Mkuu]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Algeria.svg|left|30px]] [[Algeria]] | align="right" | 2,381,740 | align="right" | 32,277,942 | align="right" | 13.6 | [[Algiers]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Egypt.svg|left|30px]] [[Misri]] (2) | align="right" | 1,001,450 | align="right" | 70,712,345 | align="right" | 70.6 | [[Cairo]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Libya.svg|left|30px]] [[Libya]] | align="right" | 1,759,540 | align="right" | 5,368,585 | align="right" | 3.1 | [[Tripoli (Libya)|Tripoli]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Morocco.svg|left|30px]] [[Moroko]] | align="right" | 446,550 | align="right" | 31,167,783 | align="right" | 69.8 | [[Rabat]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Tunisia.svg|left|30px]] [[Tunisia]] | align="right" | 163,610 | align="right" | 9,815,644 | align="right" | 60.0 | [[Tunis]] |- | colspan=5 | ''Maeneo ya Hispania na Ureno katika Afrika ya Kaskazini'': |- | [[image:Flag of the Canary Islands.svg|20px]] [[Visiwa vya Kanari]]([[Hispania]]) (3) | align="right" | 7,492 | align="right" | 1,694,477 | align="right" | 226.2 | [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]],<br />[[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Spain.png|left|30px]] [[Ceuta]] (Hispania) (4) | align="right" | 20 | align="right" | 71,505 | align="right" | 3,575.2 | — |- | [[image:MadeiraFlag.png|20px]] [[Visiwa vya Madeira]] ([[Ureno]])(5) | align="right" | 797 | align="right" | 245,000 | align="right" | 307.4 | [[Funchal]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Spain.png|left|30px]] [[Melilla]] (Hispania) (6) | align="right" | 12 | align="right" | 66,411 | align="right" | 5,534.2 |} ===[[Afrika ya Kusini]]=== {| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border:1px solid #aaa; border-collapse:collapse" |- bgcolor="#ECECEC" ! Jina la nchi au eneo,<br> [[bendera]] ! [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na eneo|Eneo]]<br>(km²) ! [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi|Wakazi]]<br>(mnamo Julai 2002 takriban) ! [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi kwa km²|Wakazi kwa km²]] ! [[Mji Mkuu]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Botswana.svg|left|30px]] [[Botswana]] | align="right" | 600,370 | align="right" | 1,591,232 | align="right" | 2.7 | [[Gaborone]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Lesotho.svg|left|30px]] [[Lesotho]] | align="right" | 30,355 | align="right" | 2,207,954 | align="right" | 72.7 | [[Maseru]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Namibia.svg|left|30px]] [[Namibia]] | align="right" | 825,418 | align="right" | 1,820,916 | align="right" | 2.2 | [[Windhoek]] |- | [[Image:Flag of South Africa.svg|left|30px]] [[Afrika Kusini]] (7) | align="right" | 1,219,912 | align="right" | 43,647,658 | align="right" | 35.8 | [[Bloemfontein]], [[Cape Town]], [[Pretoria]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Swaziland.svg|left|30px]] [[Uswazi]] | align="right" | 17,363 | align="right" | 1,123,605 | align="right" | 64.7 | [[Mbabane]] |} ===[[Afrika ya Magharibi]]=== {| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border:1px solid #aaa; border-collapse:collapse" |- bgcolor="#ECECEC" ! Jina la nchi au eneo,<br> [[bendera]] ! [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na eneo|Eneo]]<br>(km²) ! [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi|Wakazi]]<br>(mnamo Julai 2002 takriban) ! [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi kwa km²|Wakazi kwa km²]] ! [[Mji Mkuu]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Benin.svg|left|30px]] [[Benin]] | align="right" | 112,620 | align="right" | 6,787,625 | align="right" | 60.3 | [[Porto-Novo]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg|left|30px]] [[Burkina Faso]] | align="right" | 274,200 | align="right" | 12,603,185 | align="right" | 46.0 | [[Ouagadougou]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Cape Verde.svg|left|30px]] [[Cabo Verde]] | align="right" | 4,033 | align="right" | 408,760 | align="right" | 101.4 | [[Praia (Cabo Verde)|Praia]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg|left|30px]] [[Côte d'Ivoire]] (8) | align="right" | 322,460 | align="right" | 16,804,784 | align="right" | 52.1 | [[Abidjan]], [[Yamoussoukro]] |- | [[Image:Flag of the Gambia.svg|left|30px]] [[Gambia|Gambia]] | align="right" | 11,300 | align="right" | 1,455,842 | align="right" | 128.8 | [[Banjul]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Ghana.svg|left|30px]] [[Ghana]] | align="right" | 239,460 | align="right" | 20,244,154 | align="right" | 84.5 | [[Accra]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Guinea.svg|left|30px]] [[Guinea]] | align="right" | 245,857 | align="right" | 7,775,065 | align="right" | 31.6 | [[Conakry]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg|left|30px]] [[Guinea-Bissau]] | align="right" | 36,120 | align="right" | 1,345,479 | align="right" | 37.3 | [[Bissau]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Liberia.svg|left|30px]] [[Liberia]] | align="right" | 111,370 | align="right" | 3,288,198 | align="right" | 29.5 | [[Monrovia]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Mali.svg|left|30px]] [[Mali]] | align="right" | 1,240,000 | align="right" | 11,340,480 | align="right" | 9.1 | [[Bamako]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Mauritania.svg|left|30px]] [[Mauritania]] | align="right" | 1,030,700 | align="right" | 2,828,858 | align="right" | 2.7 | [[Nouakchott]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Niger.svg|left|30px]] [[Niger]] | align="right" | 1,267,000 | align="right" | 10,639,744 | align="right" | 8.4 | [[Niamey]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Nigeria.svg|left|30px]] [[Nigeria]] | align="right" | 923,768 | align="right" | 129,934,911 | align="right" | 140.7 | [[Abuja]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Saint Helena.svg|left|30px]] [[Saint Helena (Uingereza)|Saint Helena]] ([[Uingereza]]) | align="right" | 410 | align="right" | 7,317 | align="right" | 17.8 | [[Jamestown, Saint Helena|Jamestown]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Senegal.svg|left|30px]] [[Senegal]] | align="right" | 196,190 | align="right" | 10,589,571 | align="right" | 54.0 | [[Dakar]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Sierra Leone.svg|left|30px]] [[Sierra Leone]] | align="right" | 71,740 | align="right" | 5,614,743 | align="right" | 78.3 | [[Freetown]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Togo.svg|left|30px]] [[Togo]] | align="right" | 56,785 | align="right" | 5,285,501 | align="right" | 93.1 | [[Lomé]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Western Sahara.svg|left|30px]] [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] ([[Moroko]]) (9) | align="right" | 266,000 | align="right" | 256,177 | align="right" | 1.0 | [[El Aaiún]] |- style=" font-weight:bold; " | Total | align="right" | 30,368,609 | align="right" | 843,705,143 | align="right" | 27.8 |} ''Maelezo:''<br> # <small> Kanda zinazotajwa (Afrika ya Kusini – Magharibi n.k.) zinafuata utaratibu wa Umoja wa Mataifa [[:Image:United Nations geographical subregions.png|UN categorisations/map]]. <br> #<small> [[Misri]] imo Afrika lakini sehemu ya eneo lake iko Asia ya Magharibi. Wengine huiita [[nchi ya kimabara]].<br> #<small> [[Visiwa vya Kanari]] ni sehemu ya [[Hispania]] ikiwa [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]] pamoja na [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] ndiyo miji mikuu pamoja mara nyingi huhesabiwa kuwa sehemu ya Afrika ya Kaskazini; viko karibu na [[Moroko]] and [[Sahara ya Magharibi]]; wakazi na eneo vya 2001.<br> #<small> Mji wa [[Ceuta]] ni eneo la Hispania ufukoni wa Bahari ya Mediteraneo ikizungukwa na nchi ya [[Moroko]]; wakazi na eneo ni ya 2001.<br> #<small> [[Visiwa vya Madeira]] ni sehemu ya [[Ureno]], mara nyingi huhesabiwa kuwa sehemu ya Afrika ya Kaskazini viko karibu na [[Moroko]]; wakazi na eneo vya 2001.<br> #<small> Mji wa [[Melilla]] ni eneo la Hispania ufukoni wa Bahari ya Mediteraneo ikizungukwa na nchi ya [[Moroko]]; wakazi na eneo ni ya 2001.<br> #<small> [[Bloemfontein]] ndiyo makao ya Mahakama Kuu ya [[Afrika Kusini]], [[Cape Town]] ni makao ya Bunge, [[Pretoria]] ni makao makuu ya serikali.<br> #<small> [[Yamoussoukro]] ndiyo rasmi Mji Mkuu wa [[Côte d'Ivoire]] lakini [[Abidjan]] ni makao ya serikali hali halisi.<br> #<small> [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] imetekwa na kutawaliwa kwa sehemu kubwa na [[Moroko]] hali isiyokubalika na jumuiya ya kimataifa .</small><br> [[Category:Afrika|*]] [[Category:Bara]] [[af:Afrika]] [[am:አፍሪቃ]] [[an:Africa]] [[ang:Africa]] [[ar:أفريقيا]] [[ast:África]] [[az:Afrika]] [[bg:Африка]] [[bn:আফ্রিকা]] [[br:Afrika]] [[bs:Afrika]] [[ca:Àfrica]] [[cs:Afrika]] [[cy:Affrica]] [[da:Afrika]] [[de:Afrika]] [[el:Αφρική]] [[en:Africa]] [[eo:Afriko]] [[es:África]] [[et:Aafrika]] [[eu:Afrika]] [[fa:آفریقا]] [[fi:Afrikka]] [[fo:Afrika]] [[fr:Afrique]] [[frp:Africa]] [[fy:Afrika]] [[ga:An Afraic]] [[gd:Afraga]] [[gl:África]] [[gu:આફ્રિકા]] [[he:אפריקה]] [[hr:Afrika]] [[ht:Afrik]] [[hu:Afrika]] [[ia:Africa]] [[id:Afrika]] [[io:Afrika]] [[is:Afríka]] [[it:Africa]] [[ja:アフリカ]] [[jv:Afrika]] [[kg:Afrika]] [[kn:ಆಫ್ರಿಕ]] [[ko:아프리카]] [[ku:Efrîqa]] [[kw:Afrika]] [[la:Africa]] [[lb:Afrika]] [[li:Afrika]] [[lt:Afrika]] [[lv:Āfrika]] [[mg:Afrika]] [[mk:Африка]] [[ms:Afrika]] [[mt:Afrika]] [[nds:Afrika]] [[nl:Afrika]] [[nn:Afrika]] [[no:Afrika]] [[nrm:Afrique]] [[pl:Afryka]] [[pt:África]] [[ro:Africa]] [[ru:Африка]] [[sa:अफ्रीका]] [[scn:Àfrica]] [[se:Afrihkká]] [[sh:Afrika]] [[simple:Africa]] [[sk:Afrika]] [[sl:Afrika]] [[sm:Aferika]] [[so:Afrika]] [[sq:Afrika]] [[sr:Африка]] [[sv:Afrika]] [[ta:ஆப்பிரிக்கா]] [[th:ทวีปแอฟริกา]] [[tk:Afrika]] [[tl:Aprika]] [[to:Aferika]] [[tr:Afrika]] [[uk:Африка]] [[vi:Châu Phi]] [[yi:אפריקע]] [[zh:非洲]] [[zh-min-nan:Hui-chiu]] [[zh-yue:非洲]] 925 3751 2004-11-05T15:08:45Z 203.144.144.186 ==Translation of the week== Currently we have started a project on meta.wikipedia to get an article translated in as many wikipedias as possible every week. The article will be about a subject that usually gets rarely translated and has a lot of links to other subjects. Currently we have no-one to translate in your language. If someone is interested to participate please see: [[:meta:Translation of the week]] You can also submit articles from your own languages there that you think deserve translation, but have a small chance of it. The articles must not be to short and not to long and have lots of links to possible other articles! [[:en:user:Waerth]] 926 3752 2004-12-10T22:09:10Z Andre Engels 29 I am an interwiki user from the Dutch Wikipedia. [[en:User:Andre Engels]] [[nl:Gebruiker:Andre Engels]] 927 sysop 5224 2005-11-09T23:18:21Z MediaWiki default [[$1]] moved to [[$2]] over redirect 928 sysop 11620 2006-07-01T19:11:49Z MediaWiki default /* CSS placed here will affect users of the Monobook skin */ 929 sysop 8451 2006-04-19T17:26:33Z Matt Crypto 20 <- [[:en:MediaWiki:Monobook.js]] /* <pre> */ /* tooltips and access keys */ ta = new Object(); ta['pt-userpage'] = new Array('.','My user page'); ta['pt-anonuserpage'] = new Array('.','The user page for the ip you\'re editing as'); ta['pt-mytalk'] = new Array('n','My talk page'); ta['pt-anontalk'] = new Array('n','Discussion about edits from this ip address'); ta['pt-preferences'] = new Array('','My preferences'); ta['pt-watchlist'] = new Array('l','The list of pages you\'re monitoring for changes.'); ta['pt-mycontris'] = new Array('y','List of my contributions'); ta['pt-login'] = new Array('o','Logging in is not required, but brings many benefits.'); ta['pt-anonlogin'] = new Array('o','Logging in is not required, but brings many benefits.'); ta['pt-logout'] = new Array('o','Log out'); ta['ca-talk'] = new Array('t','Discussion about the content page'); ta['ca-edit'] = new Array('e','You can edit this page. Please use the preview button before saving.'); ta['ca-addsection'] = new Array('+','Start a new discussion'); ta['ca-viewsource'] = new Array('e','This page is protected. You can view its source.'); ta['ca-history'] = new Array('h','Past versions of this page.'); ta['ca-protect'] = new Array('=','Protect this page'); ta['ca-unprotect'] = new Array('','Unprotect this page'); ta['ca-delete'] = new Array('d','Delete this page'); ta['ca-undelete'] = new Array('d','Restore the edits done to this page before it was deleted'); ta['ca-move'] = new Array('m','Move this page'); ta['ca-nomove'] = new Array('','You don\'t have the permissions to move this page'); ta['ca-watch'] = new Array('w','Add this page to your watchlist'); ta['ca-unwatch'] = new Array('w','Remove this page from your watchlist'); ta['search'] = new Array('f','Search Wikipedia'); ta['p-logo'] = new Array('','Main Page'); ta['n-mainpage'] = new Array('z','Visit the Main Page'); ta['n-portal'] = new Array('','About the project, what you can do, where to find things'); ta['n-Featured-articles'] = new Array('','Featured articles - the best of Wikipedia'); ta['n-currentevents'] = new Array('','Find background information on current events'); ta['n-recentchanges'] = new Array('r','List of recent changes in Wikipedia'); ta['n-randompage'] = new Array('x','Load a random page'); ta['n-help'] = new Array('','The place to find out about Wikipedia'); ta['n-contact'] = new Array('','How to contact Wikipedia'); ta['n-sitesupport'] = new Array('','Support us'); ta['t-whatlinkshere'] = new Array('j','List of all wiki pages that link here'); ta['t-recentchangeslinked'] = new Array('k','Recent changes in pages linked from this page'); ta['feed-rss'] = new Array('','RSS feed for this page'); ta['feed-atom'] = new Array('','Atom feed for this page'); ta['t-contributions'] = new Array('','View the list of contributions of this user'); ta['t-emailuser'] = new Array('','Send a mail to this user'); ta['t-upload'] = new Array('u','Upload images or media files'); ta['t-specialpages'] = new Array('q','List of all special pages'); ta['t-print'] = new Array('','Printable version of this page'); ta['t-permalink'] = new Array('','Permanent link to this version of the page'); ta['t-cite'] = new Array('','Cite this Wikipedia article'); ta['ca-nstab-main'] = new Array('c','View the content page'); ta['ca-nstab-user'] = new Array('c','View the user page'); ta['ca-nstab-media'] = new Array('c','View the media page'); ta['ca-nstab-special'] = new Array('','This is a special page; you can\'t edit the page itself.'); ta['ca-nstab-wp'] = new Array('c','View the project page'); ta['ca-nstab-image'] = new Array('c','View the image page'); ta['ca-nstab-mediawiki'] = new Array('c','View the system message'); ta['ca-nstab-template'] = new Array('c','View the template'); ta['ca-nstab-help'] = new Array('c','View the help page'); ta['ca-nstab-category'] = new Array('c','View the category page'); if (window.showModalDialog && document.compatMode && document.compatMode == "CSS1Compat") { var oldWidth; var docEl = document.documentElement; function fixIEScroll() { if (!oldWidth || docEl.clientWidth > oldWidth) doFixIEScroll(); else setTimeout(doFixIEScroll, 1); oldWidth = docEl.clientWidth; } function doFixIEScroll() { docEl.style.overflowX = (docEl.scrollWidth - docEl.clientWidth < 4) ? "hidden" : ""; } document.attachEvent("onreadystatechange", fixIEScroll); attachEvent("onresize", fixIEScroll); } function addLoadEvent(func) { if (window.addEventListener) window.addEventListener("load", func, false); else if (window.attachEvent) window.attachEvent("onload", func); } function LinkFA() { // iterate over all <span>-elements for(var i=0; a = document.getElementsByTagName("span")[i]; i++) { // if found a FA span if(a.className == "FA") { // iterate over all <li>-elements for(var j=0; b = document.getElementsByTagName("li")[j]; j++) { // if found a FA link if(b.className == "interwiki-" + a.id) { b.style.padding = "0 0 0 16px"; b.style.backgroundImage = "url('http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/60/LinkFA-star.png')"; b.style.backgroundRepeat = "no-repeat"; b.title = "This article has gained featured status"; } } } } } addLoadEvent(LinkFA); // ============================================================ // BEGIN Dynamic Navigation Bars (experimantal) // set up the words in your language var NavigationBarHide = '[ Hide ]'; var NavigationBarShow = '[ Show ]'; // set up max count of Navigation Bars on page, // if there are more, all will be hidden // NavigationBarShowDefault = 0; // all bars will be hidden // NavigationBarShowDefault = 1; // on pages with more than 1 bar all bars will be hidden var NavigationBarShowDefault = 1; // shows and hides content and picture (if available) of navigation bars // Parameters: // indexNavigationBar: the index of navigation bar to be toggled function toggleNavigationBar(indexNavigationBar) { var NavToggle = document.getElementById("NavToggle" + indexNavigationBar); var NavFrame = document.getElementById("NavFrame" + indexNavigationBar); if (!NavFrame || !NavToggle) { return false; } // if shown now if (NavToggle.firstChild.data == NavigationBarHide) { for ( var NavChild = NavFrame.firstChild; NavChild != null; NavChild = NavChild.nextSibling ) { if (NavChild.className == 'NavPic') { NavChild.style.display = 'none'; } if (NavChild.className == 'NavContent') { NavChild.style.display = 'none'; } } NavToggle.firstChild.data = NavigationBarShow; // if hidden now } else if (NavToggle.firstChild.data == NavigationBarShow) { for ( var NavChild = NavFrame.firstChild; NavChild != null; NavChild = NavChild.nextSibling ) { if (NavChild.className == 'NavPic') { NavChild.style.display = 'block'; } if (NavChild.className == 'NavContent') { NavChild.style.display = 'block'; } } NavToggle.firstChild.data = NavigationBarHide; } } // adds show/hide-button to navigation bars function createNavigationBarToggleButton() { var indexNavigationBar = 0; // iterate over all < div >-elements for( var i=0; NavFrame = document.getElementsByTagName("div")[i]; i++ ) { // if found a navigation bar if (NavFrame.className == "NavFrame") { indexNavigationBar++; var NavToggle = document.createElement("a"); NavToggle.className = 'NavToggle'; NavToggle.setAttribute('id', 'NavToggle' + indexNavigationBar); NavToggle.setAttribute('href', 'javascript:toggleNavigationBar(' + indexNavigationBar + ');'); var NavToggleText = document.createTextNode(NavigationBarHide); NavToggle.appendChild(NavToggleText); // Find the NavHead and attach the toggle link (Must be this complicated because Moz's firstChild handling is borked) for( var j=0; j < NavFrame.childNodes.length; j++ ) { if (NavFrame.childNodes[j].className == "NavHead") { NavFrame.childNodes[j].appendChild(NavToggle); } } NavFrame.setAttribute('id', 'NavFrame' + indexNavigationBar); } } // if more Navigation Bars found than Default: hide all if (NavigationBarShowDefault < indexNavigationBar) { for( var i=1; i<=indexNavigationBar; i++ ) { toggleNavigationBar(i); } } } addLoadEvent(createNavigationBarToggleButton); // END Dynamic Navigation Bars // ============================================================ var mpTitle = "Main Page"; var isMainPage = (document.title.substr(0, document.title.lastIndexOf(" - ")) == mpTitle); var isDiff = (document.location.search && (document.location.search.indexOf("diff=") != -1 || document.location.search.indexOf("oldid=") != -1)); if (isMainPage && !isDiff) { document.write('<style type="text/css">/*<![CDATA[*/ #siteSub, #contentSub, h1.firstHeading { display: none !important; } /*]]>*/</style>'); var mpSmallEnabled; var mpMinWidth = 700; function mainPageTransform() { var mpContentEl = document.getElementById("bodyContent"); var mpBrowseEl = document.getElementById("EnWpMpBrowse"); var mpContainEl = document.getElementById("EnWpMpBrowseContainer"); var mpMarginEl = document.getElementById("EnWpMpMargin"); var mpEl = document.getElementById("EnWpMainPage"); if (!mpContentEl || !mpBrowseEl || !mpContainEl || !mpMarginEl || !mpEl) return; if (!mpSmallEnabled && mpContentEl.offsetWidth < mpMinWidth) { mpContainEl.insertBefore(mpBrowseEl, mpContainEl.firstChild); mpBrowseEl.className = "EnWpMpBrowseBottom"; mpMarginEl.style.marginRight = 0; mpSmallEnabled = true; } else if (mpSmallEnabled && mpContentEl.offsetWidth > mpMinWidth) { mpEl.insertBefore(mpBrowseEl, mpEl.firstChild); mpBrowseEl.className = "EnWpMpBrowseRight"; mpMarginEl.style.marginRight = "13.8em"; mpSmallEnabled = false; } } var onloadFuncts = [ mainPageTransform ]; if (window.addEventListener) window.addEventListener("resize", mainPageTransform, false); else if (window.attachEvent) window.attachEvent("onresize", mainPageTransform); } //Main page tab no longer says article addOnloadHook(mainpg); function mainpg() { var site = location.href; if (site == 'http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page') { if(document.getElementById('ca-nstab-main')) { document.getElementById('ca-nstab-main').firstChild.innerHTML = 'main page'; } } else if(document.title.indexOf("Main Page") != -1) { if(document.getElementById('ca-nstab-main')) { document.getElementById('ca-nstab-main').firstChild.innerHTML = 'main page'; } } } /* add a redirect button to the edit page toolbar */ if (mwCustomEditButtons) { mwCustomEditButtons[mwCustomEditButtons.length] = { "imageFile": "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c8/Button_redirect.png", "speedTip": "Redirect", "tagOpen": "#REDIRECT [[", "tagClose": "]]", "sampleText": "Insert text"}; }; /* </pre> */ 930 sysop 3756 2005-01-04T07:10:02Z Neno 24 Kuhusu {{SITENAME}} 931 sysop 3757 2005-06-25T11:26:03Z MediaWiki default Sorry, you have already created $1 accounts. You can't make any more. 932 sysop 3758 2005-06-25T11:26:03Z MediaWiki default Add Group 933 sysop 3759 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default All articles 934 sysop 3760 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Combined display of upload, deletion, protection, blocking, and sysop logs. You can narrow down the view by selecting a log type, the user name, or the affected page. 935 sysop 11625 2006-07-01T19:11:50Z MediaWiki default '''Special:Allmessages''' cannot be used because '''$wgUseDatabaseMessages''' is switched off. 936 sysop 11626 2006-07-01T19:11:50Z MediaWiki default Your current interface language <b>$1</b> is not supported by Special:Allmessages at this site. 937 sysop 3763 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Display pages starting at: $1 938 sysop 3764 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Choose namespace: $1 $2 939 sysop 3765 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default All pages ($1 namespace) 940 sysop 3766 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Next 941 sysop 3767 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Previous 942 sysop 3768 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Go 943 sysop 3769 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Apr 944 sysop 3770 2005-01-05T07:52:41Z Neno 24 Aprili 945 sysop 3771 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default (articles) 946 sysop 3772 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default asksql level 947 sysop 3773 2005-01-05T07:53:29Z Neno 24 Ago 948 sysop 3774 2005-01-05T07:47:43Z Neno 24 Agosti 949 sysop 3775 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Can't delete this article because it contains block-compressed revisions. This is a temporary situation which the developers are well aware of, and should be fixed within a month or two. Please mark the article for deletion and wait for a developer to fix our buggy software. 950 sysop 3776 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default block level 951 sysop 3777 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default The following categories exist in the wiki. 952 sysop 11638 2006-07-01T19:11:50Z MediaWiki default There {{PLURAL:$1|is one article|are $1 articles}} in this category. 953 sysop 3779 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default There is $1 article in this category. 954 sysop 11641 2006-07-01T19:11:50Z MediaWiki default '''Note:''' After saving, you may have to bypass your browser's cache to see the changes. '''Mozilla / Firefox / Safari:''' hold down ''Shift'' while clicking ''Reload'', or press ''Ctrl-Shift-R'' (''Cmd-Shift-R'' on Apple Mac); '''IE:''' hold ''Ctrl'' while clicking ''Refresh'', or press ''Ctrl-F5''; '''Konqueror:''': simply click the ''Reload'' button, or press ''F5''; '''Opera''' users may need to completely clear their cache in ''Tools→Preferences''. 955 sysop 3781 2005-01-04T07:44:37Z Neno 24 Tafadhali zingatia kwamba makala yote ya {{SITENAME}} unayoyaandika yanaweza kuhaririwa, kubadilishwa, au kufutwa kwa watu wengine. Usipotaka maandishi yako yaweze kuharirishwa bure na kutolewa wakati wowote, basi usiyaandike hapa.<br /> Unakuwa unaahidi kwamba maandishi unayoyaingia ni yako tu, au uliyapata kutoka bure au ni mali ya watu wote. <strong>USITOLEE MAKALA YALIYOHIFADHIWA HAKI ZAO ZA KUTUMIWA BILA KUPATA RUHUSA HALALI!</strong> 956 sysop 3782 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default createaccount level 957 sysop 3783 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Page credits 958 sysop 3784 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Current events 959 sysop 11645 2006-07-01T19:11:50Z MediaWiki default Current revision 960 sysop 3786 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default Data 961 sysop 3787 2005-01-05T08:04:01Z Neno 24 Des 962 sysop 3788 2005-01-05T08:03:18Z Neno 24 Desemba 963 sysop 3789 2005-06-25T11:26:04Z MediaWiki default default 964 sysop 3790 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Deleted old revision $1. 965 sysop 4645 2005-07-29T11:13:26Z MediaWiki default Delete all revisions of this file 966 sysop 3792 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default delete level 967 sysop 3793 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Edit Group 968 sysop 3794 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Editing $1 (comment) 969 sysop 3795 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Editing $1 (section) 970 sysop 3796 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Edit User Groups 971 sysop 3797 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default The file you uploaded seems to be empty. This might be due to a typo in the file name. Please check whether you really want to upload this file. 972 sysop 3798 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Feb 973 sysop 3799 2005-01-05T07:31:29Z Neno 24 Februari 974 sysop 3800 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default A file with this name exists already, please check $1 if you are not sure if you want to change it. 975 sysop 3801 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default File missing 976 sysop 3802 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default Friday 977 sysop 3803 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default GEO coordinates 978 sysop 3804 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default - 979 sysop 3805 2005-06-25T11:26:05Z MediaWiki default The filename "$1" contains characters that are not allowed in page titles. 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A workaround is in place to allow you to safely edit articles: non-ASCII characters will appear in the edit box as hexadecimal codes.</strong> 1017 sysop 3843 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default There is no user by the name "$1". Check your spelling. 1018 sysop 3844 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Nov 1019 sysop 3845 2005-01-05T08:02:13Z Neno 24 Novemba 1020 sysop 3846 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Number of distinct authors (article): $1 1021 sysop 3847 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Number of edits (article): $1 1022 sysop 3848 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Number of distinct authors (discussion page): $1 1023 sysop 3849 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Number of edits (discussion page): $1 1024 sysop 3850 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Number of watchers: $1 1025 sysop 3851 2005-01-05T07:59:06Z Neno 24 Okt 1026 sysop 3852 2005-01-05T07:57:58Z Neno 24 Oktoba 1027 sysop 3853 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default others 1028 sysop 4786 2005-08-19T23:41:04Z MediaWiki default ← Previous diff 1029 sysop 4787 2005-08-19T23:41:04Z MediaWiki default ←Older revision 1030 sysop 3856 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Protect from moves only 1031 sysop 3857 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=$1 1032 sysop 3858 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default This preference only works in the 'Standard' and the 'CologneBlue' skin. 1033 sysop 4427 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default Special:Random 1034 sysop 3860 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Recent Changes Patrol disabled 1035 sysop 3861 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default The Recent Changes Patrol feature is currently disabled. 1036 sysop 3862 2005-06-25T11:26:06Z MediaWiki default Special:Recentchanges 1037 sysop 3863 2005-06-25T11:26:07Z MediaWiki default Revision as of $1; $2<br />$3 | $4 1038 sysop 3864 2005-06-25T11:26:07Z MediaWiki default Saturday 1039 sysop 3865 2005-06-25T11:26:07Z MediaWiki default Save Group 1040 sysop 3866 2005-06-25T11:26:07Z MediaWiki default Save User Groups 1041 sysop 4789 2005-08-19T23:41:04Z MediaWiki default → 1042 sysop 3868 2005-06-25T11:26:07Z MediaWiki default Sep 1043 sysop 3869 2005-01-05T07:55:27Z Neno 24 Septemba 1044 sysop 8748 2006-04-25T17:15:16Z Matt Crypto 20 <div style="clear:both;"></div> {| align=center border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=2 style="border: solid #aaa 1px; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 90%; margin: .2em auto .2em auto;" |- | [[Image:Commons-logo.svg|20px|Wikimedia Commons]] | Hii ni faili kutoka [[Commons:Main Page|Wikimedia Commons]]. Aridhio inayofuata ni kutoka '''[[Commons:Image:{{PAGENAMEE}}|ukurasa wa faili hii wa Commons]]. |} 1045 sysop 3871 2005-06-25T11:26:07Z MediaWiki default Download high resolution version ($1x$2, $3 KB) 1046 sysop 3872 2005-06-25T11:26:07Z MediaWiki default siteadmin level 1047 sysop 3873 2005-06-25T11:26:07Z MediaWiki default - 1048 sysop 3874 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Site Settings 1049 sysop 3875 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Page caching 1050 sysop 3876 2005-01-05T11:50:24Z Neno 24 Kuki 1051 sysop 3877 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Debugging 1052 sysop 3878 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Features 1053 sysop 3879 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Images 1054 sysop 3880 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Memcache Daemon 1055 sysop 3881 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Performance 1056 sysop 3882 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Permissions 1057 sysop 3883 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default User banning 1058 sysop 3884 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Performance settings 1059 sysop 3885 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Maintenance mode: Disable write access 1060 sysop 3886 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Whitelist mode 1061 sysop 3887 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Allow to include external images into articles 1062 sysop 3888 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default By default, blocks expire after: 1063 sysop 3889 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default When in miser mode, disable all query pages, not only "expensive" ones 1064 sysop 3890 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Hit counter update frequency 1065 sysop 3891 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Enable miser mode, which disables most "expensive" features 1066 sysop 3892 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Readonly mode 1067 sysop 3893 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Readonly message file 1068 sysop 3894 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Show IP in header (for non-logged in users) 1069 sysop 3895 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Sysops may block IP-ranges 1070 sysop 3896 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Sysops may block logged-in users 1071 sysop 3897 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Enable experimental dmoz-like category browsing. Outputs things like: Encyclopedia > Music > Style of Music > Jazz 1072 sysop 3898 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Enable categories 1073 sysop 3899 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Use database messages for user interface labels 1074 sysop 3900 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Generate a watchlist once every hour or so 1075 sysop 3901 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default The hour or so mentioned above (in seconds): 1076 sysop 3902 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Developers may create accounts for users 1077 sysop 3903 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Sysops may create accounts for users 1078 sysop 3904 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Users may create accounts themself 1079 sysop 3905 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Users must be logged in to edit 1080 sysop 3906 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Anonymous users may only read these pages: 1081 sysop 3907 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Project:Site support 1082 sysop 3908 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default The following text is what triggered our spam filter: $1 1083 sysop 3909 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default The page you wanted to save was blocked by the spam filter. This is probably caused by a link to an external site. 1084 sysop 3910 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Spam protection filter 1085 sysop 3911 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default &nbsp; 1086 sysop 3912 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default &nbsp; 1087 sysop 11747 2006-07-01T19:11:52Z MediaWiki default There {{PLURAL:$1|is one subcategory|are $1 subcategories}} to this category. 1088 sysop 3914 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default There is $1 subcategory to this category. 1089 sysop 3915 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Sunday 1090 sysop 3916 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default From {{SITENAME}} 1091 sysop 3917 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Templates used on this page: 1092 sysop 3918 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Thursday 1093 sysop 3919 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Time zone 1094 sysop 3920 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Edit pages on double click (JavaScript) 1095 sysop 3921 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Enable section editing via [edit] links 1096 sysop 3922 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Enable section editing by right clicking<br /> on section titles (JavaScript) 1097 sysop 3923 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Edit box has full width 1098 sysop 3924 2005-01-07T18:01:37Z Neno 24 Ficha mabadilisho madogo ya hivi karibuni 1099 sysop 3925 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Format broken links <a href="" class="new">like this</a> (alternative: like this<a href="" class="internal">?</a>). 1100 sysop 3926 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Show hoverbox over wiki links 1101 sysop 3927 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Justify paragraphs 1102 sysop 3928 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Mark all edits minor by default 1103 sysop 3929 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Disable page caching 1104 sysop 3930 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Auto-number headings 1105 sysop 3931 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Show preview on first edit 1106 sysop 4463 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default Show preview before edit box 1107 sysop 4464 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default Remember across sessions 1108 sysop 4683 2005-07-29T11:13:29Z MediaWiki default Show table of contents (for pages with more than 3 headings) 1109 sysop 4466 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default Show edit toolbar (JavaScript) 1110 sysop 5277 2005-11-09T23:18:30Z MediaWiki default Underline links: 1111 sysop 4467 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default Enhanced recent changes (JavaScript) 1112 sysop 7818 2006-03-28T06:44:19Z MediaWiki default Add pages I edit to my watchlist 1113 sysop 3939 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Tuesday 1114 sysop 3940 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Uncategorized categories 1115 sysop 3941 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Uncategorized pages 1116 sysop 3942 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default $1 revisions restored 1117 sysop 3943 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default The file is corrupt or has an incorrect extension. Please check the file and upload again. 1118 sysop 3944 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default 1 Set first character to "0" to disable the new category page layout. 1119 sysop 3945 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default User levels management 1120 sysop 3946 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Add group 1121 sysop 3947 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Edit group 1122 sysop 3948 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Group description (max 255 characters):<br /> 1123 sysop 3949 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Group name: 1124 sysop 3950 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Edit user groups 1125 sysop 3951 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Existent groups: 1126 sysop 3952 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Available groups: 1127 sysop 3953 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Select groups you want the user to be removed from or added to. Unselected groups will not be changed. You can unselect a group by using CTRL + Left Click 1128 sysop 3954 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Member of: 1129 sysop 3955 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Manage group rights 1130 sysop 3956 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Manage user groups 1131 sysop 3957 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Enter a username: 1132 sysop 3958 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default userrights level 1133 sysop 3959 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default List of validated articles 1134 sysop 4491 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default Clear my older validation data 1135 sysop 4495 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default '''Hint:''' Merging your data means that for the article revision you select, all options where you have specified ''no opinion'' will be set to the value and comment of the most recent revision for which you have expressed an opinion. For example, if you want to change a single option for a newer revision, but also keep your other settings for this article in this revision, just select which option you intend to ''change'', and merging will fill in the other options with your previous settings. 1136 sysop 3962 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Use my previous assessment where selected 'No opinion' 1137 sysop 3963 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default You have to be logged in to validate an article. 1138 sysop 3964 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default No opinion 1139 sysop 3965 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default Page validation statistics for $1 1140 sysop 3966 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default <b>$1%</b><br />($2 of $3 points<br />by $4 users) 1141 sysop 3967 2005-06-25T11:26:08Z MediaWiki default <b>$1%</b><br />($2 of $3 points<br />by one user) 1142 sysop 3968 2005-06-25T11:26:09Z MediaWiki default Validation statistics for this article 1143 sysop 3969 2005-06-25T11:26:09Z MediaWiki default Validate 1144 sysop 5790 2005-12-22T07:43:34Z MediaWiki default <tr><th>Class</th>$1<th colspan="4">Opinion</th>$1<th>Comment</th></tr> 1145 sysop 3971 2005-06-25T11:26:09Z MediaWiki default this is the latest version 1146 sysop 3972 2005-06-25T11:26:09Z MediaWiki default Total 1147 sysop 3973 2005-06-25T11:26:09Z MediaWiki default This user has validated $1 pages. 1148 sysop 3974 2005-06-25T11:26:09Z MediaWiki default Only articles can be validated. This page is <i>not</i> in the article namespace. 1149 sysop 3975 2005-06-25T11:26:09Z MediaWiki default Validate this version 1150 sysop 3976 2005-06-25T11:26:09Z MediaWiki default Validation done. 1151 sysop 3977 2005-06-25T11:26:09Z MediaWiki default Version 1152 sysop 3978 2005-06-25T11:26:09Z MediaWiki default Version of $1 1153 sysop 4513 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default View this revision 1154 sysop 3980 2005-06-25T11:26:09Z MediaWiki default Validate page 1155 sysop 3981 2005-06-25T11:26:09Z MediaWiki default zh 1156 sysop 3982 2005-06-25T11:26:09Z MediaWiki default cn 1157 sysop 3983 2005-06-25T11:26:09Z MediaWiki default hk 1158 sysop 3984 2005-06-25T11:26:09Z MediaWiki default sg 1159 sysop 3985 2005-06-25T11:26:09Z MediaWiki default tw 1160 sysop 3986 2005-06-25T11:26:09Z MediaWiki default Wednesday 1161 sysop 5293 2005-11-09T23:18:31Z MediaWiki default Language: 1162 sysop 4536 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default Variant 1163 4604 2005-07-27T10:06:43Z Matt Crypto 20 '''Kuki''' ni tafsiri ya muda ya neno la [[Kiingereza]] '''cookie'''. Maana yake asili ni ''biskuti'', lakini neno la ''kuki'' linatumika ili [[kompyuta]] yenye kurasa za [[tovuti]] iweze kuwasaliana na watazamaji. Programu za tovuti hizi inahifadhi habari kadhaa za mtazamaji au mtumiaji (k.m. jina la mtumiaji, [[neno la siri]], ruhusa, mapendekezo) kwenye kompyuta ya mtazamaji mwenyewe. Hivi mtazamaji anatambuliwa kila wakati anaingia kwenye tovuti hii. Ingekuwa vizuri kutafuta tafsiri nyingine badala ya kuiga neno la Kiingereza. Wengine wanatumia jina la aina ya ndege (k.v. ''dudumizi'') ambaye badala ya kujenga kiota chake anaacha mayai yake ndani ya viota vya ndege wengine. Tafsiri hii isingekuwa ya ajabu: ''airplane'' imetafsiriwa kwa ''ndege'', ''electricity'' kwa ''umeme'', n.k. [[de:Cookie]] [[en:HTTP cookie]] [[fr:Cookie]] [[ja:&#12463;&#12483;&#12461;&#12540;]] [[nl:Cookie]] [[pl:Cookie]] 1165 11191 2006-06-23T18:58:27Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Abisares viridipennis.jpg|thumb|300px|Panzi kibyongo, ''Abisares viridipennis'']] '''Panzi''' ni aina ya [[mdudu]] anayekula [[mmea|mimea]]. Panzi wamo ndani ya [[Oda]] ya [[Orthoptera]]. Wanachupa mbali kwa kutumia miguu yao ya nyuma ambayo ina nguvu sana. Wengi wanaweza kuruka juu. Panzi wengine wana vipapasio vifupi na wengine wana vipapasio virefu. Panzi wakubwa na ambao wanajikusanya kwenye makundi wanaitwa [[nzige]]. Panzi jike wenye vipapasio vifupi wana maumbile yanoyowawezesha kuchimba ardhi na kutaga mayai yao ndani ya vibumba. Vibumba vya mayai huweza kuwa na mayai zaidi ya kumi hadi zaidi ya mia moja. Mayai ya panzi aina nyingi huingia kwa [[diaposi]] kupitia majira ya baridi au kiangazi. Hali ya hewa ikiwa nzuri mayai yanaendelea kupevuka halafu [[tunutu]] wanatoka. Tunutu (panzi wachanga) huambua ngozi zao mara tano mpaka mara saba kufuatana na aina zao. Kila hatua ya ukuaji ni kubwa kuliko ile iliyotangulia. Hatua ya mwisho panzi mkubwa hutokea na kuwa mpevu ndani ya siku au wiki chache. Kuna wadudu ambao wanafanana na panzi lakini wana vipapasio virefu kuliko miili yao. Aina moja kati yao anaitwa [[senene]] na huliwa na watu. Jike ana umbile kama mfuo kinachofanana na [[kitara]]. Anataga mayai juu ya au ndani ya mimea. Panzi huliwa sehemu nyingi duniani kwa sababu wana virutubisho ([[protini]]) vingi. Wanajeshi huambiwa wakamate panzi na kuwala wakipungukiwa chakula. [[Category:Wadudu]] [[af:Sprinkaan]] [[de:Heuschrecke]] [[da:Græshoppe]] [[en:Grasshopper]] [[eo:Akrido]] [[es:Saltamontes]] [[fr:Sauteriau]] [[fr:Sauterelle]] [[nl:Sprinkhaan]] [[pt:Gafanhoto]] 1166 4727 2005-08-14T02:09:41Z Lilendi 64 +eo, -fr Criquet [[Image:Nomadacris_septemfasciata.jpg|thumb|200px|Nzige mwekundu, ''Nomadacris septemfasciata'']] '''Nzige''' ni jamii ya [[panzi]] wenye uwezo wa kujikusanya kwenye makundi makubwa na kuruka umbali mrefu kwa pamoja. Kuna aina nyingi ya nzige hususan [[nzige mwekundu|nzige wekundu]], [[nzige wa jangwani]], [[nzige msafiri|nzige wasafiri]], [[nzige kahawia]], [[nzige wa mitini]] n.k. Nzige wanapokuwa wametawanyika mmoja mmoja huishi kama panzi wa kawaida. Wanapozaliana na kuongezeka idadi hujikusanya katika makundi. Makundi ya [[tunutu]] husafiri kuelekea upande mmoja na kula majani wanakopitia. Makundi ya nzige wakubwa huweza kufikia idadi zaidi ya bilioni na huruka umbali mrefu na kuharibu mazao wanakotua. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Wadudu]] [[af:Sprinkaan]] [[de:Wanderheuschrecke]] [[en:Locust]] [[eo:Akrido]] [[fr:Locuste]] [[nl:Treksprinkhaan]] 1167 10359 2006-05-31T06:30:22Z Matt Crypto 20 <div style="background: white; border: 1px solid black; padding: 1em;"> Nimeanza kazi mpya, na siku hizi nina nafasi chache tu kuchangia hapa. Nitajitahidi kuhariri kidogo! [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 06:30, 31 May 2006 (UTC) </div> {{boxboxtop|Lugha}} {{user en}} {{user sw-1}} {{boxboxbottom}} Mambo vipi? Jina langu Matt, na ninatoka [[Uingereza]]. Niliishi huko [[Nairobi]] miaka sita, 1992&ndash;1998. Ninajifunza lugha ya [[Kiswahili]], lakini ninakosa mno! Nikikosa, usahihishe maandishi yangu. :[[:en:User:Matt Crypto|Ukurasa wa Kiingereza]] ''(Hi, my name is Matt, and I'm from the UK. I lived in Nairobi for 6 years (1992-1998). I'm learning Swahili, but I make far too many mistakes! Please do correct my writing if (when!) I slip up.'' :''[[:en:User:Matt Crypto|User page in English]])'' ==Viungo== * [[meta:List of articles all languages should have]] * [http://www.kilinux.org/kiblog/sw_TZ_glossary_klnX_1.html KiLinux IT glossary] * [http://www.yale.edu/swahili Kamusi] * [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_namespace Help on MediaWiki messages] * [http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Allmessages All Messages] * [http://magnusmanske.de/wikipedia/commonshelper.php Moving helper] [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2006-April/044159.html] ==Crypto== * ''cipher'' &mdash; msimbo * ''ciphers'' &mdash; misimbo * ''encrypted'' &mdash; msimbo fiche * ''encrypted text'' &mdash; matini-msimbo fiche * ''encryption'' &mdash; usimbaji fiche ==Picha bila maelezo ya hatimiliki== <gallery> Image:Moshi William.jpg Image:Iringa wilaya.JPG Image:Bahari ya Shamu.JPG Image:20041212-pangani.jpg Image:Tabora schrift.GIF Image:Tabora.gif Image:OmooLogo.gif Image:Afrika Kanda.PNG </gallery> ==Kuna mashaka kwamba picha hizi ni huru== <gallery> Image:Dar Po (1).jpg Image:Dar Jangwani -1.jpg Image:Dar Mnazi-mmoja.jpg Image:Dar Ikulu-tz.jpg Image:Dar Askari.jpg </gallery> ==Picha hizi si huru== <gallery> Image:Arsenal FC.png Image:Beseni ya mto wa Pangani.JPG Image:Tzakilwa.gif </gallery> ==Copyvio?== * [[Ukristo]]: ''"NB: Hii ni dibaji tu. Kuna sura tatu ambazo nitaiweka baadaye."'' [[en:User:Matt Crypto]] ==Matt Crypto== Yosef, Asante kwa ufafanuzi wako kwa hiyo makala ya Angola, kama ningiajua unapendua kulia tu, basi mimi ningiakua nimeandika kurasa nyingi zaidi. Kweni hii ni template mpya? kwa sababu mimi bado niko nyuma, natumia mipango ambaye italeta shida miaka ya baadaye kwa kutaswisha. 1168 10413 2006-05-31T18:10:33Z Matt Crypto 20 ==From Sj== I'm so glad to see you working on this edition :) Do you know anyone at unis in E.Africa? [[User:Sj|Sj]] 16:44, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC) : Hi, thanks for the welcome, although my Swahili isn't nearly good enough to do any real contributions here myself (yet!). I don't have any university contacts in East Africa (I went to school in [[Nairobi]], my parents still live in [[Naivasha]], and my fiancee did some voluntary work in [[Iringa]] recently -- that's the extent of my East Africa links at the moment, I'm afraid). [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 16:46, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC) == Sysophood == I'd like to make you a sysop here, if that's alright; perhaps we should set up a page for nomination? There are only two sysops around, neither of them very active. [[User:Sj|Sj]] 20:50, 22 Julai 2005 (UTC) == Sanduku la mchanga == I couldn't find a Sandbox here, so I made one by moving the "article" on '''Idadi''' to it. If you can set up a more normative workspace that would be fine. Or if I just don't see the Sandbox, feel free to transfer mine to it and delete the residue. --[[User:Lilendi|Lilendi]] 19:48, 16 Agosti 2005 (UTC) ==Picha== Asante kwa ushauri kuhusu picha. Nachukua mara nyingi katika en-wiki. Wakati mwingine inaingia moja kwa moja, wakati mwingine inakataa. Nisaidie: kwa nini ni hivyo?. Halafu: Kuna njia kupeleka picha kutoka wiki nyingine kwenda Commons bila download/upload? ? --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 21:33, 1 Februari 2006 (UTC) ==Request for article== '''Greetings Matt Crypto'''!, Could you please help me translate [http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahihi_Yesu_Kanisa this article] into Swahili? (Just the "introduction" and "subtitles" would be fine). It is based on this [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Jesus_Church English article]. Your help would be appreciated (I am not sure if the Swahili title is correct) -- Regards, [[en:User:Jose77|Joseph]], 04:43 Sunday 12 Machi 2006 (UTC) :'''Thanks a lot for your help Matt Crypto'''. I am immensely grateful. ''God bless you and may you prosper''! -- [[en:User:Jose77|Joseph]], 21:31 Wednesday 26 Aprili 2006 (UTC) ==Picha tena== Matt, "[[:Image:Beseni ya mto wa Pangani.JPG|Beseni ya mto wa Pangani.JPG]]" nimetunga kwa sababu wenyewe wanasema "This publication may be produced in whole or part and in any form for education or non-profit uses, without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made." --- Je- hiyo haitoshi?? --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 08:29, 13 Aprili 2006 (UTC) : Ndiyo, haitoshi. Nasikitika kwamba kwa kutumia Wikipedia, ni lazima mtu anaweza kuitumia picha kwa faida ya kibiashara ("for-profit") pia [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_use_policy#Free_licenses]. [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 10:35, 14 Aprili 2006 (UTC) Halafu kuhusu "Picha bila maelezo ya hatimiliki" kuna ramani tatu za Tabora, Iringa na Bahari ya Shamu ambazo nimezitengeneza mwenyewe. Niandikaje? --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 08:35, 13 Aprili 2006 (UTC) : Ulianza na ramani [http://www.tanzania.go.tz/census/maps/iringa.gif hii] na [http://www.tanzania.go.tz/census/maps/tabora.gif hii]? Ukitengeneza picha moja inayotokana na picha nyingine, unahitaji ruhusa ya mshika wa hatimiliki wa picha ya asili. Kwa mfano, kuna ruhusa ikiwa picha ni chini ya leseni za GFDL au za Creative Commons fulani, au ni sehemu ya "miliki ya umma" (public domain). [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 10:35, 14 Aprili 2006 (UTC) Umefanya usafi kweli; sasa: Umefagia "Uhabeshi redirect Ethiopia". Nimeiweka kwa sababu inahitajika. Ni jina la kawaida kwa ajili ya Ethiopia hasa katika maandiko ya kidini kwa sababu Biblia inaitumia nadhani pia waandishi wa Kiislamu. Tuirudishe. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 08:35, 13 Aprili 2006 (UTC) : Niwie radhi, nimekosa. Sasa sijui kwa nini nilifagia redirect hii! [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 10:35, 14 Aprili 2006 (UTC) ==Picha zimepotea== Nadhani umeshughulika picha kwenye makala "Pasaka ya Kiyahudi" -sasa hazionekani. Unaelewa tatizo ni lipi? --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 10:23, 14 Aprili 2006 (UTC) : Nilisogeza picha hiyo "Commons": ukitembelea makala "Pasaka ya Kiyahudi" tena, inaonekana? (Kwa mimi, inaonekana sasa.) [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 10:41, 14 Aprili 2006 (UTC) ==Infobox Country == Je unaweza kuingiza template ya "Infobox Country" katika sw.wiki? Labda kama "Sanduku la habari za nchi". Itawasaidia wote wanaotaka kutafsiri wakijua Kiingereza tu. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 21:10, 16 Aprili 2006 (UTC) : Nimelinakili na nimeanza kulitafsiri sanduku hilo. Mfano wa [[Eritrea]] uko juu. Sijatafsiri kiingereza cha wikicode (kwa mfano <tt>time_zone_DST</tt> n.k.) kwa sababu kama hii mtu anaweza kunakili wikicode moja kwa moja kutoka Wikipedia ya Kiingereza (pia sijui maneno sahihi kutumia). [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 20:07, 17 Aprili 2006 (UTC) :::Asante kwa kazi. Mimi nimeshatafsiri sanduku hilo mara kadhaa, nikichukua umbo lake kutoka de.wipedia. Tazama kwa mfano [[Jamhuri_ya_Kidemokrasia_ya_Kongo]]. Nina mashaka kama Eritrea ni mfano mzuri kwa sanduku la nchi lakini sina muda kuilinganisha na nchi nyingine sasa. Nitajaribu kesho. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 21:28, 17 Aprili 2006 (UTC) :::: Nimebadili mfano wa Eritrea kwa DRC. [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 21:37, 17 Aprili 2006 (UTC) ::::: Nimejaribu kutafsiri sehemu ya kwanza lakini nimeiacha nilipotambua sielewi GDP (JPT=jumla la pato la taifa) PPP ni nini (tazama ukurasa wangu). Naona fomu hii ni vigumu. Twende kwa kitu kilichorahisishwa. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 23:32, 17 Aprili 2006 (UTC) ==Babu - category??== Nimeona sasa tu ya kwmaba "category" imetafsiriwa kwa "babu". Sidhani ya kwamba inafaa. Haieleweki. "Jamii" au "Kundi" ni sawa. Kamusi zote za [[TUKI]] hazina Babu kwa maana hiyo, iko katika Madan-Johnson tu. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 18:31, 19 Aprili 2006 (UTC) : "Category" ilitafsiriwa na [[User:Marcos]] majuzi. Nimemwarifu pendekezo yako, na nimeanza mjadala [[MediaWiki talk:Category]]. Tuzungumze pale. [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 19:54, 19 Aprili 2006 (UTC) ==Falaki - Unajimu== Matt, naomba futa makala unajimu ukiweka maneno yake kwa falaki au badilisha jina kuwa falaki.Niliandika unajimu ingawa sikupenda neno kwa sababu unajimu ni zaidi utabiri kutokana na nyota lakini kamusi fulani ilikuwa ikitumia Unajimu - falaki ilinipita. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 18:19, 19 Aprili 2006 (UTC) : Haya, nilisogeza makala [[Unajimu]] -> [[Falaki]] (halafu nilifuta redirect ya [[Unajimu]]). [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 19:48, 19 Aprili 2006 (UTC) ==Guinea ya ikweta== Matt crypto, ni metumia templeti uliounda, lakini ningiataka uangaliye hasa sanduku inayo husu, guinea-ikweta uniambiye hasa makosa kwa maelezo ya bikari au compass, north-kaska, south-kusi etc. ==Jamii/Category== Matt, naona unafanya kazi kweli kufagia na kuratibu wiki yetu. Mimi mwenyewe baada ya kumaliza makala kwa kawaida sina raha tena kutafakari jamii n.k. Sasa nimeangalia mambo mawili: a) hatuna njia kubadilisha "Category" kusoma "Jamii" hata katika templeti tunamoandika? : Nilichunguza jinsi kubadilisha <tt>Category</tt> kwa <tt>Jamii</tt>, na pia <tt>User</tt>, <tt>Talk</tt>, <tt>Image</tt> na kadhalika. Inawezekana, lakini inaelekea kwamba ni lazima tukubali maneno kwa hakika kabisa, halafu tuombe watungaji wa programu ya Wikipedia (developers) kuzibadilisha. [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 08:53, 1 May 2006 (UTC) b) Maziwa na mito inafaa kuwa jamii ndogo chini ya jiografia, au unaonaje? --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 21:54, 28 Aprili 2006 (UTC) : Nakubali, niliweka [[:Category:Maziwa]] chini ya [[:Category:Jiografia]]. [[:Category:Mito]] imeshawekwa. [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 08:53, 1 May 2006 (UTC) ==Uharibifu ukurasa wa mwanzo!== Naomba angalia "Mwanzo" - sijui namna ya kuirudisha. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 20:25, 29 Aprili 2006 (UTC) : Nimechelewa! Ikiwa kutakuwa mkasa mwingine, kurudisha insha ya zamani ubonyeze "historia", na chagua insha unayotaka, halafu bonyeza "hariri". Utoona ujumbe kama "''ANGALIA: Unakuwa unahariri nakala ya zamani ya ukurasa huu. Ukiendelea kuihariri, mabadilisho yote yaliyofanywa tangu pale yatapotezwa''". Ukibonyeza "weka ukurasa", itarudishwa. [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 08:38, 1 May 2006 (UTC) == Gabon == Hey matt, Uliweza vipi kuweka ukurasa huo wa Gabon? Nilijaribu lakini nimeona wewe karekebisha. Nime weza kuweka nembo ('emblem'). Ningiataka kujua kosa ilikua ipi? yosef == [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/mediawiki-i18n/2006-May/000002.html <nowiki>[Mediawiki-i18n]</nowiki> Internationalisation news] == * Halló Matt! We have started a new campaign to update the localization files. If you can help improuving the "''<nowiki>{{int:Allmessages}}</nowiki>''" &ndash; &lrm;"''{{int:Allmessages}}''"&lrm; files "''LanguageSw.php''" and "''MessagesSw.php''" to run the Swahili projects please log in at [http://nike.users.idler.fi/dev/index.php?title=special:Userlogin&type=signup&uselang=en], change the interface to the language of your prefrence at [http://nike.users.idler.fi/dev/index.php?title=special:Preferences&uselang=en], go to [http://nike.users.idler.fi/betawiki/Betawiki:LanguageSw.php_and_MessagesSw.php '''Betawiki:'''LanguageSw.php and MessagesSw.php] at section "''contact persons''" and list your name. We can start with the new messages translated already and continue step by step.&lrm; * If you are on [[IRC]] please visit the channel [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikipedia-BiDi #wikipedia-BiDi].&lrm; * For other "''LanguageXx.php''" and "''MessagesXx.php''" files please see [http://nike.users.idler.fi/betawiki/category:Internationalization '''Betawiki:'''category:Internationalization]. Thanks in advance! Best regards [[User:Gangleri|Gangleri]] · [[User_talk:Gangleri|T]] · [[m:user:Gangleri|m:]] [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/user_talk:Gangleri?action=history Th] · [[m:user talk:Gangleri|T]] 00:20, 14 May 2006 (UTC) ==Taxobox== Salaam Matt, ChriKo aliomba tuwe na taxobox. Nimejaribu lakini lugha ya templeti imenishinda. Una nafasi ya kusaidia? Majaribio yangu: '''Sanduku la uainishaji wa mimea''' {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | jina = | himaya = [[Mimea]] | divisheni = | ngeli = | oda = | familia = | jenera = | spishi = | jina la kisanyansi = | mwenye mamlaka ya jina = }} '''Sanduku la uainishaji wa wanyama''' {{Taxobox | color = pink | jina = | himaya = [[Animal]]ia | faila = | ngeli = | oda = | familia = | jenera = | spishi = | jina ya kisayansi = | mwenye mamlaka ya jina = }} Menginevyo nimeangalia kamusi yangu ya kiswahili cha kisayansi: himaya = regnum faila = phylum ngeli = classis nusungeli = subclassis nusungeli ya chini = infraclassis oda ya juu = superordo oda = ordo nusu oda = subordo familia ya juu = superfamilia familia = familia nusu familia = subfamily jenasi = genus (Pole, jenera ni neno limeloswahilisaizewa kutoka "genera" ambayo ni wingi wa "genus" [[User:ChriKo|ChriKo]] 22:50, 30 May 2006 (UTC)) spishi = species Ngazi zifutazo ama sijakuta ama kamusi haifuati muundo ya wazi kwa hiyo napendekeza: „sub ...“ > nusu... „infra..“ > nusu ... ya chini super...“ > ... ya juu --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 16:26, 30 May 2006 (UTC) ==Templeti 2== Nimejaribu Infox:River / Template:Sanduku ya Mto lakini sijafaulu... --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 18:46, 30 May 2006 (UTC) :Mimi sasa nimezitunga templeti za sanduku hizi mbili: [[Template:Uainishaji]] na [[Template:Mto]]. Angalia karasa za majadiliano za templeti hizo kwa maelezo ya kuzitumia. [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] 23:36, 30 May 2006 (UTC) 1169 11614 2006-07-01T14:30:53Z YurikBot 117 robot Modifying: [[tr:Muhammed bin Abdullah]] [[Uislamu|Waislamu]] wanaamini kwamba '''Muhammad''' alikuwa mtume wa mwisho wa Mwenyezi Mungu. Muhammad alizaliwa akiwa yatima kwani babake alifariki akiwa bado yuko matumboni mwa mamake. Hakuishi sana na mamake, naye akafariki dunia wakati Muhammad alipokuwa bado ana umri wa miaka sita, na baadaye alichukuliwa na babu yake AbdulMuttalib na kuishi naye kwa muda wa miaka miwili, kisha babu yake naye akafariki. Kazi ya kumlea Muhammad ilimwangukia ami yake Abu Talib ambaye ndiye aliyemlea na kuishi naye mpaka alipokuwa mkubwa na kumuoza na kumpa himaya wakati alipopewa utume na kuanza kazi ya kufikisha ujumbe wa Mwenyezi Mungu kwa watu wake. ==Bishara njema== Muhammad alipofikia umri wa miaka kumi na mbili alichukuliwa na ami yake Abu Talib katika msafara kuelekea Sham, lakini walipofika mji unaoitwa Busra karibu na Sham, walikutana na mtawa wa kinasara aitwaye Bahira, na alipomuona Muhammad alimtambua kwa sifa zake kuwa ndiye Nabii anayesubiriwa aliyetajwa kwenye vitabu vyao vya dini, akamshauri ami yake amrudishe wala asiingie naye Sham maana huko huenda Mayahudi wakataka kumuua. Basi Abu Talib akatumiza baadhi ya vijana wake warudi naye Makka. ==Hali ya Muhammad kabla ya kupewa utume== Muhammad alikuwa akikaa kwenye pango la Hira (Jebel Hirra) huko Makka kwa nia ya kutafakari na kutaamuli mambo ya Mwenyezi Mungu mpaka kimalizikapo chakula chake na maji yake hurudi kwa mkewe Khadija na kuchukuwa chakula na maji mengine - mara akikaa huko kwa masiku, mara kwa wiki, na mara nyengine kwa mwezi, na aliendelea kufanya hivyo kwa muda wa miaka mitatu akenda katika hilo pango mpaka Mwenyezi Mungu alipoamua kuteremsha rehema yake juu ya wanadamu ulimwenguni kwa kuwaletea hidaya na uwongofu. ==Kupewa kwake Mtume== Bado akiwa anaendelea kulizuru pango la Hira, alijiliwa siku moja na Malaika Jibrili na kumtaka asome na Muhammad (SAW) akimjibu kuwa yeye hajui kusoma na baada ya kumshikilia mara tatu asome, naye akimjibu kuwa yeye si msomaji, alimteremshia Wahyi wa kwanza kutoka kwa Mola wake unaosema: Soma kwa jina la Mola wako aliyeumba, Amemuumba binaadamu kwa tone la damu, Soma! Na Mola wako ni Karimu kushinda wote! Ambaye amefundisha kwa kalamu. Kamfundisha mtu aliyokuwa hayajui. (Q.96:1-5) Mtume Muhammad baada ya kupewa utume alianza kazi ya kufikisha ujumbe wa Mwenyezi Mungu kwanza kwa watu wake, kisha kwa Waarabu wengine, na kisha kwa wanadamu wote kwa jumla, kuanzia tangu alipokuwa miaka arubaini (40) mpaka alipofariki akiwa na umri wa miaka sitini (60). ==Maisha yake Makka== Muhammad aliishi Makka kwa muda wa miaka 53, arubaini (40) katika hiyo akiwa ni mtu wa kawaida kabla ya kupewa utume, na 13 akiwa ni mjumbe wa Mwenyezi Mungu. Maisha yake Makka yalikuwa ya taabu tangu utotoni mwake, kwani alizaliwa yatima kisha alipokuwa katika ujana wake alikuwa akifanya kazi ya kuchunga mbuzi na kondoo wa watu wa Makka kwa vijipesa kidogo mpaka alipofika umri wa miaka ishirini na tano akapata kazi ya kumfanyia biashara Khadija (RA), bibi mtukufu kabisa wa kikureshi ambaye baadaye alikuja kuwa mkewe, na kuzaa naye aghlabu ya watoto wake. ==Miaka 13 ya Utume Makka== Katika miaka 13 aliyoyaishi hapo Makka baada ya kupewa utume, Muhammad alipata kila aina ya mateso na masumbuko, juu ya nafsi yake na juu ya wafuasi wake, naye alisubiri na kustahmili kila aina ya taabu na shida kwa ajili ya Mola wake, mpaka Mwenyezi Mungu alipompa amri ya kuhama mji huo na kuelekea Madina. Katika muda huu alipokuwa Makka, wengi katika jamaa zake na watu wa makabila mengine wa tabaka mbali mbali za jamii waliingia kwenye dini hii tukufu aliyokuja nayo Muhammad. ==Kuhamia Madina== Mtume Muhammad, baada ya kupewa amri ya kuguria Madina, aliondoka yeye na sahibu wake Abubakar Assiddiq (RA) na kuhamia Madina, mji ambao ulimpokea na kumkubali na kumsaidia na kumtukuza na kumlinda na maadui. Mtume Muhammad aliishi Madina kwa muda wa miaka 10 mengine akitangaza dini ya Mwenyezi Mungu na huko watu wengi na makabila mbali mbali ya kiarabu yaliingia kwenye dini ya Uislamu kwa makundi makundi, na kwa hivyo, aliweza kurudi Makka akiwa na wafuasi wengi na kuiteka, na kuweza kuirudisha Kaaba ambayo ndiyo kibla cha Waislamu wote ulimwenguni katika mambo ya Sala na Hija. ==Maisha yake Madina== Mtume Muhammad aliishi miaka kumi (10) Madina, akinadhimu maisha ya jamii ya Waislamu huko, na kuweka chanzo cha dola ya kiislamu ulimwenguni. Sharia na hukumu nyingi ziliteremka huko Madina katika kupanga na kunadhimu maisha ya jamii hiyo kwanza na maisha ya wanadamu wote kwa jumla. Sharia na hukumu hizi zinapatikana katika Kitabu Kitakatifu cha Mwenyezi Mungu (Qurani), na kutokana na Sharia na hukumu hizi, leo Waislamu wote ulimwenguni wananadhimu maisha yao kulingana na Sharia hizi. [[Category:Uislamu]] [[ar:محمد بن عبد الله]] [[ba:Мөхәммәт]] [[bg:Мохамед]] [[bn:হযরত মুহাম্মদ (সা:)]] [[bs:Muhamed]] [[ca:Mahoma]] [[cs:Mohamed]] [[cy:Muhammad]] [[da:Muhammed]] [[de:Mohammed]] [[el:Μωάμεθ]] [[en:Muhammad]] [[eo:Mohamedo]] [[es:Mahoma]] [[et:Muḩammad]] [[eu:Muhammad]] [[fa:محمد پسر عبدالله]] [[fi:Muhammad]] [[fr:Mahomet]] [[gd:Muhammad]] [[gl:Mahoma - محمد]] [[haw:Mohameka]] [[he:מוחמד]] [[hi:मुहम्मद]] [[hr:Muhamed]] [[hu:Mohamed próféta]] [[ia:Mahomet]] [[id:Muhammad]] [[is:Múhameð]] [[it:Maometto]] [[ja:ムハンマド・イブン＝アブドゥッラーフ]] [[ka:წინასწარმეტყველი მუჰამედი]] [[ko:무함마드]] [[ku:Mihemmed Pêxember]] [[kw:Mahomm]] [[la:Machometus]] [[lt:Mahometas]] [[mk:Мухамед]] [[ms:Nabi Muhammad s.a.w.]] [[nl:Mohammed]] [[nn:Muhammed]] [[no:Muhammed]] [[pl:Mahomet]] [[pt:Maomé]] [[ro:Mahomed]] [[ru:Мухаммад]] [[sa:मुहम्मद]] [[scn:Maumettu]] [[simple:Muhammad]] [[sk:Mohamed]] [[sl:Mohamed]] [[sr:Мухамед]] [[su:Muhammad]] [[sv:Muhammed]] [[th:มุฮัมมัด]] [[tr:Muhammed bin Abdullah]] [[uk:Мугаммад]] [[ur:حضرت محمد صلی اللہ علیہ و الہ وسلم]] [[vi:Muhammad]] [[zh:穆罕默德]] 1170 8552 2006-04-21T14:30:03Z Matt Crypto 20 :: I have to say, I wondered how many other languages this request was sent to! ~~~~ Ukitaka kunisaidia kutafsiri sehemu zote ambazo bado ni kwa Kiingereza... ---- Hi, thanks for the welcome, although my Swahili isn't nearly good enough to do any real contributions here myself (yet!). I don't have any university contacts in East Africa (I went to school in [[Nairobi]], my parents still live in [[Naivasha]], and my fiancee did some voluntary work in [[Iringa]] recently -- that's the extent of my East Africa links at the moment, I'm afraid). [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 16:46, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC) Habari! Thankyou SJ for the welcome! I probably speak less Kiswahili than Nawatl, if that's possible. Anyway, I look forward to watching this wiki grow. --[[User:Chamdarae|Chamdarae]] 09:41, 29 Septemba 2005 (UTC) Jambo, Sj! Habari gani? Asante sana kwa karibisho. Nitajaribu kumsaidia. --[[User:Lilendi|Lilendi]] 09:00, 30 Septemba 2005 (UTC) thanks for the welcome. Are you an admin here? [[User:Revolución|Revolución]] 03:40, 5 Novemba 2005 (UTC) -------------- Habari Bwana SJ. Nimeangalia kurasa hizi mara kadhaa, nimeona sawa nijaribu kuchangia. Ila tu sijaelewa bado jinsi ya kuweka jina langu hapa - kipala 05-12-15 ==Request for article== '''Greetings Samuel'''!, Could you please help me translate [http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimada_Yesu_Kanisa this article] into Swahili? (Just the "introduction" and "subtitles" would be fine). It is based on this [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Jesus_Church English article]. ''Please''. Your help would be appreciated (I am not sure if the Swahili title is correct) -- [[en:User:Jose77|Samuel]], 11 March 2006 : Spam across all wikiprojects! Amazing :-) [[User:Sj|Sj]] 20:21, 20 Aprili 2006 (UTC) :: I have to say, I wondered how many other languages this request was sent to! [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 14:30, 21 Aprili 2006 (UTC) 1171 11789 2006-07-02T10:05:30Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[vec:Fìxica]] {{tafsiri}} [[Image:Meissner_Crop.jpg|thumb|150px|right|A [[Superconductivity|Superconductor]] demonstrating the [[Meissner Effect]].]] '''Fizikia''' (kutoka [[lugha ya kigiriki|kigiriki]], φυσικός (''physikos''), "maumbile", na φύσις (''physis''), "kiumbo") ni [[sayansi]] inayohusu [[kiumbo|maumbile ya Dunia]], ambayo inahusu asili ya viungo vya [[ulimwengu]]. [[Category:Fisikia]] {{mbegu}} [[af:Fisika]] [[als:Physik]] [[an:Fesica]] [[ar:فيزياء]] [[ast:Física]] [[be:Фізыка]] [[bg:Физика]] [[bn:পদার্থবিদ্যা]] [[br:Fizik]] [[bs:Fizika]] [[bug:Fisika]] [[ca:Física]] [[co:Fisica]] [[cs:Fyzika]] [[csb:Fizyka]] [[cv:Физика]] [[cy:Ffiseg]] [[da:Fysik]] [[de:Physik]] [[el:Φυσική]] [[en:Physics]] [[eo:Fiziko]] [[es:Física]] [[et:Füüsika]] [[eu:Fisika]] [[fa:فیزیک]] [[fi:Fysiikka]] [[fo:Alisfrøði]] [[fr:Physique]] [[fur:Fisiche]] [[fy:Natuerkunde]] [[ga:Fisic]] [[gl:Física]] [[gu:ભૌતિક શાસ્ત્ર]] [[he:פיזיקה]] [[hi:भौतिकी]] [[hr:Fizika]] [[hu:Fizika]] [[ia:Physica]] [[id:Fisika]] [[ie:Fisica]] [[io:Fiziko]] [[is:Eðlisfræði]] [[it:Fisica]] [[iu:ᐆᒫᑦᓱᓕᕆᓂᖅ]] [[ja:物理学]] [[ka:ფიზიკა]] [[ko:물리학]] [[la:Physica]] [[lad:Fisika]] [[lb:Physik]] [[li:Natuurkónde]] [[lt:Fizika]] [[lv:Fizika]] [[mk:Физика]] [[ms:Fizik]] [[my:ရူပဗေဒ]] [[nap:Físeca]] [[nds:Physik]] [[nds-nl:Netuurkunde]] [[nl:Natuurkunde]] [[nn:Fysikk]] [[no:Fysikk]] [[oc:Fisica]] [[pl:Fizyka]] [[ps:فزيک]] [[pt:Física]] [[ro:Fizică]] [[ru:Физика]] [[sa:भौतिकी]] [[sc:Fìsica]] [[scn:Fìsica]] [[sco:Naitural philosophy]] [[simple:Physics]] [[sk:Fyzika]] [[sl:Fizika]] [[sq:Fizika]] [[sr:Физика]] [[su:Fisika]] [[sv:Fysik]] [[ta:இயற்பியல்]] [[th:ฟิสิกส์]] [[tl:Pisika]] [[tr:Fizik]] [[tt:Fizik]] [[ug:فىزىكا]] [[uk:Фізика]] [[vec:Fìxica]] [[vi:Vật lý]] [[vo:Füsüd]] [[xh:IFiziki]] [[zh:物理学]] [[zh-min-nan:Bu̍t-lí-ha̍k]] [[zh-yue:物理]] 1172 4632 2005-07-27T10:49:42Z Matt Crypto 20 ===Sidebar=== * "Upload File" under "vifaa" * Safari/Tafuta/Vifaa should be capitalized ** They are lowercased by the skin, I believe (the strings are uppercase in the MediaWiki message pages). The same thing happens on en:. [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 10:49, 27 Julai 2005 (UTC) ===Topbar, nav=== "user page", "move", "my watchlist", "my contributions" ----- ===Mapendekezo (''Suggestions'')=== Mapendekezo ya kwanza, baada ya kuchunguza [http://www.kilinux.org/kiblog/sw_TZ_glossary_klnX_1.html orodha hii]:<br> (''Initial suggestions, after perusing the [http://www.kilinux.org/kiblog/sw_TZ_glossary_klnX_1.html KiLinux IT glossary]:'') * "Upload file" -> "Pakia faili" * "User page" -> "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji" au "Gombo la mtumiaji" * "Move" -> "Sogeza" * "My contributions" -> "Michango yangu" [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 14:01, 9 Machi 2005 (UTC) : I've implemented these. [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 10:49, 27 Julai 2005 (UTC) 1173 9493 2006-05-12T18:47:38Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Ev3240 S2000062090456.jpg|thumbnail|right|280px|Bara Arabu]] '''Bara Arabu''' ni ile sehemu ya [[ardhi]] iliyoko baina ya Bara la [[Afrika]] na Bara la [[Asia]] ambayo sehemu kubwa yake imezungukwa na [[bahari]], upande wa magharibi na [[Bahari ya Shamu]], upande wa kusini na Bahari ya Hindi na mwengine wa Mashariki na [[Ghuba ya Uajemi]]. Sehemu za Kaskazini mwa Bara Arabu imepakana na nchi za ufalme wa Jordani na jamhuri ya Iraqi. Kwa sababu ya makame hakuna mito ya kudumu katika bara hili ijapokuwa kwenye sehemu mbali mbali kunapatikana chemchemu na vijito vya maji ambavyo huzidi wakati wa msimu wa mvua katika majira ya baridi. Bara Arabu ina milima upande wa Magharibi na Kusini mwake, lakini kila ukiteremkia Mashariki unakutana na ardhi tambarare mpaka kufikia kwenye Ghuba ya Uajemi. ==Eneo la Bara Arabu== Eneo la Bara Arabu kwa jumla ni 3,191,022 kilomita muraba, ikiwa Saudia inakalia sehemu nne katika tano ya jumla ya maeneo yake, na sehemu iliyobakia ambayo ni moja katika tano inakaliwa na nchi zilizobakia, zote zikiwepo pembezoni mwa Saudia kwenye bahari ya Ghuba na bahari ya Waarabu na bahari nyekundu. ==Nchi za Bara Arabu== Nchi zilizokuweko kwenye bara hili ni [[Bahrain]], [[Kuwaiti]], [[Oman]], [[Qatar]], [[Saudia]], UAE, na [[Yemen]]. Sita za mwanzo zikiwemo kwenye Baraza la Ushirikiano wa Nchi za Ghuba, zina mfumo wa kifalme katika utawala wake, na ya mwisho ni Jamhuri ya Yemen. Nchi hizi zina tarehe ndefu inayorudi nyuma kabla ya kuja Uislamu, na ustaarabu mbali mbali ulipatikana katika maeneo mbali mbali ya nchi hizi. Katika ustaarabu mashuhuri wa nchi hizi ni ule ustaarabu wa nchi ya Yemeni, ambao ulikuwa ukijulikana kuwa ni ustaarabu wa Sabaa zama za Balqis, malkia wa Yemen wa wakati huo. ===Miji Mikuu=== Kuna miji mingi katika Bara Arabu, lakini miji mikuu ya madola mbali mbali ya Bara Arabu ni Riyadh, mji mkuu wa Saudia, ijapokuwa kuna miji mashuhuri na mitukufu katika Saudia kama Makka na Madina. Mji mkuu wa Yemeni ni Sanaa, lakini mengine muhimu ni Aden, Hudeidah, Taez, Mukalla, Shibam na Seyun. Ama mji mkuu wa Oman ni Maskati, lakini kuna miji mengine mashuhuri yenye tarehe kubwa kama Salala, Sohari, Nizwa na Rustaq. Mji mkuu wa Imarati ni Abudhabi, na mengine mashuhuri ni Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Ras-al-Khayma, Ummul-Quwain na Fujairah. Kuwait, mji mkuu wake ni Kuwait, na Qatar mji mkuu wake ni Doha, na Bahrain ni Manama. ===Hali ya hewa=== Nusu Kisiwa cha Bara Arabu kina [[jangwa]] kubwa la Rub al Khali Kusini mwake na An-Nafud Kaskazini mwake. Ni sehemu ya ulimwengu ambayo haina mvua nyingi na ukame ndio tabia ya nchi zilizokuwemo katika bara hili, na kwa hivyo, hali ya hewa huwa ni joto sana katika majira ya joto kufikia hadi daraja 55 C. katika baadhi ya sehemu zake, na kufikia daraja hadi 0 C katika baadhi ya sehemu nyengine katika majira ya baridi. ===Idadi ya Wakaazi=== Idadi ya wakaazi wa nchi hizi saba kwa ujumla inafikia 50,000,000, wakiwemo asilimia 85 wenyeji na asilimia 15 wageni. Wenyeji au wananchi wa nchi hizi aghlabu yake ni Waarabu, lakini pia kuna Wajemi, Mabulushi, Wahindi, Mabangladeshi, Wazungu, Mapakistani, Waafrika na kabila nyenginezo. ===Dini=== [[Nchi]] zote saba zilizokuwepo kwenye Bara Arabu ni za [[uislamu|kiislamu]], na aghlabu ya Waislamu wake ni wa madhehebu ya Sunni, lakini pia kuna madhehebu ya Shia na Ibadhi kwenye baadhi ya nchi hizi. Asilimia 99% ya wananchi wa nchi hizi ni Waislamu, lakini vile vile kuna wafuasi wa dini nyenginezo katika wakaazi wake, kama Mayahudi, Mabaniani, Wakristo na kadhalika. ===Lugha=== [[Kiarabu]] ndio [[lugha]] inayotumika kwenye nchi hizi saba, na ndio lugha rasmi ya nchi hizi, lakini Kiingereza, karibuni, kimeanza kutumika sana kwa sababu ya kuwepo dharura ya kutumia lugha hii katika biashara, mawasiliano baina ya wananchi na wageni, na katika uhusiano wa kimataifa baina ya nchi mbali mbali ulimwenguni. ===Mali Asili=== Bara Arabu ina aina nyingi ya [[madini]] na nishati. Kuna [[dhahabu]], [[fedha]], [[chumvi]], na kadhalika. Karibuni, kumegunduliwa akiba kubwa ya mafuta ya petroli na gesi, jambo lililofanya hizi nchi kutegemea zaidi mali asili hizi kwa ajili ya kukuza uchumi wa nchi zao na maendeleo mengine ya nchi. Hapo zamani watu wa nchi hizi wakitegemea sana uvuvi, ufugaji wa wanyama kama mbuzi, kondoo, ng’ombe, ngamia na farasi. Aidha, walikuwa wakilima na kupanda mitende, matunda, ngano na shayiri, na kwa hivyo, bidhaa zao walizokuwa wakisafirisha nje zilikuwa zaidi ni tende, buni, samaki na papa wa kavu, na ngozi za wanyama. [[bs:Arabija]] [[ca:Aràbia]] [[da:Arabiske Halvø]] [[de:Arabische Halbinsel]] [[es:Arabia]] [[en:Arabian Peninsula]] [[fi:Arabian niemimaa]] [[fr:Arabie]] [[he:&#1495;&#1510;&#1497; &#1492;&#1488;&#1497; &#1506;&#1512;&#1489;]] [[id:Jazirah Arab]] [[kw:Arabi]] [[la:Paeninsula Arabica]] [[nl:Arabisch Schiereiland]] [[ja:&#12450;&#12521;&#12499;&#12450;&#21322;&#23798;]] [[pl:Pó&#322;wysep Arabski]] [[pt:Arábia]] [[simple:Arabia]] [[zh:&#38463;&#25289;&#20271;&#21322;&#23707;]] 1174 4923 2005-09-24T02:05:46Z Jeff 76 /* Dini nyenginezo */ Neno '''Mwenyezi Mungu''' kwa lugha ya [[Kiswahili]] linatumika kwa Muumba wa kila kitu, Mwenye kuabudiwa kwa haki, kinyume na neno 'mungu' ambalo lina maana chochote au yeyote anayeabudiwa ikiwa kwa haki au si kwa haki. Kwa hivyo, Mwenyezi Mungu ni Muumba wa mbingu na ardhi na kila kilichomo baina yake, naye ni Mlezi wa viumbe vyote na Mpaji riziki kwa kila chenye uhai ulimwenguni. Mwenyezi Mungu, katika dini na mila nyingi duniani, ni yule anayestahiki kuabudiwa kwa haki ikiwa peke yake bila kushirikishwa na chochote, au kwa kushirikishwa na viumbe vyengine, kwa nia ya kuwa hawa viumbe vyengine vinamkurubisha naye. Hii ni kwa sababu, kila dini au mila ina namna yake ya kumsawiri Mwenyezi Mungu, na njia gani sahihi ya kumuabudu, na kwa kuwa hakuna itifaki baina ya hizi dini, mila na madhehebu kuhusu Mwenyezi Mungu na namna anavyotakikana kuabudiwa, hizi tofauti chungu nzima zimetokea. ==Imani ya Waislamu== [[Uislamu]], kwa mfano, unaeleza kuwa Mwenyezi Mungu ni Mmoja tu hana mshirika, hana mwanzo wala mwisho, hakuzaa wala hakuzaliwa, na wala hapana yeyote mwenye kufanana au kushabihiana naye, naye ni Mola wa ulimwengu huu wote, na Muumba wa kila kitu. Kwake Yeye inatoka riziki ya kila kiumbe, na Yeye ndiye Mwenye kuhuisha na Mwenye kufisha. Marejeo ya viumbe vyote wakishakufa na kufufuliwa ni kwake Yeye tu siku ya Kiyama. Yeye pekee ndiye Mwenye kuhukumu viumbe siku ya malipo, na ndiye atakayewapa waja wake ujira na thawabu na kuwatia Peponi kwa mema waliyoyafanya, au kuwatia adabu na kuwapa adhabu na mateso na kuwatia Motoni kwa maovu waliyotenda hapa duniani. ==Imani ya Wakristo== Ukristo unakubaliana na Uislamu katika mengi ya sifa hizi za Mwenyezi Mungu za kuumba, kuhuisha na kufisha, kuruzuku, kufufua, kuhukumu na kulipa ya kheri kwa mwenye kufanya kheri na ya shari kwa mwenye kufanya shari, lakini aghlabu ya madhehebu za Kikristo, ijapokuwa si zote, zinampa Mwenyezi Mungu sifa ya utatu, na kumsifu kuwa ni Mungu Baba, na Mungu Mwana, na Mungu Roho Mtakatifu, na kuwa wote hawa watatu wanashirikiana katika Uungu na kuwa ni kitu kimoja. Uislamu, kwa upande wake, unakataa katakata mas-ala ya kumshirikisha Mwenyezi Mungu na kitu chochote, na kwa hivyo ni Mmoja tu wala hana mshirika wa aina yoyote. ==Dini nyinginezo== Dini nyenginezo, kadhalika, zina tasauri na fikra nyengine kuhusu Mwenyezi Mungu. Kuna wale wanaoabudu viumbe mbali mbali wakichukulia kuwa wanamwakilisha Mwenyezi Mungu, kama kuabudu masanamu, nyota, jua, ngo'mbe, wanyama mbali mbali, mizimu, miti, panya, moto, viumbe wenziwao, malaika na majini na kadhalika. Dini na mila hizi, pengine huchukulia kuwa vitu hivi vinatusaidia kutufikisha kwa Mwenyezi Mungu, na kuwa bila ya vitu hivi, ibada zetu haziwezi kufika. Ama wengine huwa na imani kuwa vitu hivi ndio Mola mwenyewe wa kuabudiwa na kuombwa na kutakwa msaada. ==Sifa za Mwenyezi Mungu== Kama tulivyoeleza, Mwenyezi Mungu ana sifa mbali mbali kwa mujibu wa dini na mila na madhehebu tofauti tofauti, na kila watu wanamsifu Mwenyezi Mungu kwa namna ambayo wanavyomjua wao kulingana na mafunzo ya dini na mila zao. Hii ni kwa sababu, watoto tangu wazaliwapo hufunzwa na wazee wao habari za Mwenyezi Mungu na namna ya kumuabudu, na mafunzo haya hubakia katika mawazo na fikra zao, na kukuwa nayo mpaka ukubwani mwao. ==Mwenyezi Mungu kwa Waislamu== Waislamu, wanafunzwa tangu utotoni mwao kuwa Mwenyezi Mungu ni Mmoja tu peke yake, hana mshirika naye ndiye mwenye kufaa kuabudiwa kwa haki bila ya kushirikishwa na chochote katika viumbe vyake na kuwa Yeye ni wakutegemewa katika kila kitu na kuombwa msaada na kuombwa msamaha wakati wa makosa na madhambi. Yeye hana kitu kilichofanana naye, hakuzaa wala hakuzaliwa, hana mwanzo wala mwisho. Mwingi wa rehema na Mwenye kurehemu, Mtoa riziki, Mwenye kuhuisha na Mwenye kufisha. Hukumu yote ni yake siku ya Kiyama. Mtukufu na Mkubwa. Bwana na Mola wa walimwengu wote. Yeye tu ndiye Mwenye kustahiki kuabudiwa na Yeye tu ndiye Mwenye kufaa kuombwa na kutakwa msaada. 1175 11437 2006-06-27T17:08:05Z Kipala 107 [[Image:The Blue Marble.jpg|thumbnail|260px|Ardhi]] '''Ardhi''' au '''Dunia''' ni mojawapo ya [[sayari]] zinazotembea katika [[anga]] ya [[ulimwengu]]. Kuna sayari tisa zinazolizunguka [[jua]], ardhi ikiwa sayari ya tatu katika [[mfumo wa jua na sayari zake]]. Masafa baina yake na jua ni kilomita milioni 150 au maili milioni 93.2. Ardhi huchukua siku 365.256 kulizunguka jua, na masaa 23.9345 kuuzunguka mhimili wake. Ardhi ina upana wa kilomita 12,756 (maili 7,973) na uzito wa kilogramu 5.97e24 Sura ya dunia au eneo la ardhi yote ni 510,066,000 kilomita mraba, ikiwa nchi kavu imechukuwa eneo la 148,647,000 kilomita mraba na maji yamechukuwa eneo la 361,419,000 kilomita mraba. Eneo la maji kulingana na eneo la nchi kavu ni asilimia 70.9, na nchi kavu 148,647,000 kilomita mraba ni asilimia 29.1. Kati ya maeneo yaliyofunikwa na maji ni bahari yanayofunika eneo la 335,258,000 kilomita mraba ambalo ni asilimia 97, na maji yaliyobakia matamu ya maziwa, mabwaba na mitoni ni asilimia 3 tu. ==Tabaka za ardhi== [[Image:Jordens inre.jpg|thumbnail|right|240px|Tabaka za ardhi]] Ardhi ina tabaka saba ambazo zinahitalifiana kwa ukubwa, na kila moja ina tabia yake. {| {{mezamaridadi}} ! Tabaka ! Kuanzia kilomita |- | Tabaka ya kwanza || 0 - 40 |- | Tabaka ya pili || 40 - 400 |- | Tabaka ya tatu || 400 - 650 |- | Tabaka ya nne || 650 - 2700 |- | Tabaka ya tano || 2700 - 2890 |- | Tabaka ya sita || 2890 - 5150 |- | Tabaka ya saba || 5150 - 6370 |- |} Kila ukiingia ndani ardhi inazidi kuwa moto mpaka ukifika ndani kabisa daraja ya harara hufikia nyuzi 5000-6000°C. ==Hewa ya ardhi== Ardhi ni sayari pekee mpaka sasa ambayo binadamu na viumbe vyengine vya ardhini vinaweza kuishi na hii ni kwa sababu [[hewa]] yake ni ya namna ya pekee. Kuna katika hewa ya ardhi asilimia 78 ya [[naitrojini]], asilimia 21 ya [[oksijini]] na asilimia 1 ya aina nyenginezo za hewa, na kwa sababu hii uhai na maisha yanamakinika katika ardhi, kinyume na sayari nyenginezo. ==Kuumbwa kwa ardhi== Kabla ya kuumbwa kwa ardhi, mbingu zote na ardhi zilikuwa kitu kimoja kilichoambatana kisha Mwenyezi Mungu akavitatanua na kusababisha mlipuko mkubwa kabisa ambao ulitawanya na kupeperusha kila kitu katika anga, na haya yanakubaliana na nadharia ya sayansi leo inayosema kuwa ulimwengu ulianza na [[mlipuko mkubwa]]. ==Kuhusu ardhi== Sehemu kubwa kabisa ya ardhi inafunikwa na [[bahari]], kwani takriban asilimia 70 ya ardhi inafunikwa na maji ya bahari na kutokana na maji yote yaliyokuwepo ardhini, asilimia 97 ni maji ya bahari, na asilimia 3 ni maji matamu. {| {{mezamaridadi}} ! Bahari Kuu ! Eneo lake ! Kina chake |- | [[Pasifiki]] || maili 64,186,000 muraba || futi 15,215 |- | [[Atlantiki]] || maili 33,420,000 muraba || futi 12,881 |- | [[Bahari Hindi]] || maili 28,350,000 muraba || futi 13,002 |- | [[Bahari ya Antaktika]] || maili 7,848,300 muraba || futi 13,100 - 16,400 |- | [[Bahari ya Aktika]] || maili 5,106,000 muraba || futi 3,953 |} ==Juu ya ardhi== Hewa iliyoko juu ya ardhi vile vile ina tabaka saba, na kila tabaka ina kazi yake. Hewa kwa jumla ina masafa ya kiasi cha kilomita 560 au maili 348 kuendea juu, na baada ya hapo unaingia kwenye anga za juu. Hewa hii ndio inayotukinga sisi viumbe na madhara ya jua na vitu vyenginevyo ambavyo vinaingia anga la dunia na kuteremka ndani ya ardhi. [[Category:Sayari]] {{mfumo wa jua na sayari zake}} [[af:Aarde]] [[als:Erde]] [[ang:Eorðe]] [[ar:أرض]] [[ast:Tierra]] [[be:Зямля]] [[bg:Земя (планета)]] [[bn:পৃথিবী]] [[br:Douar (planedenn)]] [[bs:Zemlja (planeta)]] [[ca:Terra]] [[cs:Země]] [[csb:Zemia]] [[cy:Daear]] [[da:Jorden]] [[de:Erde]] [[el:Γη]] [[en:Earth]] [[eo:Tero]] [[es:Tierra]] [[et:Maa (planeet)]] [[eu:Lurra]] [[fa:زمین]] [[fi:Maa]] [[fr:Terre]] [[fy:Ierde]] [[gl:Terra (planeta)]] [[gu:પૃથ્વી]] [[he:כדור הארץ]] [[hi:पृथ्वी]] [[hr:Zemlja]] [[hu:Föld]] [[ia:Terra]] [[id:Bumi]] [[ilo:Daga (planeta)]] [[io:Tero]] [[is:Jörðin]] [[it:Terra]] [[ja:地球]] [[jbo:terdi]] [[ka:დედამიწა]] [[kg:Ntoto]] [[ko:지구]] [[ku:Erd]] [[kw:Dor]] [[la:Terra]] [[lb:Äerd]] [[li:Eerd]] [[ln:Mabelé]] [[lt:Žemė]] [[lv:Zeme]] [[mk:Земја]] [[ms:Bumi]] [[mt:Art]] [[nah:Cemānāhuac]] [[nds:Eer]] [[nds-nl:Eerde]] [[ne:पृथ्वी]] [[nl:Aarde (planeet)]] [[nn:Jorda]] [[no:Jorden]] [[nrm:Tèrre]] [[pam:Yatu]] [[pl:Ziemia]] [[pt:Terra]] [[rmy:Phuv]] [[ro:Pământ]] [[ru:Земля]] [[scn:Terra]] [[sco:The Yird]] [[sh:Zemlja]] [[simple:Earth]] [[sk:Zem]] [[sl:Zemlja]] [[sq:Toka]] [[sr:Земља (планета)]] [[su:Marcapada]] [[sv:Jorden]] [[ta:பூமி]] [[th:โลก]] [[tl:Daigdig]] [[tr:Yer (gezegen)]] [[ug:اغايلىماق (ئاسترونومىيە)]] [[uk:Земля (планета)]] [[vi:Trái Đất]] [[zh:地球]] [[zh-min-nan:Tē-kiû]] [[zh-yue:地球]] 1176 9576 2006-05-14T00:12:02Z Gangleri 42 /* [[Mwanzo]] */ __TOC__ == [[Mwanzo]] == Hallo, du hast die Mwanzo Seite der sw.Wikipedia gehackt. !!! --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 20:09, 29 Aprili 2006 (UTC) :Gehackt? wie bescheuert! Da ist nichts gehackt, wahrscheinlich versuchte er das zu reparieren, ich habe es revertet. schöne grüße --[[User:66.128.32.7|66.128.32.7]] 21:37, 29 Aprili 2006 (UTC) ::Hallo nochmal, das war falscher Alarm von mir, es ist offenkundig jemand anderem passiert. Tut mir leid, dass ich dich damit behelligt habe. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 15:44, 1 May 2006 (UTC) War leider nicht aufmerksam genug. Sorry [[image:Smiley.png|16px|;-)]] Gruß aus München [[User:Gangleri|Gangleri]] · [[User_talk:Gangleri|T]] · [[m:user:Gangleri|m:]] [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/user_talk:Gangleri?action=history Th] · [[m:user talk:Gangleri|T]] 00:12, 14 May 2006 (UTC) 1177 4002 2005-03-17T13:16:54Z Gangleri 42 __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ ===== [[commons:User:Gangleri]] ===== [[Image:Redirect arrow.png|left]] ::* [[:de:Benutzer:Gangleri]] ::* [[:en:User:Gangleri]] ::* [[:eo:Vikipediisto:Gangleri]] ::* [[:is:Notandi:Gangleri]] ::* [[:ro:Utilizator:Gangleri]] ::* '''[[meta:User:Gangleri]]''' [[de:Benutzer:Gangleri]] [[en:User:Gangleri]] [[eo:Vikipediisto:Gangleri]] [[is:Notandi:Gangleri]] [[ro:Utilizator:Gangleri]] 1178 9063 2006-04-30T06:03:48Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[ml:ഏഷ്യ]], [[si:ආසියාව]], [[tk:Aziýa]] [[Image:Asia satellite plane.jpg|thumbnail|right|320px|Asia]] '''Asia''' ni [[bara]] kubwa kabisa kuliko mabara yote mengine ya [[dunia]]. Bara hili lina [[eneo]] la kilomita 44,579,000 muraba (maili 17,212,000 muraba), yaani inakalia asilimia 30% ya ardhi yote. Wakaazi wa bara la Asia ni 3,701,000,000 kwa mujibu wa makisio 2003. Bara la Asia lina [[nchi]] 44 na visiwa mbali mbali vya madola tofauti tofauti. [[Mlima]] mrefu kabisa ulimwenguni ambao ni mlima wa [[Everesti, mlima wa|Everesti]] wenye urefu wa mita 8,850 (futi 29,035) ulioko Nepal pia uko kwenye bara hili. Kadhalika, nchi zenye wakaazi wengi zaidi ulimwenguni China na India pia ziko kwenye bara hili. [[Ziwa]] kubwa kabisa ulimwenguni, [[bahari ya Kazwini]] (Caspian Sea) lenye eneo la kilomita 394,299 muraba (maili 152,239 muraba) vile vile liko baina ya nchi hizi: [[Azerbaijan]], [[Urusi]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Uajemi]] kwenye bara hili. [[Category:Jiografia]] [[af:Asië]] [[an:Asia]] [[ar:آسيا]] [[ast:Asia]] [[az:Asiya]] [[bg:Азия]] [[bn:এশিয়া]] [[br:Azia]] [[bs:Azija]] [[ca:Àsia]] [[ceb:Asya]] [[chr:ᎠᏏᎠ]] [[cs:Asie]] [[csb:Azëjô]] [[cy:Asia]] [[da:Asien]] [[de:Asien]] [[el:Ασία]] [[en:Asia]] [[eo:Azio]] [[es:Asia]] [[et:Aasia]] [[eu:Asia]] [[fa:آسیا]] [[fi:Aasia]] [[fo:Asia]] [[fr:Asie]] [[frp:Asia]] [[fy:Aazje]] [[ga:An Áise]] [[gl:Asia]] [[gu:એશિયા]] [[he:אסיה]] [[hi:एशिया]] [[hr:Azija]] [[ht:Azi]] [[hu:Ázsia]] [[ia:Asia]] [[id:Asia]] [[io:Azia]] [[is:Asía]] [[it:Asia]] [[ja:アジア]] [[jbo:zdotu'a]] [[ka:აზია (ქვეყნის ნაწილი)]] [[kn:ಏಶ್ಯಾ]] [[ko:아시아]] [[ku:Asya]] [[kw:Asi]] [[la:Asia]] [[lb:Asien]] [[li:Azië]] [[lt:Azija]] [[lv:Āzija]] [[mg:Azia]] [[mk:Азија]] [[ml:ഏഷ്യ]] [[mo:Асия]] [[ms:Asia]] [[mt:Asja]] [[my:အာရ္ဟတိုက္‌]] [[nds:Asien]] [[nl:Azië]] [[nn:Asia]] [[no:Asia]] [[nrm:Âsie]] [[oc:Asia]] [[os:Ази]] [[pl:Azja]] [[pt:Ásia]] [[ro:Asia]] [[ru:Азия]] [[sa:एशिया]] [[se:Ásia]] [[sh:Azija]] [[si:ආසියාව]] [[simple:Asia]] [[sk:Ázia]] [[sl:Azija]] [[sr:Азија]] [[su:Asia]] [[sv:Asien]] [[ta:ஆசியா]] [[th:ทวีปเอเชีย]] [[tk:Aziýa]] [[tl:Asya]] [[tpi:Asia]] [[tr:Asya]] [[uk:Азія]] [[vi:Châu Á]] [[war:Asya]] [[yi:אזיע]] [[zh:亚洲]] [[zh-min-nan:A-chiu]] [[zh-yue:亞洲]] 1179 4004 2005-03-24T14:24:10Z 69.79.0.211 hola Dios te bendiga amen 1180 4005 2005-03-25T03:13:17Z Waerth 45 I am mainly active on Duth wikipedia, please go there for comments: [[:nl:Overleg gebruiker:Waerth]] 1181 4006 2005-03-25T03:13:38Z Waerth 45 I am waerth from Dutch wikipedia [[nl:Gebruiker:Waerth]] 1182 5803 2005-12-24T08:45:55Z Kipala 107 Nabii '''Isa''' ni [[mtume]] anayeaminiwa na [[Uislamu|Waislamu]] kama mmojawapo wa mitume mitukufu wa Mwenyezi [[Mungu]] walioletwa kwa ajili ya kuwaongoza wanadamu duniani, naye ni miongoni mwa mitume wakubwa ambao Mwenyezi Mungu amewasifu kwa subira yao na ustahimilivu wao mkubwa. Nao ni Manabii [[Nuhu]] na [[Ibrahim]] na [[Musa]] na Isa na [[Muhammad]] (amani na rehema za Mwenyezi Mungu ziwe juu yao). Yeye ni miongoni mwa Mitume waliopewa Kitabu kutoka kwa Mwenyezi Mungu kiitwacho Injili. Kati ya Wakristo anajulikana kwa jina la [[Yesu Kristo.]] Nabii Isa ni mmojawapo wa 124,000 wa mfululizo wa Mitume na Manabii wa Mwenyezi walioletwa ulimwenguni kuwaletea ujumbe wanadamu wa Mwenyezi Mungu kuhusu upweke na umoja wake, na kumuabudu Yeye peke yake akiwa ndiye Muumba na Mruzuku wao hapa duniani. Watume na Manabii hawa wameletwa katika zama mbali mbali na kwa watu, kaumu na umma mbali mbali, na mfululizo huu ulianza na Adam baba wa wanadamu wote hadi Mtume Muhammad akiwa ndiye wa mwisho katika Manabii na Mitume. ==Kuzaliwa kwake== :''Na mtaje Maryamu katika Kitabu, pale alipo jitenga na jamaa zake mahali upande wa mashariki. Na akaweka pazia kujikinga nao. Tukampelekea Roho wetu, akajifananisha kwake sawa na mtu.(Maryamu) akasema: Hakika mimi najikinga kwa Mwingi wa Rehema aniepushe nawe, ukiwa ni mcha Mungu. (Malaika) Akasema: Hakika mimi ni mwenye kutumwa na Mola wako ili nikubashirie tunu ya mwana aliyetakasika. Akasema: Nitampataje mwana hali mwanaadamu yeyote hajanigusa, wala mimi si kahaba? (Malaika) akasema: Ndio hivyo hivyo! Mola wako Mlezi amesema: Haya ni mepesi kwangu! Na ili tumfanye kuwa ni Ishara kwa watu, na Rehema itokayo kwetu, na hilo ni jambo lilio kwisha hukumiwa. Basi akachukua mimba yake, na akaondoka nayo mpaka mahali pa mbali. Kisha uchungu ukampeleka kwenye shina la mtende; akasema: Laiti ningeli kufa kabla ya haya, na nikawa niliye sahaulika kabisa! Pakatangazwa kutoka chini yake: Usihuzunike! Hakika Mola wako amejaalia chini yako kijito kidogo cha maji! Na litikise kwako hilo shina la mtende, utakuangushia tende nzuri zilizo mbivu. Basi kula, na kunywa, na litue jicho lako. Na pindi ukimwona mtu yeyote basi sema: Hakika mimi nimeweka nadhiri kwa Mwenyezi Mungu ya kufunga; kwa hivyo leo sitasema na mtu. Akenda naye (mwanawe) kwa jamaa zake amembeba. Wakasema: Ewe Maryamu! Hakika umeleta kitu cha ajabu! Ewe dada yake Harun! Baba yako hakuwa mtu muovu, wala mama yako hakuwa kahaba.'' :''Akawaashiria (mtoto). Wakasema: Vipi tumsemeze aliye bado mdogo yumo katika mlezi? (Mtoto) akasema: Hakika mimi ni mtumwa wa Mwenyezi Mungu. Amenipa Kitabu, na amenifanya Nabii. Na amenijaalia ni mwenye kubarikiwa popote pale niwapo. Na ameniusia Sala na Zaka maadamu ni hai, Na nimtendee wema mama yangu. Wala hakunifanya niwe jeuri, mwovu. Na amani iko juu yangu siku niliyo zaliwa, na siku nitakayo kufa, na siku nitakayo fufuliwa kuwa hai. Huyo ndiye Isa mwana wa Maryamu. Ndiyo kauli ya haki ambayo wanaifanyia shaka. Haiwi kwa Mwenyezi Mungu kuwa na mwana, Subhanahu, Yeye ametakasika! Anapo lihukumia jambo basi huliambia tu: Kuwa! Likawa.'' Nabii Isa alizaliwa na bibi Maryam kimiujiza, kwani alizaliwa bila ya baba kwa amri ya Mola wake ambaye alimtuma Jibrili kumtangazia kupata kwa mtoto mtukufu. Baada ya kuzaliwa, Nabii Isa, alisema utotoni mwake akiwa bado mchanga, ukiwa ni muujiza mwengine kwa watu ili kuwaonyesha kuwa yeye si mtoto wa kawaida, na kuwa mamake hana dhambi ya kuja kwake bila ya baba. Huu ni mfano mmoja katika mifano minne aliyotuonyesha Mwenyezi Mungu ya uumbaji, kwani Mwenyezi Mungu alimuumba Adam bila ya baba wala mama, na akamuumba Hawa bila ya mama, na akamuumba Isa bila ya baba, na akaumba wanadamu wote waliobakia kutokana na baba na mama. ==Ujumbe wake== Nabii Isa aliletwa kwa wanadamu kufikisha ujumbe kwao wa kuwafahamisha kuwa Mwenyezi Mungu ni Mmoja hana mwenzake, na kuwa Yeye pekee ndiye mwenye kustahiki kuabudiwa kwa haki, na ujumbe huu ndio ujumbe uliotumwa kwa Mitume na Manabii wote kwa wanadamu, naye alikuja kutilia mkazo na kusisitiza jambo hili na kupa nguvu tume za Mitume na Manabii waliopita. Ujumbe wake ulikuwa ni wa mwisho kabla ya ujumbe wa Mtume Muhammad ambao ndio ulikuwa wa mwisho kabisa kwa wanadamu wote. Alipokuja alitabiri kuwa atakuja baada yake Mtume ambaye atawafundisha wanadamu ukweli wote na kuwaongoza kwenye haki na kuwaeleza kila wanalolihitajia katika maisha yao. ==Itikadi ya Kikristo kuhusu Isa== Wakristo au Manasara wanahitalifiana katika itikadi yao kuhusu Nabii Isa, kwani kuna wanaomchukulia kuwa ni mtoto wa Mungu, na wengine wanaomuitakidi kuwa ni Mungu, na kuna kundi linalomchukulia kuwa ni Mtume au Nabii. Makundi haya yalitafautiana baada ya kuondoka Nabii Isa ulimwenguni na kuwawacha wafuasi wake waendeleze kazi yake ya kutangaza dini ya Mwenyezi Mungu. Wafuasi waliokuja baada yake, mbali na wale kumi na mbili waliokuwa pamoja naye, walikuja na fikra na mawazo mengine kuhusu Isa au Yesu kama anavyojulikana na Wakristo, na baada ya muda waligawanyika makundi mbali mbali, wakiwa wengine wanamuamini kuwa ni Mtume na Nabii kama alivyowafundisha na wengine wakawa wanamuamini kama ni mtoto wa Mungu au Mungu kwa sababu ya miujiza mengi aliyokuja nayo. ==Miujiza ya Nabii Isa== Nabii Isa au Yesu alipewa na Mwenyezi Mungu miujiza mbali mbali kumsaidia katika kazi yake ya kutangaza dini ya Mwenyezi Mungu, kwani ilikuwa ni kawaida kwa Mtume au Nabii kuonyesha miujiza kwa watu au kaumu yake ili awathibitishie kuwa yeye kweli ni mjumbe aliyeletwa na Mola wa ulimwengu huu. Mitume waliotangulia kabla ya Nabii Isa, kama Nuh na Ibrahim na Musa na wengineo wote walikuja na miujiza mbali mbali. Baadhi ya miujiza ya Nabii Isa ni kuumba ndege kutokana na udongo kwa idhini ya Mwenyezi Mungu, kuponyesha vipofu wakaweza kuona, na kuwaondoshea ukoma wale wenye ukoma kwa idhini ya Mwenyezi Mungu, na kuhuisha mtu aliyekufa kwa idhini ya Mwenyezi Mungu, na kuwateremshia wafuasi wake chakula kutoka mbinguni kwa idhini ya Mwenyezi Mungu ili iwe ni dalili kwao wote. ==Kitabu cha Nabii Isa== Mwenyezi Mungu ameleta Mitume na Manabii wengi ulimwenguni, lakini alichagua baadhi yao na kuwateremshia vitabu vya uwongozi na sharia na hekima kwa wafuasi wao. Katika vitabu vilivyoteremshwa kwa Manabii mbali mbali ni Taurati kwa Nabii Musa, Zaburi kwa Nabii Daudi, Injili kwa Nabii Isa, na Qurani kwa Nabii Muhammad. Kitabu cha Nabii Isa - Injili - kiliteremshiwa Mayahudi ambao ndio wafuasi hasa wa Nabii Isa, kama alivyoeleza katika Biblia kuwa sikuletwa isipokuwa kwa wana kondoo waliopotea wa nyumba ya Israili, na haya yamethibitishwa ndani ya Qurani wakati aliposema kuwa: :''Enyi Wana wa Israili! Hakika mimi ni Mtume wa Mwenyezi Mungu kwenu, ninayethibitisha yaliyokuwa kabla yangu katika Taurati, na mwenye kubashiria Mtume atakayekuja baada yangu jina lake ni Ahmad! Lakini alipowaletea hoja zilizo wazi, walisema: Huu ni uchawi ulio wazi!'' ==Kuletwa tena kwa Nabii Isa== Waislamu pamoja na Wakristo wanaamini kuwa Isa au Yesu atarudi tena ulimwenguni kukamilisha kazi yake aliyoiwacha baada ya kuondoka kwenda kwa Mola wake, na haya yanaelezwa katika vitabu vya dini vya Kiislamu na vya Kikristo, lakini wanahitalifiana kuhusu namna na njia aliyoondokea ulimwenguni. Waislamu wanasema kuwa Isa alichukuliwa na Mola wake na kupandishwa kwake mbinguni baada ya Mayahudi kutaka kumuua, na kwa hivyo hawakuweza kumuua wala kumsulubu. Baadhi ya Wakristo kwa upande mwengine, wanaamini kuwa aliwahi kusulubiwa na kuzikwa kisha akafufuka siku ya tatu yake. Muhimu hapa ni kujua kuwa Isa au Yesu atarudi tena duniani kukamilisha kazi yake aliyopewa na Mwenyezi Mungu. [[ar:&#1593;&#1610;&#1587;&#1609; &#1576;&#1606; &#1605;&#1585;&#1610;&#1605;]] [[de:Isa (Prophet)]] [[en:Isa]] [[tt:&#286;aysa]] 1183 11276 2006-06-25T08:08:27Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[fy:Wrâlddiel]] '''Bara''' (au '''kontinenti''') ni sehemu kubwa ya [[ardhi]] iliyochomoza juu ya [[bahari]], ambayo kikawaida hukaliwa na watu na kuwa juu yake milima na mimea na wanyama na kila aina ya viumbe. Sehemu hii ya ardhi ndio inayojulikana kama bara, na sehemu nyengine ya ardhi ni ile iliyoko chini ya bahari. [[Image:Continents vide couleurs.png|thumb|300px|Ramani ya dunia inayoonyesha mabara saba yanayohesabiwa kwa kawaida]] Kwa kawaida huhesabiwa katika dunia mabara saba, mengine yakiwa makubwa na mengine madogo. # [[Bara la Afrika]] # [[Bara la Asia]] # [[Bara la Amerika ya Kaskazini]] # [[Bara la Amerika ya Kusini]] # [[Bara la Antaktika]] # [[Bara la Australia]] # [[Bara la Ulaya]] Kuna mahesabu tofauti yanayojumuisha Amerika ya Kaskazini na Amerika Kusini kuwa bara moja, au Ulaya na Asia kuwa bara moja la Eurasia. ==Mabara ya [[Dunia]]== Kuna katika ulimwengu wetu huu, mabara saba (7): Asia, Afrika, Amerika ya Kaskazini na ya Kusini, Antaktika, Australia na Ulaya (Uropa). Eneo la mabara haya ni kama ifuatavyo, kuanzia na kubwa kabisa hadi dogo kabisa. # Bara la Asia lina eneo la 44,579,000 kilomita mraba. # Bara la Afrika lina eneo la 30,065,000 kilomita mraba. # Bara la Amerika lina eneo la 42,075,000 kilomita mraba. # Bara la Antaktika lina eneo la 13,209,000 kilomita mraba. # Bara la Australia lina eneo la 7,687,000 kilomita mraba. # Bara la Uropa au Ulaya lina eneo la 9,938,000 kilomita mraba. ==Eneo la dunia== Eneo la ardhi yote kwa jumla ni [510,066,000 kilomita mraba], ikiwa nchi kavu imechukuwa eneo la [148,647,000 kilomita mraba] na maji yamechukuwa eneo la [361,419,000 kilomita mraba]. Eneo la maji kulingana na eneo la nchi kavu ni asilimia 70.9, na nchi kavu [148,647,000 kilomita mraba] ni asilimia 29.1. Maji ya bahari yamechukuwa eneo la [335,258,000 kilomita mraba]ambalo ni asilimia 97, na maji yaliyobakia matamu ni asilimia 3 tu. ==Nchi za Mabara haya== # Bara la Asia lina nchi huru 44. # Bara la Afrika lina nchi huru 53. # Bara la Amerika ya kaskazini lina nchi huru 35. # Bara la Antaktika halina wakazi wa kudumu wala nchi huru hata moja ijapokuwa nchi kama 7 zinadai kumiliki sehemu fulani za bara hili. # Bara la Australia au Oshania lina nchi huru 14. # Bara la Ulaya (au Uropa) lina nchi huru 46. Kwa hivyo, kwa ujumla, kuna madola 192 katika mabara yote ya ulimwengu, mara huzidi kukitokea na mgawanyiko wa nchi au hupungua kukitokea umoja au muungano wa nchi. [[Category:Jiografia]] [[af:Lande]] [[an:Continén]] [[ar:قارة]] [[ast:Continente]] [[bg:Континент]] [[bn:মহাদেশ]] [[br:Kevandir]] [[bs:Kontinent]] [[ca:Continent]] [[cs:Kontinent]] [[cv:Континент]] [[cy:Cyfandir]] [[da:Verdensdel]] [[de:Kontinent]] [[el:Ήπειροι]] [[en:Continent]] [[eo:Kontinento]] [[es:Continente]] [[eu:Kontinente]] [[fa:قاره]] [[fi:Maanosa]] [[fr:Continent]] [[fy:Wrâlddiel]] [[ga:Mór-roinn]] [[gl:Continente]] [[he:יבשת]] [[hi:महाद्वीप]] [[hr:Kontinent]] [[hu:Kontinens]] [[ia:Continente]] [[id:Benua]] [[io:Kontinento]] [[is:Heimsálfa]] [[it:Continente]] [[ja:大陸]] [[ka:კონტინენტი]] [[kn:ಖಂಡ]] [[ko:대륙]] [[ks:Bhūgōla]] [[ku:Kîşwer]] [[kw:Brastir]] [[ky:Материк]] [[la:Continens]] [[lb:Kontinent]] [[lt:Žemynai]] [[lv:Kontinents]] [[mk:Континент]] [[mo:Континент]] [[ms:Benua]] [[nds:Eerddeel]] [[nl:Continent]] [[nn:Kontinent]] [[no:Kontinent]] [[nrm:Continnent]] [[pl:Kontynent]] [[pt:Continente]] [[rmy:Kontinento]] [[ro:Continent]] [[ru:Континент]] [[sh:Kontinent]] [[simple:Continent]] [[sk:Svetadiel]] [[sl:Celina]] [[sm:Konitineta]] [[sr:Континент]] [[su:Buana]] [[sv:Världsdel]] [[ta:கண்டம்]] [[th:ทวีป]] [[to:Konitineta]] [[tpi:Kontinen]] [[tr:Kıta]] [[ug:ئۆزىنى تۇتۇالغان]] [[uk:Материк]] [[wa:Continint]] [[yi:קאנטינענט]] [[zh:洲]] [[zh-min-nan:Tāi-lio̍k]] 1185 4010 2005-04-01T22:16:39Z Matt Crypto 20 kutoka [[en:Template:prettytable]] border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" 1186 4011 2005-04-10T10:30:22Z Marcos 3 #REDIRECT [[Asia]] 1187 4012 2005-04-10T10:30:54Z Marcos 3 #REDIRECT [[Afrika]] 1188 4013 2005-04-02T12:03:27Z Matt Crypto 20 Template:Mezamaridadi umehamishwa hapa Template:Jedwalimaridadi #REDIRECT [[Template:Jedwalimaridadi]] 1189 4014 2005-04-04T15:21:14Z Richie 47 Since March 2005 I'm an administrator on the Commons. If you want to contact me, feel free to leave a message on my [[:commons:User talk:Richie|Commons]], [[:en:User talk:Richie|English]] or [[:de:Benutzer Diskussion:Richie|German]] talk page. I'm studying [[:en:Computer science|Computer Science]] and [[:en:Geology|Geology]] at [[:en:Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge|Gonville and Caius College]], [[:en:University of Cambridge|University of Cambridge]]. My personal website is http://www.whizer.net/. [[User:Richie|Richie]] 15:21, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC) <div style="background-color:#eee; border:1px solid #ccc; text-align:center; padding:3px; margin:15px 0;"> '''My user pages:''' [[:commons:User:Richie|(c)]] | [[:ast:User:Richie|ast]] | [[:ca:Usuari:Richie|ca]] | [[:de:Benutzer:Richie|DE]] | [[:en:User:Richie|EN]] | [[:eo:Vikipediisto:Richie|eo]] | [[:es:Usuario:Richie|es]] | [[:et:Kasutaja:Richie|et]] | [[:fi:Käyttäjä:Richie|fi]] | [[:fr:Utilisateur:RichieFR|fr]] | [[:gl:User:Richie|gl]] | [[:hu:User:RichieHU|hu]] | [[:ia:Usator:Richie|ia]] | [[:it:Utente:Richie|it]] | [[:ja:利用者:Richie|ja]] | [[:nl:Gebruiker:Richie|nl]] | [[:no:Bruker:Richie|no]] | [[:pl:Wikipedysta:Richie|pl]] | [[:pt:Usuário:Richie|pt]] | [[:ro:Utilizator:Richie|ro]] | [[:ru:Участник:Richie|ru]] | [[:sv:Användare:Richie|sv]] | [[:zh-min-nan:User:Richie|zh]] </div> 1190 4015 2005-04-16T19:54:55Z RCBot 48 RCBot: Update user page '''[[:commons:User:RCBot|RCBot]]''' is an interlingually operating bot operated by [[:commons:User:Richie|Richie]] to help with issues related to the [[:commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. As of now, the bot is still in development and testing, so please report all encountered issues and other feedback to its [[:commons:User talk:RCBot|talk page]] on the Commons. Please note that the talk page of this account is '''not read''', use the one on the Commons). -- [[User:RCBot|RCBot]] 19:54, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC) <div style="background-color:#eee; border:1px solid #ccc; text-align:center; padding:3px; margin:15px 0;"> '''[[:commons:User:RCBot|RCBot]]'s user accounts at Wikipedia''' <div style="font-size:80%;"> [[:aa:User:RCBot|aa]] | [[:ab:User:RCBot|ab]] | [[:af:Gebruiker:RCBot|af]] | [[:ak:User:RCBot|ak]] | [[:als:Benutzer:RCBot|als]] | [[:am:User:RCBot|am]] | [[:an:User:RCBot|an]] | [[:ang:User:RCBot|ang]] | [[:ar:مستخدم:RCBot|ar]] | [[:arc:User:RCBot|arc]] | [[:as:User:RCBot|as]] | [[:ast:User:RCBot|ast]] | [[:av:User:RCBot|av]] | [[:ay:User:RCBot|ay]] | [[:az:User:RCBot|az]] | [[:ba:User:RCBot|ba]] | [[:be:Удзельнік:RCBot|be]] | [[:bg:Потребител:RCBot|bg]] | [[:bh:User:RCBot|bh]] | [[:bi:User:RCBot|bi]] | [[:bm:Utilisateur:RCBot|bm]] | [[:bn:ব্যবহারকারী:RCBot|bn]] | [[:bo:User:RCBot|bo]] | [[:br:User:RCBot|br]] | [[:bs:User:RCBot|bs]] | [[:ca:Usuari:RCBot|ca]] | [[:ce:User:RCBot|ce]] | [[:ch:User:RCBot|ch]] | [[:cho:User:RCBot|cho]] | [[:chr:User:RCBot|chr]] | [[:chy:User:RCBot|chy]] | [[:co:User:RCBot|co]] | [[:commons:User:RCBot|commons]] | [[:cr:User:RCBot|cr]] | [[:cs:Wikipedista:RCBot|cs]] | [[:csb:User:RCBot|csb]] | [[:cv:User:RCBot|cv]] | [[:cy:Defnyddiwr:RCBot|cy]] | [[:da:Bruger:RCBot|da]] | [[:de:Benutzer:RCBot|de]] | [[:dv:User:RCBot|dv]] | [[:dz:User:RCBot|dz]] | [[:ee:User:RCBot|ee]] | [[:el:User:RCBot|el]] | [[:en:User:RCBot|en]] | [[:eo:Vikipediisto:RCBot|eo]] | [[:es:Usuario:RCBot|es]] | [[:et:Kasutaja:RCBot|et]] | [[:eu:User:RCBot|eu]] | [[:fa:کاربر:RCBot|fa]] | [[:ff:User:RCBot|ff]] | [[:fi:Käyttäjä:RCBot|fi]] | [[:fj:User:RCBot|fj]] | [[:fo:Brúkari:RCBot|fo]] | [[:fr:Utilisateur:RCBot|fr]] | [[:fur:User:RCBot|fur]] | [[:fy:Meidogger:RCBot|fy]] | [[:ga:Úsáideoir:RCBot|ga]] | [[:gd:User:RCBot|gd]] | [[:gl:User:RCBot|gl]] | [[:gn:User:RCBot|gn]] | [[:got:User:RCBot|got]] | [[:gu:User:RCBot|gu]] | [[:gv:User:RCBot|gv]] | [[:ha:User:RCBot|ha]] | [[:haw:User:RCBot|haw]] | [[:he:משתמש:RCBot|he]] | [[:hi:सदस्य:RCBot|hi]] | [[:ho:User:RCBot|ho]] | [[:hr:User:RCBot|hr]] | [[:ht:User:RCBot|ht]] | [[:hu:User:RCBot|hu]] | [[:hy:User:RCBot|hy]] | [[:hz:User:RCBot|hz]] | [[:ia:Usator:RCBot|ia]] | [[:id:Pengguna:RCBot|id]] | [[:ie:User:RCBot|ie]] | [[:ig:User:RCBot|ig]] | [[:ii:User:RCBot|ii]] | [[:ik:User:RCBot|ik]] | [[:io:User:RCBot|io]] | [[:is:Notandi:RCBot|is]] | [[:it:Utente:RCBot|it]] | [[:iu:User:RCBot|iu]] | [[:ja:利用者:RCBot|ja]] | [[:jbo:User:RCBot|jbo]] | [[:jv:User:RCBot|jv]] | [[:ka:User:RCBot|ka]] | [[:kg:User:RCBot|kg]] | [[:ki:User:RCBot|ki]] | [[:kj:User:RCBot|kj]] | [[:kk:User:RCBot|kk]] | [[:kl:User:RCBot|kl]] | [[:km:User:RCBot|km]] | [[:kn:User:RCBot|kn]] | [[:ko:사용자:RCBot|ko]] | [[:kr:User:RCBot|kr]] | [[:ks:User:RCBot|ks]] | [[:ku:Bikarhêner:RCBot|ku]] | [[:kv:User:RCBot|kv]] | [[:kw:User:RCBot|kw]] | [[:ky:User:RCBot|ky]] | [[:la:Usor:RCBot|la]] | [[:lb:User:RCBot|lb]] | [[:lg:User:RCBot|lg]] | [[:li:Gebroeker:RCBot|li]] | [[:ln:User:RCBot|ln]] | [[:lo:User:RCBot|lo]] | [[:lt:User:RCBot|lt]] | [[:lv:User:RCBot|lv]] | [[:mg:User:RCBot|mg]] | [[:mh:User:RCBot|mh]] | [[:mi:User:RCBot|mi]] | [[:mk:User:RCBot|mk]] | [[:ml:User:RCBot|ml]] | [[:mn:User:RCBot|mn]] | [[:mo:User:RCBot|mo]] | [[:mr:User:RCBot|mr]] | [[:ms:Pengguna:RCBot|ms]] | [[:mt:User:RCBot|mt]] | [[:mus:User:RCBot|mus]] | [[:my:User:RCBot|my]] | [[:na:User:RCBot|na]] | [[:nah:User:RCBot|nah]] | [[:nds:Bruker:RCBot|nds]] | [[:ne:User:RCBot|ne]] | [[:ng:User:RCBot|ng]] | [[:nl:Gebruiker:RCBot|nl]] | [[:nn:Brukar:RCBot|nn]] | [[:no:Bruker:RCBot|no]] | [[:nv:Choinish'įįhí:RCBot|nv]] | [[:ny:User:RCBot|ny]] | [[:oc:Utilisator:RCBot|oc]] | [[:om:User:RCBot|om]] | [[:or:User:RCBot|or]] | [[:pa:ਮੈਂਬਰ:RCBot|pa]] | [[:pi:User:RCBot|pi]] | [[:pl:Wikipedysta:RCBot|pl]] | [[:ps:User:RCBot|ps]] | [[:pt:Usuário:RCBot|pt]] | [[:qu:User:RCBot|qu]] | [[:rm:User:RCBot|rm]] | [[:rn:User:RCBot|rn]] | [[:ro:Utilizator:RCBot|ro]] | [[:roa-rup:User:RCBot|roa-rup]] | [[:ru:Участник:RCBot|ru]] | [[:rw:User:RCBot|rw]] | [[:sa:User:RCBot|sa]] | [[:sc:Utente:RCBot|sc]] | [[:scn:User:RCBot|scn]] | [[:sd:User:RCBot|sd]] | [[:se:User:RCBot|se]] | [[:sg:User:RCBot|sg]] | [[:si:User:RCBot|si]] | [[:simple:User:RCBot|simple]] | [[:sk:Redaktor:RCBot|sk]] | [[:sl:Uporabnik:RCBot|sl]] | [[:sm:User:RCBot|sm]] | [[:sn:User:RCBot|sn]] | [[:so:User:RCBot|so]] | [[:sq:Përdoruesi:RCBot|sq]] | [[:sr:Корисник:RCBot|sr]] | [[:ss:User:RCBot|ss]] | [[:st:User:RCBot|st]] | [[:su:User:RCBot|su]] | [[:sv:Användare:RCBot|sv]] | [[:User:RCBot|sw]] | [[:ta:பயனர்:RCBot|ta]] | [[:te:User:RCBot|te]] | [[:tg:User:RCBot|tg]] | [[:th:ผู้ใช้:RCBot|th]] | [[:ti:User:RCBot|ti]] | [[:tk:User:RCBot|tk]] | [[:tl:User:RCBot|tl]] | [[:tlh:lo'wI:RCBot|tlh]] | [[:tn:User:RCBot|tn]] | [[:to:User:RCBot|to]] | [[:tpi:User:RCBot|tpi]] | [[:tr:User:RCBot|tr]] | [[:ts:User:RCBot|ts]] | [[:tt:Äğzä:RCBot|tt]] | [[:tum:User:RCBot|tum]] | [[:tw:User:RCBot|tw]] | [[:ty:User:RCBot|ty]] | [[:ug:User:RCBot|ug]] | [[:uk:Користувач:RCBot|uk]] | [[:ur:User:RCBot|ur]] | [[:uz:User:RCBot|uz]] | [[:ve:User:RCBot|ve]] | [[:vi:User:RCBot|vi]] | [[:vo:User:RCBot|vo]] | [[:wa:Uzeu:RCBot|wa]] | [[:wo:User:RCBot|wo]] | [[:xh:User:RCBot|xh]] | [[:yi:User:RCBot|yi]] | [[:yo:User:RCBot|yo]] | [[:za:User:RCBot|za]] | [[:zh:User:RCBot|zh]] | [[:zh-min-nan:User:RCBot|zh-min-nan]] | [[:zu:User:RCBot|zu]] </div> </div> 1191 10741 2006-06-11T06:48:21Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[ast:Tanzania]] {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; empty-cells:show; width:330px; margin-left:0.5em;" |+<font size="+1">'''United Republic of Tanzania'''</font> (Kiing.)<br /> <font size="+1">'''Jamhuri ya Muungano wa <br />Tanzania'''</font> (Kiswahili)<br /> | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan="2" | {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" | align="center" width="50%" | [[Image:Flag of Tanzania.svg|150px|Bendera ya Tanzania]] | align="center" width="50%" | [[Image:Tanzania coa.gif|150px|Nembo ya Tanzania]] |---- | align="center" width="50%" | [[Bendera ya Tanzania]] | align="center" width="50%" | Nembo ya Tanzania |} |---- | align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom:2px solid gray;" | [[Wito]]: ''Uhuru na Umoja'' |---- | [[Lugha rasmi]] || [[Kiswahili]], [[Kiingereza]] |---- | [[Mji Mkuu]] || [[Dodoma]] |---- | [[Makao ya Serikali]] || [[Daressalam]] |---- | [[Serikali]] || [[Jamhuri]] |---- | [[Rais]] || [[Jakaya Kikwete]] |---- | [[Waziri Mkuu]] || [[Edward Ngoyai Lowasa]] |---- | [[Eneo]] || 945.087 [[km²]] |---- | [[Wakazi]] || 36.766.356 (Julai 2005) |---- | [[Wakazi kwa km²]] || 39 |---- | [[Uhuru]] || kutoka [[Uingereza]] tar. 9.12.1961 |---- | [[Pesa]] || [[Shilingi ya Tanzania]] |---- | [[Wakati]] || [[UTC]]+3 |---- | [[Dini za wakazi]] || [[Ukristo]] (45%), [[Uislamu]] (35%), [[Dini za jadi]] (20%) |---- | [[Wimbo wa Taifa]] ||''[[Mungu ibariki Afrika]]'' |---- | colspan="2" align="right" | [[Image:Tanzania in Africa.png|thumb|right|280px|Tanzania katika Afrika]] |---- | colspan="2" align="right" | [[Image:Tanzania Mikoa.PNG|thumb|right|280px|Ramani ya mikoa ya Tanzania]] |} '' '''Tanzania''' ni [[nchi]] katika [[Afrika]] ya Mashariki. Imepakana na [[Uganda]] na [[Kenya]] upande wa Kaskazini, [[Bahari Hindi]] mashariki, [[Msumbiji]], [[Malawi]] na [[Zambia]] upande wa kusini, [[Kongo, Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia|Kongo]], [[Burundi]], [[Rwanda]] na [[Uganda]] upande wa magharibi. [[Lugha]] ya kitaifa ya Tanzania ni [[Kiswahili]] pamoja na [[Kiingereza]], kinachotumika katika baadhi ya shughuli za [[Serikali|kiserikali]] na [[biashara]]. Lakini lugha rasmi ya shughuli za [[Bunge|bungeni]] pia ya elimu ya msingi ni [[Kiswahili]]. Neno "Tanzania" limeundwa kutokana na majina ya [[Tanganyika|TANganyika]] na [[Zanzibar|ZANzibar]] pamoja na athira ya jina la kale la "[[Azania]]". Nchi hizi mbili zilikuwa zote chini ya utawala wa Uingereza hadi kupata uhuru lakini hazikuwa koloni za kawaida. Zanzibar ilikuwa na hali ya [[nchi lindwa]] kutokana na mikataba kati ya masultani wa Zanzibar na Ufalme wa Uingereza. Tanganyika iliwahi kuwa sehemu ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani]] hadi [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia]] halafu ikawa chini ya Uingereza na hali ya [[eneo la kudhaminiwa]] kutokana na azimio la [[Shirikisho la Mataifa]] iliyoweka Tanganyika katika ngazi "B" ya maeneo ya kudhaminiwa. Hadi 1964 Tanganyika na Zanzibar zilikuwa nchi mbili tofauti zikaungana na kuwa Jamhuri ya Muungano ya Tanzania. Kiongozi wa Tanganyika [[Mwalimu Julius Nyerere]] alikuwa [[Rais]] wa kwanza na kiongozi wa mapinduzi ya Zanzibar [[Abedi Amani Karume]] akawa [[Makamu wa Kwanza]]. Tanzania, chini ya Rais wa awamu ya pili [[Ali Hassan Mwinyi]] iliruhusu mfumo wa [[vyama vingi vya siasa Tanzania]] na kuanza mpango wa kurekebisha uchumi kuendana na masharti ya [[Benki ya Dunia]] na [[Shirika la Fedha Duniani]]. Rais wa awamu ya tatu, [[Benjamin Mkapa]],ameendeleza mfumo wa uchumi wa soko huria ambapo mashirika ya umma yanabinafisishwa. Tar. 21.12.2005 [[Kikwete, Jakaya|Jakya Kikwete]] ameapishwa kuwa Rais wa nne wa taifa. Tanzania ni moja ya nchi maskini duniani na ambazo zimefanikiwa kufutiwa madeni yake katika mpango wa kusamehe madeni wa [[Kundi la Nchi Nane]]. Tanzania ni nchi mwanachama wa [[Jumuiya ya Afrika ya Mashariki]]. Mji mkuu: [[Dodoma]], Makao makuu ya serikali: [[Dar es Salaam]], miji mikubwa mingine: [[Mbeya]], [[Arusha]] ==Maungano kati ya Tanganyika na Zanzibar:== Tangu maungano wa Tanganyika na Zanzibar mwaka 1964 Tanzania imefuata muundo ifuatayo: * Nchi inatawaliwa na serikali ya manungano ikitekeleza sheria zinazotolewa na bunge la Tanzania. * Tanganyika au Tanzania barani haina serikali au bunge la pekee * Zanzibar ([[Unguja]] na [[Pemba]]) ina serikali na bunge lake zinazoratibu mambo yasiyo ya maungano. Mambo yafuatayo yalikubalika kuwa shughuli za manungano: * Mambo ya nje * Jeshi * Polisi * Mamlaka ya dharura * Uraia * Uhamiaji * Biashara ya nje * Utumishi wa umma * Kodi ya mapato, orodha * Mabandari, Usafiri wa anga, Posta na Simu ==Demografia== Watu wa Tanzania hawaenei sawasawa. Katika maeneo makavu sana, kunaishi mtu mmoja tu kwenye kilomita moja ya mraba (1/km²) lakini sehemu zenye rotuba za bara, kuna watu 51 kwa kila kilomita ya mraba. Hatimaye huku [[Unguja]] kuna watu 134 kwa kilomita ya mraba. Zaidi ya asilimia themanini huishi vijijini. [[Dar es Salaam]] ni mji mkubwa kabisa wenye watu karibu milioni tatu. Kuna makabila zaidi ya 120. Makabila yenye watu zaidi ya milioni moja ni [[Wasukuma]], [[Wahaya]], [[Wanyakyusa]], [[Wanyamwezi]], [[Wachaga]] na [[Wagogo]]. Makabila mengine kwa mfano yanaitwa [[Wapare]], [[Wasambaa]], [[Warangi]] na [[Wangoni]]. Idadi kubwa sana ya Watanzania ni [[Wabantu]]. Nje ya hao, kuna [[Waniloti]], baadhi yao kwa mfano [[Wamasai]] na [[Wajaluo]] ambao wengi wao zaidi wanaishi [[Kenya]]. Kundi lingine ni [[Wakushi]] wanaoishi milimani ya kaskazini ya Tanzania; hao ni makabila ya [[Wambulu]], [[Wafiome]], [[Waburunge]] na [[Wasi]]. Hatimaye, kuna vikundi viwili vya [[Wakhoisan]] wanaofanana na makabila ya Botswana na Namibia; majina yao ni [[Wasandawe]] na [[Wahadzabe]]. Ingawa kila kabila lina lugha yake, lugha ya taifa ya Tanzania ni [[Kiswahili]] ambacho ni lugha mojawapo ya [[lugha za Kibantu]]. ==Utamaduni== ===[[Urithi wa Dunia]]=== Mahali pafuatapo katika Tanzania pamepokelewa katika orodha ya [[UNESCO]] ya "urithi wa dunia". (mwaka wa kukubaliwa - jina la mahali) * 1979 – Hifadhi la Taifa [[Ngorongoro]] * 1981 – Hifadhi la Taifa la Serengeti * 1981 – Maghofu ya [[Kilwa Kisiwani]] na Songo Mnara * 1982 – Hifadhi la Taifa [[Selous]] * 1987 – Hifadhi la Taifa [[Kilimanjaro]] * 2000 – Mji Mkongwe wa [[Jiji la Zanzibar]] / [[Unguja]] [[Category:Tanzania|*]] [[Category:Nchi]] {{Mikoa ya Tanzania}} {{Afrika}} [[af:Tanzanië]] [[am:ታንዛኒያ]] [[an:Tanzania]] [[ar:تنزانيا]] [[ast:Tanzania]] [[bg:Танзания]] [[bs:Tanzanija]] [[ca:Tanzània]] [[cs:Tanzanie]] [[cy:Tanzania]] [[da:Tanzania]] [[de:Tansania]] [[el:Τανζανία]] [[en:Tanzania]] [[eo:Tanzanio]] [[es:Tanzania]] [[et:Tansaania]] [[eu:Tanzania]] [[fa:تانزانیا]] [[fi:Tansania]] [[fr:Tanzanie]] [[gl:Tanzania]] [[he:טנזניה]] [[hi:तंज़ानिया]] [[hr:Tanzanija]] [[ht:Tanzani]] [[hu:Tanzánia]] [[id:Tanzania]] [[io:Tanzania]] [[is:Tansanía]] [[it:Tanzania]] [[ja:タンザニア]] [[ko:탄자니아]] [[ks:टंजानिया]] [[kw:Tansania]] [[la:Tanzania]] [[lt:Tanzanija]] [[lv:Tanzānija]] [[mk:Танзанија]] [[ms:Tanzania]] [[nds:Tansania]] [[nl:Tanzania]] [[nn:Tanzania]] [[no:Tanzania]] [[oc:Tanzania]] [[pl:Tanzania]] [[pt:Tanzânia]] [[rm:Tansania]] [[ro:Tanzania]] [[ru:Танзания]] [[sa:टंजानिया]] [[sh:Tanzanija]] [[simple:Tanzania]] [[sk:Tanzánia]] [[sl:Tanzanija]] [[sq:Tanzania]] [[sr:Танзанија]] [[sv:Tanzania]] [[tl:Tanzania]] [[ug:تانزانىيە]] [[uk:Танзанія]] [[vi:Tanzania]] [[zh:坦桑尼亚]] [[zh-min-nan:Tanzania]] 1192 9721 2006-05-16T19:39:26Z Kipala 107 Why is the homepage promoting OpenOffice? Just curious. ---- The '''user''' and '''user talk''' namespaces should be translated. [[User:66.177.138.113|66.177.138.113]] 21:37, 21 Oktoba 2005 (UTC) --- ==Makala 200?== Jamani ukurasa ulionyesha makala 199 nikaona niongeze moja tupate 200! Nikatunga "Kaisari" lakini bado 199! Namna gani? --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 00:34, 28 Januari 2006 (UTC) : Sasa jumla ni 206 ([[Special:Statistics]]) au 204 ([[Mwanzo]])! [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 14:56, 28 Januari 2006 (UTC) ::Basi tupeane hongera kidogo - bado njia ndefu lakini angalau!! Tuongee tena baada ya kumaliza 250. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 15:31, 28 Januari 2006 (UTC) ==Kundi: Sayansi + Teknolojia / Makala za Kimsingi== Sioni '''Falaki'''. Ninahisi ya kwamba badala yake "unajimu" imeingizwa kwa kuchanganya yote mawili. Falaki ni sayansi ya nyota na anga. Unajimu ni elimu isiyo ya kisanysi ya kutabiri wakati ujao (au: kudai ya kwamba mnajimu ana uwezo wa kutabiri hivyo). Kamusi kadhaa hazieleweki sana katika swali hili au zinachanganya zote mbili vilevile. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 18:38, 28 Januari 2006 (UTC) :Basi, sasa nimebadilisha "unajimu" uwe "falaki" katika ukarasa wa mwanzo. Bado watu wanaweza kuandika kuhusu unajimu, lakini wataje kwamba si sayansi. [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] 12:28, 30 Januari 2006 (UTC) ==Kiswahili cha Microsoft== Wapendwa kampuni ya Bwana Billy yaani "Kalaini-kadogo" wamejitahidi kutoa MS-Windows pia Word kwa Kiswahili. Mimi mwenyewe sijawahi kuiona lakini nimekuta ukurasa ufuatao: Microsoft Community Glossary for Kiswahili (unajiandikisha kwa jina lolote, anwani barua pepe, neno la siri utakavyo) http://members.microsoft.com/wincg/home.aspx?langid=1089 Wametunga orodha ya maneno yanayohusu mambo ya kompyuta n.k. waliohitaji kutafsiri menyu. Orodha hii ina maneno mengi kushinda kila orodha niliyowahi kuona (kwa mfano http://www.kilinux.udsm.ac.tz/kiblog/sw_TZ_glossary_klnX_1.html), tena maneno tofauti. Kwa mfano: si tena "kompyuta" au "tarakilishi" lakini: "ngamizi". Kwa mawazo yangu maneno mengi mapya ya Kiswahili yamewahi kutungwa ambayo hayakujali kweli. Yasipotumika basi! Husahauliwa, maneno mapya tena. Lakini kama "Windo" hii inatumika heri tuzoee! Naomba wenzangu watazame ukurasa tupeane mawazo! --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 20:38, 15 May 2006 (UTC) :Kwa kweli ni mbaya kwamba wanatumia maneno mapya kama "ngamizi". Ninatumaini kwamba watabadilisha neno hilo tena. Lakini sikupata maneno mapya mengine. Maneno mengine ni ya kawaida tu. Je, wewe umepata maneno mapya mengine katika orodha hiyo? [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] 10:37, 16 May 2006 (UTC) ::Ninajua '''orodha mbili''' ya maneno ya kompyuta: :: * http://www.kilinux.udsm.ac.tz/kiblog/sw_TZ_glossary_klnX_1.html ni ya The Open Swahili Localization Project ('''Linux na Open Office''') ina maneno kama 700, walikuwa kazini ya kumaliza orodha ya maneno 1500 (sijui wamefika wapi) :: * http://members.microsoft.com/wincg/home.aspx?langid=1089 ni ile ya '''Microsoft''', ina maneno karibu 3000. Ninaelewa kazi imemalizika mwaka 2004, kwa hiyo kompyuta ya microsoft itabaki ngamizi (yangu inaitwa ki-Linux "kompyuta" hata nikiwa na Windows!). :: * sijafanya utafiti kubwa sana lakini naona tofauti. Hapa ni wazo langu tusijali sana yale tunayopendelea lakini tufuate matumizi ya hali halisi. Lakini kwa kikundi kidogo jinsi tulivyo si rahisi hasa kwa sababu wengi wetu wako nje ya Afrika. Je, shule zimeanza kutumia Open Office kwa Kiswahili?? Au ofisi zimeanza kutumia Windows kwa Kiswahili?? :: * Mimi naona vema kama wote wetu wanaoandika makala kuhusu habari za kompyuta zinajipatia orodha zote mbili. Halafu tuandike lakini tutumie #REDIRECT ili tuningize maneno ya orodha zote mbili pamoja na yale tunayozoea au kuona katika chat, blogu n.k. kama kawaida. :: * Maarifa kidogo: nimehifadhi (sw-Linux) au nimeakibisha (sw-microsoft) orodha hizi mara mbili katika Excel: nilivyopakua (sw-linux+ms!) zilikuwa katika utaratibu wa ABC ya Kiingereza; halafu nakala ya pili nilipanga katika utaratibu wa ABC-ya Kiswahili. Imenisaidia kutafuta maneno haraka... ::* Kwa jumla tusishangae kama kila "kawaida" itabadilika haraka -hivyo ndivyo Kiswahili cha kisasa. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 19:39, 16 May 2006 (UTC) 1193 4018 2005-05-06T00:39:34Z OlegPopov 53 Hello! My name '''Oleg Ivanovich Popov'''. I live in Russia. My adress: Ryazan, RO 123056, Ul. Raketnaya D.85 Kv.13. '''Education:''' Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University), 1992 to 1997 International Law School including three foreign languages: English, German, and Afrikaans. High Level Diploma - "Several Aspects of International Copyright". Work Experience: Lawyer, International Law Firm Baker & McKenzie, October 1998 to Present. '''Skills & Interests:''' Fluent in English, proficient in German, some knowledge of French and Afrikaans. Computer literate, large working experience on both PC (Windows and DOS) and Macintosh, have one of each at home. Some programming experience. I have 24/7 access to the Internet and my favourite hobby to read and study wiki sites :) '''PS:''' I have the catalogue wiki sites - http://wiki4all.com/ and I shall be very grateful to the manager of this wiki site, if it will add wiki in my catalogue with the small description... :) In advance thanks! 1194 4019 2005-05-09T12:30:14Z Marcos 3 Arkiolojia umehamishwa hapa Akiolojia #REDIRECT [[Akiolojia]] 1195 8886 2006-04-27T06:59:14Z Matt Crypto 20 {| style="font-size:90%; width: 65%; padding: 3px; margin: 0 auto;" class=toccolours |- | [[Image:WikiLettreMini.png]] |Makala hiyo kuhusu '''"{{PAGENAME}}"''' bado ni '''mbegu'''. Unaweza kusaidia kuikuza kwa kubofya kitufe kilichoandikwa '''"hariri"'''. <br> ''Ikiwepo makala kuhusu {{PAGENAME}} kwa lugha nyingine, unaweza kuitafsiri kwa Kiswahili.'' |}<includeonly>[[Category:Mbegu]]</includeonly> 1196 4021 2005-05-24T16:57:41Z Klemen Kocjancic 58 <table style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 250px; border: #99B3FF solid 1px"> <tr><td><center>'''[[Wikipedia:Babel]]'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td>{{User sl}}{{User en-3}}{{User de-2}}</td></tr> </table> I'm Klemen Kocjancic, [[:en:student|student]] of [[:en:history|history]] and [[:en:defence studies|defence studies]] from [[:en:Slovenia|Slovenia]]. My main work here will be based on adding slovenian interwikis to articles. If you have any questions, comments,..., please use [[:en:English language|English]] or [[:en:German language|German]]. {| style="background-color: #f0f0ff; border: 1px solid #8888aa; padding: 5px;" align=center |- | center |''If you want a quick response to your message, please leave it '''[http://sl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uporabni%C5%A1ki_pogovor:Klemen_Kocjancic/Foreign_Talk&action=edit&section=new here].''' '' |} [[bg:&#1055;&#1086;&#1090;&#1088;&#1077;&#1073;&#1080;&#1090;&#1077;&#1083;:Klemen Kocjancic]] [[bs:User:Klemen Kocjancic]] [[ca:Usuari:Klemen Kocjancic]] [[cs:Wikipedista:Klemen Kocjancic]] [[cy:Defnyddiwr:Klemen Kocjancic]] [[da:Bruger:Klemen Kocjancic]] [[de:Benutzer:Klemen Kocjancic]] [[el:User:Klemen Kocjancic]] [[en:User:Klemen Kocjancic]] [[eo:Vikipediisto:Klemen Kocjancic]] [[es:Usuario:Klemen Kocjancic]][[et:Kasutaja:Klemen Kocjancic]] [[fi:Käyttäjä:Klemen Kocjancic]] [[fr:Utilisateur:Klemen Kocjancic]] [[gl:User:Klemen Kocjancic]] [[he:%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%A9:Klemen_Kocjancic]] [[hr:User:Klemen Kocjancic]] [[hu:User:Klemen Kocjancic]] [[ia:Usator:Klemen Kocjancic]] [[id:Pengguna:Klemen Kocjancic]] [[it:Utente:Klemen Kocjancic]] [[ku:Bikarh%C3%AAner:Klemen_Kocjancic]] [[la:Usor:Klemen Kocjancic]] [[lb:User:Klemen Kocjancic]] [[lt:User:Klemen Kocjancic]] [[lv:User:Klemen_Kocjancic]] [[mi:User:Klemen Kocjancic]] [[ms:Pengguna:Klemen Kocjancic]] [[nl:Gebruiker:Klemen Kocjancic]] [[nn:Brukar:Klemen Kocjancic]] [[no:Bruker:Klemen Kocjancic]] [[pl:Wikipedysta:Klemen Kocjancic]] [[pt:Usu%C3%A1rio:Klemen_Kocjancic]] [[ro:Utilizator:Klemen Kocjancic]] [[ru:&#1059;&#1095;&#1072;&#1089;&#1090;&#1085;&#1080;&#1082;:Klemen Kocjancic]] [[simple:User:Klemen Kocjancic]] [[sk:Redaktor:Klemen Kocjancic]] [[sr:&#1050;&#1086;&#1088;&#1080;&#1089;&#1085;&#1080;&#1082;:Klemen Kocjancic]] [[su:User:Klemen Kocjancic]] [[tr:User:Klemen Kocjancic]] [[tt:%C3%84%C4%9Fz%C3%A4:Klemen_Kocjancic]] [[uk:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87:Klemen_Kocjancic]] [[vi:User:Klemen Kocjancic]] 1197 9346 2006-05-08T06:58:55Z Hégésippe Cormier 41 [[w:Discussion Utilisateur:Hégésippe Cormier]] is not an existing link on EN wikipedia... please leave this link as it is '''[[:w:fr:Discussion Utilisateur:Hégésippe Cormier]]''' 1198 9347 2006-05-08T07:02:14Z Hégésippe Cormier 41 updated <div style="float:right; padding: 2px; border: #99B3FF solid 1px; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: white"> {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" style="border: 1px solid #ccc; border-right: 2px solid #ccc; border-bottom: 2px solid #ccc; background-color: #fff8dc" |- | style="padding: 8px 0 5px 0" align="center" | '''[[Wikipedia:Babel]]''' |- | {| cellspacing="0" style="width:256px; background-color: #FFE0E8; border: 1px solid #ccc; border-right: 2px solid #ccc; border-bottom: 2px solid #ccc; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px" | style="width: 56px; height: 45px; background-color: #FFB3B3; text-align: center; font-size: 14pt" | '''[[Kiswahili|sw-0]]''' | style="font-size: 8pt; padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em" | Mtumiaji huyu [[:Category:User sw-0|'''hasemi''']] [[:Category:User sw-0|'''Kiswahili''']]. |} [[Category:User sw-0|Hegesippe]] |- | {| cellspacing="0" style="width:256px; background-color: #C5FCDC; border: 1px solid #ccc; border-right: 2px solid #ccc; border-bottom: 2px solid #ccc; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px" | style="width: 56px; height: 45px; background-color: #6EF7A7; text-align: center; font-size: 14pt" | '''fr-N''' | style="font-size: 8pt; padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em" | <span lang="fr">Cet utilisateur a pour '''[[:Category:User fr-N|langue maternelle]]''' le '''[[:Category:User fr|français]]'''.</span> |} [[Category:User fr|Hegesippe]][[Category:User fr-N|Hegesippe]] |- | {| cellspacing="0" style="width:256px; background-color: #D0F8FF; border: 1px solid #ccc; border-right: 2px solid #ccc; border-bottom: 2px solid #ccc; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px" | style="width: 56px; height: 45px; background-color: #77E0E8; text-align: center; font-size: 14pt" | '''en-2''' | style="font-size: 8pt; padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em" | <span lang="en">This user is able to contribute with an '''[[:Category:User en-2|intermediate]]''' level of '''[[:Category:User en|English]]'''.</span> |} [[Category:User en|Hegesippe]][[Category:User en-2|Hegesippe]] |- | {| cellspacing="0" style="width:256px; background-color: #F0F8FF; border: 1px solid #ccc; border-right: 2px solid #ccc; border-bottom: 2px solid #ccc; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px" | style="width: 56px; height: 45px; background-color: #C0C8FF; text-align: center; font-size: 14pt" | '''de-1''' | style="font-size: 8pt; padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em" | <span lang="de">Dieser Benutzer hat '''[[:Category:User de-1|grundlegende]] [[:Category:User de|Deutschkenntnisse]]'''.</span> |} [[Category:User de|Hegesippe]][[Category:User de-1|Hegesippe]] |- | align="center" style="padding: 5px" | [[:Category:User languages]] |- | align="center" | {| cellspacing="0" style="width: 200px; border: 1px solid #ccc; border-right: 2px solid #ccc; border-bottom: 2px solid #ccc; padding: 1px; background-color: white" | [[Image:Brueghel-tower-of-babel.jpg|195px|Pieter Bruegel de Oude (1525-1569), ''De Toren van Babel'' (1563)]] |} |- | style="font-size: 8pt" align="center" | <span lang="nl">Pieter Bruegel de Oude (1525-1569) :<br />De Toren van Babel (1563)</span> |} </div> <div style="float:left; padding: 2px; border: #99B3FF solid 1px; margin-bottom: 0.5em"> {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border: 1px solid #ccc; border-right: 2px solid #ccc; border-bottom: 2px solid #ccc; background-color: #fff8dc" | rowspan="3" valign="top" style="padding: 8px 8px 0 8px" | [[Image:Armoiries France Ancien.png|30px|Coat of arms of France (old)]] | colspan="2" style="padding: 8px 8px 0 8px" | '''[[:w:fr:Utilisateur:Hégésippe Cormier]]''' | rowspan="3" valign="bottom" style="padding: 8px 8px 8px 8px" | [[Image:BLASONAUVERGNE.PNG|30px|Coat of arms of Auvergne]] |- | colspan="2" style="padding: 8px 8px 0 8px" | IPA: <span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; padding: 3px; border: 1px solid #ccc; border-right: 2px solid #ccc; border-bottom: 2px solid #ccc">/e.ʒe.zip kɔr.mje/</span> aka <span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; padding: 3px; border: 1px solid #ccc; border-right: 2px solid #ccc; border-bottom: 2px solid #ccc">/e.ʒe.zip/</span> |- | style="padding: 8px 0 8px 8px" | [[Image:Nuvola apps browser.png|18px|Icône de la Terre]] | style="padding: 8px 8px 8px 6px" | > [[:fr:France|France]] > [[:fr:Auvergne|Auvergne]] > [[:fr:Puy-de-Dôme|Puy-de-Dôme]] |} </div> 1199 4024 2005-05-25T18:20:09Z Hégésippe Cormier 41 import css @import url(http://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utilisateur:H%C3%A9g%C3%A9sippe_Cormier/monobook.css&action=raw&ctype=text/css); 1200 4025 2005-05-25T18:24:08Z Hégésippe Cormier 41 import js document.write('<SCRIPT SRC="http://fr.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Utilisateur:H%C3%A9g%C3%A9sippe_Cormier/monobook.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript"><\/SCRIPT>'); 1201 11543 2006-06-30T11:17:20Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[zh-yue:印度]] {{Infobox Country |native_name = भारत गणराज्य<br />''Bhārata Gaṇarājya''<!-- IF YOU CANNOT SEE THE 'N' UPGRADE YOUR BROWSER --> |conventional_long_name = Jamhuri ya Uhindi |common_name = Uhindi |image_flag = Flag of India.svg |image_coat = Emblem of India.svg |symbol_type = Emblem |national_motto = "[[Satyameva Jayate]]" ([[Kisanskrit]])<br />[[Kidevanāgarī]]: सत्यमेव जयते<br />("Ukweli pekee hushinda") |image_map = IndiaLocation.png |national_anthem = "[[Jana Gana Mana]]<br official_languages = [[Kihindi]], [[Kiingereza]] na lugha nyingine 21 |capital = [[New Delhi]] |latd = 28|latm=34|latNS=N|longd=77|longm=12|longEW=E |government_type = [[Jamhuri ya Maungano]] |leader_title1 = [[Rais wa Uhindi|Rais]] |leader_title2 = [[Waziri Mkuu wa Uhindi|Waziri Mkuu]] |leader_name1 = [[APJ Abdul Kalam]] |leader_name2 = [[Manmohan Singh]] | largest_city = [[Mumbai]] (Bombay) |area = 3,287,590 |areami²= 1,269,346<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |area_rank = ya 7 |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |percent_water = 9.56 |population_estimate = 1,103,371,000 |population_estimate_year = 2005 |population_estimate_rank = ya 2 |population_census = 1,027,015,247 |population_census_year = 2001 |population_density = 329 |population_densitymi² = 852<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |population_density_rank = ya 20 |GDP_PPP_year = 2005 |GDP_PPP = $3.633 trillioni |GDP_PPP_rank = ya 4 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $3344 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ya 122 |HDI_year = 2003 |HDI = 0.602 |HDI_rank = ya 127 |HDI_category = <font color="#FFCC00">medium</font> |sovereignty_type = [[Independence of India|Independence]] |sovereignty_note = From the [[United Kingdom|UK]] |established_event1 = Commonwealth |established_event2 = Republic |established_date1 = [[1947-08-15]] |established_date2 = [[1950-01-26]] |currency = [[Indian Rupee|Rupee]] (Rs.)¹ |currency_code = INR |time_zone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] |utc_offset = +5:30 |time_zone_DST = not observed |utc_offset_DST = +5:30 |cctld = [[.in]] |calling_code = 91 |footnotes = ¹ '''Re.''' is singular |*Includes census data from [[Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Azad Kashmir]], and [[Aksai Chin]] }} '''Uhindi''' ni [[nchi]] katika [[bara]] [[Asia]]. <br clear="all"> {{mbegu}} [[Category:Nchi]] [[Category:Asia]] [[af:Indië]] [[als:Indien]] [[am:ህንድ]] [[an:India]] [[ang:India]] [[ar:هند]] [[as:ভারত]] [[ast:India]] [[ay:India]] [[az:Hindistan]] [[be:Індыя]] [[bg:Индия]] [[bh:भारत]] [[bn:ভারত]] [[br:India]] [[bs:Indija]] [[ca:Índia]] [[chr:India]] [[co:India]] [[cr:India]] [[cs:Indie]] [[csb:Indie]] [[cv:Инди]] [[cy:India]] [[da:Indien]] [[de:Indien]] [[dv:ހިންދުސްތާން]] [[dz:India]] [[el:Ινδία]] [[en:India]] [[eo:Barato]] [[es:India]] [[et:India]] [[eu:India]] [[fa:هند]] [[fi:Intia]] [[fiu-vro:India]] [[fo:India]] [[fr:Inde]] [[fur:Indie]] [[fy:Yndia]] [[ga:An India]] [[gd:Na h-Innseachan]] [[gl:India - भारत]] [[gn:India]] [[got:𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌰]] [[gu:ભારત]] [[gv:Yn Injey]] [[haw:ʻInia]] [[he:הודו]] [[hi:भारत]] [[hr:Indija]] [[ht:End]] [[hu:India]] [[hy:Հնդկաստան]] [[ia:India]] [[id:India]] [[ilo:India]] [[io:India]] [[is:Indland]] [[it:India]] [[iu:ᐃᓐᑎᐊ]] [[ja:インド]] [[jbo:barat]] [[jv:India]] [[ka:ინდოეთი]] [[kk:Үндістан]] [[km:ឥណ្ឌា]] [[kn:ಭಾರತ]] [[ko:인도]] [[ks:ہِندوستان]] [[ku:Hindistan]] [[kw:Eynda]] [[la:India]] [[lb:Indien]] [[li:India]] [[lt:Indija]] [[lv:Indija]] [[mg:India]] [[mi:Inia (whenua)]] [[mk:Индија]] [[ml:ഇന്ത്യ]] [[mn:Энэтхэг]] [[mo:Энэтхэг]] [[mr:भारत]] [[ms:India]] [[mt:Indja]] [[na:India]] [[nah:India]] [[nap:Innia]] [[nds:Indien]] [[ne:भारत]] [[nl:India]] [[nn:India]] [[no:India]] [[nrm:Înde]] [[nv:India]] [[oc:Índia]] [[or:ଭାରତ]] [[os:Инди]] [[pa:ਭਾਰਤ]] [[pl:Indie]] [[ps:هند]] [[pt:Índia]] [[qu:Indiya]] [[rm:India]] [[rmy:Indiya (Bharat)]] [[ro:India]] [[roa-rup:India]] [[ru:Индия]] [[sa:भारत]] [[sc:Ìndia]] [[scn:Innia]] [[sco:Indie]] [[sd:भारत]] [[se:India]] [[sh:Indija]] [[si:India]] [[simple:India]] [[sk:India]] [[sl:Indija]] [[sq:India]] [[sr:Индија]] [[st:India]] [[su:India]] [[sv:Indien]] [[ta:இந்தியா]] [[te:భారత దేశము]] [[tg:Ҳиндустон]] [[th:ประเทศอินเดีย]] [[tk:Hindistan]] [[tl:India]] [[tn:India]] [[tpi:India]] [[tr:Hindistan]] [[tt:Hindstan]] [[udm:Индия]] [[ug:ھىندىستان]] [[uk:Індія]] [[ur:بھارت]] [[uz:Hindiston]] [[vec:India]] [[vi:Ấn Độ]] [[wa:Inde]] [[wo:India]] [[yi:אינדיע]] [[yo:India]] [[za:India]] [[zh:印度]] [[zh-min-nan:Ìn-tō͘]] [[zh-yue:印度]] 1202 4027 2005-05-29T14:26:00Z Marcos 3 India umehamishwa hapa Uhindi #REDIRECT [[Uhindi]] 1203 11787 2006-07-02T06:38:38Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[it:Africa Orientale]] [[Image:Africa-countries-eastern.png|right]] '''Afrika ya Mashariki''' ni sehemu ya [[bara]] la [[Afrika]] ambayo iko upande wa [[mashariki]], ikipakana na [[Bahari ya Kihindi]]. Afrika ya Mashairiki ina [[nchi]] kadhaa ambazo ni [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], [[Tanzania]], [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], [[Msumbiji]], [[Somalia]], [[Sudan]], [[Jibuti]], na [[Ethiopia]], lakini nchi mashuhuri zaidi katika sehemu hii ni Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda na Burundi kwa sababu ya kutumia lugha moja katika mawasiliano yao baina ya wananchi wa sehemu hii, yaani [[Kiswahili]]. Aghalabu ya nchi za Afrika ya Mashariki zinazungumza lugha ya Kiswahili kama ndio [[lugha]] ya mawasiliano kati yao, kwani katika nchi hizi kuna [[kabila|makabila]] mengi sana na kila kabila lina lugha yake ambayo kawaida inatumika nyumbani baina ya watu wa kabila moja, lakini wakitaka kuwasiliana na makabila mengine, mara nyingi hutumia lugha ya Kiswahili, na hii ni kwa sababu lugha hii ndio iliyoenea zaidi na kufahamika zaidi katika eneo hili la dunia. Wakazi wengi wa Afrika ya Mashariki ni wasemaji wa lugha za Kibantu; sehemu ya Kaskazini wasemaji wa lugha za Kihamiti ni wengi (Waoromo, Wasomalia). Katika Ethiopia kuna wasemaji wa lugha za Kisemiti. Afrika ya Mashariki inatajwa na sayansi kuwa mahali ambako watu wa kwanza duniani walipopatikana. Majina ya miji ya Afrika ya Mashariki imetajwa mara ya kwanza katika [[Periplus ya Bahari ya Eritrea]] katika karne ya kwanza b.K. ==Ushirikiano wa nchi za Afrika ya Mashariki== Nchi za Afrika ya Mashariki, hasa Kenya, Uganda na Tanzania ni nchi ambazo ni karibu tangu [[zamani]]. Zimeshirikiana historia, zote zimekaliwa hasa na makabila yanayotumia lugha za [[Kibantu]] (Kenya na Uganda wana pia idadi muhimu ya wakazi wasiotumia lugha za Wabantu). Katika nchi zote tatu lugha ya Kiswahili imekuwa lugha muhimu ingawa kwa daraja mbalimbali. Wakati wa [[ukoloni]] zilitawaliwa na [[Uingereza]] iliyoacha taasisi na taratibu mbalimbali zilizosaidia kuanzishwa kwa [[Jumuiya ya Afrika ya Mashariki]] wakati wa uhuru. Tanzania, Kenya na Uganda zina ukubwa wa eneo la maili za mraba; Tanzania 360,000 ikifuatiwa na Kenya 224,960 na Uganda 93,980 upande wa mashariki nchi hizi zimepakana na bahari ya hindi na upande wa kaskazini mashariki zimepakana na Somalia upande wa kaskazini zimepakana na Ethiopia na Sudani upande wa magharibi ni Kongo na jamuhuri ya Rwanda na Burundi kusini ni Zambia; Malawi na Msumbiji. Nchi hizi zimepitiwa na mstari wa ikweta, umepita Kenya na kusini mwa Uganda. Kenya na Tanzania zina ukanda wa pwani wenye bandari za [[Mombasa]]; [[Tanga]]; [[Bagamoyo]]; [[Dar-es-salaam]]; [[Zanzibar]]; [[Kilwa]] na [[Mkoa wa Mtwara|Mtwara]]. {{Afrika}} [[Category:Afrika]] [[ar:شرق أفريقيا]] [[bg:Източна Африка]] [[ca:Àfrica Oriental]] [[cs:Východní Afrika]] [[cy:Dwyrain Affrica]] [[de:Ostafrika]] [[en:East Africa]] [[es:África Oriental]] [[fi:Itä-Afrikka]] [[fr:Afrique de l'Est]] [[hr:Istočna Afrika]] [[id:Afrika Timur]] [[is:Austur-Afríka]] [[it:Africa Orientale]] [[ja:東アフリカ]] [[ko:동아프리카]] [[ms:Afrika Timur]] [[nl:Oost-Afrika]] [[nn:Aust-Afrika]] [[pt:África Oriental]] [[ru:Восточная Африка]] [[sh:Istočna Afrika]] [[sr:Источна Африка]] [[sv:Östafrika]] [[tl:Silangang Aprika]] [[zh:东部非洲]] 1204 10968 2006-06-19T10:58:43Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[hr:Telefon]] [[Image:Alt Telefon.jpg|right|thumbnail|Simu]] '''Simu''' ni kitu ambacho kinatumika kusikia [[sauti]] ya [[mtu]] kutoka mbali. {{mbegu}} [[ang:Feorrspreca]] [[ar:هاتف]] [[ast:Teléfonu]] [[bg:Телефон]] [[bs:Telefon]] [[ca:Telèfon]] [[cs:Telefon]] [[da:Telefon]] [[de:Telefon]] [[en:Telephone]] [[eo:Telefono]] [[es:Teléfono]] [[eu:Telefono]] [[fa:تلفن]] [[fi:Puhelin]] [[fr:Téléphone]] [[gl:Teléfono]] [[he:טלפון]] [[hr:Telefon]] [[hu:Távbeszélő]] [[id:Telepon]] [[it:Telefono]] [[ja:電話]] [[lt:Telefonas]] [[lv:Telefons]] [[mr:दूरध्वनी]] [[ms:Telefon]] [[nl:Telefoon]] [[no:Telefon]] [[pl:Telefon]] [[pt:Telefone]] [[ru:Телефон]] [[simple:Telephone]] [[sk:Telefón]] [[sl:Telefon]] [[sr:Телефон]] [[sv:Telefon]] [[ta:தொலைபேசி]] [[th:โทรศัพท์]] [[tl:Telepono]] [[tr:Telefon]] [[uk:Телефон]] [[vi:Điện thoại]] [[zh:电话]] 1206 10754 2006-06-11T17:00:23Z 217.225.100.25 Kamusi elezo ya Wiki ni kamusi elezo huru iliyo chini ya [[Shirika Lisilo la Kiserikali]] la [[Wikimedia Foundation]], ambalo linasimamia miradi mingine mbalimbali ambayo imeorodheshwa hapo chini: {| align="center" cellpadding="2" width="100%" style="text-align:left" | [[Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png|35px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[wikt:en:Main Page|'''Wiktionary''']]<br />Kamusi na Tesauri | [[Image:Wikibooks-logo.svg|35px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[b:en:Main Page|'''Wikibooks''']]<br />Vitabu vya bure na Miongozo ya kufundishia | [[Image:Wikiquote-logo.svg|35px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[q:en:Main Page|'''Wikiquote''']]<br />Mkusanyiko wa nukuu | [[Image:Wikisource-logo.png|35px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[wikisource:Main Page:English|'''Wikisource''']]<br />Nyaraka huru na za bure |- | [[Image:Wikispecies-logo.png|35px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[Wikispecies:|'''Wikispecies''']]<br />Directory of species | [[Image:Wikinews-logo.png|35px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[n:Main Page|'''Wikinews''']]<br />Habari huru na bure | [[Image:Commons-logo.svg|35px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[commons:Main Page|'''Commons''']]<br />Shared media repository | [[Image:Wikimedia-logo.svg|35px|<nowiki></nowiki>]] | [[m:Main Page|'''Meta-Wiki''']]<br />Wikimedia project coordination |} 1207 4032 2005-06-08T06:12:33Z Btw 57 -> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Btw http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Btw] 1208 9747 2006-05-17T19:00:09Z 82.93.150.93 '''Kiido''' ni [[lugha ya kupangwa]]. Inafanana sana na [[Kiesperanto]], lakini haizungumzwi na watu wengi kama Kiesperanto. ==Viungo vya nje== * http://www.ido.li * [http://io.wikipedia.org Wikipedia ya Kiido] * http://io.wiktionary.org {{mbegu}} [[Category:Lugha]] [[af:Ido]] [[als:Ido]] [[ar:لغة إدو]] [[ast:Ido]] [[be:Іда]] [[bg:Идо]] [[ca:Ido]] [[cs:Ido]] [[cy:Ido]] [[da:Ido]] [[de:Ido]] [[en:Ido]] [[eo:Ido (lingvo)]] [[es:Ido]] [[et:Ido]] [[eu:Ido]] [[fa:ایدو]] [[fi:Ido]] [[fr:Ido]] [[frp:Ido]] [[fy:Ido]] [[ga:Ido]] [[gl:Ido]] [[he:אידו]] [[hr:Ido]] [[hu:Ido nyelv]] [[ia:Ido]] [[id:Bahasa Ido]] [[io:Ido]] [[is:Ido]] [[it:Ido]] [[ja:イド語]] [[ko:이도]] [[ku:Ido]] [[la:Ido]] [[lb:Ido]] [[li:Ido]] [[lt:Ido]] [[ms:Bahasa Ido]] [[mt:Lingwa Ido]] [[nds:Ido]] [[nl:Ido (kunsttaal)]] [[nn:Ido]] [[no:Ido]] [[oc:Ido]] [[pl:Ido]] [[pt:Ido]] [[ro:Ido]] [[ru:Идо]] [[sco:Ido]] [[simple:Ido]] [[sk:Ido]] [[sl:Ido]] [[sq:Gjuha Ido]] [[sr:Идо]] [[sv:Ido]] [[tr:İdo dili]] [[vo:Ido]] [[zh:伊多语]] 1209 sysop 4034 2005-06-25T11:26:03Z MediaWiki default Current text 1210 sysop 4035 2005-06-25T11:26:03Z MediaWiki default Default text 1211 sysop 4036 2005-06-25T11:26:03Z MediaWiki default Name 1212 sysop 4037 2005-06-25T11:26:03Z MediaWiki default 1213 sysop 4038 2005-06-25T11:26:03Z MediaWiki default Warning: Page may not contain recent updates. 1214 sysop 4039 2005-06-25T11:26:03Z MediaWiki default The database has been automatically locked while the slave database servers catch up to the master 1215 sysop 4040 2005-06-25T11:26:03Z MediaWiki default This is a log of changes to user rights. 1216 sysop 4041 2005-06-25T11:26:03Z MediaWiki default There seems to be a problem with your login session; this action has been canceled as a precaution against session hijacking. Please hit "back" and reload the page you came from, then try again. 1217 sysop 4042 2005-06-25T11:26:03Z MediaWiki default SORBS DNSBL 1218 sysop 4043 2005-06-25T11:26:03Z MediaWiki default Your IP address is listed as an open proxy in the [http://www.sorbs.net SORBS] DNSBL. You cannot create an account 1219 sysop 4044 2005-06-25T11:26:03Z MediaWiki default Your IP address is listed as an open proxy in the [http://www.sorbs.net SORBS] DNSBL. 1220 sysop 7175 2006-02-26T02:08:19Z MediaWiki default Title: 1221 sysop 6332 2006-01-22T23:29:57Z Marcos 3 Mtumiaji: 1222 sysop 4047 2005-06-25T11:26:03Z MediaWiki default (SQL query hidden) 1223 sysop 4048 2005-06-25T11:26:03Z MediaWiki default Raw signatures (without automatic link) 1224 sysop 4049 2005-06-25T11:26:03Z MediaWiki default undo 1225 sysop 4050 2005-06-25T11:26:03Z MediaWiki default -{}- 1226 8546 2006-04-21T13:22:42Z Matt Crypto 20 ==Maandishi== Naona maandishi haya yote yahamishwe kwenda "Uislamu". "Dini" ni istilahi inayohusu aina mbalimbali za imani. Halafu maelezo kuhusu dini zote zilingane na masharti ya kamusi elezo. Vilevile ukurasa huu wa majadiliano haufai kwa mahubiri au mafundisho ya kidini kama hapo chini. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 09:02, 26 Desemba 2005 (UTC) : Nimeyafuta. [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 13:18, 21 Aprili 2006 (UTC) ==Baki== Makala hii imeandikiwa kutoka maoni ya mwislamu. Wikipedia ina sera ya msingi ya "baki" (Neutrality/Neutral Point of View/NPOV kwa kiingereza). Hatuwezi kuandika kama kanuni za Uislamu (au Ukristo, Uyahudi n.k.) ni ukweli wala kuandika ni uongo. [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 13:22, 21 Aprili 2006 (UTC) 1227 sysop 4772 2005-08-19T23:41:02Z MediaWiki default v 1228 sysop 4054 2005-07-03T14:17:14Z MediaWiki default Added group $2 1229 sysop 4055 2005-07-03T14:17:14Z MediaWiki default All pages ($1 namespace) 1230 sysop 4056 2005-07-03T14:17:14Z MediaWiki default All non-articles 1231 sysop 4057 2005-07-03T14:17:14Z MediaWiki default All pages (not in $1 namespace) 1232 sysop 4058 2005-07-03T14:17:14Z MediaWiki default Display pages starting at: 1233 sysop 4059 2005-07-03T14:17:14Z MediaWiki default This user is already a bureaucrat 1234 sysop 4060 2005-07-03T14:17:14Z MediaWiki default This user is already a steward 1235 sysop 4061 2005-07-03T14:17:14Z MediaWiki default This user is already an administrator 1236 sysop 4062 2005-07-03T14:17:14Z MediaWiki default Permission error 1237 sysop 4063 2005-07-03T14:17:14Z MediaWiki default The action you have requested is limited to users with the "$2" permission assigned. 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2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Brightness 1278 sysop 4112 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default CFA pattern 1279 sysop 4113 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Color space 1280 sysop 4114 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default sRGB 1281 sysop 4115 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default FFFF.H 1282 sysop 4116 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Meaning of each component 1283 sysop 4117 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default does not exist 1284 sysop 4118 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Y 1285 sysop 4119 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Cb 1286 sysop 4120 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Cr 1287 sysop 4121 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default R 1288 sysop 4122 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default G 1289 sysop 4123 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default B 1290 sysop 4124 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Image compression mode 1291 sysop 4125 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Compression scheme 1292 sysop 4126 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Uncompressed 1293 sysop 4127 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default JPEG 1294 sysop 4128 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Contrast 1295 sysop 4129 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Normal 1296 sysop 4130 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Soft 1297 sysop 4131 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Hard 1298 sysop 4132 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Copyright holder 1299 sysop 4133 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Custom image processing 1300 sysop 4134 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Normal process 1301 sysop 4135 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Custom process 1302 sysop 4136 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default File change date and time 1303 sysop 4137 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Date and time of digitizing 1304 sysop 4138 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Date and time of data generation 1305 sysop 4139 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Device settings description 1306 sysop 4140 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Digital zoom ratio 1307 sysop 4141 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Exif version 1308 sysop 4142 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Exposure bias 1309 sysop 4143 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Exposure index 1310 sysop 4144 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Exposure mode 1311 sysop 4145 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Auto exposure 1312 sysop 4146 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Manual exposure 1313 sysop 4147 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Auto bracket 1314 sysop 4148 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Exposure Program 1315 sysop 4149 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Not defined 1316 sysop 4150 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Manual 1317 sysop 4151 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Normal program 1318 sysop 4152 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Aperture priority 1319 sysop 4153 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Shutter priority 1320 sysop 4154 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Creative program (biased toward depth of field) 1321 sysop 4155 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Action program (biased toward fast shutter speed) 1322 sysop 4156 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Portrait mode (for closeup photos with the background out of focus) 1323 sysop 4157 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Landscape mode (for landscape photos with the background in focus) 1324 sysop 4158 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Exposure time 1325 sysop 4159 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default File source 1326 sysop 4160 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default DSC 1327 sysop 4161 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Flash 1328 sysop 4162 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Flash energy 1329 sysop 4163 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Supported Flashpix version 1330 sysop 4164 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default F Number 1331 sysop 4165 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Lens focal length 1332 sysop 4166 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Focal length in 35 mm film 1333 sysop 4167 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Focal plane resolution unit 1334 sysop 4168 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Focal plane X resolution 1335 sysop 4169 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Focal plane Y resolution 1336 sysop 4170 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Scene control 1337 sysop 4171 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default None 1338 sysop 4172 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Low gain up 1339 sysop 4173 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default High gain up 1340 sysop 4174 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Low gain down 1341 sysop 4175 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default High gain down 1342 sysop 4176 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Altitude 1343 sysop 4177 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Altitude reference 1344 sysop 4178 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Name of GPS area 1345 sysop 4179 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default GPS date 1346 sysop 4180 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Bearing of destination 1347 sysop 4181 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Reference for bearing of destination 1348 sysop 4182 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Distance to destination 1349 sysop 4183 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Reference for distance to destination 1350 sysop 4184 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Latitude destination 1351 sysop 4185 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Reference for latitude of destination 1352 sysop 4186 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Longitude of destination 1353 sysop 4187 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Reference for longitude of destination 1354 sysop 4188 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default GPS differential correction 1355 sysop 4189 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Magnetic direction 1356 sysop 4190 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default True direction 1357 sysop 4191 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Measurement precision 1358 sysop 4192 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Direction of image 1359 sysop 4193 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Reference for direction of image 1360 sysop 4194 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Latitude 1361 sysop 4195 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default North latitude 1362 sysop 4196 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default South latitude 1363 sysop 4197 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default North or South Latitude 1364 sysop 4198 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Longitude 1365 sysop 4199 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default East longitude 1366 sysop 4200 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default West longitude 1367 sysop 4201 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default East or West Longitude 1368 sysop 4202 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Geodetic survey data used 1369 sysop 4203 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Measurement mode 1370 sysop 4204 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default 2-dimensional measurement 1371 sysop 4205 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default 3-dimensional measurement 1372 sysop 4206 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Name of GPS processing method 1373 sysop 4207 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Satellites used for measurement 1374 sysop 4208 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Speed of GPS receiver 1375 sysop 4209 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Kilometres per hour 1376 sysop 4210 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Miles per hour 1377 sysop 4211 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Knots 1378 sysop 4212 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Speed unit 1379 sysop 4213 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Receiver status 1380 sysop 4214 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Measurement in progress 1381 sysop 4215 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Measurement interoperability 1382 sysop 4216 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default GPS time (atomic clock) 1383 sysop 4217 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Direction of movement 1384 sysop 4218 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Reference for direction of movement 1385 sysop 4219 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default GPS tag version 1386 sysop 4220 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Image title 1387 sysop 4221 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Height 1388 sysop 4222 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Unique image ID 1389 sysop 4223 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Width 1390 sysop 4224 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default ISO speed rating 1391 sysop 4225 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Offset to JPEG SOI 1392 sysop 4226 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Bytes of JPEG data 1393 sysop 4227 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Light source 1394 sysop 4228 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Unknown 1395 sysop 4229 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Daylight 1396 sysop 5239 2005-11-09T23:18:25Z MediaWiki default Cloudy weather 1397 sysop 4231 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Shade 1398 sysop 4232 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Daylight fluorescent (D 5700 – 7100K) 1399 sysop 4233 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Day white fluorescent (N 4600 – 5400K) 1400 sysop 4234 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Cool white fluorescent (W 3900 – 4500K) 1401 sysop 4235 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default White fluorescent (WW 3200 – 3700K) 1402 sysop 4236 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Standard light A 1403 sysop 4237 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Standard light B 1404 sysop 4238 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Standard light C 1405 sysop 4239 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Fluorescent 1406 sysop 4240 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default D55 1407 sysop 4241 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default D65 1408 sysop 4242 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default D75 1409 sysop 4243 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default D50 1410 sysop 4244 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default ISO studio tungsten 1411 sysop 4245 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Other light source 1412 sysop 4246 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Tungsten (incandescent light) 1413 sysop 4247 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Flash 1414 sysop 4248 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Fine weather 1415 sysop 4249 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Camera manufacturer 1416 sysop 4250 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default $1 1417 sysop 4251 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Manufacturer notes 1418 sysop 4252 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Maximum land aperture 1419 sysop 4253 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Metering mode 1420 sysop 4254 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Unknown 1421 sysop 4255 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Average 1422 sysop 4256 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default CenterWeightedAverage 1423 sysop 4257 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Other 1424 sysop 4258 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Spot 1425 sysop 4259 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default MultiSpot 1426 sysop 4260 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Pattern 1427 sysop 4261 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Partial 1428 sysop 4262 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Camera model 1429 sysop 4263 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default $1 1430 sysop 4264 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Optoelectronic conversion factor 1431 sysop 4265 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Orientation 1432 sysop 4266 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Normal 1433 sysop 4267 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Flipped horizontally 1434 sysop 4268 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Rotated 180° 1435 sysop 4269 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Flipped vertically 1436 sysop 4270 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Rotated 90° CCW and flipped vertically 1437 sysop 4652 2005-07-29T11:13:27Z MediaWiki default Rotated 90° CW 1438 sysop 4653 2005-07-29T11:13:27Z MediaWiki default Rotated 90° CW and flipped vertically 1439 sysop 4273 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Rotated 90° CCW 1440 sysop 4274 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Pixel composition 1441 sysop 4275 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default RGB 1442 sysop 4276 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default YCbCr 1443 sysop 11651 2006-07-01T19:11:50Z MediaWiki default Valid image height 1444 sysop 4278 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Valid image width 1445 sysop 4279 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Data arrangement 1446 sysop 4280 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default chunky format 1447 sysop 4281 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default planar format 1448 sysop 4282 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Chromaticities of primarities 1449 sysop 4283 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Pair of black and white reference values 1450 sysop 4284 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Related audio file 1451 sysop 4285 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Unit of X and Y resolution 1452 sysop 4286 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default inches 1453 sysop 4287 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default centimetres 1454 sysop 4288 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Number of rows per strip 1455 sysop 4289 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Number of components 1456 sysop 4290 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Saturation 1457 sysop 4291 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Normal 1458 sysop 4292 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Low saturation 1459 sysop 4293 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default High saturation 1460 sysop 4294 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Scene capture type 1461 sysop 4295 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Standard 1462 sysop 4296 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Landscape 1463 sysop 4297 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Portrait 1464 sysop 4298 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Night scene 1465 sysop 4299 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default Scene type 1466 sysop 4300 2005-07-03T14:17:15Z MediaWiki default A directly photographed image 1467 sysop 4301 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Sensing method 1468 sysop 4302 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Undefined 1469 sysop 4303 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default One-chip color area sensor 1470 sysop 4304 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Two-chip color area sensor 1471 sysop 4305 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Three-chip color area sensor 1472 sysop 4306 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Color sequential area sensor 1473 sysop 4307 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Trilinear sensor 1474 sysop 4308 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Color sequential linear sensor 1475 sysop 4309 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Sharpness 1476 sysop 4310 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Normal 1477 sysop 4311 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Soft 1478 sysop 4312 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Hard 1479 sysop 4313 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Shutter speed 1480 sysop 4314 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Software used 1481 sysop 4315 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default $1 1482 sysop 4316 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Spatial frequency response 1483 sysop 4317 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Spectral sensitivity 1484 sysop 4318 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Bytes per compressed strip 1485 sysop 4319 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Image data location 1486 sysop 4320 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Subject area 1487 sysop 4321 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Subject distance 1488 sysop 4322 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Subject distance range 1489 sysop 4323 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Unknown 1490 sysop 4324 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Macro 1491 sysop 4325 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Close view 1492 sysop 4326 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Distant view 1493 sysop 4327 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Subject location 1494 sysop 4328 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default DateTime subseconds 1495 sysop 4329 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default DateTimeDigitized subseconds 1496 sysop 4330 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default DateTimeOriginal subseconds 1497 sysop 4331 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Transfer function 1498 sysop 4332 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default User comments 1499 sysop 4333 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default White Balance 1500 sysop 4334 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Auto white balance 1501 sysop 4335 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Manual white balance 1502 sysop 4336 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default White point chromaticity 1503 sysop 4655 2005-07-29T11:13:27Z MediaWiki default Horizontal resolution 1504 sysop 4338 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Color space transformation matrix coefficients 1505 sysop 4339 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Y and C positioning 1506 sysop 4340 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Subsampling ratio of Y to C 1507 sysop 4658 2005-07-29T11:13:27Z MediaWiki default Vertical resolution 1508 sysop 4343 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default There was either an external authentication database error or you are not allowed to update your external account. 1509 sysop 4344 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default $1KB, MIME type: <code>$2</code> 1510 sysop 4345 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Files 1511 sysop 4348 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Trusted users able to block users and delete articles 1512 sysop 4349 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Administrator 1513 sysop 4350 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Anonymous users 1514 sysop 4351 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Anonymous 1515 sysop 4352 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default The bureaucrat group is able to make sysops 1516 sysop 4353 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Bureaucrat 1517 sysop 4354 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default General logged in users 1518 sysop 6331 2006-01-22T23:27:40Z Marcos 3 Mtumiaji 1519 sysop 4356 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Full access 1520 sysop 4357 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Steward 1521 sysop 4358 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default grouprights level 1522 sysop 4359 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default User groups 1523 sysop 4360 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Add group 1524 sysop 4361 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default A group of that name already exists 1525 sysop 4362 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Edit group 1526 sysop 4363 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Group description (max 255 characters):<br /> 1527 sysop 4364 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Group name: 1528 sysop 4365 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default If the name or description starts with a colon, the remainder will be treated as a message name, and hence the text will be localised using the MediaWiki namespace 1529 sysop 4366 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Existing groups 1530 sysop 4367 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Existing groups: 1531 sysop 4368 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Manage group rights 1532 sysop 4369 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Please specify a valid group name 1533 sysop 4370 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default ID || Name || Description || Rights 1534 sysop 4371 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Earliest 1535 sysop 4372 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Latest 1536 sysop 4375 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default all 1537 sysop 4379 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Destination title is of a special type; cannot move pages into that namespace. 1538 sysop 4380 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Transwiki import 1539 sysop 4381 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default No transwiki import sources have been defined and direct history uploads are disabled. 1540 sysop 5477 2005-12-02T02:47:53Z MediaWiki default The e-mail address cannot be accepted as it appears to have an invalid format. Please enter a well-formatted address or empty that field. 1541 sysop 4383 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Invert selection 1542 sysop 4385 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default IP Address or username 1543 sysop 4661 2005-07-29T11:13:27Z MediaWiki default 2 hours:2 hours,1 day:1 day,3 days:3 days,1 week:1 week,2 weeks:2 weeks,1 month:1 month,3 months:3 months,6 months:6 months,1 year:1 year,infinite:infinite 1544 sysop 4387 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Other time 1545 sysop 4388 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default other 1546 sysop 11697 2006-07-01T19:11:51Z MediaWiki default '''Warning''': This file may contain malicious code, by executing it your system may be compromised.<hr /> 1547 sysop 4399 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Metadata 1548 sysop 4400 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Wikipedia:Metadata 1549 sysop 4402 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Move log 1550 sysop 4403 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Below is a list of page moved. 1551 sysop 4406 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Reason 1552 sysop 4407 2005-07-03T14:17:16Z MediaWiki default Namespace: 1553 sysop 11704 2006-07-01T19:11:51Z MediaWiki default Specify an e-mail address for these features to work. 1554 sysop 4863 2005-09-05T09:58:38Z MediaWiki default No file by this name exists, you can $1. 1555 sysop 4415 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default [$1] 1556 sysop 4416 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default [$1 watching user/s] 1557 sysop 4417 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default Your password is too short. It must have at least $1 characters. 1558 sysop 11715 2006-07-01T19:11:51Z MediaWiki default * E-mail (optional): Enables others to contact you through your user or user_talk page without needing to reveal your identity. 1559 sysop 5487 2005-12-02T02:47:53Z MediaWiki default This address is also used to send you e-mail notifications if you enabled the options. 1560 sysop 4670 2005-07-29T11:13:28Z MediaWiki default * Real name (optional): if you choose to provide it this will be used for giving you attribution for your work. 1561 sysop 4425 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default Print 1562 sysop 4430 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default all 1563 sysop 4432 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default Renamed group $2 to $3 1564 sysop 4434 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default Restricted special pages 1565 sysop 4436 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default revert 1566 sysop 4438 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default [Interwiki transcluding is disabled] 1567 sysop 4674 2005-07-29T11:13:28Z MediaWiki default [Template fetch failed for $1; sorry] 1568 sysop 4440 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default [URL is too long; sorry] 1569 sysop 4442 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default Search full text 1570 sysop 4444 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default Source and destination titles are the same; can't move a page over itself. 1571 sysop 4446 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default Set steward flag 1572 sysop 4873 2005-09-05T09:58:39Z MediaWiki default Please see the $1 for further information. 1573 sysop 4449 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default Show changes 1574 sysop 5514 2005-12-02T04:20:06Z MediaWiki default * navigation ** mainpage|mainpage ** portal-url|portal ** currentevents-url|currentevents ** recentchanges-url|recentchanges ** randompage-url|randompage ** helppage|help ** sitesupport-url|sitesupport 1575 sysop 4452 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default Source filename 1576 sysop 5999 2006-01-01T14:44:38Z MediaWiki default Thumbnail size: 1577 sysop 5491 2005-12-02T02:47:54Z MediaWiki default E-mail me also for minor edits of pages 1578 sysop 5492 2005-12-02T02:47:54Z MediaWiki default Reveal my e-mail address in notification mails 1579 sysop 5493 2005-12-02T02:47:54Z MediaWiki default E-mail me when my user talk page is changed 1580 sysop 11748 2006-07-01T19:11:52Z MediaWiki default E-mail me when a page I'm watching is changed 1581 sysop 4461 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default Use external diff by default 1582 sysop 4462 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default Use external editor by default 1583 sysop 4465 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default Show the number of watching users 1584 sysop 11752 2006-07-01T19:11:52Z MediaWiki default Show which changes you made to the text. [alt-v] 1585 sysop 4469 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default Try exact match 1586 sysop 4470 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default Undelete one edit 1587 sysop 4474 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default The upload directory ($1) is not writable by the webserver. 1588 sysop 4476 2005-07-03T14:17:17Z MediaWiki default [$1 Upload a new version of this file] 1589 sysop 7819 2006-03-28T06:44:19Z MediaWiki default This file contains HTML or script code that may be erroneously be interpreted by a web browser. 1590 sysop 4480 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default The file contains a virus! Details: $1 1591 sysop 4481 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default User rights management 1592 sysop 4482 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default Edit user groups 1593 sysop 4483 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default Available groups: 1594 sysop 4484 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default Select groups you want the user to be removed from or added to. Unselected groups will not be changed. You can deselect a group with CTRL + Left Click 1595 sysop 4485 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default Member of: 1596 sysop 4486 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default Changed group membership from $1 to $2 1597 sysop 4487 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default Manage user groups 1598 sysop 6002 2006-01-01T14:44:38Z MediaWiki default Enter a username: 1599 sysop 4490 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default Add 1600 sysop 4492 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default Delete 1601 sysop 4493 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default _User \ ^Topic 1602 sysop 4494 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default User $1 1603 sysop 4496 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default Check this box if you really mean it! 1604 sysop 4497 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default <th>#</th><th>Topic</th><th>Range</th><th>Action</th> 1605 sysop 4498 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default My validation overview 1606 sysop 4499 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default No 1607 sysop 4500 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default $1 of $2 1608 sysop 4501 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default Revisions for $1 1609 sysop 4502 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default See the validation statistics for "$1" <a href="$2">here</a> 1610 sysop 4503 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default Revision 1611 sysop 4504 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default Your ratings have been stored! 1612 sysop 4505 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default Revision #$1 1613 sysop 4506 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default Revision of $1 1614 sysop 4507 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default details 1615 sysop 4508 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default Show my validations 1616 sysop 4509 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default Time 1617 sysop 4510 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default Project:Validation topics 1618 sysop 4511 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default Validation overview of user $1 1619 sysop 4512 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default Validation of "$1" 1620 sysop 4514 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default Change this text <a href="{{SERVER}}{{localurl:MediaWiki:Val_votepage_intro}}">here</a>! 1621 sysop 4515 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default <b>Never, <i>ever</i>, change something here without <i>explicit</i> community consensus!</b> 1622 sysop 4516 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default Yes 1623 sysop 4517 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default is 1624 sysop 4518 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default iz 1625 sysop 4519 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default Version $1 of MediaWiki required 1626 sysop 4520 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default Version $1 of MediaWiki is required to use this page. See [[Special:Version]] 1627 sysop 4521 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default Views 1628 sysop 4524 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default all 1629 sysop 4525 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default all 1630 sysop 5504 2005-12-02T02:47:54Z MediaWiki default * E-mail notification is enabled. 1631 sysop 4528 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default * Pages which have been changed since you last visited them are shown in '''bold''' 1632 sysop 4529 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default Hide 1633 sysop 11782 2006-07-01T19:11:52Z MediaWiki default $1 my edits 1634 sysop 4531 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default Show 1635 sysop 4533 2005-07-03T14:17:18Z MediaWiki default Your domain 1636 4539 2005-07-11T09:02:17Z Andre Engels 29 Robbot is a robot, operated by [[User:Andre Engels|Andre Engels]] and used for adding and correcting interwiki links. [[nl:Gebruiker:Robbot]] 1637 5383 2005-11-21T19:39:35Z Marcos 3 #REDIRECT[[Help:Contents]] 1638 11358 2006-06-25T19:50:15Z Redagavimas 180 /* [[User:Redagavimas|Redagavimas]] */ '''Mkabidhi''' ni mhariri aneyeweza kutumia zana za kifundi, kwa mfano, kufuta makala kabisa, kuhifadhi makala, kuzuia waharabu na kadhalika. Mkabidhi ni msaidizi tu. Hana hukumu maalum juu ya maandishi ya makala au sera ya kamusi elezo. '''Bureaucrat''' (ni neno ya Kiingereza, maana ni mfanyakazi ya uendeshaji ya serikali au ushirika nyingine) ana uwezo kufanya mtu kuwa mkabidhi, kubadilisha jina la mtumiaji na kuteua akaunti ya kikaragosi ("set bot flag", kwa kiingereza). == Wakabidhi (''Administrators'') == Orodha hii ilisasishwa Julai 22, 2005. * [[User:Marcos]] (badiliko la mwisho: Novemba 2005) * [[User:Neno]] (badiliko la mwisho: Jan 2005) * [[User:Matt Crypto]] (badiliko la mwisho: Aprili 2006) == Uteuzi (''Nominations'') == Upige kura kukabidhi mtumiaji awe mkabidhi. Mkabidhi akiwa na kasa kura mbili ya kuunga mkono (bighairi ya kura ya mteuzi), ni lazima atateuliwa tena Wikipedia ya Kiswahili itakapokuwa imeshughulika. ''(Please vote below to accept the listed users as admins. Any admins created with fewer than 2 support votes (other than that of the nominator) should be renominated once sw: becomes more active.)'' ===[[User:Sj|Sj]]=== Self-nom, mnamo 01:35, 24 Septemba 2005 (UTC). I am trying to clean up and promote this wiki; would like to have more leeway to protect pages and stave off vandalism as new people come to visit. I hope enough people are around to see and comment on this page :) [[User:Sj|Sj]] 01:35, 24 Septemba 2005 (UTC) ==== Support ==== *Anafanya kazi nzuri, na ni mtaalamu wa Wikipedia. [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] 20:26, 21 Novemba 2005 (UTC) * [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 18:14, 22 Januari 2006 (UTC) ==== Oppose ==== ==== Neutral ==== ===[[User:Ndesanjo|Ndesanjo]]=== Ameteuliwa na [[User:Chamdarae|Chamdarae]] mnamo 02:26, 21 Novemba 2005 (UTC) ==== Support ==== * Good work on [[Wikipedia:Jamii]] and articles, native speaker. [[User:Sj|Sj]] 10:57, 21 Novemba 2005 (UTC) * Anatusaidia sana! [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] 19:52, 21 Novemba 2005 (UTC) * Namkubali! Yumo kabisa. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 22:12, 14 Januari 2006 (UTC) ==== Oppose ==== ==== Neutral ==== === Matt Crypto (bureaucrat) === Nominating Matt Crypto to be a bureaucrat. Matt has been a member since February 2005, with over 600 edits. Has been very active for months; his Swahili is improving :) This project needs its own bureaucrat, he'd be a good person to handle requests on this page and name changes. [[User:Sj|Sj]] 20:34, 20 Aprili 2006 (UTC) ==== Support ==== * (nominator) [[User:Sj|Sj]] 20:34, 20 Aprili 2006 (UTC) * namkubali - anafaa --[[User:172.178.134.219|172.178.134.219]] 21:34, 20 Aprili 2006 (UTC) ==== Oppose ==== ==== Neutral ==== === [[User:Redagavimas|Redagavimas]] === I am trying to clean up and promote this wiki; would like to have more leeway to protect pages and stave off vandalism as new people come to visit. I hope enough people are around to see and comment on this page... --[[User:Redagavimas|Redagavimas]] 19:49, 25 Juni 2006 (UTC) '''Support''' # --[[User:Redagavimas|Redagavimas]] 19:50, 25 Juni 2006 (UTC) == Jalada (''Archive'') == ===[[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]]=== Nominated by [[User:Sj|Sj]] on 20:52, 22 Julai 2005 (UTC). Matt has been tracking vandalism recently; knows some Swahili (more than I do :); trusted user from other projects (en:wp). (''Ameteuliwa na [[User:Sj|Sj]] mnamo 20:52, 22 Julai 2005 (UTC). Matt amelinda dhidi ya uharibifu majuzi; anajua kiswahili kidigo (zaidi ya mimi :); mtumiaji anayeaminika miradi mingine (en:wp).'') : Ninakushukuru &mdash; ninakubali uteuzi. [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 00:11, 23 Julai 2005 (UTC) :: Promoted by Datrio, after a [[m:Requests_for_permissions/Archive1#July|meta-request]]. Matt -- you should request bureaucrat status once there's another sysop request here. [[User:Sj|Sj]] 03:16, 28 Julai 2005 (UTC) [[af:Wikipedia:Administrateurs]] [[als:Wikipedia:Administratoren]] [[ar:ويكيبيديا:Administrators]] [[arc:project:Administrators]] [[ast:Uiquipedia:Alministradores]] [[be:Вікіпэдыя:Адміністрацыя]] [[bg:Уикипедия:Администратори]] [[bm:Wikipedia:Administrateurs]] [[br:Wikipedia:Merourien]] [[bs:Wikipedia:Administratori]] [[ca:Viquipèdia:Administradors]] [[cs:Wikipedie:Správci]] [[cy:Wicipedia:Gweinyddwyr]] [[da:Wikipedia:Administratorer]] [[de:Wikipedia:Administratoren]] [[el:Βικιπαίδεια:Διαχειριστές]] [[en:Wikipedia:Administrators]] [[eo:Vikipedio:Administrantoj]] [[es:Wikipedia:Bibliotecarios]] [[et:Vikipeedia:Administraatorid]] [[eu:Wikipedia:Administratzaileak]] [[fa:ویکی‌پدیا:مدیران]] [[fi:Wikipedia:Ylläpitäjät]] [[fj:Wikipedia:Administrators]] [[fo:Wikipedia:Umboðsstjóri]] [[fr:Wikipédia:Administrateur]] [[fur:Vichipedie:Aministradôrs]] [[fy:Wikipedy:Behearders]] [[ga:Vicipéid:Riarthóirí]] [[gl:Wikipedia:Administradores]] [[gu:વિકિપીડિયા:પ્રબંધક]] [[ha:project:Administrators]] [[he:ויקיפדיה:מפעיל מערכת]] [[hi:विकिपीडिया:प्रबन्धक]] [[hr:Wikipedija:Administratori]] [[hu:Segítség:Adminisztrátorok]] [[ia:Wikipedia:Administratores]] [[id:Wikipedia:Pengurus]] [[io:Wikipedia:Administranti]] [[is:Wikipedia:Stjórnendur]] [[it:Wikipedia:Amministratori]] [[ja:Wikipedia:管理者]] [[ka:ვიკიპედია:ადმინისტრატორები]] [[kn:ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:ನಿರ್ವಾಹಕರು]] [[ko:위키백과:관리자]] [[ks:project:Administrators]] [[ku:Wîkîpediya:Koordînasyon]] [[la:Vicipaedia:Magistratus]] [[lad:project:Administrators]] [[lb:Wikipedia:Administrators]] [[li:Wikipedia:Systeembeheerders]] [[lt:Wikipedia:Administrators]] [[lv:Wikipedia:Administrācija]] [[mi:Wikipedia:Administrators]] [[mk:Wikipedia:Администратори]] [[ms:Wikipedia:Penyelia]] [[mt:Wikipedia:Amministraturi]] [[na:Wikipedia:Administrators]] [[nds:Wikipedia:Administraters]] [[nl:Wikipedia:Moderator]] [[nn:Wikipedia:Administratorar]] [[no:Wikipedia:Administratorer]] [[oc:Oiquipedià:Foncionari]] [[pl:Wikipedia:Administratorzy]] [[pt:Wikipedia:Administradores]] [[rmy:project:Administratorurya]] [[ro:Wikipedia:Administratori]] [[ru:Википедия:Администраторы]] [[sa:Wikipedia:Administrators]] [[scn:Wikipedia:Amministraturi]] [[simple:Wikipedia:Administrators]] [[sk:Wikipédia:Admin]] [[sl:Wikipedija:Administratorji]] [[sm:Wikipedia:Administrators]] [[sq:Wikipedia:Administruesit]] [[sr:Википедија:Администратори]] [[su:Wikipédia:Kuncén]] [[sv:Wikipedia:Administratörer]] [[th:วิกิพีเดีย:ผู้ดูแลระบบ]] [[tl:Wikipedia:Mga Tagapangasiwa]] [[tt:Wikipedia:İdäräçelär]] [[uk:Wikipedia:Адміністратори]] [[vi:Wikipedia:Người quản lý]] [[wa:Wikipedia:Manaedjeus]] [[yi:װיקיפּעדיע:Administrators]] [[zh:Wikipedia:管理员]] [[zh-min-nan:Wikipedia:Hêng-chèng jîn-oân]] [[zh-yue:Wikipedia:管理員]] 1639 4568 2005-07-22T23:30:42Z Matt Crypto 20 Wikipedia:Administrators umehamishwa hapa Wikipedia:Wakabidhi: en -> sw #redirect [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]] 1640 4572 2005-07-24T06:52:49Z Anthere 68 [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} articles]] 1641 4580 2005-07-26T09:59:16Z Matt Crypto 20 Don't spam this Wiki. [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 09:59, 26 Julai 2005 (UTC) 1642 4587 2005-07-26T16:10:50Z Matt Crypto 20 #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Jumuia]] #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Jumuia]] 1643 4623 2005-07-27T10:21:12Z Matt Crypto 20 Qurani Tukufu umehamishwa hapa Qurani: Qurani #redirect [[Qurani]] 1644 4626 2005-07-27T10:33:38Z Matt Crypto 20 [[Category:Wanyama]] [[Category:Wanyama]] 1645 sysop 4651 2005-07-29T11:13:27Z MediaWiki default inches 1646 sysop 4654 2005-07-29T11:13:27Z MediaWiki default $1 metres 1647 sysop 4656 2005-07-29T11:13:27Z MediaWiki default $1 dpc 1648 sysop 4657 2005-07-29T11:13:27Z MediaWiki default $1 dpi 1649 sysop 4675 2005-07-29T11:13:28Z MediaWiki default - 1650 sysop 4680 2005-07-29T11:13:28Z MediaWiki default (Preview) 1651 sysop 5516 2005-12-02T04:20:06Z MediaWiki default ; $4$5 : [$2 $1] 1652 sysop 5785 2005-12-22T07:43:34Z MediaWiki default <div id="mw_trackbacks"> Trackbacks for this article:<br /> $1 </div> 1653 sysop 4687 2005-07-29T11:13:29Z MediaWiki default The trackback was successfully deleted. 1654 sysop 5518 2005-12-02T04:20:06Z MediaWiki default ; $4$5 : [$2 $1]: <nowiki>$3</nowiki> 1655 sysop 4689 2005-07-29T11:13:29Z MediaWiki default Trackback 1656 sysop 4690 2005-07-29T11:13:29Z MediaWiki default ([$1 Delete]) 1657 sysop 4692 2005-07-29T11:13:29Z MediaWiki default Always 1658 sysop 4693 2005-07-29T11:13:29Z MediaWiki default Browser default 1659 sysop 4694 2005-07-29T11:13:29Z MediaWiki default Never 1660 sysop 4696 2005-07-29T11:13:29Z MediaWiki default Unused categories 1661 sysop 4697 2005-07-29T11:13:29Z MediaWiki default The following category pages exist although no other article or category make use of them. 1662 sysop 4700 2005-07-29T11:13:29Z MediaWiki default See the validation statistics for "$1" <a href="$2">here</a> 1663 5160 2005-10-30T19:58:24Z Chamdarae 78 '''Mungu''' ni umungu katika [[dini]]. [[Category:Makala fupi mno]] [[Category:Dini]] [[af:God]] [[bg:Бог]] [[bn:ঈশ্বর]] [[ca:Déu]] [[cs:Bůh]] [[da:Gud]] [[de:Gott]] [[en:God]] [[et:Jumal]] [[es:Dios]] [[eo:Dio]] [[fr:Dieu]] [[ko:하느님]] [[id:Tuhan]] [[ig:Chineke]] [[ia:Deo]] [[is:Guð]] [[it:Dio]] [[he:אל]] [[kw:Dyw]] [[lv:Dievs]] [[hu:Isten]] [[ms:Tuhan]] [[nl:God]] [[ja:神]] [[no:Gud]] [[nn:Gud]] [[pl:Bóg]] [[pt:Deus]] [[ro:Zeu]] [[ru:Бог]] [[simple:God]] [[sk:Boh]] [[sl:Bog]] [[sr:Бог]] [[fi:Jumala]] [[sv:Gud]] [[tl:Diyos]] [[vi:Thiên Chúa]] [[uk:Боги]] [[zh:神]] 1664 10172 2006-05-26T17:24:24Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Volcano q.jpg|thumb|400px|Volkeno]] '''Volkeno''' ni mahali ambako [[lava]] inatoka nje kwa uso wa ardhi. Mara nyingi -lakini si kila mahali- volkeno ni [[mlima]]. Volkeno huwa na [[kasoko]] yaani shimo ambako lava na gesi inatoka nje. Volkeno ni dalili ya kwamba mahali pake ganda la dunia si nene sana hivyo joto la ndani linapata njia ya kutoka nje. Volkeno huanza katika tambarare. Lava hutoka katika hali ya kiowevu ikipoa haraka inaganda kuwa mwamba na hujenga mlima wa kuzunguka shimo la kasoko yake. Milima ya aina hii inaweza kukua sana. Mfano wa volkeno kubwa ni [[Kilimanjaro]]. Miamba yake yote ilijengwa na lava iliyotoka ndani ya dunia. Volkeno nyingi hutokea pale ambako vipande vya ganda la dunia vinaachana au kusukumana. [[Mlipuko wa volkeno]] ni hatari sana kwa ajili ya wanadamu na mazingira. Kuna mifano ya vifo vingi vilivyosababishwa na volkeno. Hasara inategema kama miji iko karibu na volkeno au la, na kama serikali zina huduma za kutazama volkeno na kuonya watu watoke mapema wakati dalili za kwanza zinatokea. Kati ya mifano ya milipuko makali inayojulikana zaidi ni: * mlipuko wa volkeno ya [[Vesuvio]], [[Italia]]. Iliharibu miji ya Pompei na Herkulaneo mwaka 79 BK. * mlipuko wa volkeno ya [[Krakatau]], [[Indonesia]] mwaka 1883. Ilirusha vumbi nyingi angani kiasi kilichoonekana kote duniani * mlipuko wa volkeno [[Nevado del Ruiz]], [[Kolumbia]] mwaka 1985 uliua watu 25.000 kutokana na kuyeyusha [[theluji]] na [[barafu]] mlimani na kusababisha mafuriko ya ghafla [[Ol Doinyo Lengai]] ni volkeno ndogo iliyolipuka [[Tanzania]] kaskazini mwaka 2006. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Volkeno]] [[als:Vulkanismus]] [[bg:Вулкан]] [[ca:Volcà]] [[cs:Vulkán]] [[cy:Llosgfynydd]] [[da:Vulkan]] [[de:Vulkan]] [[en:Volcano]] [[et:Vulkaan]] [[es:Volcán]] [[eo:Vulkano]] [[fr:Volcan]] [[gl:Volcán]] [[io:Volkano]] [[id:Gunung Berapi]] [[is:Eldstöð]] [[it:Vulcano (geologia)]] [[he:&#1492;&#1512; &#1490;&#1506;&#1513;]] [[lb:Vulkan]] [[hu:Vulkán]] [[ms:Gunung berapi]] [[nl:Vulkaan]] [[ja:&#28779;&#23665;]] [[no:Vulkan]] [[pl:Wulkan]] [[pt:Vulcão]] [[ru:Вулкан (геология)]] [[simple:Volcano]] [[sl:Ognjenik]] [[sr:&#1042;&#1091;&#1083;&#1082;&#1072;&#1085; (&#1075;&#1077;&#1086;&#1075;&#1088;&#1072;&#1092;&#1089;&#1082;&#1080; &#1087;&#1086;&#1112;&#1072;&#1084;)]] [[fi:Tulivuori]] [[sv:Vulkan]] [[tl:Bulkan]] [[ta:எரிமலை]] [[th:&#3616;&#3641;&#3648;&#3586;&#3634;&#3652;&#3615;]] [[vi:Núi lửa]] [[tr:Yanarda&#287;]] [[zh:&#28779;&#23665;]] 1665 8172 2006-04-11T12:08:47Z Matt Crypto 20 Reverted edit of 217.51.232.16, changed back to last version by Matt Crypto [[Image:Fuji apple.jpg|thumb]] '''Tofaa''' ni [[tunda]]. [[Category:Makala fupi mno]] [[Category:Matunda]] [[ar:تفاح]] [[bg:Ябълка]] [[bs:Jabuka]] [[ca:Poma]] [[cy:Afal]] [[da:Æble (frugt)]] [[de:Äpfel]] [[en:Apple]] [[es:Manzana]] [[eo:Pomo]] [[fr:Pomme]] [[gl:Maceira]] [[he:תפוח]] [[mg:Paoma]] [[lv:Ābols]] [[nl:Appel]] [[ja:リンゴ]] [[no:Eple]] [[nn:Eple]] [[pl:Jabłoń]] [[pt:Maçã]] [[ru:Яблоко]] [[simple:Apple]] [[sr:Јабука (воће)]] [[fi:Omena]] [[sv:Äpple]] [[wa:Peme]] [[zh:苹果]] 1666 4822 2005-08-21T21:45:53Z Lilendi 64 + Wamaasai {{Babel-3|eo-3|en-D|sw-1}} Jina langu Lilendi (Kiingereza: Leland Bryant Ross; Kijapani: [http://www.geocities.com/lilandr/lingvoj/japana/peezi/teema1.html Rosu Haruo]; Kiesperanto: R<small>OS'</small> Haruo). == Orodha ya michango yangu mikuu == *'''User:Lilendi''' (ukurasa huu) *[[Kiazi]] *[[Seattle (mji)]] *[[Kenya]] *[[Mombasa]] *[[Togo]] *[[Wikipedia:Sanduku la mchanga]] *[[Mhanga]] *'''Category:Wanyama''' *'''Category:Nchi''' *'''Category:Miji''' *[[Wamaasai]] [[en:user:Haruo]] [[eo:Vikipediisto:Haruo]] 1667 9843 2006-05-21T03:50:41Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[ug:باتات]] [[Image:YamsatBrixtonMarket.jpg|thumb|Viazi sokoni Brighton]] Kiazi ni [[kiwanda]] ambacho kina vyanzo vikubwa vyakula. [[ar:بطاطس]] [[be:Бульба]] [[ca:Patata]] [[cs:Lilek brambor]] [[cy:Taten]] [[da:Kartoffel]] [[de:Kartoffel]] [[en:Potato]] [[eo:Terpomo]] [[es:Solanum tuberosum]] [[fi:Peruna]] [[fr:Pomme de terre]] [[gl:Pataca]] [[he:תפוח אדמה]] [[hr:Krumpir]] [[hu:Burgonya]] [[id:Kentang]] [[it:Solanum tuberosum]] [[ja:ジャガイモ]] [[ko:감자]] [[lt:Bulvė]] [[lv:Kartupelis]] [[mg:Ovy]] [[nds-nl:Eerpel]] [[nl:Aardappel]] [[nn:Potet]] [[no:Potet]] [[pl:Ziemniak]] [[pt:Batata]] [[ro:Cartof]] [[ru:Картофель]] [[simple:Potato]] [[sl:Krompir]] [[sr:Кромпир]] [[sv:Potatis]] [[tl:Patatas]] [[tr:Patates]] [[ug:باتات]] [[wa:Crompire]] [[zh:马铃薯]] 1669 4724 2005-08-14T01:54:26Z Lilendi 64 Talk:Kontinenti umehamishwa hapa Talk:Bara Nitahamia ukurasa huo kwa "Bara". --[[User:Lilendi|Lilendi]] 01:53, 14 Agosti 2005 (UTC) 1670 4723 2005-08-14T01:54:25Z Lilendi 64 Kontinenti umehamishwa hapa Bara: Bara is more authentic Swahili, "Kontinenti" is an anglicism IMHO #redirect [[Bara]] 1671 4725 2005-08-14T01:54:26Z Lilendi 64 Talk:Kontinenti umehamishwa hapa Talk:Bara: Bara is more authentic Swahili, "Kontinenti" is an anglicism IMHO #redirect [[Talk:Bara]] 1675 10466 2006-06-02T06:39:14Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[ca:Seattle]], [[oc:Seattle]] [[Image:Seattle_skyline_day.jpg|thumb|Seattle na Mount Rainier (mlima wa moto)]] '''Seattle''' ni mji katika nchi wa [[Washington]] (ncha ya magharibi na kaskazini ya [[Marekani]]). Seattle ni bandari ya uziwa. Seattle na [[Mombasa]] ([[Kenya]]) ni miji-ndugu. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Miji]] [[ar:سياتل]] [[bg:Сиатъл]] [[ca:Seattle]] [[da:Seattle]] [[de:Seattle]] [[en:Seattle, Washington]] [[eo:Seattle (Vaŝingtonio)]] [[es:Seattle]] [[fa:سیاتل]] [[fi:Seattle]] [[fr:Seattle]] [[he:סיאטל]] [[hi:सीऐटल]] [[id:Seattle]] [[io:Seattle]] [[it:Seattle]] [[ja:シアトル]] [[ko:시애틀]] [[la:Seattlum]] [[lt:Sietlas]] [[nl:Seattle (stad)]] [[nn:Seattle]] [[no:Seattle]] [[oc:Seattle]] [[os:Сиэтл]] [[pl:Seattle]] [[pt:Seattle]] [[ru:Сиэтл]] [[simple:Seattle, Washington]] [[sr:Сијетл]] [[sv:Seattle]] [[tr:Seattle]] [[yi:סיעטל]] [[zh:西雅圖]] 1676 11586 2006-07-01T03:07:44Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[fa:کنیا]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width=50 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big><big>'''Jamhuri ya Kenya'''</big></big> |- | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan=2 | {| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" | align="center" width="130px" | [[Image:Flag of Kenya.svg|125px|Bendera la Kenya]] | align="center" width="130px" | [[Image:Kenya coa.png|110px|Coat of Arms of Kenya]] |- | align="center" width="130px" | [[Flag of Kenya|Bendera]] | align="center" width="130px" | [[Coat of Arms of Kenya|Nembo]] |} |- | align="center" colspan=2 | <small>''[[ Hadabu ya Taifa]]: Harambee <br> ([[Lugha ya Kiswahili|Kiswahili]]:<br> Kiingereza, pull together ''</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | [[image:LocationKenya.png|Location of Kenya]] |- | '''[[Lugha za Taifa]]''' | [[Kiingereza]] <br>na [[Kiswahili ]] |- | '''[[Mji Mkuu]]''' | [[Nairobi]] |- | '''[[Rais wa Kenya|Rais]]''' | [[Mwai Kibaki]] |- | '''[[Eneo]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Jumla <br />&nbsp;- 2.3% Maji | [[Orotha ya nchi kulingana na eneo|Kadiriwa 46 duni]] <br /> 582,650 [[square kilomita|km&sup2;]] <br /> Acha |- | '''[[Umma]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Kadiriwa ([[ 37 duni ]])<br />&nbsp;- Jumla ([[32,021,856 ]])<br />&nbsp;- Umma kugawa na Eneo [[53.4]] | [[Orotha ya Nchi kulingana na Umma|Kadiriwa 37 duni ]]<br /> 4,561,599<br /> 4,298,269<br /> 38/km&sup2; ([[Orotha ya nchi kulingana na chumo cha umma kugawa na eneo|142 duni]) |- | '''[[Orotha ya nchi GDP (kidogo)|GDP]] [[Nguvu ya ununuzi|(PPP)]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Jumla<br />&nbsp;- kwa kipimo cha umma<br /> | [[81]] kadir<br />33,028 ([[Orotha ya nchi GDP (kidogo)|151]]) <br />917 ([[Orotha ya nchi kulingana na GDP kwa umma|151]]) |- | '''[[Uhuru]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Kadirifu<br />&nbsp;- Barabara | Kutoka [[Uingereza)]]<br />&nbsp; [[Disemba 12]]<br />&nbsp; [[1963]] |- | '''[[Fedha]]''' | [[Shilingi ya Kenya_KES]] |- | '''[[Saa za Eneo]]''' | [[Masaa za kimataifa|UTC]] +3 |- | '''[[Wimbo wa Taifa]]''' | ''[[Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu]]'' |- | '''[[Kiwango cha juu cha kuangalia mtandao|Intaneti TLD]]''' | [[.ke]] |- | '''[[Orotha za nchi- kodi za simu|Codi ya simu]]''' | 254 |} '''Jamhuri ya Kenya''', ama '''Kenya''' ni [[nchi]] katika [[Afrika ya Mashariki]]. Imepakana na [[Ethiopia]] upande wa kaskazini, [[Somalia]] upande wa kaskazini-mashariki, [[Tanzania]] upande wa kusini, [[Uganda]] upande wa magharibi, na [[Sudani]] upande wa kaskazini-magharibi, na upande kusini-mashariki ni [[Bahari Hindi]]. Kenya ni nchi mwanachama wa [[Jumuiya ya Afrika ya Mashariki]] na [[Umoja wa Afrika]]. ==Jiografia== Kenya iko kusini na kaskazini ya [[Ikweta]]. Eneo lake limepasuliwa na [[Bonde la Ufa]]. Sehemu ya juu ndiyo mlima wa [[Mlima Kenya]] (5199 m), sehemu ya chini ni ufukoni wa Bahari Hindi. Mito mikubwa: [[Tana]], [[Athi]] na [[Kerio]]. Miji mikubwa: (idadi za 2005): [[Nairobi]] 2.750.561, [[Mombasa]] 799.727, [[Nakuru]] 259.934, [[Eldoret]] 218.472, na [[Kisumu]] 216.479. Eneo la Kenya ni 582,650 [[kilomita za mraba|km&sup2;]]. [[Nyanda za Juu]] za Kenya ni mojawapo za eneo zinazojulikana kuwa na ukulima mwenye mavuno zaidi [[Afrika]]. Hali ya hewa ni ya kupoa kwenye Nyanda za Juu, ya joto pwani na katika nyanda za chini. [[Image:Kenya countryside.jpg|right|thumb|Kenya ina maeneo makubwa mazuri ambayo hayajaendelea]] [[Image:Times Tower Nairobi Kenya-2.jpg|right|thumb|Times Tower, Makao makuu ya Watoza ushuru wa Kenya, Ambayo iko Nairobi, Kenya.]] ==Historia== ''Tako la Kifungu: [[Historia ya Kenya]]'' Visukuku viligunduliwa Afrika ya Mashariki miaka ya karne hii, imesekana miaka milioni 20 iliyo ya kale Kijibinaadam katembea eneo hii. Hivi Karibuni [[ziwa la Turkana]] limeonyesha kwamba Visukuku za Kijibinaadam kama [[Homo habilis]] na [[Homo erectus]] viliishi eneo ya Kenya kutoka mika milioni 2.6 iliyopita. Historia ya Ukoloni wa Kenya, ni kutoka kipindi cha wabeberu wa Kijerumani kuthibitisha kutawala eneo la Sultani wa Zanzibari na mali yake yote ya pwani mwaka wa 1885, baadaye kampuni ya kibeberu ya Waingereza ya Afrika Mashariki ikafuata Wajerumani mwaka 1888. Ubishano wa mabeberu ukatokea na [[Ujerumani]] kamwachia Uingereza pwani yote na mali, mwaka wa 1890. Hii ilifuatiwa na ujenzi wa [[reli ya Kenya-Uganda]] kupitia bara. Reli hii, ilipingwa kwa vita vikali na kabila la [[Wanandi]], wakiongozwa na [[Orkoiyot Koitalel arap Samoei]] kwa miaka kumi, karne ya 1895 hadi 1905. Lakini Waingereza waliendelea kujenga reli na kupenya bara. Imeaminika ya kwamba Wanandi ndiyo Wafrika wa kwanza kupinga ujenzi wa reli. Miaka ya mbele karne 1900, milima ya kati nchini Kenya ilikuwa na masetla wakulima Waingereza na Wazungu wengi wakulima ambao walitajirika kwa kupanda kahawa. Lakini mwaka wa 1930s wastani wa masetla 30,000 waliishi eneo hilo na kupewa nguvu ya kisiasa kwa sababu ya nguvu zao za kiuchumi. Eneo hiyo tayari ilikuwa nyumbani mwao Wagiǐkǔyǔ ambao walikuwa kadri ya milioni moja. Kwa sheria za Kizungu kabila lenyewe halikuwa na hati za kumiliki ardhi, hivyo wazungu kwa ulinzi wakibinafsi wakawafinyilia kwa kuwakataza wenyeji kupanda kahawa, na pia kutoza ushuru wa nyumba na ambao hawakuwa na mashamba wakawa wakiwafanyia Wazungu kazi ili kupata makao. Wengi wa [[Wagikuyu]] walihamia mjini ili kupata makao ama kazi. Kutoka oktoba 1952 mbaka Disemba 1959, Kenya ilikuwa kwa [[HALI YA HATARI ]] kwa sababu ya mapambano ya kudai ardhi yao yaliyoongozwa na [[Mau Mau]] kupinga utawala wa Waingereza. Gavana wa Waingereza, aliitisha jeshi kutoka Uingereza na jeshi ya Kiafrika ya [["Bunduki za Mfalme"]]. Januari 1953, Meja Jenerali Hinde alipishwa kama rubani wa kuzuia jamaa za wakereketwa. Lakini hali ya hatari ilibaki moto moto kwa ukosefu wa udadisi kwa hivyo [[Jenerali Sir George Erskine]] akawekwa kama Kamanda Mkuu (Amri)wa jeshi yote ya ukoloni Mai 1953, kwa usaidizi na kuungwa mkono na [[Winston Churchill]]. Kwa kumshika [[Warǔhiǔ Itote (General China)]] 15 Januari 1954, alihojiwa kinyenya na hivyo basi Amri ya Mau Mau kueleweka. Operesheni Anvil ilifunguliwa tarehe 24 April 1954 baada ya wiki kadhaa kupangwa na Jeshi na uwamuzi wa baraza ya Vita. oparesheni iliweka Nairobi kwa mazingiwa ya Jeshi, na watu kuangaliwa na watetezi wa Mau Mau kuwekwa kizuizuni. Mai 1953 pia askari Gadi Wanyumbani aliweza kutambuliwa kama afisa wa serikali. Afisa wa Gadi wa Nyumbani alikuwa mtiifu kwa Waingereza na kwa hivyo alitumiwa kama jama ya kupinga Mau Mau kuliko Jeshi ya Waingereza ama Waafrika wa Bunduki za Mfalme. Mwisho wa HAlI YA HATARI Gadi wa Nyumbani alikuwa ameuwa karibu 4,686 Mau Mau, asilimia 42% kwa jumla ya wakereketwa. Kushikwa kwa [[Dedan Kimathi]] tarehe 21 Oktoba 1956 huko Nyeri ilileta Mau Mau kushidwa na kupoa na kuwacha umakuruhi wakijeshi. Kura ya kwanza ya Wafrika kwa Bunge ya wakoloni kama baraza la wanasheria ilitokea mwaka mnamo 1957. Hata kama Waingereza walitaka kuwaachia Wafrica Kadirifu nguvu za kisiasa, ilikuwa ni chama [[(Kenya Afrika National Union) KANU -Wafrika Wakenya wa Umoja Wataifa]] [[Jomo Kenyatta]], Aliunda serikali kabla ya Kenya kupata Uhuru 12th December 1963. Mwaka mmoja baadaye, Kenyatta akawa Rais wa kwanza Kenya. Kenyatta Kufariki mwaka 1978, [[Daniel arap Moi]] akawa Rais, nakushinda kura kwa democracia mwaka 1992 mpaka 1997, tena kura ya pili mpaka 2002, Moi alifikakiwango na sheria ya Katiba kuendelea Urais na Kustaafu Kabarak , na [[Mwai Kǐbakǐ]], kupata kura na muungano wa Upinzani "National Rainbow Coalition" - [[NARC]], na kuchaguliwa Rais. Upiga Kura Uliamliwa na Wananchi na Wangalizi waulimwengu kuwa kura za Uhuru na Amani ambao ni maendeleo ya demokrasia Kenya. == Siasa == ''Tako la kifungu: [[Siasa za Kenya]]'' [[Image:25332612.nairoboi013.JPG|right|thumb|200px|Ona sanamu ya Jomo Kenyatta na Nyumba ambayo ni Mahakama Kuu ya sheria, Nyuma]] Kenya ni Jamhuri; na [[Rais wa Kenya]] ni Kiongozi wa Serikali napiya Kiongozi wa Bunge. Kenya ikonabaraza la taifa la wenyekiti ama Wanabunge 210 ambao wachaguliwa kwa kura kwa kipindi cha miaka mitano kuakilisha makao au divisheni yao. Na piya kuna Wenyekiti 12 ambao wamechaguliwa bila kura na vyama za wanabunge kulingana naukubaliano wa Vyama. Rais yuamchagua Makamu wa Rais na Mawaziri kutoka wenyekiti waliochaguliwa kwa baraza ya Taifa (Bunge). Mwanasheria Mkuu na Msema wa Bunge hao siyo maafisa Wabunge wao ni Afisa wa serikali. Sheria inaongozwa na [[Mahakama Kuu ya kenya]] ambayo chifu ni Hakimu Mkuu akiongoza Mahakimu wa Mahakama Kuu ya Kenya napiya Majaji wa Mahakama ya Rufaa. Hakimu wote wameteuliwa na Rais. Kenya ni Nch ya [[Vyama vya sisa kadir]] kutoka mwaka 1991 ambapo katiba ilitekelezwa, na wanasiasa kupindukapinduka kwa Vyama ilikupata muungano wakudhamiri kisiasa. Disemba mwaka [[2002]], Kenya ilifanya [[kura fumbuzi]] na zakimadaraka za [[Kidemokrasia]] na kumchagua [[Mwai Kibaki|Mwai Kǐbakǐ]] kama Rais na [[Chama- muungano wa taifa demokrasia]] ama [[NAK]]. NAK na [[Chama- wazingatifu demokrasia (Kenya)]] [[LDP]] waliunda Muungano wa chama NARC ambayo inatawala sasa Kenya. muungano huo ulileta wanasiasa wenye hekima zaidi kama [[(Msomi). Kilemi Mwiria]], aliyepata usomi wake wa digirii kuu kwa Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford. alikuwa piya Karani Generali wa Ushirika wa Walimu wa Chuo Kikuu (UASU). Kenya hasa iko kwa njia ya kutoa [[katiba]] ya kutoka siku za ukoloni na kuandika Katiba mpya. katiba iliopo kutoka siku za ukoloni ilirekebishwa mara kadhaa na kumpa Rais nguvu nyingi za kisiasa hata kumkinga Rais kuhukumiwa na [[sheria]] ambayo ilileta ufisadi kwa kila idara. Utekelezaji wa Katiba bado unabishano kwa Muungano wa Kisisa ambao unatawala Nchi. Siasa za kulia- Nak wanataka Rais mwenye Mamlaka ya Bunge na Serikali lakini Siasa za Kushoto LDP -- wakiongozwa na [[Raila Odinga]] -- waitaka Bunge ikiongozwa na Waziri Mkuu. Julai 2005 serikali kaamua kutekeleza Katiba iliyopishwa na Jumuiya ya Katiba huko [[Bomas]] na kutangaza [[Kura ya maoni]] kwa katiba, Novemba 21 2005. Ambapo ilikataliwa na wachanguzi. Wachaguzi ilikuwa warushe kura kuiunga mkono Katiba hiyo ama Kuikataa. == Muundo wa Serikali== [[Image:Kenya mikoa.JPG|thumb|300px|Ramani ya mikoa ya Kenya]] Nchi ya Kenya imegawiwa katika mikoa minane kila mmoja ukiongozwa na [[Mkuu wa Mkoa]] ambaye amepewa mamlaka na Rais. ''[[Mkoa]]'' mwenyewe nao umegawiwa katika ''[[Wilaya]]'' zinazogawiwa kwa ''[[Tarafa]]''. Nazo tarafa zimegawiwa kwa ''[[Mtaa|mitaa]]'' na kugawiwa zaidi kwa ''[[Kijiji|vijiji]]''. Eneo ya Nairobi ni maalum ni Mkoa mwenye wilaya moja tu. Serikali yasimamia mikoa na wilaya zote. #[[Mkoa wa Bonde la Ufa, Kenya|Bonde la Ufa]] #[[Mkoa wa Mashariki, Kenya|Mashariki]] #[[Mkoa wa Kaskazini-Mashariki, Kenya|Kaskazini-Mashariki]] #[[Mkoa wa Magharibi, Kenya|Magharibi]] #[[Mkoa wa Nyanza, Kenya|Nyanza]] #[[Mkoa wa Kati, Kenya|Kati]] #[[Mkoa wa Pwani, Kenya|Pwani]] #[[Nairobi|Nairobi]]* ==Uchumi== ''Tako la Kifungu: [[Uchumi wa Kenya]]'' Nguvu ya Uchumi wa Kenya unapatikana kwa Utalii na Ukulima. Uchumi umeanza kuonyesha ukuzi baada ya vilio. Watu wengi wabisha kuwa Uchumi ulikuzwa kwa uvivu kwasababu ya ufukara wa usimamizi na ukosefu usawa wa ugeuzi wa uchumi; Wengine wakasema nikwasababu ya bei ya vifaa kuanguka na kushidwa kupenya soko za kuuza za [[Dunia ya magharibi]]. Mwaka wa [[1993]], Serikali ya Kenya iliweka kipindi cha uchumi [[Kukarimisha Uchumi]] na Ugeuzi unahusu kutoa: vyeti vya kununua ng'ambo,[[Kuelekeza bei]], na [[Kuelekeza biashara za Fedha]]. Hii yote ilifanyika na igemeo la [[Banki Kuu ya Dunia]], [[(IMF) Ikopeshi Mataifa Fedha]], na wakopeshi wengine. Ugeuzi huo ulileta maendeleo ya uchumi [[Ukuzi uchumi|ukuzi uvivu]] miaka ya [[1990s]]. Mambo mengine ya Serikali kuwacha kuendesha na kuelekeza bei na Fedha za kigeni. Mktasari wa Serikali ni kwamba Ugeuzi wa Uchumi ni wamaana kwa sababu kutogeuza vile kulile [[Ufisadi wa Goldenberg| Ufisadi (Ukora) wa kuuza dhahabu na almasi ng'ambo]] Ambapo Serikali ya Kenya Ilipoteza Milioni 600 za Dolla za Marekani. Hii ilileta Shilingi dhaifu na Uchumi Mvivu na maendeleo pungufu. Kenya [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] ilikuzwa asilimia 5% mwaka [[1995]] na asilimia 4% mwaka wa [[1996]], {{Mikoa ya Kenya}} {{Afrika}} [[Category:Kenya|*]] [[Category:Nchi]] [[af:Kenia]] [[am:ኬንያ]] [[an:Kenia]] [[ar:كينيا]] [[bg:Кения]] [[bs:Kenija]] [[ca:Kenya]] [[cs:Keňa]] [[cy:Kenya]] [[da:Kenya]] [[de:Kenia]] [[el:Κένυα]] [[en:Kenya]] [[eo:Kenjo]] [[es:Kenia]] [[et:Kenya]] [[eu:Kenia]] [[fa:کنیا]] [[fi:Kenia]] [[fr:Kenya]] [[gd:Ceinia]] [[gl:Quenia - Kenya]] [[he:קניה]] [[hr:Kenija]] [[hu:Kenya]] [[id:Kenya]] [[io:Kenia]] [[is:Kenýa]] [[it:Kenya]] [[ja:ケニア]] [[ko:케냐]] [[ku:Kenya]] [[kw:Kenya]] [[la:Kenia]] [[li:Kenia]] [[lt:Kenija]] [[lv:Kenija]] [[mk:Кенија]] [[ms:Kenya]] [[na:Kenya]] [[nds:Kenia]] [[nl:Kenia]] [[nn:Kenya]] [[no:Kenya]] [[oc:Kenia]] [[pl:Kenia]] [[pt:Quénia]] [[ro:Kenya]] [[ru:Кения]] [[sa:केन्या]] [[sh:Kenija]] [[simple:Kenya]] [[sk:Keňa]] [[sl:Kenija]] [[sq:Kenia]] [[sr:Кенија]] [[sv:Kenya]] [[th:ประเทศเคนยา]] [[tl:Kenya]] [[tr:Kenya]] [[ug:كېنىيە]] [[uk:Кенія]] [[vi:Kenya]] [[zh:肯尼亚]] [[zh-min-nan:Kenya]] 1677 9459 2006-05-11T20:18:22Z Kipala 107 '''Mombasa''' ni bandari kubwa katika [[mwambao]] wa [[Kenya]]. Kiswahili cha Mombasa kinaitwa "Kimvita". Mombasa una 900000 watu. Mombasa na [[Seattle (mji)|Seattle]] ni "[[miji-ndugu]]". {{mbegu}} [[Category:Miji ya Kenya]] [[Category:Kenya]] [[Category:Waswahili]] [[ar:مومباسا]] [[da:Mombasa]] [[de:Mombasa]] [[en:Mombasa]] [[eo:Mombasa]] [[es:Mombasa]] [[fi:Mombasa]] [[fr:Mombasa]] [[he:מומבסה]] [[id:Mombasa]] [[it:Mombasa]] [[ja:モンバサ]] [[nl:Mombassa]] [[no:Mombasa]] [[pl:Mombasa]] [[sv:Mombasa]] 1679 11500 2006-06-29T16:20:53Z Kipala 107 {{Infobox_Country |native_name = République Togolaise |conventional_long_name = Jamhuri ya Togo |common_name = Togo |image_flag = Flag of Togo.svg |image_coat = Togo coa.png |symbol_type = Nembo |image_map = LocationTogo.png |national_motto = Travail, Liberté, Patrie<br>([[French language|French]]: Kazi, Uhuru, Taifa) |national_anthem = ''[[Salut à toi, pays de nos aïeux]]'' <br>(Usalimiwe nchi ya wazee wetu) |official_languages = [[Kifaransa]] |capital = [[Lomé|Lomé]] |latd=6 |latm=7 |lats=55 |latNS=N |longd=1 |longm=13 |longs=22 |longEW=E |largest_city = [[Lome, Togo|Lomé]] |government_type = Jamhuri kwenye njia ya kuwa na utawala wa kikatiba |Rais = Faure Gnassingbe |leader_titles = [[Wakuu wa Serikali ya Togo|Waziri Mkuu]] |leader_names = [[Edem Kodjo]] |area_rank = ya 122 |area_magnitude = 1 E10 |area= 56,785 |areami²= 21,925 |percent_water = 4.2 |population_estimate = 6,145,000 ^* |population_estimate_rank = ya 102 ^** |population_estimate_year = Julai 2005 |population_census = |population_census_year = |population_density = 97.7 |population_densitymi² = 253.0 |population_density_rank = ya 75 ^** |GDP_PPP = $8.948 billioni |GDP_PPP_rank = ya 142 |GDP_PPP_year= 2005 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,700 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ya 191 |sovereignty_type = [[uhuru]] |established_events = kutoka [[Ufaransa]] |established_dates = [[Aprili 27]] [[1960]] |HDI = 0.512 |HDI_rank = ya 143 |HDI_year = 2003 |HDI_category = <font color="#FFCC00">medium</font> |currency = [[CFA franc]] |currency_code = XOF |country_code = |time_zone = [[GMT]] |utc_offset = +0 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |cctld = [[.tg]] |calling_code = 228 }} [[Image:Togo-ramani kisiasa.png|left|330px|Karte Togos]] '''Togo''' ni nchi katika [[Afrika ya Magharibi]] kwenye mwambao wa Ghuba la Guinea ya Atlantiki ikipakana na [[Benin]] upande wa mashariki, Burkina Faso kwa kaskazini na Ghana kwa mashariki. Idadi ya wakazi ilikuwa takriban milioni 5,4 mwaka 2005. Togo ni nchi ndogo katika [[Afrika]] yenye 56 785 km² pekee kwa umbo la pembenne yenye urefu wa 55o km na upana wa takriban 130 km. Mwelekeo wa eneo la nchi ni kaskazini - kusini kuna kanda zota za kijiografia ya Afrika ya Magharibi kuanzia pwani lenye machanga na misitu ya minazi kwenye kusini, vilima vya nyanda za juu katikati na [[savana]] pamoja na maeneo [[yabisi]] zaidi ya [[Sahel]] kaskazini. {{Afrika}} {{mbegu}} [[Category:Togo]] [[af:Togo]] [[am:ቶጎ]] [[an:Togo]] [[ar:توغو]] [[bg:Того]] [[bs:Togo]] [[ca:Togo]] [[cs:Togo]] [[da:Togo]] [[de:Togo]] [[en:Togo]] [[eo:Togolando]] [[es:Togo]] [[et:Togo]] [[eu:Togo]] [[fa:توگو]] [[fi:Togo]] [[fr:Togo]] [[gd:Togo]] [[gl:Togo]] [[he:טוגו]] [[hr:Togo]] [[hu:Togo]] [[id:Togo]] [[io:Togo]] [[is:Tógó]] [[it:Togo]] [[ja:トーゴ]] [[ko:토고]] [[ks:टोगो]] [[kw:Togo]] [[lt:Togas]] [[lv:Togo]] [[mk:Того]] [[ms:Togo]] [[nds:Togo]] [[nl:Togo]] [[nn:Togo]] [[no:Togo]] [[oc:Tògo]] [[pl:Togo]] [[pt:Togo]] [[rm:Togo]] [[ro:Togo]] [[ru:Того]] [[sa:टोगो]] [[sh:Togo]] [[simple:Togo]] [[sk:Togo]] [[sl:Togo]] [[sq:Togo]] [[sr:Того]] [[sv:Togo]] [[tl:Togo]] [[tr:Togo]] [[ug:توگو]] [[uk:Того]] [[zh:多哥]] [[zh-min-nan:Togo]] 1680 4755 2005-08-16T20:33:25Z Lilendi 64 Sanduku la mchanga umehamishwa hapa Wikipedia:Sanduku la mchanga == Idadi == Nilisihia '''Idadi''' huko. [[Image:Example.jpg]][[Image:Example.jpg]]''Italic text''<math>Insert formula here</math>[[Media:Example.ogg]][[Image:Example.jpg]][[Link title]] 1682 4756 2005-08-16T20:33:25Z Lilendi 64 Sanduku la mchanga umehamishwa hapa Wikipedia:Sanduku la mchanga: kwa sababu #redirect [[Wikipedia:Sanduku la mchanga]] 1683 4758 2005-08-17T02:55:33Z 209.16.182.132 NPOV? Rai ya baki? 1684 4825 2005-08-22T07:06:44Z Lilendi 64 maarifa ya hakimiliki Based on the CIA's Kenya_sm02.gif (I don't know how to turn it into a PNG like they have at the English Wikipedia) {{GFDL}} {{PD-USGov-CIA-WF}} 1685 6427 2006-01-25T13:11:56Z Matt Crypto 20 Sehumu ya mji wa Pangani (12-12-2004) {{GFDL}} 1686 11227 2006-06-24T07:24:23Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[de:Pangani]] [[Image:20041212_pangani.jpg|thumb|Mto wa Pangani karibu na mdomo]] '''Pangani''' ni jina la mto, wilaya na mji katika [[Tanzania]]. '''* [[Pangani (mto)|Mto wa Pangani]]''' unabeba maji ya Milima ya [[Meru]], [[Kilimanjaro]], Pare na [[Usambara]] kwenda [[Bahari Hindi]]. Mdomo wake uko mjini Pangani. '''* [[Wilaya ya Pangani]]''' ni kati ya wilaya za [[mkoa wa Tanga]]. '''* [[Pangani (mji)|Mji wa Pangani]]''' ni makao makuu wa wilaya ya Pangani iliyomo mkoa wa Tanga ufukoni mwa [[Bahari ya Hindi]] na mto wa Pangani. * Jina la Pangani hupatikana pia katika miji mbalimbali likitaja eneo au mtaa ndani yake, kwa mfano Pangani katika [[Nairobi]], karibu na [[Eastleigh]]. Maana ni "'''eneo watu walipopanga nyumba zao'''". {{maana}} [[de:Pangani]] [[en:Pangani]] 1687 4770 2005-08-18T10:06:07Z Thomas Schmidt 70 1688 sysop 4777 2005-08-19T23:41:03Z MediaWiki default expires $1 1689 sysop 4778 2005-08-19T23:41:03Z MediaWiki default infinite 1690 sysop 4779 2005-08-19T23:41:03Z MediaWiki default The blocklist is empty. 1691 sysop 4780 2005-08-19T23:41:03Z MediaWiki default /^(.*?)([a-zA-Z\x80-\xff]+)$/sD 1692 sysop 4782 2005-08-19T23:41:03Z MediaWiki default Most linked to pages 1693 sysop 4783 2005-08-19T23:41:03Z MediaWiki default all 1694 sysop 4788 2005-08-19T23:41:04Z MediaWiki default one deleted edit 1695 sysop 4795 2005-08-19T23:41:05Z MediaWiki default px 1696 10996 2006-06-20T05:14:57Z YurikBot 117 robot Modifying: [[zh:土豚]] [[Image:Erdferkel-drawing.jpg|thumb|Wahanga kadha]] '''Mhanga''' ni [[mnyama]] wa Afrika. Wahanga wanakula [[chungu]]. Wanakaa mapande mengi ya Afrika. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Wanyama]] [[bn:আর্ডভার্ক]] [[cs:Hrabáč]] [[da:Jordsvin]] [[de:Erdferkel]] [[en:Aardvark]] [[eo:Orikteropo]] [[es:Orycteropus afer]] [[et:Tuhnik]] [[fi:Maasika]] [[fr:Oryctérope du Cap]] [[he:שנבובאים]] [[it:Orycteropus afer]] [[ja:ツチブタ]] [[li:Eerdverke]] [[lt:Vamzdžiadančiai]] [[nl:Aardvarken]] [[no:Jordsvin]] [[pl:Mrównik]] [[pt:Oricterope]] [[ru:Трубкозуб]] [[simple:Aardvark]] [[sv:Jordsvin]] [[zh:土豚]] 1698 4807 2005-08-20T07:11:21Z Lilendi 64 1699 6137 2006-01-13T19:32:39Z Miaow Miaow 87 cat. Jiografia [[Category:Jiografia]] [[af:Kategorie:Lande]] [[als:Kategorie:Land]] [[ang:Category:Land]] [[ar:تصنيف:عضو الأمم المتحدة]] [[an:Category:Países]] [[ast:Categoría:Países]] [[bg:Категория:Държави]] [[zh-min-nan:Category:Kok-ka]] [[be:Катэгорыя:Краіны]] [[bs:Category:Države Svijeta]] [[br:Rummad:Riezoù ar Bed]] [[cv:Category:Патшалăхсем]] [[da:Kategori:Verdens lande]] [[de:Kategorie:Staat]] [[et:Kategooria:Maailma maad]] [[el:Κατηγορία:Χώρες]] [[en:Category:Countries]] [[es:Categoría:Países]] [[eo:Kategorio:Landoj]] [[fa:Category:کشورها]] [[fr:Catégorie:Pays du monde]] [[fur:Categorie:Stâts dal mont]] [[ga:Catagóir:Tíortha]] [[gl:Category:Países]] [[ko:분류:나라]] [[hi:श्रेणी:देश]] [[hr:Kategorija:Države svijeta]] [[io:Category:Stati]] [[ilo:Category:Pagilian]] [[id:Kategori:Negara]] [[ia:Category:Pais]] [[is:Flokkur:Lönd]] [[it:Categoria:Nazioni]] [[he:קטגוריה:מדינות העולם]] [[ka:კატეგორია:ქვეყნები]] [[kk:Category:Мемлекеттер]] [[ku:Kategorî:Welat]] [[la:Categoria:Nationes]] [[lv:Category:Valstis]] [[lt:Kategorija:Valstybės]] [[ln:Category:Bisé ya Mokili]] [[hu:Kategória:Országok]] [[mt:Category:Pajjiżi]] [[mo:Category:Цэрь]] [[nah:Category:Altepetl]] [[na:Category:Eb]] [[nl:Categorie:Land]] [[nds:Kategorie:Land]] [[ja:Category:国]] [[no:Kategori:Land]] [[nn:Kategori:Land]] [[oc:Category:Païses]] [[os:Категори:Бæстæтæ]] [[pl:Kategoria:Państwa świata]] [[pt:Categoria:Países do mundo]] [[ro:Categorie:Ţări]] [[rm:Category:Stadi]] [[ru:Категория:Страны]] [[sco:Category:Kintras]] [[scn:Category:Nazzioni]] [[sq:Category:Shtet]] [[simple:Category:Countries]] [[sk:Kategória:Štáty]] [[sl:Category:Države]] [[sr:Категорија:Државе]] [[sh:Category:Države svijeta]] [[fi:Luokka:Valtiot]] [[sv:Kategori:Världens länder]] [[tl:Category:Mga bansa]] [[ta:பகுப்பு:நாடுகள்]] [[tt:Törkem:Däwlätlär]] [[th:Category:ประเทศ]] [[vi:Thể loại:Quốc gia]] [[tpi:Category:Kantri]] [[tr:Kategori:Ülkeler]] [[uk:Категорія:Країни]] [[wa:Categoreye:Payis]] [[yi:Category:לענדער]] [[zh:Category:国家]] 1700 11356 2006-06-25T19:47:24Z Redagavimas 180 iw [[Category:Jiografia]] [[be:Category:Гарады]] [[bg:Категория:Градове]] [[cs:Kategorie:Města]] [[da:Kategori:Byer]] [[de:Kategorie:Ort]] [[en:Category:Cities]] [[eo:Kategorio:Urbo]] [[et:Category:Linnad]] [[fr:Catégorie:Ville du monde]] [[he:קטגוריה:ערים]] [[it:Categoria:Città]] [[ja:Category:都市]] [[ka:კატეგორია:ქალაქები]] [[ko:Category:도시]] [[nds:Kategorie:Oort]] [[nl:Categorie:Stad]] [[no:Kategori:Byer]] [[os:Категори:Сахартæ]] [[pl:Kategoria:Miasta]] [[pt:Categoria:Cidades]] [[ro:Categorie:Oraşe]] [[ru:Category:Город]] [[simple:Category:Cities]] [[sk:Category:Mestá]] [[sr:Category:Градови]] [[sv:Kategori:Städer]] [[tl:Category:Mga lungsod]] [[tt:Törkem:Şähär]] [[zh:Category:城市]] 1701 10808 2006-06-14T10:34:06Z YurikBot 117 robot Modifying: [[fi:Maasait]] [[Image:Maasai tribe.jpg|right|thumb|320px|Wamaasai, Kenya]] '''Wamaasai''' ni [[kabila]] la watu wapatao 900,000 wanaoishi [[Kenya]] na [[Tanzania]]. Jina la jiji "[[Nairobi]]" limetokana na neno la [[Kimaasai]] ''Enkarenairobi'' (linalomaanisha "mahali penye maji baridi"). {{mbegu}} [[Category:Kenya]] [[Category:Tanzania]] [[Category:Makabila]] [[bg:Масаи]] [[ca:Massai]] [[de:Massai]] [[en:Maasai]] [[es:Masai]] [[fi:Maasait]] [[fr:Masaïs]] [[he:מסאי (שבט)]] [[it:Masai]] [[ja:マサイ族]] [[nl:Masaï]] [[os:Масайтæ]] [[pl:Masajowie]] [[ru:Масаи]] 1703 9675 2006-05-14T23:35:50Z Kipala 107 Mji wa '''Tanga''' ni mji mkuu wa [[Mkoa wa Tanga]] uliyoko ufukoni mwa [[Bahari ya Hindi]]. Tanga ina bandari kubwa kabisa katika sehumu ya kaskazini mwa [[Tanzania]]. Njia ya reli kwenda Mji wa [[Moshi]] inaanza hapa. Jina hili la mji wa '''Tanga''' lilitokana neno la [[Kiajemi]] lenye maana nne tofauti ambazo ni: Iliyo nyooka; Bonde lenye rutuba; Barabara upande wa mto na Shamba juu ya mlima, neno hilohilo la '''Tanga''' kwa kabila la Kibondei ambalo ni wenyeji wa mkoa huo linamaana ya shamba, wao hulitamka '''N'tanga''' ==Historia== Tanga insaemekana imeanzishwa na wafanyabiashara [[Waajemi]] katika karne ya 14. [[BK]]. Mji wa Tanga haikupata umuhimu kama mji wa jirani ya [[Mombasa]]. [[Tarihi ya Pate]] inasema ya kwamba kabla ya kuja kwa [[Wareno]] [[Pate]] iliwahi kutawala Lindi kwa muda fulani. Katika karne ya 19. BK Tanga ilikuwa chini ya utawala wa [[Omani]] na [[Zanzibar]]. Misafara ya biashara imeanzishwa hapa kwenda bara. Kutokana na bandari yake nzuri ya kiasili Tanga ilikua sana wakati wa ukoloni wa Wajerumani waliojenga bandari wa kisasa pamoja reli kwanda [[Moshi]]. [[Reli]] iliwezesha kilimo kwa ajili ya soko la dunia Tanga ikawa bandari kuu kwa jili ya [[katani]] na kahawa. Baada ya Uingereza kuchukua utawala wa [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani]] reli ya Tanga-Moshi iliunganishwa na ile ya kati hivyo ikawa na njia kwenda [[Daressalaam]] pia. Wakati wa [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia]] Tanga iliona mapigano makali tar. 3. - 5. Novemba 1914. Jaribio la [[Uingereza]] kuvamia Tanga kwa kikosi cha maaskari 8000 [[Waingereza]] na [[Wahindi]] kutoka meli kwenye [[Bahari Hindi]] ilishindwa vibaya na [[Jeshi la Ulinzi wa Kijerumani]] chini ya uongozi wa [[Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck]]. Mwaka 1922 "Tanganyika Territory African Civil Services Association" iliundwa Tanga ambayo ilikuwa shirika ya kwanza ya Kiafrika yenye shabaha za kisiasa. Kutokana na kupanuka kwa bandari ya Daressalaam umuhimu wa bandari ya Tanga umerudi nyuma. nchi: [[Tanzania]]<br> mkoa: Tanga<br> wilaya: Tanga<br> wakazi: 224.891 (1-1-2005) [[Category:Miji ya Tanzania]] [[ar:تنجانيقا]] [[de:Tanga (Tansania)]] [[en:Tanga, Tanzania]] [[sv:Tanga]] 1704 7337 2006-03-12T04:41:14Z 203.118.187.97 #REDIRECT[[Sahihi Yesu Kanisa]] #REDIRECT[[Sahihi Yesu Kanisa]] 1705 10127 2006-05-25T22:54:00Z Kipala 107 [[Image:LocationEurope.png|thumb|300px]] [[Image:Europe satellite orthographic.jpg|thumb|300px]] '''Ulaya''' ni [[bara]]: eneo la Ulaya ni 10,600,000 km² na wakazi ni 700 milioni. ==Orodha ya nchi na maeneo== {| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border:1px solid #aaa; border-collapse:collapse" |- bgcolor="#ECECEC" ! Jina la nchi au eneo,<br> [[bendera]] ! [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na eneo|Eneo]]<br>(km²) ! [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi|Wakazi]]<br>(mnamo Julai 2002 takriban) ! [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi kwa km²|Wakazi kwa km²]] ! [[Mji Mkuu]] |- | colspan=5 style="background:#eee;" | == '''[[Ulaya ya Mashariki]]:'''<small>(1) == |- | [[Image:Flag of Belarus.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Belarus]] | align="right" | 207,600 | align="right" | 10,335,382 | align="right" | 49.8 | [[Minsk]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Bulgaria.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Bulgaria]] | align="right" | 110,910 | align="right" | 7,621,337 | align="right" | 68.7 | [[Sofia]] |- | [[Image:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Uczeki]] | align="right" | 78,866 | align="right" | 10,256,760 | align="right" | 130.1 | [[Prague]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Hungary.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Hungaria]] | align="right" | 93,030 | align="right" | 10,075,034 | align="right" | 108.3 | [[Budapest]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Moldova.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Moldova]] | align="right" | 33,843 | align="right" | 4,434,547 | align="right" | 131.0 | [[Chisinau]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Poland.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Poland]] | align="right" | 312,685 | align="right" | 38,625,478 | align="right" | 123.5 | [[Warsaw]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Romania.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Romania]] | align="right" | 238,391 | align="right" | 21,698,181 | align="right" | 91.0 | [[Bucharest]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Russia.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Urusi]] <small>(2) | align="right" | 3,960,000 | align="right" | 106,037,143 | align="right" | 26.8 | [[Moscow]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Slovakia.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Slovakia]] | align="right" | 48,845 | align="right" | 5,422,366 | align="right" | 111.0 | [[Bratislava]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Ukraine.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Ukraina]] | align="right" | 603,700 | align="right" | 48,396,470 | align="right" | 80.2 | [[Kyiv]] |- | colspan=5 style="background:#eee;" | == '''[[Ulaya ya Kaskazini]]:''' == |- | [[Image:Flag of Denmark.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Denmark]] | align="right" | 43,094 | align="right" | 5,368,854 | align="right" | 124.6 | [[Copenhagen]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Estonia.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Estonia]] | align="right" | 45,226 | align="right" | 1,415,681 | align="right" | 31.3 | [[Tallinn]] |- | [[Image:Flag of the Faroe Islands.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Visiwa vya Faroe]] ([[Denmark]]) | align="right" | 1,399 | align="right" | 46,011 | align="right" | 32.9 | [[Tórshavn]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Finland.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Finland]] | align="right" | 337,030 | align="right" | 5,183,545 | align="right" | 15.4 | [[Helsinki]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Guernsey.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Guernsey]] <small>(3) | align="right" | 78 | align="right" | 64,587 | align="right" | 828.0 | [[St Peter Port]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Iceland.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Iceland]] | align="right" | 103,000 | align="right" | 279,384 | align="right" | 2.7 | [[Reykjavík]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Ireland.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Jamhuri ya Ireland|Ireland]] | align="right" | 70,280 | align="right" | 3,883,159 | align="right" | 55.3 | [[Dublin]] |- | [[Image:Flag of the Isle of Man.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Kisiwa cha Man]] <small>(3) | align="right" | 572 | align="right" | 73,873 | align="right" | 129.1 | [[Douglas, Isle of Man|Douglas]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Jersey.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Jersey]] <small>(3) | align="right" | 116 | align="right" | 89,775 | align="right" | 773.9 | [[Saint Helier]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Latvia.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Latvia]] | align="right" | 64,589 | align="right" | 2,366,515 | align="right" | 36.6 | [[Riga]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Lithuania.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Lithuania]] | align="right" | 65,200 | align="right" | 3,601,138 | align="right" | 55.2 | [[Vilnius]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Norway.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Norway]] | align="right" | 324,220 | align="right" | 4,525,116 | align="right" | 14.0 | [[Oslo]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Norway.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Svalbard na Jan Mayen|Visiwa vya Svalbard and Jan<br>Mayen]] ([[Norway]]) | align="right" | 62,049 | align="right" | 2,868 | align="right" | 0.046 | [[Longyearbyen]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Sweden.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Sweden]] | align="right" | 449,964 | align="right" | 8,876,744 | align="right" | 19.7 | [[Stockholm]] |- | [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Uingereza]] | align="right" | 244,820 | align="right" | 59,778,002 | align="right" | 244.2 | [[London]] |- | colspan=5 style="background:#eee;" | == '''[[Ulaya ya Kusini]]:''' == |- | [[Image:Flag of Albania.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Albania]] | align="right" | 28,748 | align="right" | 3,544,841 | align="right" | 123.3 | [[Tirana]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Andorra.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Andorra]] | align="right" | 468 | align="right" | 68,403 | align="right" | 146.2 | [[Andorra la Vella]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | align="right" | 51,129 | align="right" | 3,964,388 | align="right" | 77.5 | [[Sarajevo]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Croatia.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Croatia]] | align="right" | 56,542 | align="right" | 4,390,751 | align="right" | 77.7 | [[Zagreb]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Gibraltar.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Gibraltar]] ([[Uingereza]]) | align="right" | 5.9 | align="right" | 27,714 | align="right" | 4,697.3 | [[Gibraltar]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Greece.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Ugiriki]] | align="right" | 131,940 | align="right" | 10,645,343 | align="right" | 80.7 | [[Athens]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Italy.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Italia]] | align="right" | 301,230 | align="right" | 57,715,625 | align="right" | 191.6 | [[Roma]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Macedonia.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Jamhuri ya Makedonia|Makedonia]] | align="right" | 25,333 | align="right" | 2,054,800 | align="right" | 81.1 | [[Skopje]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Malta.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Malta]] | align="right" | 316 | align="right" | 397,499 | align="right" | 1,257.9 | [[Valletta]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Portugal.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Ureno]] <small>(6) | align="right" | 91,568 | align="right" | 10,084,245 | align="right" | 110.1 | [[Lisbon]] |- | [[Image:Flag of San Marino.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[San Marino]] | align="right" | 61 | align="right" | 27,730 | align="right" | 454.6 | [[San Marino, San Marino|San Marino]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Serbia and Montenegro.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Serbia wa Montenegro]] | align="right" | 102,173 | align="right" | 10,280,000 | align="right" | 100.6 | [[Belgrade]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Slovenia.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Slovenia]] | align="right" | 20,273 | align="right" | 1,932,917 | align="right" | 95.3 | [[Ljubljana]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Spain.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Hispania]] <small>(7) | align="right" | 498,506 | align="right" | 40,077,100 | align="right" | 80.4 | [[Madrid]] |- | [[Image:Flag of the Vatican City.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Mji wa Vatikano]] | align="right" | 0.44 | align="right" | 900 | align="right" | 2,045.5 | [[Citta del Vatikano]] |- | colspan=5 style="background:#eee;" | == '''[[Ulaya ya Magharibi]]:''' == |- | [[Image:Flag of Austria.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Austria]] | align="right" | 83,858 | align="right" | 8,169,929 | align="right" | 97.4 | [[Vienna]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Belgium.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Ubelgiji]] | align="right" | 30,510 | align="right" | 10,274,595 | align="right" | 336.8 | [[Brussels]] |- | [[Image:Flag of France.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Ufaransa]] <small>(8) | align="right" | 547,030 | align="right" | 59,765,983 | align="right" | 109.3 | [[Paris]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Germany.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Ujerumani]] (Udachi) | align="right" | 357,021 | align="right" | 83,251,851 | align="right" | 233.2 | [[Berlin]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Liechtenstein.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Liechtenstein]] | align="right" | 160 | align="right" | 32,842 | align="right" | 205.3 | [[Vaduz]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Luxembourg.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Luxemburg]] | align="right" | 2,586 | align="right" | 448,569 | align="right" | 173.5 | [[Luxemburg mjini|Luxemburg]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Monaco.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Monako]] | align="right" | 1.95 | align="right" | 31,987 | align="right" | 16,403.6 | [[Monaco]] |- | [[Image:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Uholanzi]] <small>(9) | align="right" | 41,526 | align="right" | 16,318,199 | align="right" | 393.0 | [[Amsterdam]], [[The Hague]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Switzerland.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Uswisi]] | align="right" | 41,290 | align="right" | 7,301,994 | align="right" | 176.8 | [[Bern]] |- | colspan=5 style="background:#eee;" | == '''[[Asia ya Magharibi]]:''' == |- | [[Image:Flag of Armenia.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Armenia]] <small>(10) | align="right" | 29,800 | align="right" | — | align="right" | — | [[Yerevan]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Azerbaijan]] <small>(11) | align="right" | 39,730 | align="right" | 4,198,491 | align="right" | 105.7 | [[Baku]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Cyprus.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Cyprus]] <small>(12) | align="right" | 5,995 | align="right" | 780,133 | align="right" | 130.1 | [[Nicosia|Nicosia (Lefkosa)]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Georgia.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] <small>(13)} | align="right" | 49,240 | align="right" | 2,447,176 | align="right" | 49.7 | [[Tbilisi]] |- | [[Image:Flag of Turkey.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Uturuki]] <small>(14) | align="right" | 24,378 | align="right" | 11,044,932 | align="right" | 453.1 | [[Ankara]] |- | colspan=5 style="background:#eee;" | == '''[[Asia ya Kati]]:''' == |- | [[Image:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg|thumb|left|30px]] [[Kazakhstan]] <small>(15) | align="right" | 370,373 | align="right" | 1,285,174 | align="right" | 3.4 | [[Astana]] |- style=" font-weight:bold; " | Total | align="right" | 10,431,299 | align="right" | 709,022,061 | align="right" | 68.0 |} ''Notes:''<br> <small>1. Kanda zinazotajwa (Ulaya ya Kusini – magharibi n.k.) zinafuata utaratibu wa Umoja wa Mataifa [[:Image:United Nations geographical subregions.png|UN categorisations/map]]. Nchi kadhaa zinazotajwa hapo chini zinaweza kuhesabiwa kuwa sehemu ya Ulaya na pia bara nyingine ([[Asia]], [[Africa]], au [[Oceania]]). Hii inategemea na namna ya kugawa kontinenti; pia wakazi wenyewe wanaweza kujielewa tofauti na majirani yao.<br> <small>2. [[Urusi]] ni nchi ya kontinenti mbili za Ulaya ya Mashariki na Asia; namba za wakazi na za eneo zimetasjwa kwa ajili ya sehemu ya Kiulaya pekee.<br> <small>3–5. [[Guernsey]], [[Kisiwa cha Man]], and [[Jersey]] ni maeneo ya kujitegema chini ya Taji la Ufalme wa Uingereza.<br> <small>6. Namba za [[Ureno]] hazijumlishi [[Visiwa vya Madeira]], ambazo ni sehemu ya Ureno magharibi ya [[Marokko]] katika [[Afrika]].<br> <small>7. Namba za [[Hispania]] hazijumlishi [[Visiwa vya Kanari]] magharibi ya Marokko katika [[Afrika]], wa maeneo ya [[Ceuta]] na [[Melilla]] ambayo ni sehemu za Hispania kwenye pwani la Marokko, Afrika ya Kaskazini.<br> <small>8. Namba za [[Ufaransa]] hazijumlishi maeneo yake yaliyopo Amerika ya Kati au Kusini, Bahari Hindi au Oceania.<br> <small>9. [[Uholanzi]]: Idadi ya wakazi ni ya 2004; [[Amsterdam]] ni Mji Mkuu lakini [[Den Haag]] ni makao makuuy a serikali.<br> <small>10. [[Armenia]] huhesabiwa mara nyingi kuwa [[nchi ya kimabara]] katika Asia ya Magharibi ([[:Image:United Nations geographical subregions.png|kufuatana na kanda za UM]]) na Ulaya ya Mashariki<br> <small>11. [[Azerbaijan]] huhesabiwa mara nyingi kuwa [[nchi ya kimabara]] katika Asia ya Magharibi ([[:Image:United Nations geographical subregions.png|kufuatana na kanda za UM]]) na Ulaya ya Mashariki; idadi ya wakazi na eneo zimetajwa za sehemu ya Ulaya pekee.<br> <small>12. [[Cyprus]] huhesabiwa mara nyingi kuwa [[nchi ya kimabara]] katika Asia ya Magharibi ([[:Image:United Nations geographical subregions.png|kufuatana na kanda za UM]]) na Ulaya ya Kusini; idadi ya wakazi na eneo zimetajwa za sehemu zisozo chini ya Dola ya Kituruki ya Cyprus. <br> <small>13. [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] huhesabiwa mara nyingi kuwa [[nchi ya kimabara]] katika Asia ya Magharibi ([[:Image:United Nations geographical subregions.png|kufuatana na kanda za UM]]) na Ulaya ya Mashariki; idadi ya wakazi na eneo zimetajwa za sehemu ya Ulaya pekee.<br> <small>14. [[Uturuki]] ni [[nchi ya kimabara]] katika Asia ya Magharibi ([[:Image:United Nations geographical subregions.png|kufuatana na kanda za UM]]) na Ulaya ya Kusini; namba zinazotajwa zinahusiana na sehemu ndogo ya Magharibi pakee iliyomo Ulaya hasa jimbo lote la [[Istanbul]]. </small><br> <small>15. [[Kazakhstan]] huhesabiwa mara nyingi kuwa [[nchi ya kimabara]] katika Asia ya Magharibi ([[:Image:United Nations geographical subregions.png|kufuatana na kanda za UM]]) na Ulaya ya Mashariki; idadi ya wakazi na eneo zimetajwa za sehemu ya Ulaya pekee.<br> [[Category:Ulaya|*]] [[Category:Bara]] {{Ulaya}} [[af:Europa]] [[als:Europa]] [[an:Europa]] [[ang:Europa]] [[ar:أوروبا]] [[ast:Europa]] [[ay:Iwrupa]] [[be:Эўропа]] [[bg:Европа]] [[bn:ইউরোপ]] [[br:Europa]] [[bs:Evropa]] [[ca:Europa]] [[chr:ᎡᎶᏆ]] [[co:Europa]] [[cs:Evropa]] [[csb:Eùropa]] [[cv:Европа]] [[cy:Ewrop]] [[da:Europa]] [[de:Europa]] [[el:Ευρώπη]] [[en:Europe]] [[eo:Eŭropo]] [[es:Europa]] [[et:Euroopa]] [[eu:Europa]] [[fa:اروپا]] [[fi:Eurooppa]] [[fo:Evropa]] [[fr:Europe]] [[fur:Europe]] [[fy:Jeropa]] [[ga:An Eoraip]] [[gd:Europa]] [[gl:Europa]] [[gn:Europa]] [[gu:યુરોપ]] [[haw:ʻEulopa]] [[he:אירופה]] [[hi:यूरोप]] [[hr:Europa]] [[ht:Ewòp]] [[hu:Európa]] [[ia:Europa]] [[id:Eropa]] [[io:Europa]] [[is:Evrópa]] [[it:Europa]] [[ja:ヨーロッパ]] [[ka:ევროპა]] [[kk:Еуропа]] [[kn:ಯುರೋಪ್]] [[ko:유럽]] [[ku:Ewropa]] [[kw:Europa]] [[la:Europa]] [[lb:Europa (Kontinent)]] [[li:Europa]] [[lt:Europa]] [[lv:Eiropa]] [[mi:Ūropi]] [[mk:Европа]] [[mo:Europa]] [[ms:Eropah]] [[na:Iurop]] [[nah:Eutlocpan]] [[nds:Europa]] [[nl:Europa (continent)]] [[nn:Europa]] [[no:Europa]] [[oc:Euròpa]] [[os:Европæ]] [[pl:Europa]] [[pt:Europa]] [[qu:Iwrupa]] [[ro:Europa]] [[roa-rup:Evropa]] [[ru:Европа]] [[sc:Europa]] [[scn:Europa]] [[sco:Europe]] [[se:Eurohpá]] [[sh:Evropa]] [[simple:Europe]] [[sk:Európa]] [[sl:Evropa]] [[sq:Evropa]] [[sr:Европа]] [[st:Europa]] [[sv:Europa]] [[ta:ஐரோப்பா]] [[th:ทวีปยุโรป]] [[tl:Europa]] [[tpi:Yurop]] [[tr:Avrupa]] [[udm:Европа]] [[uk:Європа]] [[uz:Evropa]] [[vi:Châu Âu]] [[wa:Urope]] [[yi:אייראפע]] [[zh:欧洲]] [[zh-min-nan:Au-chiu]] 1706 11360 2006-06-25T19:54:17Z Redagavimas 180 /* [[Mji mkuu]] */ [[image:LocationLithuania.png|right]] [[Image:Flag_of_Lithuania_1989-2004.png|thumb|right|LT fana|200px]] '''Lituanya''' ni nchi katika [[Ulaya]]. == [[Mji mkuu]] == Mji mkuu ni '''[[Vilnius]]'''. {{mbegu}} [[Image:Vilnius old city.JPG|300px|thumb|'''[[Vilnius]]''']] [[Category:Ulaya]] [[Category:Lituanya|!]] [[af:Litaue]] [[als:Litauen]] [[ang:Lithuania]] [[ar:لتوانيا]] [[an:Lituania]] [[ast:Lituania]] [[ay:Lituania]] [[id:Lituania]] [[ms:Lithuania]] [[zh-min-nan:Lietuva]] [[jv:Lituania]] [[bg:Литва]] [[be:Летува]] [[mt:Litwanja]] [[bs:Litvanija]] [[br:Lituania]] [[ca:Lituània]] [[co:Lituania]] [[cy:Lithuania]] [[cv:Литва]] [[cs:Litva]] [[da:Litauen]] [[de:Litauen]] [[et:Leedu]] [[na:Lithuania]] [[el:Λιθουανία]] [[en:Lithuania]] [[es:Lituania]] [[eo:Litovio]] [[eu:Litauen]] [[fr:Lituanie]] [[fy:Litouwen]] [[fur:Lituanie]] [[ga:An Liotuáin]] [[gd:Lituania]] [[gl:Lituania - Lietuva]] [[ko:리투아니아]] [[haw:Litvanya]] [[hi:लिथुआनिया]] [[hr:Litva]] [[io:Lituania]] [[ia:Lituania]] [[os:Литва]] [[is:Litháen]] [[it:Lituania]] [[he:ליטא]] [[csb:Lëtewskô]] [[kw:Lithouani]] [[ht:Lityani]] [[ku:Lîtvanya]] [[la:Lituania]] [[lv:Lietuva]] [[lt:Lietuva]] [[li:Litauwe]] [[ln:Litaue]] [[hu:Litvánia]] [[mk:Литванија]] [[mo:Литуания]] [[mg:Lituania]] [[mi:Litovia]] [[mn:Литва]] [[nah:Lituanan]] [[nl:Litouwen]] [[cr:Lithuania]] [[ja:リトアニア]] [[no:Litauen]] [[nn:Litauen]] [[oc:Lituània]] [[nds:Litauen]] [[pl:Litwa]] [[pt:Lituânia]] [[ro:Lituania]] [[rm:Lituania]] [[ru:Литва]] [[se:Lietuva]] [[sa:लिथ्वानिया]] [[sc:Lituania]] [[sco:Lithuania]] [[sq:Lituania]] [[scn:Lituania]] [[simple:Lithuania]] [[sk:Litva]] [[sl:Litva]] [[so:Litvaniya]] [[sr:Литванија]] [[sh:Litva]] [[fi:Liettua]] [[sv:Litauen]] [[tl:Lithuania]] [[tt:Litua]] [[vi:Litva]] [[tpi:Litva]] [[tg:Литва]] [[tr:Litvanya]] [[uk:Литва]] [[uz:Litva]] [[fiu-vro:Leedu]] [[wa:Litwaneye]] [[yi:ליטע]] [[zh:立陶宛]] 1707 10797 2006-06-13T17:50:40Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[he:אירופה (פירושונים)]] '''Europa''' ni neno katika lugha mbalimbali lenye asili ya Kigiriki "Ευρώπη" la kutaja * [[bara]] la [[Ulaya]] * Europa (dini), binti wa mfalme katika masimulizi ya dini ya Wagiriki wa Kale aliyekuwa mpenzi wa mungu mkuu [[Zeus]] * Europa (mwezi), [[mwezi]] wa pili kati ya miezi ya [[Mshtarii#Miezi|Mshtarii]] * 52 Europa, [[asteroidi]] katika [[mfumo wa jua]] * Europa (kisiwa), kisiwa ndogo cha Kifaransa katika [[bahari ya Pasifiki]] * Europa (kombora) ilikuwa [[kombora]] la Kiulaya la kurusha vyombo angani kabla ya kupatikaka kwa makombora ya [[Ariane]] Kuna pia nyimbo, vitabu, meli, gari na michezo ya kompyuta na makampuni zinazoitwa "Europa" {{maana}} [[als:Europa (Begriffsklärung)]] [[ast:Europa (dixebra)]] [[da:Europa (flertydig)]] [[de:Europa (Begriffsklärung)]] [[en:Europa]] [[es:Europa (desambiguación)]] [[fi:Europa]] [[fr:Europe (homonymie)]] [[he:אירופה (פירושונים)]] [[it:Europa (disambigua)]] [[ko:에우로파]] [[la:Europa (discretiva)]] [[lb:Europa]] [[nds-nl:Europa]] [[nl:Europa]] [[pl:Europa (strona ujednoznaczniająca)]] [[pt:Europa (desambiguação)]] [[ru:Европа (значения)]] [[sk:Európa (rozlišovacia stránka)]] [[uk:Європа (значення)]] 1708 4846 2005-09-03T08:24:49Z Lilendi 64 #REDIRECT [[Ulaya]] 1709 sysop 11644 2006-07-01T19:11:50Z MediaWiki default User [[User:$1|$1]] ([[User talk:$1|talk]]) deleted this page after you started editing with reason: : ''$2'' Please confirm that really want to recreate this page. 1710 sysop 4852 2005-09-05T09:58:36Z MediaWiki default Warning: This page has been deleted after you started editing! 1711 sysop 4853 2005-09-05T09:58:37Z MediaWiki default A file with this name exists already; please go back and upload this file under a new name. 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[[Image:$1|thumb|center|$1]] 1713 sysop 4855 2005-09-05T09:58:37Z MediaWiki default Summary: 1714 sysop 4856 2005-09-05T09:58:37Z MediaWiki default This file is bigger than the server is configured to allow. 1715 sysop 4857 2005-09-05T09:58:37Z MediaWiki default Licensing 1716 sysop 11695 2006-07-01T19:11:51Z MediaWiki default log in 1717 sysop 4859 2005-09-05T09:58:37Z MediaWiki default You must $1 to view other pages. 1718 sysop 4864 2005-09-05T09:58:38Z MediaWiki default upload it 1719 sysop 4865 2005-09-05T09:58:38Z MediaWiki default None selected 1720 sysop 6319 2006-01-22T17:02:20Z Matt Crypto 20 Kiungo cha daima Kiungo cha daima 1721 sysop 4870 2005-09-05T09:58:38Z MediaWiki default Prefix index 1722 sysop 4872 2005-09-05T09:58:38Z MediaWiki default Recreate 1723 sysop 4874 2005-09-05T09:58:39Z MediaWiki default file description page 1724 sysop 4875 2005-09-05T09:58:39Z MediaWiki default ($1 bots) 1725 sysop 11753 2006-07-01T19:11:52Z MediaWiki default Recreate the page despite it has been deleted 1726 sysop 7178 2006-02-26T02:08:20Z MediaWiki default This article has been deleted. The reason for deletion is shown in the summary below, along with details of the users who had edited this page before deletion. The actual text of these deleted revisions is only available to administrators. 1727 sysop 4884 2005-09-05T09:58:39Z MediaWiki default updated since my last visit 1728 sysop 4888 2005-09-05T09:58:40Z MediaWiki default View $1? 1729 sysop 4889 2005-09-05T09:58:40Z MediaWiki default View deleted pages 1730 sysop 11781 2006-07-01T19:11:52Z MediaWiki default $1 bot edits 1731 4899 2005-09-15T04:21:43Z Jvano 75 http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedista:Jvano 1732 4903 2005-09-24T00:29:35Z Sj 7 Greetings, and welcome to the project! I hope you will stay... we are starting a new initiative to add content this month. [[User:Sj|Sj]] 00:29, 24 Septemba 2005 (UTC) 1733 7304 2006-03-11T05:02:05Z 203.118.188.18 Welcome, Lilendi! I hope you will help us redesign and improve this language-site... [[User:Sj|Sj]] 00:30, 24 Septemba 2005 (UTC) ==Request for article== '''Greetings Lilendi'''!, Could you please help me translate [http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimada_Yesu_Kanisa this article] into Swahili?. It is based on this [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Jesus_Church English article]. ''Please''. Your help would be appreciated (I am not sure if the Swahili title is correct) -- [[en:User:Jose77|Joseph]], 11 March 2006 1735 4906 2005-09-24T00:34:18Z Sj 7 welcome Greetings! And welcome to Swahili Wikipedia. Drop me a line when you return... [[User:Sj|Sj]] 1736 6262 2006-01-22T10:41:31Z Matt Crypto 20 <small>{{jamiilangs}}</small> ==Uhamasishaji/Utangazaji== '''Malengo''': * Kutengeneza kamusi elezo kubwa ya Kiswahili itakayotumiwa na mtu yeyote bila gharama * Kutafuta matumizi ya kamusi elezo hii mashuleni na kwenye miradi mbalimbali ya kielimu; kutumia yaliyomo ndani ya kamusi elezo hii (ambayo inapatikana kwa lugha mbalimbali)kwa faida za wazungumzaji wa Kiswahili na wale wanaojifunza Kiswahili * Kushirikiana na wanafunzi wa vyuo vikuu na walimu wa lugha kuchangia na kuendeleza matumizi na mchango wa kazi hii '''Kinachotakiwa''': Orodha ya watu watakaojitolea, Orodha ya wanafunzi wenye hamu ya kushiriki, Orodha ya walimu wenye nia ya kushiriki na programu muafaka za kielimu [http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makala_za_msingi_za_kamusi_elezo makala fupi za msingi za maarifa duniani] == Watu wenye nia ya kushiriki == * [[User:Ndesanjo|Ndesanjo]] * [[User:Sj|Sj]] (Boston) * [[User:Jeff|Jeff]] (Toronto) * Mshairi (Uingereza) * Richard Mabala (Ethiopia/Tanzania) * Joseph Tungaraza(Oz) * Makene (Texas) * Stan ([[User:Revolución|Revolución]]) kutoka Florida * maitha (kenya) * [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] (UK) '''Walimu na wanafunzi''' : [[:Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi]] : [[:Chuo Kikuu cha Dar-es-Salaam]] : Shule za sekondari : Kwingineko wanakofundisha lugha '''Wanablogu wa Kiswahili na wataalamu wa teknolojia ya kompyuta''' : [http://www.kenyaunlimited.com/ Wanablogu wa Kenya] na[http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/globalvoices/wiki/index.php/Tanzania Tanzania] : Uhamasishaji wa mdomo kupitia watu mbalimbali kama Ory, Ndesanjo, Jeff, Joseph, Nkya, Maitha, n.k. === Mambo ya awali ya kuweka kwenye kamusi elezo === '''Orodha ndefu''': [http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makala_za_msingi_za_kamusi_elezo makala fupi za msingi za maarifa duniani]; tuanze na makala 1000. : Makala zilizoko kwenye kamusi elezo za Kiingereza, Kifaransa, Kijerumani, n.k. zinaweza kusaidia wanaoshiriki kuandika makala za awali za Kiswahili '''Orodha fupi:''' * Orodha ya Waafrika mashuhuri *: Wanasiasa: [[:Politicians_of_African_nations|Wanasiasa wa mataifa ya Afrika]] * Wasanii na waaandishi wa vitabu: Mapendekezo ya mambo mengine ya kujumuisha katika kamusi elezo hii yanakaribishwa. == Mikutano ijayo == ''Kawaida mikutano hufanyika kupitia teknolojia ya [[m:IRC|IRC]]'' Mkutano ujao utafanyika jumamosi ya tarehe kwanza, Oktoba, 2005. Saa: Itatangazwa baadaye '''Malengo ya kutimiza kabla ya mkutano ujao''': #1: kuongeza idadi ya washiriki katika mkutano ujao #2: kuongeza idadi ya watu watakaoshiriki kuhariri kamusi elezo hii #3: kutafsriri ukurasa wa wikipedia:jamii #4: kuweka viunganishi vya makala au mambo yanayohusiana ndani ya makala mbalimbali za Kiswahili == Maoni == Tafadhali weka maoni na mawazo yako katika ukurasa wa [[Wikipedia talk:Jamii|mazungumzo]]. [[User:Sj|Sj]] 1737 4913 2005-09-24T01:27:49Z Sj 7 [[Wikipedia:Jamii/En|English]] | [[Wikipedia:Jamii|Kiswahili]] | [[Wikipedia:Jamii/Fr|Francais]] | [[Wikipedia:Jamii/De|Deutsch]] ([http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Jamiilangs&action=edit +/-]) 1738 6263 2006-01-22T10:41:41Z Matt Crypto 20 <small>{{jamiilangs}}</small> ==Outreach== '''Goals''': * To develop the world's greatest swahili-language reference work, with completely free content; * To find uses for this in schools and education projects around the world; * To use the multi-language content (the material will be both in Swahili and in many other languages) to benefit both native Swahili speakers and students of the language. * To work with university students and language teachers to promote the use of and contribution to this work '''Milestones''': A list of volunteers, A [[m:List_of_articles_all_languages_should_have|foundation of short articles]] spanning the world's knowledge* A list of interested teachers and educational programs A list of interested students, == Interested people == * Ndesanjo * [[User:Sj|Sj]] (Boston) * Jeff (Toronto) * Joseph (Oz) * Makene (Texas) * Stan ([[User:Revolución|Revolución]]) from Florida * [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] (UK) '''Other students and teachers''' : in [[:en:Nairobi University|Nairobi University]] : in the [[:en:University of Dar-es-Salaam]] : in active secondary schools : in major language programs elsewhere === Initial content === '''Long list''': [[m:List of articles all languages should have|List of articles all languages should have]]; this is around 1000 articles we should start with. : The content on those subjects in the English and French and German Wikipedias can provide help for people writing the initial Swahili articles. '''Shorter lists:''' * List of important Africans *: List of Tanzanian politicians *: List of Kenyan politicians Other content suggestions are welcome. == Comments == Please add your comments and thoughts on the [[Wikipedia talk:Jamii|talk page]]. [[User:Sj|Sj]] 1739 4917 2005-09-24T01:53:16Z Sj 7 /* Welcome, Jeff */ == Welcome, Jeff == Habari, Jeff! Welcome to Swahili Wikipedia. We are currently working on improving the site. Don't forget to visit [[Wikipedia:Jumuia]], and check [[Special:Recentchanges|Recentchanges]] sometimes. [[User:Sj|Sj]] 01:53, 24 Septemba 2005 (UTC) 1740 11248 2006-06-24T12:21:39Z Kipala 107 == Welcome! == Habari, Ndesanjo. We are working on improving the site (you too, I think!). Don't forget to visit [[Wikipedia:Jumuia]], and check out [[Special:Recentchanges|Recentchanges]] from time to time. Don't hesitate to correct bad Swahili you find here. [[User:Sj|Sj]] 01:53, 24 Septemba 2005 (UTC) ==Jina la makala== Habari Ndesanjo? Nataka kukujulisha kwamba ukiandika makala, uhakikishe jina lake likitamkwa mara ya kwanza (kwa kawaida mwanzoni kabisa) liwe '''nene kama hili'''. Kwa mfano, angalia nilivyobadilisha makala [[Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf]]. Ili neno liwe nene, una weka <nowiki>'''</nowiki> kabla na baada yake. Ahsante sana. [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] 11:42, 21 Novemba 2005 (UTC) Marcos, asante kwa kunijulisha. Hongera kwa kazi ufanyanyo! ==Naomba angalia utoe shauri== Ndesanjo: nimeweka swali kwa ukurasa wa Marcos [[http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Marcos]] akiwa mratibu - wewe ukiwa Mswahili kabisa uangalie utoe shauri. Naomba sana. Ukiona vema labda kuna wataalamu ambao wangejua jibu tukibaki na wasiwasi kati yetu. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 21:03, 17 Januari 2006 (UTC) == Swahili help == Hi, I have a Swahili question for you. [[w:Span (unit)]] lists a Swahili term "unguru" as a unit of measurement. I believe this is a hoax, based on [http://hardware.slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=171213&cid=14260642 this Slashdot post]. Also: [[w:Fungu'lu]]. Could you help? Cheers and thanks, [[w:User:AxelBoldt]] Hi Boldt, I've never heard the two terms before. I am not sure if they are swahili terms. I will ask some people around the swahili term for that unit of measurement. :Hi, I just did a search of my own after noticing this, and looks like the correct Swahili word for that unit of measurement is [[futuri]]. I just now added that correct word to the English article too. [[User:70.105.38.244|70.105.38.244]] 22:58, 17 Desemba 2005 (UTC) Thanks a lot. Now I know what "futuri" means. :Hi, my "'''Kamusi ya Kiswahili Sanifu'''" says: futuri is another word for shubiri which means urefu kutoka kidole gumba hadi cha kati (=a "span", isn´t it? from thumb to middle finger) kiasi cha inchi tisa (=9"); same as "shibiri". But then I am not sure if to absolutely trust the Kamusi in this detail because my two other dics say: '''Madan-Johnson''': futuri,a short span, as a measure, from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the forefinger; as distinct from shibiri, a full span from thumb to little finger; > arab. ftr / shbr '''Velten''' (1910) has the same as Madan-Johnson on futuri and on shibiri / shubiri; so even if the two are Wazungu my guess would be that they noted a difference of measures well aware among the Waswahili themselves which may have been lost later - and that the recent kamusi either reflects that the two are mixed up or they had the wrong reference people. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 19:15, 5 Januari 2006 (UTC) :: I have also checked my Arabic dics; one says shibr ﺷﺒﺮ is the span of the hand and futra ﻓﺘﺮﻩ is the span of time; the other one gives futr ﻓﺘﺮ as the span between extended thumb and index finger.I guess as both Swahili words are of Arab origin then older dics are probably right. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 20:23, 5 Januari 2006 (UTC) == '''alf lela''' == Ndesanjo, hujambo? Hongera na makala mapya ya alf lela.. Nimeongeza maneno mawili kuhusu Baghdadi - wakati wa kukusanyika kwa hadithi hizi ilikuwa makao makuu ya Khalifa na hivyo kituvo cha Uislamu duniani. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 22:06, 17 Desemba 2005 (UTC) Kipala, asante sana. Hongera kwa kazi zako. Tuendelee hivi hivi iko siku watakuja wengi zaidi kusaidia. Safi kwa nyongeza yako kwenye Alfu Lela U Lela. Bado nitaipitia tena kuiboresha. == '''[[Abu Nuwas]]''' == Ndesanjo, hujambo? Umefika vizuri mwaka mpya? Safari hii naona tatizo na mabadiliko yako Abu Nuwas > Abunuwasi. Kwa sababu mbili: kwanza nimeshaweka viungo mbalimbali vya Abu Nuwas. Pili - hapa tunahitaja maelewano kati ya watu wanaochangia kuhusu maswali jinsi ya kutaja vitu. Jina la mtu huyu mshairi mwarabu ni Abu Nuwas - Abunuwasi inaweza kuchukuliwa kwa namna mbili: AMA (ninavyoona) ndiye huyu jamaa wa kifasihi wa "Riwaya" aliye tofauti na Abu Nuwas wa Kihistoria AU ni jina la Kiswahili kwa ajili ya mshairi mwarabu Abu Nuwas; lakini hata kama mimi si mtaalamu katika mambo haya sidhani ni hivyo. Unaonaje? Sipendi kabisa tupate hivi "vita vya wahariri" jinsi ilivyo katika wikipedia nyingine --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 19:15, 5 Januari 2006 (UTC) :: Mimi sijui sana Unguja lakini hata huko naona watu wanaweza kutumia ile "Abu" kuwa sehemu ya jina lao wakiiandika pekee; kwa mfano Sheikh Sayyid bin Omar bin Abdullah bin Abu Bakr bin Salim (1917-1988) aliyekuwa mkuu wa Chuo cha Kiislamu Zanzibar; ninavyoona jina la "Abu Bakr" hutumiwa na Waswahili Waislamu wengi bila kuibadilisha kuwa "Abubakri" au "Abubekri". Unaonaje, si kweli?? --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 19:33, 5 Januari 2006 (UTC) Ndio Kipala. Asante, mwaka mpya salama kabisa. Hongera sana kwa kazi zako. Umeichangamsha kamusi elezo yetu. Sasa kwenye Abu Nuwas/Abunuwasi. Ni kweli hakuna haja ya kuingia kwenye vita wanavyofanya wengine. Nakubaliana nawe kuhusu jina lake halisi. Nadhani kuna majina ambayo yanapoingia kwenye Kiswahili yanabadilika kama vile Yesu. Jina lake hasa la kule alikotokea halitumiki. Au nabii Musa. Lakini kuna mengine yanabaki vile vile. Sasa katika vitabu kadhaa vya Kiswahili ambavyo nimewahi kuvipitia, nimeona jina lake limechukua kanuni fulani za Kiswahili (kwa mfano badala ya kuishia na "s" pekee ikaongezwa "i" kuwa Abunuwasi). Lakini hii inafanya jina hilo kuwa moja wakati ambapo katika maelezo yako ni kuwa haya ni majina mawili (sio?). Sasa tunaweza kuchukua vile Waswahili walivyotamka na kuandika jina lake au tukachukua jina lake halisi, ambapo itakuwa ni majina mawili kama ulivyoandika. Tunachoweza kufanya naona ni kuandika jina lake hasa (yaani lake na la ubini) kisha tukaeleza kuwa Waswahili wamekuwa wakimwita Abunuwasi. Unasemaje? : Asante kwa jibu la haraka. Kimsingi mimi naona Abunuwasi (jamaa wa kifasihi) wa "Riwaya" na mshairi Abu Nuwas (mtu wa kihistoria) si yeye yule. Abu Nuwas alitoa jina lake kwa Abunuwasi (au labda zaidi: jina lake limechukuliwa) - hadithi zile za Abunuwasi zimesimuliwa kati ya Waturuki juu ya Nasreddin na kati ya Waarabu wengine juu ya Guha (ninaandaa makala nyingine kuhusu Riwaya nitakapoeleza uhusiano huo). Lakini hadithi za Riwaya hazina uhusiano na Abu Nuwas wa kihistoria. Hapo sababu yangu ya kuwataja pekee. >> Ninahamisha majidiliano yetu kwenye ukurasa ya Abu Nuwas - sawa? ----[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 13:07, 6 Januari 2006 (UTC) Kipala, nimekupata sawasawa sasa. Nashukuru. Nilichanganya mambo. Nakupa pongezi tena kwa kazi zako. Tuendelee. ==Maajabu ya [[Kwanzaa]]== Ndesanjo hujambo! Baada ya kusoma makala kuhusu Kwanzaa ninegependa kukuuliza kuhusu Kwanzaa jinsi unavyoiona ukiwa Mwafrika na Mwsahili. Nimetazama desturi hii kwa miaka kadhaa nikiwa mbali nikashangaa. Kwangu ilikuwa wazi ya kwamba sherehe hii haina kitu cha kiafrika ndani yake. Wala Afrika ya mashariki wa magharibi nimesikia ya kwamba kuna sikukuu ya mavuno wakati wa Disemba. Kiswahili wanachotumia - basi naiona mtandaoni tu. Lakini kama ningemjibu mtu anayenisalimu "Habari gani" kwa maneno kama "kuumba" sijui angeniangalia namna gani.. Ama ataona nimesahau lugha au atajiuliza kama nimelewa. Wanaweka mahindi wakiita "muhindi" (sina neno kuhusu mahindi - imekuwa kiafrika sawa jinsi kiazi imekuwa kiingereza au kijerumani ingawa zote zimetoka Amerika ya Kusini, hata kama Wachagga na Waganda wasingekubali kamwe :-)) - ila tu lugha bovu). Unajua wewe mahali Afrika penye sherehe ya "matunda ya kwanza"??? Kwangu imeonekana kama sherehe ya kisintetiki yaani isiyo ya asili kabisa. Ni kama ndoto nyingine tena juu ya Afrika: Waingereza wanaota ndoto zao za "Out of Africa", karne zilizopita wataalamu wa Ulaya walikuwa na ndoto hizi za "Washenzi watukufu". Afrika ilikuwa na bado ni mara nyingi kama skrini ya filamu watu wanapotupa picha zilizomo kichwani mwao. Lakini si Afrika yenyewe. Kwa upande mwingine nimefikiri basi si kitu kibaya kama watu wanatafuta habari za Kiswahili hata kama njia ni potovu. Ikisaidia kueneza kwa lugha ya Kiswahili nifunge macho? (Juzi nimepita mahali mtandaoni wanapotaja majina kwa ajili ya watoto wakidai ni ya Kiswahili - taz. http://www.babynology.com/swahili/baby-names-boy_M_100.html - natumaini ya kwamba kuna matokeo mazuri zaidi ya upendo ule wa Kiamerika wa lugha kuliko orodha hii!) Juzi tu nimeona mara ya kwanza habari za huyu Karenga kuwa jina lake ni Ron Everett amekuwa na historia mbaya asiyopenda kukubali. Umewahi kukutana naye? Ameanza kujifunza Kiswahili siku hizi? Kujiita "Maulana" ili watu wote Marekani wanaamini ni neno la Kiswahili kwa ajili ya "mwalimu" ni ajabu nyingine kwangu. Kwa hiyo - ningependa kusikia mawazo yako kweli! --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 17:05, 8 Januari 2006 (UTC) (Nanakili haya kwenye majidiliano ya "Kwanzaa" - labda wenzetu wengine wana neno pia) ==Kalenda ya Juliasi== Ndesanjo, nimeona matatizo na makala ya Kalenda.. Tafadhali angalia: http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Kalenda_ya_Juliasi --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 21:05, 19 Aprili 2006 (UTC) ==Tuzo ya Nobel/Nobel== Ndesanjo, hujambo? Vema kukuona tena ulipotea kweli. '''Ombi''': wakati wa kusahihisha tukumbuke viungo! "Tuzo ya Nobel" ilikuwa kiungo - "Nobeli" imekata kiungo. Ingekuwa vema kama ama unasahihisha viungo vyote au kukirudisha. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 12:21, 24 Juni 2006 (UTC) 1741 4930 2005-09-27T21:15:31Z Sj 7 jumuia === Habari === Habari Kkiptum, welcome to Sw: Wikipedia. See [[Wikipedia:Jumuia]] for more about the wiki. * See [[Wikipedia:Jamii]] for a current project (we need to translate the project description into Swahili...) 1742 4933 2005-09-27T21:57:01Z Revolución 69 Hujambo 1743 4936 2005-09-27T23:23:37Z Sj 7 Aha! Habari, Revolución, welcome to sw:Wikipedia :-) [[User:Sj|Sj]] 23:23, 27 Septemba 2005 (UTC) 1744 7717 2006-03-25T22:22:19Z Kipala 107 Greetings! Welcome to sw:Wikipedia; please see [[Wikipedia:Jumuia]] and [[Wikipedia:Jamii]] for some current projects. [[User:Sj|Sj]] 21:31, 28 Septemba 2005 (UTC) Asanta kwa salamu! Kipala ==Geographical names== I have been doing some geographical entries. Is that list of BAKITA you referred to in the Africa template online? Or do you have that list of BAKITA on your disk and could send it? --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 12:38, 11 Februari 2006 (UTC) ::I try to get the science dictionary of [[TUKI]] - hopefully it has the geographical names. A friend in Dar wants to send it to me. Of course the problem is that even they have not been very consistent thru the years. I tried the [[Afrika]] list as good as I could get it.Lets see what TUKI says. Generally I think it is better to stick to TUKI even if I don´t always like their decisions. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 22:22, 25 Machi 2006 (UTC) 1745 5744 2005-12-19T13:12:55Z Joel Niganile 92 Habari! Ninaitwa Richard. Ninatokea New Zealand. Sizumgumzi Kiswahili. [[en:User:Chamdarae]] [[ko:사용자:Chamdarae]] [[kw:User:Chamdarae]] Habari gani Richard! ninaitwa Joel ninatokea Tanzania. ninazungumza kiswahili na kiingereza 1746 7715 2006-03-25T22:17:00Z Kipala 107 Ninaitwa '''Ndesanjo''', ninaishi sehemu mbalimbali. Ninapenda kuendeleza na kutangaza lugha ya Kiswahili. Karibuni tushirikiane kuunda kamusi elezo yetu ya Kiswahili. Ndesanjo, hujambo? Hongera na makala mapya ya alf lela.. Nimeongeza maneno mawili kuhusu Bgahdadi - wakati wa kukusanyika kwa hadithi hizi ilikuwa makao makuu ya Khalifa na hivyo kituvo cha Uislamu duniani. Kipala Habari za mwaka mpya! Ninashukuru kunimbusha nilipokosea ahsante, --[[User:Joel Niganile|Joel Niganile]] 09:26, 11 Januari 2006 (UTC)Joel Niganile == Simba Wanyika == Ndesanjo, hujambo? asante kwa makala zako kuhusu muziki. Hawa jamaa wana picha zao mtandaoni (Google-picha-simba wanyika) - sijui ni usumbufu sana ukijaribu kupata kibali cha watu wa http://www.afropop.org kwa ajili ya matumizi ya picha zao? Halafu kuna sampuli ya musiki yao mtandaoni ila tu sina uhakika namna ya kuiingiza kwenye ukurasa: http://thephatplanet.com/music/kmlncd01.mp3 --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 21:14, 19 Machi 2006 (UTC) Nimeweka wimbo mmoja wa Simba Wanyika, Shilingi Maua. Ngoja nitazame hizo nyingine. Halafu nitajaribu kuomba ruhusa ya kutumia picha za jamaa wa Afropop. Nadhani hawatakuwa na sababu za kukataa. --[[User:Ndesanjo|Ndesanjo]] 19 Machi 2006 Ndesanjo, Habari gani? Hongera kwa makala yako ya Simba wa nyika kwakweli inavutia. Ahsante, --[[User:Joel Niganile|Joel Niganile]] 15:01, 22 Machi 2006 (UTC)Joel Niganile Asante Joel. --[[User:Ndesanjo|Ndesanjo]] ::Safi sana Simba Wanyika! Nimeshasikia mara kadhaa!! Asante Ndesanjo!!! --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 22:17, 25 Machi 2006 (UTC) 1747 11806 2006-07-02T12:16:46Z Ndesanjo 73 /* [[Muziki]] */ Kuna [[Kamusi Elezo za Wiki]] za lugha mbalimbali. Baadhi ni kubwa na nyingine bado ni ndogo ziko mbioni kuendelezwa. Kamusi elezo zote zinahitaji makala fulani za msingi. Hii ni orodha ya makala za msingi kama 1000 ambazo kila kamusi elezo inahitaji. == Dhana za msingi == # [[Binadamu]] # [[Mwanaume]] # [[Mwanamke]] # [[Mtoto]] # [[Mvulana]] # [[Msichana]] # [[Mnyama]] # [[Mboga za majani]] # [[Madini]]ala]] # [[wanyama]] ==Wanyama ,Ndege,Wadudu,mimea== ##[[Aina za wanyama]] ###[[Swala]] ###[[Tembo]] ###[[Duma]] ###[[Mbwa]] ###[[Simba]] ###[[Fisi]] ###[[Sungura]] ###[[Dinosaurs]] ##[[Hifadhi za taifa]] ###[[ Hifadhi Bonde la Ngorongoro]] ###[[Hifadhi ya Serengeti]] ###[[hifadhi ya Mkomazi]] ###[[Hifadhi ya Tsavo]] ###[[Hifadhi ya Kurger]] ###[[Hifadhi ya Mikumi]] ##[[Aina za ndege]] ###[[Korongo]] ###[[Mbuni]] ###[[Kware]] ###[[Kanga]] ###[[Njiwa]] ###[[Kunguru]] ###[[Tai]] ###[[Kipaga]] ##[[Aina za mimea]] ###[[Mwarobaini]] ##[[Aina za wadudu]] ###[[sisimizi]] ###[[panzi]] == [[Falsafa]] == #[[Wanafalsafa]] #[[Akili]] #[[Nafsi]] #[[Uwezo wa kujiamulia]] #[[Ukweli]] #[[Ufahamu]] #[[Metafizikia]] #[[Maadili]] #[[Epistemolojia]] #[[Ubuntu]] ==[[Kumbukumbu za watu]]== Sentensi chache kuhusu watu 1000 mashuhuri === [[Wanamuziki]] === # [[Ali Farka Toure]] # [[Fela Kuti]] # [[Siti Binti Saad]] # [[Hugh Masekela]] # [[John Lennon]] # [[Oliver Mtukudzi]] # [[Bi Kidude]] # [[Bob Marley]] # [[Hukwe Zawose]] # [[Dakta Nathan]] # [[Peter Tosh]] # [[Tracy Chapman]] # [[Angelique Kidjo]] # [[Elton John]] # [[Bruce Springsteen]] # [[Lokua Kanza]] # [[Gilberto Gil]] # [[Manu Chao]] # [[John Coltrane]] # [[Stevie Wonder]] # [[Eminem]] # [[Femi Kuti]] # [[Mbaraka Mwinshehe]] # [[Morris Nyunyusa]] # [[Salif Keita]] # [[Marijani Rajab]] # [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] # [[Miriam Makeba]] # [[Manu Dibango]] # [[Michael Jackson]] # [[Geofrey Oryema]] # [[Paul Simon]] # [[Carola Kinasha]] # [[Peter Gabriel]] # [[Remmy Ongala]] # [[Baab Maal]] # [[Tupac Shakur]] # [[Johann Sebastian Bach]] # [[Muhidini Ngurumo]] # [[Joseph Hill]] # [[Ella Fitzgerald]] # [[Moshi William]] === [[Wasafiri]] === # [[Tippu Tip]] === [[Wanasayansi]] na [[Wavumbuzi]] === ==== Wanasayansi ==== ====Wavumbuzi==== #[[Alexander Bell Graham]] #[[Benzi karl fredrick]] #[[Newton Issack]] === [[Waandishi]] na [[Wanafalsafa]]=== # [[Shaban Robert]] # [[Abulrazak Gurnah]] # [[Ebrahim Hussein]] # [[Euphrates Kezilahabi]] # [[Shaffi Adam Shaffi]] # [[Muhammed Said Abdulla]] # [[Shakespeare]] # [[Binyavanga Wainaina]] === Wanasiasa === # [[Mwalimu Julius Nyerere]] # [[Kwame Nkrumah]] # [[Jomo Kenyatta]] # [[Shaka Zulu]] # [[Nelson Mandela]] # [[Martin Luther King]] # [[Graca Machel]] # [[Abdulrahaman Babu]] # [[Thomas Sankara]] # [[Samora Machel]] # [[Kenneth Kaunda]] # [[Milton Obote]] # [[Thabo Mbeki]] # [[Patrice Lumumba]] # [[Agonstinho Neto]] # [[Leopold Senghor]] # [[Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf]] # [[Bill Clinton]] # [[Sekou Toure]] # [[Fidel Castro]] # [[Steve Biko]] # [[Robert Mugabe]] # [[Yoweri Museveni]] # [[Kiiza Besigye]] # [[Getrude Mongella]] # [[Winnie Mandela]] # [[Hillary Clinton]] # [[Barack Obama]] # [[John F.Kennedy]] # [[Nebuchadnezzar ]] # [[Haile selassie ]] # [[Koigi Wamwere]] ===Wanasiasa wa Kinazi na Kifashisti=== # [[Adolf Hitler]] # [[Benito Mussolini]] # [[Idd Amini]] ===Wanazuoni Wanaharakati/Wanamapinduzi=== # [[Walter Rodney]] === Wanaharakati wenye siasa kali === # [[Ken Saro-Wiwa]] # [[Steve Biko]] # [[Malik Zulu Shabazz]] # [[Stokley Carmichael/Kwame Ture]] # [[Louis Farrakhan]] # [[Angela Davis]] # [[Malik Al-Shabazz/Malcolm X]] == Viongozi wa Kimataifa == # [[Koffi Annan]] # [[Salim Ahmed Salim]] # [[Boutrous-Boutrous Ghali]] # [[Djibril Diallo]] # [[Joh F. Kennedy]] # [[Desmond Tutu]] === Wanawake katika historia=== #[[Cleopatra]] #[[Mbuya Nehanda]] #[[Indira Gandhi]] #[[Sojourner Truth]] #[[Malkia Nzingha Mbandi]] #[[Nefertiti]] #[[Yaa Asantewaa]] #[[Bibi Titi Mohammed]] #[[Malkia Elizabeti wa I]] (wa Uingereza) #[[Malkia Viktoria]] (wa Uingereza) #[[Malkia Makeda wa Sheba]] (wa Ethiopia) #[[Mtakatifu Joan]] #[[Rachel Carson]] #[[Marie Curie]] #[[Emma Goldman]] #[[Mary Harris]] (Mother Jones) #[[Frida Kahlo]] #[[Rosa Luxemburg]] #[[Florence Nightingale]] #[[Rosa Parks]] #[[Eva Peron]] #[[Harriet Tubman]] #[[Corretta Scott King]] ==[[Fasihi]]== # [[Murogi wa Kagogo]] # [[Kusadikika]] # [[Kufikirika]] # [[Rosa Mistika]] # [[Mtawa Mweusi]] # [[Safari ya Utumwa]] # [[Paradise]] # [[By the Sea]] # [[Alfu Lela U Lela]] # [[Kitabu cha Kimisri cha Wafu]] # [[Kurani]] # [[Biblia]] # [[Bhagavad Gita]] # [[Tao Te Ching]] # [[Visa vya Esopo]] # [[Invisible Cities]] ==[[Muziki]]== #[[Aina za muziki]] ##[[Rege]] ##[[Blues]] ##[[Mchiriku]] ##[[Tango]] ##[[Mnanda]] ##[[calpso]] ##[[Jazz]] ##[[Chakacha]] ##[[Taarab]] ##[[Salsa]] ##[[Rhumba]] #[[Bendi za muziki]] ##[[Orchestra Baobab]] ##[[Simba Wanyika]] ##[[DDC milimani park]] ##[[OTTU Jazz band]] ##[[The Kilimanjaro band]] ##[[Dar international]] ##[[Jamhuri Jazz Band]] ##[[Mwenge Jazz Band]] ##[[Super Volcano]] ##[[Ladysmith Black Mambazo]] ##[[Dave Mathews Band]] ##[[The Wailers]] ##[[The Beatles]] ##[[ABBA]] ##[[Boney M]] ##[[Gyspsie Kings]] 3 . [[Ngoma za asili]] ##[[Mdundiko]] ##[[Mdumange]] ##[[Madungu]] ##[[Sindimba]] ==[[Michezo ]]== #[[Wanamichezo]] ##[[Mohammed Ali]] ##[[Abebe Bikila]] ##[[Filbert Bayi]] ##[[Mike Tyson]] ##[[Maria Mutola]] ##[[Gabriel Selassie]] ##[[Tiger Woods]] ##[[Serena Wiliams]] ##[[Joe Louis]] ##[[Pele]] ##[[Tiger Woods]] ##[[Diego Maradona]] ##[[Pete Sampras]] ##[[Rashid Yekini]] ##[[Henry Rono]] ##[[samwel Eto'o]] #[[Kombe la Dunia]] ##[[Kombe la Dunia la FIFA]] ==Wacheza Filamu== ##[[Jack Chen]] ##[[Silver Stallone]] ##[[Bruce Lee]] ##[[Denzel Washington]] ##[[Eddie Murphy]] ==Watengeneza Filamu== #[[Michael Moore]] ==Filamu== #[[Sarafina]] #[[Shamba kubwa]] #[[Yomba Yomba]] #[[Star Wars]] #[[Invation of U.S.A]] #[[The Return of Mummies]] #[[Crash]] #[[Coming to America]] ==[[Nchi]], [[Sheria]], na [[Siasa]]== Jedwali lenye sentensi fupi kuhusu nchi zilizopo kwenye orodha hii: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries] # [[Azimio la Arusha]] # [[Manifesto ya Kikomunisti]] # [[Katiba]] # [[Azimio la Haki za Mtu]] # [[Sheria]] # [[Magna Carta]] # [[Tamko la haki za binadamu]] == Siasa == # [[Uanakisti]] # [[Anaki]] # [[Ujamaa]] # [[Ukomunisti]] # [[Ubepari]] # [[Ubeberu]] # [[Demokrasia]] # [[Udikteta]] # [[Ufashisti]] # [[Msimamo wa kidini wa siasa kali]] # [[Utandawazi]] # [[Uliberali]] # [[Ufalme]] # [[Utaifa]] # [[Ubaguzi wa rangi]] # [[Jamhuri]] # [[Ugawaji wa madaraka]] ##[[Mahakama]] ##[[Bunge]] ##[[Utawala]] #[[Chama cha siasa]] #[[Serikali ya kidini]] ==Vyama vya siasa== # [[African National Congress]] # [[Kenya African Union]] # [[Chama cha Mapinduzi]] # [[Labour Party -UK]] # [[Movement for Multiparty Democracy]] # [[South West African People's Organization]] # [[Democratic Party - USA]] # [[Chama cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo]] # [[Republican Party - USA]] # [[Civic United Front - Tanzania]] # [[Zimbabwe African National Union]] ==Maarifa ya nyumbani== ===[[Vyakula]]=== # [[Mkate]] # [[Kahawa]] # [[Mahindi]] # [[Pamba]] # [[Kunde za soya]] # [[Ngano]] # [[Shayiri]] # [[Tunda]] ## [[Tofaa]] ## [[Ndizi]] ## [[Zabibu]] ## [[Limao]] ## [[Chungwa]] ## [[Embe]] # [[Mboga za majani]] # [[Tumbaku]] # [[Jibini]] # [[Pombe]] # [[Chai]] # [[Mchele]] # [[ugali]] # [[kinu]] # [[ungo]] #[[mchuzi]] #[[ kande]] ===[[Magonjwa]]=== # [[Malaria]] # [[Utapiamlo]] # [[Uti wa mgongo]] # [[Mafua ya ndege]] # [[Ukimwi]] # [[Kifua kikuu]] # [[Shinikizo la damu]] # [[Kansa]] # [[Ngiri maji]] ===[[Vinywaji]]=== # [[Pombe]] ## [[Bia]] ## [[Mbege]] ## [[Mvinyo]] # Kola # Kahawa # Chai # [[Maji]] # [[Maziwa]] # [[Togwa]] # [[mnazi]] ==[[Jiografia]]== Kama sentensi tatu hivi kwa kila bara: # [[Afrika]] # [[Antaktika]] # [[Asia]] # [[Oceania]] # [[Ulaya]] # [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] # [[Amerika ya Kusini]] ===Maeneo mengine=== # [[Mashariki ya Kati]] ===Milima, Mito, Maziwa, Maporomoko, Bahari, Mapango=== #[[Sahara]] #[[Andes]] #[[Mto Amazon]] #[[Mto Nile]] #[[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] #[[Bahari ya Hindi]] #[[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] #[[Bahari ya Kusini]] #[[Bahari ya Aktiki]] #[[Bahari ya Mediteranea]] #[[Bahari Nyeusi]] #[[Bahari ya Kaskazini]] #[[Bahari ya Baltiki]] #[[Volkano]] #[[Milima ya Himalaya]] #[[Mlima Alps]] #[[Mlima Kilimanjaro]] #[[Mlima Kenya]] #[[Mlima Meru]] #[[Mto Mississippi]] #[[Maporomoko ya Niagara]] #[[Maporomoko ya Mosi o Tunya/ Victoria]] #[[Ziwa Nyasa]] (Ziwa Malawi) #[[Ziwa Tanganyika]] #[[Ziwa Victoria]] #[[Mapango ya Amboni]] ===Maafa ya asili=== #[[Tsunami]] #[[Tetemeko la ardhi]] #[[Mlipuko wa volkano]] #[[Mafuriko]] ===[[Miji]]=== Miji mikubwa duniani -- vigezo: umuhimu wa kihistoria, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa mji: #[[Cairo]] #[[Johannersburg]] #[[Dar Es Salaam]] #[[Dodoma]] #[[London]] #[[Paris]] #[[Berlin]] #[[Nairobi]] #[[Lagos]] #[[Abuja]] #[[Cape Town]] #[[Istanbul]] #[[St. Petersburg]] #[[Moscow]] #[[Jerusalem]] #[[Mecca]] #[[Tokyo]] #[[Athens]] #[[Roma]] #[[Shanghai]] #[[Beijing]] #[[New York]] #[[Washington]] #[[Bombay]] (Mumbai) #[[Buenos Aires]] #[[Seoul]] #[[Jakarta]] #[[Karachi]] #[[Manila]] #[[Sao Paulo]] #[[Mexico City]] #[[Dhaka]] #[[Tehran]] #[[Lima]] #[[Bogota]] #[[Bangkok]] #[[Kinshasa]] #[[Rio de Janeiro]] #[[Baghdad]] #[[Calcutta]] (Kolkata) #[[Bangalore]] #[[Tianjin]] #[[Osaka]] #[[Los Angeles]] #[[Hong Kong]] #[[Accra]] #[[Windhoek]] === Fedha === # [[Shilingi]] # [[Dola ya Kimarekani]] # [[Pauni ya Kiingereza]] # [[Euro]] # [[Yen]] # [[Pula]] # [[Rupia]] # [[Randi]] # [[Kwacha]] # [[Kwanza]] # [[Dola ya Kanada]] ==[[Historia]]== Kama sentensi tano kuhusu yafuatayo: # [[Hujanenda]] # [[Akiolojia]] # [[Zama za mawe]] # [[Zama za chuma]] # [[Misri ya Kale]] # [[Dola ya Mali]] # [[Dola ya Ghana]] #[[Ustaarabu wa bonde la mto Nile]] # [[Utumwa]] # [[Ukoloni]] # [[Ubaguzi wa rangi]] === Tarakilishi na Mtandao wa tarakilishi === Watu mashuhuri: # [[Tim Berners-Lee]] # [[Bill Gates]] # [[Steve Jobs]] # [[Donald Knuth]] # [[Richard Stallman]] # [[Alan Turing]] # [[Linus Torvalds]] # [[Dennis Ritchie]] # [[pele]] Matumizi ya Intaneti: # [[IRC]] # [[Barua pepe]] # [[Blogu]] # [[Podikasiti]] ===Sikukuu=== # [[Kwanzaa]] # [[Hannukah]] # [[Diwali]] # [[Krismasi]] # [[Idd El Fitr]] # [[Idd Mubarak]] # [[Mwaka mpya]] # [[Pasaka]] #[[siku ya wapendanao]] 1749 9676 2006-05-14T23:36:34Z Kipala 107 Dodoma ni jina la [[Dodoma mjini|Mji wa Dodoma]] ambao ni Mji Mkuu wa [[Tanzania]], [[Mkoa wa Dodoma]] na Wilaya ya Dodoma (mjini na kijijini). Pia ni makao makuu ya chama tawala Tanzania, [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi]] (CCM). [[Category:Tanzania]] {{maana}} [[ar:دودوما]] [[ca:Dodoma]] [[de:Dodoma]] [[en:Dodoma]] [[es:Dodoma]] [[fi:Dodoma]] [[fr:Dodoma]] [[he:דודומה]] [[io:Dodoma]] [[is:Dódóma]] [[it:Dodoma]] [[ja:ドドマ]] [[nl:Dodoma (stad)]] [[no:Dodoma]] [[pl:Dodoma]] [[pt:Dodoma]] [[sv:Dodoma]] 1750 10836 2006-06-15T03:56:03Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[nrm:Ch'lîn]] '''Shilingi''' ni [[fedha]] inayotumika kwa malipo halali katika nchi za [[Tanzania]], [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], na maeno ya mipaka ya [[nchi za Maziwa Makuu]], [[Zambia]], [[Malawi]], na [[Msumbiji]]. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Fedha]] [[ca:Xíling]] [[da:Shilling]] [[de:Schilling]] [[en:Shilling]] [[fi:Shillinki]] [[fr:Shilling]] [[he:שילינג]] [[nl:Shilling]] [[no:Britisk shilling]] [[nrm:Ch'lîn]] [[pl:Szyling]] [[sv:Shilling]] 1751 11587 2006-07-01T03:21:10Z YurikBot 117 robot Modifying: [[bn:কিলিমাঞ্জারো]] [[Image:Kibo summit of Mt Kilimanjaro 001.JPG|thumb|300px|Mlima Kilimanjaro]] '''Kilimanjaro''' ni mlima mrefu kuliko yote [[Afrika]]. Mlima huu uko nchini [[Tanzania]] katika [[Mkoa wa Kilimanjaro]]. Una urefu wa futi 19,340 (mita 5,895). Kilimanjaro ni [[volkano]] iliyolala kwa sasa. Kwenye kilele cha [[Kibo]] gesi bado inatoka. Kumbukumbu ya wenyeji ina habari ya mlipuko takriban mnamo mwaka 1730. Kilele cha mlima huu kinaitwa [[Uhuru Peak]]. Mtu wa kwanza wa kufika kileleni hapo alikuwa [[Johannes Kinyala Lauwo]] kutoka [[Marangu]] aliyewaongoza Wajerumani [[Hans Meyer]] na [[Ludwig Purtscheller]] tarehe 6.10. 1889 wakati wa [[ukoloni]] wa [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani|Ujerumani]]. Kibo ina [[theluji]] na [[barafuto]] ndogo kadhaa. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Tanzania]] [[Category:Milima ya Afrika]] [[ar:جبل كيليمانجارو]] [[bg:Килиманджаро]] [[bn:কিলিমাঞ্জারো]] [[bs:Kilimandžaro]] [[ca:Kilimanjaro]] [[cs:Kilimandžáro]] [[da:Kilimanjaro]] [[de:Kilimandscharo-Massiv]] [[en:Mount Kilimanjaro]] [[eo:Kilimanĝaro]] [[es:Kilimanjaro]] [[eu:Kilimanjaro]] [[fi:Kilimanjaro]] [[fr:Kilimanjaro]] [[gl:Kilimanjaro]] [[he:קילימנג'רו]] [[is:Kilimanjaro]] [[it:Kilimanjaro]] [[ja:キリマンジャロ (山)]] [[mk:Килиманџаро]] [[nl:Kilimanjaro (berg)]] [[nn:Kilimanjaro]] [[no:Kilimanjaro]] [[pl:Kilimandżaro]] [[pt:Kilimanjaro]] [[ru:Килиманджаро]] [[sk:Kilimandžáro]] [[sl:Kilimandžaro]] [[sr:Килиманџаро]] [[sv:Kilimanjaro]] [[zh:乞力马扎罗山]] 1752 10833 2006-06-15T00:41:27Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[ru:Ньерере, Джулиус]] '''Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere''' alikuwa [[rais]] wa kwanza wa [[Tanzania]]. Alizaliwa [[Butiama]], mkoani [[Mkoa wa Mara|Mara]] pembezoni mwa [[Ziwa Nyanza]] tarehe 13 mwezi wa nne [[1922]]. Alifariki dunia Oktoba 14, [[1999]]. Aliiongoza Tanzania toka mwaka [[1961]] hadi mwaka [[1985]]. Yeye ni muasisi wa itikadi ya [[ujamaa]] na kujitegemea. Kabla ya kuingia kwenye siasa alikuwa ni mwalimu. Kazi hii ndiyo ilimpatia jina ambalo lilimkaa maisha yake yote la "Mwalimu." Mwalimu Nyerere ni kati ya viongozi wachache wa [[Afrika]] ambao wameacha madaraka kwa hiyari baada ya kutawala kwa muda mrefu. Alipostaafu urais mwaka 1985 alirudi kijijini kwake Butiama ambako aliendesha shughuli za kilimo. Aliendelea kuwa na athari kubwa katika siasa ya Tanzania hadi kifo chake. ==Maisha yake== Julius Kambarage Nyerere alizaliwa mwwka 1922 ( katika kijiji cha [[Butiama]], wilaya ya [[Musoma]], mkoa wa [[Mara]], Tanzania (wakati ule: [[Tanganyika]]). Alikuwa mojawapo kati watoto 26 wa Nyerere Burito, chifu wa kabila la [[Wazanaki]]. Alipokuwa mtoto Nyerere alichunga mifuga ya babake; katika umri wa miaka 12 aliingia shule akitembea kilomita 30 hadi Musoma. Baada ya kumaliza shule ya msingi aliendelea kusoma shule ya wamisionari Wakatoliki huko [[Tabora]]. Katika umri wa miaka 20 alibatizwa akawa mkristo Mkatoliki hadi mwisho wa maisha yake. Mapadre wakaona akili yake wakamsaidia kusoma ualimu huko [[Makerere]], [[Kampala]],[[Uganda]] kuanzia 1943 - 1945. Makerere akaanzisha tawi la Umoja wa wanafunzi Watanganyika pia amejihusisha na tawi la [[Tanganyika African Association]] (TAA). Baada ya kumaliza masomo ya ualimu alirudi Tabora akifundisha shule ya St.Mary´s. Mw. 1949 amepatiwa msaada kutoka kwa serikali ya kikoloni kusoma kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha [[Edinburgh]] huko [[Uskoti]] / [[Uingereza]] akasoma [[B.A.]] ya historia na uchumi. Aliporudi mw. 1952 akawa mwalimu katika shule ya St. Francis huko Dar-es-salaam. Daressalaam akajishughulihsa tena na kazi za TAA akawa mwenyekiti wake mw. 1953. Akaendelea kubadilisha umoja huu kuwa chama cha kisiasa. Tar. 07.07.1954 TAA ikawa chama kipya cha [[Tanganyika African National Union]] [[TANU]]. Katiba ya [[TANU]] ililenga kwa uhuru ya Tanganyika ikipinga ukabila na ubaguzi wa rangi. Mw. 1954 Nyerere akaitwa kuwa mjumbe wa Baraza la Kutunga Sheria za Tanganyika. Uchaguzi wa kwanza wa 1958 ulikuwa na Waafrika 28.500 walioruhisiwa kupiga kura. TANU ilichukua nafasi 28 ya 30. Mafanikio haya yamerudiwa mw. 1960 TANU ilipochukua nafasi 70 ya 71. Nyerere akawa Waziri wa Kwanza chini ya Gavana wa Uingereza. Tanganyika ilipopata madaraka ya kujitawala tar. 01.05.1961 Nyerere alikuwa Waziri Mkuu akaongoza taifa kupata uhuru wake tar. 09.12.1961. Tar. 22. 01. 1962 alijiuzulu akamwachia Rashidi [[Kawawa]] nafasi ya waziri mkuu akiendelea kujenga chama cha TANU nchini. Miezi michache baadaye amechaguliwa kuwa Raisi ya kwanza wa Jamhuri ya Tanganyika akipewa 97% ya kura katika uchaguzi wa Disemba 1962. Mwaka 1964 aliunga mkono na kiongozi wa mapinduzi ya Zanzibar [[Abedi Amani Karume]] wakiunda Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania; Nyerere akawa raisi yake. 05.02.1977 aliongoza chama cha TANU katika tendo la kuungana na chama tawala cha Zanzibar ASP na kuanzisha chama kipya cha CCM (Chama cha Mapinduzi) akiwa mwenyekiti wake. Nyerere aliendelea kuongoza Taifa hadi 1985 alipomwachia nafasi raisi wa pili [[Ali Hassan Mwinyi]]. Aliendelea kuongoza Chama cha CCM hadi 1990 na kuwa na athari kubwa katika siasa ya Tanzania hadi kifo chake. Inasemekana ya kwamba ni bado yeye alishuri Benjamin Mkapa ateuliwe kugombea urais 1995 kwa upande wa CCM badala ya Jakaya Kikwete. Nyerere alikaa muda mwingi kwake Butiama akilima shamba lake. Pamoja na haya alianzisha taasisi yenye jina lake; mwaka 1996 alionekana akiwa mpatanishi wa pande mbalimbali wa vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe huko [[Burundi]]. Tar. 14.10.1999 aliaga dunia katika hospitali ya St Thomas [[London]] baada ya kupambana na [[kansa]] ya damu. ==Mafanikio na kasoro== :''Makala hii bado inahitaji maelezo na utathmini zaidi kuhusu kazi ya Mwalimu Nyerere; labda hivi:'' ===mafanikio=== (kujenga umoja wa Taifa na utamaduni wa Kiafrika pamoja na lugha ya Kiswahili, kushinda ubaguzi wa rangi, kutetea usalama wa taifa vitani vya Idi Amin) Kutoa mchango kwa vyama vya ukombozi kwa ajili ya kudai uhuru wa nchi za kusini mwa Afrika kama; Zimbabwe {ZANU), Afrika Kusini (ANC na PAC), Namibia (SWAPO), Angola (MPLA) na Msumbiji (Frelimo) ===Kutofanikiwa=== (katika siasa ya uchumi, kujenga [[Umoja wa Afrika]], kujenga [[ujamaa]], siasa ya kujitegemea) ===Ukosoaji dhidi yake=== (wapenzi wa haki za binadamu waliomshtaki kutumia nguvu za kidikteta na kufunga wapinzani wengi gerezani; Waislamu kadhaa waliomshtaki kuendesha kwa siri siasa ya Kanisa Katoliki na kuzuia nafasi kwa Waislamu) ===Sifa zake=== (kuacha uraisi kwa hiari yake; kuwa mwaminifu na kutoiba mali ya taifa; kuelewa na kukubali ya kwamba hali ya dunia ilikuwa imebadilika tangu 1989 na kushawishi chama chake ipasavyo) ===Viungo vya nje=== *[http://www.nyererefoundation.or.tz/ Taasisi ya Mwalimu Nyerere] *[http://people.africadatabase.org/en/person/3226.html Contemporary Africa Database - People/ Nyerere] * http://www.nathanielturner.com/juliuskambaragenyerere.htm [[Category:Tanzania]] Category:Viongozi wa Afrika [[ca:Julius Nyerere]] [[de:Julius Nyerere]] [[en:Julius Nyerere]] [[es:Julius Nyerere]] [[fi:Julius Nyerere]] [[fr:Julius Nyerere]] [[ja:ジュリウス・ニエレレ]] [[nl:Julius Nyerere]] [[pl:Julius Nyerere]] [[pt:Julius Nyerere]] [[ru:Ньерере, Джулиус]] [[sv:Julius Nyerere]] [[zh:尼雷爾]] 1753 6411 2006-01-25T12:40:15Z Matt Crypto 20 [[Category:Vinywaji]] '''Mbege''' ni pombe ya asili ya [[Wachagga]], wakazi wa mkoa wa [[Kilimanjaro]]. Mbege hutengenezwa na [[ndizi]] mbivu, [[ulezi]], na [[maji]]. [[Category:Vinywaji]] [[Category:Tanzania]] [[en:Mbege]] 1754 11591 2006-07-01T07:02:11Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: ar, ast, bg, eo, eu, id, no, oc, pl, ru, sl, zh [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] [[ar:تصنيف:تنزانيا]] [[ast:Categoría:Tanzania]] [[bg:Категория:Танзания]] [[ca:Categoria:Tanzània]] [[cs:Kategorie:Tanzanie]] [[da:Kategori:Tanzania]] [[de:Kategorie:Tansania]] [[en:Category:Tanzania]] [[eo:Kategorio:Tanzanio]] [[es:Categoría:Tanzania]] [[eu:Kategoria:Tanzania]] [[fr:Catégorie:Tanzanie]] [[id:Kategori:Tanzania]] [[io:Category:Tanzania]] [[it:Categoria:Tanzania]] [[ja:Category:タンザニア]] [[ko:분류:탄자니아]] [[lt:Kategorija:Tanzanija]] [[nl:Categorie:Tanzania]] [[no:Kategori:Tanzania]] [[oc:Categoria:Tanzania]] [[pl:Kategoria:Tanzania]] [[pt:Categoria:Tanzânia]] [[ru:Категория:Танзания]] [[sl:Kategorija:Tanzanija]] [[sv:Kategori:Tanzania]] [[zh:Category:坦尚尼亞]] 1755 5026 2005-10-15T19:48:47Z Chamdarae 78 redirect #redirect [[Mwalimu Nyerere]] 1756 7105 2006-02-24T15:39:07Z Kipala 107 '''Kilimanjaro''' ni jina la Kiswahili linalomaanisha * [[Mlima Kilimanjaro|Mlima wa Kilimanjaro]] katika [[Tanzania]] ambao ni mlima kubwa katika bara la [[Afrika]] * [[Mkoa wa Kilimanjaro]] ni mkoa wa Tanzania katika sehemu ya [[Mlima Kilimanjaro|Mlima wa Kilimanjaro]] * Jina la bidhaa mbalimbali zilizopewa jina la mlima kama vile bia ya aina ya Kilimanjaro Lager au maji ya kunywea katika Tanzania, karatasi za Kilimanjaro (Marekani), au keki ya Kilimandscharo (Ujerumani) {{maana}} 1757 10853 2006-06-16T19:59:10Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[fa:دریاچه‌های بزرگ آفریقا]] [[Image:GreatLakesAfrica.jpg|thumb|279px|right|Maziwa Makuu kutoka anga.]] '''Nchi za Maziwa Makuu''' ni nchi za [[Tanzania]], [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], [[Kenya]], na [[Uganda]]. Kati ya maziwa makubwa yaliyoko katika eneo hili ni [[Ziwa Tanganyika]] na [[Ziwa Nyanza]] (Vikitoria) {{mbegu}} [[Category:Afrika]] [[ar:البحيرات العظمى الأفريقية]] [[ca:Grans Llacs d'Àfrica]] [[cs:Africká Velká jezera]] [[en:African Great Lakes]] [[fa:دریاچه‌های بزرگ آفریقا]] [[fr:Grands Lacs (Afrique)]] [[hr:Afrička velika jezera]] [[hu:Afrikai Nagy Tavak]] [[is:Stóru vötnin]] [[it:Grandi Laghi (Africa)]] [[ko:아프리카 대호수]] [[pl:Wielkie Jeziora Afrykańskie]] [[sh:Velika afrička jezera]] [[sl:Afriška velika jezera]] [[sr:Афричка велика језера]] [[sv:Stora sjöarna (Afrika)]] 1758 10776 2006-06-13T02:49:00Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[nrm:Littéthatuthe]] '''Fasihi''' ni sanaa inayotumia lugha ili kufikisha ujumbe kwa jamii husika . Fasihi''' imegawanyika katika makundi makubwa mawili: '''[[fasihi andishi]]''' na '''[[fasihi simulizi]]'''. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Fasihi]] [[af:Literatuur]] [[an:Literatura]] [[ar:أدب]] [[ast:Lliteratura]] [[bg:Литература]] [[bn:সাহিত্য]] [[bs:Književnost]] [[ca:Literatura]] [[cs:Literatura]] [[cy:Llenyddiaeth]] [[da:Litteratur]] [[de:Literatur]] [[el:Λογοτεχνία]] [[en:Literature]] [[eo:Literaturo]] [[es:Literatura]] [[et:Kirjandus]] [[eu:Literatura]] [[fa:ادبیات]] [[fi:Kirjallisuus]] [[fiu-vro:Kirändüs]] [[fr:Littérature]] [[frp:Litèratura]] [[fur:Leterature]] [[fy:Literatuer]] [[ga:Litríocht]] [[gl:Literatura]] [[he:ספרות]] [[hi:साहित्य]] [[hr:Književnost]] [[hu:Irodalom]] [[ia:Litteratura]] [[id:Sastra]] [[ilo:Literatura]] [[io:Literaturo]] [[it:Letteratura]] [[ja:文学]] [[jv:Sastra]] [[ko:문학]] [[ku:Wêje]] [[la:Litterae]] [[lb:Literatur]] [[li:Literatuur]] [[lt:Literatūra]] [[lv:Literatūra]] [[mk:Литература]] [[ml:സാഹിത്യം]] [[mt:Letteratura]] [[nds:Literatur]] [[ne:साहित्य]] [[nl:Literatuur]] [[nn:Litteratur]] [[no:Litteratur]] [[nrm:Littéthatuthe]] [[oc:Literatura]] [[os:Литературæ]] [[pam:Literatura]] [[pl:Literatura]] [[pt:Literatura]] [[ro:Literatură]] [[ru:Литература]] [[scn:Littiratura]] [[sco:Leiteratur]] [[sh:Književnost]] [[simple:Literature]] [[sk:Literatúra]] [[sl:Književnost]] [[sr:Књижевност]] [[sv:Litteratur]] [[th:วรรณกรรม]] [[tl:Panitikan]] [[tr:Edebiyat]] [[uk:Література]] [[vec:Łiteratura]] [[wa:Belès letes]] [[zh:文学]] 1759 11544 2006-06-30T11:22:33Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[zh-yue:互聯網]] [[Image:Internet-users-public-access-xi-unctad.jpg|thumb|260px|Wanaotumia mtandao wa Intaneti]] '''Intaneti''' ni mtandao wa [[kompyuta]] unaowezesha [[kompyuta]] mbalimbali duniani kuwa kuwasiliana. Kupitia mtandao huu, watu huweza kutembea [[webu]] mbalimbali, kupiga gumzo, na kuandikiana [[barua pepe]]. ==Ona pia== * [[Blogu]] * [[Wiki]] {{mbegu}} [[Category:Teknolojia]] [[af:Internet]] [[am:ድኅረ ገጽ መረብ]] [[ar:إنترنت]] [[ast:Internet]] [[az:İnternet]] [[be:Інтэрнэт]] [[bg:Интернет]] [[bn:ইন্টারনেট]] [[br:Internet]] [[bs:Internet]] [[ca:Internet]] [[cs:Internet]] [[csb:Internet]] [[cy:Rhyngrwyd]] [[da:Internet]] [[de:Internet]] [[el:Διαδίκτυο]] [[en:Internet]] [[eo:Interreto]] [[es:Internet]] [[et:Internet]] [[eu:Internet]] [[fa:اینترنت]] [[fi:Internet]] [[fiu-vro:Internet]] [[fr:Internet]] [[fur:Internet]] [[fy:Ynternet]] [[ga:Idirlíon]] [[gl:Internet]] [[he:אינטרנט]] [[hi:इंटरनेट]] [[hr:Internet]] [[hu:Internet]] [[ia:Internet]] [[id:Internet]] [[ilo:Internet]] [[is:Internetið]] [[it:Internet]] [[iu:ᖃᕆᓴᐅᔭᒃᑯᑦ ᑎᑎᕋᖅᓯᒪᔪᑦ]] [[ja:インターネット]] [[ka:ინტერნეტი]] [[kn:ಅಂತರ ಜಾಲ]] [[ko:인터넷]] [[ku:Înternet]] [[ky:Интернет]] [[la:Interrete]] [[lb:Internet]] [[li:Internet]] [[lt:Internetas]] [[lv:Internets]] [[mk:Интернет]] [[ms:Internet]] [[nds:Internet]] [[nl:Internet]] [[nn:Internett]] [[no:Internett]] [[nrm:Enternette]] [[os:Интернет]] [[pl:Internet]] [[pt:Internet]] [[rm:Internet]] [[ro:Internet]] [[ru:Интернет]] [[sa:आन्तरजालम्]] [[scn:Internet]] [[sh:Internet]] [[simple:Internet]] [[sk:Internet]] [[sl:Medmrežje]] [[so:Internet]] [[sr:Интернет]] [[su:Internét]] [[sv:Internet]] [[ta:இணையம்]] [[th:อินเทอร์เน็ต]] [[tl:Internet]] [[tpi:Intanet]] [[tr:Internet (özel isim)]] [[tt:Päräwez]] [[ug:ئخەلقارالىق تور]] [[uk:Інтернет]] [[ur:شبکہ]] [[uz:Internet]] [[vi:Internet]] [[vo:Vüresod]] [[wa:Daegntoele]] [[yi:אינטערנעט]] [[zh:互联网]] [[zh-yue:互聯網]] 1760 8449 2006-04-19T17:23:30Z Matt Crypto 20 '''Blogu''' ni [[teknolojia]] mpya inayowezesha watu binafsi kuchapa maoni na fikra zao katika mtandao wa [[tarakilishi]]. Blogu inaweza kuchukuliwa kama ni shajara pepe. Neno "blogu" ni tafsiri ya [[Kiswahili]] inayotokana na neno la kiingereza, "blog." Zipo blogu za aina mbalimbali. Kwa mfano, [[blogu za maandishi]], [[blogu za mkononi]], [[blogu za picha]], [[blogu za sauti]], na [[blogu za video]]. Suala la maadili ya uandishi katika blogu limekuwa likijadiliwa toka kujitokeza kwa teknolojia hii. Katika kikao cha baadhi ya wanablogu wa Kiswahili jijini [[Dodoma]], [[Tanzania]], wanablogu hao waliweza kukubaliana juu ya misingi ya maadili yanayopaswa kufuatwa na wanablogu. Makubaliano haya waliyaita [[Azimio la Dodoma]]. ==Viuongo vya nje== *[http://cyber.law.harvard.edu:8080/globalvoices/wiki/index.php/Tanzania#Tanzanian_blogs_in_Kiswahili Blogu za Kiswahili] * [http://cyber.law.harvard.edu:8080/globalvoices/wiki/index.php/Tanzania Blogu za Watanzania] * [http://www.kenyaunlimited.com/ Blogu za Wakenya] * [http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/globalvoices/ Mradi wa Global Voices] * [http://mwongozo.wordpress.com Masomo kwa wanablogu wapya] * [http://rsmiruko.blogspot.com/2006/04/azimio-la-dodoma-2006.html Azimio la Dodoma] [[Category:Teknolojia]] [[ar:مدونة]] [[be:Блоґ]] [[bg:Блог]] [[ca:Weblog]] [[cs:Weblog]] [[cy:Blog]] [[da:Weblog]] [[de:Weblog]] [[el:Ιστολόγιο]] [[en:Blog]] [[eo:Blogo]] [[es:Weblog]] [[et:Ajaveeb]] [[eu:Blog]] [[fa:وبلاگ]] [[fi:Blogi]] [[fr:Blog]] [[gl:Weblog]] [[he:בלוג]] [[hi:ब्लॉग]] [[hr:Blog]] [[hu:Weblog]] [[id:Weblog]] [[ilo:Blog]] [[is:Blogg]] [[it:Blog]] [[ja:ブログ]] [[ko:블로그]] [[lt:Blog]] [[lv:Tīmekļa žurnāls]] [[mt:Blogg]] [[nl:Weblog]] [[nn:Blogg]] [[no:Weblogg]] [[pl:Weblog]] [[pt:Weblog]] [[ro:Weblog]] [[ru:Блог]] [[simple:Blog]] [[sk:Weblog]] [[sr:Веблог]] [[sv:Blogg]] [[ta:வலைப்பதிவு]] [[te:బ్లాగు]] [[th:บล็อก (อินเทอร์เน็ต)]] [[tr:Blog]] [[uk:Веблог]] [[vi:Blog]] [[zh:網誌]] [[zh-min-nan:Bāng-chì]] 1761 6139 2006-01-13T19:33:42Z Miaow Miaow 87 cat. Jiografia [[Category:Jiografia]] [[af:Kategorie:Afrika]] [[ast:Category:África]] [[ca:Categoria:Àfrica]] [[cs:Kategorie:Afrika]] [[da:Kategori:Afrika]] [[de:Kategorie:Afrika]] [[et:Kategooria:Aafrika]] [[el:Κατηγορία:Αφρική]] [[en:Category:Africa]] [[es:Categoría:África]] [[eo:Kategorio:Afriko]] [[eu:Category:Afrika]] [[fr:Catégorie:Afrique]] [[gl:Category:África]] [[ko:분류:아프리카]] [[io:Category:Afrika]] [[id:Kategori:Afrika]] [[it:Categoria:Africa]] [[ka:კატეგორია:აფრიკა]] [[kw:Category:Afrika]] [[la:Categoria:Africa]] [[hu:Kategória:Afrika]] [[ms:Category:Afrika]] [[na:Category:Africa]] [[nl:Categorie:Afrika]] [[nds:Kategorie:Afrika]] [[ja:Category:アフリカ]] [[no:Kategori:Afrika]] [[nn:Kategori:Afrika]] [[os:Category:Африкæ]] [[pl:Kategoria:Afryka]] [[pt:Categoria:África]] [[ro:Categorie:Africa]] [[ru:Категория:Африка]] [[scn:Category:Africa]] [[sr:Категорија:Африка]] [[fi:Luokka:Afrikka]] [[sv:Kategori:Afrika]] [[tr:Kategori:Afrika]] [[zh:Category:非洲]] 1762 5049 2005-10-17T11:51:13Z Chamdarae 78 Afrika ya mashariki umehamishwa hapa Afrika ya Mashariki #REDIRECT [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] 1763 5056 2005-10-17T12:35:48Z Chamdarae 78 [[ast:Categoría:Teunoloxía]] [[bg:Категория:Технология]] [[be:Катэгорыя:Тэхналёгіі]] [[ca:Categoria:Tecnologia]] [[da:Kategori:Teknologi]] [[de:Kategorie:Technik]] [[el:Κατηγορία:Τεχνολογία]] [[en:Category:Technology]] [[es:Categoría:Tecnología]] [[eo:Kategorio:Teknologio]] [[fr:Catégorie:Technologie]] [[ko:분류:기술]] [[io:Category:Teknologio]] [[lv:Category:Tehniskās zinātnes]] [[hu:Kategória:Technika]] [[nl:Categorie:Techniek]] [[nds:Kategorie:Technik]] [[ja:Category:技術]] [[no:Kategori:Teknologi]] [[pt:Categoria:Tecnologia]] [[ru:Категория:Технология]] [[fi:Luokka:Tekniikka]] [[tr:Kategori:Teknoloji]] [[uk:Категорія:Техніка]] [[zh:Category:科技]] 1764 5059 2005-10-17T12:51:21Z Chamdarae 78 [[af:Kategorie:Wetenskap]] [[an:Category:Zenzias]] [[ast:Categoría:Ciencies]] [[be:Катэгорыя:Навука]] [[bg:Категория:Наука]] [[br:Category:Siañs]] [[ca:Categoria:Ciència]] [[cs:Kategorie:Věda]] [[da:Kategori:Videnskab]] [[de:Kategorie:Wissenschaft]] [[et:Kategooria:Teadused]] [[el:Κατηγορία:Επιστήμη]] [[en:Category:Science]] [[es:Categoría:Ciencias]] [[eo:Kategorio:Scienco]] [[fr:Catégorie:Sciences]] [[ko:분류:과학]] [[io:Category:Cienci]] [[ka:კატეგორია:მეცნიერება]] [[csb:Kategòrëjô:Ùczba]] [[kw:Category:Scyens]] [[hu:Kategória:Tudomány]] [[nl:Categorie:Wetenschap]] [[nds:Kategorie:Wetenschop]] [[ja:Category:科学]] [[no:Kategori:Vitenskap]] [[nn:Kategori:Vitskapar]] [[pl:Kategoria:Nauka]] [[pt:Categoria:Ciências]] [[ru:Категория:Наука]] [[sk:Kategória:Veda]] [[sl:Category:Naravoslovje]] [[fi:Luokka:Tiede]] [[sv:Kategori:Vetenskap]] [[tl:Category:Agham]] [[uk:Категорія:Наука]] [[vi:Category:Khoa học]] [[zh:Category:科学]] [[zh-min-nan:Category:Kho-ha̍k]] 1765 11612 2006-07-01T13:55:12Z Escarbot 176 robot Adding: als, bs, cy, eu, gu, ht, ka, ku, lmo, lv, mt, nds, oc, pa, pam, sco, sh, sq, sr, tl, zh-min-nan [[af:Kategorie:Wiskunde]] [[als:Kategorie:Mathematik]] [[an:Categoría:Matematicas]] [[ar:تصنيف:رياضيات]] [[ast:Categoría:Matemátiques]] [[be:Катэгорыя:Матэматыка]] [[bg:Категория:Математика]] [[br:Rummad:Jedoniezh]] [[bs:Kategorija:Matematika]] [[ca:Categoria:Matemàtiques]] [[cs:Kategorie:Matematika]] [[csb:Kategòrëjô:Matematika]] [[cy:Categori:Mathemateg]] [[da:Kategori:Matematik]] [[de:Kategorie:Mathematik]] [[el:Κατηγορία:Μαθηματικά]] [[en:Category:Mathematics]] [[eo:Kategorio:Matematiko]] [[es:Categoría:Matemática]] [[et:Kategooria:Matemaatika]] [[eu:Kategoria:Matematika]] [[fi:Luokka:Matematiikka]] [[fr:Catégorie:Mathématiques]] [[gl:Category:Matemáticas]] [[gu:Category:ગણિત]] [[he:קטגוריה:מתמטיקה]] [[ht:Category:Matematik]] [[hu:Kategória:Matematika]] [[id:Kategori:Matematika]] [[io:Category:Matematiko]] [[is:Flokkur:Stærðfræði]] [[it:Categoria:Matematica]] [[ja:Category:数学]] [[ka:კატეგორია:მათემატიკა]] [[ko:분류:수학]] [[ku:Kategorî:Matematîk]] [[la:Categoria:Mathematica]] [[lb:Category:Mathematik]] [[lmo:Category:Matemàtica]] [[lt:Kategorija:Matematika]] [[lv:Kategorija:Matemātika]] [[ms:Kategori:Matematik]] [[mt:Category:Matematika]] [[nds:Kategorie:Mathematik]] [[nl:Categorie:Wiskunde]] [[no:Kategori:Matematikk]] [[oc:Categoria:Matematicas]] [[pa:ਸ਼੍ਰੇਣੀ:ਹਿਸਾਬ]] [[pam:Category:Matematica]] [[pl:Kategoria:Matematyka]] [[pt:Categoria:Matemática]] [[qu:Categoría:Yupana]] [[ro:Categorie:Matematică]] [[ru:Категория:Математика]] [[sco:Category:Mathematics]] [[sh:Category:Matematika]] [[simple:Category:Mathematics]] [[sk:Kategória:Matematika]] [[sl:Kategorija:Matematika]] [[sq:Category:Matematikë]] [[sr:Категорија:Математика]] [[sv:Kategori:Matematik]] [[ta:பகுப்பு:கணிதம்]] [[th:หมวดหมู่:คณิตศาสตร์]] [[tl:Category:Matematika]] [[tr:Kategori:Matematik]] [[uk:Категорія:Математика]] [[vi:Thể loại:Toán học]] [[zh:Category:数学]] [[zh-min-nan:Category:Sò·-ha̍k]] 1766 5066 2005-10-17T13:15:06Z Chamdarae 78 redirect #redirect [[Ardhi]] 1767 11527 2006-06-30T06:01:06Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: an, ang, ar, br, bs, co, cv, eu, fiu-vro, fo, frp, fy, ga, hr, ht, ln, lv, mi, nds-nl, roa-rup, scn, se, sh, sr, th, wa, zh-yue [[Category:Jiografia]] [[af:Kategorie:Europa]] [[an:Categoría:Europa]] [[ang:Category:Europa]] [[ar:تصنيف:أوروبا]] [[ast:Categoría:Europa]] [[be:Катэгорыя:Эўропа]] [[bg:Категория:Европа]] [[br:Rummad:Europa]] [[bs:Kategorija:Evropa]] [[ca:Categoria:Europa]] [[co:Category:Europa]] [[cs:Kategorie:Evropa]] [[csb:Kategòrëjô:Eùropa]] [[cv:Категори:Европа]] [[cy:Categori:Ewrop]] [[da:Kategori:Europa]] [[de:Kategorie:Europa]] [[el:Κατηγορία:Ευρώπη]] [[en:Category:Europe]] [[eo:Kategorio:Eŭropo]] [[es:Categoría:Europa]] [[et:Kategooria:Euroopa]] [[eu:Kategoria:Europa]] [[fa:رده:اروپا]] [[fi:Luokka:Eurooppa]] [[fiu-vro:Category:Õuruupa]] [[fo:Bólkur:Evropa]] [[fr:Catégorie:Europe]] [[frp:Category:Eropa]] [[fy:Kategory:Jeropa]] [[ga:Catagóir:An Eoraip]] [[gl:Category:Europa]] [[he:קטגוריה:אירופה]] [[hr:Kategorija:Europa]] [[ht:Category:Ewòp]] [[hu:Kategória:Európa]] [[id:Kategori:Eropa]] [[io:Category:Europa]] [[is:Flokkur:Evrópa]] [[it:Categoria:Europa]] [[ja:Category:ヨーロッパ]] [[ko:분류:유럽]] [[kw:Category:Europa]] [[la:Categoria:Europa]] [[lb:Category:Europa]] [[li:Kategorie:Europa]] [[ln:Category:Eropa]] [[lv:Category:Eiropa]] [[mi:Category:Ūropi]] [[mk:Категорија:Европа]] [[mo:Category:Еуропа]] [[ms:Kategori:Eropah]] [[mt:Category:Ewropa]] [[na:Category:Uirope]] [[nds:Kategorie:Europa]] [[nds-nl:Categorie:Europa]] [[nl:Categorie:Europa]] [[nn:Kategori:Europa]] [[no:Kategori:Europa]] [[oc:Categoria:Euròpa]] [[os:Категори:Европæ]] [[pl:Kategoria:Europa]] [[pt:Categoria:Europa]] [[qu:Categoría:Iwrupa]] [[ro:Categorie:Europa]] [[roa-rup:Category:Evropa]] [[ru:Категория:Европа]] [[scn:Category:Europa]] [[se:Category:Eurohpá]] [[sh:Category:Evropa]] [[sk:Kategória:Európa]] [[sl:Kategorija:Evropa]] [[sr:Категорија:Европа]] [[sv:Kategori:Europa]] [[th:หมวดหมู่:ทวีปยุโรป]] [[tl:Category:Europa]] [[tr:Kategori:Avrupa]] [[uk:Категорія:Європа]] [[vi:Thể loại:Châu Âu]] [[wa:Categoreye:Urope]] [[zh:Category:欧洲]] [[zh-min-nan:Category:Au-chiu]] [[zh-yue:Category:歐洲]] 1768 9539 2006-05-13T14:22:12Z Marcos 3 {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" width="100%" | cellpadding="0" style="text-align: center; background: #006699; color: #ffffff;" | '''Wikipedia kwa lugha nyingine''' |- | align="left" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | <div class="plainlinks"> Wikipedia ipo katika lugha zaidi ya 200. [[m:List of Wikipedias|Bofya hapa]] kwa orodha ya lugha zote za Wikipedia. Kushoto utapata orodha ya lugha za Wikipedia zenye makala zaidi ya 10,000. <dt style="font-size:100%">Lugha zenye makala zaidi ya 100,000:</dt> <dd style="font-size:100%;margin:auto 0"> [[:de:Hauptseite|<span lang="de">Deutsch</span> (Kijerumani)]] - [[:en:Main Page|<span lang="en">English</span> (Kiingereza)]] - [[:es:Portada|<span lang="es">Español</span> (Kihispania)]] - [[:fr:Accueil|<span lang="fr">Français</span> (Kifaransa)]] - [[:it:Pagina principale|<span lang="it">Italiano</span> (Kiitalia)]] - [[:ja:メインページ|<span lang="ja">日本語</span> (Kijapani)]] - [[:nl:Hoofdpagina|<span lang="nl">Nederlands</span> (Kiholanzi)]] - [[:pl:Strona główna|<span lang="pl">Polski</span> (Kipolishi)]] - [[:pt:Página principal|<span lang="pt">Português</span> (Kireno)]] - [[:sv:Huvudsida|<span lang="sv">Svenska</span> (Kiswidi)]] </dd> <dt style="font-size:100%">Lugha za Kiafrika:</dt> <dd style="font-size:100%;margin:auto 0"> [[:aa:|Afar]]&nbsp;· [[:af:|Afrikaans]]&nbsp;· [[:ak:|Akan]]&nbsp;· [[:am:|አማርኛ]]&nbsp;· [[:bm:|Bamanankan]]&nbsp;· [[:ny:|Chi-Chewa]]&nbsp;· [[:sn:|chiShona]]&nbsp;· [[:tum:|chiTumbuka]]&nbsp;· [[:ee:|Ɛʋɛ]]&nbsp;· [[:ff:|Fulfude]]&nbsp;· [[:ki:|Gĩkũyũ]]&nbsp;· [[:ha:|هَوُسَ]]&nbsp;· [[:ig:|Ìgbo]]&nbsp;· [[:xh:|isiXhosa]]&nbsp;· [[:zu:|isiZulu]]&nbsp;· [[:kr:|Kanuri]]&nbsp;· [[:rw:|Kinyarwanda]]&nbsp;· [[:rn:|Kirundi]]&nbsp;· [[:kg:|Kongo]]&nbsp;· [[:kj:|Kuanyama]]&nbsp;· [[:ln:|Lingala]]&nbsp;· [[:lg:|Luganda]]&nbsp;· [[:mg:|Malagasy]]&nbsp;· [[:mt:|Malti]]&nbsp;· [[:om:|Oromoo]]&nbsp;· [[:ng:|Oshiwambo]]&nbsp;· [[:hz:|Otsiherero]]&nbsp;· [[:sg:|Sängö]]&nbsp;· [[:st:|seSotho]]&nbsp;· [[:tn:|Setswana]]&nbsp;· [[:ss:|SiSwati]]&nbsp;· [[:so:|Soomaaliga]]&nbsp;· [[:ti:|ትግርኛ]]&nbsp;· [[:ve:|Tshivenda]]&nbsp;· [[:tw:|Twi]]&nbsp;· [[:wo:|Wolof]]&nbsp;· [[:ts:|Xitsonga]]&nbsp;· [[:yo:|Yorùbá]]&nbsp;· </dd> [[meta:How to start a new wikipedia|Jinsi ya kuanzisha Wikipedia kwa lugha mpya]] </div> |} 1769 5074 2005-10-18T08:59:17Z 202.60.45.13 Makala hiyo kuhusu "Mbegu" bado ni mbegu. Unaweza kusaidia kuikuza kwa kubofya kitufe kilichoandikwa "hariri". Ikiwepo makala kuhusu Mbegu kwa lugha nyingine, unaweza kuitafsiri kwa Kiswahili. 1770 10099 2006-05-25T13:59:05Z Diagraph01 80 {| |{{user ja}} |- |{{user en-1}} |- |{{use sw-0}} |} "Diagraph01" lives in Tokyo, Japan. ja.wp's admin from 7 May 2006. I'm taking the [[:ja:Wikipedia:多言語の統計|Multilingual statistics (ja)]] and [[:ja:Wikipedia:ウィキペディアが提供されている言語の総覧|List of Wikipedias (ja)]] in Japanese wikipedia. Although, I think that it will concentrate on acquisition each language information and attachment "+interwiki" for the time being. Therefore, I can't write new contribution. See refer: [[:ja:User:Diagraph01]]([[:ja:User talk:Diagraph01|Talk]]). 1771 6414 2006-01-25T12:41:13Z Matt Crypto 20 {{mbegu}} '''Kurani''' ni msahafu unaotumiwa na waumini wa [[Uislamu]]. Waislamu wanaamini kuwa yaliyomo ndani ya kitabu hicho ni ujumbe alioshushiwa mtume [[Muhammad]] na [[Mungu]] kupitia malaika [[Gabrieli]]. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Uislamu]] 1772 9902 2006-05-21T20:56:30Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Saturn (planet) large.jpg|thumbnail|Zohari]] '''Zohari''' ni [[sayari]] ya sita toka kwenye [[jua]] katika [[Mfumo wa jua na sayari zake]]. Ni sayari kubwa ya pili baada ya [[Mshtarii]]. Inaonekana kwa macho matupu si lazima kutumia darubini. Kwa hiyo imeshajulikana tangu zamani ilitambuliwa na wataalamu wa nyakati za kale. Inazunguka jua katika muda wa miaka ya dunia 29 na siku 166. Uso wa Zohari haionekani kwa sababu [[angahewa]] nzito inafunika kila sehemu. Mada ya angahewa ni hasa [[hidrojeni]]. Kutokana na uzito wa angahewa shindikizo ndani yake inaongezeka sana katika vilindi vyake na kusababisha [[gesi]] za angahewa kuingia katika hali ya [[giligili]] (majimaji) inayobadilika kuwa [[mango]] (imara) hadi [[metali]] ndani zaidi. ==[[mwezi|Miezi]] ya Zohari== Zohari ina miezi mingi. Miezi thelathini imepewa majina. Kati ya miezi hii Titan ni mkubwa mwenye kipenyo cha 5,150 km. Ni mwezi wa pekee unaojulikana kuwa na [[angahewa]]. Miezi ya Rhea, Dione, Tethys na Iapetus ina vipenyo kati ya 1,050 km na 1,530 km. ==Bangili za Zohari== Tabia ya pekee ya Zohari ni bangili zake. Mtu wa kwanza wa kuziona alikuwa [[Galileo Galilei]] alipolenga darubini yake kwa sayari. Lakini Galilei alishindwa kutmabua alichoona kutokana na kasoro za darubini yake. Aliandika wakati ule ya kwamba Zohari ilikuwa na "masikio". Mwaka 1655 Mholanzi [[Christiaan Huygens]] aliweza kutumia darubini kubwa zaidi akatambua masikio ya Galilei kuwa bangili inayozunguka sayari. Siku hizi imejulikana ya kwamba bangili ni vipande vya barafu, vumbi ba mawe. Vipande vyake vina ukubwa kati ya [[milimita]] chache hadi mita kadhaa kama motokaa. Unene wa bangili ni mita mamia kadhaa. {{commons|Saturn (planet)}} {{mbegu}} [[Category:Sayari]] {{mfumo wa jua na sayari zake}} [[Category:Sayari]] [[af:Saturnus (planeet)]] [[als:Saturn (Planet)]] [[ang:Saturnus (planēta)]] [[ar:زحل]] [[ast:Saturnu (astronomía)]] [[bg:Сатурн (планета)]] [[bs:Saturn]] [[ca:Saturn (planeta)]] [[cs:Saturn (planeta)]] [[cy:Sadwrn (planed)]] [[da:Saturn (planet)]] [[de:Saturn (Planet)]] [[en:Saturn]] [[eo:Saturno]] [[es:Saturno (planeta)]] [[et:Saturn]] [[eu:Saturnus]] [[fa:کیوان (سیاره)]] [[fi:Saturnus]] [[fr:Saturne (planète)]] [[ga:Satarn (pláinéad)]] [[gl:Saturno (planeta)]] [[gu:શનિ (ગ્રહ)]] [[he:שבתאי]] [[hr:Saturn (planet)]] [[hu:Szaturnusz (bolygó)]] [[id:Saturnus (planet)]] [[io:Saturno]] [[is:Satúrnus (reikistjarna)]] [[it:Saturno (astronomia)]] [[ja:土星]] [[ko:토성]] [[la:Saturnus (planeta)]] [[lt:Saturnas]] [[ms:Zuhal]] [[nl:Saturnus (planeet)]] [[nn:Planeten Saturn]] [[no:Saturn]] [[os:Сатурн (планетæ)]] [[pam:Saturn]] [[pl:Saturn]] [[pt:Saturno]] [[ro:Saturn (planetă)]] [[ru:Сатурн (планета)]] [[scn:Saturnu]] [[simple:Saturn (planet)]] [[sk:Saturn]] [[sl:Saturn (planet)]] [[sr:Сатурн (планета)]] [[sv:Saturnus]] [[ta:சனி (கோள்)]] [[th:ดาวเสาร์]] [[tr:Satürn (gezegen)]] [[uk:Сатурн (планета)]] [[vi:Sao Thổ]] [[zh:土星]] [[zh-min-nan:Thó·-chheⁿ]] 1773 11601 2006-07-01T10:14:33Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[rmy:Kham]] [[Image:Sun920607.jpg|thumbnail|Jua]] '''Jua''' ni [[nyota]] ambayo ni karibu yetu zaidi kuliko nyota nyingine. Inazungukwa na [[sayari]] tisa. [[Dunia]] yetu ni sehemu ya [[mfumo wa jua na sayari zake]]. Kutokana na [[myeyungano ya kinyukilia]] ndani yake jua hutoa [[nishati]] ambayo ni muhimu kwa maisha ya [[mmea|mimea]] na [[kiumbe|viumbe]] katika dunia. Nishati hii inapatikana kama [[mwanga]], [[joto]] na aina mbalimbali za [[mnururisho]]. Mada yake ni katika hali ya [[Utegili (fisikia)|utegili]] yaani kama [[gesi]] ya joto sana. {{mbegu}} {{mfumo wa jua na sayari zake}} [[Category:Falaki]] [[Category:Nyota]] [[af:Son]] [[als:Sonne]] [[am:ፀሐይ]] [[ang:Sunne]] [[ar:شمس]] [[ast:Sol]] [[be:Сонца]] [[bg:Слънце]] [[br:Heol]] [[bs:Sunce]] [[ca:Sol]] [[cs:Slunce]] [[cy:Haul]] [[da:Solen]] [[de:Sonne]] [[el:Ήλιος]] [[en:Sun]] [[eo:Suno]] [[es:Sol]] [[et:Päike]] [[eu:Eguzkia]] [[fa:خورشید]] [[fi:Aurinko]] [[fr:Soleil]] [[ga:Grian]] [[gl:Sol]] [[gu:સૂર્ય]] [[he:השמש]] [[hi:सूर्य]] [[hr:Sunce]] [[hu:Nap (égitest)]] [[ia:Sol]] [[id:Matahari]] [[ilo:Init]] [[io:Suno]] [[is:Sólin]] [[it:Sole]] [[ja:太陽]] [[jbo:solri]] [[ka:მზე]] [[kn:ಸೂರ್ಯ]] [[ko:태양]] [[ku:رۆژ]] [[kw:Howl]] [[la:Sol]] [[lad:Sol]] [[li:Zon]] [[lt:Saulė]] [[lv:Saule]] [[mk:Сонце]] [[ms:Matahari]] [[mt:Xemx]] [[nah:Tōnatiuh]] [[nap:Sole]] [[nds:Sünn]] [[nds-nl:Zunne]] [[nl:Zon]] [[nn:Sola (stjerne)]] [[no:Solen]] [[nrm:Solé]] [[pa:ਸੂਰਜ]] [[pam:Aldo]] [[pdc:Sunn]] [[pl:Słońce]] [[pt:Sol]] [[qu:Inti]] [[rmy:Kham]] [[ro:Soare]] [[ru:Солнце]] [[scn:Suli]] [[sco:Sun]] [[sh:Sunce]] [[simple:Sun]] [[sk:Slnko]] [[sl:Sonce]] [[sr:Сунце]] [[su:Panonpoé]] [[sv:Solen]] [[th:ดวงอาทิตย์]] [[tl:Araw (astronomiya)]] [[tr:Güneş]] [[ug:ئاپتاپقا سالماق]] [[uk:Сонце]] [[vi:Mặt Trời]] [[zh:太阳]] [[zh-min-nan:Ji̍t-thâu]] [[zh-yue:太陽]] 1774 7632 2006-03-24T20:55:40Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[sh:Chagga]] '''Wachagga''' ni [[kabila]] la watu wanaoishi kaskazini mwa [[Tanzania]] chini ya [[mlima]] [[Kilimanjaro]], [[Mkoa wa Kilimanjaro|mkoani Kilimanjaro]]. Shughuli kubwa ya Wachagga ni [[biashara]] na [[kilimo]]. Wachagga hulima [[mahindi]], [[ndizi]], na [[kahawa]]. Wachagga wanahistoria ndefu ya chanzo cha watu wao na ndiyo sababu lugha yao inabaadilika kuanzia unapotoka Tarakea magharibi ya Kilimanjaro mpaka unapofika Siha magharibi mwa Kilimanjaro {{mbegu}} [[Category:Tanzania]] [[en:Chaga]] [[sh:Chagga]] 1775 9026 2006-04-29T14:07:47Z Kipala 107 '''Dakta Djibril Diallo''' ni mzaliwa wa [[Senegal]]. Amewahi kuwa mkurugenzi wa mawasiliano wa Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Maendeleo, mshauri maalum wa Katibu Mkuu wa [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] kuhusiani na mkutano wa kimataifa wa haki za binadamu. Hivi sasa anajihusisha na ofisi ya Umoja ya Mataifa inayojihusisha na miradi ya kuleta amani kwa kutumia michezo. Diallo pia ni msemaji wa Rais wa Baraza Kuu la Umoja wa Mataifa. [[Category:Viongozi wa Afrika]] 1776 6292 2006-01-22T11:06:21Z Matt Crypto 20 intewriki '''Sheikh Amani Abeid Karume ni Rais''' wa kwanza wa [[Zanzibar]]. Alizaliwa mwaka 1905 na kufariki mwaka 1972 kwa kupigwa risasi. Karume aliongoza mapinduzi yaliyomwangusha [[Sultani]] aliyekuwa akitawala Zanzibar hapo mwaka 1964. Baada ya miezi mitatu Zanzibar iliungana na [[Tanganyika]] iliyokuwa ikiongozwa na [[Mwalimu Nyerere]]. Baada ya muungano wa nchi hizi mbili uliozaa jina la [[Tanzania]], Karume alikuwa makamu wa rais wa kwanza wa Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania. Amani Abeid Karume,ambaye ni mtoto wa Sheikh Karume, ndiye rais wa sasa wa Zanzibar. [[Category:Tanzania]] [[en:Abeid Karume]] [[nl:Abeid Karume]] [[fi:Abeid Karume]] 1777 6304 2006-01-22T11:21:15Z Matt Crypto 20 Tanzania ni nchi yenye mfumo wa vyama vingi vya siasa uliorejeshwa katika [[katiba ya Tanzania]] mwaka 1992. Chama tawala ni [[Chama cha Mapinduzi]] (CCM) ambacho kinatokana na muungano kati ya [[Tanganyika African National Union]] (TANU) na [[Afro Shiraz Party]] (ASP) ya Zanzibar. Vyama vingine vya siasa Tanzania ni [[Civic United Front]] (CUF), [[Tanzania Labour Party]] (TLP), [[Chama cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo]] (Chadema), [[National Convention for Constitution and Reconstruction-Mageuzi]] (NCCR-Mageuzi), [[National League of Democracy]] (NLD), [[Democratic Party]] (DP), na [[Demokrasia Makini]]. [[Category:Tanzania]] [[en:List of political parties in Tanzania]] [[ja:&#12479;&#12531;&#12470;&#12491;&#12450;&#12398;&#25919;&#20826;]] 1778 11365 2006-06-25T21:15:24Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Nelson Mandela.jpg|thumb|Nelson Mandela]] '''Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela''' alizaliwa mwaka 1918. Ni rais wa kwanza aliyechaguliwa kidemokrasia nchini [[Afrika Kusini]]. Mandela alitumikia kifungo cha maisha kwa miaka 27 kutokana na harakati zake za kuupinga utawala wa wazungu wachache nchini Afrika Kusini. Alifungwa katika kisiwa cha Robben. Baada ya kuachiliwa huru mwaka 1990 alianzisha sera ya maridhiano. [[Category:Afrika Kusini]] [[Category:Viongozi wa Afrika]] {{mbegu}} [[af:Nelson Mandela]] [[ang:Nelson Mandela]] [[ar:نيلسون مانديلا]] [[bg:Нелсън Мандела]] [[bs:Nelson Mandela]] [[ca:Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela]] [[cs:Nelson Mandela]] [[cy:Nelson Mandela]] [[da:Nelson Mandela]] [[de:Nelson Mandela]] [[el:Νέλσον Μαντέλα]] [[en:Nelson Mandela]] [[eo:Nelson Mandela]] [[es:Nelson Mandela]] [[et:Nelson Mandela]] [[eu:Nelson Mandela]] [[fi:Nelson Mandela]] [[fr:Nelson Mandela]] [[ga:Nelson Mandela]] [[gl:Nelson Mandela]] [[he:נלסון מנדלה]] [[hi:नेल्सन मंडेला]] [[hr:Nelson Mandela]] [[hu:Nelson Mandela]] [[id:Nelson Mandela]] [[io:Nelson Mandela]] [[is:Nelson Mandela]] [[it:Nelson Mandela]] [[ja:ネルソン・マンデラ]] [[kn:ನೆಲ್ಸನ್ ಮ೦ಡೇಲಾ]] [[ko:넬슨 만델라]] [[lb:Nelson Mandela]] [[lt:Nelsonas Mandela]] [[mk:Нелсон Мандела]] [[ms:Nelson Mandela]] [[nl:Nelson Mandela]] [[no:Nelson Mandela]] [[pl:Nelson Mandela]] [[pt:Nelson Mandela]] [[ro:Nelson Mandela]] [[ru:Мандела, Нельсон Ролихлахла]] [[scn:Nelson Mandela]] [[simple:Nelson Mandela]] [[sk:Nelson Mandela]] [[sl:Nelson Mandela]] [[sq:Nelson Mandela]] [[sr:Нелсон Мендела]] [[sv:Nelson Mandela]] [[ta:நெல்சன் மண்டேலா]] [[th:เนลสัน แมนเดลา]] [[tpi:Mandela]] [[tr:Nelson Mandela]] [[uk:Мандела Нельсон]] [[vi:Nelson Mandela]] [[zh:纳尔逊·曼德拉]] 1779 5119 2005-10-29T16:06:55Z Chamdarae 78 [[af:Kategorie:Natuurlike taal]] [[ang:Category:Sprǽc]] [[ar:تصنيف:لغات]] [[an:Category:Luengas]] [[ast:Categoría:Llingües]] [[bg:Категория:Езици]] [[bm:Catégorie:Kan]] [[zh-min-nan:Category:Gí-giân]] [[be:Катэгорыя:Мовы]] [[ca:Categoria:Llengües]] [[cs:Kategorie:Jazyky]] [[da:Kategori:Sprog]] [[de:Kategorie:Sprache]] [[et:Kategooria:Keeled]] [[el:Κατηγορία:Γλώσσες]] [[als:Kategorie:Schprôche]] [[en:Category:Languages]] [[es:Categoría:Lenguas]] [[eo:Kategorio:Lingvo]] [[eu:Category:Hizkuntzak]] [[fr:Catégorie:Langue]] [[fy:Kategory:Taalkunde]] [[gl:Category:Linguas do mundo]] [[ko:분류:언어]] [[io:Category:Lingui]] [[is:Flokkur:Tungumál]] [[it:Categoria:Lingue]] [[ka:კატეგორია:მსოფლიოს ენები]] [[csb:Kategòrëjô:Lingwistika]] [[la:Categoria:Linguae]] [[lv:Category:Valodas]] [[lt:Category:Kalbos]] [[lb:Category:Sproochen]] [[li:Kategorie:Tale]] [[ln:Category:Lokótá]] [[jbo:Category:Bangu]] [[hu:Kategória:Nyelvek]] [[na:Category:Ekakairũ]] [[nl:Categorie:Natuurlijke taal]] [[nds:Kategorie:Spraak]] [[ja:Category:言語]] [[no:Kategori:Språk]] [[nn:Kategori:Språk]] [[os:Категори:Æвзæгтæ]] [[pl:Kategoria:Języki świata]] [[pt:Categoria:Línguas]] [[ro:Categorie:Limbi]] [[rm:Category:Linguatgs]] [[ru:Категория:Языки]] [[simple:Category:Languages]] [[sk:Kategória:Jazyky]] [[sl:Category:Jeziki]] [[fi:Luokka:Kielet]] [[sv:Kategori:Språk]] [[th:Category:ภาษา]] [[vi:Category:Ngôn ngữ]] [[tr:Kategori:Dil]] [[uk:Категорія:Мови]] [[zh:Category:语言]] 1780 10358 2006-05-31T06:21:43Z YurikBot 117 robot Modifying: [[hu:Kenya-hegy]] [[Image:Mount Kenya.jpg|thumb|300px|Mlima Kenya]] '''Mlima Kenya''' ndio mlima mrefu kuliko yote nchini [[Kenya]]. Mlima huu ambao hasa wenyeji waliuita '''Kirinyaga''', una urefu wa mita 5,199. Ndio [[volkeno]] iliyozimika ikikadiriwa ya kwamba [[mlipuko wa volkeno|mlipuko]] wake wa mwisho ulitokea mnamo miaka milioni 2.6 hadi 3.1 iliyopita. Kelele zake za juu zinaitwa Batian (5,199 m), Nelion (5,188 m) na Lenana (4,985 m). Kuna [[barafuto]] nane mlimani lakini zinapungua kila mwaka kutokana na kupanda kwa [[halijoto]] duniani na kupungukiwa kwa [[usimbishaji]] kwa sababu ya kukatwa kwa miti mingi. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Kenya]] [[Category:Milima ya Afrika]] [[Category:Volkeno za Afrika]] [[de:Mount-Kenya-Massiv]] [[en:Mount Kenya]] [[es:Monte Kenia]] [[fr:Mont Kenya]] [[gl:Monte Quenia]] [[hu:Kenya-hegy]] [[ja:ケニア山]] [[ki:Kĩrĩnyaga]] [[ko:케냐 산]] [[nl:Mount Kenya]] [[sv:Mount Kenya]] 1781 10827 2006-06-14T18:03:26Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[tl:Rosa Parks]] '''Rosa Parks''' (Februari 4, 1913 &ndash; Oktoba 24, 2005) anakumbukwa kwa uamuzi wake wa kukataa kumpisha kiti Mmarekani mweupe kama sheria ilivyosema wakati huo. Uamuzi wake huo hapo mwaka 1955 ulipelekea mzozo uliosababisha Mgomo wa Mabasi wa Montgomery na kuchangia katika Vuguvugu la Haki za Kiraia Marekani. Baada ya kitendo chake cha kukataa kumpa mtu mweupe kiti ndani ya basi na Mgomo wa Montgomery uliodumu kwa mwaka, Mahakama ya Marekani ilitamka kuwa sheria za ubaguzi ndani ya mabasi huko Alabama na Montgomery zilikiuka katiba. ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.tsum.edu/museum/ Makumbusho na Maktaba ya Rosa Parks] * [http://www.rosaparks.org Taasisi ya Maendeleo Binafsi ya Rosa Raymond Parks] * [http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/par0int-1 Picha na mahojian ya Rosa Parks] [[ar:روزا باركس]] [[bg:Роза Паркс]] [[bs:Rosa Parks]] [[ca:Rosa Parks]] [[cs:Rosa Parksová]] [[da:Rosa Parks]] [[de:Rosa Parks]] [[en:Rosa Parks]] [[eo:Rosa Parks]] [[es:Rosa Parks]] [[eu:Rosa Parks]] [[fa:رزا پارکس]] [[fi:Rosa Parks]] [[fr:Rosa Parks]] [[ga:Rosa Parks]] [[gl:Rosa Parks]] [[he:רוזה פארקס]] [[hr:Rosa Parks]] [[hu:Rosa Parks]] [[io:Rosa Parks]] [[is:Rosa Parks]] [[it:Rosa Parks]] [[ja:ローザ・パークス]] [[ko:로자 파크스]] [[lb:Rosa Parks]] [[li:Rosa Parks]] [[mk:Роза Паркс]] [[nds:Rosa Parks]] [[nl:Rosa Parks]] [[nn:Rosa Parks]] [[no:Rosa Parks]] [[pl:Rosa Parks]] [[pt:Rosa Parks]] [[ru:Паркс, Роза Ли]] [[sk:Rosa Parksová]] [[sl:Rosa Parks]] [[sv:Rosa Parks]] [[tl:Rosa Parks]] [[tr:Rosa Parks]] [[zh:羅薩·帕克斯]] 1782 10831 2006-06-14T22:22:08Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[cs:Kwame Nkrumah]] [[Image:Nkrumah-kwame.jpg|thumb|240px|Kwame Nkrumah]] '''Kwame Nkruman''' ni Rais wa kwanza wa [[Ghana]]. Alizaliwa Septemba 21, 1909 na kufariki Aprili 27, 1972. Nkrumah alikuwa ni mmoja wa viongozi waliokuwa na nia ya kujenga umoja wa bara zima la Afrika na mchochezi wa falsafa ya umajinuni. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Ghana]] [[ca:Kwame Nkrumah]] [[cs:Kwame Nkrumah]] [[de:Kwame Nkrumah]] [[en:Kwame Nkrumah]] [[es:Kwame Nkrumah]] [[eu:Kwame Nkrumah]] [[fi:Kwame Nkrumah]] [[fr:Kwame Nkrumah]] [[id:Kwame Nkrumah]] [[is:Kwame Nkrumah]] [[it:Kwame Nkrumah]] [[ja:クワメ・エンクルマ]] [[nds:Kwame Nkrumah]] [[nl:Kwame N'krumah]] [[no:Kwame Nkrumah]] [[pl:Kwame Nkrumah]] [[pt:Kwame Nkrumah]] [[ru:Нкрума, Кваме]] [[scn:Kwame Nkrumah]] [[simple:Kwame Nkrumah]] [[sl:Kwame Nkrumah]] [[sv:Kwame Nkrumah]] [[tr:Kwame Nkrumah]] [[tw:Kwame Nkrumah]] [[zh:克瓦米·恩克鲁玛]] 1783 10959 2006-06-18T23:40:40Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[scn:Gana]] {{Infobox Country |native_name = Republic of Ghana |common_name = Ghana |image_flag = Flag of Ghana.svg |image_coat = Ghana coa.gif |image_map = LocationGhana.png |national_motto = Freedom and Justice ''(Uhuru na Haki)'' |national_anthem = [[God Bless Our Homeland Ghana]] ''(Mungu aibariki nchi yetu ya Ghana)'' |official_languages = [[Kiingereza]] |capital = [[Accra]] |latd=5 |latm=33 |latNS=N |longd=0 |longm=15 |longEW=W |largest_city = [[Accra]] |government_type = [[Jamhuri]] |leader_titles = [[Rais wa Ghana|Rais]] |leader_names = [[John Agyekum Kufuor]] |area_rank = ya 79 |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |area=238,540 |areami²= 92,101 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |percent_water = 3.5 |population_estimate = 22,409,572<sup>1<sup> |population_estimate_rank = ya 52 |population_estimate_year = 2006 |population_census = |population_census_year = |population_density =88.2 |population_densitymi² =228.4 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |population_density_rank = ya 83 |GDP_PPP = $51.8 billioni |GDP_PPP_rank = ya 77 |GDP_PPP_year= 2005 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2,500 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ya 169 |sovereignty_type = [[Uhuru]] |established_events = kutoka [[Uingereza]] |established_dates = 6.03.1957 |HDI = 0.520 |HDI_rank = ya 138 |HDI_year = 2003 |HDI_category = <font color="#FF6699">medium</font> |currency = [[Cedi]] |currency_code = GHC |country_code = |time_zone = [[GMT]] |utc_offset = |time_zone_DST = no |utc_offset_DST = |cctld = [[.gh]] |calling_code = 233 |footnotes = <sup>1<sup> note: 1.) Note: makadirio ya idadi ya wakazi yameangalia matokeo ya vifo vingi kutokana na [[UMKIMWI]]. (makadirio ya Julai 2005) |}} '''Ghana''' ni [[nchi]] iliyoko [[Afrika ya Magharibi]]. Ni nchi ya kwanza kupata [[uhuru]] [[Afrika]]. Ilipata uhuru mwaka [[1957]] toka kwa [[Uingereza|Waingereza]] ikiongozwa na [[rais]] wake wa kwanza, [[Kwame Nkrumah]]. [[Mji mkuu]] ni [[Accra]]. Ghana inapakana na nchi ya [[Cote d'Ivoire]] upande wa [[magharibi]], [[Burkina Faso]] upande wa [[kaskazini]], [[Togo]] upande wa [[mashariki]], na [[Guba ya Guinea]] katika mwambao wa [[kusini]]. ==Historia== Jina la "Ghana" limechaguliwa kutokana na jina la [[dola la Ghana]] lililotawala katika eneo la [[Mauretania]] na [[Mali]] kati ya 750-1240 [[BK]]. Hakuna uhusiano kati ya Ghana ya kihistoria na Ghana ya leo. Ghana ilikuwa nchi ya kwanza ya kiafrika iliyochagua jina la kihistoria -wakati mwingine bila kujali sana uhusiano wa kihistoria- kwa kusudi la kuacha nyuma majina ya kikoloni. Sehemu ya Afrika ya Magharibi penye Ghana ya leo iliitwa "pwani la dhahabu" (Gold Coast) katika lugha za Ulaya kwa sababu Wareno na Waholanzi walinunua hapa dhahabu. Waingereza walichukua utawala wa pwani lile katika karne ya 19 wakaita eneo la pwani "Koloni ya Pwani la Dhahabu". Mwaka 1947 waliunganisha koloni na maeneo ya Ashanti na Kaskazini kwa jina la "Pwani la Dhahabu". {{mbegu}} {{Afrika}} [[Category:Ghana|*]] [[Category:Nchi]] [[af:Ghana]] [[am:ጋና]] [[an:Ghana]] [[ar:غانا]] [[bg:Гана]] [[bs:Gana]] [[ca:Ghana]] [[cs:Ghana]] [[cy:Ghana]] [[da:Ghana]] [[de:Ghana]] [[el:Γκάνα]] [[en:Ghana]] [[eo:Ganao]] [[es:Ghana]] [[et:Ghana]] [[eu:Ghana]] [[fa:غنا]] [[fi:Ghana]] [[fr:Ghana]] [[gl:Gana - Ghana]] [[he:גאנה]] [[hi:घाना]] [[hr:Gana]] [[hu:Ghána]] [[id:Ghana]] [[io:Ghana]] [[is:Gana]] [[it:Ghana]] [[ja:ガーナ]] [[ko:가나]] [[ku:Gana]] [[kw:Ghana]] [[la:Ghana]] [[li:Ghana]] [[lt:Gana]] [[lv:Gana]] [[mk:Гана]] [[ms:Ghana]] [[na:Ghana]] [[nds:Ghana]] [[nl:Ghana]] [[nn:Ghana]] [[no:Ghana]] [[oc:Gana]] [[pl:Ghana]] [[ps:ګانا]] [[pt:Gana]] [[ro:Ghana]] [[ru:Гана]] [[scn:Gana]] [[sh:Gana]] [[simple:Ghana]] [[sk:Ghana]] [[sl:Gana]] [[sq:Gana]] [[sr:Гана]] [[sv:Ghana]] [[tet:Gana]] [[th:ประเทศกานา]] [[tk:Ghana]] [[tl:Ghana]] [[tr:Gana]] [[tw:Ghana]] [[ug:گانا]] [[uk:Гана]] [[vi:Ghana]] [[wa:Gana]] [[zh:加纳]] [[zh-min-nan:Ghana]] 1784 11532 2006-06-30T09:40:02Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: ar, bg, eu, fa, fi, he, is, it, nn, simple, sr, tr, zh [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] [[ar:تصنيف:كينيا]] [[bg:Категория:Кения]] [[ca:Categoria:Kenya]] [[cs:Kategorie:Keňa]] [[da:Kategori:Kenya]] [[de:Kategorie:Kenia]] [[en:Category:Kenya]] [[eo:Kategorio:Kenjo]] [[es:Categoría:Kenia]] [[et:Kategooria:Kenya]] [[eu:Kategoria:Kenya]] [[fa:رده:کنیا]] [[fi:Luokka:Kenia]] [[fr:Catégorie:Kenya]] [[gl:Category:Quenia]] [[he:קטגוריה:קניה]] [[id:Kategori:Kenya]] [[io:Category:Kenia]] [[is:Flokkur:Kenýa]] [[it:Categoria:Kenya]] [[ja:Category:ケニア]] [[ko:분류:케냐]] [[lt:Kategorija:Kenija]] [[na:Category:Kenya]] [[nl:Categorie:Kenia]] [[nn:Kategori:Kenya]] [[no:Kategori:Kenya]] [[pl:Kategoria:Kenia]] [[pt:Categoria:Quénia]] [[ru:Категория:Кения]] [[simple:Category:Kenya]] [[sl:Kategorija:Kenija]] [[sr:Категорија:Кенија]] [[sv:Kategori:Kenya]] [[tr:Kategori:Kenya]] [[zh:Category:肯亞]] 1785 9420 2006-05-10T22:00:49Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Jiografia]] [[bg:Категория:Планини]] [[cs:Kategorie:Pohoří]] [[da:Kategori:Bjerge]] [[de:Kategorie:Berg]] [[el:Κατηγορία:Βουνά]] [[en:Category:Mountains]] [[es:Categoría:Montañas]] [[fr:Catégorie:Montagne]] [[ko:분류:산]] [[io:Category:Monto]] [[id:Kategori:Gunung]] [[it:Categoria:Montagne]] [[la:Categoria:Montes]] [[hu:Kategória:Hegyek, hegységek]] [[nl:Categorie:Berg]] [[ja:Category:山]] [[no:Kategori:Fjell]] [[pl:Kategoria:Góry]] [[ru:Категория:Горы]] [[sl:Category:Gore]] [[sv:Kategori:Berg]] [[zh:Category:山峰]] 1786 5155 2005-10-30T19:45:32Z Chamdarae 78 [[af:Kategorie:Religie]] [[ar:تصنيف:ديانات]] [[ast:Categoría:Relixón]] [[bg:Категория:Религия]] [[zh-min-nan:Category:Chong-kàu]] [[br:Rummad:Relijion]] [[ca:Categoria:Religió]] [[da:Kategori:Religion]] [[de:Kategorie:Religion]] [[el:Κατηγορία:Θρησκεία]] [[en:Category:Religion]] [[es:Categoría:Religión]] [[eo:Kategorio:Religio]] [[fr:Catégorie:Religion]] [[ko:분류:종교]] [[hr:Kategorija:Religija]] [[io:Category:Religii]] [[it:Categoria:Religione]] [[ka:კატეგორია:რელიგია]] [[kw:Category:Cryjyans]] [[la:Categoria:Religiones]] [[lt:Kategorija:Religija]] [[li:Kategorie:Religie]] [[hu:Kategória:Vallás]] [[nl:Categorie:Religie]] [[nds:Kategorie:Religion]] [[ja:Category:宗教]] [[no:Kategori:Religion]] [[nn:Kategori:Religion og livssyn]] [[pl:Kategoria:Religie]] [[pt:Categoria:Religião]] [[ru:Категория:Религии]] [[sk:Kategória:Náboženstvo]] [[fi:Luokka:Uskonnot]] [[sv:Kategori:Religion]] [[th:Category:ศาสนา]] [[vi:Category:Tôn giáo]] [[tr:Kategori:Din]] [[uk:Категорія:Релігія]] [[vi:Thể loại:Tôn giáo]] [[zh:Category:宗教]] 1787 5156 2005-10-30T19:46:28Z Chamdarae 78 [[Category:Dini]] [[af:Kategorie:Islam]] [[ast:Categoría:Islam]] [[bg:Категория:Ислям]] [[be:Катэгорыя:Ісьлям]] [[bs:Category:Islam]] [[da:Kategori:Islam]] [[de:Kategorie:Islam]] [[et:Kategooria:Islam]] [[en:Category:Islam]] [[es:Categoría:Islam]] [[eo:Kategorio:Islamo]] [[fr:Catégorie:Islam]] [[ko:분류:이슬람교]] [[hr:Kategorija:Islam]] [[io:Category:Islamo]] [[id:Kategori:Islam]] [[is:Flokkur:Íslam]] [[ka:კატეგორია:ისლამი]] [[lt:Kategorija:Islamas]] [[ms:Category:Islam]] [[nl:Categorie:Islam]] [[ja:Category:イスラム教]] [[no:Kategori:Islam]] [[nn:Kategori:Islam]] [[pl:Kategoria:Islam]] [[pt:Categoria:Islão]] [[ro:Categorie:Islam]] [[ru:Категория:Ислам]] [[sk:Kategória:Islam]] [[sl:Category:Islam]] [[fi:Luokka:Islam]] [[sv:Kategori:Islam]] [[tt:Törkem:Íslam]] [[th:Category:ศาสนาอิสลาม]] [[uk:Категорія:Іслам]] [[zh:Category:伊斯兰教]] 1788 5196 2005-11-04T23:49:53Z Marcos 3 '''Carola Daniel Amri Kinasha''' ni mwanamuziki wa ki[[tanzania]]. Alizaliwa Machi, 1970 huko Longido mkoani [[Arusha]] nchini [[Tanzania]]. Baada ya kumaliza masomo ya [[elimu ya msingi]] huko Longido, alihamia jijini [[Dar Es Salaam]] ambako alipata elimu ya sekondari na chuo kikuu. Carola amekuwa akijihusisha na masuala ya muziki toka mwaka [[1987]]. Ameshirikia katika miradi na matamasha mbalimbali ya kimuziki, ndani ya nje ya Tanzania. ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.womensvoiceweb.com/english/intro.html Women's Voice] 1789 10926 2006-06-18T11:23:33Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[si:විකිපීඩියා]] '''Wikipedia''' ni [[kamusi elezo]] huru ya [[lugha]] nyingi katika [[mtandao]]. Inatumia taratibu wa [[wikiwiki]]. Ni bure kabisa, na inaweza kusomwa, kuandikwa, na kuhaririwa na mtu yeyote, popote pale. Kamusi hii inajengwa kwa utaratibu huria ambao umejengwa juu ya falsafa ya ushirikiano inayokuwa kwa kasi. Falsafa hii inaonekana katika vuguvugu la [[programu huria ya tarakilishi]], [[mikutano huria]], [[demokrasia huria]], n.k. ==Historia== Wikipedia ilianzishwa kwa [[Kiingereza]] mwezi wa kwanza mwaka [[2001]]. Mwaka [[2003]] kamusi elezo hii ilianzishwa katika lugha ya [[Kiswahili]]. {{mbegu}} [[af:Wikipedia]] [[als:Wikipedia]] [[am:ዊኪፔድያ]] [[an:Biquipedia]] [[ang:Wicipǣdia]] [[ar:ويكيبيديا]] [[ast:Uiquipedia]] [[ay:Wikipedia]] [[bat-smg:Vikipedėjė]] [[be:Вікіпэдыя]] [[bg:Уикипедия]] [[bm:Wikipedia]] [[bn:উইকিপিডিয়া]] [[br:Wikipedia]] [[bs:Wikipedia]] [[ca:Viquipèdia]] [[ceb:Wikipedya]] [[chr:ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ]] [[co:Wikipedia]] [[cr:ᐎᑭᐱᑎᔭ]] [[cs:Wikipedie]] [[csb:Wikipedijô]] [[cv:Википеди]] [[cy:Wicipedia]] [[da:Wikipedia]] [[de:Wikipedia]] [[dv:ވިކިޕީޑިއާ]] [[el:Βικιπαίδεια]] [[en:Wikipedia]] [[eo:Vikipedio]] [[es:Wikipedia]] [[et:Vikipeedia]] [[eu:Wikipedia]] [[fa:ویکی‌پدیا]] [[fi:Wikipedia]] [[fiu-vro:Vikipeediä]] [[fj:Wikipedia]] [[fo:Wikipedia]] [[fr:Wikipédia]] [[frp:Vuiquipèdia]] [[fur:Vichipedie]] [[ga:Vicipéid]] [[gd:Wikipedia]] [[gl:Wikipedia]] [[gu:વિકિપીડિયા]] [[gv:Wikipedia]] [[he:ויקיפדיה]] [[hi:विकिपीडिया]] [[hr:Wikipedija]] [[ht:Wikipedia]] [[hu:Wikipédia]] [[hy:Վիքիփեդիա]] [[ia:Wikipedia]] [[id:Wikipedia]] [[ilo:Wikipedia]] [[io:Wikipedio]] [[is:Wikipedia]] [[it:Wikipedia]] [[ja:ウィキペディア]] [[jbo:uikiPEdi,as]] [[jv:Wikipedia]] [[ka:ვიკიპედია]] [[kl:Wikipedia]] [[kn:ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ]] [[ko:위키백과]] [[ku:Wikipedia]] [[kw:Wikipedia]] [[la:Vicipaedia]] [[lad:ויקיפידיה]] [[lb:Wikipedia]] [[li:Wikipedia]] [[lmo:Wikipedia]] [[ln:Wikipedia]] [[lt:Vikipedija]] [[lv:Vikipēdija]] [[mi:Wikipedia]] [[mk:Википедија]] [[ml:വിക്കിപീഡിയ]] [[mo:Википедия]] [[mr:विकिपीडिआ]] [[ms:Wikipedia]] [[mt:Wikipedija]] [[na:Wikipedia]] [[nah:Wikipedia]] [[nds:Wikipedia]] [[nds-nl:Wikipedia]] [[ng:Wikipedia]] [[nl:Wikipedia]] [[nn:Wikipedia]] [[no:Wikipedia]] [[nrm:Viqùipédie]] [[oc:Oiquipedià]] [[os:Википеди]] [[pl:Wikipedia]] [[pt:Wikipédia]] [[qu:Wikipidiya]] [[rmy:Vikipidiya]] [[ro:Wikipedia]] [[roa-rup:Uichipedia]] [[ru:Википедия]] [[sc:Wikipedia]] [[scn:Wikipedia]] [[sco:Wikipaedia]] [[sh:Wikipedia]] [[si:විකිපීඩියා]] [[simple:Wikipedia]] [[sk:Wikipédia]] [[sl:Wikipedija]] [[so:Wikipedia]] [[sq:Wikipedia]] [[sr:Википедија]] [[su:Wikipédia]] [[sv:Wikipedia]] [[ta:விக்கிபீடியா]] [[th:วิกิพีเดีย]] [[tl:Wikipedia]] [[tpi:Wikipedia]] [[tr:Vikipedi]] [[tt:Wikipedia]] [[uk:Вікіпедія]] [[uz:Vikipediya]] [[vec:Wikipedia]] [[vi:Wikipedia]] [[wa:Wikipedia]] [[war:Wikipedia]] [[yi:‫װיקיפּעדיע]] [[zh:维基百科]] [[zh-min-nan:Wikipedia]] [[zh-yue:維基百科]] 1790 11477 2006-06-29T03:03:59Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[ko:다르에스살람]] '''Dar es Salaam''' ni [[jiji]] kubwa kuliko yote nchini [[Tanzania]]. Ni pia jina la [[Mkoa wa Dar es Salaam]]. Hali halisi ni pia [[mji mkuu]] wa Tanzania hata kama [[Dodoma]] imetangazwa kuwa mji mkuu tangu mwaka 1973. Lakini ofisi za rais na wizara nyingi bado zinafanya kazi Dar es Salaam ambayo hali halisi ni makao makuu ya serikali. Jiji hili zamani liliitwa [[Mzizima]]. [[Sultani]] [[Seyyid Majid]] wa [[Zanzibar]] ndiye aliyelipa jiji hili jina linalotoka kwenye [[Kiarabu]] (دار السلام ''Dār as-Salām'')lenye kumaanisha "Nyumba ya Amani." Maelezo yanayopatikana mara nyingi kuwa maana ni "Bandari ya Salaam" inachanganya maneno mawili yanayofanana ya "dar" (=nyumba) na "bandar" (=bandari). Dar es Salaam inakadiriwa kuwa na wakazi wapatao milioni tatu. Ingawa [[Dodoma]] inafahamika kama ndio [[mji mkuu]] wa Tanzania, Dar es Salaam ndiko ziliko ofisi kuu za viongozi wa [[serikali]], [[balozi|mabalozi]], [[shirika|mashirika]] ya kimataifa, n.k. [[Bandari]] ya Dar es Salaam katika [[bahari ya Hindi]], ndio bandari kubwa nchini Tanzania inayojihusisha na [[usafirishaji]] na [[uingizaji]] wa [[bidhaa]] mbalimbali za [[kilimo]], [[ufugaji]], [[ujenzi]], [[gari|magari]], [[dawa|madawa]], n.k. Kiutawala, Dar es Salaam imegawanywa katika [[wilaya]] za [[Temeke]], [[Ilala]], na [[Kinondoni]]. ==Viungo vya nje== *''en:'' [http://jp1.estis.net/includes/file.asp?site=chip&file=12C88AF9-65B0-4C84-B3AD-E2642199873F DAR ES SALAAM CITY PROFILE] ==Picha za Dar es Salaam== <gallery> Image:Dar Ikulu-tz.jpg|'''Ikulu''' - Nyumba ya Rais huko Dar-Es-Salaam Image:DarEsSalaam-SamoraMachelAvenue.jpg|Samora Machel Avenue with N.I.C. House Image:DarEsSalaam-Skyline.jpg|Feri ya kuvuka Kigamboni, nyumba za jiji zaonekana ng'ambo Image:Dar Askari.jpg|Sanamu ya "Askari" kwa ajili ya maaskari Waafrika walioshiriki vita kuu ya kwanza upande wa Waingereza Image:Dar Po (1).jpg|Uwanja wa Ndege wa kimataifa Image:Dar Jangwani -1.jpg|Timu ya mpira ya Yanga (Young African Sports Club) wanakaribishwa Dar Image:Dar Mnazi-mmoja.jpg|Mnazi Mmoja </gallery> [[Category:Miji ya Tanzania]] [[Category:Tanzania]] [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[ar:دار السلام]] [[ca:Dar es Salaam]] [[da:Dar es-Salaam]] [[de:Daressalam]] [[en:Dar es Salaam]] [[es:Dar es Salaam]] [[fi:Dar es Salaam]] [[fr:Dar es Salaam]] [[id:Dar es Salaam]] [[is:Dar es Salaam]] [[it:Dar es Salaam]] [[ja:ダルエスサラーム]] [[ko:다르에스살람]] [[lt:Dar es Salamas]] [[nl:Dar es Salaam (stad)]] [[pl:Dar es Salam]] [[pt:Dar es Salaam]] [[sk:Dar es Salám]] [[sv:Dar es-Salaam]] [[zh:达累斯萨拉姆]] 1791 11542 2006-06-30T11:11:28Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[be:Індыйскі акіян]], [[fa:اقیانوس هند]] [[Image:Bahari ya Hindi.png|right]] '''Bahari ya Hindi''' ni bahari kubwa ya tatu duniani ikiwa imechukua asilimia 20 ya uso wa dunia. Upande wa kaskazini imepakana na [[Asia ya Kusini]]; magharibi imepakana na [[Ghuba ya Uarabuni]], [[Bahari ya Shamu]] na [[Afrika]]; mashariki imepakana na [[Ghuba ya Malay]], [[visiwa vya Sunda]] ([[Indonesia]]), na [[Australia]]; na kusini imepakana na [[Bahari ya Kusini]]. Bahari hii ni njia muhimu ya usafirishaji na usafiri kwa meli kati ya [[Asia]] na Afrika. [[Category:Bahari]] [[Category:Bahari ya Hindi]] [[af:Indiese Oseaan]] [[an:Ozián Indico]] [[ar:محيط هندي]] [[ast:Océanu Índicu]] [[be:Індыйскі акіян]] [[bg:Индийски океан]] [[bn:ভারত মহাসাগর]] [[br:Meurvor Indez]] [[bs:Indijski okean]] [[ca:Oceà Índic]] [[cs:Indický oceán]] [[cv:Инди океанĕ]] [[cy:Cefnfor India]] [[da:Indiske Ocean]] [[de:Indischer Ozean]] [[el:Ινδικός Ωκεανός]] [[en:Indian Ocean]] [[eo:Hinda Oceano]] [[es:Océano Índico]] [[et:India ookean]] [[eu:Indiar ozeano]] [[fa:اقیانوس هند]] [[fi:Intian valtameri]] [[fr:Océan Indien]] [[gl:Océano Índico]] [[he:האוקיינוס ההודי]] [[hi:हिन्द महासागर]] [[hr:Indijski ocean]] [[hu:Indiai-óceán]] [[id:Samudra Hindia]] [[io:Indiana Oceano]] [[is:Indlandshaf]] [[it:Oceano Indiano]] [[ja:インド洋]] [[ka:ინდოეთის ოკეანე]] [[ko:인도양]] [[la:Oceanus Indicus]] [[lt:Indijos vandenynas]] [[nl:Indische Oceaan]] [[nn:Det indiske havet]] [[no:Indiahavet]] [[pl:Ocean Indyjski]] [[pt:Oceano Índico]] [[ro:Oceanul Indian]] [[ru:Индийский океан]] [[sa:सिन्धु महासागर]] [[simple:Indian Ocean]] [[sk:Indický oceán]] [[sl:Indijski ocean]] [[sr:Индијски океан]] [[sv:Indiska oceanen]] [[ta:இந்து சமுத்திரம்]] [[th:มหาสมุทรอินเดีย]] [[tr:Hint Okyanusu]] [[uk:Індійський океан]] [[vi:Ấn Độ Dương]] [[wa:Oceyan Indyin]] [[zh:印度洋]] [[zh-min-nan:Ìn-tō·-iûⁿ]] 1792 10365 2006-05-31T07:29:52Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[cs:Nairobi]], [[tr:Nairobi]] [[Image:Nairobi-skyline.jpg|thumb|300px|Nairobi]] [[Image:25332612.nairoboi013.JPG|thumb|300px|Jomo Kenyatta]] '''Nairobi''' ni mji mkuu wa [[Kenya]] na vilevile mojawapo ya mikoa ya Kenya. Ni kati ya miji mikubwa ya [[Afrika]] ukiwa na wakazi wapatao milioni 3 katika eneo la 150 [[km²]]. Jina Nairobi limetokana na neno la [[Kimaasai]], Enkarenairobi, linalomaanisha "mahali penye maji baridi." Lugha zote za Kenya huzungumzwa Nairobi lakini hasa ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kiswahili]], pamoja na [[Sheng]]. '''Eneo lake, hali ya hewa''' Nairobi imeanzishwa mahali ambako nchi tambarare ya [[Athi]] inakutana na mtelemko wa nyanda za juu zinazoongozana na [[Bonde la Ufa]]. Kitovu cha Nairobi iko zipatao 1624 m juu ya [[UB]]. Mahali pake ni kama 150 km kusini mwa ekweta. Hali ya hewa haina joto kali. Halijoto ya wastani ni 20,5° mwezi wa Machi, na 16,8° mwezi wa Julai. Mvua nyingi hunyesha mwezi wa Machi (199 mm), [[kiangazi]] ina 14mm tu wakati wa Julai. '''Historia ya Nairobi''' Nairobi imeanzishwa mw. 1899 na Waingereza kama kambi ya kujenga [[Reli ya Uganda]]. Mahali ilikuwa karibu katikati ya [[Mombasa]] na [[Kampala]], palikuwa na maji ikaonekana ilifaa kwa kituo njiani. Mwanzo wa Nairobi ilikuwa kambi kubwa ya hema na ghala za vifaa vya kujenga reli. Mwanzoni viongozi wengine walitaka kuacha eneo hili kwa sababu ya matope mengi. Lakini makao iliendelea kukua nyumba za mawe zkijengwa. Mw. 1905 Waingereza walihamisha ofisi kuu ya serikali yao ya kikoloni kutoka Mombasa kwenda Nairobi ikawa makao makuu ya Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kiingereza (British East Africa Protectorate, baadaye Kenya Colony). 1963 ikawa mji mkuu wa nchi huru ya Kenya. Ikaendelea kukua haraka. {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" | valign="top" | {| ! style="background:#efefef;" | &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Mwaka &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ! style="background:#efefef;" | Wakazi |- | [[1906]] || align="right" | 11.500 |- | [[1911]] || align="right" | 14.000 |- | [[1921]] || align="right" | 24.300 |- | [[1926]] || align="right" | 29.900 |- | [[1929]] || align="right" | 32.900 |- | [[1931]] || align="right" | 47.800 |- | [[1939]] || align="right" | 61.300 |- | [[1944]] || align="right" | 108.900 |- | [[1948]] || align="right" | 119.000 |- | [[1955]] || align="right" | 186.000 |- |} | valign="top" | {| ! style="background:#efefef;" | &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Mwaka &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ! style="background:#efefef;" | Wakazi |- | [[1957]] || align="right" | 221.700 |- | [[1960]] || align="right" | 251.000 |- | [[1962]] || align="right" | 266.800 |- | [[1965]] || align="right" | 380.000 |- | [[1969]] || align="right" | 509.300 |- | [[1979]] || align="right" | 827.775 |- | [[1989]] || align="right" | 1.324.570 |- | [[1995]] || align="right" | 1.810.000 |- | [[1999]] || align="right" | 2.143.254 |- | [[2005]] || align="right" | 2.750.561 |} |} [[Category:Miji ya Kenya]] [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[af:Nairobi]] [[ar:نيروبي]] [[ca:Nairobi]] [[cs:Nairobi]] [[da:Nairobi]] [[de:Nairobi]] [[en:Nairobi]] [[eo:Najrobo]] [[es:Nairobi]] [[fi:Nairobi]] [[fr:Nairobi]] [[he:ניירובי]] [[hu:Nairobi]] [[id:Nairobi]] [[io:Nairobi]] [[is:Naíróbí]] [[it:Nairobi]] [[ja:ナイロビ]] [[ko:나이로비]] [[ku:Naîrobî]] [[lt:Nairobis]] [[mk:Најроби]] [[nds:Nairobi]] [[nl:Nairobi]] [[no:Nairobi]] [[pl:Nairobi]] [[pt:Nairobi]] [[ro:Nairobi]] [[ru:Найроби]] [[simple:Nairobi]] [[sk:Nairobi]] [[sl:Nairobi]] [[sv:Nairobi]] [[tr:Nairobi]] [[zh:奈洛比]] 1793 10918 2006-06-18T09:12:22Z 62.154.201.129 [[Category:Sayansi]] [[af:Kategorie:Geografie]] [[an:Category:Cheografía]] [[ast:Categoría:Xeografía]] [[bg:Категория:География]] [[zh-min-nan:Category:Tē-lí-ha̍k]] [[be:Катэгорыя:Геаграфія]] [[bs:Category:Zemljopis]] [[ca:Categoria:Geografia]] [[cs:Kategorie:Geografie]] [[da:Kategori:Geografi]] [[de:Kategorie:Geographie]] [[et:Kategooria:Geograafia]] [[el:Κατηγορία:Γεωγραφία]] [[als:Kategorie:Geografie]] [[en:Category:Geography]] [[es:Categoría:Geografía]] [[eo:Kategorio:Geografio]] [[fr:Catégorie:Géographie]] [[ga:Rang:Tíreolaíocht]] [[gl:Category:Xeografía]] [[ko:분류:지리]] [[hi:श्रेणी:भूगोल]] [[hr:Category:Zemljopis]] [[io:Category:Geografio]] [[id:Kategori:Geografi]] [[is:Flokkur:Landafræði]] [[it:Categoria:Geografia]] [[he:קטגוריה:גאוגרפיה]] [[csb:Kategòrëjô:Geògrafijô]] [[kv:Category:География]] [[ku:Kategorî:Erdnîgarî]] [[kw:Category:Dorydhyeth]] [[la:Categoria:Geographia]] [[lv:Category:Ģeogrāfija]] [[lt:Category:Geografija]] [[lb:Category:Geographie]] [[li:Kategorie:Geografie]] [[hu:Kategória:Földrajz]] [[mt:Category:Ġeografija]] [[ms:Category:Geografi]] [[nl:Categorie:Geografie]] [[nds:Kategorie:Geographie]] [[ja:Category:地理]] [[no:Kategori:Geografi]] [[nn:Kategori:Geografi]] [[oc:Category:Geografia]] [[pl:Kategoria:Geografia]] [[pt:Categoria:Geografia]] [[ro:Categorie:Geografie]] [[ru:Категория:География]] [[scn:Category:Geografia]] [[simple:Category:Geography]] [[sk:Kategória:Geografia]] [[sl:Category:Geografija]] [[sr:Категорија:Географија]] [[fi:Luokka:Maantiede]] [[sv:Kategori:Geografi]] [[tl:Category:Heograpiya]] [[tt:Törkem:Cäğräfiä]] [[th:Category:ภูมิศาสตร์]] [[vi:Category:Địa lý học]] [[tr:Kategori:Coğrafya]] [[uk:Категорія:Географія]] [[zh:Category:地理]] [[pa:ਸ਼੍ਰੇਣੀ:ਭੁਗੋਲ]] 1794 6052 2006-01-05T23:27:01Z Miaow Miaow 87 +interwiki [[Category:Jiografia]] [[ar:تصنيف:بحار]] [[an:Category:Mars y ozians]] [[ast:Categoría:Mares]] [[bg:Категория:Морета]] [[zh-min-nan:Category:Hái]] [[bs:Category:Mora]] [[br:Rummad:Mor]] [[ca:Categoria:Mars]] [[cs:Kategorie:Moře a oceány]] [[da:Kategori:Have]] [[de:Kategorie:Meer]] [[et:Kategooria:Mered]] [[el:Κατηγορία:Θάλασσες]] [[en:Category:Seas]] [[es:Categoría:Mares y océanos]] [[eo:Kategorio:Maroj]] [[eu:Kategoria:Itsasoak]] [[fr:Catégorie:Mer ou océan]] [[gl:Category:Mares e océanos]] [[ko:분류:바다]] [[hr:Kategorija:Mora]] [[ilo:Category:Dagiti Baybay]] [[id:Kategori:Laut]] [[is:Flokkur:Höf]] [[it:Categoria:Mari]] [[he:קטגוריה:ימים]] [[kw:Category:Moryow ha keynvoryow]] [[la:Categoria:Mare]] [[lt:Kategorija:Jūros]] [[hu:Kategória:Tengerek]] [[mt:Category:Ibħra]] [[nl:Categorie:Zee]] [[ja:Category:海]] [[no:Kategori:Hav]] [[nn:Kategori:Hav]] [[os:Категори:Денджызтæ]] [[pl:Kategoria:Morza]] [[pt:Categoria:Mares]] [[ro:Categorie:Mări şi oceane]] [[ru:Категория:Моря]] [[sk:Kategória:Moria]] [[sl:Category:Morja]] [[sr:Категорија:Мора]] [[sh:Category:Mora]] [[fi:Luokka:Meret]] [[sv:Kategori:Hav]] [[tl:Category:Dagat]] [[th:Category:ทะเล]] [[vi:Thể loại:Biển]] [[tr:Kategori:Denizler]] [[uk:Категорія:Моря]] [[zh:Category:海洋]] 1795 5192 2005-11-04T21:36:07Z Marcos 3 Kamusi Elezo ya Wiki umehamishwa hapa Wikipedia #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia]] 1796 8899 2006-04-27T09:58:30Z Matt Crypto 20 Wikiwiki umehamishwa hapa Wiki: Jina la kawaida la lugha nyingi ni "Wiki" tu '''Wiki''' (au '''WikiWiki''') ni utaratibu wa [[tovuti]] ambao unawawezesha watu kuongeza maandiko na kuhariri maandiko ya watu wengine. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Teknolojia]] [[af:Wiki]] [[ar:ويكي]] [[an:Wiki]] [[bg:Уики]] [[bm:Wiki]] [[bn:উইকি]] [[zh-min-nan:Wiki]] [[ca:Wiki]] [[cs:Wiki]] [[da:WikiWiki]] [[de:Wiki]] [[en:Wiki]] [[et:Wiki]] [[el:Wiki]] [[es:Wiki]] [[eo:Vikio]] [[eu:Zer da wiki bat?]] [[fa:ویکیویکی]] [[fo:WikiWiki]] [[fr:Wiki]] [[ga:Vicí]] [[gl:Wiki]] [[ko:위키위키]] [[hr:Wiki]] [[id:Wiki]] [[ia:Wiki]] [[it:Wiki]] [[he:ויקי]] [[ka:ვიკი]] [[la:Vici]] [[lv:Wiki]] [[lb:Wiki]] [[lt:Wiki]] [[li:Wiki]] [[hu:Wiki]] [[ml:വിക്കി]] [[mt:Wiki]] [[ms:Wiki]] [[nl:WikiWiki]] [[ja:ウィキ]] [[no:Wiki]] [[nn:Wiki]] [[pl:Wiki]] [[pt:Wiki]] [[ro:Wiki]] [[ru:Вики]] [[sq:Wiki]] [[simple:Wiki]] [[sk:Wiki]] [[sl:Wiki]] [[sr:Вики]] [[fi:Wiki]] [[sv:Wiki]] [[ta:விக்கி]] [[tl:Wiki]] [[tt:Wiki]] [[th:วิกิ]] [[tr:Wiki]] [[uk:Вікі]] [[vi:Wiki]] [[yi:וויקי]] [[zh:Wiki]] 1797 10309 2006-05-30T22:24:10Z Kipala 107 [[Image:LocationAntarctica.png|thumb|right|Antaktika]] [[Image:Antarctica satellite orthographic.jpg|thumb|right|Antaktika]] '''Antaktika''' ni [[bara]] kwenye [[ncha ya kusini]] ya [[dunia]]. Kwa sababu ya [[baridi]] kali katika bara hii, ni bara ya pekee ambapo hawaishi [[binadamu]] wowote isipokuwa kwa muda kunwa wanasayansi katika vituoo vyao. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Jiografia]] [[ar:أنتارتيكا]] [[an:Antartida]] [[ast:Antártida]] [[ba:Антарктика]] [[bn:এন্টার্কটিকা]] [[bs:Antarktik]] [[ca:Antàrtida]] [[cs:Antarktida]] [[cy:Antarctica]] [[da:Antarktis]] [[de:Antarktis]] [[el:Ανταρκτική]] [[en:Antarctica]] [[es:Antártida]] [[eo:Antarkto]] [[eu:Antartika]] [[fa:جنوبگان]] [[fo:Antarktis]] [[fr:Antarctique]] [[ga:Antartaice]] [[gl:Antártida]] [[gu:ઍન્ટાર્કટિકા]] [[ko:남극]] [[hr:Antarktika]] [[io:Antarktika]] [[id:Antartika]] [[ia:Antarctica]] [[is:Suðurskautslandið]] [[it:Antartide]] [[he:אנטארקטיקה]] [[lt:Antarktida]] [[li:Antarctica]] [[hu:Antarktisz]] [[mr:अंटार्क्टिका]] [[ms:Antartika]] [[nl:Antarctica]] [[nds:Antarktis]] [[ja:南極大陸]] [[no:Antarktika]] [[nn:Antarktis]] [[pl:Antarktyda]] [[pt:Antártica]] [[ro:Antarctica]] [[ru:Антарктида]] [[se:Antárktis]] [[simple:Antarctica]] [[sl:Antarktika]] [[fi:Etelämanner]] [[sv:Antarktis]] [[tl:Antartika]] [[th:ทวีปแอนตาร์กติกา]] [[tr:Antarktika]] [[uk:Антарктида]] [[wa:Antartike]] [[zh:南极洲]] [[zh-min-nan:Lâm-ke̍k-tāi-lio̍k]] 1798 10820 2006-06-14T15:08:59Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[lb:Rassismus]] '''Ubaguzi wa rangi''' ni kitendo cha kuthamini au kutenga [[binadamu]] kwa misingi ya rangi za [[ngozi]]. Ubaguzi wa rangi ulikuwa maarufu sana katika nchi kama [[Afrika Kusini]] na [[Marekani]] ambapo huko Waafrika walikandamizwa kutokana na rangi yao katika kupata huduma mbalimbali za kijamii na kimaendeleo. Wakati wa ukoloni, rangi ilitumika kama msingi wa utoaji huduma muhimu mfano: shule, matibabu na haki nyingine za kibinadamu. Rangi nyeusi ilipewa hadhi ya chini zaidi. Siku hizi katika karibu [[nchi]] zote, [[sheria]] inadhidi ubaguzi wa rangi. Lakini katika nchi nyingi bado kuna wabaguzi wachache ambao wanavunja sheria kwa kuendelea kubagua. Kwa mfano, kuna wabaguzi wanaobagua [[Mwafrika|Waafrika]] nchini [[Marekani]] na katika nchi za [[Ulaya]]. {{mbegu}} [[ar:عنصرية]] [[bg:Расизъм]] [[bs:Rasizam]] [[ca:Racisme]] [[cs:Rasismus]] [[da:Racisme]] [[de:Rassismus]] [[en:Racism]] [[eo:Rasismo]] [[es:Racismo]] [[et:Rassism]] [[eu:Arrazismo]] [[fi:Rasismi]] [[fr:Racisme]] [[gl:Racismo]] [[he:גזענות]] [[hu:Rasszizmus]] [[it:Razzismo]] [[ja:人種差別]] [[ko:인종차별주의]] [[lb:Rassismus]] [[lt:Rasizmas]] [[my:Rasism]] [[nl:Racisme]] [[nn:Rasisme]] [[no:Rasisme]] [[pl:Rasizm]] [[pt:Racismo]] [[ru:Расизм]] [[scn:Razzismu]] [[sh:Rasizam]] [[simple:Racism]] [[sr:Расизам]] [[sv:Rasism]] [[zh:种族主义]] 1799 10738 2006-06-11T05:06:02Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[ht:Esklavay]] '''Utumwa''' ni mfumo unaotoa fursa kwa [[binadamu]] kummiliki binadamu mwenzake. Binadamu anayemilikiwa anakuwa na hadhi sawa na chombo au kifaa chochote kinachoweza kuuzwa. Mfumo huu ulikuwa maarufu kabla ya harakati za [[ukoloni]] duniani mathalani karne ya 15 ambapo watumwa walihitajika katika shughuli zakilimo na uchimbaji madini katika sehemu mbalimbali za ulimwengu. Mfumo huu uunda matabaka ya "mabwana" ambao humiliki watumwa na "watwana" ambao ni watumwa wenyewe. [[af:Slawerny]] [[ar:عبودية]] [[ca:Esclavitud]] [[cs:Otrokářství]] [[da:Slaveri]] [[de:Sklaverei]] [[en:Slavery]] [[eo:Sklaveco]] [[es:Esclavitud]] [[fi:Orjuus]] [[fr:Esclavage]] [[he:עבדות]] [[ht:Esklavay]] [[hu:Rabszolgaság]] [[id:Perbudakan]] [[it:Schiavismo]] [[ja:奴隷]] [[kg:Bumpika]] [[ko:노예]] [[lt:Vergovė]] [[mk:Ропство]] [[ms:Hamba abdi]] [[nds:Slaverie]] [[nl:Slavernij]] [[nn:Slaveri]] [[no:Slaveri]] [[pl:Niewolnictwo]] [[pt:Escravatura]] [[ro:Sclavie]] [[ru:Рабовладельческий строй]] [[scn:Schiavismu]] [[simple:Slavery]] [[sr:Робовласништво]] [[sv:Slaveri]] [[th:ทาส]] [[uk:Рабство]] [[zh:奴隸制度]] 1800 8119 2006-04-10T11:08:53Z Matt Crypto 20 [[Image:Colonization 1945.png|thumb|450px|Ramani ya ukoloni duniani mwishoni mwa [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]] mwaka [[1945]]]] ''' Ukoloni''' ni mfumo wa [[taifa]] moja kuvuka mipaka yake na kutawala taifa jingine katika nyanja za [[uchumi|kiuchumi]], [[utamaduni|kiutamaduni]] na [[jamii|kijamii]]. Mataifa ya [[Afrika]] yaliwekwa chini ya ukoloni wa nchi za [[Ulaya]] mara baada ya Mkutano wa Berlin ulioitishwa na Kansela [[Bismark]] mwaka [[1884]]-[[1885]]. Nchi zilizojenga ukoloni huu wa Afrika zilikuwa [[Uingereza]], [[Ufaransa]], [[Ureno]], [[Ujerumani]], [[Uhispania]], [[Italia]] na [[Ubelgiji]]. [[ca:Colonialisme]] [[de:Kolonialismus]] [[en:Colonialism]] [[fr:Colonisation]] [[he:קולוניאליזם]] [[id:Kolonialisme]] [[it:Colonialismo]] [[ja:植民地主義]] [[pl:Kolonializm]] [[fi:Kolonialismi]] [[zh:殖民主义]] [[zh-min-nan:Si̍t-bîn chú-gī]] 1802 sysop 5465 2005-12-02T02:47:51Z MediaWiki default Enable e-mail from other users 1803 sysop 5226 2005-11-09T23:18:22Z MediaWiki default Display pages with prefix: 1804 sysop 8745 2006-04-25T16:50:30Z Matt Crypto 20 Jamii 1805 sysop 5229 2005-11-09T23:18:23Z MediaWiki default Clear the cache of this page? $1 1806 sysop 5230 2005-11-09T23:18:23Z MediaWiki default OK 1807 sysop 5234 2005-11-09T23:18:23Z MediaWiki default No preference 1808 sysop 5235 2005-11-09T23:18:23Z MediaWiki default Date and time 1809 sysop 5237 2005-11-09T23:18:23Z MediaWiki default → 1810 sysop 5238 2005-11-09T23:18:23Z MediaWiki default download 1811 sysop 5240 2005-11-09T23:18:26Z MediaWiki default RGB 1812 sysop 5242 2005-11-09T23:18:28Z MediaWiki default Ignore any warnings 1813 sysop 5243 2005-11-09T23:18:28Z MediaWiki default Importing $1 1814 sysop 5244 2005-11-09T23:18:28Z MediaWiki default No import file was uploaded. 1815 sysop 5245 2005-11-09T23:18:28Z MediaWiki default Upload of import file failed; perhaps the file is bigger than the allowed upload size. 1816 sysop 5246 2005-11-09T23:18:28Z MediaWiki default Jump to: 1817 sysop 5247 2005-11-09T23:18:28Z MediaWiki default navigation 1818 sysop 5248 2005-11-09T23:18:28Z MediaWiki default search 1819 sysop 5250 2005-11-09T23:18:28Z MediaWiki default MIME search 1820 sysop 5998 2006-01-01T14:44:36Z MediaWiki default MIME type: 1821 sysop 5252 2005-11-09T23:18:28Z MediaWiki default Articles with the most categories 1822 sysop 5253 2005-11-09T23:18:28Z MediaWiki default Most linked to images 1823 sysop 5254 2005-11-09T23:18:28Z MediaWiki default Most linked to categories 1824 sysop 5255 2005-11-09T23:18:28Z MediaWiki default Articles with the most revisions 1825 sysop 11701 2006-07-01T19:11:51Z MediaWiki default $1 {{PLURAL:$1|category|categories}} 1826 sysop 5257 2005-11-09T23:18:29Z MediaWiki default {{int:newarticletext}} 1827 sysop 5258 2005-11-09T23:18:29Z MediaWiki default {{int:noarticletext}} 1828 sysop 11707 2006-07-01T19:11:51Z MediaWiki default $1 {{PLURAL:$1|revision|revisions}} 1829 sysop 5265 2005-11-09T23:18:29Z MediaWiki default Redirecting to [[$1]]... 1830 sysop 5266 2005-11-09T23:18:29Z MediaWiki default Redirect page 1831 sysop 7169 2006-02-26T02:08:19Z MediaWiki default <strong>Sorry! We could not process your edit due to a loss of session data. Please try again. If it still doesn't work, try logging out and logging back in.</strong> 1832 sysop 5276 2005-11-09T23:18:30Z MediaWiki default Enable "jump to" accessibility links 1833 sysop 6000 2006-01-01T14:44:38Z MediaWiki default User ID: 1834 sysop 5283 2005-11-09T23:18:30Z MediaWiki default Unwatched pages 1835 sysop 6001 2006-01-01T14:44:38Z MediaWiki default Username: 1836 sysop 5287 2005-11-09T23:18:30Z MediaWiki default Maximum number of $1 topics reached 1837 sysop 5288 2005-11-09T23:18:30Z MediaWiki default No topics defined 1838 sysop 5289 2005-11-09T23:18:30Z MediaWiki default You have no topics defined which can be rated. Go to [[Special:Validate]], and have an administrator run the "Manage" function to add at least one topic and point range. 1839 sysop 5290 2005-11-09T23:18:30Z MediaWiki default Wanted categories 1840 sysop 11779 2006-07-01T19:11:52Z MediaWiki default $1×$2 1841 11481 2006-06-29T05:12:31Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[ast:Burundi]] {{Infobox Country| native_name = ''Republika y'u Burundi<br>République du Burundi'' | conventional_long_name = Jamhuri ya Burundi | common_name = Burundi | image_flag = Flag of Burundi.svg | image_coat = Coa burundi large.jpg | national_motto = Unité, Travail, Progrès <br>([[French language|French]]: Umoja, Kazi, Maendeleo) | image_map = LocationBurundi.png | national_anthem = [[Burundi bwacu]] | official_languages = [[Kirundi]] and [[Kifaransa]] | capital = [[Bujumbura]] | latd=3|latm=30|latNS=S|longd=30|longm=00|longEW=E| government_type = Jamhuri | leader_titles = [[Raisi wa Burundi|Raisi]] | leader_names = [[Pierre Nkurunziza]] | largest_city = [[Bujumbura]] | area = 27,830 | areami² = 10,745 | <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> area_rank = 142nd | area_magnitude = 1 E10 | percent_water = 7.8% | population_estimate = 6,054,714 | population_estimate_year = 2003 | population_estimate_rank = 99th | population_census = 3,589,434 | population_census_year = 1978 | population_density = 206.1 | population_densitymi² = 533.8 | <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> population_density_rank = 52 | GDP_PPP_year = 2003 | GDP_PPP = 4,517¹ | GDP_PPP_rank = 142 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = 627 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 163 | HDI_year = 2003 | HDI = 0.378 | HDI_rank = 169th | HDI_category = <font color="#E0584E">low</font> | sovereignty_type = [[Uhuru]] | established_events = &nbsp;- Tarehe | established_dates = kutoka [[Belgium]] <br> [[Julai 1]], [[1962]] | currency = [[Burundi franc]] (FBu) | currency_code = BIF | time_zone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | time_zone_DST = - | utc_offset_DST = +2 | cctld = [[.bi]] | calling_code = 257 | footnotes = <!--¹ Estimate is based on regression; other PPP figures are extrapolated from the latest International Comparison Programme benchmark estimates.--> }} [[Image:By-map.png|thumb|250px|Map of Burundi]] [[Image:Satellite image of Burundi in February 2003.jpg|thumb|Satellite image of Burundi]] [[Image:Bujumbura 29.36607E 3.37443S.jpg|thumb|NASA photo of Burundi]] '''Jamhuri ya Burundi''' (Iliyo julikana kama '''Urundi''') ni nchi ndogo ambayo iko karibu na [[Maziwa Makubwa(Afrika)| Eneo la Maziwa Kubwa]] ya [[Afrika]]. Burundi imepakana na [[Rwanda]] upande wa kaskazini, [[Tanzania]] upande wa mashariki, na [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] upande wa magharibi. Hata Burundi ikiwa haina bahari mpaka mwingi wa eneo ya mashariki uko karibu na [[Ziwa Tanganyika]]. Jina lenyewe la nchi hii, limetokana kwa msingi na kutanuka [[ lugha ya |Bantu]] lugha ya, [[Kirundi]]. Burundi ni Nchi dogo iliomo barani afrika , marakadhaa nchi hii kashikwa na msukosuko wa kisiasa. Shida kubwa ni kuwa Burundi haina maliasili kutosheleza umma na kutosheleza ratili ya kisiasa kwa waliowengi [[Wahutu]] na waliowachache [[Watusi]]. ==Watu na Utamaduni== *[[Kadanda Burundi]] *[[Waandishi Wa Afrika (Kwa nchi)#Burundi| orodha ya waandishi kutoka Burundi]] *[[Muziki wa Burundi]] == Utafiti == * [[Communications in Burundi]] * [[Foreign relations of Burundi]] * [[Military of Burundi]] * [[Transportation in Burundi]] ''Mambo mengi ya Burundi yamepatikana kutoka [[CIA World Factbook]] 2000 na 2003 U.S. Department of State website.'' ==Kichunguzi== * [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2821.htm] ==Ongezea masomo kwa wingi== * ''Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide'' Reni Lemarchand and Lee H. Hamilton ==Mishikanizi== {{tafsiri}} ===Serikali=== *[http://www.gov-burundi.net/ Official government website] (in French) ===Habari=== *[http://www.abp.info.bi/ Agence Burundaise de Presse (ABP)] (in French) *[http://allafrica.com/burundi/ allAfrica - Burundi] *[http://www.isanganiro.org/ Radio Isanganiro] Burundi's independent radio station, one of the few independent sources of daily news in Burundi. You can listen online in French and Kirundi. *[http://www.umuco.com/ umuco.com] Burundian-run news site, with detailed news and analysis, mainly in French *[http://www.BurundiRealite.Org/ Burundi Réalités] News and analysis, French&English ===Overviews=== *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1068873.stm BBC News - ''Country Profile: Burundi''] *[http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/by.html CIA World Factbook - ''Burundi''] ===Maedelezo=== *[http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Burundi/ Open Directory Project - ''Burundi''] directory category *[http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/burundi.html Stanford University - Africa South of the Sahara: ''Burundi''] directory category *[http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Country_Specific/Burundi.html University of Pennsylvania - African Studies Center: ''Burundi''] directory category *[http://dir.yahoo.com/Regional/Countries/Burundi/ Yahoo! - ''Burundi''] directory category ===Other=== * [http://www.ligue-iteka.africa-web.org/index.php3 Burundian Human Rights Organisation "Ligue Iteka"] - with up-to-date news in English and French * [http://agathonrwasa.blogspot.com Campaign for the prosecution of FNL leader Agathon Rwasa] * [http://www.hrw.org/doc?t=africa&c=burund Human Rights Watch reports on Burundi] * [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1417&fuseaction=topics.documents&group_id=92370 Woodrow Wilson Center Reports on Burundi] * [http://hrw.org/backgrounder/africa/burundi/2004/0904/1.htm#_Toc81987410 Human Rights Watch special report on the August 2004 Gatumba massacre] * [http://www.icg.org/home/index.cfm?id=1172&l=1 Links to political analyses from 1998 on] by the [[International Crisis Group]] * [http://www.alertnet.org/thefacts/countryprofiles/152653.htm Reuters Alertnet - Burundi] humanitarian news * [http://www.irinnews.org/frontpage.asp?SelectRegion=Great_Lakes&SelectCountry=Burundi Updated humanitarian news] from the [[United Nations]] [[Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] {{Afrika}} [[Category:Burundi|*]] [[af:Burundi]] [[an:Burundi]] [[ar:بوروندي]] [[ast:Burundi]] [[bg:Бурунди]] [[bn:বুরুন্ডি]] [[bs:Burundi]] [[ca:Burundi]] [[cs:Burundi]] [[da:Burundi]] [[de:Burundi]] [[el:Μπουρούντι]] [[en:Burundi]] [[eo:Burundo]] [[es:Burundi]] [[et:Burundi]] [[eu:Burundi]] [[fa:بوروندی]] [[fi:Burundi]] [[fr:Burundi]] [[gl:República de Burundi - Republika y'u Burundi]] [[he:בורונדי]] [[hr:Burundi]] [[hu:Burundi]] [[id:Burundi]] [[ilo:Burundi]] [[io:Burundi]] [[is:Búrúndí]] [[it:Burundi]] [[ja:ブルンジ]] [[ko:부룬디]] [[ks:बुरुंडी]] [[ku:Bûrûndî]] [[kw:Burundi]] [[la:Burundia]] [[li:Boeroendi]] [[lt:Burundis]] [[lv:Burundi]] [[mk:Бурунди]] [[ml:ബറുണ്ടി]] [[ms:Burundi]] [[na:Burundi]] [[nds:Burundi]] [[nl:Burundi]] [[nn:Burundi]] [[no:Burundi]] [[oc:Burundi]] [[pl:Burundi]] [[ps:برونډي]] [[pt:Burundi]] [[rn:Burundi]] [[ro:Burundi]] [[ru:Бурунди]] [[sa:बुरुंडी]] [[sh:Burundi]] [[simple:Burundi]] [[sk:Burundi]] [[sl:Burundi]] [[sq:Burundi]] [[sr:Бурунди]] [[sv:Burundi]] [[ta:புருண்டி]] [[th:ประเทศบุรุนดี]] [[tl:Burundi]] [[tr:Burundi]] [[ug:بۇرۇندى]] [[uk:Бурунді]] [[vi:Burundi]] [[wo:Buruundi]] [[zh:蒲隆地]] [[zh-min-nan:Burundi]] 1842 5297 2005-11-11T19:31:58Z Miaow Miaow 87 a visitor from cs: wiki '''[[:Commons:User:Miaow Miaow|Miaow Miaow]]''' 1843 11588 2006-07-01T03:33:14Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[ast:Eritrea]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width=50 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big><big>&#4611;&#4877;&#4652; &#4772;&#4653;&#4725;&#4651;<br>'''Hagere Ertra'''</big></big> |- | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan=2 | {| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" | align="center" width="130px" | [[Image:Eritrea flag large.png|125px|Flag of Eritrea]] | align="center" width="130px" | [[Image:Eritrea_COA-color.jpg|110px|Coat of Arms of Eritrea]] |- | align="center" width="130px" | ([[Bendera ya Eritrea|Kinaganaga]]) | align="center" width="130px" | ([[Coat of Arms of Eritrea|Kinaganaga]]) |} |- | align="center" colspan=2 | <small>''[[ Hadabu ya Taifa]]: Nie nie''</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | [[image:LocationEritrea.png|Location of Eritrea]] |- | '''[[Lugha za Taifa]]''' | [[Tigrinya]], [[Kiarabu]] <br>na [[Kiingereza]] |- | '''[[Mji Mkuu]]''' | [[Asmara]] |- | '''[[Rais wa Eritrea|Rais]]''' | [[Isaias Afewerki]] |- | '''[[Eneo]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Total <br />&nbsp;- % Maji | [[Orodha ya nchi kulingana na eneo|Kadiriwa 97th]] <br /> 121,320 [[square kilometre|km&sup2;]] <br /> Acha |- | '''[[Idadi ya Watu]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Makadirio ([[2005]])<br />&nbsp;- Jumla ([[2002]])<br />&nbsp;- Chumo cha Umma kugawa na Eneo | [[Orodha ya Nchi kulingana na Idadi ya Watu|Kadiriwa 115th]]<br /> 4,561,599<br /> 4,298,269<br /> 38/km&sup2; ([[Orodha ya nchi kulingana na chumo cha umma kugawa na eneo|135th]]) |- | '''[[Orodha ya nchi GDP (kidogo)|GDP]] [[Nguvu ya ununuzi|(PPP)]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Jumla<br />&nbsp;- Kwa Kila Raia (Per capita)<br /> | [[2005]] estimate<br /> 4,250 ([[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na pato la nchi (GDP) (kidogo)|155th]]) <br />917 ([[Orodha ya nchi kulingana na pato la nchi (GDP)|177th]]) |- | '''[[Uhuru]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Kadirifu<br />&nbsp;- Barabara | Kutoka [[Ethiopia (Uhebeshi)]]<br />&nbsp;[[Mai 29]], [[1991]]<br />&nbsp;[[Mai 24]], [[1993]] |- | '''[[Fedha]]''' | [[Eritrean nakfa|Nakfa]] |- | '''[[Saa za Eneo]]''' | [[Masaa za kimataifa|UTC]] +3 |- | '''[[Wimbo wa Taifa]]''' | ''[[Ertra, Ertra, Ertra]]'' |- | '''[[Kiwango cha juu cha kuangalia mtandao|Intaneti TLD]]''' | [[.er]] |- | '''[[Orotha za nchi- kodi za simu|Kodi ya simu]]''' | 291 |} '''Eritrea''' ni nchi ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki|Afrika kaskazini-mashariki]]. Eneo hili hujulikana pia kama [[Pembe ya Afrika]]. Upande wa Magharibi imepakana na [[Sudan]], upande wa Kusini imepakana na [[Ethiopia]], na [[Kusini-Mashariki]] kuna nchi ya [[Djibouti]]. Mashariki na Kusini-Mashariki Eritrea ina pwani ndefu ya [[Bahari ya Shamu]]. Jina la nchi limeanzishwa mnamo mwaka 1890 na wakoloni Waitalia kutokana na neno la [[Kigiriki]] "erythraîa" linalomaanisha “bahari nyekundu”. Hii ni kwa sababu Bahari ya Shamu iliitwa "Sinus Erythraeus" na mabaharia Wagiriki au “Mare Erythraeum” kwa kilatini na Waroma wa kale –maana yake ni "bahari nyekundu" – tazama Kiingereza “Red Sea”. == Historia == :''Tako la kifungu: [[Historia ya Eritrea]]'' Eritrea ilitawaliwa na nchi nyingi za nguvu kabla yakupata Uhuru [[Ukoloni|Wakoloni]] kama [[Italia|Waitalia]] mwaka wa [[1885]]. Lakini kabla ya Ukoloni wa Waitalia kufika, pwani ya Eritrea ilikuwa imekaliwa na [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[Uturuki|Waturuki]], ambao waliwaachia [[Misri]] wakawa warithi karne [[1900 mika]]. Bara Eritrea hasa [[kwa Wakristo]] milimani ya [[Hamasien]], [[Akale Guzai]], na [[Serai]]. Ilikuwa imehusikana sana na [[Ethiopia|Miliki ya Uhebeshi]]. Kasisi moja Mwitalia wa [[dini ya kiroma ya katoliki]] kwa jina [[Sapetto]] alinunua bendari ya [[Assab]] kutoka [[ Sultani wa Afar]] (Sapetto alikuwa Mtumikizi wa [[Mfalme wa Hebesha]]) lakini piya mbalozi jasusi wa wana biashara Waitalia. Baadaye, Wamisri wapokua waki rejea nyuma kutoka vita za Sudani [[vita za Mahdisti]], [[Waingereza]] walikubaliana na wa Wahabeshi kwamba, Uhebeshi ikubali Wamisri warejea kwao wakipitia [[Ethiopia]], na kwa shukra Mfalme wa Hebesha atapewa eneo aliokuwa akigombana na Waturuki na Wamisri ambao sasa ni Eritrea. Mfalme [[Yohannis IV]] aliamini yakwamba dira na Waingereza italeta eneo la [[Massawa]]. Lakini Bendari iliokuwa Eneo hiyo Ikachukuliwa na Wamisri na Waingereza. Waitaliano badaye walishikanisha eneo hiyo yote na kuikaa. Baada ya [[Yohannis IV]] kufariki, Waitalia walichukua mafao hayo na kuingia milimani za Uhebeshi na kushikilia, na baadaye kuleta ukoloni na kuiita eneo hiyo Eritrea, Mfalme [[Menelik II]] aliyechukuwa mamlaka bada ya [[Yohannis IV]] kufariki hakuweza kuchanga-moto, lakini Waitalia walishidwa mwaka wa (1896) [[vita via Adowa]] na Ethiopia. Waitalia walishindwa kwa [[Vita vya dunia za II]] mwaka ([[1941]]) na ukoloni wao kutolewa na Jeshi za muungano za ulaya magharibi, na Eritrea ikawa [[Eneo la wingereza]]. Baada ya vita kuu za pili za dunia, [[Muungano wa Kimataifa]], ulipekua kwa kwakirefu na kujadili nchi zinazo taka kuiunga Ethiopia na piya nchi zile zingiataka uhuru [[Muungano wa Kimataifa|U.N.]] baadaye walifika makubaliano kwamba eneo iliyo kuwa ukoloni wa Waitalia ambayo ni Eritrea iunge [[Ethiopia]] kama [[Jimbo]]. Eritrea, ilitatuliwa kwamba iwe na [[Bunge]] na serikali, na serikali hiyo ya Eritrea iakilishwe kwa Bunge ya Ethiopian ambapo Bunge hiyo itafanya kazi kama Bunge ya Majimbo. Mfalme wa Ethiopia, Mfalme [[Haile Selassie]], ilitatuliwa a [[miliki]] Eritrea na yeye mwenyewe hawakilishwe na [[makamu]] Nchini Eritrea. Waliyo tumaini majimbo na waliyo tumaini Uhuru walipata Majimbo yakiwa ya tabu. Kwa nguvu ya kijeshi kwa Bunge ya Eritrea, Majimbo yalivurugwa na Ethiopia. Mfalme mwenyewe [[Haile Selassie]] alikubali kwamba majimbo haifanyi kazi na kuamua kunyakua Eritrea mwaka wa [[1960]] hata kwa malalamiko makali kutoka Waziri Mkuu, [[Aklilu Hapte-Wold]] ambaye piya ali fadhili Majimbo. Taslimu, watumaini wa Uhuru wakaanza uasi na wakaungwa na watumaini wa Majimbo ambao waliushiba siasa kali na kubadili upande. Hayo yote yalileta Vita defu ya Uhuru wa Eritrea ambayo ilikaa mika themanini. Vita ya Uhuru wa Eritrea ilitambakaa mwaka [[1974]] baada ya [[Ufalme Kupenduliwa]] na [[Umakisti|Makisti]] kuingia na rundo ya Jeshi iliyoitwa [[Derg]] kuchukuwa mamlaka, na badaye kuvamiya Eritrea. Ukorofi wa serikali ya [[Mengistu Haile Mariam]] ilifanya mengi kuongeza watumaini wa Uhuru wa Eritrea kati ya karne 1980. Ukombozi wa Eritrea ulitegemea rundo ya [[Eritrean Liberation Front]] (ELF), ambayo piya inaitwa "Jebha", na [[Eritrean People's Liberation Front]] (EPLF), ambaye piya inaitwa "Shaebia". ELF ilikuwa na Wengi [[Waislamu]] wapwani na waifadhi wa tedo za wananchi,na EPLF wengi wakristu kutoka bara, milimani za hebeshi waamini [[Makisti-ULenin]]. ELF ilisaidiwa na wafadhili wa Arabu, na EPLF kutoka nchi za kikomunisti zilizokuwa kwa [[Eastern bloc]], lakini badaye nchi hizo zika penduka EPLF na kusaidia [[Derg]] ya [[Mengistu Hail Mariam]]. ELF na EPLF hazikuweza kufanya kazi pamoja na kwa hivyo EPLF ikaimaliza ELF na kuendelea kutafuta Uhuru. Vita ya Uhuru iliisha mwaka [[1991]], Eritrean na waasi wa Ethiopian walishinda jeshi ya Ethiopian, na serikali ya Derg ikaanguka. Miaka miwili baada ya [[Kura ya kuamua]], Eritrean ikanyakua uhuru. Kiongozi wa EPLF, [[Isaias Afewerki]], akawa [[ Rais]]. Eritrea (EPLF or Shaebia), ikawa chapa pekee kinacho tawala eritrea kwa sheria na kupendua jina [[People's Front for Democracy and Justice]] (PFDJ). Mwaka [[1998]], vita ya mpaka na [[Ethiopia]] ilileta kifo kwa wanajeshi wengi kwa nchi zote mbili, na Eritrea Uchumi wake ukafifia na wananchi waka hangaika sana. Umma wa nchi ukanza uhamaji na uchummi kukosa maendeleo. <!--subjected Eritrea to significant economic and social stresses, --> Eritrea ni nchi moja yazo [[Afrika]] ambapo kuna shida ya [[mobomu ya arthi]]. Serikali ya Ethiopia, iliwafukuza wa Eritrea ambao waiishi Ethiopia ama watu waliokuwa na utamaduni wa Eritrea baada ya vita na Eritrea. Hii iliwaletea Eritrea shida na wahamaji. Hata baada ya Kuonyesha maendeleo kidogo kwa uchumi na siasa serikali ya Eritrea inanyanyasa magazeti na waadishi na piya kunyanyasa watu kwa siasa. Serikali yenyewe hata haijaweza kuweka [[Katiba]] mpya na Kuleta Kura ya kidemocrasia. Baadaye, serikali ya Eritrea imeweza kusisitiza desturi ya ukoloni wa Waitaliano ambayo inaitaji kanisa na [[Dini]] kujiandikisha kwa serikali na kupewa ruhusa wa kuhubiri Dini. Dini zilizopewa ruhusa na serikali ni [[Eritrean Orthodox Church]], [[Roman Catholic Church]], na Eritrean [[Mekane Yesus Evangelical Lutheran Church]], na [[Islam]]. Hizo kanisa zingine zote hasa, wafundamentalisti, Wavangelika Protestanti wakristu, hasa wamefinyiliwa kote nchini. [[Vita vya Eritrea na Ethiopia]] zi liisha mwaka wa [[2000]] na mwagano wa kushauriana unao julikana kama [[Mwagano wa Algiers]]. Moja wapo ya makubaliano ilikuwa kuanzisha endesho la Muungano wa kimataifa la kuweka amani, abayo inajulikana kama, [[Muungano wa Kimataifa wamisheni ya Eritrea na Ethiopia]] ([[UNMEE]]); Waweka amani 4,000 wa Muungano wa Kimataifa wa mebaki kutoka mwezi [[Agosti 2004]]. Makubaliano mengine ya [[Algiers]] ilikuwa kuanzisha usawanisho wa mwisho wa mpaka uliyo bishaniwa kati ya Eritrea na Ethiopia. Komisheni iliyo kuwa madaraka, iliyo itwa washiriki wa Muungano wa Kimataifa wa komisheni ya mpaka wa Ethiopia na Eritrea(EEBC), baada ya somo ndefu, walikata maamuzi ya mwisho [[Aprili 2002]], lakini maamuzi yao ikakataliwa na Ethiopia. Kutoka [[Octoba 2005]] bishano la mpaka bado limebaki kwa swali, hata kama umaakini na mkomo wa vita unaangaliwa kwa kazo. == Siasa == :''Kifungu chenye we: [[Siasa za Eritrea]]'' [[Image:Rumsfeld Isaias Afewerki-1-.jpg|thumb|Rais wa Eritrea Isaias Afewerki (kulia) na Waziri wa Marekani wa Ulinzi Donald Rumsfeld]] Bunge la Taifa la viti 150, iliyo tekezwa mwaka [[1993]] baada ya Uhuru, Bunge hiyo ilimchagua Rais wa sasa, [[Isaias Afewerki]]. Kura za Nchi huwa zinapagwa na kupanguliwa. Shina za taarifa madaraka za kutangaza habari kwa siasa za nyumbani Eritrea haziko; na [[September 2001]] serikali ilifunga wataarifi [[midia]] zakibinafsi, na watu wanaopinga serikali kufugwa bila kushtakiwa, hii yote ni kutoka taarifa ya washufu wa ulimwengu, kama [[Waangalizi wa haki za Kibinadamu (Human Rights Watch)]] and [[Wakobozi wa Kimataifa (Amnesty International)]]. Mwaka wa [[2004]] [[Idara ya jimbo za marekani]] (U.S. State Department) iliamua kwamba Eritrea ni [[Nchi maksusi Kujalisha]] (Country of Particular Concern, au CPC) ya kufinyilia Dini (Ona chini hapa). Mambo ya inje yanahusu vita na Ethiopia na Sudan. Baada ya wajumbe wa serikali ya Eritrea wa Idara ya mambo za kigeni kuenda [[Sudani]], ushirikiano umeanza kuwa wakawaida. Bishano na Ethiopia bado ni mawazo makubwa ya chuki abayo imemfanya Rais kuiambia Muungano wa Kimataifa UN ichukua hatua. Uagizaji huu umelezwa kwa barua kumi na moja uadishi wa Rais[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Eleven_Letters]. == Eneo == :''Kifungu chenyewe: [[Eneo za Eritrea]]'' Eritrea Mgao Eneo 6: * [[Eneo ya Kati, Eritrea|Kati]] (Maekel) * [[Eneo la Anseba , Eritrea|Anseba]] * [[Kusini Eneo la ziwa Nyekundu, Eritrea|Kisini ziwa lekundu]] (Debubawi-Keih-Bahri) * [[Kaskazini Eneo la Ziwa Nyekundu, Eritrea| Kaskazini ziwa lekundu]] (Semienawi-Keih-Bahri) * [[Eneo la Kusini, Eritrea|Kusini]] (Debub) * [[Eneo la Gash-Barka, Eritrea|Gash-Barka]] == Jiografia == [[Image:Er-map.gif|right|thumb|Eritrea]] :''Kifungu chenyewe: [[Jiografia ya Eritrea]]'' Eritrea iko kwa eneo la [[Pembe la Afrika]] na imepakana na Bahari ya Shamu kaskazini mashariki. Kwa mchanga wa pwani uliyo Eneo Kame pahali pa kutega samaki ni [[Dahlak Achipelago]]. Eneo ambayo iko kwa milima kusini si kame vile lakini hali ya hewa ni poa. Mlima juu zaidi ni [[Soira]], ambao huko kati ya Nchi Eritrea, 3018 m Juu ya bahari. Mji mkuu wa Eritrea ni [[Asmara]] na miji mingine ni kama mji wa bandari [[Assab]] kusini mashariki, na pia miji kama [[Massawa]] na [[Keren]]. == Uchumi == :''Kifungu chenyewe: [[Uchumi wa Eritrea]]'' {{Afrika}} [[Category:Eritrea]] [[af:Eritrea]] [[am:ኤርትራ]] [[an:Eritrea]] [[ang:Eritrea]] [[ar:إريتريا]] [[ast:Eritrea]] [[be:Эрытрэя]] [[bg:Еритрея]] [[bs:Eritreja]] [[ca:Eritrea]] [[cs:Eritrea]] [[da:Eritrea]] [[de:Eritrea]] [[el:Ερυθραία]] [[en:Eritrea]] [[eo:Eritreo]] [[es:Eritrea]] [[et:Eritrea]] [[eu:Eritrea]] [[fa:اریتره]] [[fi:Eritrea]] [[fr:Érythrée]] [[gd:Eritrea]] [[gl:Eritrea - ኤርትራ]] [[he:אריתריאה]] [[hr:Eritreja]] [[ht:Eritre]] [[hu:Eritrea]] [[ia:Eritrea]] [[id:Eritrea]] [[io:Eritrea]] [[is:Erítrea]] [[it:Eritrea]] [[ja:エリトリア]] [[ko:에리트레아]] [[ku:Erître]] [[kw:Eritrea]] [[la:Erythraea]] [[li:Eritrea]] [[lt:Eritrėja]] [[lv:Eritreja]] [[mk:Еритреја]] [[ms:Eritrea]] [[na:Eritrea]] [[nds:Eritrea]] [[nl:Eritrea]] [[nn:Eritrea]] [[no:Eritrea]] [[oc:Eritrèa]] [[pl:Erytrea]] [[ps:اېرېتېريا]] [[pt:Eritreia]] [[ro:Eritreea]] [[ru:Эритрея]] [[sa:एरिट्रिया]] [[sh:Eritreja]] [[simple:Eritrea]] [[sk:Eritrea]] [[sl:Eritreja]] [[sq:Eritrea]] [[sr:Еритреја]] [[sv:Eritrea]] [[ti:ኤርትራ]] [[tl:Eritrea]] [[tr:Eritre]] [[ug:ئېرىترىيە]] [[uk:Еритрея]] [[vi:Eritrea]] [[zh:厄立特里亚]] [[zh-min-nan:Eritrea]] 1844 5301 2005-11-12T17:25:03Z 151.205.209.248 tafadhali Tafadhali saidia kuhariri, mimi mwenyewe nikipata wakati nita hariri na kuendeleza ukurasa uliyobaki. 1845 10242 2006-05-29T09:47:00Z 196.46.97.238 Ramadhani Msangi ni mmoja wa [[wanablogu]] wakubwa kwa Kiswahili. Ramadhani ni mwandishi wa habari aliyekuwa na makazi yake katika mji mkuu wa [[Tanzania]], [[Dodoma]], wakati anaanza kublogu kabla ya kuhamishiwa kikazi [jijini Mbeya] toka Oktoba 2005, akiwa ni mwajiriwa wa kampuni ya [Business Times Ltd.] 1846 5306 2005-11-13T18:33:02Z Incelemeelemani 88 ==Hakkımda== Name Surname: Sezgin İBİŞ<br> == Kullanılabilen değişkenler == Sayfa içi indeks için <nowiki>:{{msg:compactTOC}}</nowiki><br> == TANIMLI WİKİ DEĞİŞKENLERİ == [[Özel:Allpages|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} madde]]<br> <font color="red">'''Kodu:''' </font><nowiki>[[Özel:Allpages|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} madde]]</nowiki><br> == KARAKTERLER == <table border=2 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="float:right; padding:2px; margin-left:15px;"> <caption>Bazı Türkçe harflerin [[Evrensel kod]] (''Unicode'') değerlerinin listesi</caption> <tr align=right style="background:khaki"> <th>Harf</th><th>Kod #</th><th>Harf</th><th>Kod # </th></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; ç &nbsp;</td><td> 231 </td><td> &nbsp; Ç &nbsp;</td><td> 199 </td></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; ğ &nbsp;</td><td> 287 </td><td> &nbsp; Ğ &nbsp;</td><td> 286 </td></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; ı &nbsp;</td><td> 305 </td><td> &nbsp; İ &nbsp;</td><td> 304 </td></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; ö &nbsp;</td><td> 246 </td><td> &nbsp; Ö &nbsp;</td><td> 214 </td></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; ş &nbsp;</td><td> 351 </td><td> &nbsp; Ş &nbsp;</td><td> 350 </td></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; ü &nbsp;</td><td> 252 </td><td> &nbsp; Ü &nbsp;</td><td> 220 </td></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; â &nbsp;</td><td> 226 </td><td> &nbsp; Â &nbsp;</td><td> 194 </td></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; î &nbsp;</td><td> 238 </td><td> &nbsp; Î &nbsp;</td><td> 206 </td></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; û &nbsp;</td><td> 251 </td><td> &nbsp; Û &nbsp;</td><td> 219 </td></tr> </table> <br><br> == GEREKLİ SAYFALAR == <table width="70%" border="0" align="center"> <tr> <td> [http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:Allmessages&ot=html Tüm HTML mesajları] </td><td> [http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedi:Sistem_mesaj_%C5%9Fablonlar%C4%B1 Düzey Şablonları] </td><td> &nbsp; </td> </tr> </table> <!--interwiki--> 1847 11788 2006-07-02T09:56:12Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[be:Кофі Анан]] [[Image:Kofi Annan.jpg|thumb|Kofi Annan]] '''Kofi Annan''' ni [[katibu mkuu]] wa [[Umoja wa Mataifa]]. Alizaliwa Aprili 8, [[1938]] huko [[Kumasi]], [[Ghana]]. Alipewa jina Kofi kuonyesha kuwa alizaliwa siku ya Ijumaa kuendana na utamaduni wa kabila la [[Akan]]. Jina Annan linamaanisha kuwa alikuwa ni mtoto wa nne kuzaliwa. Kofi Annan ana watoto watatu toka kwenye ndoa tofauti. Hivi sasa ameoana na Nane Maria Annan ambaye ni mwanasheria wa [[Kiswidi]]. [[Category:Ghana]] [[ar:كوفي عنان]] [[ast:Kofi Annan]] [[be:Кофі Анан]] [[bg:Кофи Анан]] [[bs:Kofi Annan]] [[ca:Kofi Annan]] [[cs:Kofi Annan]] [[cy:Kofi Annan]] [[da:Kofi Annan]] [[de:Kofi Annan]] [[el:Κόφι Ανάν]] [[en:Kofi Annan]] [[eo:Kofi Annan]] [[es:Kofi Annan]] [[et:Kofi Annan]] [[eu:Kofi Annan]] [[fi:Kofi Annan]] [[fr:Kofi Annan]] [[frp:Kofi Annan]] [[ga:Kofi Annan]] [[gd:Kofi Annan]] [[gl:Kofi Annan]] [[he:קופי ענאן]] [[hi:कोफ़ी अन्नान]] [[hr:Kofi Annan]] [[id:Kofi Annan]] [[is:Kofi Annan]] [[it:Kofi Annan]] [[ja:コフィー・アナン]] [[jv:Kofi Annan]] [[ko:코피 아난]] [[li:Kofi Annan]] [[lt:Kofis Ananas]] [[ms:Kofi Annan]] [[nl:Kofi Annan]] [[nn:Kofi Annan]] [[no:Kofi Annan]] [[pl:Kofi Annan]] [[pt:Kofi Annan]] [[ro:Kofi Annan]] [[ru:Аннан, Кофи]] [[scn:Kofi Annan]] [[simple:Kofi Annan]] [[sk:Kofi Annan]] [[sl:Kofi Anan]] [[sr:Кофи Анан]] [[sv:Kofi Annan]] [[th:โคฟี อันนัน]] [[tr:Kofi Annan]] [[tw:Kofi Annan]] [[vi:Kofi Annan]] [[zh:科菲·安南]] [[zh-min-nan:Kofi Annan]] 1848 11810 2006-07-02T15:50:26Z YurikBot 117 robot Modifying: [[mk:Обединети нации]] [[Image:Flag of the United Nations.svg|thumb]] '''Umoja wa Mataifa''' (UM) ni umoja wa [[nchi]] karibu zote [[dunia|duniani]]; ulianzishwa mwaka [[1945]] na nchi washindi wa [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]]. Umoja huu ulianzishwa na nchi 51 na kufikia mwaka [[2005]] kuna nchi 191 ambazo ni wanachama wa umoja huu. Dhumuni la umoja huu ni kuratibu mahusiano ya kimataifa kupitia sheria na mikataba ya kimataifa kwenye maeneo kama usalama, amani, maendeleo ya jamii, [[haki za binadamu]], n.k. Makao makuu ya Umoja wa Mataifa yako [[New York]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Umoja huu ulichukua nafasi ya [[Shirikisho la Mataifa]] (1919 - 1946). Nchi za pekee zisizo wanachama wa UM ni Dola la [[Vatikano]] lililokataa uanachama, [[Palestina]] ambayo haijatangaza hali ya dola la kujitegemea bado na [[Taiwan]] isiyotambuliwa kuwa nchi ya kujitegemea bali sehemu ya [[Uchina]]. Katibu Mkuu wa UM ndiye Mghana [[Kofi Anan]]. [[Category:Umoja wa Mataifa]] {{mbegu}} [[af:Verenigde Nasies]] [[an:Organizazión d'as Nazions Unitas]] [[ar:الأمم المتحدة]] [[ast:Organización de les Naciones Uníes]] [[az:Birləşmiş Millətlər Təşkilatı]] [[be:Арганізацыя Аб'яднаных Нацый]] [[bg:Организация на обединените нации]] [[bi:Unaeted Neisen]] [[br:Aozadur ar Broadoù Unanet]] [[bs:Ujedinjeni Narodi]] [[ca:Organització de les Nacions Unides]] [[cs:Organizace spojených národů]] [[cy:Cenhedloedd Unedig]] [[da:Forenede Nationer]] [[de:Vereinte Nationen]] [[el:Οργανισμός Ηνωμένων Εθνών]] [[en:United Nations]] [[eo:Unuiĝintaj Nacioj]] [[es:Organización de las Naciones Unidas]] [[et:ÜRO]] [[eu:Nazio Batuen Erakundea]] [[fa:سازمان ملل متحد]] [[fi:Yhdistyneet kansakunnat]] [[fr:Organisation des Nations unies]] [[fur:Organizazion des Nazions Unidis]] [[fy:Feriene Naasjes]] [[ga:Náisiúin Aontaithe]] [[gl:ONU]] [[he:האומות המאוחדות]] [[hi:संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ]] [[hr:Ujedinjeni narodi]] [[hu:Egyesült Nemzetek Szervezete]] [[ia:Organisation del Nationes Unite]] [[id:Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] [[ilo:Dagiti Nagkaykaysa a Pagilian]] [[io:Unionita Nacioni]] [[is:Sameinuðu þjóðirnar]] [[it:Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite]] [[ja:国際連合]] [[ka:გაერთიანებული ერების ორგანიზაცია]] [[kn:ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆ]] [[ko:국제 연합]] [[ku:Neteweyên Yekbûyî]] [[kw:Kenedhlow Unys]] [[la:Nationes Unitae]] [[lb:Vereent Natiounen]] [[lt:Jungtinių Tautų Organizacija]] [[lv:Apvienoto Nāciju Organizācija]] [[mk:Обединети нации]] [[mn:Нэгдсэн Үндэстний Байгууллага]] [[ms:Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu]] [[nl:Verenigde Naties]] [[nn:Dei sameinte nasjonane]] [[no:FN]] [[pl:Organizacja Narodów Zjednoczonych]] [[ps:ملګري ملتونه]] [[pt:Organização das Nações Unidas]] [[ro:Organizaţia Naţiunilor Unite]] [[ru:Организация Объединённых Наций]] [[sh:Ujedinjeni narodi]] [[simple:United Nations]] [[sk:Organizácia Spojených národov]] [[sl:Organizacija združenih narodov]] [[sq:Organizata e Kombeve të Bashkuara]] [[sr:Уједињене нације]] [[sv:Förenta nationerna]] [[ta:ஐக்கிய நாடுகள் சபை]] [[th:สหประชาชาติ]] [[tl:Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa]] [[tr:Birleşmiş Milletler]] [[uk:Організація Об'єднаних Націй]] [[ur:اقوامِ متحدہ]] [[vi:Liên Hiệp Quốc]] [[yi:יו-ען]] [[zh:联合国]] [[zh-min-nan:Liân-ha̍p-kok]] [[zh-yue:聯合國]] 1849 11531 2006-06-30T07:12:56Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: ar, eu, fa, nn, wa Modifying: zh [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] [[af:Kategorie:Ghana]] [[ar:تصنيف:غانا]] [[bg:Категория:Гана]] [[ca:Categoria:Ghana]] [[cs:Kategorie:Ghana]] [[da:Kategori:Ghana]] [[de:Kategorie:Ghana]] [[en:Category:Ghana]] [[eo:Kategorio:Ganao]] [[es:Categoría:Ghana]] [[eu:Kategoria:Ghana]] [[fa:رده:غنا]] [[fr:Catégorie:Ghana]] [[id:Kategori:Ghana]] [[io:Category:Ghana]] [[it:Categoria:Ghana]] [[ja:Category:ガーナ]] [[ko:분류:가나]] [[na:Category:Ghana]] [[nl:Categorie:Ghana]] [[nn:Kategori:Ghana]] [[no:Kategori:Ghana]] [[pt:Categoria:Gana]] [[ru:Категория:Гана]] [[sl:Kategorija:Gana]] [[sv:Kategori:Ghana]] [[uk:Категорія:Гана]] [[wa:Categoreye:Gana]] [[zh:Category:加纳]] 1850 5324 2005-11-15T20:17:07Z Chamdarae 78 #redirect [[Eritrea]] 1851 5327 2005-11-15T20:51:05Z Chamdarae 78 redirect #redirect [[Bahari ya Hindi]] 1852 5328 2005-11-15T20:55:39Z Chamdarae 78 redirect #redirect [[Ghana]] 1853 9594 2006-05-14T10:55:52Z Kipala 107 <br clear="all" /> {| id="toc" style="margin: 0;background:#ffffff;" width="100%" align="center" ! align="left" style="background:#ccccff;" width="200" align="center" |Nchi za [[Afrika]] ! align="right" rowspan="1" width="5%"| [[Image:LocationAfrica.png|60px|Bara la Afrika]] |- | colspan=2 align="center" style="font-size: 85%" | [[Afrika ya Kati (Jamhuri ya)]] | [[Afrika Kusini]] | [[Algeria]] | [[Angola]] | [[Benin]] | [[Botswana]] | [[Burkina Faso]] | [[Burundi]] | [[Cabo Verde]] | [[Chad]] |[[Cote d'Ivoire]] | [[Djibouti]] | [[Eritrea]] | [[Gabon]] | [[Gambia]] | [[Ghana]] | [[Guinea]] | [[Guinea Bisau]] | [[Guinea ya Ikweta]] | [[Kamerun]] | [[Kenya]] | [[Komori]] | [[Kongo (Jamhuri ya)]] | [[Kongo (Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya)]] | [[Lesoto]] | [[Liberia]] | [[Libya]] | [[Madagaska]] | [[Malawi]] | [[Mali]] | [[Misri]] | [[Morisi (Visiwa vya)]] | [[Mauritania]] | [[Moroko]] | [[Msumbiji]] | [[Namibia]] | [[Niger]] | [[Nigeria]] | [[Rwanda]] | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | [[Senegal]] | [[Shelisheli]] | [[Sierra Leone]] | [[Somalia]] | [[Sudan]] | [[Tanzania]] | [[Togo]] | [[Tunisia]] | [[Uganda]] | [[Uhabeshi]] | [[Uswazi]] | [[Zambia]] | [[Zimbabwe]] |- ! align="left" style="background:#ccccff;" width="200" align="center" |Maeneo ya kiafrika ambayo ni sehemu za nchi nje ya [[Afrika]] |- | colspan=2 align="center" style="font-size: 85%" |'''[[Ufaransa]]''': [[Mayotte]] &middot; [[Réunion]] | '''[[Hispania]]''': [[Visiwa vya Kanari]] &middot; [[Ceuta]] &middot; [[Melilla]] | '''[[Ureno]]''': [[Visiwa vya Madeira]] | '''[[Uingereza]]''': &middot; [[Saint Helena|Kisiwa cha St. Helena]] &middot; Kisiwa cha [[Diego Garcia]] |} 1855 8509 2006-04-20T08:26:56Z Matt Crypto 20 '''Marijan Rajab''' ni mmoja wa wanamuziki kutoka [[Tanzania]] ambaye atakumbukwa daima. Marijani alikuwa ni kiongozi wa bendi ya [[The Safari Tripers]], na baadaye [[Dar International Orchestra]]. Uwezo wa Marijan kuandika tungo zinazogusa maisha ya kila siku kama vile mapenzi, msiba, wivu, ufukara, n.k. na kuziimba kwa sauti ya pekee ulimpa jina "jabali la muziki." Nyimbo maarufu alizoandika na kuimba Marijan ni pamoja na Georgina, Mayasa, Zuwena, Uzuri wa asili, Mateso, Masudi, na Mwanameka. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Tanzania]] [[Category:Wanamuziki|Rajab, Marijani]] 1856 5600 2005-12-14T00:55:09Z Chamdarae 78 '''Uchoraji''' ni [[sanaa]] wakilishi inayotumika kuwakilisha [[ujumbe]] kwa [[jamii]], kuna aina tofauti za uchoraji. Neno uchoraji pia hutumika kama kitendo cha kumuangalia mtu kwa dharau, dhiaka, au kebehi. {{mbegu}} 1857 8396 2006-04-18T09:49:41Z Marcos 3 '''Kamusi elezo''' ni [[kitabu]] kinachokusanya [[ujuzi]] wote wa [[ubinadamu]]. Siku hizi, [[Wikipedia]] ni kamusi elezo kubwa zaidi duniani. Zamani (kabla ya uumbaji wa Wikipedia) [[Encyclopedia Britannica]] ilikuwa kamusi elezo kubwa zaidi duniani. {{mbegu}} [[af:Ensiklopedie]] [[als:Enzyklopädie]] [[ar:موسوعة]] [[bg:Енциклопедия]] [[zh-min-nan:Pek-kho-choân-su]] [[bn:বিশ্বকোষ]] [[bs:Enciklopedija]] [[br:Holloueziadur]] [[ca:Enciclopèdia]] [[cs:Encyklopedie]] [[da:Encyklopædi]] [[de:Enzyklopädie]] [[et:Entsüklopeedia]] [[el:Εγκυκλοπαίδεια]] [[en:Encyclopedia]] [[es:Enciclopedia]] [[eo:Enciklopedio]] [[fa:دانش‌نامه]] [[fo:Alfrøði]] [[fr:Encyclopédie]] [[gl:Enciclopedia]] [[ko:백과사전]] [[ht:Ansiklopedi]] [[hi:विश्वज्ञानकोष]] [[hr:Enciklopedija]] [[ilo:Ensiklopedia]] [[id:Ensiklopedia]] [[ia:Encyclopedia]] [[it:Enciclopedia]] [[he:אנציקלופדיה]] [[csb:Encyklopedijô]] [[ku:Ensîklopedî]] [[lad:Ensiklopedia]] [[la:Encyclopaedia]] [[lv:Enciklopēdija]] [[lt:Enciklopedija]] [[lb:Enzyklopedie]] [[li:Encyclopedie]] [[hu:Lexikon]] [[mk:Енциклопедија]] [[mt:Enċiklopedija]] [[ms:Ensiklopedia]] [[mo:Енчиклопедие]] [[nl:Encyclopedie]] [[nds:Nokieksel]] [[ja:百科事典]] [[no:Encyklopedi]] [[pl:Encyklopedia]] [[pt:Enciclopédia]] [[ro:Enciclopedie]] [[ru:Энциклопедия]] [[sc:Entziclopedia]] [[simple:Encyclopedia]] [[sk:Encyklopédia]] [[sl:Enciklopedija]] [[sr:Енциклопедија]] [[fi:Tietosanakirja]] [[sv:Encyklopedi]] [[tl:Ensiklopedya]] [[tt:Énsíklopédí]] [[th:สารานุกรม]] [[vi:Bách khoa toàn thư]] [[uk:Енциклопедія]] [[wa:Eciclopedeye]] [[yi:ענציקלאפעדיע]] [[zh:百科全书]] 1858 5384 2005-11-21T19:45:23Z Marcos 3 Neno ngoma lina maana mbalimbali: *Ala ya muziki inayotumika sana barani Afrika (angalia [[ngoma (ala ya muziki)]]). *Muziki unaochezwa na ala hii (angalia [[ngoma (muziki)]]). *[[Muziki]] wa aina yoyote. *[[Kucheza na muziki wa ngoma]]. *[[Kucheza na muziki]] wa aina yoyote. *Katika lugha ya mtaani, ngoma inaweza kumaanisha [[Virusi vya Ukimwi]] au [[Ukimwi]]. {{maana}} 1859 11485 2006-06-29T07:43:02Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[ja:エレン・ジョンソン・サーリーフ]] [[Image:Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf.jpg|frame|Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf]] '''Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf''' (alizaliwa Oktoba 29, 1938 nchini [[Liberia]]) amekuwa [[rais]] wa kwanza mwanamke barani [[Afrika]] baada ya kushinda katika [[uchaguzi]] wa mwaka [[2005]]. Johnson-Sirleaf ameshika nyadhifa mbalimbali serikalini na katika mashirika ya kimataifa. Baada ya kumaliza masomo katika chuo kikuu cha [[Harvard]], alifanya kazi katika serikali ya Rais [[William Tolbert]] mwaka wa 1970 akiwa ni Waziri wa Fedha. Johnson amekuwa Rais wa kwanza mwanamke barani [[Afrika]]. Hata hivyo yeye sio mwanamke wa kwanza kuongoza nchi barani Afrika. [[Malikia Zauditu]] wa [[Ethiopia]] aliongoza nchi yake kwa miaka 13 toka mwaka 1917 hadi 1930. [[Ruth Perry]] ni mwanamke wa kwanza Afrika kuwa mkuu wa nchi pale alipokuwa mwenyekiti wa [[urais wa pamoja]] wa jamhuri ya Liberia toka mwaka 1996 hadi 1997. Johnson-Sirleaf alihukumiwa kifungo cha miaka kumi jela mwaka 1985 baada ya kushutumu utawala wa kijeshi nchini humo katika kampeni zake za kugombea ubunge. Alitumia kifungo hicho kwa muda mfupi kabla ya kuachiliwa na baadaye kukimbilia uhamishoni hadi aliporudi mwaka 1997 akiwa anafanyia kazi [[Benki ya Dunia]] na Citibank. Johnson-Sirleaf alimuunga mkono [[Charles Taylor]] wakati wa mapinduzi yake dhidi ya [[Jenerali Samuel Doe]] lakini baadaye alikuja kuwa mpinzani wake mkubwa na hata kugombea urais dhidi yake mwaka 1997. Taylor alimwandana na hata kumpeleka mahakamani kwa madai ya kuhusika na hujuma za kihaini. Uchaguzi wa urais mwaka 2005 ulirudiwa baada wagombea urais kutopata kura za kutosha. Katika raundi ya kwanza Johnson-Sirleaf alikuwa wa pili, wa kwanza alikuwa ni mpinzani wake mkubwa [[George Weah]]. Katika raundi ya pili ya uchaguzi, Johnson-Sirleaf alitangazwa kuwa mshindi. Hata hivyo, George Weah amepeleka mashtaka mahakama kuu akidai kuwa uchaguzi haukuwa wa haki. [[Category:Liberia]] [[af:Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf]] [[br:Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf]] [[da:Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf]] [[de:Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf]] [[en:Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf]] [[es:Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf]] [[fi:Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf]] [[fr:Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf]] [[gl:Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf]] [[id:Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf]] [[io:Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf]] [[is:Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf]] [[ja:エレン・ジョンソン・サーリーフ]] [[ko:엘렌 존슨-설리프]] [[nl:Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf]] [[nn:Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf]] [[no:Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf]] [[pl:Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf]] [[pt:Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf]] [[ru:Джонсон-Серлиф, Элен]] [[sh:Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf]] [[sl:Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf]] [[sv:Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf]] [[tr:Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf]] [[zh:爱伦·约翰森·希尔丽夫]] 1860 7545 2006-03-24T18:15:24Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[fi:George Weah]], [[ko:조지 웨아]] '''George Weah''' ni [[mwanakandanda]] mashuhuri duniani na mwanasiasa aliyegombea urais wa [[Liberia]] mwaka 2005. Weah alizaliwa Oktoba 1, 1966 katika jiji la [[Monrovia]]. Alikulia katika kitongoji cha masikini cha Clara. Kabla ya kujiunga na soka la kulipwa Weah alikuwa akifanya kazi katika Shirika la Mawasiliano la Liberia kama fundi simu. Kielimu, Weah ana Shahada ya Kwanza ya Uendeshaji Michezo toka Chuo Kikuu cha Parkwood, Londo, Uingereza. Mwkaa 1999 alipata shahada ya Udakitari ya Heshima toka Chuo Kikuu cha A.M.E Zion nchini Liberia. Mwaka 1995 Weah alipewa tuzo na [[Shirikisho la Soka Duniani]] (FIFA) kuwa [[Mwanasoka Bora Duniani]]. Yeye ni mwanasoka pekee toka Afrika aliyewahi kupewa tuzo hiyo. Mwaka huo huo alichaguliwa pia kuwa [[Mwanasoka Bora Ulaya]] na [[Mwanasoka Bora Afrika]]. Weah alianza safari yake ya soka katika timu ya Liberia ya [[Incincible Eleven]] na [[Tonnerre Yaounde]], ya Cameroon. Baada ya hapo alikwenda kucheza soka la kulipwa Ulaya mwaka 1988. Alijiunga na timu ya [[Monaco]] ambapo aliiongoza kushinda kombe la [[Ufaransa]] mwaka 1991. Baadaye alijiunga na [[Paris Saint Germain mwaka 1992-95. Aliiongoza timu hii kuchukua kombe la ligi ya Ufaransa mwaka 1994. Mwaka 1995-2000 alikuwa akiichezea timu ya [[AC Milan]] ambayo ilishinda ligi ya Italia mwaka 1996 na 1999. Mwaka 2000 aliondoka AC Milan na kujiunga na [[Chelsea]], baada ya muda mfupi alijiungana [[Manchester City]] na baadaye [[Marseille]] mwaka 2001. Alimaliza soka la kulipwa akiwa na timu ya [[Al JAzira]] ya [[Falme ya Nchi za Kiarabu]]. Weah amekuwa akitoa misaada kusaidia wananchi wa Liberia. Mwaka 2004 alipewa tuzo ya [[Arthur Ashe]] kwa juhudi zake za kusaidia kujenga nchi yake. [[Category:Liberia]] [[bg:Джордж Уеа]] [[da:George Weah]] [[de:George Weah]] [[en:George Weah]] [[es:George Weah]] [[fi:George Weah]] [[fr:George Weah]] [[he:ג'ורג' וואה]] [[id:George Weah]] [[it:George Weah]] [[ja:ジョージ・ウェア]] [[ko:조지 웨아]] [[nl:George Weah]] [[nn:George Weah]] [[no:George Weah]] [[pl:George Weah]] [[pt:George Weah]] [[sv:George Weah]] [[zh:乔治·维阿]] 1861 11611 2006-07-01T13:42:09Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[fa:مانروویا]], [[mk:Монровија]] '''Monrovia''' ni mji mkuu wa [[Liberia]]. Eneo uliko mji huu mwanzoni liliitwa Cape Mesurado na Wareno katika miaka ya 1560. Eneo hili lilianzwa kujenga mji mwaka 1822 na chama cha [[American Colonization Society]] ikiwa ni makazi ya watu waliokombolewa toka utumwani nchini [[Marekani]]. Jina Monrovia lilitokana na jina la Rais wa Marekani [[James Monroe]]. [[Category:Liberia]] [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[ar:مونروفيا]] [[da:Monrovia]] [[de:Monrovia]] [[en:Monrovia]] [[es:Monrovia]] [[fa:مانروویا]] [[fi:Monrovia]] [[fr:Monrovia]] [[he:מונרוביה]] [[id:Monrovia]] [[io:Monrovia]] [[is:Monróvía]] [[it:Monrovia]] [[ko:몬로비아]] [[mk:Монровија]] [[nl:Monrovia]] [[no:Monrovia]] [[pl:Monrowia]] [[pt:Monróvia]] [[ru:Монровия]] [[simple:Monrovia]] [[sk:Monrovia]] [[sv:Monrovia]] [[zh:蒙羅維亞]] 1862 11538 2006-06-30T10:14:44Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: ar, bg, cs, da, eo, eu, fa, io, no, oc, ru [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] [[ar:تصنيف:ليبيريا]] [[bg:Категория:Либерия]] [[ca:Categoria:Libèria]] [[cs:Kategorie:Libérie]] [[da:Kategori:Liberia]] [[de:Kategorie:Liberia]] [[el:Κατηγορία:Λιβερία]] [[en:Category:Liberia]] [[eo:Kategorio:Liberio]] [[es:Categoría:Liberia]] [[eu:Kategoria:Liberia]] [[fa:رده:لیبریا]] [[fr:Catégorie:Liberia]] [[io:Category:Liberia]] [[it:Categoria:Liberia]] [[ja:Category:リベリア]] [[ko:분류:라이베리아]] [[nl:Categorie:Liberia]] [[no:Kategori:Liberia]] [[oc:Categoria:Libèria]] [[pt:Categoria:Libéria]] [[ru:Категория:Либерия]] [[sv:Kategori:Liberia]] [[zh:Category:利比里亚]] 1863 5366 2005-11-21T11:19:26Z Sj 7 :-) 1864 8455 2006-04-19T17:49:14Z Matt Crypto 20 [[Image:Djembe.jpg|thumb|250px|Ngoma (''djembe'')]] '''Ngoma''' inaoweza kumaanisha [[muziki]] unaochezwana na [[ala ya muziki]] inayoitwa [[ngoma (ala ya muziki)|ngoma]] pia. Ngoma ni muziki na lugha ya pekee inayotumika kwa kuelezea [[utamaduni]] na [[historia]] ya nchi fulani, tunatumia lugha ya ngoma katika kuelezea hali mbalimbali za maisha yetu, kama vile huzuni, furaha, mapenzi, kutia moyo, vitisho, shukurani na ushindi. Babu zetu walikuwa na lugha hii ya ngoma ambayo tumeirithi kwa mapokeo. Ngoma pia ilitumika na jamii mbalimbali kama njia ya kuita watu kwenye kusanyiko muhimu, kama vile vita, mikutano nk. ilipigwa kwa milio tofauti kulingana na tukio. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Muziki]] 1865 10984 2006-06-19T22:15:21Z 84.189.228.20 <div class="messagebox"> {| | style="vertical-align: top" | [[Image:Disambig.svg|left|45px]] |Ukarasa huu una maelezo ya maana ili kutofautisha nia mbalimbali zinazolengwa na neno moja. Chagua maana uliyoikusudi. <small>Maelezo katika ukarasa huu yawe mafupi, na kwa kila maana kuwe na kiungo kimoja tu ambacho kiunge ukarasa kuhusu nia yenye maana hii. Ukiwa umefika hapa kwa kutumia kiungo katika makala nyingine, tafadhali badalisha kiungo kile kiunge makala iliyokusudiwa moja kwa moja.</small> |} </div> 1866 10812 2006-06-14T11:04:42Z Kipala 107 {| class="infobox bordered" cellpadding="4" style="width: 20em; font-size: 90%;" |+ style="margin-left: inherit;" | '''{{{native_name}}}'''{{qif|test={{{conventional_long_name|}}}|then=<br />'''{{{conventional_long_name|}}}'''}} |- | colspan="2" | {| style="text-align: center; margin: 0 auto; background: none;" |- | style="border: 0; vertical-align: middle;" | <span style="border: 1px solid #bbbbbb; display: table-cell;">[[Image:{{{image_flag}}}|125px|Flag of {{{common_name}}}]]</span> | style="border: 0; vertical-align: middle;" | [[Image:{{{image_coat}}}|110px|{{{symbol_type|Nembo}}} ya {{{common_name}}}]] |- style="font-size: 95%;" | style="border: 0;" | [[Bendera ya {{{common_name}}}|Bendera]] | style="border: 0;" | [[{{{symbol_type_article|{{{symbol_type|Nembo}}}}}} ya {{{common_name}}}|{{{symbol_type|Nembo}}}]] |} |- | colspan="2" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: center;" | Wito la taifa: {{{national_motto}}} |- | colspan="2" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: center;" | Wimbo wa taifa: {{{national_anthem}}} |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background: white;" | [[Image:{{{image_map}}}|250px|Lokeshen ya {{{common_name}}}]] |- | '''[[Mji mkuu]]''' |{{{capital}}}<br /> <small><span class="plainlinksneverexpand" >[http://kvaleberg.com/extensions/mapsources/index.php?params={{{latd}}}_{{{latm}}}_{{{latNS}}}_{{{longd}}}_{{{longm}}}_{{{longEW}}}_type:country({{{area}}}) {{{latd}}}°{{{latm}}}&prime;&nbsp;{{{latNS}}} {{{longd}}}°{{{longm}}}&prime;&nbsp;{{{longEW}}}]</span></small> |- | '''{{{largest_settlement_type|Mji&nbsp;mkubwa&nbsp;nchini}}}''' | {{{largest_settlement|{{{largest_city}}}}}} |- | '''Lugha&nbsp;rasmi''' | {{{official_languages}}} |- | style="white-space: nowrap;" | '''Serikali''' <div style="text-align: left;">{{{leader_titles}}}</div> | style="white-space: nowrap;" | {{{government_type}}}<br />{{{leader_names}}} |- | style="white-space: nowrap;" | '''{{{sovereignty_type}}}'''<br />{{{established_events}}} | style="white-space: nowrap;" | {{{established_dates}}} |- | '''Eneo'''<br />&nbsp;- Jumla<br />&nbsp;- Maji (%) | &nbsp;<br />[[{{{area_magnitude}}} m²|{{{area}}}&nbsp;km&sup2;]]&nbsp;({{{area_rank}}})<br />{{{percent_water}}} |- | style="white-space: nowrap;" | '''Idadi ya watu'''<br />&nbsp;- [[{{{population_estimate_year}}}]] kadirio{{qif|test={{{population_census|}}}|then=<br />&nbsp;- [[As of {{{population_census_year}}}|{{{population_census_year}}}]] sensa}}<br />&nbsp;- Msongamano wa watu | &nbsp;<br />{{{population_estimate}}} ({{{population_estimate_rank}}}){{qif|test={{{population_census|}}}|then=<br />{{{population_census}}} }}<br />{{{population_density}}}/km&sup2; ({{{population_density_rank}}}) |- <!-- | style="white-space: nowrap;" | '''[[Gross domestic product|GDP]]''' ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]])<br />&nbsp;- Jumla<br />&nbsp;- Kwa kila raia (per capita) | {{{GDP_PPP_year}}} kadiriwa<br />{{{GDP_PPP}}} ({{{GDP_PPP_rank}}})<br />{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita}}} ({{{GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank}}}) |- | style="white-space: nowrap;" | '''[[Human Development Index|HDI]]''' ([[2003|{{{HDI_year}}}]]) | {{{HDI}}} ({{{HDI_rank}}}) – {{{HDI_category}}} |- --> | '''Fedha''' | style="white-space: nowrap;" | {{{currency}}} (<code>[[ISO 4217|{{{currency_code}}}]]</code>) |- | '''Saa za eneo'''<br />&nbsp;- Kiangazi&nbsp;([[Daylight saving time|DST]]) | {{{time_zone}}} ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]{{{utc_offset}}})<br />{{{DST|{{{time_zone_DST}}} ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]{{{utc_offset_DST}}})}}} |- | '''Intaneti TLD''' | {{{cctld}}} |- | '''Kodi ya simu''' | <code>+{{{calling_code}}}</code> {{qif|test={{{footnotes|}}}|then=<tr><td colspan="2"><small>{{{footnotes|}}}</small></td></tr>}} |} 1867 5766 2005-12-22T03:24:50Z Ndesanjo 73 Mimi naitwa joseph na nimechanga, kaandika vifungu vya kenya na eritrea, wengine mjitolee, asante. Kweli ni kazi ngumu hasaa kuleta picha na michoro kwa Vikurasa. --------- Karibu Wikipedia ya Kiswahili! --[[User:Chamdarae|Chamdarae]] 00:09, 16 Desemba 2005 (UTC) ------ Karibu sana Joseph. Polepole ndio mwendo. 1868 10249 2006-05-29T15:42:22Z Kipala 107 == Utamaduni wa Mtanzania == --[[User:Ramadhani Msangi|Ramadhani Msangi]] 07:38, 25 Novemba 2005 (UTC)Licha ya kuwa dunia hivi sasa imekuwa kama kijiji kimoja, kutokana na maendeleo ya hali ya juu ambayo yamefikiwa katika nyanja ya Sayansi na Teknolojia, hali ambayo inawafanya Walimwengu kuchangamana katika tamaduni zao, bado upo umuhimu wa bara la Afrika, kama bara La Afrika, kuelewa fika na kuzitambua kwa utimilifu Tamaduni zao. Likiwa bado linakabiliwa na umasikini wa hali ya juu, huku pia likiwa bara pekee ambalo lina rasilimali zenye kuweza kushibisha njaa ya mahitaji ya malighafi mbalimbali za viwanda duniani, ni wazi kuwa ni kwa Waafrika wenyewe kujua, kutambua na kuziendeleza tamaduni zao ambapo wataweza kupiga hatua za haraka za kimaendeleo, kwakuwa wataondokana na utaratibu wa kuburuzwa na tamaduni za mataifa ya kimagharibi. Lakini je ni wangapi kati yetu ambao tunazikumbuka au kuzijua tamaduni zetu?. Utamaduni wa Mtanzania, kwa mfano, ni upi hasa? ::Salaam, ndugu Ramadhani, ni vema kuwa na sauti kutoka Mbeya. Kuhusu swali lako: Wakati wowote utamaduni wa sehemu yoyote ni ule ulio njiani... utamaduni ni kama mto. Je, mto uko wapi?? ::Samahani lakini, kwa sababu hatuko kwenye blogu hapa ni karahana. Ombi: angalia makala ya Tukuyu usahihishe tafadhali. Ni muda mrefu sijafika Tukuyu hasa "taasisi" nimeandika zaidi kwa imani kuliko akili. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 15:42, 29 May 2006 (UTC) 1869 10965 2006-06-19T10:05:44Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[ug:ھەيكەلتىراشلىق]] '''Bombwe''' ni [[sanaa]] ya [[urembo]] wa kuchora [[mwili|mwilini]], kama kuchora kwa [[hina]] na kuchora kwa [[piko]], sanaa hii hutumika zaidi na [[mwanamke|wanawake]]. {{mbegu}} [[an:Escultura]] [[ast:Escultura]] [[bg:Скулптура]] [[bs:Skulptura]] [[ca:Escultura]] [[cy:Cerfluniaeth]] [[da:Skulptur]] [[de:Bildhauerei]] [[el:Γλυπτική]] [[en:Sculpture]] [[eo:Skulpturo]] [[es:Escultura]] [[et:Skulptuur]] [[fi:Kuvanveisto]] [[fr:Sculpture]] [[fur:Sculture]] [[he:פיסול]] [[hr:Skulptura]] [[hu:Szobrászat]] [[ia:Sculptura]] [[io:Skulto]] [[it:Scultura]] [[ja:彫刻]] [[la:Sculptura]] [[lad:Eskultura]] [[li:Beildhouwkuns]] [[lt:Skulptūra]] [[lv:Tēlniecība]] [[mk:Вајарство]] [[mt:Skultura]] [[nap:Scultura]] [[nl:Beeldhouwkunst]] [[no:Skulptur]] [[pl:Rzeźba]] [[pt:Escultura]] [[ro:Sculptură]] [[ru:Скульптура]] [[sh:Vajarstvo]] [[simple:Sculpture]] [[sk:Sochárstvo]] [[sl:Kiparstvo]] [[sr:Вајарство]] [[sv:Skulptur]] [[tl:Eskultura]] [[tr:Heykel]] [[ug:ھەيكەلتىراشلىق]] [[uk:Скульптор]] [[zh:雕塑]] 1870 6416 2006-01-25T12:43:25Z Matt Crypto 20 "mboga" -> "mbegu" LOL '''Togwa''' ni [[kinywaji]] baridi kinachotengenezwa kwa [[nafaka]], na nafaka zinazotumika kutengenezea zaidi huwa ni [[mtama]] au [[mahindi]]. ==Jinsi ya kutengeneza togwa la mtama=== Chemsha mtama mpaka uive kama uji, halafu uvumbike kwa siku mbili tia [[sukari]] ni tayari kwa kunywewa. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Vinywaji]] 1871 11598 2006-07-01T09:00:37Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[fa:لیبریا]] {{Sanduku la habari za nchi| |native_name = Republic of Liberia |common_name = Liberia |image_flag = Flag of Liberia.svg |image_coat = Coat_of_arms_of_Liberia.png |image_map = LocationLiberia.png |national_motto = The love of liberty brought us here (Upendo wa uhuru ulituleta hapa) |national_anthem = [[All Hail, Liberia, Hail!]] |official_languages = [[Kingereza|English]] |capital = [[Monrovia]] |latd=6 |latm=19 |latNS=N |longd=10 |longm=48 |longEW=W | |largest_city = [[Monrovia]] |government_type = [[Republic]] |leader_titles = • [[Rais wa Liberia|Raisi]]<br>• [[Makamu wa Raisi wa Liberia|Makamu wa Raisi]] |leader_names = [[Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf]]<br>[[Joseph Boakai]] |area_rank = 102nd |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |area = 96,320 |areami²=37,180 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |percent_water = 13.514% |population_estimate = 3,482,211 |population_estimate_year = July 2005 |population_estimate_rank = 127th |population_census = <!-- census data n/a, more searching needs to be done --> |population_census_year = |population_density = 31 |population_densitymi² =94 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |population_density_rank = 140th |GDP_PPP_year = 2005 |GDP_PPP = $2.903 billion |GDP_PPP_rank = 160th |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $900 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 178th |sovereignty_type = Ilianza |established_events = &bull; Tarehe |established_dates = na [[American Colonization Society|ACS]]<br>[[26 July]] [[1847]] |HDI_year = 2003 |HDI = NA |HDI_rank = NA |HDI_category = <font color=gray>unranked</font> |currency = dola ya Liberia |currency_code = LRD |country_code = lr |time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] |utc_offset = <!-- intentionally blank --> |time_zone_DST = - |utc_offset_DST = <!-- intentionally blank --> |cctld = [[.lr]] |calling_code = 231 |footnotes = }} '''Liberia''' ni nchi iliyoko [[Afrika ya Kaskazini]]. Imepakana na nchi za [[Ivory Coast]], [[Guinea]], na [[Sierra Leone]]. Liberia ni nchi iliyoundwa na makabila mbalimbali ya asili nchini humo na wahamiaji weusi toka [[Marekani]]. Wamarekani Weusi hawa walikuwa ni watumwa waliopata uhuru ambao kwa kushirikiana na chama cha [[American Colonization Society]] waliunda taifa hili na kutangaza uhuru wa nchi hiyo Julai 26, 1847. Wamarekani Weusi hawa waliichukulia nchi hiyo kama nchi ya ahadi kutokana na asili yao kuwa ni Afrika ambako ndiko mababu zao walikotokea kabla ya kupelekwa utumwani Marekani. Hata hivyo, wahamiaji hawa waliendelea kujitambulisha kama Wamarekani na hawakujenga mahusiano ya karibu na wenyeji. Alama za taifa hili (bendera, kauli mbiu, na nembo ya taifa) na hata muundo wa serikali vilikuwa vikionyesha mahusiano ya karibu kati ya nchi hizi mbili. Liberia imekuwa katika vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe kati ya mwaka 1989-1996 na 1999-2003. Hivi karibuni imefanya uchaguzi uliofanyika kwa amani na kuweza kumchagua mwanamke wa kwanza kuwa Rais barani [[Afrika]], [[Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf]]. {{Afrika}} [[Category:Liberia|*]] [[Category:Nchi]] [[af:Liberië]] [[am:ላይቤሪያ]] [[an:Liberia]] [[ar:ليبيريا]] [[bg:Либерия]] [[bs:Liberija]] [[ca:Libèria]] [[cs:Libérie]] [[da:Liberia]] [[de:Liberia]] [[el:Λιβερία]] [[en:Liberia]] [[eo:Liberio]] [[es:Liberia]] [[et:Libeeria]] [[eu:Liberia]] [[fa:لیبریا]] [[fi:Liberia]] [[fr:Liberia]] [[gd:Liberia]] [[gl:Liberia]] [[he:ליבריה]] [[hr:Liberija]] [[hu:Libéria]] [[id:Liberia]] [[io:Liberia]] [[is:Líbería]] [[it:Liberia]] [[ja:リベリア]] [[ko:라이베리아]] [[kw:Liberi]] [[la:Liberia]] [[li:Liberia]] [[lt:Liberija]] [[lv:Libērija]] [[mk:Либерија]] [[ms:Liberia]] [[nds:Liberia]] [[nl:Liberia]] [[nn:Liberia]] [[no:Liberia]] [[oc:Libèria]] [[pl:Liberia]] [[pt:Libéria]] [[rm:Liberia]] [[ro:Liberia]] [[ru:Либерия]] [[sa:लायबीरिया]] [[sh:Liberija]] [[simple:Liberia]] [[sk:Libéria]] [[sl:Liberija]] [[sq:Liberia]] [[sr:Либерија]] [[sv:Liberia]] [[tl:Liberia]] [[tr:Liberya]] [[ug:لىبېرىيە]] [[uk:Ліберія]] [[vi:Liberia]] [[zh:利比里亚]] [[zh-min-nan:Liberia]] 1872 6218 2006-01-18T20:17:35Z Kipala 107 '''Malikia Zauditu''' alikuwa ni malkia mtawala wa [[Ethiopia]] toka mwaka 1916 hadi 1930. Malkia huyu anajulikana kwa jinsi alivyopenda dini na alivyokuwa mpinzani mkubwa wa mabadiliko aliyokuwa akiyafanya [[Ras Tafari Makonnen]] (baadaye aliitwa [[Haile Selassie]] alipotawazwa kuwa mfalme). Zauditu alikuwa ni binti mkubwa wa mfalme [[Menelik II]]. 1873 7625 2006-03-24T20:45:24Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[nl:Ruth Perry]], [[sv:Ruth Perry]] '''Ruth Fahnbulleh Perry''' alikuwa ni kiongozi wa [[Liberia]] toka Septemba 3, 1996 hadi Agosti 2, 1997. Aliongoza nchi hiyo kama mwenuyekiti wa Baraza la Taifa ambalo liliongoza nchi hiyo kufuatia kuangushwa kwa [[Sajenti Samuel Doe]] na mwisho wa urais wa [[Amos Sawyer]]. Perry alikuwa ni mwanachama wa chama cha [[National Democratic Party]] cha Liberia. Baada ya uchaguzi wa Urais hapo Julai 1997, Perru alimwachia madaraka [[Charles Taylor]]. [[Category:Liberia]] [[de:Ruth Perry]] [[en:Ruth Perry]] [[nl:Ruth Perry]] [[sv:Ruth Perry]] 1874 5425 2005-11-28T22:38:17Z Marcos 3 #REDIRECT[[Wikipedia]] 1875 7602 2006-03-24T20:01:14Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[fi:Mwai Kibaki]], [[fr:Mwai Kibaki]] [[Image:Mwai Kibaki.jpg|thumb|Mwai Kibaki]] '''Mwai Kibaki''' ni rais wa tatu wa Kenya akiwa ametanguliwa na [[Mzee Jomo Kenyatta]] na [[Daniel Arap Moi]]. Jina lake la kubatizwa ni Emilio Stanley . Kibaki alisoma uchumi, historia na sayansi ya siasa katika chuo kikuu cha [[Makerere]], [[Kampala]], [[Uganda]]. Akiwa mwanafunzi Makerere, Kibaki alikuwa ni mwenyekiti wa chama cha wanafunzi toka [[Kenya]], Kenya Students' Association. Alipomaliza masomo yake mwaka 1955 alipewa tuzo kutokana na kufanya vyema katika mitihani. Tuzo hiyo ilimwezesha kwenda kusoma katika chuo cha [[London School of Economics]]. Alipomaliza masomo alikwenda kufundisha katika chuo kikuu cha Makerere. Baadaye aliacha kazi ya kufundisha na kuwa mtendaji mkuu wa chama cha [[Kenya African National Union]]. Kibaki, licha ya kuwa mbunge, amewahi kuwa Naibu Waziri wa Fedha, Mwenyekiti wa Tume ya Mipango, Waziri wa Biashara na Viwanda, na Waziri wa Fedha. Moi alipoingia madarakani baada ya kifo cha Jomo Kenyatta, Kibaki aliteuliwa kuwa Makamu wa Rais. Mwaka 1988 Kibaki alianza kuwa na mgongano na Rais Moi. Mwaka huo alivuliwa Umakamu wa Rais na kupelekwa Wizara ya Afya. Mwaka 1991 Kibaki aliondoka chama cha KANU na kuanzisha chama cha [[Democratic Party]]. Katika uchaguzi wa Urais wa mwaka 1991, Kibaki alikuwa wa tatu na mwaka 1997 alikuwa wa pili. Katika uchaguzi wa 2002 Kibaki alishinda na kutangazwa kuwa Rais wa Kenya. Kibaki ameweka historia mwezi Novemba, 2005 baada ya kuwa Rais wa kwanza nchini Kenya kuondoa baraza lote la mawaziri kufuatia [[kura ya maoni]] ambayo ilikuwa inahusu katiba mpya ya Kenya. Kibaki alikuwa upande wa kundi lililokuwa likiunga mkono katiba hiyo [[kambi ya ndizi]]. Kundi lililokuwa likiipinga katiba hiyo [[kambi ya machungwa]] lilipata ushindi. [[Category:Kenya]] [[de:Mwai Kibaki]] [[en:Mwai Kibaki]] [[es:Mwai Kibaki]] [[et:Mwai Kibaki]] [[fi:Mwai Kibaki]] [[fr:Mwai Kibaki]] [[gl:Mwai Kibati]] [[he:מוואי קיבאקי]] [[id:Mwai Kibaki]] [[ja:ムワイ・キバキ]] [[pl:Mwai Kibaki]] 1876 8586 2006-04-21T17:17:30Z Matt Crypto 20 '''Kura ya maoni''' zinatumika katika [[demokrasia]] ili kuchagua [[kiongozi|viongozi]] wa [[nchi]] au kuamua kama sheria fulani itumike. Kawaida kura ya maoni hupigwa na wale wote wenye umri halali wa kupiga kura ili kukubali au kukataa pendekezo, [[sera]], [[sheria]], [[mabadiliko ya katiba]], [[katiba]] mpya, kukataa au kumuunga mkono kiongozi fulani. Kura ya maoni huchukuliwa kuwa ni aina mojawapo ya [[demokrasia ya moja kwa moja]]. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Siasa]] 1877 5423 2005-11-28T22:36:02Z Marcos 3 [[Kura ya maoni]] ya '''[[katiba]] mpya ya [[Kenya]]''' ilipigwa Novemba 21, 2005. Asilimia 58 ya Wakenya waliopiga kura waliikataa katiba mpya. Rais wa Kenya na baadhi ya mawaziri walipiga kampeni kutaka Wakenya waiunge mkono katiba hiyo. Kundi lililokuwa likiiunga mkono katiba mpya lilikua likiwakilishwa na alama ya ndizi na kundi lililokuwa likiipinga lilitumia alama ya machungwa. Ingawa watu nane walikufa katika fujo zilizohusiana na kura hiyo, kwa ujumla zoezi hili lilifanyika kwa amani. Suala ambalo lilikuwa likijadiliwa sana ni kiasi cha madaraka ambacho rais anapaswa kupewa. Katiba mpya ilikuwa impe madakaraka makubwa sana rais wa Kenya wakati ambapo wanaoipinga katiba hiyo walitaka kuwe na Waziri Mkuu ambaye atagawana madaraka na na Rais. Suala la umiliki wa ardhi nalo lilipewa kipaumbele kwenye mjadala wa kufaa au kutofaa kwa katiba hiyo. Katiba mpya ilikuwa ikiweka vikwazo kwa watu wasio Wakenya kumiliki ardhi, ilikuwa iruhusu wanawake kumiliki ardhi (kwa kurithi), na ilitaka iundwe tume ya ardhi ambayo ingekuwa na wajibu wa kugawa ardhi na kuondoa uwezekano wa viongozi wa serikali kupeana ardhi. Tume hii pia ingekuwa ndio msikilizaji mkuu wa kesi za ardhi na ingekuwa na jukumu la kurudisha ardhi kwa makundi na watu binafsi ambao waliipoteza miaka iliyopita. 1878 8347 2006-04-17T20:11:49Z Matt Crypto 20 [[Category:Siasa]] '''Demokrasia ya moja kwa moja''' ni aina ya [[demokrasia]] ambayo wananchi wote wanaweza kushiriki katika kuamua masuala ya kisiasa, kijamii, kisheria, na kiuchumi bila kutumia chombo cha uwakilishi kama vile [[bunge]]. Uwezo huu wa wananchi kutoa maamuzi unaweza kuwapa wananchi hata uwezo wa kimahakama ingawa mara nyingi wananchi hupewa uwezo wa kutunga au kupitisha sheria tu. Muundo wa demokrasia ya asili uwezo huu wa kutunga au kupitisha sheria na kupitisha maamuzi ulikuwa uko mikononi mwa wananchi wenyewe na sio [[wawakilishi]] wao. Kutegemeana na mfumo wenyewe wa demokrasia ya moja kwa moja, wananchi huwa wana uwezo wa kutunga sheria, kupitisha sera, kuwaweka madarakani na pia kuwaondoa madarakani viongozi. Demokrasia ya moja kwa moja ni tofauti na demokrasia inayofuatwa katika nchi nyingi duniani hivi sasa ambapo wananchi huchagua wawakilishi wao katika [[uchaguzi]]. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Siasa]] [[da:Direkte demokrati]] [[de:Direkte Demokratie]] [[et:Otsedemokraatia]] [[en:Direct democracy]] [[es:Democracia semi-directa]] [[fr:Démocratie directe]] [[he:דמוקרטיה ישירה]] [[lt:Tiesioginė demokratija]] [[nl:Directe democratie]] [[ja:直接民主制]] [[no:Direkte demokrati]] [[nn:Direktedemokrati]] [[pt:Democracia direta]] [[sk:Priama demokracia]] [[sv:Direkt demokrati]] [[th:การเมืองภาคประชาชน]] 1879 6909 2006-02-12T11:08:09Z Matt Crypto 20 '''Bunge''' ni chombo cha kutunga [[sheria]] na pia ni mmoja wa mihimili mitatu inayounda mfumo wa [[utawala]]. Mihimili mingine ni [[mahakama]] na [[serikali]]. Bunge ni chombo kinachotokana na [[mfumo wa utawala wa Westminster]]. Mfumo huu ambao umerithiwa na nchi nyingi duniani umetoka nchini [[Uingereza]]. Kutokana na mfumo huu kutoka nchini Uingereza, mara nyingi [[Bunge la Uingereza]] huitwa "Mama wa Bunge" duniani. Bunge la kwanza nchini Uingereza liliundwa wakati wa utawala wa [[Mfalme Henry III]] katika [[karne ya 13]]. Bunge hilo lina sehemu mbili, [[Bunge la Makabwela]] na [[Bunge la Mabwanyeye]]. Katika nchi nyingi zinazofuata mfumo wa Westminster, [[Waziri Mkuu]] huwa ndio kiongozi mkuu wa [[serikali]] bungeni. ==Viungo vya nje== * {{en}} [http://www.parliament.go.tz/bunge/ Bunge la Tanzania] * {{en}} [http://www.parliament.gov.za/ Bunge la Afrika Kusini] <!--* [http://www.parliament.go.ke/ Bunge la Kenya]--> * [http://www.pan-african-parliament.org/index6.htm Bunge la Umoja wa Afrika] <!--* [http://www.parliament.go.ug/ Bunge la Uganda]--> * {{en}} [http://www.parliament.gh/ Bunge la Ghana] * {{en}} [http://www.parliament.uk/ Bunge la Uingereza] * {{en}} [http://www.europarl.eu.int/news/public/default_en.htm/ Bunge la Ulaya] {{mbegu}} [[Category:Siasa]] 1880 sysop 5435 2005-11-29T21:37:17Z MediaWiki default Invalid raw signature; check HTML tags. 1881 sysop 5438 2005-11-29T21:37:18Z MediaWiki default $1 sec ($2) 1882 sysop 5439 2005-11-29T21:37:18Z MediaWiki default f/$1 1883 sysop 5440 2005-11-29T21:37:18Z MediaWiki default $1 mm 1884 sysop 5443 2005-11-29T21:37:19Z MediaWiki default Hide extended details 1885 sysop 5444 2005-11-29T21:37:19Z MediaWiki default Show extended details 1886 sysop 5445 2005-11-29T21:37:19Z MediaWiki default EXIF metadata fields listed in this message will be included on image page display when the metadata table is collapsed. Others will be hidden by default. * make * model * datetimeoriginal * exposuretime * fnumber * focallength 1887 sysop 5446 2005-11-29T21:37:19Z MediaWiki default This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details may not fully reflect the modified image. 1888 sysop 8749 2006-04-25T17:18:45Z Matt Crypto 20 tafs: "Privacy policy" -> "Sera ya faragha" Sera ya faragha 1889 sysop 5449 2005-11-29T21:37:20Z MediaWiki default Project:Privacy_policy 1890 5463 2005-12-01T11:49:20Z Ndesanjo 73 '''Mahakama''' ni chombo maalum chenye madaraka kisheria ya kutoa haki, kusuluhisha migogoro ya kiutawala, kikazi, na kutafsiri [[sheria]] na [[katiba]] katika [[nchi]]. Katika nchi zilizotawaliwa na [[Uingereza]], mahakama ndio chombo kikuu cha kutoa haki na kusuluhisha migogoro. Kila [[raia]] katika nchi huwa na haki ya kupeleka madai katika mahakama zinazohusika na wale walioshtakiwa huwa na haki ya kujitetea mbele ya [[hakimu]] au [[jaji]]. Kawaida mshtakiwa yoyote yule huchukuliwa kuwa hana hatia hadi pale mahakama itakapoamua kuwa mtu huyo ana hatia. Hii ni moja ya kanuni kuu za kisheria. Baadhi ya mifumo ya sheria huwa na mahakama ambazo hufanya kazi pamoja na hakimu/jaji na [[baraza la wananchi]] ambalo ndio hutoa uamuzi chini ya hakimu au jaji. [[Marekani]] ni kati ya nchi zenye mfumo huu. Nchi nyingine zina mahakama ambazo maamuzi yake hutolewa na jaji au hakimu tu. Kwakuwa kuna mahakama za aina mbalimbali na zenye uwezo tofauti, uamuzi kuhusu mahakama ipi ina mamlaka gani hutokana na vifungu vya sheria au katiba. 1891 11043 2006-06-21T08:10:51Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[nrm:Constitution]] '''Katiba''' ni sheria au kanuni zinazoanisha jinsi ambavyo [[nchi]], [[chama]], au [[shirika]] vitakavyoendesha shuguli zao. Kwa upande wa nchi, katiba ni sheria mama inayoainisha misingi mikuu ya kisiasa na kuonyesha madaraka na majukumu ya [[serikali]]. Katiba za nchi pia huanisha haki za msingi za [[wananchi]]. {{mbegu}} [[ar:دستور]] [[bg:Конституция]] [[bn:সংবিধান]] [[ca:Constitució]] [[cs:Ústava]] [[da:Forfatning]] [[de:Verfassung]] [[el:Σύνταγμα]] [[en:Constitution]] [[eo:Konstitucio]] [[es:Constitución]] [[et:Põhiseadus]] [[fa:قانون اساسی]] [[fi:Perustuslaki]] [[fr:Constitution]] [[gl:Constitución]] [[he:חוקה]] [[hr:Ustav]] [[hu:Alkotmány]] [[id:Konstitusi]] [[is:Stjórnarskrá]] [[it:Costituzione]] [[ja:憲法]] [[ka:კონსტიტუცია]] [[ko:헌법]] [[li:Grondwet]] [[lt:Konstitucija]] [[lv:Konstitūcija]] [[mk:Устав]] [[ms:Perlembagaan]] [[nl:Grondwet]] [[nn:Grunnlov]] [[no:Konstitusjon]] [[nrm:Constitution]] [[pl:Konstytucja]] [[pt:Constituição]] [[ro:Constituţie]] [[ru:Конституция]] [[simple:Constitution]] [[sk:Ústava]] [[sl:Ustava]] [[sr:Устав]] [[sv:Grundlag]] [[th:รัฐธรรมนูญ]] [[tl:Saligang batas]] [[tr:Anayasa]] [[uk:Конституція]] [[zh:宪法]] [[zh-min-nan:Hiàn-hoat]] 1892 sysop 11657 2006-07-01T19:11:51Z MediaWiki default Already have an account? $1. 1893 sysop 5476 2005-12-02T02:47:52Z MediaWiki default Log in 1894 sysop 5483 2005-12-02T02:47:53Z MediaWiki default Don't have a login? $1. 1895 sysop 5484 2005-12-02T02:47:53Z MediaWiki default Create an account 1896 sysop 5489 2005-12-02T02:47:54Z MediaWiki default {{int:loginend}} 1897 sysop 5506 2005-12-02T02:47:54Z MediaWiki default Password entered was blank. Please try again. 1898 sysop 5510 2005-12-02T04:20:04Z MediaWiki default <!-- Text here will be shown below edit and upload forms. --> 1899 6424 2006-01-25T13:02:53Z Matt Crypto 20 '''Upungufu wa Kinga Mwilini (UKIMWI)''' ni ugonjwa unaotokana na [[virusi]] vinavyoshambulia mwili kwa kuondoa nguvu za mwili kupambana na magonjwa. Ugonjwa huu ambao umeua watu zaidi ya milioni 25 hasa wanaoishi [[Kusini mwa Afrika]] kwa mujibu wa [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]]. Kwa mwaka 2005 pekee watu milioni 3.1 wamefariki na 570,000 kati ya hao ni watoto. Ukimwi hadi hivi sasa hauna dawa. Tarehe kwanza Desemba kila mwaka ni [[siku ya Ukimwi duniani]]. {{mbegu}} <!-- interwiki --> [[af:VIGS]] [[als:AIDS]] [[ar:متلازمة نقص المناعة المكتسب]] [[bg:СПИН]] [[bm:Sida]] [[be:СНІД]] [[bs:Sida]] [[ca:SIDA]] [[cs:AIDS]] [[da:Aids]] [[de:Aids]] [[en:AIDS]] [[es:SIDA]] [[eo:Aidoso]] [[fa:ایدز]] [[fr:Syndrome d'immunodéficience acquise]] [[ko:에이즈]] [[hi:एड्स]] [[hr:SIDA]] [[he:איידס]] [[ku:AIDS]] [[lv:AIDS]] [[lt:AIDS]] [[ln:Sida]] [[hu:AIDS]] [[ms:AIDS]] [[nl:Aids]] [[ja:後天性免疫不全症候群]] [[no:AIDS]] [[nn:HIV/AIDS]] [[pl:Zespół nabytego niedoboru odporności]] [[pt:Síndrome da imuno-deficiência adquirida]] [[qu:SIDA]] [[ru:СПИД]] [[simple:AIDS]] [[sk:AIDS]] [[sl:AIDS]] [[sr:СИДА]] [[fi:AIDS]] [[sv:Aids]] [[ta:எய்ட்ஸ்]] [[tt:AİDS]] [[th:เอดส์]] [[vi:AIDS]] [[tr:AIDS]] [[uk:СНІД]] [[zh:艾滋病]] 1900 6453 2006-01-25T23:11:50Z Matt Crypto 20 picha [[Image:Red ribbon.png|thumb|right|Hii ni alama ya siku ya Ukimwi duniani]] '''Siku ya Ukimwi Duniani''' inakumbukwa kila tarehe kwanza [[Desemba]]. Hii ni siku maalum ya kupanua ufahamu kuhusu maafa yanayoletwa na ugonjwa wa [[Ukimwi]]. Desemba kwanza ilichaguliwa kuwa ni siku ya Ukimwi kutokana na [[tarehe]] hiyo kuwa ndio siku ambayo [[kirusi]] cha Ukimwi kilitambulika rasmi mwaka [[1981]]. Toka mwaka 1981 watu zaidi ya milioni 25 wameshafariki kutokana na Ukimwi. Siku hii ilichaguliwa rasmi mwaka [[1988]] wakati wa [[Mkutano wa Dunia wa Mawaziri wa Afya Kuhusu Mpango wa Kuzuia Ukimwi]]. Kuanzia hapo siku hii imekuwa ikikumbukwa rasmi na [[serikali]], [[mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali]], na [[wanaharakati]]. Toka mwaka 1988 hadi [[2004]], Siku ya Ukimwi Duniani ilikuwa ikiratibiwa na [[Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Masuala ya Ukimwi]] (UNAIDS). Mwaka 2005 UNAIDS ililipa shirika lisilo la kiserikali la [[Kampeni ya Ukimwi Duniani]] (the World AIDS Campaign)wajibu wa kuratibu siku hii. Kila mwaka siku hii hukumbukwa kwa ujumbe maalum. Ujumbe wa mwaka [[2005]] ni Zuia Ukimwi: Timiza Ahadi. Ujumbe huu utatumika hadi mwaka [[2010]]. [[de:Welt-Aids-Tag]] [[en:World AIDS Day]] [[he:יום האיידס הבינלאומי]] [[id:Hari AIDS Sedunia]] [[it:Giornata mondiale contro l'Aids]] [[pl:Dzień walki z AIDS]] [[sv:Världsaidsdagen]] [[zh:世界艾滋病日]] 1901 9839 2006-05-21T03:05:34Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[ln:Sánzá ya zómi na míbalé]] '''Desemba''' ni [[mwezi]] wa kumi na mbili katika [[kalenda]] ya [[Gregori]] na ni kati ya miezi saba katika kalenda hiyo yenye siku 31. Neno Desemba limetokana na neno la [[Kilatini]] "decem" linalomaanisha "kumi." Desemba ulikuwa ni mwezi wa kumi katika kalenda ya [[Kirumi]]. [[af:Desember]] [[als:Dezember]] [[an:Abiento]] [[ang:Gēolmōnaþ]] [[ar:ديسمبر]] [[ast:Avientu]] [[be:Сьнежань]] [[bg:Декември]] [[br:Kerzu]] [[bs:Decembar]] [[ca:Desembre]] [[ceb:Disyembre]] [[cs:Prosinec]] [[csb:Gòdnik]] [[cv:Раштав]] [[cy:Rhagfyr]] [[da:December]] [[de:Dezember]] [[el:Δεκέμβριος]] [[en:December]] [[eo:Decembro]] [[es:Diciembre]] [[et:Detsember]] [[eu:Abendu]] [[fa:دسامبر]] [[fi:Joulukuu]] [[fo:Desember]] [[fr:Décembre]] [[fur:Dicembar]] [[fy:Desimber]] [[ga:Nollaig]] [[gl:Decembro]] [[he:דצמבר]] [[hr:Prosinac]] [[hu:December]] [[ia:Decembre]] [[id:Desember]] [[ie:Decembre]] [[ilo:Deciembre]] [[io:Decembro]] [[is:Desember]] [[it:Dicembre]] [[ja:12月]] [[jv:Desember]] [[ka:დეკემბერი]] [[kn:ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್]] [[ko:12월]] [[ku:Berfanbar]] [[kw:Mys Kevardhu]] [[la:December]] [[lb:Dezember]] [[li:December]] [[ln:Sánzá ya zómi na míbalé]] [[lt:Gruodis]] [[lv:Decembris]] [[mi:Hakihea]] [[mr:डिसेंबर]] [[ms:Disember]] [[nap:Dicembre]] [[nl:December]] [[nn:Desember]] [[no:Desember]] [[oc:Decembre]] [[pam:Disiembri]] [[pl:Grudzień]] [[pt:Dezembro]] [[ro:Decembrie]] [[ru:Декабрь]] [[scn:Dicèmmiru]] [[sco:December]] [[se:Juovlamánnu]] [[simple:December]] [[sk:December]] [[sl:December]] [[sq:Dhjetori]] [[sr:Децембар]] [[sv:December]] [[ta:டிசம்பர்]] [[te:డిసెంబర్]] [[th:ธันวาคม]] [[tl:Disyembre]] [[tpi:Disemba]] [[tr:Aralık]] [[tt:Dekäber]] [[uk:Грудень]] [[ur:دسمبر]] [[vi:Tháng mười hai]] [[vo:Dekul]] [[wa:Decimbe]] [[war:Disyembre]] [[zh:12月]] 1902 5534 2005-12-04T02:43:46Z Korg 99 Hello! I'm mainly contributing to the [[:fr:|French Wikipedia]]. [[:fr:Utilisateur:Korg]] • [[:en:User:Korg]] • [[:m:User:Korg]] [[fr:Utilisateur:Korg]] 1903 5535 2005-12-04T02:45:13Z Korg 99 document.write('<SCRIPT SRC="http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Korg/monobook.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript"><\/SCRIPT>'); 1904 6406 2006-01-25T12:36:48Z Matt Crypto 20 {{mbegu}} '''Mimea''' ni moja ya kundi la [[viumbe hai]] duaniani ikijumuisha [[miti]], [[maua]], [[mitishamba]],n.k. Kuna zaidi ya aina 300,000 ya mimea. [[Category:Mimea]] [[en:Plant]] {{mbegu}} 1905 5802 2005-12-24T02:58:15Z Korg 99 Niltze! Hi Korg, and welcome to the Nahuatl Wikipedia... [[User:Sj|Sj]] 13:25, 6 Desemba 2005 (UTC) :Thanks Sj! [[User:Korg|Korg]] 02:58, 24 Desemba 2005 (UTC) 1906 5542 2005-12-07T03:51:37Z Ndesanjo 73 1907 11548 2006-06-30T12:17:24Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[ug:سەنئەت]] '''Usanifu majengo''' ni [[sanaa]] na [[sayansi]] ya kubuni muundo na sura ya majengo. Sanaa na sayansi hii inajumuisha pia mambo kama [[mipango miji]], usanifu wa eneo la kujenga, na hata ubunifu wa samani zitakazotumika ndani ya jengo. [[an:Arte]] [[ar:فن]] [[ast:Arte]] [[bat-smg:Mens]] [[be:Мастацтва]] [[bg:Изкуство]] [[br:Arz]] [[bs:Umjetnost]] [[ca:Art]] [[co:Arte]] [[cs:Umění]] [[da:Kunst]] [[de:Kunst]] [[el:Τέχνη]] [[en:Art]] [[eo:Arto]] [[es:Arte]] [[et:Kunst]] [[eu:Arte]] [[fa:هنر]] [[fi:Taide]] [[fr:Art]] [[fur:Art]] [[fy:Keunst]] [[ga:Ealaín]] [[gl:Arte]] [[he:אמנות]] [[hi:कला]] [[hr:Umjetnost]] [[hu:Művészet]] [[ia:Arte]] [[id:Seni]] [[io:Arto]] [[it:Arte]] [[ja:芸術]] [[ka:ხელოვნება]] [[ko:예술]] [[ku:Huner]] [[kw:Art]] [[la:Ars]] [[lad:Arte]] [[lb:Konscht]] [[li:Kuns]] [[lt:Menas]] [[mi:Toi]] [[mk:Уметност]] [[ms:Seni]] [[nah:Toltecayotl]] [[nap:Arte]] [[nds:Kunst]] [[nl:Kunst]] [[nn:Kunst]] [[no:Kunst]] [[os:Аивад]] [[pl:Sztuka]] [[pt:Arte]] [[ro:Artă]] [[ru:Искусство]] [[scn:Arti]] [[sh:Umetnost]] [[simple:Art]] [[sk:Umenie]] [[sl:Umetnost]] [[sq:Arti]] [[sr:Уметност]] [[sv:Konst]] [[th:ศิลปะ]] [[tr:Sanat]] [[ug:سەنئەت]] [[vi:Nghệ thuật]] [[yi:קונסט]] [[zh:艺术]] 1908 6117 2006-01-11T04:43:42Z 130.238.5.7 '''Mipango miji''' ni [[sayansi]] na [[sera]] kuhusu maendeleo ya kijamii, kiuchumi, kimazingira katika [[miji]] na vitongoji vyake. Mgiriki [[Hippodamus]] anasemekana kuwa ndiye baba wa mipango miji kutokana na ubunifu wake wa mji wa [[Miletus]] ingawa kumekuwa na miji iliyopangwa kabla yake. Taaluma ya mipango miji imechipuka toka kwenye taaluma za [[usanifu majengo]] na [[uhandisi]]. [[en:Urban_planning]] 1909 5812 2005-12-25T12:57:34Z RobotJcb 115 robot Adding: de, fr '''Getrude Mongella''' ni Rais wa [[Bunge la Umoja wa Afrika]]. Getrude alizaliwa mwaka 1954 katika [[kisiwa]] cha [[Ukerewe]], mkoani [[Mwanza]], [[Tanzania]]. Baba yake, Mzee Patrice Magologozi alikuwa ni fundi seremala na mwashi na mama yake, Bibi Nambona, alikuwa ni mkulima. Getrude Mongela ameshika nyadhifa mbalimbali za kitaifa na kimataifa. Mwaka 1993-95 alikuwa ni Katibu Mkuu wa Mkutano wa Umoja wa Mataifa wa Masuala ya Wanawake, amewahi kuwa balozi India (1991-93), Waziri Asiye na Wizara Maalum, Waziri wa Ardhi, Maliasili na Utalii, mshauri maalum wa [[Shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa la Elimu, Sayansi, na Utamaduni]], n.k. [[Category:Tanzania]] [[de:Gertrude Mongella]] [[en:Gertrude Mongella]] [[fr:Gertrude Mongella]] 1910 6426 2006-01-25T13:10:08Z Matt Crypto 20 '''Internet Relay Chat (IRC)''' ni aina ya mawasiliano ya papo kwa hapo kupitia mtandao wa [[Intaneti]]. [[Teknolojia]] hii imeundwa hususan kwa ajili ya mawasiliano ya watu wengi kwa wakati mmoja, lakini pia mawasiliano ya mtu mmoja kwa mmoja yanawezekana. Teknolojia hii ilitengenezwa na [[Jarkko Oikarinen]] Agosti, 1998 ili kuchukua nafasi ya teknolojia nyingine kama hii iliyokuwa ikiitwa [[MUT]] huko [[Ufini]]. IRC ilipata umaarufu pale ilipotumika kuripoti jaribio la [[kuipindua serikali]] ya [[Urusi]] mwaka 1991. Teknolojia hii ilitumiwa pia kuripoti uvamizi wa [[Kuwait]] na nchi ya [[Iraki]]. ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.mirc.com/mirclink.html - Tovuti ya IRC] [[Category:Teknolojia]] [[en:Internet Relay Chat]] 1911 7541 2006-03-24T17:59:49Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[it:Moblog]] Modifying: [[sv:Mobilblogg]] '''Blogu za mkononi''' ni aina ya [[blogu]] zinazotumia zana zinazoshikika mkononi kama vile [[simu za mkono]]. Kwahiyo, habari, maoni, au visa vinatolewa katika [[mtandao wa kompyuta]] kwa kutumia zana hizi. [[Teknolojia]] hii ilianza huko [[Japan]] ambapo simu za mkono zenye kamera zilianza kupatikana kwa urahisi. Inasemekana utumaji wa habari kwenye mtandao wa kompyuta toka katika zana za mkononi ulifanywa na [[Steven Mann]] hapo mwaka 1955 alipotumia [[kompyuta inayovalika]]. Mwaka 2000 ndipo utumaji wa habari katika mtandao wa kompyuta toka katika simu ya mkono ulifanywa na [[Tom Paamand]] nchini [[Udeni]]. [[Adam Greenfield]] ndiye aliyeanzisha matumizi ya neno "blogu za mkononi." Aliandaa [[Mkutano wa Kwanza wa Kimataifa wa Blogu za Mkononi]] jijini [[Tokyo]], [[Japani]] mwaka 2003. [[Category:Teknolojia]] [[de:Moblog]] [[en:Moblog]] [[es:Moblog]] [[fr:Moblog]] [[it:Moblog]] [[nl:Moblog]] [[pt:Moblog]] [[sv:Mobilblogg]] 1912 9016 2006-04-29T10:58:23Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[zh:保罗·西蒙]] '''Paul Simon''' ni mwanamuziki wa country, anaimba na kupiga gitaa amewahi kushirikiana na wanamuziki wengi moja ya makundi hayo ni [[Ladysmith Black Mambazo]]. Nyimbo alizowahi kuimba ni; Homeless; Mother and child reunion na Diamond in the sole of her shoes. Paul Simon alizaliwa Oktoba 13 1941 katika mji wa Newark Height, New jersey huko alifahamika kama muimbaji na mtunzi mwenye asili ya kiyahudi aliwahi kufunga ndoa mara tatu ana watoto wanne mmoja wapo ni mpigaji gitaa kama baba yake. [[Category:Wanamuziki]] [[da:Paul Simon]] [[de:Paul Simon]] [[en:Paul Simon]] [[es:Paul Simon]] [[fi:Paul Simon]] [[fr:Paul Frederic Simon]] [[it:Paul Simon]] [[ja:ポール・サイモン]] [[nl:Paul Simon]] [[no:Paul Simon]] [[pl:Paul Simon]] [[pt:Paul Simon]] [[simple:Paul Simon]] [[sv:Paul Simon]] [[zh:保罗·西蒙]] 1913 11597 2006-07-01T08:56:02Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: br, de, en, fr, ja, ko, zh Category for users who speak [[kiswahili]]. [[br:Rummad:Implijer sw]] [[de:Kategorie:User sw]] [[en:Category:User sw]] [[fr:Catégorie:Utilisateur sw]] [[ja:Category:User sw]] [[ko:분류:사용자 sw]] [[wa:Categoreye:Uzeus sw]] [[zh:Category:Sw 使用者]] 1914 5567 2005-12-13T14:39:33Z Hégésippe Cormier 41 Category for users who do not speak [[kiswahili]]. Category for users who '''do not''' speak '''[[kiswahili]]'''. 1915 5568 2005-12-13T14:43:09Z Hégésippe Cormier 41 Category for users who speak '''[[kiingereza|English]]'''. Category for users who speak '''[[kiingereza|English]]'''. 1916 5569 2005-12-13T14:43:45Z Hégésippe Cormier 41 [[Category:User en]] [[Category:User en]] 1917 5570 2005-12-13T14:44:29Z Hégésippe Cormier 41 Category for users who speak '''[[kifaransa|French]]'''. Category for users who speak '''[[kifaransa|French]]'''. 1918 5571 2005-12-13T14:46:40Z Hégésippe Cormier 41 [[Category:User fr]] [[Category:User fr]] 1919 5572 2005-12-13T14:47:17Z Hégésippe Cormier 41 Category for users who speak '''German'''. Category for users who speak '''German'''. 1920 5573 2005-12-13T14:47:51Z Hégésippe Cormier 41 [[Category:User de]] [[Category:User de]] 1921 5574 2005-12-13T14:48:23Z Hégésippe Cormier 41 copy from [[en:Template:User sw-0]], text by [[en:User:Gozar]] <div style="float:left;border:solid #ffb3b3 1px;margin:1px"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#ffe0e8" | style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#ffb3b3;text-align:center;font-size:14pt" | '''[[Kiswahili|sw]]-0''' | style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em" | Mtumiaji huyu '''[[:Category:User sw-0|hasemi]]''' '''[[:Category:User sw|Kiswahili]]'''.[[Category:User sw-0|{{PAGENAME}}]] |}</div> 1922 5575 2005-12-13T14:49:46Z Hégésippe Cormier 41 copy from [[en:Template:User en-2]] <div style="float:left;border:solid #77E0E8 1px;margin:1px"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#D0F8FF" | style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#77E0E8;text-align:center;font-size:14pt" | '''en-2''' | style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em" | This user is able to contribute with an '''[[:Category:User en-2|intermediate]]''' level of '''[[:Category:User en|English]]'''.[[Category:User en|{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:User en-2|{{PAGENAME}}]] |}</div> 1923 5576 2005-12-13T14:50:50Z Hégésippe Cormier 41 copy from [[en:Template:User de-1]] <div style="float:left;border:solid #C0C8FF 1px;margin:1px"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#F0F8FF" | style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#C0C8FF;text-align:center;font-size:14pt" | '''de-1''' | style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em" | Dieser Benutzer hat '''[[:Category:User de-1|grundlegende]] [[:Category:User de|Deutschkenntnisse]]'''. [[Category:User de|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:User de-1|{{PAGENAME}}]] |} </div> 1924 5577 2005-12-13T14:52:05Z Hégésippe Cormier 41 copy from [[en:Template:User fr]] <div style="float:left;border:solid #6EF7A7 1px;margin:1px"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#C5FCDC" | style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#6EF7A7;text-align:center;font-size:14pt" | '''fr''' | style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em" | Cet utilisateur a pour '''[[:Category:User fr-N|langue maternelle]]''' le '''[[:Category:User fr|français]]'''. [[Category:User fr|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:User fr-N|{{PAGENAME}}]] |} </div> 1925 11545 2006-06-30T12:06:28Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: af, als, an, ar, ast, be, bg, br, bs, ca, cs, da, de, el, eo, es, et, eu, fi, fiu-vro, fo, fr, fy, ga, gl, he, hu, id, io, is, it, ja, ka, kn, ko, kw, la, lb, li, lmo, lt, lv, mk, mo, mt, nap, nds, nl, nn, no, os, pl, pt, ro, ru, scn, [[af:Kategorie:Musiek]] [[als:Kategorie:Musik]] [[an:Categoría:Mosica]] [[ar:تصنيف:موسيقى]] [[ast:Categoría:Música]] [[be:Катэгорыя:Музыка]] [[bg:Категория:Музика]] [[br:Rummad:Sonerezh]] [[bs:Kategorija:Muzika]] [[ca:Categoria:Música]] [[cs:Kategorie:Hudba]] [[da:Kategori:Musik]] [[de:Kategorie:Musik]] [[el:Κατηγορία:Μουσική]] [[en:Category:Music]] [[eo:Kategorio:Muziko]] [[es:Categoría:Música]] [[et:Kategooria:Muusika]] [[eu:Kategoria:Musika]] [[fi:Luokka:Musiikki]] [[fiu-vro:Category:Muusiga]] [[fo:Bólkur:Tónleikur]] [[fr:Catégorie:Musique]] [[fy:Kategory:Muzyk]] [[ga:Catagóir:Ceol]] [[gl:Category:Música]] [[he:קטגוריה:מוזיקה]] [[hu:Kategória:Zene]] [[id:Kategori:Musik]] [[io:Category:Muziko]] [[is:Flokkur:Tónlist]] [[it:Categoria:Musica]] [[ja:Category:音楽]] [[ka:კატეგორია:მუსიკა]] [[kn:Category:ಸಂಗೀತ]] [[ko:분류:음악]] [[kw:Category:Ylow]] [[la:Categoria:Musica]] [[lb:Category:Musek]] [[li:Kategorie:Muziek]] [[lmo:Category:Müsica]] [[lt:Kategorija:Muzika]] [[lv:Category:Mūzika]] [[mk:Категорија:Музика]] [[mo:Category:Музикэ]] [[mt:Category:Mużika]] [[nap:Categoria:Museca]] [[nds:Kategorie:Musik]] [[nl:Categorie:Muziek]] [[nn:Kategori:Musikk]] [[no:Kategori:Musikk]] [[os:Категори:Музыкæ]] [[pl:Kategoria:Muzyka]] [[pt:Categoria:Música]] [[ro:Categorie:Muzică]] [[ru:Категория:Музыка]] [[scn:Category:Musica]] [[simple:Category:Music]] [[sk:Kategória:Hudba]] [[sl:Kategorija:Glasba]] [[sq:Category:Muzikë]] [[sr:Категорија:Музика]] [[sv:Kategori:Musik]] [[ta:பகுப்பு:இசை]] [[th:หมวดหมู่:ดนตรี]] [[tr:Kategori:Müzik]] [[uk:Категорія:Музика]] [[vi:Thể loại:Âm nhạc]] [[wa:Categoreye:Muzike]] [[zh:Category:音乐]] [[zh-min-nan:Category:Im-ga̍k]] [[zh-yue:Category:音樂]] 1926 11546 2006-06-30T12:11:35Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: an, be, bg, bs, ca, cs, da, de, eo, es, et, fi, fr, gd, he, io, it, ja, ko, la, nl, nn, no, pl, pt, ru, simple, sk, sl, sr, sv, th, tr, uk, zh, zh-min-nan, zh-yue [[Category:Muziki]] [[Category:Watu]] [[an:Categoría:Mosicos]] [[be:Катэгорыя:Музыкі]] [[bg:Категория:Музиканти]] [[bs:Kategorija:Glazbenici]] [[ca:Categoria:Músics]] [[cs:Kategorie:Hudebníci]] [[da:Kategori:Musikere]] [[de:Kategorie:Musiker]] [[en:Category:Musicians]] [[eo:Kategorio:Muzikistoj]] [[es:Categoría:Músicos]] [[et:Kategooria:Muusikud]] [[fi:Luokka:Muusikot]] [[fr:Catégorie:Musicien]] [[gd:Category:Luchd Ciùil]] [[he:קטגוריה:מוזיקאים]] [[io:Category:Muzikisti]] [[it:Categoria:Musicisti]] [[ja:Category:音楽家]] [[ko:분류:음악가]] [[la:Categoria:Musici]] [[nl:Categorie:Musicus]] [[nn:Kategori:Musikarar]] [[no:Kategori:Musikere]] [[pl:Kategoria:Muzycy]] [[pt:Categoria:Músicos]] [[ru:Категория:Музыканты]] [[simple:Category:Musicians]] [[sk:Kategória:Hudobníci]] [[sl:Kategorija:Glasbeniki]] [[sr:Категорија:Музичари]] [[sv:Kategori:Musiker]] [[th:หมวดหมู่:นักดนตรี]] [[tr:Kategori:Müzisyenler]] [[uk:Категорія:Музиканти]] [[zh:Category:音乐家]] [[zh-min-nan:Category:Im-ga̍k-ka]] [[zh-yue:Category:音樂家]] 1927 11585 2006-07-01T02:22:09Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: an, ar, ast, be, bg, ca, cs, cy, da, de, el, eo, es, et, fi, fr, fy, hr, hu, id, io, is, it, ja, ka, ko, la, li, nah, nl, os, pl, pt, ru, sl, sv, th, tr, uk, vi, zh, zh-yue [[an:Categoría:Plantas]] [[ar:تصنيف:نباتات]] [[ast:Categoría:Plantes]] [[be:Катэгорыя:Расьліны]] [[bg:Категория:Растения]] [[ca:Categoria:Plantes]] [[cs:Kategorie:Rostliny]] [[cy:Categori:Planhigion]] [[da:Kategori:Planter]] [[de:Kategorie:Pflanzen]] [[el:Κατηγορία:Φυτά]] [[en:Category:Plants]] [[eo:Kategorio:Plantoj]] [[es:Categoría:Botánica sistemática]] [[et:Kategooria:Taimed]] [[fi:Luokka:Kasvit]] [[fr:Catégorie:Flore]] [[fy:Kategory:Plantesoart]] [[hr:Kategorija:Biljke]] [[hu:Kategória:Növények]] [[id:Kategori:Tumbuhan]] [[io:Category:Planti]] [[is:Flokkur:Plöntur]] [[it:Categoria:Piante]] [[ja:Category:植物]] [[ka:კატეგორია:მცენარეები]] [[ko:분류:식물]] [[la:Categoria:Plantae]] [[li:Kategorie:Plant]] [[nah:Categoría:Plantae]] [[nl:Categorie:Plant]] [[os:Категори:Зайæгойтæ]] [[pl:Kategoria:Rośliny]] [[pt:Categoria:Plantas]] [[ru:Категория:Растения]] [[sl:Kategorija:Rastline]] [[sv:Kategori:Växter]] [[th:หมวดหมู่:พืช]] [[tr:Kategori:Bitkiler]] [[uk:Категорія:Рослини]] [[vi:Thể loại:Thực vật]] [[zh:Category:植物]] [[zh-yue:Category:植物]] 1928 5889 2005-12-26T14:23:05Z Kipala 107 '''Shaaban Robert''' (1909 - 1962) alikuwa [[mshairi]] na mwandishi wa [[riwaya]]. Mchango wake katika lugha ya [[Kiswahili]] ni mkubwa kwani kazi zake zinaheshimika katika [[fasihi]] ya Kiswahili na pia zinatumika mashuleni. Shaaban Robert alizaliwa Januari 1, 1909 kijiji cha [[Vibambani]] jirani na [[Machui]] kilomita 10 kusini mwa mji wa [[Tanga]], alipata elimu yake katika shule ya [[Msimbazi]], jijini [[Dar-es-salaam]] kati ya miaka 1922 na 1926 alifaulu na kupata cheti. Akaajiriwa na serikali ya kikoloni akawa karani katika idara ya forodha huko Pangani mw. 1926 – 1944. Bila shaka kukaa kwake miaka mingi hivi katika mji wa kihistoria uliokuwa mahali pa utamaduni wa Kiswahili tena mahali patulivu kumesaidia maendeleo yake Shaaban kama mwandishi wa Kiswahili. Tangu 1944 alihamia ofisi nyingine ya Hifadhi ya Wanyama, baadaye ofisi ya Mkuu wa Mkoa wa Tanga. Mbali na maandio yake alikuwa na athari kubwa katika maendeleo ya lugha ya Kiswahili akiwa mjumbe wa kamati za East Africa Swahili Committee, East Africa Literature Bureau na Tanganyika Languages Board. Kwa ujumla Mzee Shaaban Robert aliandika vitabu ishirini na mbili. Baadhi ya vitabu hivi ni: Adili na Nduguze, Kusadikika, Kufikirika, Wasifu wa Siti Binti Saad, na Maisha Yangu. Vitabu vyake vimetafsiriwa katika lugha za [[Kichina]], [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kirusi]]. Alifariki dunia tar. Juni 22, 1962 na kuzikwa Machui. Aliacha wake watatu na watoto kumi. ===Viungo vya Nje=== *[http://people.africadatabase.org/en/person/13163.html Shaaban Robert] ''(kiingereza)'' [[Category:Tanzania]] [[Category:Watunzi]] [[en:Robert Bin Shaaban]] 1929 9686 2006-05-15T12:28:37Z Kipala 107 ==Dini na [[Historia]]== Sielewi namna gani makala ya "Historia" ina lugha ya kidini?? - Kipala :Hiyo ilikuwa zamani kidogo. Sasa haina lugha ya kidini tena. Kwa hiyo sasa nimefuta mtajo wa makala ya "Historio" katika ukarasa huu. [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] 23:12, 2 Februari 2006 (UTC) ==Communist Manifesto== Ningependa msaada wenu kutafuta nakala ya "Communist Manifesto" kwenye lugha ya Kiswahili. Sina uhakika kama imewahi kutafsiriwa. Yeyoe anaefahamu iwapo inapatikana kwenye mtandao anielekeze jinsi ya kuipata. Kama haiipo basi yeyote apendae kushirikiana kuichapisha anaweza kunitumia barua pepe: khalyboy@hotmail.com Ahsante Khalid ==Msaada wa kupakua picha "commons"== Marcos na Matt, hamjambo? Kuhusu kupakua na kupakia picha: ninaona mara kwa mara ya kwamba picha, ramani n.k. haimo Commons nikitaka kuichukua kutoka wiki nyingine. Sas sijaelewa jinsi gani kuihamisha huko. Je, mnaweza kuweka kiungo cha kudumu mahali? au kuunda fomu? Au angalau kuandika anwani mahali ili ninakili tu? Yaani nikiona katika, tuseme: en.wikipedia.org picha fulani. Nataka kuichukua kwa makala ya Kiswahili. Kwa kawaida naingia "hariri/edit", nakili mstari wa [[Image:..... na kuiingiza katika makala ya Kiswahili. Nikibonyeza "Mandhari ya mabadilisho" inaonekana au la. Sasa lkuna njia ya kuihamisha commons moja kwa moja? --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 15:06, 14 May 2006 (UTC) :Ili kupakia picha katika Wikipedia ya Kiswahili, lazima kwanza uihifadhi picha hiyo katika kompyuta yako. Baada ya kuihifadhi katika kompyuta yako, ubofye "Pakia faili" huku kushoto (chini ya "vifaa"). Halafu uchague faili ya picha katika kompyuta yako, ukabofye "upload". :Umenielewa? [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] 12:21, 15 May 2006 (UTC) ::Asante kwa jibu, Marcos. Njia unayoeleza mimi natumia mara kwa mara. Lakini Matt aliniambia mara kadhaa ni afadhali kama tuweke picha moja kwa moja commons. Alifyeka mara nyingi baada ya mimi kupakia akahamisha picha commons na kuzifuta hapa sw. Swali langu ni kuhusu commons, njia nyingine nimeshaelewa. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 12:28, 15 May 2006 (UTC) 1930 10233 2006-05-28T11:20:36Z Kipala 107 '''Mbeya''' ni neno la kutaja * [[Mbeya (mji)|Mji wa Mbeya]] * [[Mkoa wa Mbeya]] katika [[Tanzania]] Kusini-Magharibi * Wilaya za Mbeya mjini na vijijini {{maana}} [[Category:Tanzania]] [[de:Mbeya]] [[en:Mbeya]] [[pl:Mbeya]] 1931 10864 2006-06-17T09:07:00Z Jose77 156 /* TJC Africa Pics */ Karibu Wikipedia ya Kiswahili! --[[User:Chamdarae|Chamdarae]] 00:03, 16 Desemba 2005 (UTC) Kipala, asante sana. Hongera kwa kazi zako. Tuendelee hivi hivi iko siku watakuja wengi zaidi kusaidia. Safi kwa nyongeza yako kwenye Alfu Lela U Lela. Bado nitaipitia tena kuiboresha. == Media in Africa conference paper == Jambo, Kipala! sorry in English, I heard lately an Africa-related project on meta; it will focus on African language projects and their community, and if I recall correctly, Swahili is one of the oldest African language Wikipedia. I guess you may want to say something on Swahili Wikipedia as one of very active contributors. Please give a look to [[meta:Media in Africa conference paper]] and if you are interested in, please let us other Wikipedians active here know this conference and paper preparation. Thank you for your interest, --[[User:Aphaia|Aphaia]] 06:32, 31 Desemba 2005 (UTC) ===Picha=== Habari za kutumia Wikipedia? Sasa nitakuelezea kidogo matumizi ya picha: Ukitaka kutumia picha iliyopo katika Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine, unatakiwa kwanwa kuweka picha hiyo katika kompyuta yako. Baada ya hapo, unaweza kuiweka Wikipedia ya Kiswahili. Kwa kuweza kuingiza picha katika Wikipedia ya Kiswahili, unatakiwa kuingia kwa kutumia jina lako (bofya juu kulia), halafu chini kushoto utapata kiungo kinachoitwa "Pakia faili" (chini ya andiko "vifaa"). Bofya kiungo hicho. Katika ukarasa ujao, unabofya "Durchsuchen" na kuchagua faili ya picha katika kompyuta yako. Halafu bofya "Upload file", na picha itakuwemo Wikipedia ya Kiswahili. Unaweza kutumia picha kwa kuandika <nowiki>[[Image:jina_la_picha.jpg]]</nowiki>. Usipoelewa maelezo yangu, niuliza tena na nitakuelezea zaidi. [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] 17:23, 6 Januari 2006 (UTC) : Aidha ikiwa picha ni huru (GFDL, Creative Commons, PD etc) ni bora kupakua [http://commons.wikimedia.org/ Commons] badala ya hapa, kwa sababu Wikipedia za lugha zote zitaweza kuitumia. [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 19:54, 1 Februari 2006 (UTC) ===Kuelekeza=== Ili kuelekeza kutoka jina moja kwenda jina sahihi la makala, tumia :<nowiki>#REDIRECT[[Jina la makala]]</nowiki> Unaweza kuangalia mfano huu: [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abunuwasi&redirect=no Abunuwasi]. [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] 23:37, 8 Januari 2006 (UTC) ==Infobox Country == {{Sanduku la habari za nchi| jina la kizalendo = ''République Démocratique du Congo'' | jina la kawaida = the Democratic Republic of the Congo | picha bendera = Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg | picha nembo = Armoiries de la République démocratique du Congo - 2006.png | wito la taifa = ''Justice - Paix - Travail''<br>([[French language|French]]: "Justice - Peace - Work")| ramani mahali pa nchi = LocationDRCongo.png | wimbo la taifa = [[Debout Congolais]] | lugha kitaifa = [[French language|French]] ([[Lingala language|Lingala]], [[Kikongo]], [[Swahili]], [[Tshiluba]]| lugha rasmi = Mji Mkuu = [[Kinshasa]] | latd=4|latm=24|latNS=S|longd=15|longm=24|longEW=E| aina ya serikali = Serikali ya mseto | kiongozi cheo = • Rais | kiongozi jina = [[Joseph Kabila]] | mji mkubwa = [[Kinshasa]] | eneo km² = 2,345,410 | HAKUNA ANAYETAKA miles² eneo_nafasi = 12th | area_magnitude = 1 E12 | ??????????? eneo asilimia maji = 3.3% | wakazi_idadi kadirio = 62,660,551 | wakazi_idadi mwaka = 2006 | population_estimate_rank = 20th | wakazi idadi sensa = 10,217,408 | wakazi sensa mwaka = 1938 | wakazi/km² = 24 | wakazi/km² nafasi = 182 | JPT/mkazi mwaka = 2003 | JPT/mkazi = 35,798 ¹ | JPT/mkazi nafasi = 77th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = 673 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 189th | HDI_year = 2003 | HDI = 0.385 | HDI_rank = 167th | HDI_category = <font color="#E0584E">low</font> | sovereignty_type = Uhuru | = INDEPENDENCE established_events = &nbsp;- Tarehe | established_dates = Kutoka [[Belgium]] <br> [[Juni 30]], [[1960]] | currency = [[Congolese franc]] | currency_code = CDF | time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]], [[Eastern European Time|EET]] | utc_offset = +1 to +2 | time_zone_DST = not observed | utc_offset_DST = +1 to +2 | cctld = [[.cd]] | calling_code = 243 | footnotes = ¹ Estimate is based on [[Regression analysis|regression]]; other PPP figures are extrapolated from the latest International Comparison Programme benchmark estimates. }} nimejaribu kutafsiri fomu hii kutoka Matt Crypto sehemu ya kwanza lakini naona kwa wikipedia yetu ni vigumu kiasi hatuna wataalamu wa kutosha. Tutumie fomu iliyorahisishwa ! --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 23:30, 17 Aprili 2006 (UTC) : Unahitaji kutumia "_" kwa neno kama <tt>native_name</tt>, kwa mfano. Ukitafsiri neno kama <tt>native_name</tt>, ni lazima kubadili templeti pia. Nitafanya hiyo. Kutengeneza templeti ni kitu kigumu cha Wikipedia, lakini ni rahisi (kidogo!) kutumia katika makala bila kujua jinsi inafanya kazi. [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 07:50, 18 Aprili 2006 (UTC) ::Ugumu: simaanisha fomu yenyewe. Ninafikiri ya kwamba vipengele ni vingi mno. Tena sipendi sana namna ya kutaja sifa za nchi. Nitajaribu baadaye. Je, wewe unaonaje ile fomu rahisi niliyotumia katika mfano wa Kongo?? --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 08:07, 18 Aprili 2006 (UTC) ::: Vipengele vipi? Ni rahisi kuvificha. Naona ni rahisi kuinakili fomu ya nchi fulani kutoka Wikipedia ya Kiingereza (en) halafu tuitafsiri. Sasa sijui ikiwa ni bora kutafsiri neno kama <tt>utc_offset</tt>. Tukiyatafsiri, hatutaweza kunakili moja kwa moja kutoka en. Labda ni bora kusubiri mpaka Wikipedia hii ni kubwa zaidi, na sasa tutumie maneno ya kiingereza (katika "Wikicode" tu). [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 08:17, 18 Aprili 2006 (UTC) ==Picha: PNG vs JPEG== Kipala, kwanza ininibidi kukushukuru kwa dhati kwa michango yako mengi ya makala na picha. Asante sana kwa kukuza toleo ya Wikipedia hii ya Kiswahili! Nina maombi kuhusu romani kama [[:Image:Lamu katika Kenya.JPG|Lamu katika Kenya.JPG]]. Je, unaweza kutumia fomati "lossless" (maanake bila dosari) kama .GIF, au afadhali .[[:en:PNG|PNG]]? Fomati ya [[:en:jpeg|jpeg]] ni fomati "lossy" (kuna dosari). Jpeg ni fomati nzuri kwa foto na picha kama hii, kwa sababu dosari za jpeg hazionekani. Lakini, ikiwa ni romani n.k., dosari zinaonekana mno, hasa karibu na maneno au mistari. Programu yako ya kuhariri picha ina uwezo kutumia fomati kama PNG? Pia, ninakuhimiza kupakia faili huria kama hizi kwenye Wikipedia Commons, ili matoleo yote ya Wikipedia yataweza kutumia picha kutoka mahala pamoja. [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 19:25, 18 Aprili 2006 (UTC) :Usicheke, kwa kawaida nashughulikia picha na ramani kwa kadogo-kalaini "paint"- paint ina png pia. Sawa, najaribu kuikumbuka. Wikipedia Commons sijafaulu kifika. Anwani gani? --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 20:06, 18 Aprili 2006 (UTC) :: Ninacheka kidogo tu: sasa najua mchoraji wengi wanaotumia Paint! Anwani ya Commons ni [http://commons.wikimedia.org/ http://commons.wikimedia.org/]. Isitoshe, nimebadilisha fomu ya kupakia ili ipendekeze Commons: [http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload]. (Nimegundua kikwazo kidogo: unahitaji kuumba akaunti ("account" kwa kiingereza) nyingine huko Commons -- lakini si ngumu. Unaweza kutumia jina la "Kipala" tena). [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 16:31, 19 Aprili 2006 (UTC) ---- Habari hii imepatikana kwenye jarida la URITHI Tanga www.geocities.com/urithitanga Habari hii inapatikana kwenye toleo la Vol.2 No.1 URITHI Newsletter September 2001 ambapo wanaelezea kwamba chanzo cha habari ni East African Newspaper ya 16th July 2001 Ahsante kwa kutaka kufahamu kwa kina, hili ndilo jukumu letu. Habari ya mwaka mpya! Samahani ninaomba tusaidiane kuupata ukweli, kitabu cha The story of East Africa and it's stamps kilichoandikwa na James A. Makay Kimeandikwa; Uganda ina maili za mraba 93,980 na katika Jarida la National Geographic la November 1971 limeandikwa; Uganda ina maili za mraba 91,134. Ahsante. :Mwaka mpya salama. Sasa wanipa ugumu ukianza mambo ya maili; mimi ni mtu wa mita. Nimeangalia kamusi elezo zangu mbili zilizoko kwa CD: :Encycl. Britt. inasema : 93,072 square miles (241,038 square km), na MS Encarta inasema: 241 038 km². : Kwa sababu zinalingana zote mbili, ningeenda na hiyo lakini kwa kutaja km². --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 19:24, 7 Januari 2006 (UTC) Nimeweka wimbo mmoja wa Simba Wanyika, Shilingi Maua. Ngoja nitazame hizo nyingine. Halafu nitajaribu kuomba ruhusa ya kutumia picha za jamaa wa Afropop. Nadhani hawatakuwa na sababu za kukataa. --[[User: Ndesanjo|Ndesanjo]] 19 Machi 2006 ==Geographical names== Hi Kipala! The list of names I used was mainly from the [http://research.yale.edu/cgi-bin/swahili/main.cgi?right_frame_src=http%3A//www.yale.edu/swahili/home.html Kamusi Project] site, but I did some searching on Google. There were quite a few countries that I couldn't find the names of. Sorry I haven't been active lately, so I didn't check for new messages. --[[User:Chamdarae|Chamdarae]] 19:14, 25 Machi 2006 (UTC) ==Bwana kapala== Mie, kajaribu kupedua jina la mayotte hadi mahore, Jina la Ethiopia hadi Uhebeshi, lakini Msumbiji, ilikuwa sawa; samahani kosa, kathani hasa Msumbiji mie kaweka, Mozambiki la mwengine. Nilitumaini hasa Nchi zinazo majina zaidi ya moja hasa ukibonyeza yeyote ''Nenda'', taratibu hii ya komputa iwezekuleta Kifungo kimoja. samahani. ===Bwana Kapala=== Yosef tena; Ningiataka kujua hasa, wewe ndiye msimamizi wa Kamusi elezo hii ya wikipedia? Na jambo linalonisumbua hasa ni kujitahidi kwa uandishi wa taratibu hizi za nchi na Jiografia. Naona hasa tuko nyuma zaidi. Haya Masanduku ya nchi hasa za Afrika, Ulaya, Marekani na Asia, Australia, aktika na antaktika; Uandishi wa dunia yote, tukaweza kumaliza uadishi huo basi tutakua na makala elfu na kadhalika. Na mojawapo ya mwendo ni meona hasa, tunga weza kufanya kama wekipedia ya Afrikaans basi Kiswahili kitagonga makala zaidi ya elfu na kadhalika. Neno lingine ni kwamba hatuna waandishi wengi, jua waadishi kwa wikipedia hii ya Kiswahili waesabika pengine saba amakumi, na wanao rudi mara kwa mara kuandika nikama waandishi watano. :Yosef, asante kwa swali. Hapana mimi si mratibu wala msimamizi wa wikipedia bali mwandishi mwenzako tu. Ni kweli ya kwamba tuko wachache sana. Hata katika wikipedia tunapambana na umaskini wa Afrika na urithi wa ukoloni. Umaskini umesababisha uhaba wa kompyuta na wenye kompyuta katika Afrika. Ukoloni umesababisha ya kwamba Waafrika wengi wasomi hawajiamini katika utamaduni wao; Waafrika wa Mashariki wengi awajui Kiswahili vizuri. Hata wasomi Watanzania wengi wanajieleza vizuri zaidi kwa Kiingereza kuhusu utaalamu fulani. Tokeo ni ya kwamba idadi yetu bado ni ndogo, asilimia kubwa kwetu ni ama Waafrika wanaokaa nje ya Afrika au watu wa nje (kama mimi) wapenda wa Kiswahili. :Kwa upande mwingine wikipedia ina nafasi kubwa sana hasa katika mazingira ya Afrika. Kwa sababu za kiuchumi siamini ya kwamba kamusi elezo itapatikana karibuni kwa Kiswahili kama kitabu kilichochapishwa. Lakini idadi ya vijana wanaotumia compyuta kwa njia ya mgahawa wa mtandao (internet cafe) inakua. Wikipdia itakuwa muhimu! :Naona tuendelee kuandika na kujenga wikipedia. Kila mmoja anayejiunga ni hatua mbele! Kama wewe unaona wito la kuangalia jiografia basi vizuri! Angalia masanduku ambazo nilitafsiri mimi au sanduku aliyoandaliwa na Matt halafu endelea! Kama una swali nitafurahi kutoa ushauri. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 17:07, 21 Aprili 2006 (UTC) ==Lugha ya kisayansi== Uandishi wa kisayansi, kwa majina ambayo ya wezi Kutamukwa kwa kiswahili ama hayako kwa Kiswahili, mfano; kwa biologia, jiografia na kadhalika, itabidi majina mengine ya andikwe kwa ''kuswahilisha (kiswahili)'',kulatiniza (latino) au Kuarabisha (Kiarabu). :Je, ni Yosef tena? (Kumbuka kuweka alama mbili -- na pia nne za <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki> baada ya kuandika - au afadhalia tumia kile alama ya tatu upande wa kulia hapa juu ya dirisha cha kuandikia - itaweka sahihi na tarehe). Kuhusu lugha ya sayansi sijaelewa vizuri naomba toa mifano miwili mitato unamaanisha nini kwa ''kuswahilisha (kiswahili)'', "kulatiniza (latino)" au "Kuarabisha (Kiarabu)". :: (Iliandikwa na Yosef; niliisogeza ujumbe huo kutoka [[User:Kipala]]) [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 17:26, 21 Aprili 2006 (UTC) == [[Kurów]] == You are fucking vandal. :Mpendwa mwenzetu kama kiingereza chako si vizuri kwanini usijaribu Kiswahili? Ni lugha tamu zaidi hata kukashifu kunatokea tamu zaidi. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 18:45, 22 Aprili 2006 (UTC) Could you please write a stub http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kur%C3%B3w - just a few sentences based on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kur%C3%B3w ? Only 2 -5 sentences enough. Please. SORRY FOR VANDAL FROM POLAND. [[:pl:User:Pietras1988|Pietras1988]] 20:12, 23 Aprili 2006 (UTC) ::See http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurow! No point in using Polish ó as hardly anybody in this wikipedia knows how to type it. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 20:55, 23 Aprili 2006 (UTC) ::: {{swen|Tunaweza kutumia redirects. Nadahni ni afadhali kutumia ''orthography'' (mfumo wa herufi) ya mji mwenyewe, hasa kwa sababu tunaweza kubainisha mji wa Poland na mji wa New Zealand kwa "ó" ama "o". Hiyo ni sera ya Wikipedia zingine (k.m. en, de, fr, es, n.k.)|We could use redirects; I think it's preferable to use the orthography of the city itself, especially because we can then distinguish between the Polish and New Zealand cities based on "ó" or "o". To use the native spelling, barring any well-known local language spelling, is the policy of other Wikipedia editions (e.g. en, de, fr, es, etc).}} [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 07:21, 24 Aprili 2006 (UTC) ==ha!== Bwana kipala... Ni yosef, nilisema lazima kilasiku nijaribu kuweka ukurasa mmoja. Enyewe mimi bado sijaelewa ama kuna ''template ya nchi'' ya wikipedia ya kiswahili, inaonekana ''matt crypto'' kaunda template au vipi? Nilijaribu aina hiyo ya template ya Angola, lakini sikufaulu, yenyewe ni rahisi na ninzuri kwa kusaswisha kurasa baadaye. :Salamu sana, asante kwa swali. Ninaelewa hivyo ya kwamba Matt amechukua ile fomu au templeti ya Kiingereza na kuiingiza katika wikipedia ya Kiswahili. Maana yake tukinakili templeti ile itaonekana kama Kiswahili katika sehemu zilizotafsiriwa. Hata mimi naona tatizo ya kwamba sina uhakika sehemu gani zimetafsiriwa na zipi sivyo. Lakini ni kweli ya kwamba inarahisisha kazi. :Labda ujaribu hivyo: :* chukua makala kwa Kiingereza, tuseme Gabon. Bonyeza "edit", nakili sehemu ya templeti (yote!). :* fungua ukurasa mpya ya sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon, bonyeza "Hariri", pachika templeti ya kiingereza :* bonyeza "Mandhari ya mabadilisho", utaona ya kwamba sehemu kubwa inaonekana tayari Kiswahili :* kazi gumu kidogo ni sasa kurukaruka kati ya sehemu ya juu na ya chini dirishani na kusahihisha sehemu zile zinazoonekana bado Kiingereza. Nilipojaribu mimi kwenye makala ya Algeria nimesahau sehemu kadhaa : : tazama sovereignty_type = [[Independence]]| na established_events = Declared | -- hapa niinapaswa kuweka [[Uhuru]] badala ya [[Independence]] na "tarehe" (au:"imetangazwa") badala ya "declared" : lakini inaiacha sasa ili wewe unapata nafasi kuona mfano. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 18:16, 27 Aprili 2006 (UTC) == [[Mwanzo]] == * Halló Kipala! Please see [{{FULLURL:Mwanzo|action=history}} Mwanzo|action=history]. I only changed broken namespaces but did not realise that the page was vandalized. Best regards [[User:Gangleri|Gangleri]] · [[User_talk:Gangleri|T]] · [[m:user:Gangleri|m:]] [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/user_talk:Gangleri?action=history Th] · [[m:user talk:Gangleri|T]] 20:18, 29 Aprili 2006 (UTC) ::OK, stimmt - sorry fürs reinschreiben!! --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 20:24, 29 Aprili 2006 (UTC) :::don't panik, it is reverted @ Kipala you can do this when you open an older version, edit it and press save. greets --[[User:66.128.32.7|66.128.32.7]] 21:40, 29 Aprili 2006 (UTC) hallo nochmal: es wäre nett, wenn du das unter [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benutzer_Diskussion:Gangleri#hack deinem eintrag in der deutschen wp] klarstellen könntest, und bitte verwende in zukunft die diskussionsseiten, danke --[[User:66.128.32.7|66.128.32.7]] 16:49, 30 Aprili 2006 (UTC) ==Makala za msingi== Nimefurahia sana makala za msingi - asante!! Bahati mbaya mada ya lugha haitajwi. Je, tuiingize? (Pamoja na mada kama sarufi, sauti n.k.?) --[[User:Oliver Stegen|Oliver Stegen]] 22:45, 1 Mei 2006 (UTC) ::Ni sawa tu ingawa hapo labda si muhimu sanasana - kwa macho yangu ni tayari mengi mno katika jamii fulani. Ila tu naona ni vema ukiangalia chombo cha "jamii" - tazama sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Lugha ! Kwanza ni vizuri ukiweka jina la makala humo, pia inaweza kufaa (ukipenda kuendelea na makala kuhusu lugha) ukiingiza jamii ndogo "Lugha za Kiafrika" halafu jamii ndogo nyingine "isimu" kwa ajili ya makala kama vile sarufi, sauti n.k.. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 23:02, 1 May 2006 (UTC) ==Majina halisi== Samahani kwa kuchukua muda. Ni kwakuwa sikuona jambo kubwa la kupinga katika hoja zako. Ingawa hakuna ubaya kutumia majina halisi, kuna majina ambayo tayari yamezoeleka kwenye Kiswahili. Kwa mfano, Yesu (sio Jesus), Yohana Mbatizaji (sio John the Baptist), Mtume/Mtakatifu Paulo (sio Saint Paul), n.k. Kuhusu Roma/Rumi. Tatizo ni kuwa ukisema Roma kunakuwa na utata wa maana kwani jiji la Rome ni Roma. Wakati "roman empire" imezoeleka kama kwa jina "Rumi." Ni haya kwa sasa. --[[User:Ndesanjo|Ndesanjo]] 5 Mei 2006 ::Asante kwa ushauri wako. Mimi naona hali halisi si tatizo tunaweza kutumia kurasa za #REDIRECT. Hata itakuwa afadhali. Kazi yetu ni kitu kipya katika dunia ya Waswahili ni kamusi elezo ya kwanza kabisa nisipokosei. Kwa hiyo wengine watatafuta "Roma", wengine "Rumi" - kwa redirect tunaweza kuwasaidia wote. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 15:11, 5 May 2006 (UTC) Ushauri wa #REDIRECT ni sawa kabisa. --[[User:Ndesanjo|Ndesanjo]] 7 Mei 2006 == Katowice == Hello. I'm wikipedia redactor from [[Poland]]. We do some action for tranlation atricle about one of the biggest polish city [[simple:Katowice]]. Could You make some translation into this wikipedia native language of this article ? Just a few senteces. Please. There is source article in English: [[:en:Katowice]]. Best Regards. [[:pl:user:Stimoroll|Stimoroll form Poland]] ==Dictionary== Hello. I saw there is a few article requests from Poland. I have an idea to do mini dictionary for article translating. If You have a minute please translate sentences below into this wikipedia language: * city in poland "Mji wa Poland" (=Polish City) * located on the south/north/west/est/center part ya+kusini/kaskazini/magaharibi/mashariki/kati * population wakazi * area eneo * capital of the mji mkuu wa * voivodship (region, province) mkoa * city rights imepewa cheo cha mji (it was given the status of town) Thats All. This sentences help us make STUB article about Polish cities. Best Regards [[pl:user:Stimoroll|Stimoroll]] :::So yoou can try with: XYZ, mji wa Poland ya kusini ..... (XYZ, a town/city of=in southern Poland..) ==Taxobox== Habari Kipala, nataka kukuuliza kama utaweza kutengeneza templeti ya “taxobox” kwa wiki ya Kiswahili. Au kuna mtu mwingine mtaalamu zaidi, Matt Crypto pengine? Aina ya templeti hii ni ngumu na sina nafasi ya kuifumbua. [[User:ChriKo|ChriKo]] 12:52, 30 May 2006 (UTC) ::Matt ni mtaalamu wetu mwenyewe. Angalia ukurasa wake wa majadiliano [[User_talk:Matt_Crypto]], nimeweka majaribio huko --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 16:27, 30 May 2006 (UTC) :::Mimi sasa nimetunga templeti mbili: [[Template:Uainishaji]] na [[Template:Mto]]. Angalia karasa za majadiliano za templeti hizo kwa maelezo ya kuzitumia. [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] 00:11, 31 May 2006 (UTC) ::::Asante sana!! Mto ni safi - lakini uainishaji ina matatizo. Sehemu kubwa ya chini haionyeshi. Ukipata nafasi ya kuangalia "uainishaji" tena - itasaidia sana. Maswali mawili: A) je ni kazi kubwa kutengeneza matempleti mawili "uainishaji wa mimea" na "unainishaji wa wanyama"? B) Nimeona kwa templeti za Kijerumani ya kwamba wanaweka sehemu zinazotakiwa kubadilisha KWA HERUFI KUBWA. Je, inawezekana kwetu pia? :::: (na leo asubuhi nimeshangaa kwa sababu templati ya "sanduku ya mto" niliyojaribu jana inafanya kazi pia - lakini jana haikuonyesha sawasawa). --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 08:17, 31 May 2006 (UTC) ::::: Kumbe naona mfano "[[binadamu]]" inafanya kazi. Na kama kazi ni kutumia ngazi tofauti - ni kubadilisha tu maneno ya mfano wa mtu?. Labda itatosha nilvyojaribu hapo chini. Naona umefanya safi! ::::: Bwana ChriKo, jaribu na toa taarifa! -- --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 11:39, 31 May 2006 (UTC) {{Uainishaji | rangi = RANGI | jina = JINA | picha = PICHA.PNG/JPG/SVG | upana wa picha = 200px | maelezo ya picha = MAELEZO YA PICHA | domeni = JINA | himaya = JINA | nusuhimaya = JINA | ngeli = JINA | oda = JINA | familia ya juu = JINA | familia = JINA | nusufamilia = JINA | jenera = JINA | spishi = JINA | nususpishi = JINA }} == Re: my talk page == Hi, Kipala! I'm very sorry, but I don't speak Swahili; I hire a translator to article. As for my bot, it's simply an installation of [[en:WP:AWB|AutoWikiBot]], (or [[m:Pywikipediabot|Python Wikipedia Bot]] for Wikinews), so I'm sure it can do mindless repetetive tasks like mass-inserting images or categories, but I'm not sure about interwiki links. [[User:Messedrocker|Messedrocker]] 21:38, 1 Juni 2006 (UTC) ==TJC Africa Pics== Greetings Kipala! Here are some photos of our church members in Africa: *[http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:TJC_Ghana.JPG True Jesus Church in Ghana] *[http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:TJC_Kenya.JPG True Jesus Church in Kenya] *[http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:TJC_Tanzania.JPG True Jesus Church in Tanzania] Regards -- [[en:User:Jose77|Joseph]], 09:06 Saturday 17 Juni 2006 (UTC) 1932 5617 2005-12-16T00:03:32Z Chamdarae 78 Karibu! Karibu Wikipedia ya Kiswahili! --[[User:Chamdarae|Chamdarae]] 00:03, 16 Desemba 2005 (UTC) 1933 6118 2006-01-11T09:06:45Z Joel Niganile 92 Karibu Wikipedia ya Kiswahili! --[[User:Chamdarae|Chamdarae]] 00:03, 16 Desemba 2005 (UTC) Asante kwa ajili ya makala kuhusu Tanga! Lakini siamini ya kwamba asili ya jina "Tanga" ni lugha ya Kiajemi. Habari hii imepatikana wapi? --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 18:19, 25 Desemba 2005 (UTC) Asante kwa jibu. Labda tuhame kwenye ukurasa ya majidiliano ya Tanga - ni afadhali kupeana jibu --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 18:32, 25 Desemba 2005 (UTC) Salamu! Nisipokosa umeniuliza swali lifuatalo (lakini umesahau kuweka sahihi yako > ni kitufe cha pili hapo juu kuanzia kulia, ukifungua "hariri" - --[[User:172.178.129.173|172.178.129.173]] 21:58, 7 Januari 2006 (UTC) :Habari ya mwaka mpya! :Samahani ninaomba tusaidiane kuupata ukweli, kitabu cha The story of East Africa and it's stamps kilichoandikwa na James A. Makay Kimeandikwa; Uganda ina maili za mraba 93,980 na katika Jarida la National Geographic la November 1971 limeandikwa; Uganda ina maili za mraba 91,134. Ahsante, --[[User:Joel Niganile|Joel Niganile]] 09:06, 11 Januari 2006 (UTC)Joel Niganile ::Mwaka mpya salama. Sasa wanipa ugumu ukianza mambo ya maili; mimi ni mtu wa mita. Nimeangalia kamuzi elezo zangu mbili zilizoko kwa CD: ::Encycl. Britt. inasema : 93,072 square miles (241,038 square km), na MS Encarta inasema: 241 038 km². :: Kwa sababu zinalingana zote mbili, ningeenda na hiyo lakini kwa kutaja km². --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 19:24, 7 Januari 2006 (UTC) 1934 5619 2005-12-16T00:04:05Z Chamdarae 78 Karibu! Karibu Wikipedia ya Kiswahili! --[[User:Chamdarae|Chamdarae]] 00:04, 16 Desemba 2005 (UTC) 1935 5620 2005-12-16T00:06:49Z Chamdarae 78 Karibu! Karibu Wikipedia ya Kiswahili! --[[User:Chamdarae|Chamdarae]] 00:06, 16 Desemba 2005 (UTC) 1936 5621 2005-12-16T00:06:58Z Chamdarae 78 Karibu! Karibu Wikipedia ya Kiswahili! --[[User:Chamdarae|Chamdarae]] 00:06, 16 Desemba 2005 (UTC) 1937 5622 2005-12-16T00:07:10Z Chamdarae 78 Karibu! Karibu Wikipedia ya Kiswahili! --[[User:Chamdarae|Chamdarae]] 00:07, 16 Desemba 2005 (UTC) 1938 5623 2005-12-16T00:07:35Z Chamdarae 78 Karibu! Karibu Wikipedia ya Kiswahili! --[[User:Chamdarae|Chamdarae]] 00:07, 16 Desemba 2005 (UTC) 1939 5624 2005-12-16T00:07:45Z Chamdarae 78 Karibu! Karibu Wikipedia ya Kiswahili! --[[User:Chamdarae|Chamdarae]] 00:07, 16 Desemba 2005 (UTC) 1940 5625 2005-12-16T00:07:56Z Chamdarae 78 Karibu! Karibu Wikipedia ya Kiswahili! --[[User:Chamdarae|Chamdarae]] 00:07, 16 Desemba 2005 (UTC) 1941 5626 2005-12-16T00:08:07Z Chamdarae 78 Karibu! Karibu Wikipedia ya Kiswahili! --[[User:Chamdarae|Chamdarae]] 00:08, 16 Desemba 2005 (UTC) 1942 5627 2005-12-16T00:08:17Z Chamdarae 78 Karibu! Karibu Wikipedia ya Kiswahili! --[[User:Chamdarae|Chamdarae]] 00:08, 16 Desemba 2005 (UTC) 1943 5629 2005-12-16T00:10:04Z Chamdarae 78 Karibu! Karibu Wikipedia ya Kiswahili! --[[User:Chamdarae|Chamdarae]] 00:10, 16 Desemba 2005 (UTC) 1944 5630 2005-12-16T00:10:17Z Chamdarae 78 Karibu! Karibu Wikipedia ya Kiswahili! --[[User:Chamdarae|Chamdarae]] 00:10, 16 Desemba 2005 (UTC) 1945 5631 2005-12-16T00:10:27Z Chamdarae 78 Karibu! Karibu Wikipedia ya Kiswahili! --[[User:Chamdarae|Chamdarae]] 00:10, 16 Desemba 2005 (UTC) 1946 5635 2005-12-16T00:31:43Z Chamdarae 78 Dar Es Salaam umehamishwa hapa Dar es Salaam #REDIRECT [[Dar es Salaam]] 1947 5643 2005-12-16T01:07:18Z Chamdarae 78 Shaban Robert umehamishwa hapa Shaaban Robert #REDIRECT [[Shaaban Robert]] 1948 5646 2005-12-16T01:14:06Z Chamdarae 78 redirect #redirect [[Dar es Salaam]] 1949 6794 2006-02-09T23:10:05Z Kipala 107 <br clear=all> <center> {| class="toccolours" style="margin: 0 2em 0 2em;" ! style="background:#ccccff" align="center" width="100%" | <div style="float:left;width:50px;">&nbsp;</div> Mikoa ya [[Tanzania]] || [[Image:Flag of Tanzania.svg|50px|Bandera Tanzania]] |- | align="center" style="font-size: 90%;" colspan="2" | [[Mkoa wa Arusha|Arusha]] | [[Mkoa wa Dar es Salaam|Dar es Salaam]] | [[Mkoa wa Dodoma|Dodoma]] | [[Mkoa wa Iringa|Iringa]] | [[Mkoa wa Kagera|Kagera]] | [[Mkoa wa Kigoma|Kigoma]] | [[Mkoa wa Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]] | [[Mkoa wa Lindi|Lindi]] | [[Mkoa wa Manyara|Manyara]] | [[Mkoa wa Mara|Mara]] | [[Mkoa wa Mbeya|Mbeya]] | [[Mkoa wa Morogoro|Morogoro]] | [[Mkoa wa Mtwara|Mtwara]] | [[Mkoa wa Mwanza|Mwanza]] | [[Mkoa wa Pemba Kaskazini |Pemba Kaskazini]] | [[Mkoa wa Pemba Kusini|Pemba Kusini]] | [[Mkoa wa Pwani|Pwani]] | [[Mkoa wa Rukwa|Rukwa]] | [[Mkoa wa Ruvuma|Ruvuma]] | [[Mkoa wa Shinyanga|Shinyanga]] | [[Mkoa wa Singida|Singida]] | [[Mkoa wa Tabora|Tabora]] | [[Mkoa wa Tanga|Tanga]] | [[Mkoa wa Unguja Kaskazini|Unguja Kaskazini]] | [[Mkoa wa Unguja Kusini|Unguja Kusini]] | [[Mkoa wa Unguja Mjini Magharibi|Unguja Mjini Magharibi]] | |- |} </center> 1950 11023 2006-06-20T18:39:52Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Tanzania_Mbeya.png|thumb|right|175px|Ramani ya Mkoa wa Mbeya]] '''Mkoa wa [[Mbeya]]''' ni kati ya mikoa 26 za [[Tanzania]] ikipakana na [[Zambia]] na [[Malawi]], halafu na mikoa ya [[Mkoa wa Rukwa|Rukwa]], [[Mkoa wa Tabora|Tabora]], [[Mkoa wa Singida|Singida]] na [[Mkoa wa Iringa|Iringa]]. Kuna wilaya 8 zifuatazo: [[Mbeya mjini]], [[Mbeya vijijini]], [[Rungwe]], [[Kyela]], [[Ileje]], [[Mbozi]], [[Chunya (wilaya)|Chunya]] na [[Mbarali]]. Mbeya ni kati ya maeneo yanayopendeza kabisa ndani ya Tanzania ikiwa na sehemu za [[Ziwa la Nyasa]], [[Ziwa Rukwa]], [[milima ya Mbeya]], [[Rungwe (mlima)|milima ya Rungwe]], Uwanja wa juu wa Uporoto, Uwanja wa Usangu ingawa haukufikiwa bado na utalii. Wilaya ya [[Rungwe (wilaya)|Rungwe]] ni eneo penye mvua nyingi katika [[Tanzania]]. Mkoa wa ujumla ni mojawapo kati ya mikoa yenye kilimo kizuri inayotoa mazao ya kulisha taifa. Lakini maeneo makubwa ya Wilaya ya Chunya ni makavu. Wilaya ya [[Chunya (wilaya)|Chunya]] ina madini mbalimbali hasa dhahabu. Mbeya na Mbozi kahawa hupandwa. Rungwe pana chai nyingi, pamoja na Rungwe na Chimala hulimwa mpunga. Nyanda za juu kuna nafaka na viazi. == Maziwa na mito == Mkoa wa Mbeya inapakana na maziwa mawili makubwa ndiyo Ziwa Nyasa na Ziwa Rukwa. Hasa milima yenye asili ya volkeno ya wilaya ya Rungwe inyajaa maziwa ya kasoko. Mito mikubwa ni [[Songwe (mto)|Songwe]] na [[Kiwira (mto)|Kiwira]]. Chanzo ya [[mto Ruvuma]] iko pia Mbeya katika tambarare ya [[Usangu]]. ==Viungo vya nje== '''''en:''''' MBEYA REGION SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE [[http://www.tzonline.org/pdf/Mbeyareg.pdf]] [[Category:Mikoa ya Tanzania]] {{Mikoa ya Tanzania}} [[en:Mbeya Region]] [[ja:ムベヤ州]] 1951 8188 2006-04-11T23:31:32Z Matt Crypto 20 interwiki '''Ladysmith Black Mambazo''' ni kundi la [[muziki]] ambalo linaimba bila kutumia ala za muziki. Kundi hili lipo [[Afrika ya Kusini]]. Neno "Mambazo" linamaanisha "shoka" kwa [[Kizulu]]. Na "Ladysmith" ni kitongoji katika jimbo la [[Natal]] alichotoka [[Joseph Shabalala]] kiongozi na mwanzilishi wa kundi hili. Ladysmith Black Mambazo lina albamu zaidi ya 40. Kundi hili lilipata umaarufu mkubwa liliposhirikiana na mwanamuziki wa [[Marekani]] [[Paul Simon]] kutoa albamu ya [[Graceland]] ambayo iliwashirikisha pia wanamuziki maarufu duniani kama [[Miriam Makeba]] na [[Hugh Masekela]]. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Wanamuziki]] [[de:Ladysmith Black Mambazo]] [[en:Ladysmith Black Mambazo]] [[fi:Ladysmith Black Mambazo]] [[en:Ladysmith Black Mambazo]] 1952 11411 2006-06-27T04:37:31Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[fa:آروشا]] ''Kwa matumizi tofauti ya neno "Arusha" tazama [[Arusha (maana)]]'' [[Image:Arusha_Clocktower.jpg|thumb|right|Mji wa Arusha]] [[Image:Arusha.jpg|thumb|right|Arusha na mlima wa Meru]] '''Mji wa Arusha''' ni kati ya miji kumi mikubwa ya Tanzania. Kuna wakazi 341,155 (mw. 2005 – kutoka mn. 50,000 mw. 1970). Eneo lake ni 1400m juu ya [[uwiano wa bahari]] likiwa karibu na mlima wa [[Meru]] (4565m). Utalii na kilimo ni mgongo wa uti wa uchumi. Kwa sababu ya idadi kubwa ya watalii mji umepachikwa jina la “Dar-es-Safari”. Kuna pia viwanda muhimu vya kahawa, kusaga nafaka, kusafisha ukonge, kukuza maua za kuleta nje, pombe ya bia. Arusha ina nafasi muhimu katika [[Historia ya Tanzania]] na Afrika. Mji umeanzishwa na [[Wajerumani]] mnamo mw. 1899. Ndipo hapo ya kwamba wakoloni Waingereza walitoa sahihi hati ya kuitolea Tanganyika uhuru mw. 1961. Mw. 1967 chama tawala cha [[TANU]] kiliunga mkono Tamko la Arusha lililoanzisha kipindi cha [[Ujamaa]]. Kuanzia mw. 1967 hadi mw. 1977 Arusha ndipo makao makuu ya [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki]] hadi kuanguka kwa umoja huu. Tangu mw. 1995 Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Ruanda ina makao hapo. Arusha ni makao makuu ya [[KKKT]], ambayo ni ofisi kuu ya [[Kanisa la Kiinjili Kiluteri Tanzania]]. ==Viungo vya nje== * {{en}} [http://www.ntz.info/gen/b00864.html Historia ya Arusha] [[Category:Miji ya Tanzania]] [[af:Arusha]] [[de:Arusha]] [[en:Arusha]] [[es:Arusha]] [[fa:آروشا]] [[fi:Arusha]] [[fr:Arusha]] [[gl:Arusha]] [[ja:アルーシャ]] [[nl:Arusha]] [[pl:Arusha]] 1953 11795 2006-07-02T11:46:34Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[de:Arusha (Region)]] '''Mkoa wa [[Arusha]]''' ni moja kati ya mikoa ya [[Tanzania]]. Imepakana na [[Kenya]] upande wa kaskazini. Mikoa ya jirani ni kufuatana na mwendo wa saa: [[Mkoa wa Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]], [[Tanga]], [[Dodoma]], [[Singida]], [[Shinyanga]] na [[Mara]]. Eneo lake ni km za mraba 86,100 zikiwemo km² 2,460 za maji. Kati ya milima yake Oldoinyo Lengai ([2,878m) badi ni [[volkeno]] hai, Arusha ni Volkano ya kulala tangu mw. 1910. Mvua hunyesha kati ya millimita 1,800 mm kwa mwaka mlimani Arusha hadi 508 mm kwa mwaka katika maeneo makavu. Mkoa wa Arusha ndio kitovu cha [[utalii]] Tanzania Bara. Barabara ya lami [[Daressalaam]]-[[Nairobi]] inavuka eneo lake. Uwanja wa Kimataifa wa Ndege wa Kilimanjaro wahudumia miji ya Arusha na [[Moshi]]. Kuna mbuga za taifa na hifadhi za wanyamapori [[Ngorongoro]], [[Serengeti]], [[Olduvai]], Arusha, [[Tarangire]] na Ziwa [[Manyara]]. Hifadhi ya Mlima Kilimajaro iko karibu. Arusha hulimwa kahawa, nafaka, pareto, katani, pamba, alizeti. Fosfati inachimbuliwa Minjingu Mkoani Arusha, na takribani tani 48,000 kwa mwaka hutumiwa katika uzalishaji wa mbolea. Kati ya wakazi wa mkoa kiasili ndio Waarusha, Wameru, Wairaqw na [[Wamassai]]. {{Mikoa ya Tanzania}} [[Category:Mikoa ya Tanzania]] [[de:Arusha (Region)]] [[en:Arusha Region]] [[ja:アルーシャ州]] 1954 5678 2005-12-16T21:35:51Z Kipala 107 '''Redio Deutsche Welle (DW)''', au Sauti ya [[Ujerumani]], ndiyo kituo cha Jamhuri ya Shirikisho la Ujerumani kwa ajili ya matangazo ya nje. Kituo kimeanzishwa mw. 1953 kilitoa matangazo ya Kijerumani kwa ajili ya Wajerumani kote duniani kwa njia ya SW. Leo (2005) kituo hutangaza kwa redia za SM na FM kwa lugha 30 halafu kwa TV kwa lugha 4. Makao makuu ndipo Köln / Cologne; ofisi za DW-TV ziko Berlin. Kwa www.dw-world.de [http://www.dw-world.de] ratiba na matangazo hupatikana pia katika mtandao. www2.dw-world.de/kiswahili/ [http://www2.dw-world.de/kiswahili/] ndipo ukurasa wa matangazo ya Kiswahili. 1956 11379 2006-06-26T12:52:47Z 85.16.97.98 '''Kilomita ya mraba''' (km²) ni kipimo cha [[eneo]]; eneo lenye [[upana]] na [[urefu]] wa [[kilomita]] moja Msingi wake ni [[mita ya mraba]] (m²). Kilomita ya mraba hutumika kwa upimaji wa maeneo makubwa duniani kama mji, mkoa, nchi au dunia yote. 1 km² ni sawa na: * eneo la mraba yenye urefu wa kilomita moja kila upande * 1,000,000 m² * 100 hektari * 247.105 381 ekari * 0.386 102 maili ya mraba Au: * 1 m² = 0.000 001 km² * 1 hektari = 0.01 km² * 1 maili ya mraba = 2.589 988 km² * 1 ekari = 0.004 047 km² [[Category:Vipimo vya eneo]] [[af:Vierkante kilometer]] [[als:Quadratkilometer]] [[an:Quilometro cuadrau]] [[be:Квадратны кілямэтар]] [[bg:Квадратен километър]] [[ca:Quilòmetre quadrat]] [[da:Kvadratkilometer]] [[en:Square kilometre]] [[eo:Kvadrata kilometro]] [[es:Kilómetro cuadrado]] [[fi:Neliökilometri]] [[fr:Kilomètre carré]] [[he:קילומטר רבוע]] [[hr:Četvorni kilometar]] [[hu:Négyzetkilométer]] [[is:Ferkílómetri]] [[it:Chilometro quadro]] [[ja:平方キロメートル]] [[la:Chiliometrum quadratum]] [[lb:Quadratkilometer]] [[li:Veerkante killemaeter]] [[lv:Kvadrātkilometrs]] [[mo:Километру пэтрат]] [[nl:Vierkante kilometer]] [[pl:Kilometr kwadratowy]] [[pt:Quilómetro quadrado]] [[ro:Kilometru pătrat]] [[ru:Квадратный километр]] [[sk:Štvorcový kilometer]] [[sl:Kvadratni kilometer]] [[sr:Квадратни километар]] [[sv:Kvadratkilometer]] [[th:ตารางกิโลเมตร]] [[tt:Quadrat kilometer]] [[wa:Kilomete cwåré]] [[zh:平方千米]] [[zh-min-nan:Pêng-hong-kong-lí]] 1957 9778 2006-05-19T15:11:26Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Usawa bahari wastani]] 1958 9779 2006-05-19T15:12:03Z Kipala 107 '''Usawa wa wastani wa maji ya bahari''' hutumika kama kipimo cha kulinganisha kimo wa mahali duniani toka usawa wa [[bahari]]. Kimo cha bahari hubadilika muda hadi muda. Wastani wa vimo hivi ni usawa bahari wastani. Kawaida hutumika katika sentensi kama: "Nairobi iko 1644 mita juu ya usawa wa bahari." Au: "Ndege inatembea 11.000 [[mita]] juu ya usawa wa bahari" Kifupi chake: UB [[Category:Jiografia]] [[Category:Bahari]] 1959 6019 2006-01-04T18:52:24Z Kipala 107 '''Kitabu cha Alfu Lela U Lela''' au Usiku Elfu na Moja (كتاب ألف ليلة و ليلة kwa [[Kiarabu]] au هزار و یک شب kwa [[Kiajemi]]) ni mkusanyiko wa fasihi katika muundo wa visa kutoka Mashariki ya Kati. Visa hivi vinatokana na kitabu cha zamani cha Kiajemi kiitwacho [[Hazâr Afsâna]] (Visa vya Ngano Elfu Moja). Inaaminika kuwa mtu aliyekusanya visa hivi na kutafsiri kwa [[Kiarabu]] ni [[mtambaji hadithi]] maarufu [[Abu abd-Allah Muhammed el-Gahshigar]] katika [[karne]] ya 14. Tafsiri ya kwanza ya Kiarabu ya kisasa ilichapwa [[Cairo]], [[Misri]] mwaka 1835. Inasadikika kuwa visa hivi vilianza kukusanywa wakati [[Baghdad]] ilipokuwa kitovu cha biashara na siasa [[Mashariki ya Kati]]. Wafanyabiashara toka Uajemi ([[Persia]]), [[China]], [[India]], [[Afrika]], na [[Ulaya]] walikuwa wakitembelea Baghdad kwa ajili ya biashara. Mwanzo wa visa hivi ni kuudhiwa kwa mfalme Shahryar wa "kisiwa kilichoko kati ya India na China," na kitendo cha mke wake kuwa na mahusiano ya kimapenzi nje ya ndoa. Shahryar aliamua kumuua mke wake. Kwa kuamini kuwa wanawake wote wako kama mke wake aliyemuua (yaani sio waaminifu) anamwamuru mtumishi wake awe anampatia mke kila usiku. Baada ya kulala na mke wake mpya usiku, kunapokucha anaamuru mke huyo auawe. Hali hii inaendelea hadi pale binti ya huyo mtumishi wake anapounda mbinu maalum na kuamua kujitolea kuwa mke wa mfalme. Binti huyo jina lake ni Shahrazad (Scheherazade au Shahrastini katika vitabu vya [[Kiingereza]]). Kila usiku baada ya ndoa yao, binti huyo anatumia masaa na masaa kumsimulia mfalme visa vitamu na vya kusisimua ambapo utamu wake unakuwa umekolea inapofika alfajiri (ule wakati wa kuuawa kwa mke wa mfalme). Kwa nia ya kujua mwisho wa kisa, mfalme alikuwa akiahirisha mauaji ya Shahrazad. Aliendelea kuahirisha kuuawa kwa mke wake hadi akapata naye watoto watatu! Ulipofika wakati huo alimini kuwa mke wake huyo ni mwaminifu hivyo akabadili uamuzi wa kuua wake zake. Visa vyenyewe ni mchanganyiko wa mapenzi, misiba, ucheshi, mashairi, na visa vya [[dini]] ya [[Kiislamu]]. Visa hivi vinajumuisha pia [[wanamazingaombwe]] na [[majini]].Visa maarufu ni pamoja na [[Taa ya Alladin]], [[Baharia Sindbad]], [[Ali Baba na Wezi Arobaini]]. Kati ya majina mengi inayotajwa kuna pia majina ya Khalifa [[Harun ar-Rashid]] na mshairi [[Abu Nuwas]]. Inaaminika kuwa visa vya Alladin na Ali Baba viliingizwa katika mkusanyiko huo karne ya 18 na [[Antoine Galland]] ambaye alisikia visa hivyo toka kwa mtambaji hadithi wa [[Kimaroni]] tokea nchini [[Syria]]. ==Viungo vya Nje== *[http://www.wollamshram.ca/1001/index.htm] - Tafsiri mbalimbali za Alfu Lela U Lela pamoja na tafsiri ya [[Sir Francis Burton]] na [[John Payne]] *[http://www.bartleby.com/16/ Project Bartleby edition] - Tafsiri ya [[Lane]] na [[Poole]] *[http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/docs/books/gutenberg/etext04/arnsc10.txt] - Tafsiri ya [[Jonathan Scott]] ===Viungo vya Filamu na Luninga=== *[http://www.hallmarkent.com/property.php?propertyId=ArabianNights]]-Kipindi cha luninga *[http://sinbad-themovie.com/] - Sinema ya Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas] [[Kundi: Fasihi]] 1960 8151 2006-04-10T12:01:00Z Matt Crypto 20 '''Karne''' ni [[mwaka|miaka]] mia moja. Karne 10 ni [[milenia]] moja. Neno limetokana na [[Kiarabu]] "ﻗﺮﻥ" linamaanisha kipindi cha miaka mia moja. Kwa kawaida karne si miaka 100 yoyote inayofuatana lakini kipindi kati ya miaka kama vile 1901-2000 au 1801-1900. Karne inakwisha katika mwaka yenye "00" mwishoni yaani 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000. Sababu yake ni ya kwamba hakuna mwaka "0" ya kuanzisha hesabu hivyo karne ya kwanza ya hesabu ilianza kwa mwaka 1. Hali hii huleta kila karne majadiliano kwa sababu watu wengi husikia karne mpya inaanza wakati namba ya mbele waliyozoea muda mrefu inabadilika. Hivyo watu wengi walisheherekea karne mpya mwanzoni wa mwaka 2000 iliyokuwa mwaka wa mwisho wa karne ya 20 si mwaka wa kwanza wa karne ya 21. Maoni ya wataalamu hayakueleweka au hayakupokelewa watu wengine walisema haidhuru. {{mbegu}} [[ar:قرن (زمن)]] [[ast:Sieglu]] [[be:Стагодзьдзі]] [[bg:Век]] [[ca:Segle]] [[da:Århundreder]] [[de:Jahrhundert]] [[en:Century]] [[eo:Jarcentoj]] [[es:Siglo]] [[et:Sajandid]] [[fa:قرن]] [[fi:Vuosisadat]] [[fr:Siècle]] [[fy:Ieu]] [[gl:Século]] [[he:לוח אירועים בהיסטוריה]] [[hr:Popis godina]] [[hu:Évszázad]] [[id:Abad]] [[ja:世紀]] [[la:Saeculum]] [[li:Verwiestableau vaan ieuwe]] [[lt:Amžius]] [[nl:Eeuwen]] [[no:Sekel]] [[pl:Wiek]] [[pt:Século]] [[ro:Secole]] [[ru:Хронологическая таблица]] [[simple:Century]] [[sk:Storočie]] [[sl:Stoletja]] [[sr:Век]] [[sv:Sekel]] [[th:ศตวรรษ]] [[tr:Yüzyıl]] [[uk:Історична вісь]] [[ur:ٹائم لائن]] [[zh:世纪]] [[zh-min-nan:Sè-kí]] 1961 6389 2006-01-25T12:10:05Z Matt Crypto 20 '''Ubuntu''' ni [[falsafa]]/[[dhana]]/[[itikadi]] ya Kiafrika inayotazama mahusiano na ushirikiano wa jamii. Neno ubuntu limetoka kwenye lugha za [[Kizulu]] na [[KiXhosa]] za [[Afrika Kusini]]. Neno la [[Kiswahili]] "[[utu]]" linabeba, kwa kiasi fulani, maana ya neno ubuntu. Dhana ya ubuntu imetokana na mila na utamaduni wa Kiafrika ambao umejengwa juu ya maslahi ya jamii zaidi ya maslahi ya mtu binafsi. Msingi wa dhana hii ni, "mtu sio mtu bila watu," kwa Kizulu, "Umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu." Baadhi ya watu wanaiona dhana hii kuwa na maana nzito ya kiroho na kidini kwakuwa imejengwa juu ya upendo wa watu wengine na hata mazingira. Dhana hii inaonyesha nafasi ya mtu binafsi katika jamii iliyomzunguka. Ushirikiano ni njia bora ya kuishi kama jamii kuliko ubinafsi. [[en:Ubuntu (ideology)]] [[es:Ubuntu (Sudáfrica)]] [[fr:Ubuntu]] [[it:Ubuntu]] [[pt:Ubuntu]] 1962 8116 2006-04-10T09:52:20Z Matt Crypto 20 {{mbegu}} '''Malik Zulu Shabazz''' ni kiongozi wa kundi la [[New Black Panther Party for Self Defence]]. {{mbegu}} 1963 5734 2005-12-18T03:35:35Z Ndesanjo 73 '''New Black Panther Party for Self-Defense''' ni kundi la wanaharakati weusi wenye siasa kali na mwamko wa kimapinduzi nchini [[Marekani]]. Kundi hili lilianzishwa mwaka 1989 na mtangazaji wa redio, [[Aaron Michaels]], huko [[Dallas]], [[Texas]]. Mwanzoni kundi hili lilichukua jina la "Black Panther Party" ambalo lilikuwa ni jina la kundi jingine lililokuwa na itikadi za kimapinduzi nchini Marekani. Wanachama wa kundi la mwanzo la [[Black Panther]] walipinga matumizi ya jina hilo yanayofanya na kundi jipya la Aaron Michaels. Michaels na wenzake walidai kuwa Black Panther haikuwa mali ya mtu binafsi bali jamii nzima ya watu weusi, hivyo hakuna ubaya jina hilo likatumika. Hata hivyo waliamua kuongeza neno "New" katika jina hilo. Kundi hili linakua huku likifungua matawi sehemu mbalimbali nchini Marekani. Wafuasi wengi waliojitenga na kundi jingine la [[Nation of Islam]] walijiunga na kundi hili wakimfuata aliyekuwa kiongozi wa New Black Panther Party, marehemu [[Khalid Abdul Muhammad]]. Khalid Abdul Muhammad alikuwa ni mhubiri wa Nation of Islam kabla hajajiunga na New Black Panther Party. Falsafa za kundi hili ni mchanganyiko wa mahubiri ya [[Malcolm X]], [[Marcus Garvey]], itikadi za uzalendo wa Kiafrika, na uanaharakati wa kimapinduzi. 1964 8352 2006-04-17T21:11:21Z Matt Crypto 20 samahani, tusitumie babu za kiingereza [[Image:OmooLogo.gif|OmooLogo.gif|thumb|Omoo Rul3z]] ===Introduction=== '''Omoo''' was Born and Raised in [[Tanzania]], currently residing in [[USA]]. Omoo attended [[Pfeiffer University]]. I have a keen interest in African History and Politics. A Native [[Swahili]], [[English language|English]] and Kichagga ([[Kivunjo]] dialect) speaker, and learning some French and Spanish. * You can contact me on my [[User talk:Omoo|talk page]]. ---- ===Affiliations=== <gallery> Image:Flag of the United States.svg|[[USA]] Image:Georgia state flag.png|[[Georgia]] Image:North Carolina state flag.png|[[North Carolina]] Image:Flag of Tanzania.svg|[[Tanzania]] </gallery> ---- ===Important Court of Arms & Logos=== As you can see i am a [[Carolina Panthers]] and [[Arsenal FC]] Fan. <gallery> Image:OmooLogo.gif|Omoo's Logo Image:Tanzanian Coat of Arms.png|Tanzania Image:Arsenal FC.png|Arsenal FC </gallery> ---- ===External Links=== *[http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/tz.html CIA World Fact Book - Tanzania] *[http://www.tanzania-web.com/ Tanzania Tourism] *[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/ Government of Tanzania] *[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Country_Specific/Tanzania.html Upenn African Studies Center - Tanzania] *[http://www.yale.edu/swahili Yale University Online Swahili Dictionary] *[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/destinations/africa/tanzania Lonely Planet - Tanzania] *[http://usembassy.state.gov/tanzania/ US Embassy - Tanzania] *[http://www.africanhiphop.com/ Hip Hop from The Mother Land] ---- 1965 5736 2005-12-18T04:13:06Z Omoo 109 1966 5737 2005-12-18T04:13:36Z Omoo 109 1967 5740 2005-12-18T20:13:51Z Ndesanjo 73 Omoo, karibu sana kwenye kamusi elezo ya Wikipedia. Tushirikiane kuijenga. 1968 11559 2006-06-30T15:12:30Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Tanzania flag 300.png|150px|thumb|Bendera ya Tanzania]] '''Bendera ya [[Tanzania]]''' ni ya mstatili unaokatwa pembe kwa pembe na kanda nyeusi yenye milia za njano (dhahabu) kando. Pembetatu ya juu ina rangi ya majani, pembetatu ya chini ni ya buluu. Bendera hii imepatikana tangu 30.06.1964 kutokana na maungano ya [[Tanganyika]] na [[Zanzibar]]. Bendera ya Tanganyika ilikuwa na rangi ya kijani ikiwa na kanda nyeusi katikati yenye milia za njano (dhahabu) kando. Buluu imepatikana kutokana na bendera ya Zanzibar. Rangi zinasemekana kuwa na maana yafuatayo: Kijani kwa ajili ya mashamba, kilimo na misitu. Kijani ni pia rangi ya bendera ya chama cha [[TANU]] kilichokuwa chama tawala tangu uhuru. Buluu kwa ajili ya bahari na visiwa. Nyeusi ni rangi ya watu Waafrika. Njano (dhahabu) inakumbusha juu ya utajiri wa madini. [[Category:Bendera za Afrika|Tanzania]] [[Category:Tanzania]] 1969 7114 2006-02-25T18:03:59Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Jakaya Kikwete]] 1970 9273 2006-05-03T19:32:17Z Kipala 107 '''Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete''' tangu tar. 21.12.2005 rais wa nne wa Jamhuri ya Maungano ya [[Tanzania]]. [[Image:Kikwete.jpg|thumb|250px|Jakaya Kikwete pamoja na maraisi waliostaafu Benjamin Mkapa na Hassan Ali Mwinyi]] ===Masomo=== Amezaliwa 07.10.1950 katika kijiji cha Msoga, kata ya Lugoba, tarafa ya Msoga. , Jimbo la [[Chalinze]], Wilaya ya [[Bagamoyo]], mkoa wa [[Pwani]].Lugha ya mama ilikuwa [[Kikerewe]]. 1958 – 1961 akasoma Shule ya Msingi Msoga, halafu 1962 – 1965 Shule ya Middle School Lusonga, halafu Shule ya Sekondari [[Kibaha]] akiongeza A-levels huko Shule ya Sekondari [[Tanga]]. Kuanzia mw. 1972 alisoma uchumi katika Chuo Kikuu cha [[Daressalaam]] akimaliza digrii yake mw. 1978. Akajiunga na Jeshi la Wananchi ===Familia=== Kikwete amezaliwa katika familia ya wanasiasa. Babu yake Mzee Mrisho Kikwete alikuwa chifu wa Wakwere. Babake alikuwa Mkuu wa Wilaya [[Pangani]], [[Same]] na Tanga. Jakaya Kikwete amesimulia hadithi ya kifamilia ya kuwa wakati mamake alikuwa mja mzito naye Babu alitamka kuwa ikiwa mtoto atakuwa wa kiume atampatia urithi wa cheo chake. Jakaya aliposoma Kibaha SS alikuwa mwenyekiti wa wanafunzi na pia wa Vijana wa [[TANU]]. Tanga SS alikuwa Head Prefect na pia kiongozi wa timu ya mpira. [[Chuo Kikuu cha Daressalaam|UDS]] akachaguliwa kuwa mwenyekiti wa halmashauri ya wanafunzi. ===Chama na Jeshi=== Baada ya kumaliza Chuo Kikuu alijiunga na kazi ya chama cha [[CCM]] na Jeshi la Wananchi. Habari zinazopatikana mtandaoni hazikubaliani kuhusu tarehe za vyeo na nafasi mbalimbali alizopewa. Alianza kama Katibu msaidizi wa CCM mashambani. Aliendelea kupanda ngazi kwa kuwa na vyeo mbalimbali katika chama na katika jeshi. ===Kupanda ngazi katika siasa=== 1988 akateuliwa kuwa mbunge na waziri msaidizi. 1990 alichaguliwa kuwa mbunge wa Bagamoyo/[[Chalinze]] akirudishwa kila uchaguzi hadi mw. 2000. Akawa waziri akipita katika wizara za maji na fedha. 1995 alijaribu kuchaguliwa kuwa mgombea wa uaraisi upande wa [[CCM]]. Inasemekana ya kwamba Mwal. [[Julius Nyerere]] alimwomba wakati ule kumwachia [[Benjamin Mkapa]] nafasi aliyeteuliwa na Halmashauri Kuu ya CCM. Kikwete akawa Waziri ya Mambo ya Nje katika serikali zote mbili za Mkapa. Mwaka 2005 alifaulu kuteuliwa mgombea wa CCM kwa nafasi ya rais akishinda uchaguzi wa Disemba 2005 na 80% za kura zote. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.kikweteshein.com/ Jakaya Kikwete Campign Website] *[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/ Government of Tanzania] *[http://www.ippmedia.com/ipp/observer/2005/12/11/55696.html Ippmedia Interview with Col Kikwete] *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4529627.stm BBC Profile] *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4548136.stm Jakaya Kikwete Swearing-In Ceremony] [[de:Jakaya Kikwete]] [[en:Jakaya Kikwete]] [[fi:Jakaya Kikwete]] [[fr:Jakaya Kikwete]] [[id:Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete]] [[nl:Jakaya Kikwete]] [[pl:Jakaya Kikwete]] 1971 10998 2006-06-20T11:19:16Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[ug:جىبۇتى]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width=50 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big><big>'''جمهورية جيبوتي<br>Jumhuriyah Jibuti<BR>République de Djibouti'''</big></big> |- | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan=2 | {| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" | align="center" width="125px" | [[Image:Flag of Djibouti.svg|125px|Flag of Djibouti]] | align="center" width="125px" | [[Image:Dj).jpg]] |- | align="center" width="125px" | ([[Flag of Djibouti|Kinaganaga]]) | align="center" width="125px" | ([[Coat of Arms of Djibouti|Kinaga]]) |} |- | align="center" colspan=2 | <small>''[[Hadabu ya Taifa]]: &#8212;''</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | [[image:LocationDjibouti.png|Location of Djibouti]] |- | '''[[Lugha za Taifa]]s''' | [[******]], [[Lugha ya kiarabu|******]] <br>and [[Lugha ya|******8]] |- | '''[[Mji Mkuu]]''' | [[*******]] |- | '''[[Rais wa Jibuti|Rais]]''' | [[************]] |- | '''[[Eneo]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Total <br />&nbsp;- % Maji | [[Orotha ya nchi kulingana na eneo|Kadiriwa ****]] <br /> 121,320 [[square kilometre|km&sup2;]] <br /> Acha |- | '''[[Umma]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Kadiria ([[*****]])<br />&nbsp;- Jumla ([[***8]])<br />&nbsp;- Chumo cha Umma kugawa na Eneo | [[Orotha ya Nchi kulingana na Umma|Kadiriwa *****]]<br /> 4,561,599<br /> 4,298,269<br /> 38/km&sup2; ([[Orotha ya nchi kulingana na chumo cha umma kugawa na eneo|135th]]) |- | '''[[Orotha ya nchi GDP (kidogo)|GDP]] [[Nguvu ya ununuzi|(PPP)]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Total<br />&nbsp;- Per capita<br /> | [[2005]] estimate<br /> 4,250 ([[Orotha ya nchi GDP (kidogo)|155th]]) <br />917 ([[Orotha ya nchi kulingana na GDP kwa umma|177th]]) |- | '''[[Uhuru]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Kadirifu<br />&nbsp;- Barabara | Kutoka [[***************]]<br />&nbsp;[[Mwezi tarehe?]], [[mwaka?]]<br />&nbsp;[[Mai 24]], [[1993]] |- | '''[[Fedha]]''' | [[*******|jaza jina la fedha?]] |- | '''[[Saa za Eneo]]''' | [[Masaa za kimataifa|UTC]] +3 |- | '''[[Wimbo wa Taifa]]''' | ''[[Jaza wimbo wa taifa?]]'' |- | '''[[Kiwango cha juu cha kuangalia mtandao|Intaneti TLD]]''' | [[.jaza]] |- | '''[[Orotha za nchi- kodi za simu|Codi ya simu]]''' | jaza#? |} Jamhuri ya '''Djibouti''' iko katika ncha ya [[Mashariki]] mwa [[Afrika]] katika eneo linalojulikana kama [[Pembe ya Afrika]]. Djibouti imepaka na nchi za [[Eritrea]] kwa upande wa [[Kaskazini]], [[Somalia]] upande wa [[Kusini]], [[Ethiopia]] upande wa [[Magharibi]]. == Historia == ''Tako la kifungu: [[Historia ya Jibuti]]'' == Siasa == == Eneo == == Jiografia == == Uchumi == ''Kifungu chenyewe: [[Uchumi wa Jibuti]]'' {{mbegu}} {{Afrika}} [[Category:Nchi]] [[am:ጅቡቲ]] [[an:Yibuti]] [[ar:جيبوتي]] [[bg:Джибути]] [[bn:জিবুতি]] [[bs:Džibuti]] [[ca:Djibouti]] [[cs:Džibutsko]] [[da:Djibouti]] [[de:Dschibuti]] [[en:Djibouti]] [[eo:Ĝibutio]] [[es:Yibuti]] [[et:Djibouti]] [[eu:Djibuti]] [[fa:جیبوتی]] [[fi:Djibouti]] [[fr:Djibouti]] [[gl:Xibutí - Djibouti]] [[he:ג'יבוטי]] [[hi:जिबूती]] [[hr:Džibuti]] [[ht:Djibouti (peyi)]] [[hu:Dzsibuti]] [[ia:Djibouti]] [[id:Djibouti]] [[io:Djibouti]] [[is:Djíbútí]] [[it:Gibuti]] [[ja:ジブチ]] [[ko:지부티]] [[kw:Jibouti]] [[la:Dzibutum]] [[li:Djiboeti]] [[lt:Džibutis]] [[lv:Džibuti]] [[ms:Djibouti]] [[na:Djibouti]] [[nds:Dschibuti]] [[nl:Djibouti (land)]] [[nn:Djibouti]] [[no:Djibouti]] [[oc:Djiboti]] [[os:Джибути]] [[pl:Dżibuti]] [[ps:جېبوتي]] [[pt:Djibouti]] [[ro:Djibouti]] [[ru:Джибути]] [[simple:Djibouti]] [[sk:Džibutsko]] [[sl:Džibuti]] [[sq:Xhibuti]] [[sr:Џибути]] [[sv:Djibouti]] [[th:ประเทศจิบูตี]] [[tl:Djibouti]] [[tr:Cibuti]] [[ug:جىبۇتى]] [[uk:Джибуті]] [[vi:Djibouti]] [[zh:吉布提]] [[zh-min-nan:Djibouti]] 1972 9309 2006-05-05T13:27:28Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Chama cha Mapinduzi''' (CCM) ni chama tawala nchini [[Tanzania]]. CCM ilizaliwa Julai 5, 1977 baada ya kuungana kwa vyama vya [[Tanganyika African National Union]] (TANU) kilichokuwa kikitawala Tanzania Bara na [[Afro-Shirazi Party]] (ASP) cha [[Zanzibar]] (Tanzania Visiwani). Waasisi wa CCM ni pamoja na Rais wa kwanza wa [[Tanganyika]], [[Mwalimu Nyerere]], Rais wa kwanza wa Zanzibar, [[Amaan Abeid Karume]], [[Mzee Thabit Kombo]], [[Rashid Kawawa]], [[Bibi Titi Mohammed]], na wengineo. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.ccmtz.org/ Tovuti ya Chama Cha Mapinduzi] [[de:Chama Cha Mapinduzi]] [[en:Chama Cha Mapinduzi]] [[nl:Chama Cha Mapinduzi]] [[ja:タンザニア革命党]] [[sv:Revolutionära statspartiet]] 1973 sysop 5770 2005-12-22T07:43:32Z MediaWiki default No matching items in log. 1974 sysop 5773 2005-12-22T07:43:33Z MediaWiki default diff to penultimate revision 1975 sysop 5774 2005-12-22T07:43:33Z MediaWiki default This site has restricted the ability to create new pages. You can go back and edit an existing page, or [[Special:Userlogin|log in or create an account]]. 1976 sysop 5775 2005-12-22T07:43:33Z MediaWiki default Page creation limited 1977 sysop 5776 2005-12-22T07:43:33Z MediaWiki default (default) 1978 sysop 5777 2005-12-22T07:43:33Z MediaWiki default Block unregistered users 1979 sysop 5778 2005-12-22T07:43:33Z MediaWiki default Sysops only 1980 sysop 11721 2006-07-01T19:11:51Z MediaWiki default You may view and change the protection level here for the page <strong>$1</strong>. 1981 sysop 5780 2005-12-22T07:43:33Z MediaWiki default Unlock move permissions 1982 sysop 7161 2006-02-26T02:08:19Z MediaWiki default Your account does not have permission to change page protection levels. Here are the current settings for the page <strong>$1</strong>: 1983 sysop 5791 2005-12-22T07:43:34Z MediaWiki default You have $1 ($2). 1984 11235 2006-06-24T09:35:56Z Kipala 107 {{Ziwa | jina = Ziwa la Viktoria Nyanza | picha = Lake_Victoria.png | maelezo_ya_picha = Ziwa Viktoria Nyanza jinsi inavyoonekana kutoka angani | mahali = [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] | nchi = [[Tanzania]], [[Kenya]] na [[Uganda]] | eneo = 68,100 km² | kina = 81 m | mito inayoingia = [[Kagera (mto)|Kagera]], [[Katonga]], [[Nzoia]] | mito inayotoka = [[Nile]] | kimo = 1,134 m | miji = [[Kampala]], [[Kisumu]], [[Mwanza]] }} '''Ziwa Victoria''' au '''Viktoria Nyanza''' ni [[ziwa]] kubwa [[Afrika]], pia ni chanzo cha mto [[Nile]], hili ni ziwa la pili kwa ukubwa Duniani. Ziwa la kwanza ni [[ziwa Superior]] ambalo lipo [[Amerika ya kaskazini]], ziwa Victoria lipo futi 3,726 kutoka usawa wa bahari lina eneo la maili za mraba zaidi ya 26,000 maji ya ziwa Victoria yanamiminika kwenye mto Nile na kuelekea [[bahari ya Mediterenia]] kwa umbaili wa maili 4,000. Hata hivyo ziwa Victoria limekuwa ni kiunganisho na mpaka kwa nchi tatu za [[Afrika ya mashariki]] ambazo ni [[Tanzania]]; [[Kenya]] na [[Uganda]]. ==Viungo vya Nje== [http://www.waterandnature.org/eatlas/html/af16.html Watersheds of Africa: A10 Nile | Lake Victoria ] {{mbegu}} [[Category:Maziwa ya Afrika]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Tanzania]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Uganda]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Kenya]] <!-- interwiki --> [[ar:بحيرة فكتوريا]] [[ca:Llac Victòria]] [[cs:Viktoriino jezero]] [[da:Victoriasøen]] [[de:Viktoriasee]] [[en:Lake Victoria]] [[es:Lago Victoria]] [[et:Victoria järv]] [[fi:Victoriajärvi]] [[fr:Lac Victoria]] [[gl:Lago Vitoria]] [[he:אגם ויקטוריה]] [[hu:Viktória-tó]] [[id:Danau Victoria]] [[is:Viktoríuvatn]] [[it:Lago Vittoria]] [[ja:ヴィクトリア湖]] [[ko:빅토리아 호]] [[lt:Viktorijos ežeras]] [[nl:Victoriameer]] [[no:Victoriasjøen]] [[pl:Jezioro Wiktorii]] [[pt:Lago Vitória]] [[ru:Виктория (озеро)]] [[sh:Jezero Victoria]] [[sk:Viktóriino jazero]] [[sl:Jezero Ukerewe]] [[sr:Викторијино језеро]] [[sv:Victoriasjön]] [[uk:Вікторія (озеро)]] [[zh:維多利亞湖]] 1985 10224 2006-05-27T21:23:16Z 83.94.180.206 Bwana '''Jens Fink-Jensen''' alizaliwa tarehe Desemba 19, 1956 katika mji wa [[Copenhagen]] nchini [[Denmark]]. Yeye ni mwandishi katika lugha ya [[Kidenishi]] katika nyanja mbali-mbali kama vile semi za kawaida na mashairi. Vile vile yeye ni mpiga picha na mwandishi wa vitabu hasa vya muziki na nyimbo. Alianza maisha yake kama mwandishi wa vitabu vya hadidhi Juni 4, 1975 wakati alipoandika [[hadithi]] fupi ijulikanayo kama ''Juni 1995''. Kitabu hicho kilichapishwa kwenye gazeti la kila siku kwa lugha ya Kidenish lijulikanalo kama "Nipashe Habari'". Hatimaye kwenye mwezi wa Mei katika mwaka wa Elfu Moja na Mia Tisa na Sabini na Sita, akawa mwandishi wa mashairi kwanza kwa kuandika tunzi nne za mashairi zilizo chapishwa kwenye jarida nambari sabini na sita mkwaju moja, na ambalo hujulikana kama “Mbegu ya Ngano” (Hvedekorn). Tunzi zake za mwanzo kwenye nyanja ya mashairi zilichapishwa kwa mara ya kwanza kunako Mwaka wa Elfu Moja Mia Nane na Dhemaanini na Moja na zikajulikana kwa kupewa kicwa cha maneno ''Dunia Kwenye Jicho''. Alianza kukusanya mashairi yalio kua yameandikwa na washairi wengine na kuyaweka katika hali ya vitabu kwenye mwaka wa Elfu Moja Mia Tisa na Dhemanini na Sita. Vitabu vyenyewe vilichapishwa vikiwa katika hali ya mkusanyiko wa hadidhi fupi-fupi na vikatambulika kwa jina la ''Wanyama mwitu''. Hatimae kunako mwaka wa Elfu Moja Mia Tisa na Tisini na Nne, akaanza kuandika vitabu kwa watoto, baadhi yavyo kikiwa ni kile kiitwacho ''Jonas na Konokono''. Alihitimu masomo yake kwenye shule ya upili kidato cha sita na kupita vizuri katika masomo ya lugha mbali-mbale akiwa katika shule ya bweni ya Herlufsholm kunako mwaka wa Elfu Moja mia Tisa na Sabini na Sita. Baadae alifanya mafunzo ya kijeshi na kuhitimu kwa kutunukiwa cheo cha Kamanda kwenye kikosi kiitwacho Walinzi Hai wa Kifalme (Royal Life Guards). Hatimae kwenye mwaka wa Elfu-moja na Mia Tisa na Dhemaanini na Sita, akajiunga na chuo kitoacho masomo kwenye fani ya ujenzi kilichoko mjini Conpenhagen amboko alitunukiwa shahada ya Mastas katika uchoraji na ujenzi. Katika mwaka wa Elfu moja Mia Tisa na Tisini na Saba, akiwa bado angali kwenye chuo hicho-hicho, aliyaendeleza masomo yake kwa kushiriki kwenye masomo ya ukusanyaji na utoaji wa habari katika misingi inayo husisha matumizu ya mbinu mbali-mbali. Na akiwa kama mojawapo wa waandishi wakongwe walio vuma katika miaka ya Dhemaanini na ambao walipenda kua na uhusiano wa karibu sana na bwana Poul Borum, (mhariri wa Hvedekorn), yeye pamoja na wenzake wengine kama vile Michael Strunge, walichangia katika kubuni onyesho la kusisimua ambalo lilijulikana kama “Kizazi Kipya” na ambalo liliandaliwa katika ukumbi wa Huset ulioko mjini Copenhagen. Hii ilikua ni kwenye mwaka wa Elfu Moja mia Tisa na Dhemaanini. Vile-vile, alijishirikisha kwenye maonyesho ya tunzi mbali-mbali na alishikilia nafasi maalum ya kusoma mashairi yenye kuelezea hali ya furaha na huzuni, huku akionyesha picha zinazo onyeshwa kwenye kuta kwa kutumia miale ya mwangaza. Mengine alio jihusisha nayo yalikua ni Kuleta hali ya uuwiyano katika tunzi mbali-mbali zilizo tungwa na shule mbali-mbali za upili, na kwenye sherehe zingine mbali-mbali zilizo wahi kufanyika wakati huo; Hii ikiwa ni baadhi ya matukio mengine alio jihusisha nayo. Wengine walio shiriki nae ni mwana mziki Fredrik Mellqvist ambae ana uhodari wa kucheza chombo kiitwacho Keyboard. Wengine alio shiriki nao ni pamoja na yule mchezaji wa chombo kiitwacho Saksafoni aitwae Jens Severin. Mwana sanaa huyu Jens Fink-Jensen amewahi vile-vile kuandaa maonyesho ya picha, kwamfano yale yaliyo julikana kama “Meli za Kusini” pamoja na ''Uso wa Beijing''. Mengine yalikua ni pamoja na maonyesho yalio julikana kama ''Picha za Neno'' ambazo ziliandamana na picha ambazo huonyeshwa kwa kutumia miyale ya mwangaza na ambazo hushirikisha sauti. Mfano ukiwa ni ile ijulikanayo kama ''Jicho limulikalo Ulimwengu'' likiwa ni onyesho lililokua linasimulia kuhusu malighafi inayo tumika ndani ya vitabu. ==Orodha ya vitabu vingine alivyo wahi kuchapisha== *1981 Mashairi ya ''Verden i et øje (Dunia kwenye jicho)'' *1982 Mashairi ya ''Sorgrejser (Safari za kufadhaisha)'' *1983 Mashairi ya ''Dans under galgen (Kucheza densi kwenye miti ya kunyongea watu)'' *1986 Hadidhi Fupi za ''Bæsterne (Wanyama mwitu)'' *1988 Mashairi ya ''Nær afstanden (Karibu ya mwendo)'' (yalio chapishwa kwa lugha ya Kiarabu 1999) *1994 Vitabu kwa Watoto ''Jonas og konkylien (Jonas na konokono)'' (ambamo picha za tafsiri zimechorwa na msanii Mads Stage) *1995 Mashairi ya ''Forvandlingshavet (Bahari ya mageuzi)''. *1998 Kitabu Kwa Watoto ''Jonas og himmelteltet (Jonas na hema ipepeayo kwenye mawingu)'' (ambamo picha za tafsiri zimechorwa na msanii Mads Stage) *2002 Mashairi ya ''Alt er en åbning (Kila kitu ni ufunguo mpya)'' *2005 Chaguo Maalum la Mashairi Mia Moja ya kimapenzi ya ''Syd for mit hjerte (Kusini ya moyo wangu)'' ==Weblink== *[http://www.jensfink.dk/english Jens Fink-Jensen Online] [[ar:يانس فينك يانسن]] [[cs:Jens Fink-Jensen]] [[da:Jens Fink-Jensen]] [[de:Jens Fink-Jensen]] [[el:Γενς Φινκ-Γένσεν]] [[en:Jens Fink-Jensen]] [[es:Jens Fink-Jensen]] [[et:Jens Fink-Jensen]] [[fi:Jens Fink-Jensen]] [[fo:Jens Fink-Jensen]] [[fr:Jens Fink-Jensen]] [[hr:Jens Fink-Jensen]] [[hu:Jens Fink-Jensen]] [[id:Jens Fink-Jensen]] [[is:Jens Fink-Jensen]] [[it:Jens Fink-Jensen]] [[ja:イェンス・フィンク＝イェンセン]] [[ka:ფინქ-იენსენი, იენს]] [[kl:Jens Fink-Jensen]] [[lt:Jensas Finkas-Jensenas]] [[ms:Jens Fink-Jensen]] [[nl:Jens Fink-Jensen]] [[no:Jens Fink-Jensen]] [[pl:Jens Fink-Jensen]] [[pt:Jens Fink-Jensen]] [[ro:Jens Fink-Jensen]] [[ru:Финк-Йенсен, Йенс]] [[sl:Jens Fink-Jensen]] [[sv:Jens Fink-Jensen]] [[uk:Єнс Фінк-Єнсен]] [[zh:延斯·芬克－延森]] 1986 5801 2005-12-23T22:40:00Z Guaka 60 I'm Kasper Souren and I don't speak Swahili. :) Do I do speak a bit of Bambara, and I'm administrator of the Bambara Wikipedia, and also of the Fulfulde Wikipedia, though I don't speak Fulfulde... [[af:Gebruiker:Guaka]] [[bm:Utilisateur:Guaka]] [[ca:Usuari:Guaka]] [[de:Benutzer:Guaka]] [[en:User:Guaka]] [[es:Usuario:Guaka]] [[ff:User:Guaka]] [[fr:Utilisateur:Guaka]] [[li:User:Guaka]] [[lt:Naudotojas:Guaka]] [[nl:Gebruiker:Guaka]] [[pt:Usuário:Guaka]] [[sv:Användare:Guaka]] [[ja:User:Guaka]] [[xh:User:Guaka]] [[zu:User:Guaka]] 1987 8557 2006-04-21T15:33:34Z Matt Crypto 20 {{mergeto|Yesu}} '''Yesu Kristo''' (kutoka [[Kigiriki]] Ιησους Χριστός (Iesous [[Christos]])) ni njia ya kawaida kati ya Wakristo jinsi anavyojulikana Yesu kutoka [[Nazareti]] ([[Yesu Mnazareti]]). "Yesu Kristo" leo hutumika kama jina. Lakini kiasili ni tamko la imani lenye sehemu mbili: jina "Yesu" na cheo "Kristo". Kristo ni tafsiri ya neno la Kiebrania "mashiah" (Masiya). Katika lugha ya Kigiriki "Yesu Kristo" mara nyingi ni sentensi kamili. Maana yake kiasili ni "Yesu ndiye Masiya (mashiah)ya Mungu", yaani Yesu ndiye Masiya huyu aliyetangazwa na ma[[nabii]] wa kale anayesubiriwa na [[Israeli]]. Katika aya nyingine "Yesu Kristo" tayari imetumika kama jina. (linganisha: raisi Mkapa, au: Mkapa raisi - si yule Mkapa mwingine...) Hata katika tafsiri ya Biblia hali hii bado inaonekana: wakati mwingine tunasoma "Kristo Yesu", wakati mwingine "Yesu Kristo", wakati mwingine "Yesu ni Kristo". Namna hii inaonyesha ya kwamba "Kristo" si jina tu; waandishi wa Biblia walielewa kabisa ni cheo. 1988 5860 2005-12-25T15:55:46Z 84.143.204.210 #REDIRECT[[Yesu]] 1989 8174 2006-04-11T12:13:40Z Matt Crypto 20 [[Image:DSC04820.JPG|320px|thumbnail|]] '''Krismasi''' (au '''Noeli''') ni [[sikukuu]] ya kuzaliwa kwake [[Yesu Kristo]] kama miaka 2000 iliyopita. Tarehe halisi ya kuzaliwa kwake haijulikani kwa sababu utamaduni wa Wayahudi wa wakati ule haukujua sherehe au kumbukumbu ya siku ya kuzaliwa. Lakini miaka 200 baadaye Ukristo umekuwa ulienea sana kati ya mataifa waliokuwa na kawaida ya kuangalia na kusheherekea sikukuu ya kuzaliwa. Hivyo hamu imejitokeza kusheherekea pia Sikukuu ya kuzaliwa kwake Kristo. Hapo ndipo asili ya Sikukuu ya Krismasi. Wakristo wengi husheherekea tar. 25. Disemba (Wakatoliki, Waprotestant, sehemu ya Waorthodoksi). Hasa kati ya Waorthodoksi kuna tarehe nyingine kama 6. au 7. Januari. {{mbegu}} [[af:Kersfees]] [[ang:Crīstesmæsse]] [[be:Божае Нараджэньне]] [[bg:Коледа]] [[br:Nedeleg]] [[ca:Nadal]] [[ceb:Disyembre]] [[cs:Vánoce]] [[cy:Nadolig]] [[da:Jul]] [[pdc:Grischtdaag]] [[de:Weihnachten]] [[el:Χριστούγεννα]] [[en:Christmas]] [[eo:Kristnasko]] [[es:Navidad]] [[fi:Joulu]] [[fr:Noël]] [[ga:An Nollaig]] [[he:חג המולד]] [[hr:Božić]] [[hu:Karácsony]] [[id:Natal]] [[ilo:Deciembre]] [[is:Jól]] [[it:Natale]] [[ja:クリスマス]] [[jv:Natal]] [[ko:크리스마스]] [[la:Christi Natalis]] [[lb:Chrëschtdag]] [[lt:Kalėdos]] [[lv:Decembris]] [[ms:Krismas]] [[nds:Wiehnacht]] [[nl:Kerstmis]] [[nn:Jul]] [[no:Jul]] [[oc:Nadal]] [[pam:Disiembri]] [[pl:Boże Narodzenie]] [[pt:Natal]] [[rm:Nadal]] [[ro:Crăciun]] [[ru:Рождество Христово]] [[scn:Natali]] [[simple:Christmas]] [[sl:Božič]] [[sr:Божић]] [[sv:Jul]] [[ta:டிசம்பர்]] [[th:คริสต์มาส]] [[tl:Pasko]] [[uk:Різдво]] [[vi:Giáng sinh]] [[war:Disyembre]] [[zh:圣诞节]] 1990 5811 2005-12-25T12:52:31Z RobotJcb 115 Robot of [[:nl:User:Jcb]] 1991 10661 2006-06-08T18:54:54Z Kipala 107 [[Image:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|right|340px|Kagera kwenye maporomoko ya Rusumo. Mto ni mpaka, Tanazania upande wa kushoto na Rwanda upande wa kulia. Vituo vya mpakani vinaonekana darajani.]] '''Mto wa Kagera''' (Kinyarwanda: Akagera) ni kati ya mito inayounda mto wa [[Nile]] pia ni mto mkubwa kabisa wa kuingia ziwa la Viktoria Nyanza. Inaanza [[Burundi]] inapounganika mito ya Nyawarongo (Niavarongo) na Ruvubu (Ruvuvu) ikiendela 400 km hadi kuingia ziwa la [[Viktoria Nyanza]]. Mto wa Kagera ukielekea kaskazini ni mpaka kati ya [[Tanzania]] na [[Rwanda]]; pale inapogeuka kuelekea mashariki karibu na mji wa Kikagati ni mpaka kati ya [[Tanzania]] na [[Uganda]]. Sehemu ya mwisho wa njia yake inaingia kabisa ndani ya eneo la Tanzania hadi kufika Viktoria Nyanza kama 40 km kaskazini za [[Bukoba]]. Jina la mto wa Kagera umekuwa pia jina la mbuga ya wanyama ya Akagera National Park huko Rwanda na pia la [[Mkoa wa Kagera]] katika Tanzania. [[Category:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Category:Mito ya Burundi]] [[Category:Mito ya Rwanda]] [[Category:Mito ya Uganda]] [[Category:Mito ya Tanzania]] [[en:Kagera River]] [[sk:Kagera (rieka)]] 1992 9089 2006-05-01T06:22:13Z 218.123.18.137 [[Image:Tanzania_Kagera.png|thumb|right|175px|Ramani ya mkoa wa Kagera]] '''Mkoa wa Kagera''' ni [[mkoa]] wa kaskazini-magharibi kabisa katika [[Tanzania]]. Jina lake linatokana na mto [[Kagera, Mto|Kagera]]. Mkoa wa Kagera umepakana na [[Burundi]], [[Rwanda]] na [[Uganda]] upande wa Magharibi na Kaskazini. Upande wa Kusini umepakana na mikoa mengine ya Tanzania ya Kigoma, Shinyanga na Mwanza. Eneo lake ni 28,953 km² za nchi kavu na 11,885 km² za maji hasa ya Viktoria Nyanza, jumla 40,838 km². Mkoa wa Kagera uko mnamo 1000m juu ya uwiano wa bahari. Makao makuu ya mkoa ni mji wa [[Bukoba]]. Kuna wilaya tano za Bukoba, [[Muleba]], [[Karagwe]], [[Ngara]] na [[Biharamulo]]. Kuna halmashauri sita za Bukoba Mjini, Bukoba Vijijini, Karagwe, Muleba, Biharamulo na Ngara. [[Sensa]] ya mw. 2003 imeonyesha idadi ya wakazi kuwa 2,003,888 inayoendelea kuongezeka asilimia 3.1% kwa mwaka. ==External links== * {{en}} [http://www.kagera.org Kagera - Bukoba - the official webguide] * {{en}} [http://www.kiroyeratours.com - Tourist Office Bukoba / Kagera] * {{en}} [http://www.tanzania.go.tz/regions/kagera/index.html United Republic of Tanzania: Kagera Region] {{Mikoa ya Tanzania}} [[en:Kagera Region]] [[ja:カゲラ州]] 1993 5850 2005-12-25T15:48:54Z 84.143.204.210 '''Kagera''' ina maana mbalimbali: *[[Kagera, Mto|Kagera]] ni mto katika Tanzania *[[Mkoa wa Kagera]] ni mkoa katika Tanzania. {{maana}} 1994 5851 2005-12-25T15:49:38Z Kipala 107 Yah: Orodha ya mikoa. Sijui nani ameweka sanduku lenye majina ya mikoa. Mimi sina uhakika jinsi kuisahihisha. kwa sasa zote ni "Mkow wa..." . Ningeona afadhali kama ni: Arusha, mkoa wa; Mbeya, Mkoa wa... nakadhalika . Je mnaonaje? --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 15:49, 25 Desemba 2005 (UTC) 1995 5857 2005-12-25T15:54:29Z 84.143.204.210 #REDIRECT[[Yesu]] 1996 8558 2006-04-21T15:33:49Z Matt Crypto 20 {{mergefrom|Yesu Kristo.}} '''Yesu''' alikuwa [[Myahudi]] aliyeishi miaka 2000 iliyopita. Wakristo wanamwamini yeye ndiye Mungu aliyechukua maumbile ya mwanadamu au kwa lugha nyingine Mwana wa Mungu. Ameita kikundi cha wanafunzi ambacho kimekuwa mwanzo wa [[Kanisa]] la Kikristo leo linalopatikana katika madhehebu mbalimbali. Maisha yake imekuwa msingi kwa ajili ya [[sikukuu]] mbalimbali inayosheherekewa katika nchi nyingi duniani. Taz. [[Krismasi]] (kuzaliwa kwake), [[Epifania]] (kuonekana kwake pia kubatizwa kwake), [[Majilio]] au [[Kwaresima]] (mateso yake), [[Ijumaa Kuu]] (kifo chake); [[Pasaka]] (kufufuka kwake). ==Misingi ya ujuzi wetu juu yake== Yesu hakuacha maandiko yoyote. Habari zake zinapatikana hasa katika maandiko ya Agano Jipya. ==Chimbuko nje ya Ukristo== Kuna habari fupi kuhusu Yesu katika maandiko ya waandishi Waroma, Wagiriki na Wayahudi. Habari hizi zinaangaliwa sana kwa sababu zimetungwa na watu wasiomwamini Yesu hawakuwa Wakristo na wafuasi wake. Kwa ujumla zinathebitisha ya kwamba Yesu alikuwepo, alikuwa na wafuasi huko Roma na ya kwamba awali Waroma hawakuelewa tofauti kati ya wafuasi wake na Wayahudi. Muhimu ni hasa: 1. Testimonium Flavanium: mtaalamu Myahudi Flavius Josephus aliandika mn. Mw. 90 b.K. kitabu cha „Antiquitates Judaicae“ (Habari za historia ya Kiyahudi) akitaja kifo cha „Yakobo ndugu wa Yesu“ (sura ya 20, 200). 2. Mwandishi Mroma Tacitus aliandika mn. Mw. 117 ya kwamba Kaisari Nero alishtaki kikundi cha “Chrestiani” ya kuwa wamechoma moto mji wa Roma. Aliongeza: “Mtu ambaye ni asili ya jina hili ni Chrestus aliyeuawa wakati wa Tiberio kwa amri ya Pontio Pilato” (Annales XV,44). 3. Mwandishi Mroma Sueton alimtaja “Chrestos” katika kitabu chake juu ya maisha ya Kaisari Claudius (25,4) ya kwamba huyu amesababisha fujo kati ya Wayahudi wa mji wa Roma hivyo Kaisari aliwafukuza mjini. 4. Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus alikuwa mwanasiasa Mroma aliacha barua kadhaa zinazotaja Wakristo mnamo mwaka 100 b.K. Alimwuliza Kaisari Traian jinsi ya kushughulika Wakristo waliokataa kutoa sadaka mbele ya sanamu za Kaisari. [[Category:Ukristo]] [[af:Jesus Christus]] [[ar:يسوع المسيح]] [[bg:Исус Христос]] [[bn:যীশূ]] [[ca:Jesucrist]] [[cs:Ježíš Kristus]] [[cy:Iesu Grist]] [[da:Jesus af Nazareth]] [[de:Jesus von Nazaret]] {{Link FA|de}} [[el:Ιησούς Χριστός]] [[en:Jesus]] [[eo:Jesuo Kristo]] [[es:Jesús de Nazaret]] [[et:Jeesus Kristus]] [[fr:Jésus-Christ]] [[ga:Íosa Críost]] [[he:ישו]] [[hr:Isus]] [[ia:Jesus Christo]] [[id:Yesus Kristus]] [[is:Jesús]] [[it:Gesù]] [[ka:ქრისტე]] [[kn:ಯೇಸು ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತ]] [[ko:예수 그리스도]] [[ku:Îsa]] [[kw:Yesu Krist]] [[li:Zjezus Christus]] [[lt:Jėzus Kristus]] [[mk:Исус Христос]] [[ms:Yesus Kristus]] [[nds:Jesus Chistus]] [[nl:Jezus Christus]] [[ja:イエス・キリスト]] [[nn:Jesus]] [[no:Jesus Kristus]] [[pl:Jezus Chrystus]] [[pt:Jesus]] [[ro:Isus Cristos]] [[ru:Иисус Христос]] [[scn:Gghiesù Cristu]] [[simple:Jesus]] [[sk:Ježiš]] [[sl:Jezus Kristus]] [[sr:Исус Христос]] [[fi:Jeesus]] [[sv:Jesus Kristus]] [[tl:Jesús]] [[ta:இயேசு]] [[th:เยซู คริสต์]] [[tpi:Jisas]] [[tt:Ğaysa]] [[vi:Giê-xu]] [[zh:耶穌基督]] 1997 11476 2006-06-29T01:20:43Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[ca:Azània]] Azania ni jina la kihistoria kwa ajili ya sehemu mbalimbali za pwani la [[Afrika ya Mashariki]]. Asili yake ni zamani za [[Waroma]] na [[Wagiriki]] wa kale. Mara ya kwanza jina hili limepatikana kwa mwandishi Mroma [[Plinio Mzee]] (Gaius Plinius Secundus) aliyeishi wakati wa karne ya kwanza b.K. Kufuatana na maelezo yake Azania ni sehemu zile zilizoanza katika eneo la [[Adulis]] (leo: [[Eritrea]]) na kuelekea kusini. Kitabu cha mwongozo kwa ajili ya mabaharia "[[Periplus ya Bahari ya Eritrea]]" (karne ya pili b.K.) kinatoa maelezo zaidi zinazoonyesha ya kwamba jina la Azania lilimaanisha pwani la Afrika ya Mashariki kutoka [[Eritrea]] hadi [[Tanzania]] ya leo. Mwandishi [[Cosmas Indicopleustes]] wa karne ya sita b.K. aliandika Azania ni nchi chini ya utawala wa ufalme wa [[Aksum]]. Katika karne zilizofuata jina la Azania haikutumika tena. Inawezekana ya kwamba sababu yake ilikuwa [[Waarabu]] [[Waislamu]] walichukua nafasi ya Wagiriki na Waroma wakitawala biashara ya nje ya pwani la Afrika ya Mashariki. Kuna uwezekano ya kuwa Waarabu walitumia jina la "[[Zanj]]" kwa ajili ya eneo lilelile. Katika karne ya 20 jina la Azania limefufuka tena. Nchi huru za [[Tanganyika]] na [[Zanzibar]] ziliungana tar. 26.04.1964 kuwa Jamhuri ya maungano ya Tanganyika na Zanzibar. Jina jipya lilitafutwa. Hapa jina lile la kihistoria "Azania" lilikumbukwa tena; kwa kuunganisha maneno ya Tanganyika, Zanzibar na Azania jina la nchi "[[Tanzania]]" limepatikana. Kwa namna tofauti jina la Azania lilitumika pia [[Afrika Kusini]]. Wakati wa siasa ya Ubaguzi wa Rangi sehemu ya wapinzani wa siasa hii hawakutaka kutumia jina rasmi la "South Africa / Zuid Afrika" tena. Walitafuta jina katika historia iliyotangulia kufika kwa [[Makaburu]] wakichukua jina la Azania. Ni hasa vyama vya [[PAC]] na [[Azanian People´s Organization]] waliotaka kubadilisha jina la Afrika Kusini kuwa Azania. Lakini chama kikubwa cha [[ANC]] haikukubali na mipango ilishindikana. [[af:Azanië]] [[ca:Azània]] [[de:Azania]] [[en:Azania]] [[fr:Côte d'Ajan]] [[nl:Azanië]] [[pt:Azânia]] 1998 7415 2006-03-17T12:19:04Z Marcos 3 Talk:Tanga mjini umehamishwa hapa Talk:Mji wa Tanga Asante kwa ajili ya makala! Lakini siamini ya kwamba asili ya jina "Tanga" ni lugha ya Kiajemi. Habari hii imepatikana wapi? --[[User:172.176.17.217|172.176.17.217]] 18:18, 25 Desemba 2005 (UTC) Habari iko katika toleo gani? Yaani ya tarahe gani? --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 18:36, 25 Desemba 2005 (UTC) 1999 11184 2006-06-23T18:04:25Z Malangali 178 Nina nywele lakini nimependa jina hili la '''Kipala'''. Nikiwa Mjerumani nimekaa miaka mingi Tanzania na Kenya. Hata nikihofia ya kwamba nimeanza kutumia Kiswahili cha Nairobi hapo na pale bado naona nitoe shukrani zangu kwa Afrika ya Mashariki kwa njia ya kusaidia kujenga Wikipedia ya Kiswahili. Basi jamani, kuna kazi, twendeni! --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 21:11, 14 Januari 2006 (UTC) :Kipala, asante sana kwa kunikaribisha. Kuhusu majina ya nchi, kuna orodha nzuri inayopatikana kwenye [http://research.yale.edu/cgi-bin/swahili/specialized_vocab.cgi?DiaOrTerm=Terminology&DiaOrTermNum=21&EngP=1 Kamusi Hai]. Orodha hii inafuata orodha tatu nyingine: zile za BAKITA, TUKI, na Redio Tanzania Dar es Salaam. Vikundi hivi vitatu vilisanifisha (au viliswahilisha, ukipendelea) majina ya nchi zote za dunia. Kama ulivyosema, mara nyingi hakuna makubaliano baina ya vyanzo mbalimbali, na orodha hiyo ya Kamusi Hai inaonyesha mitafaruku. Lakini kwa jumla orodha ya Kamusi Hai inaonyesha majina yaliyopendekezwa na wataalamu wa vyuo na waandishi wa habari. Je, tufuate mapendekezo haya, au tuhimize istilahi nyingine ya Kiwikipedia? Nafikiri ni afadhali tufuate njia moja na wao waliopewa cheti kusanifisha lugha rasmi, lakini naomba shauri lako. :Orodha ya TUKI ilichapishwa katika Kamusi ya Kiswahili Sanifu, Toleo la Pili, mwaka 2004, kurasa 473-477. Orodha hii ilifuata mapendekezo rasmi ya orodha ya BAKITA kutoka mwaka 2001, lakini ilibadili maneno mbalimbali (Ekwado badala ya Ikwado, kwa mfano). Baada ya hapo, Redio Tanzania Dar es Salaam ilipendekeza mabadiliko mengine mwaka 2005, kufuatana na matumizi yao. Mapendekezo yote yanaonekana katika orodha ya majina ya nchi iliyoandaliwa na [http://research.yale.edu/cgi-bin/swahili/specialized_vocab.cgi?DiaOrTerm=Terminology&DiaOrTermNum=21&EngP=1 Kamusi Hai ya Kiswahili kwenye Mtandao]. [[User:Malangali|Malangali]] 18:04, 23 Juni 2006 (UTC) 2000 10817 2006-06-14T11:58:17Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[scn:Commonwealth]] {| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="4" style="float:right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; width: 250px;" |+ style="font-size: larger; margin-left: inherit;"|<big><big>'''Jumuiya ya Madola (Commonwealth of Nations)'''</big></big> |- style="text-align: center;" | colspan="2" | [[Image:Commonwealth-Flag.png|250px|Bendera ya Jumuiya ya Madola]]<br /> [[Bendera ya Jumuiya ya Madola]] |- | '''[[Lugha rasmi|Lugha rasmi]]''' | [[English language|Kiingereza]] |- | '''[[Commonwealth Secretary-General|Katibu Mkuu]]''' | [[Don McKinnon]] (tangu 1999) |- | '''Chanzo chake''' | mw. 1926 kama jumuiya ya "Kibritania", tangu 1949 kama Jumuiya ya Madola ya kisasa |- | '''[[List of members of the Commonwealth of Nations by name|Madola wanachama]]''' | 53 |- | '''[[Marlborough House|Makao Makuu]]''' | [[Westminster]], [[London]] |- | '''Mtandao''' | [http://www.thecommonwealth.org/ thecommonwealth.org] |} '''Jumuiya ya Madola''' (jina la Kiingereza ni '''Commonwealth of Nations''') inaunganisha nchi mbalimbali hasa [[Uingereza]] na nchi zilizokuwa [[koloni]] zake. Umoja huu umeanzishwa mw. 1926 kama "Jumuiya ya Kibritania" (British Commonwealth) na kupewa jina lake la sasa tangu 1949. Inafuatana na [[Dola la Kibritania]] au Dola la Kiingereza ambayo ilikuwa dola kubwa kabisa katika histotia ya dunia lakini maeneo yake yalianza kuachana baada ya [[Vita Kuu vya Pili]] kutokana na kudhoofishwa kwa Uingereza vitani na miendo ya kupigania uhuru katika nchi mbalimbali hasa [[India]]. Leo zipatao asilimia 30 ya watu wote duniani (watu 1,800,000) huishi katika nchi wanachama za Jumuiya ya Madola. Nchi za jumuiya hii wenye wakazi wengi ni hasa India, [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]] na [[Nigeria]]. Kuna pia nchi ndogo sana kama [[Tuvalu]] yenye wakazi 11,000 pekee. {{mbegu}} [[af:Britse Statebond]] [[an:Mancomunidá Britanica de Nazions]] [[ast:Mancomunidá Británica de Naciones]] [[bg:Общност на нациите]] [[ca:Commonwealth]] [[cs:Commonwealth]] [[cy:Y Gymanwlad]] [[da:Commonwealth of Nations]] [[de:Commonwealth of Nations]] [[en:Commonwealth of Nations]] [[eo:Komunumo de Nacioj]] [[es:Mancomunidad Británica de Naciones]] [[et:Rahvaste Ühendus]] [[fi:Kansainyhteisö]] [[fr:Commonwealth]] [[gl:Commonwealth de Nacións]] [[he:חבר העמים הבריטי]] [[hu:Nemzetközösség]] [[id:Negara-Negara Persemakmuran]] [[is:Breska samveldið]] [[it:Commonwealth delle nazioni]] [[ja:イギリス連邦]] [[ko:영국 연방]] [[lt:Tautų Sandrauga]] [[lv:Nāciju sadraudzība]] [[ms:Negara-negara Komanwel]] [[nl:Gemenebest van Naties]] [[no:Samveldet av nasjoner]] [[pl:Wspólnota Narodów]] [[pt:Commonwealth]] [[ru:Содружество наций]] [[scn:Commonwealth]] [[sk:Spoločenstvo národov]] [[sl:Skupnost narodov]] [[sv:Samväldet]] [[ta:பொதுநலவாய நாடுகள்]] [[th:เครือจักรภพ]] [[tr:İngiliz Milletler Topluluğu]] [[vi:Khối Thịnh vượng chung Anh]] [[zh:英联邦]] 2001 5895 2005-12-27T01:44:11Z 172.181.158.250 Ni jambo gumu kusema ukoloni ni taifa kutawala taifa nyingine. Maana yake "taifa" kisiasa ni istilahi ya juzi tu, imeptikana tangu karne ya 19. Lakini jina la "koloni" ni asili ya Kiroma yaani miaka 2000 iliyopita. Je,tusemaje?? --[[User:172.181.158.250|172.181.158.250]] 01:43, 27 Desemba 2005 (UTC) 2002 9435 2006-05-11T12:27:17Z 172.181.244.79 '''Periplus ya [[Bahari ya Eritrea]]''' ni kitabu cha mwongozo kwa ajili ya mabaharia kilichoandikwa mn. mw. 70 b.K.. "Periplus" ni neno la [[Kigiriki]] linalomaanisha tendo la kuzunguka baharini kwa [[merikebu]]; Bahari ya Eritrea ni jina la kale kwa ajili ya [[Bahari ya Shamu]] pamoja na [[Bahari Hindi]]. Jina limeundwa na watu wa nchi za mashariki ya Bahari ya [[Mediteraneo]] na [[Misri]] waliotumia lugha ya Kigiriki wakati wa miaka 2000 iliyopita. Kitabu hiki kimeandikwa na mwenyeji wa [[Aleksandria]] / Misri iliyokuwa mji mkubwa wakati ule na kitovu cha biashara ya kimataifa kati ya [[Dola la Roma]], [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] na Bara Hindi. Kitabu cha Periplus kinaeleza mabandari kuanzia [[Misri]] hadi [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] kwa upande moja na hadi [[Bara Hindi]] kwa upande mwingine. Kinataja majina ya mabandari, bidhaa zilizopelekwa huko na bidhaa zilizopatikana kila mahali. Pia kuna habari za kando juu ya watu, watawala ni mila zao. Maelezo ni mengi kuhusu pwani la [[Eritrea]] na [[Somalia]] hadi [[Pembe la Afrika]]; kuelekea kusini majina ya mabandari ni machache; mwisho wa eneo lililojulikana ni mji wa [[Rhapta]] katika nchi za [[Azania]]. [[Category:Bahari Hindi]] [[Category:Historia ya Afrika ya Mashariki]] [[en:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]] [[fr:Le Périple de la Mer Erythrée]] 2003 6896 2006-02-12T01:35:20Z 172.179.238.27 '''Bahari ya Eritrea''' (Kigiriki ερυθρά θάλασσα, erythrá thálassa) ni jina la kale kwa ajili ya [[Bahari ya Shamu]] pamoja na [[Bahari Hindi]]. Neno "erythra" katika lugha ya [[Kigiriki]] inamaanisha rangi nyekundu ("thalassa" = bahari). Hivyo bahari ile iliitwa kwa jina kama "Bahari Nyekundu" (linganisha [[Kiingereza|Kiing]]. "Red Sea"). Inasemekana ya kwamba jina hili limetokana na aina ya [[mwani]] unaoonyesha rangi hiyo wakati mwingine. Inaonekana ya kwamba waandishi wa kale hawakutofautisha kati ya Bahari ya Shamu na Bahari Hindi. [[Merikebu]] za zamani zile zilitembea muda wote karibu na pwani kwa sababu [[dira]] haikulikana bado nje ya Uchina. Hivyo haikuwa rahisi kuvuka bahari moja kwa moja na kupata picha kamili ya umbo la bahari. Nahodha wa merikebu hizi walitumia maandiko kama [[Periplus ya Bahari ya Eritrea]] wakipanga safari zao. [[Category:Bahari]] 2004 11539 2006-06-30T10:17:49Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[fa:دریای سرخ]] [[Image:Red Sea.png|thumb|256px|Eneo la Bahari ya Shamu ("Red Sea")]] '''Bahari ya Shamu''' ([[Kiingereza]] ''Red Sea'', [[Kiarabu]] البحر الأحمر ''Baḥr al-Aḥmar, al-Baḥru l-’Aḥmar''; [[Kiebrania]] ים סוף ''Yam Suf''; [[Kitigrigna]] ቀይሕ ባሕሪ ''QeyH baHri'') ni [[ghuba]] kubwa ya [[Bahari Hindi]]. Jina la kihistoria katika lugha ya [[Kigiriki]] ilikuwa [[Bahari ya Eritrea]] (ερυθρά θάλασσα, ''erythrá thálassa''). Kazkazini ni [[rasi]] ya [[Sinai]] pamoja ghuba ndogo za [[Aqaba]] na [[Suez]] halafu imeunganika na [[Mediteranea]] kwa njia ya [[Mfereji wa Suez]]. Kusini Bahari ya Shamu imeunganika na [[Bahari Hindi]] kwa njia ya [[mlango wa bahari]] wa [[Bab el Mandeb]]. Ghuba yote ina urefu wa takriban 2000&nbsp;km; upana wake ni kati ya 300&nbsp;km na 20&nbsp;km tu kwenye Bab el Mandeb. Eneo lake ni 450,000&nbsp;km². Vilindi vyake vinaelekea hadi 2500&nbsp;m chini ya [[uwiano wa bahari]]. Vilindi hivi ni sehemu ya [[Bonde la Ufa]]. Halijoto ya maji ni kati ya 21-25°C. ==Nchi za kando== Nchi zinazopakana na Bahari ya Shamu ni: * Upande wa Kaskazini: ** [[Misri]] ** [[Israeli]] ** [[Urdun]] * Upande wa Magharibi: ** [[Sudan]] ** Misri * Upande wa Mashariki: ** [[Uarabuni Saudi]] ** [[Yemen]] * Upande wa Kusini: ** [[Djibouti]] ** [[Eritrea]] ** [[Somalia]] [[Category:Bahari]] [[ar:بحر أحمر]] [[ast:Mar Bermeya]] [[bg:Червено море]] [[br:Mor ruz]] [[bs:Crveno more]] [[ca:Mar Roja]] [[cs:Rudé moře]] [[cv:Хĕрлĕ тинĕс]] [[da:Røde Hav]] [[de:Rotes Meer]] [[el:Ερυθρά θάλασσα]] [[en:Red Sea]] [[eo:Ruĝa Maro]] [[es:Mar Rojo]] [[et:Punane meri]] [[eu:Itsaso Gorria]] [[fa:دریای سرخ]] [[fi:Punainenmeri]] [[fr:Mer Rouge]] [[gl:Mar Vermello]] [[he:ים סוף]] [[hr:Crveno more]] [[id:Laut Merah]] [[is:Rauðahaf]] [[it:Mar Rosso]] [[ja:紅海]] [[ko:홍해]] [[lt:Raudonoji jūra]] [[nap:Mar Ruosso]] [[nl:Rode Zee]] [[nn:Raudehavet]] [[no:Rødehavet]] [[pl:Morze Czerwone]] [[pt:Mar Vermelho]] [[ru:Красное море]] [[scn:Mari Russu]] [[sh:Crveno more]] [[simple:Red Sea]] [[sk:Červené more]] [[sl:Rdeče morje]] [[sr:Црвено море]] [[sv:Röda havet]] [[th:ทะเลแดง]] [[tr:Kızıldeniz]] [[uk:Червоне море]] [[vi:Biển Đỏ]] [[zh:红海]] [[zh-min-nan:Âng-hái]] 2005 5905 2005-12-27T19:47:02Z Kipala 107 2006 11812 2006-07-03T04:22:14Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[cs:Zanzibar]] [[Image:Visiwa vya Zanzibar.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Visiwa vya Zanzibar (Unguja na Pemba)]] {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; empty-cells:show; width:330px; margin-left:0.5em;" |+<big><big>'''Jamhuri ya Watu wa Zanzibar'''</big></big> |- | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan=1 | | [[Image:Flag_tz-sansibar_2005.png|thumb|left|Bendera ya Zanzibar - tangu 2005]] | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan=2 | |- | align=center colspan=2 | |- | '''[[Lugha ya Taifa]]''' | [[Kiswahili]] |- | '''[[Mji Mkuu]]''' | [[Zanzibar]] |- | '''[[Rais wa Zanzibar|Rais]]''' | [[Amani Abeid Karume]] |- | '''[[Eneo]]''' | <br /> 121,320 [[kilomita za mraba|km&sup2;]] |- | '''[[Wakazi]]''' | <br /> 984,625 |- | '''[[Dini]]''' | Waislamu takriban 96-99%, Wakristo, Wahindu |- | '''[[Uhuru]]''' | Kutoka [[Uingereza]]<br />&nbsp; 19.12.1963, Mapinduzi 12.01.1964 |- | '''[[Fedha]]''' | [[Shillingi ya Tanzania|TSh]] |} [[Image:Zanzibar and Pemba Islands.jpg|thumb|Visiwa vya Unguja na Pemba (ramani haionyeshi umbali kati ya visiwa hali halisi)]] '''Jamhuri ya Watu wa [[Zanzibar]]''' ni sehemu ya Jamhuri ya Maungano ya [[Tanzania]] inayojitawala katika mambo yake ya ndani. Eneo lake ni sawa na [[funguvisiwa]] ya '''Zanzibar''' iliyopo mbele ya mwambao wa [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] karibu na [[Tanganyika]] au Tanzania bara. Inajumuisha visiwa vikubwa vya [[Unguja]] na [[Kisiwa cha Pemba|Pemba]] pamoja na visiwa vidogovidogo. Kwa jumla mikoa mitano ya Tanzania imo ndani ya Zanzibar ikiwa mitatu iko Unguja na miwili Pemba. Zanzibar inatawaliwa na Serikali ya Mapinduzi ya Zanzibar SMZ. Raisi [[Amani Abeid Karume]] aliyekuwa mgombea wa [[CCM]] amechaguliwa mara ya pili na wananchi wote tar. 30.10. 2005 katika kura iliyopingwa na chama cha Upinzani [[CUF]]. Zanzibar ina Bunge yake ya wabunge 50 wanaochaguliwa kwa muda wa miaka mitano. Mji mkuu na makao makuu ya serikali ni [[Jiji la Zanzibar]] ambalo liko Unguja kisiwani. Mji mkuu wa Pemba ni [[Chake Chake]]. Idadi ya wakazi wote ilikuwa 984,625 mwaka 2002, wakiwa 622.459 wakazi wa Unguja na 362.168 wakazi wa Pemba. Biashara ya Zanzibar ni kilimo na utalii. Mazao yanayouzwa nje ni hasa [[karafuu]], [[basibasi]], [[mdalasini]] na [[pilipili]]. ==Viuongo vya nje== *{{en}}[http://www.nbs.go.tz/stzanzibar.htm Takwimu] *{{fr}}[http://zanzibar-photos.tripod.com Picha za Zanzibar] *{{en}}[http://unimaps.com/tanzania1886/index.html Ramani ya Zanzibar na Tanganyika 1886] *{{en}}[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4167807.stm Makala ya BBC kuhusu bendera mpya] *[http://home.globalfrontiers.com/Zanzibar/swahili_home_page.htm Historia na utamaduni wa Zanzibar] *{{en}}[http://home.globalfrontiers.com/Zanzibar/111_links.htm Zanzibar links] [[Category:Mikoa ya Tanzania]] {{Mikoa ya Tanzania}} {{mbegu}} [[ar:زنجبار]] [[bg:Занзибар]] [[ca:Zanzíbar]] [[cs:Zanzibar]] [[da:Zanzibar]] [[de:Sansibar]] [[en:Zanzibar]] [[eo:Zanzibaro]] [[es:Zanzíbar]] [[et:Sansibar]] [[fi:Sansibar]] [[fr:Zanzibar]] [[gl:Zanzíbar]] [[he:זנזיבר]] [[hu:Zanzibár]] [[id:Zanzibar]] [[io:Zanzibar]] [[is:Sansibar]] [[it:Zanzibar]] [[ja:ザンジバル島]] [[ko:잔지바르]] [[lt:Zanzibaras]] [[nl:Zanzibar (eiland)]] [[nn:Zanzibar]] [[no:Zanzibar]] [[pl:Zanzibar]] [[pt:Zanzibar]] [[ru:Занзибар (остров)]] [[sk:Zanzibar]] [[sv:Zanzibar]] [[tr:Zangibar]] [[zh:桑給巴爾]] 2007 5919 2005-12-28T00:36:08Z Ndesanjo 73 Tsunami inatokana na mawimbi ya [[bahari]] au [[ziwa]] yanayoamia nchi kavu kutokana na kuwepo kwa [[tetemeko la ardhi]], [[mlipuko wa volkano]], n.k. Tsunami huweza kutokea na kusababisha vifo vya maelfu ya watu kama ilivyotokea katika [[bara]] la [[Asia]] mwaka jana. Wakati mwingine inaweza kutokea bila kuleta madhara yoyote. Neno tsunami linatokana na [[lugha]] ya [[Kijapani]] likimaanisha bandari ya mawimbi. 2008 6301 2006-01-22T11:19:16Z Matt Crypto 20 interwiki '''Tanganyika African National Union (TANU)''' kilikuwa chama kilichotawala [[Tanganyika]] na [[Tanzania]] hadi muungano wa chama hiki na Chama cha [[Afro-Shirazi]] cha [[Zanzibar]] ulipounda [[Chama cha Mapinduzi]] (CCM) mwaka 1977. TANU ilianzishwa Julai 7,1954 kutokana na [[Tanganyika African Association]] (TAA). TAA ilikuwa na mwelekeo wa kitamaduni zaidi ya siasa. Mwenyekiti wa kwanza wa TANU alikuwa [[Julius Kambarage Nyerere]]. TANU ilishinda kila uchaguzi chini ya utawala wa kikoloni ikawa chama cha kuongoza Tanzania hadi ilipopata uhuru wake mwaka 1961. [[Katiba]] ya Taifa ya mwaka 1962 ilifanya TANU kuwa chama cha pekee nchini ikifuata mfano wa [[nchi za kijamaa]] zenye muundo wa [[siasa ya chama kimoja]]. [[ca:TANU]] [[de:Tanganyika African National Union]] [[en:Tanganyika African National Union]] [[nl:Tanganyika African National Union]] 2009 9848 2006-05-21T07:56:00Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[fr:Benjamin Mkapa]] '''Benjamin William Mkapa''' alikuwa rais wa tatu wa Jamhuri ya Maungano ya [[Tanzania]] alitawala 1995-2005. Alizaliwa tar. *12.11.1938 [[Masasi]], Mkoa wa [[Mtwara]], Tanzania. 1945 - 1951 akasoma shule za msingi Lupaso na Ndanda akaendelea Kigonsera seminari, [[Ndanda]] Sekondari, St. Francis (sasa Pugu SS) akimaliza hati za A-level. 1959-1962 akawa mwanafunzi wa Chuo Kikuu cha [[Makerere]], Uganda akichukua B.A. ya Kiingereza. Mkapa akjiunga na utumishi wa umma akawa afisa wa serikali ya mitaa huko Dodoma 1962 akahamia Wizara ya Mambo ya Nje. Mw. 1966 aliingia uandishi wa habari akawa mkurugenzi wa magazeti ya Uhuru na Daily News. 1974 aliteuliwa na Rais Julius Kambarage [[Nyerere]] kuwa afisa yake ya uhusiano na magazeti. 1976 alianzisha [[Shirika ya Habari ya Tanzania (SHIHATA)]]. Tangu mw. 1976 Mkapa akaingia katika huduma ya kibalozi akichukua nafasi zifuatazo: balozi wa Tanzania huko Nigeria 1976/77, Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje 1977-1980, 1982 balozi Kanada, 1983 balozi Marekani, 1984-1990 Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje. 1990 akawa Waziri wa Habari na Redio, 1992 Waziri wa Sayansi, Teknolojia na Elimu. 1995 Benjamin Mkapa aliteuliwa na CCM kugombea uchaguzi wa kwanza chini ya mfumo wa vyama vingi akashinda na kuapishwa kuwa rais tar. 23.11.1995. Mkapa alirudishwa katika uchaguzi wa mwaka 2000. Kipindi chake cha pili kufuatana na katiba kilikwisha Disemba 2005 akamkabidhi madaraka mfuasi wake Jakaya Mrisho [[Kikwete]]. Kazi muhimu katika miaka ya urais wake ilikuwa kulegeza utawala wa serikali juu ya uchumi na kupanusha uhuru wa masoko. Shirika nyingi za umma ziliuzwa au kubinafsishwa. Siasa ya Mkapa ililenga kukaribisha wenye rasilmali wa nje kuanzisha biashara nchini. Serikali ya Mkapa ilifaulu kupunguza madeni ya taifa kwa njia ya mapatano na [[Benki ya Dunia]] yaliyofuta sehemu ya madeni haya. Wapinzani wa siasa ya Mkapa walidai ya kwamba makampuni wa nje yalipewa uhuru mno yakianza kutawala uchumi wa Tanzania, pia hali ya maisha ya wananchi wa kawaida haikuboreshwa. [[Category:Marais wa Tanzania]] [[Category:Siasa ya Tanzania]] [[Category:Viongozi Waafrika]] [[de:Benjamin William Mkapa]] [[en:Benjamin Mkapa]] [[es:Benjamin William Mkapa]] [[fr:Benjamin Mkapa]] [[gl:Benjamin Mkapa]] [[ja:ベンジャミン・ウィリアム・ムカパ]] [[nl:Benjamin Mkapa]] [[sv:Benjamin Mkapa]] 2010 5940 2005-12-29T12:45:55Z Kipala 107 '''Reli ya Uganda''' ni njia ya reli kati ya [[Mombasa]] na [[Kampala]] iliyojengwa na Waingereza kuanzia mwaka 1896. Sababu zilikuwa jitihada za [[Kampuni ya Kifalme ya Uingereza kwa Afrika ya Mashariki IBEA]] (Imperial British East Africa Company)kuanzisha miradi ya kiuchumi huko [[Uganda]] baada ya kusainiwa kwa mkataba kati ya kampuni ya IBEA na mfalme wa [[Buganda]] [[Mwanga II]]. Mwenye kampuni ya IBEA William [[MacKinnon]] alianzisha biashara kati ya Mombasa na Uganda lakini safari hizi kwa magari ya maksai zilikuwa ngumu na ghali sana. MacKinnon alianza kushawishi Serikali ya [[Uingereza]] na kudai reli ijengwe. Awali serikali ya Uingereza ilisitasita kwa sababu faida ya kiuchumi haikuonekana pia Uingereza haikupenda wakati ule kuongeza idadi ya koloni zake ikipendelea kuwaachia watu binafsi na makampuni yao shughuli za kufungua masoko mapya katika nchi kama Uganda. Sehemu ambazo ni [[Kenya]] ya leo zilionekana hazina thamani ya kiuchumi kabisa. Mashindano kati ya [[Wajerumani]] na Waingereza kuhusu athira kuu juu ya Uganda yalileta mapatano kati ya Uingereza na Ujerumani ya 1890. Kutokana na azimio hili Uingereza iliamua 1894 kuitangaza Uganda kuwa chini ya ulinzi wake na pia kujenga reli kama njia ya kuhakikisha utawala wake na kuweka msingi wa uzalishaji mali huko Uganda ka ajili ya soko la dunia. Baada ya azimio la kujenga reli Unigereza iliona haja ya kulinda eneo la reli hiyo ikatangaza eneo lote kati ya Mombasa na Uganda kuwa chini ya ulinzi wake kuanzia tar. 01.07.1895. Hivyo mipango ya kujenga reli ilikuwa mwanzo wa koloni ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kiingereza]] iliokuwa Kenya baadaye. Mwezi wa Mei 1896 ujenzi ulianzishwa [[Mombasa]] chini ya uongozi wa mhandisi [[Whitehouse, George|George Whitehouse]]. Alikuwa na bajeti ya BP 3,250,000. Kazi ilionekana ngumu sana kwa sababu ya maeneo magumu kama vile jangwa, kinamasi, milima, [[Bonde la Ufa]] na mtelemko wake, kwa ujumla zaidi ya 1000 km. Waingereza waliamua kuchukua wafanyakazi kutoka [[Bara Hindi]] kwa sababu katika majaribio ya kwanza Waingereza hawakuelewana na wenyeji wa pwani ambao waliajiria awali. Kwa ujumla zaidi ya [[Wahindi]] 13,000 walichukuliwa kufanya kazi ya reli. Kwa jumla walitoka hasa katika mikoa ya [[Gujarat]] na [[Panjab]], na lugha hizi zinatumika hadileo katika Afrika ya Mashariki. Wengi walikuwa wafanyakazi wa mkono,lakini wengine pia mafundi na makarani. Wengi walikufa kwa sababu ya ugumu wa kazi, magonjwa, ajali na wanyama witu kama vile simba wa [[Tsavo]] walioua wafanyakazi 135. Mwaka 1899 reli ilifika eneo la [[Nairobi]] ya leo. Whitehouse aliamua kujenga hapa kambi kubwa kwa sababu mahali palikuwa na maji, tena takriban katikati ya Mombasa na Kampala, halafu kabla ya njia kupanda juu kwa milima inayoongozana na Bonde la Ufa. Kambi hii ilidumu ikawa mji wa Nairobi. Tar. 20.12.1901 reli imefika [[Port Florence]] (leo: [[Kisumu]])ufukoni wa ziwa la [[Viktoria Nyanza]]. Kutoka hapa bidhaa zilipelekwa kwa meli hadi [[Port Bell]] / Kampala. Njia ya reli yenyewe ilifika Kampala mw. 1931 kutoka [[Nakuru]]. Ni sawa kabisa kusema ya kwamba reli hii ilikuwa mwanzo na mbegu wa Kenya. Biashara ya Uganda haikuleta kabisa faida ya kiuchumi za kurudisha gharama za ujenzi lakini reli ilifungua sehemu kubwa za Kenya kwa ajili ya biashara ikawezesha kilimo ya kibiashara. Hivyo reli ilikuwa msingi kwa ajili ya mipango ya baadaye ya "White Highlands" ya kuunda koloni ya walowezi kama Afrika ya Kusini. Wahindi wengi walibaki wakawa mwanzo wa jumuiya ya Wakenya na Wauganda wenye asili ya kiasia. Gharama zilikuwa kubwa. Bajeti ya kifedha haikutosha kabisa iliongezeka mara mbili. Gharama za maisha zilikuwa nzito zaidi. Wafanyakazi wahindi walikuwa wa kwanza kulipa bei hiyo. Magonjwa yaliyokuja nao yalisababisha vifo vingi kati ya wenyeji hasa [[Wakikuyu]]; makabila kama Wanandi waliopinga ujenzi wa reli yalikandamizwa vikali na Waingereza. 2011 10522 2006-06-03T08:53:39Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Port_Bell_Place_Uganda.png|thumb|300px|Mahali pa Port Bell katika Uganda]] '''Port Bell''' ni mji mdogo karibu na [[Kampala]]/ [[Uganda]] ufukoni wa ziwa la [[Viktoria Nyanza]]. Jina la mji limetokana na Sir [[Hesketh Bell]] aliyekuwa kamishna (gavana) Mwingereza huko Uganda kuanzia mw. 1905-1909. Port Bell ni bandari kwa ajili ya Kampala. Feri zinatoka kwenda [[Jinja]], [[Kisumu]] na [[Mwanza]]. Kuna viwanda kadhaa kama vile [[Kiwanda cha Bia]] cha [[Uganda Breweries]]; [[bia]] ya [[Bell Lager]] inatengenezwa hapa. Kuna pia kiwanda cha pombe kali aina ya [[Waragi]] na kiwanda cha chai. [[Category:Miji ya Uganda]] [[en:Port Bell]] [[de:Port Bell]] [[he:פורט בל]] 2012 10492 2006-06-02T13:11:48Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[ug:چاد]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width=50 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big><big>'''Jamhuri ya Chadi<br />République du Tchad<br />Jumhuriyat Tashad'''</big></big> |- | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan=2 | {| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" | align="center" width="130px" | [[Image:Flag of Chad.svg|125px|Flag of Chad]] |- | align="center" width="130px" | ([[Bendera ya Chadi|Kinaganaga]]) |} |- | align="center" colspan=2 | <small>''[[ Hadabu ya Taifa]]: Unité - Travail - Progrès''</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | [[image:LocationChad.png|Location of Chad]] |- | '''[[Lugha za Taifa]]''' | [[Kifaransa]], [[Kiarabu]] |- | '''[[Mji Mkuu]]''' | [[Ndjamena]] |- | '''[[Rais wa Chadi|Rais]]''' | [[Idriss Déby]] |- | '''[[Fedha]]''' | Franc CFA |- | '''[[Saa za Eneo]]''' | [[Masaa za kimataifa|UTC]] +1 |- | '''[[Wimbo wa Taifa]]''' | ''[[La Tchadienne]]'' |- | '''[[Kiwango cha juu cha kuangalia mtandao|Intaneti TLD]]''' | [[.td]] |- | '''[[Orodha za nchi- kodi za simu|Codi ya simu]]''' | 235 |} '''Chad''' ni nchi iliyoko [[Afrika ya Kati]]. Mji mkuu ni Ndjamena. {{afrika}} [[Category:Chad]] [[Category:Nchi]] [[af:Tsjaad]] [[am:ቻድ]] [[an:Chad]] [[ang:Chad]] [[ar:تشاد]] [[ast:Chad]] [[az:Çad]] [[bg:Чад]] [[bn:চাদ]] [[br:Tchad]] [[bs:Čad]] [[ca:Txad]] [[cs:Čad]] [[da:Tchad]] [[de:Tschad]] [[el:Τσαντ]] [[en:Chad]] [[eo:Ĉado]] [[es:Chad]] [[et:Tšaad]] [[eu:Txad]] [[fa:چاد]] [[fi:Tšad]] [[fr:Tchad]] [[frp:Tch·ad]] [[gl:Chad - Tchad]] [[he:צ'אד]] [[hr:Čad]] [[ht:Tchad]] [[hu:Csád]] [[ia:Tchad]] [[id:Chad]] [[io:Chad]] [[is:Tsjad]] [[it:Ciad]] [[ja:チャド]] [[ka:ჩადი]] [[kg:Tasadi]] [[ko:차드]] [[ku:Çad]] [[kw:Chad]] [[la:Tzadia]] [[lt:Čadas]] [[lv:Čada]] [[mk:Чад]] [[ms:Chad]] [[na:Chad]] [[nds:Tschad]] [[nl:Tsjaad]] [[nn:Tsjad]] [[no:Tsjad]] [[oc:Chad]] [[pl:Czad (państwo)]] [[ps:چاډ]] [[pt:Chade]] [[rm:Tschad]] [[ro:Ciad]] [[ru:Чад]] [[scn:Ciad]] [[sco:Chad]] [[sh:Čad]] [[simple:Chad]] [[sk:Čad]] [[sl:Čad]] [[sq:Çadi]] [[sr:Чад]] [[sv:Tchad]] [[th:สาธารณรัฐชาด]] [[tl:Chad]] [[tr:Çad]] [[ug:چاد]] [[uk:Чад]] [[vi:Tchad]] [[wa:Tchad]] [[zh:乍得]] [[zh-min-nan:Tchad]] 2013 11492 2006-06-29T12:06:09Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: ar, da, eo, et, fa, fi, gl, he, is, it, lt, no, oc, pl, ro, ru, scn, simple, sk, sr, tr, zh [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] [[ar:تصنيف:تشاد]] [[ast:Categoría:Chad]] [[bg:Категория:Чад]] [[ca:Categoria:Txad]] [[cs:Kategorie:Čad]] [[da:Kategori:Tchad]] [[de:Kategorie:Tschad]] [[en:Category:Chad]] [[eo:Kategorio:Ĉado]] [[es:Categoría:Chad]] [[et:Kategooria:Tšaad]] [[fa:رده:چاد]] [[fi:Luokka:Tšad]] [[fr:Catégorie:Tchad]] [[gl:Category:Chad]] [[he:קטגוריה:צ'אד]] [[id:Kategori:Chad]] [[io:Category:Chad]] [[is:Flokkur:Tsjad]] [[it:Categoria:Ciad]] [[ja:Category:チャド]] [[ko:분류:차드]] [[lt:Kategorija:Čadas]] [[na:Category:Chad]] [[nl:Categorie:Tsjaad]] [[no:Kategori:Tsjad]] [[oc:Categoria:Chad]] [[pl:Kategoria:Czad]] [[pt:Categoria:Chade]] [[ro:Categorie:Ciad]] [[ru:Категория:Чад]] [[scn:Category:Ciad]] [[simple:Category:Chad]] [[sk:Kategória:Čad]] [[sl:Kategorija:Čad]] [[sr:Категорија:Чад]] [[sv:Kategori:Tchad]] [[tr:Kategori:Çad]] [[zh:Category:乍得]] 2014 8632 2006-04-22T09:02:43Z Matt Crypto 20 '''Tanganyika''' ni * '''[[Tanganyika, Ziwa|Ziwa la Tanganyika]]''' kati ya [[Tanzania]] na [[Kongo]] * '''Jina la kihistoria kwa ajili ya [[Tanzania]] bara''' pamoja na visiwa vya [[Mafia]] na [[Kilwa]]. Tanganyika ilikuwa sehemu kubwa wa koloni ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani]] kasoro maeneo ya [[Rwanda]] na [[Burundi]]. Tanganyika imekabidhiwa kwa [[Uingereza]] na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] 1920 baada ya ya [[vita vikuu vya kwanza]], wakati [[Ujerumani]] imechukuliwa koloni zake zote. Waingerezea waliamua kutumia jina ya Tanganyika kwa ajili ya eneo hili kutokana na ziwa kubwa ambalo ni mpaka wa mashariki wa eneo lake. Tanganyika imepata uhuru wake tar. 09.12.1961 (taz.: Historia ya [[Tanzania]]). Mwaka 1964 imeunganishwa na [[Zanzibar]] kuwa Jamhuri ya Maungano ya Tanzania. * '''[[Tanganyika, Kongo]]''' ni jina la wilaya ya Tanganyika katika Mkoa wa [[Katanga]] wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya [[Kongo, Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia|Kongo]] ufukoni wa [[Tanganyika, Ziwa|Ziwa la Tanganyika]]. {{maana}} [[ar:تنجانيقا]] [[ca:Tanganyika]] [[de:Tanganjika]] [[en:Tanganyika]] [[es:Tanganica]] [[fi:Tanganjika]] [[fr:Tanganyika (ancien pays)]] [[is:Tanganjika]] [[it:Tanganyika]] [[ja:タンガニーカ]] [[lt:Tanganika (respublika)]] [[nl:Tanganyika]] [[pl:Tanganika (kraj)]] [[sl:Tanganjika]] [[sv:Tanganyika]] [[zh:坦噶尼喀]] 2015 8598 2006-04-21T17:36:49Z Matt Crypto 20 #REDIRECT [[Ziwa Tanganyika]] #REDIRECT [[Ziwa Tanganyika]] 2016 5975 2005-12-29T21:33:33Z Kipala 107 '''Athi''' ni jina la mto katika [[Kenya]], [[Afrika]]. Mto wa Athi umeupatia jina lake kwa mji wa [[Athi River]] karibu na Nairobi pia kwa kampuni ya Athi River Mining. Athi inaanza karibu na Nairobi ikielekea [[Bahari Hindi]]. Inapita Mbuga wa Wanyama wa [[Tsavo]] Mashariki pia tambarare ya juu ya [[Yatta]] ilipotafuta njia yake kuvuka eneo kubwa la mawe ya kivolkano. Baada ya maporomoka ya [[Lugard]]s Falls inapokea mto wa Tsavo ikibadilika jina lake. Mto unaitwa kuanzia hapa kwa jina la Galana. Kabla ya kufika katika Bara Hindi karibu na [[Malindi]] upande wa kaskazini jina limebadilika tena kuwa Sabaki. 2017 7573 2006-03-24T19:11:06Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[de:Johann Ludwig Krapf]] Removing: [[sw:Ludwig Krapf]] '''Johann Ludwig Krapf''' (1810 – 1881) alikuwa misionari wa kiprotestant wa kwanza [[Kenya]] katika karne ya 19 akatunga kamusi ya kwanza ya [[Kiswahili]]. ==Masomo Ujerumani na Uswisi== Krapf alizaliwa tar. 11.01.1810 katika kijiji cha Derendingen karibu na [[Tübingen]], eneo la [[Würrtemberg]], [[Ujerumani]] wa Kusini-Magharibi katika familia ya wakulima wadogo [[Waluteri]]. Alisoma shule ya msingi kwake kijijini halafu shule ya sekondari Tübingen. Akiwa mwanafunzi alipenda sana masomo yote yaliyohusu jiografia na lugha. Pamoja na [[Kilatini]] na [[Kigiriki]] alisoma pia [[Kifaransa]] na [[Kiitalia]]. Alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 16 alitembelea mara ya kwanza nyumba ya [[Misioni ya Basel]], [[Uswisi]]. 1827 – 1829 alijiunga na kozi ya kuandaa wamisionari huko [[Basel]] lakini hakupendezwa na maisha ya pamoja akishikwa na wasiwasi kuhusu wito wake akarudi nyumbani na kuingia masomo ya [[theolojia]] katika Chuo Kikuu cha Tübingen. Krapf alimaliza masomo yake mw. 1834. Vituo vya huduma kama mchungaji msaidizi na mwalimu vilifuata. Wakati ule alikutana na misionari aliyempa moyo kurudi Basel. ==Ethiopia== 1836 alikutana na mwakilishi wa [[Church Missionary Society (CMS)]] aliyemkaribisha kufanya kazi na CMS. Misioni ya Basel ilimpa ruhsa akapokea wito wa kwenda [[Ethiopia]]. Krapf alianza mara moja kujiandaa akisoma [[Ge’ez]] (lugha ya Kale ya Ethiopia) na [[Kiamhari]] (lugha ya kisasa ya Wakristo katika nyanda za juu Ethiopia). 1837-1842 Krapf alifanya kazi ya umisionari huko Ethiopia. Mpango wa misioni ya CMS ilikuwa kuwaamsha wakristo [[waorthodoks]]i kwa matumaini ya kwamba watakuwa wenyewe wamisionari bora kwa wenzao wapagani au waislamu. Lakini Krapf hakuelewa vema Ukristo wa kiorthodoksi wa Wa[[amhari]]. Alishindwa kuelewa maana ya [[liturgia]] za ibada na mila na desturi nyingi. Hakuelewa hasa kwa nini wakristo waorthodoksi walisoma Biblia katika lugha ya kale ya Ge’ez hata wasipoelewa lugha hiyo badala ya kutumia utafsiri wa Kiamahari aliyokuwa amefanya. Hivyo Krapf alijisikia amevutwa zaidi na [[Wagalla]] – hii ni jina la zamani za watu wanaojulikana leo kama [[Waoromo]] au [[Borana]]. Wagalla kwa jumla walikuwa wakifuata dini zao za kiasili, athira za kiislamu zikianza kuonekana. Krapf alijifunza lugha yao alianza kutafsiri sehemu za Agano Jipya katika Kigalla (Kioromo). Mwaka 1842 Krapf alipaswa kuondoka Ethiopia pamoja na wamisionari wengine wa Kiprotestant, akiwa na ndoto ya kurudi na kufanya kazi kati ya Wagalla. Alikaa muda kidogo [[Kairo]] / [[Misri]] akafunga ndoa, binti arusi alikuwa amemfuata kutoka Ujerumani. Wakati ule kwake nyumbani Tübingen Chuo Kikuu kilikuwa kimefuata taarifa zake na 1842 alipewa cheo cha Udaktari (PhD) kwa ajili ya utafiti wake katika lugha na historia ya Ethiopia. ==Afrika ya Mashariki== Ethiopia ilikuwa imefunga milango yake hivyo Krapf aliwaza njia nyingine. Alikuwa amesikia ya Wagalla waliwahi kufika hadi pwani za [[Afrika ya Mashariki]]. Hivyo Krapf akasafiri [[Zanzibar]] kwa lengo kuwafikia Wagalla kupita eneo la [[Kenya]] ya leo. Sultani [[Seyyed Said]] alimpa ruhsa ya kuanzisha kituo cha misioni huko [[Mombasa]]. 1844 Krapf alifika Mombasa akianza mara moja kujifunza Kiswahili pamoja na lugha ya [[Mijikenda]] walio wazalendo wa eneo hili. Hapa Mombasa mke na mtoto waliugua Malaria wakafa. Krapf alihamia Rabai iliyoko katika vilima juu ya Mombasa penye joto kidogo akaanzisha kituo cha Rabai Mpya. 1846 misionari mwingine [[Johannes Rebmann]] alikuja na kufanya kazi pamoja naye. Hapa Rabai Mpya Krapf alitunga kamusi na sarufi ya Kiswahili ya kwanza. Krapf na Rebmann walikuwa wazungu wa kwanza walioona milima yenye theluji Afrika. Rebmann aliona [[Kilimanjaro]], Krapf aliona mlima wa [[Mt. Kenya]]. Taarifa zao zilipofika Ulaya zilichekwa na wataalamu waliodai milima yenye theluji haiwezekani Afrika. Krapf aliendelea kuwa na matatizo ya kiafya akarudi Ujerumani mw. 1853. ==Urithi wake== Hadi kifo chake aliendelea kuboresha vitabu vyake kuhusu utamaduni na lugha za mataifa mbalimbali ya Afrika. Kwa jumla aliandika kamusi au kutafsiri sehemu za Biblia katika lugha zifuatazo: Ge’ez, Kiamhari, Kioromo, Kiswahili, Ki-mijikenda, Kikamba, Kimassai. Nyumba yake huko New Rabai imekuwa makumbusho chini ya Museums of Kenya. Jengo la Ubalozi wa Kijerumani huko [[Nairobi]] limepewa jina lake. Krapf alikuwa Mluteri - Kanisa la Kianglikana linamkumbuka kuwa yeye alianzisha Uanglikana [[Kenya]]. [[de:Johann Ludwig Krapf]] [[en:Johann Ludwig Krapf]] [[ru:Крапф, Иоганн Людвиг]] 2018 9881 2006-05-21T16:50:12Z Kipala 107 {{Infobox_Country| native_name = ''Union des Comores<br/>Udzima wa Komori''<br/>اتحاد القمر| conventional_long_name = Umoja wa Komori | common_name = Komori | image_flag = Flag of the Comoros.svg | image_coat = Comoros_coat_of_arms_small.gif | image_map = LocationComoros.png | national_motto = Unité - Justice - Progrès<br/>(Umoja – Haki - Maendeleo) | national_anthem = [[Udzima wa ya Masiwa]] | official_languages = [[Shikomor]], [[Kiarabu]], [[Kifaransa]] | capital = [[Moroni, Komori|Moroni]] |latd=11|latm=41|latNS=S|longd=43|longm=16|longEW=E| largest_city = [[Moroni, Komori|Moroni]] | government_type= [[Shirikisho la Jamhuri]]| leader_titles = [[Rais wa Komori|Rais]] | leader_names = [[Azali Assoumani]] | area_rank = ya 167 | area_magnitude = 1_E9 | area= 2,170 | areami² = 838 | <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> percent_water = -- | population_estimate = 596,202 | population_estimate_year = 2002 | population_estimate_rank = ya 158 | population_census= | population_census_year= | population_density = 275 | population_densitymi² = 712 | <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> population_density_rank = 275 | GDP_PPP_year = 2004 | GDP_PPP = $1,049,000,000 | GDP_PPP_rank = ya 171 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,660 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ya 156 | HDI_year = 2003 | HDI = 0.547 | HDI_rank = ya 132 | HDI_category = <font color="#FFCC00">medium</font> | sovereignty_type = [[Uhuru]] | established_events = - tarehe | established_dates = kutoka [[Ufaransa]]<br>6.07.1975 pesa = Frank ya Komori | currency_code = KMF | time_zone= | utc_offset= +3 | cctld= [[.km]] | calling_code = 269 | footnotes = }} '''Komori''' ni [[funguvisiwa]] na [[dola]] katika [[Bahari Hindi]] upande wa Mashariki ya Afrika. (Ki-komori: '''قمر Komori''', [[kifaransa]]: '''Comores''') Jina limetokana na lugha ya Kiarabu ''Juzur al-Qamar'' ('''جزر القمر''') linamaanisha "visiwa vya mwezi" * Pesa: 1 Frank ya Komori(FC)= 100 Centimes. 1€ = 491,9677 FC * Sikukuu ya Taifa: 4. Julai * Dini: 98&nbsp;% [[Waislamu]] [[Wasunni]], 2&nbsp;% [[Wakatoliki]] == Jiografia == [[Image:Cn-map.png|thumb|left|Ramani ya Komori]] Funguvisiwa ya Komori ina visiwa vitatu vikubwa: [[Grande Comore]] (Ngazidja), [[Anjouan]] (Nzwani) und [[Moheli]] (Mwali). Iko katika Kanali ya Msumbiji kaskazini ya Madagaska na mashariki ya Msumbiji. Kisiwa cha [[Mayotte]] ni sehemu ya funguvisiwa kijiografia lakini kisiasa sehemu ya Ufaransa kwa sababu wakati wa uhuru watu wa Mayotte walitamka kwa kura nyingi (73%) ya kwamba wanataka kukaa na Ufaransa. Komori ni sehemu ya bara la [[Afrika]]. Ina pia visiwa mbalimbali vidogo. Hali ya hewa ni kitropiki. Kuna mvua miezi yote. Kitovu cha kisiwa kikubwa Grande Comore ni mlima wa [[volkano]] hai [[Karthala]] mwenye 2461m. Safari iliyopita Karthala ililipuka mw. 1977 ikaharibu kijiji kimoja. Miji mikubwa ni: (Wakazi wa hali ya 2005): [[Moroni (Komori)|Moroni]] 42.872, [[Mutsamudu]] 23.594, [[Fomboni]] 14.966, [[Domoni]] 14.509 na [[Tsémbehou]] 11.552. == Watu == Watu wa Komori ni mchanganyiko wa Waarabu, Wamadagaska, Waafrika wa bara ambao mababu walikuwa watumwa, Wahindi na Wazungu kadhaa. Kutokana na uhaba wa ajira Wakomori wengi wamehamia nje hasa Madagaska. Wakazi wengi ni Waislamu. Nusu ya watu wote hawajui kusoma. == Historia == == Siasa == Kufuatana na katiba ya uhuru ya 1975 Komori ilitangazwa kuwa jamhuri ya Kiislamu. Serikali zilipinduliwa mara kwa mara na wanajeshi au na mamluki. Katiba mpya ya mwaka 2001 imeondoa tabia ya kidini ya dola na iliunda utaratibu wa urais kuzunguka kati ya visiwa vitatu vikubwa. Katika muundo huo rais wa jamhuri atateuliwa kila baada ya miaka minne kutoka kisiwa tofauti. Katika uchaguzi ya mwaka 2002 rais Azali Assoumani alichaguliwa kutoka kisiwa cha Ngazidja (Komori Kuu). Katika uchaguzi wa 2006 rais amechaguliwa kati ya wagombea kutoka kisiwa cha Anjouan. Wananachi wa Anjouan walipiga kura ya kwanza. Wagombea watatu wenye kura nyingi wameteuliwa na kusimamishwa mbele ya wapiga kura wa visiwa vyote watakaomchagua rais wa jamhuri. Rais wa mwaka 2010 anatakiwa kutoka katika kisiwa cha Moheli, baadaye tena rais kutoka Ngazidja, n.k. Katika uchaguzi wa 2006 ndiye [[Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi]] aliyepata kura nyingi kiasi cha 58% baada ya kempeni alipoahidi kupambana na ufisadi, kuwapatia wananchi ajira na kujenga nyumba kwa ajili ya maskini. == Uchumi == Komori ni kati ya nchi maskini zaidi duniani. Kilimo, uvuvi, uvindaji na misitu ni misingi ya uchumi wote. Barabara na mawasiliano ya meli au ndege ni haba, idadi ya watu inakua haraka, elimu ni duni; haya yote yanasababishi kudumu kwa uchumi wa kijungujiko na uhaba wa ajira. 80% ya wafanyakazi wote wanashughulika kilimo. {{Afrika}} {{mbegu}} [[Category:Nchi]] [[Category:Visiwa vya Afrika]] [[Category:Visiwa vya Bahari ya Hindi]] [[af:Comore-eilande]] [[ar:جزر القمر]] [[zh-min-nan:Komor]] [[bn:কোমোরোস]] [[bs:Komori]] [[ca:Comores]] [[da:Comorerne]] [[de:Komoren]] [[en:Comoros]] [[et:Komoorid]] [[es:Comoras]] [[eo:Komorij]] [[fa:کومور]] [[fr:Union des Comores]] [[ko:코모로]] [[id:Komori]] [[ia:Comoras]] [[is:Kómoreyjar]] [[it:Comore]] [[he:קומורו]] [[lv:Komoru salas]] [[lt:Komorai]] [[li:Comore]] [[ms:Comoros]] [[na:Comoros]] [[nl:Comoren]] [[nds:Komoren]] [[ja:コモロ]] [[no:Komorene]] [[nn:Komorane]] [[pl:Komory]] [[pt:Comores]] [[ru:Коморские острова]] [[sa:कोमोरोस]] [[sq:Komoris]] [[sk:Komory]] [[sl:Komori]] [[fi:Komorit]] [[sv:Komorerna]] [[sr:Комори]] [[tl:Comoros]] [[uk:Коморскі острови]] [[zh:葛摩]] 2019 sysop 5996 2006-01-01T14:44:36Z MediaWiki default This shows only images uploaded by $1. 2020 sysop 5997 2006-01-01T14:44:36Z MediaWiki default inclusion 2021 8171 2006-04-11T11:59:09Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[fr:Jomo Kenyatta]], [[it:Jomo Kenyatta]] '''(Jomo Kenyatta 1893-1978)''' alikuwa ni [[rais]] kwanza ya [[Kenya]], alizaliwa mwaka 1893 jina lake halisi ni Johnstone Kamau wa Ngengi alipewa jina la utani ambalo ni Mkuki wa moto Burning Spear jina la Kenyatta lilitokana na mkanda aliopenda kuuvaa ambao ulitengenezwa kwa shanga Wakikuyu wanauita kenyata, kabila lake lilikuwa ni Mkikuyu, alisoma katika shule ya [[kanisa la wamisheni wa Kiskochi]], baada ya kuhitimu aliajiriwa kama karani na msoma mita wa manispaa ya[[Nairobi]], alioa mke wake wa kwanza ambaye ni Grace Wahu azma yake ya kutaka kuikomboa ardhi ya Wakikuyu ilimfanya kuweza kuwaunganisha [[Wakikuyu]] naye akawa katibu wao mwaka 1928 mwaka 1930 alitembelea [[Marekani]], [[Ulaya]], na [[Uingereza]] huko aliishi miaka kumi na mitano na alioa mwalimu wa [[Kiingereza]]ambaye aliitwa Edna Kenyatta, alirudi Kenya mwaka 1946 na alichaguliwa kuwa rais wa [[Kenya African Union]] alihamasisha kukomeshwa [[ubaguzi wa rangi]]; kuwa na mwamko kisiasa pamoja na mambo mengine yanayompa daraja Mwafrika, aliwahi kutunga kitabu kiitwacho Facing mount Kenya kitabu hiki kilihusu ukombozi na historia ya Wakikuyu pia alikuwa ni muhariri na muanzilishi wa gazeti la kwanza kwa lugha ya Kikikuyu ambalo liliitwa Muiguitaania kutokana na matata ya [[Maumau]] ya mwaka 1952 alihukumiwa miaka saba jela. Hivyo basi huwezi kuzungumza historia ya Kenyatta bila ya kuitaja Maumau, baadaye alioa mke mwengine wa tatu ambaye aliitwa Mama Ngina Kenyatta ambaye alikuja kuwa mke wa rais wa kwanza ambaye ndiye mama yake Uhuru Kenyatta, Juni 1 1963 Kenya ilipata madaraka na Jomo Kenyatta alitawazwa kuwa waziri mkuu wa kwanza wa Kenya, alifariki mjini Mombasa Agost 18 1978 na kuzikwa jijini Nairobi kwenye jengo la bunge. {{mbegu}} [[de:Jomo Kenyatta]] [[en:Jomo Kenyatta]] [[es:Jomo Kenyatta]] [[fi:Jomo Kenyatta]] [[fr:Jomo Kenyatta]] [[he:ג'ומו קניאטה]] [[hr:Jomo Kenyatta]] [[id:Jomo Kenyatta]] [[it:Jomo Kenyatta]] [[ko:조모 케냐타]] [[nl:Jomo Kenyatta]] [[no:Jomo Kenyatta]] [[ro:Jomo Kenyatta]] [[sv:Jomo Kenyatta]] 2022 11250 2006-06-24T12:50:50Z Kipala 107 <small>''Makala hii yahusu pesa ya Angola. Kuhusu mto Kwanza angalia [[Kwanza (mto)]].''</small> '''Kwanza''' (kifupi: '''KZ''') ni [[fedha]] inayotumika kwa malipo halali katika nchi ya [[Angola]]. Wakati wa uhuru Angloa imerithi pesa ya [[escudo]] kutoka [[Ureno]]. Mwaka 1977 Kwanza yenye 100 Lwei imeingizwa nchini kama pesa ya kwanza ya kitaifa. Kutokana na kushuka kwa thamani ya fedha mara kwa mara pesa ya Kwanza imebadilishwa mara nne tangu 1977: * 1977 Kwanza * 1977 Kwanza Novo (Kwanza Mpya) * 1995 Kwanza Reajustado (Kwanza iliyosahihishwa) * 1999 Kwanza (Kwanza Reajustado milioni moja zilibadilishwa kuwa Kwanza 1 mpya) [[Sarafu]] za centavos 10 na 50 hazipatikani kwani hazinunui kitu tena. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Fedha]] [[Category:Angola]] [[ca:Kwanza]] [[de:Kwanza]] [[el:Κουάνζα]] [[en:Angolan kwanza]] [[eo:Angola kvanzo]] [[es:Kwanza]] [[fr:Kwanza]] [[he:קואנזה]] [[it:Kwanza]] [[ja:クワンザ]] [[nl:Kwanza (munteenheid)]] [[pl:Kwanza]] [[pt:Kwanza]] [[sv:Kwanza]] 2023 8506 2006-04-20T08:23:11Z Matt Crypto 20 [[Image:Kwanzaa-Myers.jpg|thumb|250px|Mwanamke anawasha mshumaa wa ''kinara''. Kuna ishara nyingi ya Kwanzaa mezani.]] '''Kwanzaa''' ni sikukuu inayosherehekewa na [[Wamarekani Weusi]] na watu wengine wenye asili ya [[Afrika]] sehemu mbalimbali duniani. Kwanzaa husherehekewa kwa siku saba toka Desemba 26 hadi Januari 1. Sikukuu hii iliyotokana na vuguvugu la watu weusi nchini [[Marekani]] kuenzi historia na [[utamaduni]] wao toka Afrika ilianzishwa na [[Dakta Maulana Karenga]] Desemba 26, 1966. Neno "Kwanzaa" limetokana na neno la [[Kiswahili]] "Kwanza." Herufi "a" iliongezwa katika neno hilo ili kulifanya neno hilo kuwa na herufi saba, sawa na idadi ya siku za kusherehekea sikukuu hii. Baadhi ya watu weusi huchukulia sikukuu hii kuwa na umuhimu sana kwao kama vile ilivyo [[Hannuka]] kwa [[Wayahudi]] au [[Krisimasi]] kwa [[Wakristo]]. Kutokana na nia ya kuenzi [[Uafrika]], Kiswahili hutumika katika sikukuu hii. Sherehe hii imejengwa juu ya maadili ya kitamaduni ya Kiafrika na huchukuliwa kuwa ni kama aina za sherehe za [[makabila]] mbalimbali Afrika wakati wa mavuno. Maadili haya ya Kiafrika yamegawanywa katika dhana iitwayo Nguzo Saba. Kwa siku saba, kila siku huwa na nguzo yake ya kukumbuka na kuenzi. Nguzo hizo ambazo zinafahamika kwa Kiswahili ni: Umoja, Kujichagulia, Ujima, Ujamaa, Nia, Kuumba, na Imani. Nguzo saba hizi hutumiwa kama moja ya njia ya kuimarisha umoja wa kifamilia miongoni mwa jamii za Wamarekani Weusi na pia njia ya kuwakumbusha historia na utamaduni wao. Sikukuu hii inatumia alama kadhaa ambazo nazo zinatambulika kwa lugha ya Kiswahili. Alama hizo ni: * Mazao * Mkeka * Kinara * Muhindi * Mishumaa Saba * Kikombe cha Umoja * Zawadi Kati ya shughuli zinazofanywa wakati wa sikukuu hii ni kuwasha mishumaa saba (mshumaa mmoja kila siku) na kutoa tambiko la kuenzi wmababu na mabibi waliotangulia. Mishumaa hii huwa ina rangi za kijani, nyekundu na nyeusi. Mshumaa mweusi huwekwa katikati na ndio huwa wa kwanza kuwashwa. Huwashwa siku ya kwanza. Rangi nyeusi huwakilisha watu weusi, rangi nyekundu hukumbusha mapambano na masahibu yaliyowakumba walitangulia, na rangi ya kijani humaanisha utajiri wa bara la Afrika na pia matumaini mema ya watu weusi. ==Viungo vya nje== * {{en}} [http://www.officialkwanzaawebsite.org/ Tovuti Rasmi ya Kwanzaa] [[de:Kwanzaa]] [[en:Kwanzaa]] [[eo:Kvanzao]] [[es:Kwanzaa]] [[fi:Kwanzaa]] [[fr:Kwanzaa]] [[he:קוואנזה]] [[nl:Kwanzaa]] [[nn:Kwanzaa]] [[pt:Kwanzaa]] [[sv:Kwanzaa]] 2024 6043 2006-01-05T18:07:50Z Ndesanjo 73 '''Visa vya Esopo''' vinatokana na masimulizi ya Esopo, ambaye inaaminika kuwa alikuwa ni [[mtumwa]] wa Kiafrika aliyeishi kati ya mwaka 620 na 560 [[Kabla ya Kristo]] katika [[Ugiriki ya Zamani]]. Visa vyake hutumiwa kutoa mafunzo na kuburudisha. Visa hivi hutumiwa kwa wingi katika vitabu vya watoto na vikaragosi. Historia ya Esopo haijulikani vyema. Inaaminiwa kuwa alikuwa ni mtumwa aliyeachiliwa huru na baadaye alikuja kuuliwa na [[Wadeliphi]]. Baadhi ya [[wanazuoni]] wanaamini kuwa hakuna mtu aliyewahi kuishi katika historia aliyeitwa Esopo. ==Viungo vya Nje== * [http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/authors/a#a18 Visa vya Esopo kupitia Mradi wa Gutenberg] 2025 6241 2006-01-20T22:29:05Z 70.105.39.139 #redirect [[Bahari ya Hindi]] 2026 11470 2006-06-28T20:15:13Z Kipala 107 {{Infobox_Country |native_name = ''République de Guinée'' |conventional_long_name = Jamhuri ya Guinea |common_name = Guinea |image_flag = Flag of Guinea.svg |image_coat = Guinea coa 1984.png |image_map = LocationGuinea.png |national_motto = Travail, Justice, Solidarité<br>([[Kifaransa]]: Kazi, Haki, Kushikamana) |national_anthem = [[Liberté]] (Uhuru) |official_languages = [[Kifaransa]] (rasmi), [[Kifula|Pulaar]], [[Kissi|Kissi]], [[Kpelle]], [[Kimaninka]], [[Kisusu]], [[Kitoma]] |capital = [[Conakry]] |latd=9 |latm=30 |latNS=N |longd=13 |longm=43 |longEW=W |largest_city = [[Conakry]] |government_type = Jamhuri |leader_titles = [[Rais wa Guinea|Rais]] |leader_title2 = [[List of Prime Ministers of Guinea|Prime Minister]] |leader_names =[[Lansana Conté]] |leader_name2 = [[Cellou Dalein Diallo]] |area_rank = ya 75 |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |area= 245,857 |areami²= 94,926 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |percent_water = kidogo sana |population_estimate = 9,402,000 |population_estimate_rank = ya 83 |population_estimate_year = Julai 2005 |population_census = 7,156,406 |population_census_year = 1996 |population_density =38.5 |population_densitymi² = 99.7 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |population_density_rank = ya 133 |GDP_PPP = $20.74 billion <!--cia.gov--> |GDP_PPP_rank = ya 113 |GDP_PPP_year= 2005 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2,200 <!--cia.gov--> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ya 173 |sovereignty_type = [[Uhuru]] |established_events = kutoka [[Ufaransa]] |established_dates = [[2 Oktoba]] [[1958]] |HDI = 0.466 |HDI_rank = ya 156 |HDI_year = 2003 |HDI_category = <span style="color:#E0584E">low</span> |currency = [[Guinean franc]] |currency_code = GNF |country_code = |time_zone = [[GMT]] |utc_offset = 0 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |cctld = [[.gn]] |calling_code = 224 |footnotes = }} '''Guinea''' ni nchi katika [[Afrika ya Magharibi]]. Imepakana na [[Guinea-Bisau]], [[Senegal]] na [[Mali]]upande wa kaskazini, [[Côte d'Ivoire]], [[Liberia]] na [[Sierra Leone]] kusini halafu [[Bahari Atlantiki]] upande wa magharibi. Eneo lake ni chanzo ya mito mikubwa ya [[Niger (mto)|Niger]], [[Senegal (mto)|Senegal]] na [[Gambia (mto)|Gambia]]. Jina la "[[Guinea (kanda)|Guinea]]" liliwahi kutaja sehemu kubwa ya Afrika ya Magharibi kati ya jangwa [[Sahara]] na [[Ghuba ya Guinea]] ya Atlantiki likimaanisha "nchi ya watu weusi" kwa lugha ya [[kiberber]]. ==Viungo vya nje== ===Serikali=== *[http://www.un.int/guinea/ Permanent UN Mission of the Republic of Guinea''] official government site ===Habari=== * [http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/gv.html CIA World Factbook - Guinea] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1032311.stm BBC News Country Profile - Guinea] ===Musiki=== * [http://www.coraconnection.com/ Cora Connection] West African music resources ===Orodha=== * [http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Guinea/ Open Directory Project - ''Guinea''] directory category *[http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/guinea.html Stanford University - Africa South of the Sahara: ''Guinea''] directory category *[http://www.afrika.no/index/Countries/Guinea/ The Index on Africa - ''Guinea''] directory category *[http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Country_Specific/Guinea.html University of Pennsylvania - African Studies Center: ''Guinea''] directory category * [http://dir.yahoo.com/Regional/Countries/Guinea/ Yahoo! - ''Guinea''] directory category {{mbegu}} [[Category:Makala fupi mno]] [[Category:Guinea]] {{Afrika}} [[af:Guinee]] [[ar:غينيا]] [[an:Guinea]] [[bg:Гвинея]] [[zh-min-nan:Guinea]] [[bs:Gvineja]] [[ca:República de Guinea]] [[cs:Guinea]] [[da:Guinea]] [[de:Guinea]] [[et:Guinea]] [[es:Guinea]] [[eo:Gvineo]] [[fr:Guinée]] [[ff:Gine]] [[gd:Guinea]] [[gl:Guinea - Guinée]] [[ko:기니]] [[kw:Gyni]] [[io:Guinea]] [[id:Guinea]] [[is:Gínea]] [[it:Guinea]] [[he:גינאה]] [[la:Guinea]] [[lv:Gvineja]] [[lt:Gvinėja]] [[ms:Guinea]] [[na:Guinea]] [[nl:Guinee]] [[nds:Guinea]] [[ja:ギニア]] [[no:Guinea]] [[nn:Guinea]] [[oc:Guinèa]] [[pl:Gwinea (państwo)]] [[pt:Guiné]] [[ro:Guineea]] [[ru:Гвинея]] [[sa:गिनी]] [[sq:Guineja]] [[sk:Guinea (štát)]] [[sl:Gvineja]] [[sr:Гвинеја]] [[fi:Guinea]] [[sv:Guinea]] [[tl:Guinea]] [[th:ประเทศกินี]] [[tr:Gine]] [[ug:گۋىنىيە]] [[uk:Гвінея]] [[zh:几内亚]] 2027 10669 2006-06-09T05:55:37Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[it:Abu Nuwas]] '''Abu Nuwas''' ni jina la mshairi Mwarabu aliyeishi 760-815. Pia ni jina la mtendaji katika hadithi za “[[Riwaya za Abunuwasi]]”. ==Maisha yake== Mshairi Abu Nuwas alizaliwa Ahwaz ([[Uajemi]]) mamake alikuwa Mwajemi na baba alikuwa mwanajeshi Mwarabu ambaye hakupata kumjua. Jina lake halisi lilikuwa Hasan ibn Hani al-Hakami, 'Abu Nuwas' ni jina la kutania kutokana na nywele zake ndefu. Akiwa kijana alipelekwa [[Basra]] ([[Iraq]]) akisaidia katika duka la moja al-Yashira. Hapa Basra alihamia nyumba ya mshairi Walibah ibn al-Hubab aliyemfundisha elimu ya [[sarufi]] na pia elimu ya kidini. Abu Nuwas aliendelea kujifunza mengi hata alikaa mwaka moja kati ya Waarabu Bedu jangwani ili aboreshe ujuzi wake wa lugha ya Kiarabu sanifu. ==Baghdad== Akahamia [[Baghdad]] mji mkuu wa Dola la Kiislamu iliyotawala wakati ule maeneo makubwa kuanzia Afrika ya Mashariki hadi [[Afghanistan]] na [[Asia ya Kati]]. Alipendwa sana na watu wa mjini kwa sababu alianzisha aina mpya ya ushairi akiimba juu ya furaha za divai na mapenzi hasa na wavulana kuliko wasichana au wanawake. Abu Nuwas akawa mshairi maarufu wa Kiarabu wa siku zile hadi ameitwa kutoa shiri zake mbele ya [[Khalifa]] [[Harun ar-Rashid]]. Hata kama shairi zake zikasababisha hasira ya wahubiri wa kiislamu Abu Nuwasi alilindwa na familia ya [[Barmaki]] waliokuwa mawaziri wa Khalifa. Wakati Abu Nuwas alitupwa jela mara kadhaa waliweza kumweka huru tena. Mwaka 798 Khalifa Harun ar-Rashid aliwaondoa Barmaki madarakani na kuwafunga jela; Abu Nuwasi alikimbilia [[Misri]]. Baada ya kifo cha Harun mwaka 809 alirudi Baghdad akimkuta Muhammad ibn Harun al-Amin kuwa Khalifa mpya aliyewahi kuwa mwanafunzi wake. Miaka michache ya utawala wa [[al-Amin]] ilikuwa miaka ambako Abu Nuwasi alitunga shairi nyingi. Baada ya al-Amin kupinduliwa na kakaye [[al-Ma’amun]] aliyekuwa Mwislamu mkali Abu Nuwas alianza kutunga shairi zilizolingana na mafundisho ya kidini. Lakini alishindwa kumbembeleza khalifa mpya. Mnamo mwaka 815 alikufa ama kwa sababu aliuawa au wakati alipofungwa gerezani. ==Nafasi kati ya Washairi Wakuu== Abu Nuwas anahesabiwa kati ya washairi wakuu wa lugha ya [[Kiarabu]]. Alikuwa na athira kubwa kwa washairi wa baadaye kama [[Omar Khayyám]] na [[Hafiz]]. Pia jina lake limetajwa mara kadhaa katika hadithi za [[Alfu Lela U Lela]]. Hadi leo wengine wanampenda sana lakini wengine wanamchukia kama mshairi bila maadili. ==Abu Nuwas mshairi na Abunuwasi wa kifasihi== Waswahili wamejua zaidi umbo la jina kuwa "Abunuwasi" na wamecheka wakisoma "[[Riwaya za Abunuwasi]]". Lakini huyu Abunuwasi wa Riwaya hana uhusiano na Abu Nuwas mshairi wa kihistoria zaidi ya kumpatia jina lake. Hadithi zote za "Riwaya" zinasimuliwa katika nchi nyingine kwa majina tofauti. Waturuki humwita "Nasreddin Hodja", Wausbeki pekee "Hodja", watu wa Algeria "Ben Sikran", Waarabu wengine "Juba (Guba)", Waitalia wa Kusini "Giufa". Huko Iraq kumbukumbu ya Abu Nuwas mshairi imechanganywa na hadithi za huyu mjinga mcheshi mwenye hekima anayejulikana katika nchi zote za Mediteraneo na Mashariki ya Kati. Hadithi katika „[[Riwaya za Abunuwasi]]“ zinatumia mapokeo ya urithi huo. Lakini kuna angalau hadithi moja ya Abu Nuwas mwenyewe inayolingana na Abunuwasi wa “Riwaya” – inasaidia kuelewa jinsi gani jina lake limeunganishwa na urithi wa Guba – Nasreddin: ==Hadithi ya Abu Nuwas na Harun ar-Rashid== “Abu Nuwas alipenda divai mno. Siku moja alipatikana hali amelewa sana wakati Khalifa Harun ar-Rashid alipita barabarani pamoja na askari zake. Khalifa Harun alimpenda Abu Nuwas mshairi hata aliwahi kukaa naye na kunywa naye lakini aliona hawezi kumruhusu kulewa barabarani mbele ya watu wote asionekane mwenyewe Khalifa anayedharau sharia ya Allah. Hivyo ar-Rashid akamwendea Abu Nuwas alijeficha chupa nyuma yake akikishika kwa mkono wa kuume. “Unionyeshe mkono wako!” Khalifa alisema. Abu Nuwas alishika chupa kwa mkono wa kulia nyuma yake akionyesha mkono wa kiume. “Unionyeshe mkono mwingine!” alidai ar-Rashid. Tena mshairi alishika chupa kwa mkono wa kushoto akimwonyesha Khalifa mkono wa kulia. Akasema ar-Rashid: “Sasa unionyeshe mikono yote miwili!” Abu Nuwas akakanyaga hatua moja nyuma hadi ukuta wa nyumba akashika chupa kwa matako yake ukutani akimwonyesha Khalifa mikono yote mawili. Huyu alidai akanyage hatua moja mbele. “Ee amirulmuumina”, akajibu Abu Nuwas, “Wewe unajua ya kwamba chupa kitanguka chini nikitembea kitavunjika !” Khalifa na askari wote walicheka sana. Abu Nuwas alitegemea kupokea viboko 80 lakini Khalifa alitangaza: “Mwenye akili kama huyu hawezi kuwa mlevi wala siwezi kumwadhibu kwa tendo la kushika chupa tu. Basi aende!" [[Category:Fasihi]] [[ar:أبو نواس]] [[de:Abu Nuwas]] [[en:Abu Nuwas]] [[es:Abu Nuwas]] [[fa:ابونواس اهوازی]] [[fr:Abou Nawas]] [[it:Abu Nuwas]] [[ro:Abu Nuvas]] [[ru:Абу Нувас]] 2028 6031 2006-01-05T04:59:57Z 70.192.112.34 {|width="60%" align="center" cellspacing="3" style="border: 5px solid #FF3333; background-color: #FFFFCC; margin-bottom: 6px;" |align="center"|'''Please do not leave any comments on this page!''' |- |'''YurikBot''' is mostly used for resolving interwiki links. It is designed to operate simultaneously on multiple sites to reduce server load. The bot has been given bot status on some larger sites, but may still not have it here. |- | You can learn more about me at my [[:en:User:Yurik|English]] page, or leave me a message '''[[:en:User talk:Yurik|here]]'''. |- | |- |Thank you! |} 2029 6032 2006-01-05T05:00:51Z 70.192.112.34 {|width="60%" align="center" cellspacing="3" style="border: 5px solid #FF3333; background-color: #FFFFCC; margin-bottom: 6px;" |align="center"|'''Please do not leave any comments on this page!''' |- |'''YurikBot''' is mostly used for resolving interwiki links. It is designed to operate simultaneously on multiple sites to reduce server load. The bot has been given bot status on some larger sites, but may still not have it here. |- | You can learn more about me at my [[:en:User:Yurik|English]] page, or leave me a message '''[[:en:User talk:Yurik|here]]'''. |- | |- |Thank you! |} 2030 6033 2006-01-05T05:16:29Z Yurik 118 {|width="60%" align="center" cellspacing="3" style="border: 5px solid #FF3333; background-color: #FFFFCC; margin-bottom: 6px;" |align="center"|'''Please do not leave any comments on this page!''' |- |'''YurikBot''' is mostly used for resolving interwiki links. It is designed to operate simultaneously on multiple sites to reduce server load. The bot has been given bot status on some larger sites, but may still not have it here. |- | You can learn more about me at my [[:en:User:Yurik|English]] page, or leave me a message '''[[:en:User talk:Yurik|here]]'''. |- | |- |Thank you! |} 2031 6034 2006-01-05T05:19:03Z Yurik 118 {|width="60%" align="center" cellspacing="3" style="border: 5px solid #FF3333; background-color: #FFFFCC; margin-bottom: 6px;" |align="center"|'''Please do not leave any comments on this page!''' |- |'''YurikBot''' is mostly used for resolving interwiki links. It is designed to operate simultaneously on multiple sites to reduce server load. The bot has been given bot status on some larger sites, but may still not have it here. |- | You can learn more about me at my [[:en:User:Yurik|English]] page, or leave me a message '''[[:en:User talk:Yurik|here]]'''. |- | |- |Thank you! |} 2032 6397 2006-01-25T12:22:30Z Matt Crypto 20 '''Bi Kidude''' ni gwiji wa muziki katika Bara la [[Afrika]]. Jina lake halisi ni Fatuma binti Baraka. Bi Kidude ni msanii mkongwe na mahiri sana katika fani ya muziki wa mwambao ambao hujulikana kwa jina la [[Taarabu]]. Muziki huu ambao ni mchanganyiko wa muziki toka [[nchi za Kiarabu]] na vionjo vya [[muziki wa Kiafrika]] umekita sana katika mwambao wa [[Afrika Mashariki]] yaani [[Zanzibar]], [[Mombasa]], [[Lamu]] na kwingineko. Fatuma binti Baraka au Bi Kidude, alizaliwa katika kijiji cha [[Mfagimarigo]] [[Zanzibar]] katika familia ya watoto saba (7). Baba yake Mzee Baraka alikuwa ni mfanyabiashara wa [[nazi]], zao ambalo ni la kutumainiwa sana Zanzibar. Bi Kidude anasema hafahamu tarehe halisi aliyozaliwa, isipokuwa anachojua ni kwamba alizaliwa wakati [[rupia]] ikitumika kama fedha, na vilevile ana hakika ni kabla ya [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Ulaya]]. Wataalamu wa mahesabu baada ya kupata taarifa hizo wakampigia mahesabu na kumkabidhi miaka yake kwamba ni zaidi ya miaka 90. Bi Kidude anasema uimbaji aliuanza tangu alipokuwa na umri wa miaka kumi na alijifunza kutoka kwa msanii mkongwe na aliyetamba sana enzi hizo [[Sitti binti Saad]]. Anasema wageni wengi kutoka sehemu mbalimbali walikuwa wakifika Zanzibar kuja kumwona Sitti, na kwa vile Bi Kidude na Sitti walikuwa wako karibu basi yeye alikuwa akiwapeleka wageni wale nyumbani kwa Bi Sitti, wakifika huko wageni walikuwa wakiingia ndani na yeye kubakia nje, kule ndani Bi Sitti alikuwa akiwaimbia wale wageni, na yeye huku nje alikuwa akimsikiliza kwa makini na kumfuatiza jinsi alivyokuwa akiimba. Aliendelea hivyo hadi akawa mahiri sana katika uimbaji. Alipokuwa na miaka 13, kwa mara ya kwanza alitoroka nyumbani kwao Zanzibar na kukimbilia [[Tanzania Bara]], baada ya kulazimishwa kuolewa. Lakini alipokuwa kigoli wa kutosha kuolewa aliolewa ingawa ndoa hiyo nayo haikudumu kutokana na manyanyaso aliyokuwa akiyapata, hivyo aliamua kukimbilia kaskazini mwa [[Misri]] ikiwa ni katika miaka ya 1930, huko aling'ara sana katika fani yake ya uimbaji na uchezaji ngoma. Lakini ilipofika miaka ya 1940 aliamua kurudi nyumbani Zanzibar ambako aliendelea na shughuli zake uimbaji. Bi Kidude hategemei kazi moja tu ya kuimba, kwani pia ni mfanyabiashara ya [['wanja']] na [['hina']] ambavyo anavitengeneza yeye mwenyewe, pia ni mtaalamu wa matibabu kwa dawa za mitishamba na zaidi ya hayo ni mwalimu mzuri sana wa [['Unyago']] na ameanzisha chuo chake mwenyewe na anasema katika wanafunzi wake wote hakuna aliyepata talaka kutoka kwa mumewe. Watu wanasema 'Utu uzima dawa' Bi Kidude ana upeo mkubwa sana wa akili kwani pamoja na kukulia katika mazingira yaliyogubikwa na tamaduni za kiarabu ambapo mwanamke anatakiwa wakati wote akiwa hadharani ajifunike, Bi Kidude aliliona hili katika upeo mwingine kwamba ni sheria tu ya kitamaduni toka [[Uarabuni]], hivyo aliamua kuvunja sheria hiyo na kuondoa [[hijabu]] mwilini mwake, na sasa hivi anavaa kama [[Mtanzania]] na si kama [[Mwarabu]]. Lakini hakubakia hapo alivunja na miiko mingine zaidi ya kutokunywa na kuvuta, kwani Bi Kidude anakunywa pombe na kuvuta sigara jambo ambalo si kawaida kwa wanawake Zanzibar. Bi Kidude amekwisha tembelea nchi nyingi sana ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Oman]], [[Ufaransa]], [[Hispania]], [[Ufini]], [[Ujerumani]] na [[Uingereza]]. Amekwisha pata tuzo mbalimbali ikiwa ni pamoja na ile ya [[Tamasha la Filamu la Nchi za Jahazi]] (ZIFF) mwaka 1999 tuzo ni ya maisha. Pia mwaka jana tuzo ya [[WOMAX]] ilienda kwake. Nyimbo alizowahi kuimba ni pamoja na Muhogo wa jang'ombe, na anaimba kwa [[Kiswahili]] na [[Kiarabu]]. Hakuwahi kupata elimu nyingine zaidi ya [[Kurani]]. [[Category:Wanamuziki]] [[en:Bi Kidude]] 2033 8457 2006-04-19T17:53:03Z Matt Crypto 20 '''Binyavanga Wainaina''' (alizaliwa mwaka 1971) ni mwandishi wa Kenya. Alizaliwa [[Nakuru]], nchini [[Kenya]]. Alihudhuria masomo ya msingi na sekondari nchini Kenya kabla ya kujiunga na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Transkei]], [[Afrika Kusini]]. Baada ya kumaliza masomo yake alihamia katika jiji la [[Cape Town]] ambapo alifanya kazi kama mwandishi wa kujitegemea wa masuala ya chakula na [[utalii]]. Mwezi Julai, 2002 Binyavanga alishinda [[Tuzo ya Caine]] kwa [[Uandishi wa Kiafrika]]. Yeye ndiye mwanzilishi wa jarida la [[fasihi]] la [[Kwani?]], ambalo linachukuliwa kuwa ndio gazeti kuu la masuala ya fasihi toka [[Afrika Mashariki]]. Hivi sasa anaandika riwaya yake ya kwanza iitwayo ''[[The Fallen World of Appearances]]''. Mwaka 2003 alipata tuzo toka [[Chama cha Wachapishaji wa Kenya]] (Kenya Publishers Association) kutokana na juhudi zake za kuendelea fasihi ya Kenya. Hivi sasa anasoma shahada ya pili ya [[Uandishi wa Ubunifu]] katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha East Anglia]]. Kazi zake zimetoka katika magazeti na majarida mbalimbali kama vile ''[[National Geographic]]'', ''[[The East African]]'', ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' (ya [[Afrika Kusini]]), ''[[The Guardian]]'' (ya [[Uingereza]]). Baadhi ya kazi alizoandika ni: * ''Discovering Home'' ([[Hadithi fupi]], G21Net, 2001) * ''An Affair to Dismember'' (Hadithi fupi) * ''Beyond the River Yei: Life in the Land Where Sleeping is a Disease'' (Riwaya ya picha pamoja na [[Steven Torfinn]], [[Kwani Trust]]). ==Viungo vya nje== <!-- * [http://www.kwani.org/ Kwani?] (Kiingereza)--> * {{en}} [http://www.g21.net/africa29.html Hadithi fupi ya Discovering Home] * {{en}} [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/world/02/voices_from_kenya/html/wainaina.stm Mahojiano ya Binyavanga] * {{en}} [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/2129351.stm Makala ya BBC kuhusu Binyavanga] [[Category:Waandishi wa Afrika]] [[en:Binyavanga Wainaina]] [[ko:비냐방가 와이나이나]] 2034 6072 2006-01-06T13:06:14Z 172.208.91.165 ==Abu Nuwas au Abunuwasi?== Naona tatizo na mabadiliko Abu Nuwas > Abunuwasi. Kwa sababu mbili: kwanza nimeshaweka viungo mbalimbali vya Abu Nuwas. Pili - hapa tunahitaja maelewano kati ya watu wanaochangia kuhusu maswali jinsi ya kutaja vitu. Jina la mtu huyu mshairi mwarabu ni Abu Nuwas. Abunuwasi inaweza kuchukuliwa kwa namna mbili: AMA (ninavyoona) ndiye huyu jamaa wa kifasihi wa "Riwaya" aliye tofauti na Abu Nuwas wa Kihistoria AU ni jina la Kiswahili kwa ajili ya mshairi mwarabu Abu Nuwas; lakini sidhani ni hivyo. Unaonaje? Sipendi kabisa tupate hivi "vita vya wahariri" jinsi ilivyo katika wikipedia nyingine Pia naona Waswhili wanaweza kutumia ile "Abu" kuwa sehemu ya jina lao wakiiandika pekee; kwa mfano Sheikh Sayyid bin Omar bin Abdullah bin Abu Bakr bin Salim (1917-1988) aliyekuwa mkuu wa Chuo cha Kiislamu Zanzibar; ninavyoona jina la "Abu Bakr" hutumiwa na Waswahili Waislamu wengi bila kuibadilisha kuwa "Abubakri" au "Abubekri". Unaonaje, si kweli?? --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 09:39, 6 Januari 2006 (UTC) ::Ndio Kipala. Asante, mwaka mpya salama kabisa. Hongera sana kwa kazi zako. Umeichangamsha kamusi elezo yetu. Sasa kwenye Abu Nuwas/Abunuwasi. Ni kweli hakuna haja ya kuingia kwenye vita wanavyofanya wengine. Nakubaliana nawe kuhusu jina lake halisi. Nadhani kuna majina ambayo yanapoingia kwenye Kiswahili yanabadilika kama vile Yesu. Jina lake hasa la kule alikotokea halitumiki. Au nabii Musa. Lakini kuna mengine yanabaki vile vile. Sasa katika vitabu kadhaa vya Kiswahili ambavyo nimewahi kuvipitia, nimeona jina lake limechukua kanuni fulani za Kiswahili (kwa mfano badala ya kuishia na "s" pekee ikaongezwa "i" kuwa Abunuwasi). Lakini hii inafanya jina hilo kuwa moja wakati ambapo katika maelezo yako ni kuwa haya ni majina mawili (sio?). Sasa tunaweza kuchukua vile Waswahili walivyotamka na kuandika jina lake au tukachukua jina lake halisi, ambapo itakuwa ni majina mawili kama ulivyoandika. Tunachoweza kufanya naona ni kuandika jina lake hasa (yaani lake na la ubini) kisha tukaeleza kuwa Waswahili wamekuwa wakimwita Abunuwasi. Unasemaje? ::: Asante kwa jibu la haraka. Kimsingi mimi naona Abunuwasi (jamaa wa kifasihi) wa "Riwaya" na mshairi Abu Nuwas (mtu wa kihistoria) si yeye yule. :::Abu Nuwas alitoa jina lake kwa Abunuwasi (au labda zaidi: jina lake limechukuliwa) - hadithi zile za Abunuwasi zimesimuliwa kati ya Waturuki juu ya Nasreddin na kati ya Waarabu wengine juu ya Guha (ninaandaa makala nyingine kuhusu Riwaya nitakapoeleza uhusiano huo). :::Lakini hadithi za Riwaya hazina uhusiano na Abu Nuwas wa kihistoria. Hapo sababu yangu ya kuwataja pekee. --[[User:172.208.91.165|172.208.91.165]] 13:05, 6 Januari 2006 (UTC) 2035 6591 2006-01-30T12:09:25Z Marcos 3 Mikutano huria umehamishwa hapa Mkutano huria '''Mkutano huria''' ni mkutano ambao unaendeshwa na wahudhuriaji au wajumbe badala ya mwandaaji au waandaaji wa mkutano. Katika mkutano wa aina hii hakuna watoa mada na wapokea mada, hakuna watoa hotuba na wasikilizaji. Wahudhuriaji wote ndio watoa mada na wapokea mada. Dhana hii imepewa umaarufu na wataalamu wawili wa [[programu ya tarakilishi]], [[Lenn Pryyor]] na [[Dave Winer]]. ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://highcontext.com/hcarchives/2005/11/18/conference-vs-unconference/ Tofauti kati ya mkutano huria na mkutano wa kawaida] 2036 8397 2006-04-18T12:10:05Z Matt Crypto 20 '''Podikasiti''' ni neno lililoanza kutumiwa mwaka 2004 pale matumizi ya programu ya [[RSS]] ilipoanza kutumiwa kusambaza matangazo kwa ajili ya kusikiliza kupitia [[tarakilishi] au zana nyingine za mkononi kama vile [[aipodi]]. Podikasiti ni mafaili ya video au sauti ambayo yako kwenye [[mtandao wa tarakilishi]] kwa ajili ya yeyote yule anayetaka kutazama au kusikiliza. Wana podikasiti wanasambaza kazi zao kwenye [[tovuti]] au [[blogu]] zao kwa taratibu mbalimbali. Wako wanaoweka mafaili ambayo mtu yeyote anaweza kuyapakua bure au kwa kulipia, lakini kitu kinachofanya podikasiti kuwa tofauti na mafaili, kwa mfano, ya muziki ambayo unaweza kuyapakua na kusikiliza ni kwamba podikasiti inatumia teknolojia ambayo matangazo mapya yanaletwa kwako bila kukuhitahi wewe kwenda kwenye tovuti au blogu ya mwana podikasiti. Redio nyingi kama vile [[BBC]], [[NPR]] ([[Marekani]]), hivi sasa zinatuma matangazo yao kwa wasikilizaji kwa kwa kutumia teknolojia ya podikasiti. [[Category:Teknolojia]] 2037 6076 2006-01-06T17:12:01Z Marcos 3 Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo umehamishwa hapa Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo]] 2038 6097 2006-01-07T21:58:50Z 172.178.129.173 2039 6103 2006-01-08T14:58:24Z 172.208.161.70 Bi Kidude amezaliwa Zanzibar. Itasaidia ikitajwa kama ni Pemba au Unguja --[[User:172.208.161.70|172.208.161.70]] 14:58, 8 Januari 2006 (UTC) 2040 7351 2006-03-12T15:12:58Z Ndesanjo 73 ==Maajabu ya Kwanzaa== Ndesanjo hujambo! Baada ya kusoma makala kuhusu Kwanzaa ninegependa kukuuliza kuhusu Kwanzaa jinsi unavyoiona ukiwa Mwafrika na Mwsahili. Nimetazama desturi hii kwa miaka kadhaa nikiwa mbali nikashangaa. Kwangu ilikuwa wazi ya kwamba sherehe hii haina kitu cha kiafrika ndani yake. Wala Afrika ya mashariki wala ya magharibi nimesikia ya kwamba kuna sikukuu ya mavuno wakati wa Disemba. Kiswahili wanachotumia - basi naiona mtandaoni tu. Lakini kama ningemjibu mtu anayenisalimu "Habari gani" kwa maneno kama "kuumba" sijui angeniangalia namna gani.. Ama ataona nimesahau lugha au atajiuliza kama nimelewa. Wanaweka mahindi wakiita "muhindi" (sina neno kuhusu mahindi - imekuwa kiafrika sawa jinsi kiazi kimekuwa kiingereza au kijerumani ingawa zote zimetoka Amerika ya Kusini, hata kama Wachagga na Waganda wasingekubali kamwe :-)) - ila tu lugha bovu). Unajua wewe mahali Afrika penye sherehe ya "matunda ya kwanza"??? Kwangu imeonekana kama sherehe ya kisintetiki yaani isiyo ya asili kabisa. Ni kama ndoto nyingine tena juu ya Afrika: Waingereza wanaota ndoto zao za "Out of Africa", karne zilizopita wataalamu wa Ulaya walikuwa na ndoto hizi za "Washenzi watukufu". Afrika ilikuwa na bado leo iko mara nyingi kama skrini ya filamu watu wanapotupa picha zilizomo kichwani mwao. Lakini si Afrika yenyewe. Kwa upande mwingine nimefikiri basi si kitu kibaya kama watu wanatafuta habari za Kiswahili hata kama njia ni potovu. Ikisaidia kueneza kwa lugha ya Kiswahili nifunge macho? (Juzi nimepita mahali mtandaoni wanapotaja majina kwa ajili ya watoto wakidai ni ya Kiswahili - taz. http://www.babynology.com/swahili/baby-names-boy_M_100.html - natumaini ya kwamba kuna matokeo mazuri zaidi ya upendo ule wa Kiamerika wa lugha kuliko orodha hii!) Juzi tu nimeona mara ya kwanza habari za huyu Karenga kuwa jina lake ni Ron Everett amekuwa na historia mbaya asiyopenda kukubali. Umewahi kukutana naye? Ameanza kujifunza Kiswahili siku hizi? Kujiita "Maulana" ili watu wote Marekani wanaamini ni neno la Kiswahili kwa ajili ya "mwalimu" ni ajabu nyingine kwangu. Kwa hiyo - ningependa kusikia mawazo yako kweli! --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 17:05, 8 Januari 2006 (UTC) Mjadala wa maana sana huu. Nitaweka maoni yangu hapa baadaye. Ninamaliza mambo kadhaa. Asante.----[[User:Ndesanjo|Ndesanjo]] Kipala asante kwa changamoto yako kuhusu Kwanzaa. Mimi nilikuwa nawaza kama wewe wakati fulani lakini baadaye nimebadili mawazo yangu. Sidhani kama ni sahihi kusema kuwa sherehe hii sio ya Kiafrika kwakuwa haisherehekewi sehemu yoyote ya Afrika. Wamarekani wa Kiafrika ni Waafrika kihistoria na Wamarekani kiuzoefu. Tukumbuke kuwa watu hawa wametoka Afrika miaka mingi sana. Na wapo kama akina Karenga ambao wanataka sana kujua historia yao na kufanya mambo ambayo yatawaunganisha na utamaduni wa Kiafrika. Lakini wakati huo huo ni vigumu sana kujua utamaduni wao wa Kiafrika kwasababu kadhaa: kuondoka kwao Afrika miaka mingi, vyanzo vichache vya elimu na maarifa kuhusu utamaduni wa Afrika, Waafrika walioko Afrika kutojua utamaduni wao na kutotaka kuuenzi. Kwahiyo lazima watu hawa waliondolewa Afrika kwa nguvu miaka na miaka iliyopita watakuwa na mambo fulani ambayo hawayafahamu vizuri kuhusu utamaduni wao. Ni wajibu wetu ambao tunaufahamu kuwasaidia kuwaelimisha na pia kuwapa moyo pale wanapojaribu kujitafuta na kuenzi kile kidogo wanachokijua kuhusu Uafrika. Pia tufahamu kuwa sio rahisi kwa mtazamo wao kuhusu utamaduni wa Afrka kuwa ni sawa kabisa na utamaduni ulioko Afrika katika makabila mbalimbali. Kuna maswali mengi ya kujiuliza: je utamaduni huo utakuwa wa Kimasai, Kiyoruba, Kifulani, n.k.? Kumbuka neno utamaduni wa Afrika linaweza kupotosha maana linaonyesha kuwa kuna mfumo mmoja wa kitamaduni wa Afrika wakati ukweli ni kuwa kuna tamaduni mbalimbali ziinazotofautiana barani Afrika. Kwahiyo ingawa utamaduni wa Kishona na Kichagga ni wa Kiafrika, mambo mengi hayafanani. Wengi wa Waafrika wa Marekani hawajui wametoka wapi hasa, wanachojua ni kuwa wametoka Afrika. Hili ni muhimu sana. Mwandishi wa kitabu cha “Afrocentricity” Molefi Asante anasema kuwa Wamarekani wanaposema wanaenzi utamaduni wa Kiafrika, utamaduni huo sio lazima eti ukienda Afrika uukute ukifanana kabisa na ule wanaouenzi Wamarekani. Anasema kuwa utamaduni wa Kiafrika ni utamaduni wa Waafrika (wawe wako Brazili, Angola, Zambia, Cuba, Venezuela, Marekani, n.k.) popote pale walipo. Utamaduni huo sio lazima eti uwepo Afrika. Muhimu ni kuwa utamaduni huo uwe umezaliwa na Waafrika katika jitihada zao za kutunza utu na heshima yao. Kwahiyo unakuta sanaa ya kujilinda na dansi iitwayo “capoiera” maarufu huko Bahia, Brazili, inajulikana kama sanaa ya Kiafrika ingawa ukienda Afrika hutakuta “capoiera” kama ilivyo Brazili. Utaona hata imani za kidini kama Santeria, Vodoo, na nyinginezo huko Brazili, Cuba, Haiti, New Orleans, n.k. zinatambulika kama imani za asili ya Afrika ingawa yako mengi ambayo hutayaona Afrika katika imani hizo. Umetaja suala la kuwa Afrika hawasherehekei mavuno mwezi Desemba. Jambo ambalo hujatazama ni kuwa Waafrika wa Marekani wanaishi Marekani na sio Afrika. Marekani mwezi Desemba ni mwezi unaochukuliwa kama ni wakati wa familia kukaa pamoja, kupumzika, na kufurahia mwisho wa mwaka na kujiandaa kwa mwaka mpya. Kwahiyo wamechagua mwezi huo kutokana na sababu zinazoendana na mazingira yao. Jambo ambalo nawaunga mkono kabisa. Kuhusu Kiswahili wanachotumia: sioni ubaya wowote wa wao kuamua kutumia maneno kama “kuumba” kujibu wanaposalimiana. Kwakuwa nia yao ni kuenzi nguzo za Kwanzaa, sioni kuwa sababu hii itafanya sikukuu isiwe ya Kiafrika. Ndugu hawa wanajitafuta, na wanafaya mambo ambayo Waafrika wenyewe hawafanyi. Nadhani kuna kila sababu ya kuwaunga mkono kwakuwa wanachofanya ni kuunda utamaduni wa Waafrika wa Kimarekani. Utamaduni huo utakuwa ni wa kipekee maana wao ni wa kipekee. Tukumbuke kuwa wao sio tu Waafrika. Bali ni Wamarekani pia. Utamaduni wao hautakuwa kama Waafrika tulio Afrika na hautakuwa kama wa Wamarekani weupe walioko Marekani. Utakuwa ni utamaduni wa Kiafrika Kimarekani. Utaona muziki kama wa Blues ambao ni wa Kiafrika. Chimbuko lake ni Afrika, huko Mali, Senegal, Guinea, n.k. Lakini wakati huo huo magitaa na vinanda wanavyotumia Waafrika wa Marekani kupiga muziki huo unaotambulika kuwa ni wa Kiafrika hayajatoka Afrika. Kuhusu kusema “muhindi” badala ya “mhindi.” Wahindi pale Tanzania Kiswahili wanachotumia ni Kiswahili au sio Kiswahili? Je Wakongo Kiswahili chao ni Kiswahili au sio Kiswahili? Badala ya kusema “mtu” huwa wanasema, “mutu.” Kiingerea, kwa mfano, wanachotumia Wanigeria ni kiingereza bado ingawa sio kama Kiingereza cha Malikia. Muhindi na mhindi ni sawa tu na maharage na maharagwe, tofauti ambayo tunayo sisi tulioko Afrika. Tofauti hii haifanyi anayetumia neno hili kuwa Mwafrika zaidi ya mwingine. Umezungumzia suala la sherehe ya kisintetiki. Nikuulize, nini kinafanya sherehe iwe ya asili? Sherehe ya asili au ya kitamaduni ni lazima iwepo miaka na miaka kabla yetu? Sikukuu zote (hata tunazoziita za asili) zina mwanzo wake. Uko wakati hazikuwa za asili. Tukianzisha sikukuu leo, baada ya miaka mingi, vizazi vijavyo vitaiona ya asili. Lakini ukweli ni kuwa sikukuu zote, mambo yote ya kitamaduni, kabla ya kuwa ya kiasili yalikuwa na mwanzo wake. Tunapokuta ndugu hawa wanakosea mambo kama vile kuwa na majina wanayoamini kuwa ni ya Kiafrika kumbe sio, tunachotakiwa ni kuwasaidia badala ya kuwanyooshea kidole. Watajuaje tusipowasaidia? Watajuaje wakati Waafrika walioko Afrika majina hayo hawayatumii? Nadhani katika dunia ambayo tamaduni zisizo za Kimagharibi zimetikiswa na kupondwapondwa, wanapotokea watu au kundi wakitaka kuenzi Uafrika wao (hata kama haufanani nukta kwa nukta na Uafrika ulioko Afrika) ni kosa kubwa iwapo tutawaandama. Suala la nini “utamaduni wa Afrika” ni gumu sana wakati mwingine. Tazama muziki wa Lingala wa Kongo ambao unafahamika kama muziki wa Kiafrika, wakati huo huo magitaa wanayotumia na vifaa vingine katika bendi zao havijatoka Afrika au sio vya asili ya Afrika. Nadhani watu ambao walinyofolewa toka katika utamaduni wao miaka mingi iliyopita na kutumikishwa na kunyang’ganywa utu wao na haki za kutukuza utamaduni wao wanapojaribu kuenzi walikotoka sio jambo rahisi. Ni jambo gumu sana. Kumbuka kuwa watumwa walikatazwa kabisa kuenzi tamaduni zao. Waliadhibiwa vikali. Wanachofanya ni kupapasa huku na kule kujitafuta. Kwanzaa ni moja ya matokeo ya kupapasa huko. Nimekutana na Waafrika wa Marekani wengi wakieleza masikitiko yake kuhusu jinsi Waafrika tuiotoka Afrika tunavyowanyooshea vidole bada ya la kusaidiana nao maana sisi tu wamoja ingawa pia tu tofauti. Wanashangaa kwanini tunapenda kuwatuhumu wakati ambapo sisi tunafanya kila tuwezalo ili kukimbia utamaduni wetu. Wao wanapojaribu kuutafuta, kuufufua, n.k. tunakimbia kutafuta mapungufu katika juhudi zao. Nitamaliza kwa kusisitiza kuwa tusitegemee kuwa Waafrika wa Marekani watafanya mambo kama tunavyofanya Afrika. Haitakuwa hivyo maana mazingira ni tofauti kabisa. Wakati sisi ni Waafrika, wao ni Waafrika ila pia ni Wamarekani. --Ndesanjo 12 Januari 2006. 2041 6111 2006-01-08T23:35:39Z Marcos 3 #REDIRECT[[Abu Nuwas]] 2042 9097 2006-05-01T09:07:07Z 218.123.18.137 [[Image:Tanzania Singida.png|320px|thumbnail|Mkoa wa Singida]] '''Singida''' iko kati ya mikoa 26 za [[Tanzania]] ikipakana na mikoa ya [[Arusha]], [[Dodoma]], [[Iringa]], [[Mbeya]], [[Tabora]] na [[Shinyanga]]. Kuna wilaya nne za [[Iramba]], [[Manyoni]], Singida kijijini and Singida mjini. Jumla ya wakazi ni mnamo milioni moja. Singida ni kati ya maeneo maskini zaidi ya Tanzania. Uchumi wake ni hasa ufugaji, idadi ya ng´ombe hukadiriwa kuwa mnamo milioni 1.4. Masoko hayako karibu barabara si nzuri. Kilimo si nzuri kwa sababu ya hali ya mvua. Ukame huleta njaa. Singida ni kati ya mikoa inayotegemea misaada ya chakula. Wakazi wa wilaya za Singida mjini na kijijini ni hasa Waturu. Walio wengi Iramba ndio Wanyiramba na wakiwa Wagogo wengi huko Manyani. {{Mikoa ya Tanzania}} [[en:Singida Region]] [[ja:シンギダ州]] [[Category:Mikoa ya Tanzania]] 2044 11413 2006-06-27T11:12:51Z 80.228.92.110 [[Image:Germanic language zones 3.PNG|thumb|250px|right|<small>Lugha za Kigermanik duniani. Maeneo yenye rangi nyekundu huonyesha ya kwamba wakazi walio wengi hutumia lugha ya Kigermanik kama lugha ya kwanza; maeneo yenye mistari nyekundu huonyesha maeneo ambako zaidi ya asilimia 10 ya wasemaji hutumia lugha ya Kigermanik kama lugha ya kwanza.]] '''Lugha za Kigermanik''' ni kikundi cha lugha yenye asili ya [[Ulaya ya Kaskazini]]. Lugha za Kigermanik zenye wasemaji wengi ni [[Kiingereza]] (milioni 380) na [[Kijerumani]] (milioni 120). Lugha nyingine za Kigermanik ni lugha za [[Skandinavia]], [[Kiholanzi]] na [[Kiafrikaans]] wa [[Afrika Kusini]]. Mwanzo wa lugha hizi uko gizani. Wataalamu wamejaribu kutambua sifa za lugha asilia kwa kulinganisha lugha mbalimbalimbali zilizo karibukaribu ikiwa habari zao zimejulikana. Kutokana na makidirio haya Kigermanik ilianza Ulaya ya Kaskazini, labda [[Sweden]] ya Kusini katika miaka elfu ya kwanza [[k.K.]]. Wasemaji wa Kigermanik walianza kuhamahama wakati wa Dola la Roma hapo ndipo habari za kwanza za kihistoria zimepatikana. Matembezi ya [[Wagermanik]] yalifika hadi Urusi wa Kusini na Afrika ya Kaskazini. [[Image:Kigermanik.PNG|200px|thumb|left|<small>'''Lugha za Kigermanik katika Ulaya'''; buluu: Kigermanik cha kaskazini; njano: Kigermanik cha magharibi tawi la Kifrisia-Kiingereza; kibichi: Kigermanik cha magaharibi tawi la Kusini]] Lugha za Kigermanik hugawanywa katika aina tatu: '''a) Kigermanik ya Kaskazini''': [[Kisweden]], [[Kidenmark]], [[Kinorway]], [[Kiiceland]] na [[Kifaroe]] '''b) Kigermanik ya Magharibi''': [[Kiingereza]], [[Kijerumani]] ([[Kidachi]]), [[Kiholanzi]], [[Kiafrikaans]], [[Kijerumani ya Kaskazini]], [[Kifrisia]], [[Kiyiddish]] (Kiyahudi Ulaya) '''c) Kigermanik ya Mashariki''': lugha hizi kama [[Wavandali|Kivandali]] au [[Wagoti|Kigoti]] zimekufa zote zinajulikana kama lugha za kihistoria tu [[Category:Lugha za Kigermanik]] [[af:Germaanse tale]] [[ast:Llingües xermániques]] [[az:Alman qrupu]] [[be:Германскія мовы]] [[bg:Германски езици]] [[ca:Llengües germàniques]] [[cs:Germánské jazyky]] [[da:Germanske sprog]] [[el:Γερμανικές γλώσσες]] [[en:Germanic languages]] [[eo:Ĝermana lingvo]] [[es:Lenguas germánicas]] [[et:Germaani keeled]] [[fa:زبان‌های ژرمنی]] [[fi:Germaaniset kielet]] [[fo:Germanskt mál]] [[fr:Langue germanique]] [[fy:Germaanske talen]] [[gl:Linguas xermánicas]] [[he:שפות גרמאניות]] [[hu:Germán nyelvek]] [[ia:Linguas germanic]] [[id:Bahasa Jermanik]] [[is:Germönsk tungumál]] [[it:Lingue germaniche]] [[ja:ゲルマン語派]] [[ka:გერმანული ენები]] [[ko:게르만어파]] [[kw:Yethow germanek]] [[li:Germaanse taole]] [[lt:Germanų kalbos]] [[mk:Германски јазици]] [[nds:Germaansche Spraken]] [[nl:Germaanse talen]] [[nn:Germanske språk]] [[no:Germanske språk]] [[pl:Języki germańskie]] [[pt:Línguas germânicas]] [[ro:Limbile germanice]] [[ru:Германские языки]] [[sco:Germanic leid]] [[se:Germánalaš gielat]] [[sk:Germánske jazyky]] [[sv:Germanska språk]] [[uk:Германські мови]] [[vi:Nhóm ngôn ngữ gốc Đức]] [[zh:日耳曼语族]] [[zh-min-nan:Tek-gí-hē]] 2045 7617 2006-03-24T20:22:35Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: ast, da, de, es, et, fa, fi, fr, lt, nl, nn, no, pl, pt, sr, sv '''Lugha za Kibantu''' ni kikundi cha mamia ya lugha za Kiafrika. Huzungumzwa hasa katika sehemu ya Kusini ya Bara la [[Afrika]]. Jumla ya wasemaji ni zaidi ya milioni 310. Wanapatikana kuanzia [[Kamerun]] ya Kusini, [[Gabun]], Jamhuri zote mbili za [[Kongo]], [[Uganda]] na [[Kenia]] halafu katika nchi zote kuelekea kusini. Lugha za Kibantu zina sifa mbalimbali za pamoja. Kati ya sifa hizi za pamoja ni viambishi vya awali na ngeli za nomino. Kutokana na sifa hizi wataalamu wa lugha wamekadiria ya kwamba asili ya lugha za Kibantu ilikuwepo katika maeneo ya Kamerun ya Kusini; kutoka huko wasemaji wa Kibantu asilia walihamia katika milenia ya pili k.K. Kongo hadi [[Zambia]]. Waliendelea kuhamahama na kupanuka hadi kufika maeneo yote walipo sasa. Sehemu kubwa ya maeneo ya wasemaji wa lugha za Kibantu zilikaliwa awali na wasemaji wa lugha za [[Khoikhoi]]. Wataalamu wamekadiria ya kwamba [[Wabantu]] walifaulu kunea kutokana na maarifa yao ya kilimo na hasa matumizi ya chuma katika zana za kilimo na pia silaha. Kati ya lugha za Kibantu zinazotumika zaidi ni [[Kiswahili]] na [[Kilingala]]. Lugha zenye wasemaji wengi kama lugha ya kwanza ni [[Kizulu]] na [[Kishona]]. <!-- Makala ni mbegu bado; inahitaji hasa maelezo mazuri zaidi kuhusu sifa za pamoja hasa sarufi ya lugha za kibantu --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 11:13, 14 Januari 2006 (UTC) --> {{mbegu}} [[ast:Llingües del grupu bantú]] [[da:Kategori:Bantusprog]] [[de:Bantusprachen]] [[en:Bantu languages]] [[es:Lenguas bantúes]] [[et:Bantu keeled]] [[fa:زبان‌های بانتو]] [[fi:Bantukielet]] [[fr:Langues bantoues]] [[lt:Bantų kalbos]] [[nl:Bantoetalen]] [[nn:Bantuspråk]] [[no:Bantuspråk]] [[pl:Języki bantu]] [[pt:Línguas bantus]] [[sr:Банту (језик)]] [[sv:Bantuspråk]] 2046 6160 2006-01-14T12:05:38Z Michael Krueger 120 Hamjambo Waswahili! Jina langu Michael. Natoka Ujerumani. Nakuanza kujifundisha lugha ya Kiswahili. Ninafurahi sana kwamba ulimwengu imepata Wikipedia wa Kiswahili. 2047 6165 2006-01-14T21:51:50Z Kipala 107 Salaamu, labda urudie tahajia ya jina lako kwa Kiarabu [ar:يانس فينك يانسن]. Jinsi ilivyo inasomeka "Jans Fink Jansen". Heri kuacha vokali fupi. Hata kwa Kigiriki sioni ubaya ukitumia herufi ya " Ί " badala ya "G" ili maandishi yalingane na sauti ya jina lako --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 21:41, 14 Januari 2006 (UTC) 2048 11784 2006-07-02T04:29:05Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[fa:اوگاندا]] {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" width="330px" style="margin-left:15px; border-collapse:collapse; border-color:#f2f2f4" |+<font size="+1">'''Republic of Uganda'''</font><br /> Jamhuri ya Uganda | align="center" colspan="2" | {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" | align="center" width="210px" | [[Image:Flag of Uganda.svg|185px|Bendera ya Uganda]] | align="center" width="120px" | [[Image:Uganda coa.gif|110px|Nembo ya Uganda]] |---- | align="center" | ([[Bendera ya Uganda|Bendera ya Uganda]]) | align="center" | ([[Nembo ya Uganda|Nembo ya Uganda]]) |} |---- |image_map = LocationUganda.png| |---- | align="center" colspan="2" style="letter-spacing:0.5px; background-color:#f2f2f4" | Wito: ''For God and My Country''<br /> ([[Kiingereza|Kiing.]] ya ''„Kwa ajili ya Mungu na Taifa langu“'') |---- | [[Lugha rasmi]] || [[Kiingereza]] |---- | [[Mji Mkuu]] || [[Kampala]] |---- | [[Aina ya Serikali]] || [[Jamhuri]] |---- | [[Raisi]] || [[Yoweri Kaguta Museveni]] |---- | [[Waziri Mkuu]] || [[Apolo Nsibambi]] |---- | Eneo || 241.548 [[Kilomita za mraba|km²]] |---- | Wakazi || 27.269.482 ''(Julai 2005)'' |---- | Wakazi kwa km² || 113 |---- | [[Uhuru]] || [[9. Oktoba]] [[1962]] |---- | [[Pesa]] || [[Shillingi ya Uganda]] |---- | [[Wakati]] || [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]+3 |---- | [[Wimbo ya Taifa]] || ''[[Oh Uganda, Land of Beauty]]'' |---- |---- | Namba ya simu ya kimataifa || +256 |} '''Uganda''' ni nchi ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki]]. Imepakana na [[Kenya]] upande wa mashariki, [[Sudan]] upande wa kaskazini, [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] upande wa Magharibi, [[Rwanda]] na [[Tanzania]] upande wa kusini. Uganda ina sehemu kubwa ya ziwa la [[Viktoria Nyanza]] ikipakana hapo na Kenya na Tanzania. Jina la Uganda lina asili yake katika ufalme wa [[Buganda]] uliopo katika kusini ya nchi pamoja na mji mkuu [[Kampala]]. Uganda ni nchi mwanachma wa [[Jumuiya ya Afrika ya Mashariki]]. [[Image:Ug-map.png|thumb|left|Map of Uganda]] ==Miji ya Uganda== * [[Kampala]] * [[Jinja]] * [[Port Bell]] * [[Mbale]] * [[Mbarara]] {{Afrika}} {{mbegu}} [[Category:Nchi]] [[Category:Uganda]] <!-- interwiki --> [[af:Uganda]] [[am:ዩጋንዳ]] [[an:Uganda]] [[ar:أوغندا]] [[bg:Уганда]] [[bs:Uganda]] [[ca:Uganda]] [[cs:Uganda]] [[da:Uganda]] [[de:Uganda]] [[en:Uganda]] [[eo:Ugando]] [[es:Uganda]] [[et:Uganda]] [[eu:Uganda]] [[fa:اوگاندا]] [[fi:Uganda]] [[fr:Ouganda]] [[ga:Uganda]] [[gl:Uganda]] [[he:אוגנדה]] [[hi:युगांडा]] [[hr:Uganda]] [[hu:Uganda]] [[id:Uganda]] [[io:Uganda]] [[is:Úganda]] [[it:Uganda]] [[ja:ウガンダ]] [[ko:우간다]] [[ku:Uganda]] [[kw:Ouganda]] [[la:Uganda]] [[lt:Uganda]] [[lv:Uganda]] [[mk:Уганда]] [[ms:Uganda]] [[nds:Uganda]] [[nl:Oeganda]] [[nn:Uganda]] [[no:Uganda]] [[oc:Oganda]] [[pl:Uganda]] [[pt:Uganda]] [[rm:Uganda]] [[ro:Uganda]] [[ru:Уганда]] [[sh:Uganda]] [[simple:Uganda]] [[sk:Uganda]] [[sl:Uganda]] [[sq:Uganda]] [[sr:Уганда]] [[sv:Uganda]] [[ta:உகாண்டா]] [[th:ประเทศยูกันดา]] [[tl:Uganda]] [[tr:Uganda]] [[ug:ئۇگاندا]] [[uk:Уганда]] [[vi:Uganda]] [[zh:乌干达]] [[zh-min-nan:Uganda]] 2050 8702 2006-04-24T09:58:57Z 218.123.18.38 [[Image:Iringa.JPG|thumb|300px|Mji wa Iringa]] [[Image:Iringa.png|thumb|Ramani ya Tanzania inayoonyesha Iringa]] [[Image:Iringa wilaya.JPG|thumb|Wilaya za Mkoa wa Iringa na mikoa jirani]] '''Mkoa wa Iringa''' ni moja kati ya mikoa 26 za [[Tanzania]]. Imepakana na mikoa ya jirani ya [[Morogoro]], [[Ruvuma]], [[Mbeya]], [[Singida]] na [[Dodoma]]. Mwaka 2002 palikuwa na wakazi 1,495,333 katika wilaya zifuatazo: Iringa Kijijini (wakazi 245,623), [[Mufindi]] (wakazi 283,032), [[Makete]] (wakazi 106,061), [[Njombe]] (wakazi 420,348), Ludewa (wakazi 128,520), Iringa Mjini (wakazi 106,668), Kilolo (wakazi 205,081). Makao makuu uko [[Iringa mjini]]. Wenyeji wa mkoa ni hasa kati ya makabila yafuatayo: [[Wahehe]], [[Wabena]] na [[Wawanji]]. {{Mikoa ya Tanzania}} [[en:Iringa Region]] [[ja:イリンガ州]] 2053 6182 2006-01-15T19:19:51Z Kipala 107 2054 6187 2006-01-15T20:04:53Z Interwiki de 122 [[Special:Contributions/Interwiki_de|Michango yangu]] {{User sw-0}} 2055 8963 2006-04-28T15:55:15Z Kipala 107 == Dar es Salaam == '''Dar es Salaam''' ni kati ya mikoa 26 ya [[Tanzania]]. Eneo la mkoa ni [[Jiji]] la [[Dar es Salaam]]. Imepakana na [[Mkoa wa Pwani]] pande zote barani na [[Bahari ya Hindi]] upande wa mashariki. Jiji la Dar es Salaam ndilo kitovu cha shughuli za biashara na utawala nchini Tanzania. Kuna wilaya tatu za Kinondoni (wakazi 1,088,867), Ilala (wakazi 637,573) na Temeke (wakazi 771,500) ambazo kila moja inaangaliwa kama mji. Takwimu hizi ni za mwaka 2002, kwa ujumla idadi ya wakazi hukadiriwa kuwa imefika mnamo milioni 3. Eneo la mkoa ni 1,800 km² pamoja na visiwa vidogo 8 na eneo la bahari kati ya pwani na visiwa hivi. Eneo la nchi kavu pekee ni 1,393 km². Wakazi wa eneo la mkoa walikuwa kiasili [[Wazaramo]] pamoja na makabila madogo kama vile Wandengereko na Wakwere. Kutokana na kukua na kupanuka kwa jiji kuna makabila yote. ==Viungo vya nje== *{{en}}[http://jp1.estis.net/includes/file.asp?site=chip&file=12C88AF9-65B0-4C84-B3AD-E2642199873F DAR ES SALAAM CITY PROFILE] *{{en}}[http://www.iss.co.za/PUBS/Other/DaresSalaam/Chap1.pdf Usalama katika Daressalaam] {{Mikoa ya Tanzania}} [[en:Dar es Salaam Region]] [[ja:ダルエスサラーム州]] 2057 6192 2006-01-16T07:23:47Z Zigger 124 en [[en:User:Zigger]] 2058 6193 2006-01-16T07:23:57Z Zigger 124 en [[en:User talk:Zigger]] 2059 9668 2006-05-14T22:33:49Z Kipala 107 '''Mkoa wa Dodoma''' uko katikati ya Tanzania umepakana na mikoa ya [[Mkoa wa Manyara|Manyara]], [[Mkoa wa Morogoro|Morogoro]], [[Mkoa wa Iringa|Iringa]] na [[Mkoa wa Singida|Singida]]. Sehemu kubwa ya eneo lake ni [[nyanda za juu]] kati ya [[mita]] 830 hadi 2000 juu ya [[UB]]. Eneo lote la mkoa lina 41,310 [[km²]]. Kuna [[wilaya]] tano zifuatazo: {| {{jedwalimaridadi}} |----- |colspan="4" align="center" bgcolor="#FFA500" | '''Wilaya za Mkoa wa Dodoma''' |----- |align=center | '''Na.''' || align=center |'''Wilaya''' || align=center |'''Eneo (km²)''' || align=center |'''Wakazi (2001)''' |----- |align=center | 1. || align=center | Dodoma Kijijini || align=center | 14,004 || align=center | 484,249 |----- |align=center | 2. || align=center | [[Dodoma mjini]] || align=center | 4,041 || align=center | 280,781 |----- |align=center | 3. || align=center | [[Kondoa]] || align=center | 2,576 || align=center | 450,400 |----- |align=center | 4. || align=center | [[Mpwapwa]] || align=center | 13,210 || align=center | 249,856 |----- |align=center | 5. || align=center | Kongwa || align=center | 7,479 || align=center | 228,352 |----- |align=center | || align=center | '''Jumla Mkoa wa Dodoma''' || align=center | '''41,310''' || align=center | '''1,693,638''' |----- |} ==Mawasiliano== Mawasiliano ni mazuri kwa barabara ya lami kuanzia mji wa Dodoma kwenda [[Morogoro]] - [[Daressalaam]], barabara zingine ni za udongo to pamoja na njia kuu kuelekea Tanzania ya Magharibi - [[Rwanda]] - [[Kongo]]. Pia hali ya barabara ya kale ya "Cape - Cairo" inayovuka Dodoma kutoka kazkazini ([[Arusha]] - Kondoa) kwenda kusini si nzuri tena. Kuna pia njia ya [[Reli ya Kati]] kutoka Daressalaam kwenda [[Kigoma]] yenye matatizo ya mara kwa mara. Dodoma mjini kuna uwanja wa kitaifa wa ndege. ==Hali ya hewa na kilimo== Kwa jumla Dodoma haina mvua nyingi isipokuwa sehemu za wilaya za Mpwapwa na Kondoa. Hivyo hasa mazao yasiyotegemea sana mvua hulimwa kama vile [[mtama]], [[wimbi]], [[muhogo]]; kilimo cha [[mahindi]] hupatikana mara kwa mara na matatizo ya kukosa mvua. Mazao ya sokoni ni [[karanga]] [[alizeti]] na simsim. Dodoma ni pia mwanzo wa ustawishaji wa mizabibu na uzalishaji wa [[divai]] katika Tanzania. Kutokana na hali ya hewa mifugo ni mingi (ng'ombe 1,600,000, mbuzi 954,000, kondoo 274,000, nguruwe 23,000, kuku takriban 1,400,000). Idadi ya mifugo imeongeza tatizo la [[mmomonyoko wa ardhi]] katika sehemu za Mkoa wa Dodoma. ==Wakazi na utamaduni== Idadi kubwa ya wakazi asilia ni [[Wagogo]]. Kondoa kuna Wangulu na pia [[Wasandawe]] wanaotumia lugha ya aina ya [[Khoikhoi]]. Wanasemekana ya kwamba babu zao wamewahi kukaa eneo la Tanzania kabla ya kuingia kwa Wabantu. Kondoa kuna pia sehemu penye michoro ya kale juu ya uso ya miamba ya aina ya Khoikhoi inayofanana na sanaa ya kale huko [[Zimbabwe]] au [[Afrika Kusini]]. {{Mikoa ya Tanzania}} [[Category:Mikoa ya Tanzania]] [[de:Dodoma (Region)]] [[en:Dodoma Region]] [[fr:Dodoma (région Tanzanie)]] [[ja:ドドマ州]] [[nl:Dodoma (regio)]] 2060 6215 2006-01-18T13:37:54Z Kipala 107 Kiyunani - Kiswahili cha kale kwa "[[Kigiriki]]", ambayo ni lugha ya nchi ya [[Ugiriki]] ("Uyunani") au tabia za [[Wagiriki]] ("Wayunani"). Neno la kale limetokana na lugha ya Kiarabu اليونان likatumikiwa hasa katika matoleo mbalimbali ya Biblia. Miaka ya nyuma neno la "Kigiriki" likasambaa zaidi, kutokana na athira ya Kiingereza kinachotumia "Greek" kutokana na tamko ya Kilatini "Graeci" ambayo ni kawaida katika lugha nyingi za Kiulaya. Wanaotajwa wenyewe hujiita "Helleni", lugha yao "Helleniki". 2061 6225 2006-01-19T06:18:52Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT[[Roma|Kiroma]] 2062 9367 2006-05-08T17:46:09Z Marcos 3 '''"Roma"''' ni jina la [[mji wa Roma]] (mji mkuu wa [[Italia]]) ama jina la [[dola la Roma]] lililokuwa dola kubwa zamani. ''Roma'' ni umbo la jina katika [[Kilatini]] na [[Kiitalia]]; imekuwa kawaida katika Kiswahili cha kisasa. '''"Rumi"''' ilikuwa kawaida katika Kiswahili cha zamani kutokana na kawaida ya lugha ya [[Kiarabu]] (الرُّومُ ar-Rūm). Matoleo ya Biblia ya "Union Version" iliyochapishwa tangu 1952 hutumia "Rumi", "Warumi". Tafsiri ya Biblia ya Kiswahili cha Kisasa hutumia "Roma", "Waroma". * '''[[Mji wa Roma]]''', jina la mji mkuu wa nchi ya [[Italia]] * '''[[Dola la Roma]]''', dola kubwa katika eneo la [[Mediteraneo]] ([[Ulaya]], [[Asia ya Magharibi]], [[Afrika ya Kaskazini]]) mnamo miaka 2100-1600 iliyopita. Limeendelea katika Dola ya [[Roma ya Mashariki]] au [[Bizanti]] hadi mwaka 1453 b.K. * Roma ilikuwa jina la mungu wa kike katika dini ya Roma ya Kale * Miji mingine inayoitwa kwa jina la "Roma" iko Australia, Ecuador na Marekani; pia eneo ndani ya mji wa Mexiko. * Kutokana na jina la mji yamepatikana majina ya: ** Roma, meli ya kijeshi ya Italia; ** Roma ni jina la filamu mbalimbali; {{maana}} 2063 6227 2006-01-19T06:40:44Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT[[Desemba]] 2064 9575 2006-05-14T00:06:12Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[nds-nl:Latien]], [[uk:Латинська мова]] '''Kilatini''' ni [[lugha]] ya kihistoria isiyo na wasemaji kama [[lugha ya kwanza]] tena lakini bado hufundishwa [[shule]]ni na [[chuo kikuu|chuoni]] na kutumiwa kama lugha ya pili. Kilatini ni pia jina la maandishi au aina ya [[herufi]] inayotumika kwa lugha nyingi duniani. Hata [[Kiswahili]] huandikwa siku hizi kwa herufi za Kilatini. Kilikuwa * lugha ya [[Dola la Roma]] * lugha mama ya [[Kiitalia]], [[Kihispania]], [[Kireno]], [[Kifaransa]] na [[Kirumania]] * lugha ya elimu na sayansi katika [[Ulaya]] kwa karne nyingi * lugha rasmi ya [[serikali]] katika nchi nyingi za Ulaya kati ya mwisho wa Dola la Roma mw. 476 b.K. hadi mnamo 1700 b.K. * lugha ya [[liturgia]] na [[ibada]] zote katika [[Kanisa Katoliki]] hadi 1965 Hadi leo ni * lugha ya kidini katika kanisa katoliki * lugha rasmi katika nchi ya [[Vatikano]] Kilatini ina athira kubwa katika lugha ya [[sayansi]] na [[elimu]]. Hadi leo hufundishwa mashuleni hasa Ulaya kama lugha ya kigeni. [[Kiswahili]] kimerithi maneno ya asili ya Kilatini kupitia [[Kiingereza]] kilichopokea karibu theluthi moja ya maneno yake yote kutoka Kilatini. Kilatini huendelezwa na kukuzwa na wapenzi wa lugha. Kuna misamiati ya "Kilatini cha Kisasa" yenye maneno kwa ajili ya mitambo ya kisasa, mtandao n.k.. Wikipedia ya Kilatini (http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagina_prima) ina makala zaidi ya 4000. [[af:Latyn]] [[als:Latein]] [[ar:لغة لاتينية]] [[ast:Llatín]] [[be:Лацінская мова]] [[bg:Латински език]] [[br:Latin]] [[bs:Latinski jezik]] [[ca:Llatí]] [[cs:Latina]] [[cy:Lladin]] [[da:Latin]] [[de:Latein]] [[el:Λατινική γλώσσα]] [[en:Latin]] [[eo:Latina lingvo]] [[es:Latín]] [[et:Ladina keel]] [[eu:Latin]] [[fa:زبان لاتین]] [[fi:Latina]] [[fr:Latin]] [[fur:Lenghe latine]] [[fy:Latynsk]] [[ga:Laidin]] [[gl:Lingua latina]] [[he:לטינית]] [[hi:लातिनी]] [[hr:Latinski jezik]] [[hu:Latin nyelv]] [[ia:Lingua latin]] [[id:Bahasa Latin]] [[is:Latína]] [[it:Lingua latina]] [[ja:ラテン語]] [[ka:ლათინური ენა]] [[ko:라틴어]] [[kw:Latin]] [[la:Lingua Latina]] [[lb:Latäin]] [[li:Latien]] [[lt:Lotynų kalba]] [[lv:Latīņu valoda]] [[mk:Латински јазик]] [[ms:Bahasa Latin]] [[nds:Latiensche Spraak]] [[nds-nl:Latien]] [[nl:Latijn]] [[nn:Latin]] [[no:Latin]] [[nrm:Latîn]] [[oc:Latin]] [[os:Латинаг æвзаг]] [[pl:Łacina]] [[pt:Latim]] [[ro:Limba latină]] [[ru:Латинский язык]] [[sc:Limba latina]] [[scn:Lingua latina]] [[sh:Latinski jezik]] [[simple:Latin language]] [[sk:Latinčina]] [[sl:Latinščina]] [[sq:Gjuha Latine]] [[sr:Латински језик]] [[su:Basa Latin]] [[sv:Latin]] [[th:ภาษาละติน]] [[tl:Wikang Latin]] [[tr:Latince]] [[uk:Латинська мова]] [[vi:Latinh]] [[zh:拉丁语]] [[zh-min-nan:Latin-gí]] [[zh-yue:拉丁語]] 2065 6235 2006-01-20T18:15:09Z Kipala 107 Sahihisho si yenyewe: >lugha ya zamani< haieleweki tukijadilia lugha inayotumika kila siku kama kilatini, tena lugha ambayo msamiati wake waendelea kukua. Wasemaji wa Kilatini hakika ni wengi kuliko lugha mbalimbali zinazoitwa "hai". --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 18:15, 20 Januari 2006 (UTC) 2066 11167 2006-06-23T09:49:15Z 84.143.92.139 {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; empty-cells:show; width:330px; margin-left:0.5em;" |+<font size="+1">'''Republic of Zambia'''</font><br /> Jamhuri ya Zambia | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan="2" | {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" | align="center" width="50%" | [[Image:Flag of Zambia.svg|150px|none|Bendera ya Zambia]] | align="center" width="50%" | [[Image:Coat of arms of Zambia.png|150px|none|Nembo la Zambia]] |---- |colspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid gray; text-align:center; empty-cells:show;" | Neno Kuu: “One Zambia, one nation”<br>Kiing. „Zambia moja, Taifa moja“ |---- | [[Lugha rasmi]] || [[Kiingereza]] |---- | [[Mji Mkuu]] || [[Lusaka]] |---- | [[Serikali]] || [[Jamhuri]] |---- | [[Rais]] || [[Levy Mwanawasa]] |---- | Eneo || 752.614 [[km²]] |---- | Idadi ya Wakazi || 10.462.436 (Julai 2004) |---- | Wakazi kwa km² || 13,9 |---- | Uhuru || Kutoka [[Uingereza]] 24. 10. 1964 |---- | [[Pesa]] || [[Kwacha ya Zambia]] = 100 [[Ngwee]] |---- | Wakati || [[UTC]]+2 |---- | [[Wimbo wa Taifa]] || ''[[Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free|Lumbanyeni Zambia]]'' (Stand and sing of Zambia) |---- | colspan="2" | [[Image:LocationZambia.png |center|Ramani ya Afrika inayoonyesha Zambia]] |---- | colspan="2" | [[Image:Za-map.png|Ramani ya Zambia]] |} |} Jamhuri ya Zambia ni nchi ya [[Afrika]] Kusini isiyo na mwambao wa bahari. Imepakana na Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya [[Kongo]] na [[Tanzania]] upande wa kaskazini, [[Malawi]] upande wa mashariki, [[Msumbiji]], [[Zimbabwe]] na [[Botswana]] upande wa kusini, [[Namibia]] na Angola upande wa magharibi. Jina limetokana na mto wa [[Zambezi]]. Jina la zamani lilikuwa "[[Northern Rhodesia]]". Nchi kwa sehemu kubwa ni nyanda za juu kati ya 1.000 hadi 1.400&nbsp;m juu ya UB. Milima ya Muchinga imepanda hadi 2.164 m, kelele ya juu kabisa iko kwa 2.301 m UB huko milima ya [[Mafinga Hills]]. Wakazi wa Zambia ni wasemaji wa lugha za Kibantu katika makabila 72. Vikundi vikubwa ndio [[Wabemba]], Wanyanja-[[Wachewa]], [[Watonga]], Walunda, Waluvale, Wakaonde na [[Walozi]]. Idadi kubwa ni wakulima wa kujitegemea. {{Afrika}} {{mbegu}} [[Category:Zambia]] [[af:Zambië]] [[am:ዛምቢያ]] [[ar:زامبيا]] [[an:Zambia]] [[bg:Замбия]] [[zh-min-nan:Zambia]] [[bn:জাম্বিয়া]] [[ca:Zàmbia]] [[cs:Zambie]] [[da:Zambia]] [[de:Sambia]] [[en:Zambia]] [[et:Sambia]] [[es:Zambia]] [[eo:Zambio]] [[eu:Zanbia]] [[fr:Zambie]] [[gd:Zambia]] [[gl:Zambia]] [[ko:잠비아]] [[hr:Zambija]] [[io:Zambia]] [[id:Zambia]] [[is:Sambía]] [[it:Zambia]] [[he:זמביה]] [[ks:जाम्बिया]] [[la:Zambia]] [[lv:Zambija]] [[lt:Zambija]] [[hu:Zambia]] [[ms:Zambia]] [[nl:Zambia]] [[nds:Sambia]] [[ja:ザンビア]] [[no:Zambia]] [[nn:Zambia]] [[oc:Categoria:Zambia]] [[pl:Zambia]] [[pt:Zâmbia]] [[ro:Zambia]] [[ru:Замбия]] [[sa:जाम्बिया]] [[sq:Zambia]] [[sk:Zambia]] [[sl:Zambija]] [[sr:Замбија]] [[fi:Sambia]] [[sv:Zambia]] [[tl:Zambia]] [[tr:Zambiya]] [[uk:Замбія]] [[zh:赞比亚]] 2068 6243 2006-01-20T22:57:44Z Kipala 107 2069 8724 2006-04-25T07:11:50Z 218.123.18.38 [[Image:Tanzania_Tabora.png|right|175px|Mkoa wa Tabora katika Tanzania]] [[Image:Tabora_schrift.GIF|right|175px|Ramani ya Mkoa wa Tabora]] '''Tabora''' ni jina la mji, wilaya na mkoa wa Tanzania ya kati. '''Mkoa wa Tabora''' iko kati ya mikoa 26 ya [[Tanzania]]. Makao makuu yako [[Tabora mjini]]. Eneo la mkoa ni 76,151&nbsp;km&sup2; mnamo 34,698&nbsp;km&sup2; (46%) ni hifadhi ya misitu, 17,122&nbsp;km&sup2; (22%) ni [[hifadhi ya wanyama]]. Wakazi walio wengi ni wakulima na wafugaji. Jumla ya wakazi ilikuwa watu 1,717,908 (mw. 2002). Kuna wilaya 6 (idadi ya wakazi kwa mabano): Tabora mjini(188,808), [[Nzega]] (417,097), Igunga (325,547), Uyui (282,272), [[Urambo]] (370,796), Sikonge (133,388). Tabora haina barabara za lami. Kuna njia ya reli ya kati kutoka [[Daresaalaam]] kwenda [[Kigoma]] kwa upande moja na kwenda [[Mwanza]] kwa upande mwingine. Jina la [[Urambo]] humkumbuka [[Mtemi Mirambo]] aliyekuwa mtwala muhimu wa Wanyamwezi kabla ya kuingia kwa ukoloni. Wenyeji wa Tabora ni hasa [[Wanyamwezi]]. {{Mikoa ya Tanzania}} [[en:Tabora Region]] [[ja:タボーラ州]] [[Category:Mikoa ya Tanzania]] 2072 8700 2006-04-24T09:03:00Z Matt Crypto 20 [[Image:Tanzania_Morogoro.png|thumb|right|175px|Mkoa wa Morogoro katika Tanzania]] '''Morogoro''' ni jina la mji, wilaya na mkoa wa [[Tanzania]]. '''Mkoa wa Morogoro''' ni kati ya mikoa 26 ya Tanzania. Umepakana na mikoa ya [[Tanga]], [[Pwani]], [[Lindi]], [[Songea]], [[Iringa]], [[Dodoma]] na [[Arusha]]. Ikiwa eneo lake ni 72 939 km² kuna wakazi 1,759,809 (mwaka 2002). Morogoro iko kati ya mikoa mikubwa zaidi ya Tanzania. Mkoa una wilaya sita ndizo (idadi ya wakazi kwa mabano): Kilosa ( 489,513), [[Kilombero]] (322,779), Morogoro Vijijini (263,920), [[Morogoro mjini]] (228,863), Mvomero (260,525), Ulanga (194,209). Wakazi walio wengi hukalia wilaya za kaskazini mkoani. Robo yao huishi katika miji ya mkoa. Eneo la Mkoa wa Morogoro liko katikati ya mikoa ya pwani la Bahari Hindi na Nyanda za Juu. Kuna tambarare za chini kama vile Ifakara / Kilombero pia milima ya juu kama [[Uluguru]] penye mlima wa Kimhandu mwenye 2646 m juu ya [[UB]]. Mito mikubwa ni Wami na [[Ruvu]] inayoanza kwenye milima ya Uluguru. Ruvu ndiyo mto wa kutoa maji ya [[Daressalaam]]. Karibu nusu ya eneo la Mkoa wa Morogoro ni hifadhi za wanyama za [[Mikumi]], [[Udzungwa]] na [[Selous]]. Kabila kubwa ni [[Waluguru]] waliotoa jina kwa mji wa Morogoro pamoja na milima ya Uluguru. Makabila mengine makubwa zaidi ni Wangulu, Wakagulu, Wasagala na Wapogolo. Barabara Kuu za lami za [[Daressalaam]] - Morogoro - [[Mbeya]] - [[Zambia]]/[[Malawi]] na Daressalaam - Morogoro - [[Dodoma]] hupita eneo la mkoa pamoja na [[reli ya kati]] Daresalaam - Morogoro - Dodoma - [[Kigoma]] / [[Mwanza]]. Reli ya [[TAZARA]] hupita wilaya ya Kilombero. Kilimo kinategemea hali ya mvua. Kilombero kuna mashamba makubwa ya miwa. Mazao ya sokoni hulimwa milimani. Katibu nusu ya eneo la mashamba yote hulimwa mahindi. {{Mikoa ya Tanzania}} [[de:Morogoro]] [[en:Morogoro Region]] [[ja:モロゴロ州]] 2073 6261 2006-01-22T10:38:16Z Matt Crypto 20 #REDIRECT [[Mkoa wa Morogoro]] #REDIRECT [[Mkoa wa Morogoro]] 2074 6296 2006-01-22T11:12:17Z Matt Crypto 20 Kikwete, Jakaya umehamishwa hapa Jakaya Kikwete #REDIRECT [[Jakaya Kikwete]] 2075 6306 2006-01-22T11:25:07Z Matt Crypto 20 CCM umehamishwa hapa Chama Cha Mapinduzi #REDIRECT [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi]] 2076 6312 2006-01-22T16:40:11Z Matt Crypto 20 import from [[en:Wikipedia:Copyrights]] : ''Hii ni makala [[:en:Wikipedia:Copyrights]] kutoka Wikipedia ya Kiingereza kuhusu hatimiliki. (Ingekuwa bora kutafsiri makala hii katika lugha ya Kiswahili.) The license [[Wikipedia]] uses grants free access to our content in the same sense as [[free software]] is licensed freely. This principle is known as '''[[copyleft]]'''. That is to say, Wikipedia content can be copied, modified, and redistributed ''so long as'' the new version grants the same freedoms to others and acknowledges the authors of the Wikipedia article used (a direct link back to the article satisfies our author credit requirement). Wikipedia articles therefore will remain free forever and can be used by anybody subject to certain restrictions, most of which serve to ensure that freedom. To fulfill the above goals, the text contained in Wikipedia is licensed to the public under the '''[[GNU Free Documentation License]]''' (GFDL). The full text of this license is at [[Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License]]. :<b>Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the [[Free Software Foundation]]; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts.</b> :<b>A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "[[Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]]".</b> :<b>Content on Wikipedia is covered by [[Wikipedia:general disclaimer|disclaimers]].</b> <!--- see Text of the GFDL, "How to use this license" for why we use this specific form of words (+discussion in Talk) ---> The English text of the GFDL is the only legally binding document; what follows is our interpretation of the GFDL: the rights and obligations of users and contributors. <font size="+1">IMPORTANT: If you want to use content from Wikipedia, first read the [[Wikipedia:Copyrights#Users'_rights_and_obligations|Users' rights and obligations]] section. You should then read the [[Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License|GNU Free Documentation License]].</font> == Users' rights and obligations == If you want to use Wikipedia materials in your own books/articles/web sites or other publications, you can do so, but you have to follow the GFDL. If you are simply duplicating the Wikipedia article, you must follow [[Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License#VERBATIM COPYING|section two]] of the GFDL on ''verbatim copying'', as discussed at [[Wikipedia:Verbatim copying]]. If you create a derivative version by changing or adding content, this entails the following: * your materials in turn have to be licensed under GFDL, * you must acknowledge the authorship of the article (section 4B), and * you must provide access to the "transparent copy" of the material (section 4J). (The "transparent copy" of a Wikipedia article is any of a number of formats available from us, including the wiki text, the html web pages, xml feed, etc.) You may be able to partially fulfill the latter two obligations by providing a conspicuous direct link back to the Wikipedia article hosted on this website. You also need to provide access to a transparent copy of the new text. However, please note that the Wikimedia Foundation makes no guarantee to retain authorship information and a transparent copy of articles. Therefore, you are encouraged to provide this authorship information and a transparent copy with your derived works. === Example notice === An example notice, for an article that uses the Wikipedia article [[Metasyntactic variable]] might read as follows: : This article is licensed under the <a href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html">GNU Free Documentation License</a>. It uses material from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasyntactic_variable">Wikipedia article "Metasyntactic variable"</a>. ("Metasyntactic variable" and the Wikipedia URL must of course be substituted accordingly.) Alternatively you can distribute your copy of "Metasyntactic variable" along with a copy of the GFDL (as explained in the text) and list at least five (or all if fewer than five) principal authors on the title page (or top of the document). The external [http://vs.aka-online.de/wppagehiststat/ Page History Stats] tool can help you identify the principal authors. === Fair use materials and special requirements === All original Wikipedia text is distributed under the [[GNU Free Documentation License|GFDL]]. Occasionally, Wikipedia articles may include images, sounds, or text quotes used under the U.S. Copyright law "[[fair use]]" doctrine. It is preferred that these be obtained under the most free ([[libre]]) license (such as the GFDL or public domain) practical. In cases where no such images/sounds are currently available, then fair use images are acceptable (until such time as free images become available). In such a case, the material should be identified as from an external source (on the image description page, or history page, as appropriate). As "fair use" is specific to the use that you contemplate it is best if your describe the fair use rationale for such specific use either in hidden text in the article or on the [[Wikipedia:Image_description_page#Fair_use_rationale|image description page]]. Remember what is fair use for Wikipedia may not be considered a fair use for your intended use of the content in another context. For example, if we include an image under fair use, you must ensure that your use of the article also qualifies for fair use (this might not be the case, for example, if you were using a Wikipedia article for a commercial use that would otherwise be allowed by the GFDL and the fair use would not be allowed under that commercial use). Wikipedia does use some text under licenses that are compatible with the GFDL but may require additional terms that we do not require for original Wikipedia text (such as including Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts, or Back-Cover Texts). When using these materials, you have to include those invariant sections verbatim. == Image guidelines == Images and photographs, like written works, are subject to [[copyright]]. Someone owns them unless they have been explicitly placed in the [[Wikipedia:public domain|public domain]]. Images on the internet need to be licensed directly from the copyright holder or someone able to license on their behalf. In some cases, [[fair use]] guidelines may allow a photograph to be used. === Tagging === Image description pages can be tagged with a special tag to indicate the legal status of the images, as described at [[Wikipedia:Image copyright tags]]. It is currently unclear what should happen in cases where the same image has been uploaded more than once with different respective copyright statements. === U.S. government photographs === Works produced by civilian and military employees of the [[United States]] federal government in the scope of their employment are public domain by statute. However, note that, despite popular misconception, the U.S. Federal Government can own copyrights that are assigned to it by others (for example, works created by contractors). Be careful, however: not all images on .mil and .gov websites are public domain. Among other reasons, the site may be using commercial [[stock photography]] owned by others. It may be useful to check the privacy and security notice of the website, but only with an email to the webmaster can you be confident that an image is in the public domain. It should also be noted that governments outside the U.S. often do claim copyright over works produced by their employees (for example, [[Crown Copyright]] in the [[United Kingdom]]). Also, most state and local governments in the United States do not place their work into the public domain and do in fact own the copyright to their work. Please be careful to check ownership information before copying. === UK Crown Copyright === The UK [[Office of Public Sector Information]], formerly [[HMSO]], has told us: : ''[[Crown copyright]] protection in published material lasts for fifty years from the end of the year in which the material was first published. Therefore [for example] material published [fifty-one years ago], and any Crown copyright material published before that date, would now be out of copyright, and may be freely reproduced throughout the world.'' [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2005-May/039688.html] === Celebrity photographs === This is based on the image guidelines at [[IMDB]], so it especially applies to celebrity photographs, but also can apply to other pictures. Legitimate photographs generally come from three different places '''with permission'''. # The studios, producers, magazine publisher, or media outlet that originally shot the photograph. # Agencies that represent the photographers who shot the photos or the photographer themself (the latter especially for amateur photographs) # Submissions from the celebrity himself or herself or a legal representative of the celebrity. == Comments on copyright laws by country == ===Soviet Union (pre-1973)=== Soviet copyright laws are non-retroactive, and all works published in Soviet Union prior to May 27, 1973 remain unprotected outside the former Soviet Union. ===Russia: copyright exemptions === According to the Russian copyright law of 1993 ([[wikisource:&#1047;&#1072;&#1082;&#1086;&#1085; &#1086;&#1073; &#1072;&#1074;&#1090;&#1086;&#1088;&#1089;&#1082;&#1086;&#1084; &#1087;&#1088;&#1072;&#1074;&#1077; &#1080; &#1089;&#1084;&#1077;&#1078;&#1085;&#1099;&#1093; &#1087;&#1088;&#1072;&#1074;&#1072;&#1093;]]), the following items are not subject to copyrights: *Official documents (laws, court decisions, other texts of legislative, administrative or judicial character); *State symbols and tokens (flags, coats of arms, [[order (decoration)|order]]s, banknotes and other state symbols and tokens); *Folk creative works; *Reports about events and facts, of informative character. Russian copyrights expire in 70 years after the death of the author. ===Algeria=== Article 9 of Algeria's [http://lexinter.net/DZ/ordonnance_relative_aux_droits_d%27auteur_et_aux_droits_voisins.htm Ordonnance N°97-10 du 27 Chaoual 1417 correspondant au 6 mars 1997 relative aux droits d'auteur et aux droits voisins.] states that: "Works of the State made licitly accessible to the public may be freely used for non-profit purposes, subject to respect for the integrity of the work and indication of its source. By "works of the State", in this article, are meant works produced and published by the various organs of the State, local communities, or public establishments of an administrative character." (original is in French.) In short, they are available for non-commercial use - which is deprecated on Wikipedia. ===Iran=== Althought there has been no treaty between Iran and the United States regarding copyright protection, according to [[Jimbo Wales]], Wikipedia contributors should respect Iranian copyright law as best they can, the same as they do for other countries around the world. [http://mail.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2005-August/027373.html] == Contributors' rights and obligations == If you contribute material to Wikipedia, you thereby license it to the public under the GFDL (with no invariant sections, front-cover texts, or back-cover texts). In order to contribute, you therefore must be in a position to grant this license, which means that either * you own the copyright to the material, for instance because you produced it yourself, or * you acquired the material from a source that allows the licensing under GFDL, for instance because the material is in the [[public domain]] or is itself published under GFDL. In the first case, you retain copyright to your materials. You can later republish and relicense them in any way you like. However, you can never retract the GFDL license for the versions you placed here: that material will remain under GFDL forever. In the second case, if you incorporate external GFDL materials, as a requirement of the GFDL, you need to acknowledge the authorship and provide a link back to the network location of the original copy. If the original copy required invariant sections, you have to incorporate those into the Wikipedia article; it is however very desirable to replace GFDL texts with invariant sections by original content without invariant sections whenever possible. === Using copyrighted work from others === If you use part of a copyrighted work under "[[fair use]]", or if you obtain special permission to use a copyrighted work from the copyright holder under the terms of our license, you must make a note of that fact (along with names and dates). It is our goal to be able to freely redistribute as much of Wikipedia's material as possible, so original images and sound files licensed under the GFDL or in the [[public domain]] are greatly preferred to copyrighted media files used under fair use. See [[Wikipedia:Boilerplate request for permission]] for a form letter asking a copyright holder to grant us a license to use their work under terms of the GFDL. Never use materials that infringe the copyrights of others. This could create legal liabilities and seriously hurt the project. If in doubt, write it yourself. Note that copyright law governs the ''creative expression'' of ideas, not the ideas or information themselves. Therefore, it is perfectly legal to read an encyclopedia article or other work, reformulate it in your own words, and submit it to Wikipedia. (See [[plagiarism]] and [[fair use]] for discussions of how much reformulation is necessary in a general context.) === Linking to copyrighted works === Linking to copyrighted works is usually not a problem, as long as you have made a reasonable effort to determine that the page in question is not violating ''someone else's'' copyright. If it is, please do ''not'' link to the page. Whether such a link is contributory infringement is currently being debated in the courts, but in any case, linking to a site that illegally distributes someone else's work sheds a bad light on us. === If you find a copyright infringement === It is not the job of rank-and-file Wikipedians to police content for possible copyright infringement, but if you suspect one, you should at the very least bring up the issue on that page's talk page. Others can then examine the situation and take action if needed. The most helpful piece of information you can provide is a URL or other reference to what you believe may be the source of the text. Some cases will be false alarms. For example, if the contributor was in fact the author of the text that is published elsewhere under different terms, that does not affect their right to post it here under the GFDL. Also, sometimes you will find text elsewhere on the Web that was copied from Wikipedia. In both of these cases, it is a good idea to make a note in the talk page to discourage such false alarms in the future. If some of the content of a page really is an infringement, then the infringing content should be removed, and a note to that effect should be made on the talk page, along with the original source. If the author's permission is obtained later, the text can be restored. If ''all'' of the content of a page is a suspected copyright infringement, then the page should be listed on [[Wikipedia:Copyright problems]] and the content of the page replaced by the standard notice which you can find there. If, after a week, the page still appears to be a copyright infringement, then it may be deleted following the procedures on the votes page. In extreme cases of contributors continuing to post copyrighted material after appropriate warnings, such users may be blocked from editing to protect the project. ==If you are the owner of Wikipedia-hosted content being used without your permission== If you are the owner of content that is being used on Wikipedia without your permission, then you may request the page be immediately removed from Wikipedia; see [[Wikipedia:Request for immediate removal of copyright violation|Request for immediate removal of copyright violation]]. You can also contact our [[Wikipedia:Designated agent|Designated agent]] to have it permanently removed, but it may take up to a week for the page to be deleted that way (you may also blank the page but the text will still be in the page history). Either way, we will, of course, need some evidence to support your claim of ownership. Further discussion... * [[m:Wikipedia and copyright issues]] * [[m:Avoid Copyright Paranoia]] * [[m:Permission grant extent]] [[en:Wikipedia:Copyrights]] 2079 6335 2006-01-23T09:58:56Z Lycaon 129 Jambo I'm a Belgian marine biologist, mostly active on [[wikispecies:user:Lycaon|Wikispecies]], on which I am an administrator. ===Some of my photographs=== <small>These pictures are available on WikiCommons.</small> {| align="left" style="border: 0px" |- | [[Image:Scolelepis_bonnieri.jpg|150px|center]]||[[Image:Liocarcinus_marmoreus_2.png|150px|center]]||[[Image:Alosa_fallax.png|150px|center]] |- | [[Image:Aepyceros melampus.png|150px|center]]||[[Image:Hibiscus rhodanthus.jpg|150px|center]]||[[Image:Nucras caesicaudata.jpg|150px|center]] |- |} 2080 11329 2006-06-25T17:47:40Z YurikBot 117 robot Modifying: [[nl:Michael Jackson (zanger)]] [[Image:Michael Jackson 1984.jpg|thumb|right|Michael Jackson 1984]] '''Michael Jackson''' (alizaliwa [[29 Agosti]] [[1958]]) ni [[mwanamuziki]] mwenye asili ya kiafrika. Ana kipaji cha kuimba, kucheza na utunzi aina ya muziki wake ni Roki. Katika miaka ya 80 alivuma sana na albamu yake ya ''Thriller'' iliyo vunja rekodi ya mauzo kwa kuuza nakala zaidi ya milioni 60 duniani kote. Michael Jackson alianza kuonekana jukwaani akiwa na miaka mitano tu. Ametokea familia ya wanamuziki ya [[Jackson Five]]. Hivi karibuni amekumbwa na kashfa za uzalilishaji wa watoto lakini hata hivyo mahakama ilimwona hana hatia mfalme huyu wa muziki. [[Category:Wanamuziki]] == Web Links == * [http://www.mjifc.nl MJIFC: Michael Jackson Internet Fan Club] <!-- interwiki --> [[ar:مايكل جاكسون]] [[bg:Майкъл Джексън]] [[ca:Michael Jackson]] [[cs:Michael Jackson]] [[cy:Michael Jackson]] [[da:Michael Jackson]] [[de:Michael Jackson]] [[el:Μάικλ Τζάκσον]] [[en:Michael Jackson]] [[eo:Michael Jackson (muzikisto)]] [[es:Michael Jackson]] [[fa:مایکل جکسون]] [[fi:Michael Jackson]] [[fr:Michael Jackson]] [[he:מייקל ג'קסון]] [[hu:Michael Jackson]] [[id:Michael Jackson]] [[it:Michael Jackson]] [[ja:マイケル・ジャクソン]] [[lb:Michael Jackson]] [[li:Michael Jackson]] [[lt:Maiklas Džeksonas]] [[nl:Michael Jackson (zanger)]] [[no:Michael Jackson]] [[pl:Michael Jackson]] [[pt:Michael Jackson]] [[ru:Джексон, Майкл]] [[scn:Michael Jackson]] [[simple:Michael Jackson]] [[sv:Michael Jackson]] [[tpi:Michael Jackson]] [[tr:Michael Jackson]] [[zh:米高·積遜]] 2081 7101 2006-02-24T06:23:25Z Rerehambegha 127 '''Mnazi''' ni [[pombe]] inayotengenezwa na utomvu wa [[nazi]] changa iliyogemwa ikiwa mtini. Utomvu huu ukikusanywa ndio unaotoa pombe ya mnazi. Pombe hii ya mnazi ni maarufu sana maeneo ya mwambao wa [[pwani]] [[Tanzania]] ambapo minazi huota kwa wingi hasa [[Tanga]]. Pombe hii haiongezwi kitu chote ili kukamilika. Huhitaji masaa 8 tu toka kugemwa ili kukamilika kunywewa, ina rangi nyeupe iliyofifia hii ni pombe ya asili ya wabondei.pombe hii hunywewa pia sehemu nyigine ambapo minazi hukua Africa,caribian,Asia lakini ikiitwa majina mengine. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Vinywaji]] 2083 6345 2006-01-24T16:17:59Z Koavf 130 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Koavf !!!!!] [[en:User:koavf]] 2084 6616 2006-01-31T10:53:24Z Rerehambegha 127 [[PANGANI]].Ni wilaya iliyopo katika mkoa wa Tanga,Tanzania.jina pangani limetokana na historia ya utumwa ambapo kulikuwa na eneo maalumu kwa ajili ya kupanga watumwa kulingana bei au na ubora wa mtumwa,hivyo neno pangani limetokana na panga.Eneo hili lipo lilileta neno hili lipo mpaka leo hii,lipo nyuma ya gofu la soko la utumwa. 2086 6417 2006-01-25T12:43:45Z Matt Crypto 20 * [[Togwa]] Kuna '''vinywaji''' vingi: * [[Maji]] * [[Chai]] * [[Kahawa]] * [[Maziwa]] * [[Pombe]] * [[Mnazi]] * [[Mvinyo]] * [[Mbege]] * [[Togwa]] {{mbegu}} [[Category:Vinywaji|*]] <!-- interwiki --> [[bn:পানীয়]] [[de:Getränk]] [[en:Drink]] [[es:Bebida]] [[eo:Trinkaĵo]] [[fr:Boisson]] [[gl:Bebida]] [[ko:음료]] [[id:Minuman]] [[he:משקה]] [[nl:Drank]] [[nds:Drinken]] [[ja:飲料]] [[pt:Bebida]] [[fi:Juoma]] [[zh:饮料]] 2087 6752 2006-02-06T06:32:46Z Rerehambegha 127 [[Image:Thompson's Gazelle.jpg|thumbnail|280px|Swala tomi]] '''Swala''' ni [[mnyama]] katika jamii ya wanyama walao [[nyasi]]. Hupatikana katika maeneo yeye nyasi fupi fupi na vichaka vifupi fupi hasa kwenye maeneo mengi ya hifadhi katika Afrika, mnyama huyu hukimbia kilometa 80 kwa saa na anao uwezo wa kuruka mita 7 hadi 8 juu akiwa kwenye kasi. Rangi yake ni ya udongo na njeupe kidogo kwenye koromeo na sehemu ya chini ya mkia. Maadui zake wakubwa ni [[simba]], [[chatu]] na [[chui]]. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Wanyama]] <!-- interwiki --> [[da:Gazelle]] [[de:Gazellen]] [[en:Gazelle]] [[es:Gacela]] [[fr:Gazelle]] [[ko:가젤]] [[he:צבי]] [[nl:Gazellen]] [[pt:Gazela]] [[sv:Gaseller]] 2088 11803 2006-07-02T11:56:29Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[el:Τζον Φιτζέραλντ Κέννεντυ]] '''John Fitzgerald Kennedy''' ([[29 Mai]] [[1917]] &ndash; [[22 Novemba]] [[1963]]) alikuwa Raisi wa Amerika. Alikuwa mtoto wa pili katika familia ya watoto 9. Baba yake alikuwa mfanyabiashara maarufu. Ukoo wa kenedi una asili ya irish, vita kuu ya pili ilipoanza alijiunga na jeshi la wanamaji. 1943 alijeruhiwa katika shambulio lilifavywa na ndege za kivita za japani. Mwaka 1947 alianza kujiingiza katika siasa na 1960 alichaguliwa kuwa Rais wa Amerika. Aliuwa kwa kupigwa risasi tarehe 22 novemba 1963. Atakumbukwa pia kwa kutetea haki za watu wote bila kujali rangi. Alisema "Waamerika wasiulize Amerika imewatendea nini bali waulijiulize kwanza wao wameitendea nini nchi yao". {{mbegu}} [[Category:Rais wa Marekani]] <!-- interwiki --> [[ang:John F. Kennedy]] [[ar:جون كينيدي]] [[bg:Джон Ф. Кенеди]] [[bs:John Fitzgerald Kennedy]] [[ca:John Fitzgerald Kennedy]] [[cs:John Fitzgerald Kennedy]] [[cy:John F. Kennedy]] [[da:John F. Kennedy]] [[de:John F. Kennedy]] [[el:Τζον Φιτζέραλντ Κέννεντυ]] [[en:John F. Kennedy]] [[eo:John F. Kennedy]] [[es:John Kennedy]] [[et:John F. Kennedy]] [[eu:John Fitzgerald Kennedy]] [[fa:جان اف. کندی]] [[fi:John F. Kennedy]] [[fr:John Fitzgerald Kennedy]] [[ga:John F. Kennedy]] [[gl:John F. Kennedy]] [[he:ג'ון פיצג'רלד קנדי]] [[hr:John F. Kennedy]] [[hu:John Fitzgerald Kennedy]] [[id:John F. Kennedy]] [[io:John Fitzgerald Kennedy]] [[it:John Fitzgerald Kennedy]] [[ja:ジョン・F・ケネディ]] [[ko:존 F. 케네디]] [[la:Iohannes F. Kennedy]] [[nl:John F. Kennedy]] [[nn:John F. Kennedy]] [[no:John F. Kennedy]] [[oc:John Fitzgerald Kennedy]] [[pl:John Fitzgerald Kennedy]] [[pt:John F. Kennedy]] [[ro:John Fitzgerald Kennedy]] [[ru:Кеннеди, Джон Фицджеральд]] [[simple:John F. Kennedy]] [[sk:John F. Kennedy]] [[sl:John F. Kennedy]] [[sq:John F. Kennedy]] [[sr:Џон Фицџералд Кенеди]] [[sv:John F. Kennedy]] [[th:จอห์น เอฟ. เคนเนดี]] [[tr:John F. Kennedy]] [[uk:Кеннеді Джон Фітцджеральд]] [[vi:John F. Kennedy]] [[zh:约翰·肯尼迪]] 2089 6371 2006-01-25T11:32:38Z Matt Crypto 20 John f. kennedy umehamishwa hapa John F. Kennedy #REDIRECT [[John F. Kennedy]] 2090 6372 2006-01-25T11:33:03Z Matt Crypto 20 [[Category:Watu]] [[Category:Watu]] 2091 6379 2006-01-25T11:42:52Z Marcos 3 Vinywaji umehamishwa hapa Kinywaji #REDIRECT [[Kinywaji]] 2092 6399 2006-01-25T12:24:28Z Matt Crypto 20 [[Category:Watu]] 2094 10949 2006-06-18T19:33:32Z 84.189.224.218 <div class="boilerplate" style="margin:0.5em auto;width:80%;background-color:#f7f8ff;border:2px solid #8888aa; padding:4px;font-size:85%;min-height:64px;vertical-align:center" id="imageLicense"> <div style="float:left" id="imageLicenseIcon">[[Image:Heckert GNU white.svg|64px|GFDL]]</div> <div style="text-align:center;margin-left:68px" id="imageLicenseText"> Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the '''[[Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]]''', Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts<br/>Subject to [[Wikipedia:general disclaimer|disclaimers]]. </div> </div> <includeonly>[[Category:Picha za GFDL|{{PAGENAME}}]]</includeonly><noinclude>[[Category:Picha za GFDL| ]]</noinclude> 2095 6440 2006-01-25T16:17:51Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT[[Kilomita za mraba]] 2096 6447 2006-01-25T18:31:54Z Matt Crypto 20 <table style="background: #ffffef; border: 1px solid #ccc;"> <tr><td>{{{1}}}</td></tr> <tr style="background: #efffef; border-top:1px solid black;"><td>{{{2}}}</td></tr> </table> 2097 10548 2006-06-04T12:07:32Z ChriKo 35 {{Uainishaji | rangi = pink | jina = Kwarara | picha = Sacred_ibis.jpg | upana_wa_picha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = [[Kwarara shingo-nyeusi]] | himaya = [[Mnyama|Animalia]] (Wanyama) | faila = [[Chordata]] (Wanyama wenye ugwe wa neva mgongoni) | ngeli = [[Ndege|Aves]] (Ndege) | oda = [[Ciconiiformes]] (Ndege kama kwarara) | familia = [[Threskiornithidae]] (Ndege walio na mnasaba na kwarara) | familia_ndogo = [[Threskiornithinae]] (Ndege walio na mnasaba na kwarara) | bingwa_wa_familia_ndogo = [[Poche]], 1904 | jenasi = Angalia katiba }} '''Kwarara''' ni [[ndege]] wa [[familia]] [[Threskiornithidae]] ambao wana miguu mirefu. Domo refu lao limepindika na hutumika kwa kutafuta chakula ndani ya matope. Aina nyingi za kwarara huweka matago yao juu ya miti, kwa kawaida pamoja na [[yange]], [[koikoi]] au [[domomwiko]]. ==Spishi za Afrika== * ''Bostrychia bocagei'', [[Kwarara wa Sao Tome]] (Dwarf Olive Ibis) * ''Bostrychia carunculata'', [[Kwarara Ndevu]] (Wattled Ibis) * ''Bostrychia hagedash'', [[Kwarara Hijani]] (Hadada Ibis) * ''Bostrychia olivacea'', [[Kwarara Kishungi]] (Olive Ibis) * ''Bostrychia rara'', [[Kwarara Kidari-mabaka]] (Spot-breasted Ibis) * ''Geronticus calvus'', [[Kwarara Upara Kusi]] (Southern Bald Ibis) * ''Geronticus eremita'', [[Kwarara Upara Kaskazi]] (Northern Bald Ibis) * ''Lophotibis cristata'', [[Kwarara bawa-jeupe]] (Madagascar Crested Ibis) * ''Plegadis falcinellus'', [[Kwarara Mweusi]] (Glossy Ibis) * ''Threskiornis aethiopicus'', [[Kwarara Shingo-nyeusi]] (Sacred Ibis) * ''Threskiornis bernieri'', [[Kwarara wa Madagaska]] (Madagascar Sacred Ibis) * ''Threskiornis solitarius'', [[Kwarara wa Reunion]] (Réunion Sacred Ibis) '''imekwisha sasa''' ==Spishi za mabara mengine== * ''Cercibis oxycerca'' (Sharp-tailed Ibis) * ''Eudocimus albus'' (American White Ibis) * ''Eudocimus ruber'' (Scarlet Ibis) * ''Mesembrinibis cayennensis'' (Green Ibis) * ''Nipponia nippon'' (Japanese Crested Ibis) * ''Phimosus infuscatus'' (Whispering Ibis) * ''Plegadis chihi'' White-faced Ibis) * ''Plegadis ridgwayi'' (Puna Ibis) * ''Pseudibis davisoni'' (White-shouldered Ibis) * ''Pseudibis papillosa'' (Indian Black Ibis) * ''Thaumatibis gigantean'' (Giant Ibis) * ''Theristicus branickii'' (Andean Ibis) * ''Theristicus caerulescens'' (Plumbeous Ibis) * ''Theristicus caudatus'' (Buff-necked Ibis) * ''Theristicus melanopis'' (Black-faced Ibis) * ''Threskiornis melanocephalus'' (Black-headed Ibis) * ''Threskiornis molucca'' (Australian White Ibis) * ''Threskiornis spinicollis'' (Straw-necked Ibis) [[Category:Ndege]] [[ar:أبو منجل]] [[de:Ibisse]] [[en:Ibis]] [[fr:Ibis]] [[nl:Ibis]] [[ja:トキ]] [[pl:Ibisy]] [[pt:Íbis]][[ru:Ибис]] [[zh:朱鹮]] 2098 6449 2006-01-25T22:24:15Z ChriKo 35 I would appreciate if someone made a taxobox template for the Kiswahili site. I am afraid I cannot find the time to figure it out myself. [[User:ChriKo|ChriKo]] 22:24, 25 Januari 2006 (UTC) 2099 10948 2006-06-18T18:39:43Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[gl:Alexander Graham Bell]] [[Image:Alexander Graham Bell.jpg|thumb|right|Alexander Graham Bell]] '''Alexander Graham Bell''' ([[3 Machi]] [[1847]] &ndash; [[2 Agosti]] [[1922]]) alikuwa mgunduzi wa mawasiliano ya [[simu]]. Baba yake alikuwa mwalimu wa watoto wenye matatizo ya kusikia na kuongea. Alifanikiwa katika jaribio lake la kwanza mwaka 1876. [[ar:ألكسندر غراهام بيل]] [[ast:Alexander Graham Bell]] [[bs:Alexander Graham Bell]] [[ca:Alexander Graham Bell]] [[cs:Alexander Graham Bell]] [[da:Alexander Graham Bell]] [[de:Alexander Graham Bell]] [[en:Alexander Graham Bell]] [[eo:Alexander Graham Bell]] [[es:Alexander Graham Bell]] [[eu:Alexander Graham Bell]] [[fi:Alexander Graham Bell]] [[fr:Alexandre Graham Bell]] [[fy:Alexander Graham Bell]] [[gl:Alexander Graham Bell]] [[he:אלכסנדר גרהם בל]] [[hr:Alexander Graham Bell]] [[id:Alexander Graham Bell]] [[it:Alexander Graham Bell]] [[ja:アレクサンダー・グラハム・ベル]] [[ko:알렉산더 그레이엄 벨]] [[lt:Aleksandras Grehemas Belas]] [[mr:अलेक्झांडर ग्रॅहॅम बेल]] [[nl:Alexander Graham Bell]] [[no:Alexander Graham Bell]] [[pl:Alexander Graham Bell]] [[pt:Alexander Graham Bell]] [[ro:Alexander Graham Bell]] [[ru:Белл, Александер Грэм]] [[sco:Alexander Graham Bell]] [[sh:Alexander Graham Bell]] [[simple:Alexander Graham Bell]] [[sk:Alexander Graham Bell]] [[sr:Александар Грахам Бел]] [[sv:Alexander Graham Bell]] [[ta:அலெக்ஸாண்டர் கிரஹாம் பெல்]] [[th:อเล็กซานเดอร์ เกรแฮม เบลล์]] [[tr:Alexander Graham Bell]] [[uk:Белл Александер Ґрехем]] [[zh:亚历山大·格拉汉姆·贝尔]] 2100 10765 2006-06-12T09:39:10Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[he:קרל בנץ]] [[Image:CarlBenz.jpg|thumb|Karl Friedrich Benz]] [[Image:Benz Patent Motorwagen 1886 (Replica).jpg|thumb|Gari la kwanza la Benz lenye magurudumu matatu]] '''Karl Friedrich Benz''' alizaliwa tar. 25.11.1844 akiitwa Karl Friedrich Michael Vaillant huko Mühlburg / [[Karlsruhe]] [[Ujerumani]] wa Kusini Magharibi. Baada ya kumzaa mamake Josephine Vaillant akaolewa na babake Johann Georg Benz. Hivyo akaitwa Karl Friedrich Michael Benz lakini baadaye akajiita Carl Friedrich Benz. Alikuwa [[mhandisi]] Mjerumani mwenye sifa ya kuwa alitengeza motokaa ya kwanza au gari la kwanza lililotumia nguvu ya nishati ya [[petroli]]. Mwaka 1864 alichukua digri ya [[uhandisi]], mw. 1871 alianzisha kampuni yake ya kwanza. Hapo alitengeneza [[injini]] ya [[petroli]] ya [[mapigo mawili]] mwaka 1878/79 aliyoendeleza kuwa injini ya [[mapigo manne]]. Benz hakuwa mhandisi wa kwanza kutengeneza injini za aina hii, Mjerumani mwenzake [[Otto Nikolaus August|Nikolaus August Otto]] aliwahi kuchukua hataza ya injini ya mapigo manne mwa. 1876. Injini za aina hii zilifanya kazi viwandani vikiendesha [[mashine]] mbalimbali. 1886 Benz alikuwa mtu wa kwanza aliyeweka injini ya petroli kwa gari. Gari lake la kwanza lilikuwa na magurudumu matatu yenye [[nguvu-farasi]] 0.8. Mke wake Bertha alifanya safari kubwa ya kwanza kwa gari hili kwa umbali wa km 89 kutoka Mannheim kwenda [[Pforzheim]] (yote Ujerumani wa Kusini Magharibi). Alipoishia petroli alipaswa kuinunua katika duka ya madawa kwani hapakuwapo na kituo cha petroli bado. Benz aliendelea kutengeneza gari lenye magurudumu manne. Kwa jina la "Velo" lilikuwa motokaa ya kwanza iliyotengenezwa kwa wingi duniani. Benz aliona kupanuka kwa biashara yake watoto wake wakiendelea kuendesha makampuni yake. Mwaka 1926 kampuni ya Benz iliunganishwa na kampuni ya Gottlieb Daimler kwa jina la "[[Daimler-Benz]]". Karl Benz aliaga dunia tar. 04.04.1929 <!-- interwiki --> [[bs:Karl Benz]] [[ca:Carl Benz]] [[da:Carl Friedrich Benz]] [[de:Carl Benz]] [[en:Karl Benz]] [[eo:Carl Benz]] [[es:Carl Benz]] [[fi:Karl Benz]] [[fr:Carl Benz]] [[he:קרל בנץ]] [[hr:Carl Benz]] [[hu:Karl Benz]] [[id:Karl Friedrich Benz]] [[io:Carl Benz]] [[is:Karl Benz]] [[it:Carl Benz]] [[ja:カール・ベンツ]] [[lt:Karlas Bencas]] [[nl:Carl Benz]] [[no:Carl Benz]] [[pl:Karl Benz]] [[pt:Karl Benz]] [[ru:Бенц, Карл]] [[sco:Karl Benz]] [[sh:Karl Benz]] [[sk:Karl Friedrich Benz]] [[sl:Carl Friedrich Benz]] [[sr:Карл Бенц]] [[sv:Carl Benz]] [[ta:கார்ல் பென்ஸ்]] [[th:คาร์ล เบนซ์]] [[tl:Karl Benz]] [[uk:Бенц Карл]] [[vi:Carl Benz]] [[zh:卡尔·本茨]] 2101 6466 2006-01-26T08:31:22Z Matt Crypto 20 Alexander Bell Graham umehamishwa hapa Alexander Graham Bell #REDIRECT [[Alexander Graham Bell]] 2102 10962 2006-06-19T06:57:07Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[ru:Навуходоносор II]] '''Nebuchadnezzar''' II alikuwa mfalme wa [[babiloni]] karne ya 16 BC. Alitawala babiloni kati ya 604 BC mpaka 562 BC. Aliwahi kuuvunja mji wa [[jerusalemu]] na kuwateka [[wayahudi]]. Ndiye aliyejenga bustani za kupendeza katika enzi hizo zinazojulikana kama bustani za kuniginia za babiloni moja ya maajabu saba ya dunia. {{mbegu}} [[ca:Nabucodonosor]] [[de:Nebukadnezar II.]] [[el:Ναβουχοδονόσορ Β']] [[en:Nebuchadrezzar II]] [[es:Nabucodonosor II]] [[et:Nebukadnetsar II]] [[fi:Nebukadressar II]] [[fr:Nabuchodonosor II]] [[he:נבוכדנצר השני]] [[it:Nabucodonosor]] [[ja:ネブカドネザル2世]] [[lv:Nebukadnecars II]] [[nl:Nebukadnezar II van Babylon]] [[no:Nebukadnesar II]] [[pl:Nabuchodonozor II]] [[pt:Nabucodonosor II]] [[ro:Nabucodonosor]] [[ru:Навуходоносор II]] [[sl:Nebukadnezar II.]] [[sr:Набукодонозор]] [[sv:Nebukadnessar II]] [[yi:נבוכדנאצר (2)]] [[zh:尼布甲尼撒二世]] 2103 6565 2006-01-29T10:50:37Z Matt Crypto 20 #REDIRECT [[Karl Friedrich Benz]] 2104 8829 2006-04-26T18:55:01Z Matt Crypto 20 /* [[True Jesus Church]] */ __TOC__ ==[[Benzi karl fredrick]]== Mimi ningependekeza kufuta makala '''Benzi karl fredrick''' kwa sababu mbili: A) mtu huyu alikuwa na jina kamili ndilo "Carl Friedrich Benz". Tusianze aina hii ya lugha tafadhali - baadaye tutapata "Bushi Georgi" au "Churichilli Winisitoni" au hata "Muwarimu Niyelele" kwa sababu mtu fulani anataka kuingiza lahaja ya nyumbani au tatizo lake la kutamka herufi fulani akidai kasoro yake ndicho Kiswahili chenyewe!! B)makala inajaa makosa - Benz haikuwa mtu wa kwanza aliyetengeneza injini ya petroli. Kwa sababu ya jina la makala ni la makosa haina faida kusahihisha makosa yaliyomo --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 23:35, 26 Januari 2006 (UTC) ==[[Pissa]]== ifutwe!! --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 17:41, 6 Februari 2006 (UTC) ==[[True Jesus Church]]== Hii si makala ya Kiswahili, ila maneno machache yameyotafsiriwa. [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 13:54, 21 Aprili 2006 (UTC) : Sasa ni makala ya Kiingereza tu. Napendekeza ifutwe. [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 07:00, 26 Aprili 2006 (UTC) :: Haya, Kipala ameitafsiri. [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 18:55, 26 Aprili 2006 (UTC) 2106 10719 2006-06-10T19:13:03Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[hy:Նյուտոն Իսահակ]] Modifying: [[zh-yue:牛頓]] [[Image:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg|thumbnail|Isaac Newton]] '''Isaac Newton''' (1642-1727) ni mwingereza mwanamahesabu na fizikia anakumbukwa kama mwanasayansi maarufu duniani kutokana na michango yake mbali mbali katika sayansi. Ndiye aliyegundua tawi la [[calculus]] na nadharia ya mwendo. Newton alipata shahada yake ya kwanza mwaka 1665 na ile ya uzamili mwaka 1668. Mchango mwingine wa Isaac Newton upo katika nadharia ya mwanga, kuona na jinsi rangi zinavyotokea. Nadharia zake zote aliziweka katika vitendo na kukubalika na ndizo zitumumikazo leo. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[ar:إسحق نيوتن]] [[ast:Isaac Newton]] [[bg:Исак Нютон]] [[bs:Isaac Newton]] [[ca:Isaac Newton]] [[cs:Isaac Newton]] [[cy:Isaac Newton]] [[da:Isaac Newton]] [[de:Isaac Newton]] [[en:Isaac Newton]] [[eo:Isaac Newton]] [[es:Isaac Newton]] [[et:Isaac Newton]] [[eu:Isaac Newton]] [[fa:آیزاک نیوتن]] [[fi:Isaac Newton]] [[fo:Isaac Newton]] [[fr:Isaac Newton]] [[ga:Isaac Newton]] [[gd:Isaac Newton]] [[gl:Isaac Newton]] [[he:אייזיק ניוטון]] [[hi:सर आइजैक न्यूटन]] [[hr:Isaac Newton]] [[hu:Isaac Newton]] [[hy:Նյուտոն Իսահակ]] [[ia:Isaac Newton]] [[id:Isaac Newton]] [[io:Isaac Newton]] [[is:Isaac Newton]] [[it:Isaac Newton]] [[ja:アイザック・ニュートン]] [[jv:Isaac Newton]] [[ka:ნიუტონი, ისააკ]] [[ko:아이작 뉴턴]] [[la:Isaacus Newtonus]] [[lt:Izaokas Niutonas]] [[lv:Īzaks Ņūtons]] [[mk:Исак Њутн]] [[ms:Isaac Newton]] [[nds:Isaak Newton]] [[nl:Isaac Newton]] [[nn:Isaac Newton]] [[no:Isaac Newton]] [[pl:Isaac Newton]] [[pt:Isaac Newton]] [[ro:Isaac Newton]] [[ru:Ньютон, Исаак]] [[scn:Isaac Newton]] [[sco:Isaac Newton]] [[sh:Isaac Newton]] [[simple:Isaac Newton]] [[sk:Isaac Newton]] [[sl:Isaac Newton]] [[sq:Isaac Newton]] [[sr:Исак Њутн]] [[sv:Isaac Newton]] [[ta:ஐசாக் நியூட்டன்]] [[th:ไอแซก นิวตัน]] [[tl:Isaac Newton]] [[tr:Isaac Newton]] [[uk:Ньютон Ісаак]] [[vi:Isaac Newton]] [[zh:艾萨克·牛顿]] [[zh-yue:牛頓]] 2108 10012 2006-05-22T21:36:07Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Mtakatifu Marko''' (karne 1 [[BK]]) ndiye aliyeandika kitabu cha pili cha injili katika [[Biblia]]. Mama yake alikuwa mkristo wa kwanza [[Jerusalemu]]. Alifanya kazi na mtume [[Mtakatifu Paulo|Paulo]] kuhubiri injili katika miji ya Roma alifariki wakati akifanya kazi hiyo huko [[Alexandria]], [[Misri]]. [[Category:Watakatifu]] {{mbegu}} 2109 11228 2006-06-24T08:32:11Z YurikBot 117 robot Modifying: [[tr:Pavlus]], [[zh:保羅]] '''Mtakatifu Paulo''' (AD 3-62) alizaliwa katika familia ya kiyahudi. Nyumbani kwao ni [[Tarsus]] kwa sasa eneo hilo linafahamika kama [[uturuki]]. Jina la kwanza nalijulikana kama '''Sauli'''. Mwanzo alipinga [[ukristo]] kwa kuwakamata kutesa na kuua wakristo alikutana na [[Yesu Kristo]] kwa njia ya maono akiwa njiani kwenda [[Damaski]] (Angalia matendo 9;1-19, 22;5-16, 21;12-18). Alifanya safari 3 za kitume muhimu. Paulo alikamatwa na wapinzani wake wayahudi mjini [[Jerusalemu]] na kupelekwa [[Roma]]. Alizungumzia kifo chake katika matendo 20;24 na kuuwawa Roma kati ya AD 62.Aliandika barua nyingi kwa makanisa ya Efeso,Galatia,Roma,korinto,timosi nk {{mbegu}} [[Category:Watakatifu]] [[bg:Павел (апостол)]] [[ca:Pau de Tars]] [[cs:Pavel z Tarsu]] [[da:Paulus (Bibelen)]] [[de:Paulus von Tarsus]] [[en:Paul of Tarsus]] [[eo:Sankta Paŭlo]] [[es:Pablo de Tarso]] [[et:Paulus]] [[fi:Paavali]] [[fr:Paul de Tarse]] [[he:פאולוס]] [[hu:Pál apostol]] [[id:Paulus dari Tarsus]] [[it:Paolo di Tarso]] [[ja:パウロ]] [[ko:사도 바울]] [[la:Paulus]] [[mk:Апостол Павле]] [[mt:Pawlu minn Tarsu]] [[nl:Paulus (apostel)]] [[no:Apostelen Paulus]] [[pl:Paweł z Tarsu]] [[pt:Paulo de Tarso]] [[ru:Павел (апостол)]] [[simple:Paul of Tarsus]] [[sk:Apoštol Pavol]] [[sq:Shën Pali]] [[sv:Paulus]] [[tl:Pablo ng Tarsus]] [[tr:Pavlus]] [[uk:Апостол Павло]] [[zh:保羅]] 2111 6495 2006-01-27T10:27:48Z Matt Crypto 20 Benz Karl Friedrich umehamishwa hapa Karl Friedrich Benz #REDIRECT [[Karl Friedrich Benz]] 2112 6497 2006-01-27T10:28:22Z Matt Crypto 20 Carl Friedrich Benz umehamishwa hapa Karl Friedrich Benz #REDIRECT [[Karl Friedrich Benz]] 2113 6505 2006-01-27T10:54:43Z Matt Crypto 20 #REDIRECT [[Mtakatifu Paulo]] 2114 6504 2006-01-27T10:54:18Z Matt Crypto 20 Mtakatifu paulo umehamishwa hapa Mtakatifu Paulo #REDIRECT [[Mtakatifu Paulo]] 2115 6507 2006-01-27T23:02:03Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[baada ya Kristo]] 2116 7468 2006-03-19T14:26:28Z Kipala 107 '''Baada ya Kuzaliwa kwake [[Yesu Kristo]]''' (kifupi: '''BK''') ni namna ya kutaja miaka. Hesabu hii imekuwa njia ya kuhesabu miaka inayotumika zaidi duniani siku hizi. Kila mwaka huhesabiwa kuanzia mwaka unaodhaniwa kuwa mwaka wa kuzaliwa kwake Kristo. Miaka iliyotangulia kuzaliwa kwake huitwa '''[[Kabla ya Kristo|Kabla ya Kuzaliwa kwake Yesu Kristo]]''' au kifupi: '''KK'''. ==Historia ya Hesabu "Kabla ya / Baada ya Kristo"== Hesabu hii ilianzishwa mnamo mwaka 532 BK na [[mmonaki]] Mroma [[Dionysius Exiguus]]. Wakati wake mahesabu mbalimbali yalikuwa kawaida. Mwaka uleule uliweza kuitwa kutokana na muda wa utawala wa Mfalme au [[Kaisari]] (kwa mfano: mwaka wa tano wa Kaisari Iustiniano)na pia kuanzia tarehe ya kuundwa kwa mji wa Roma (kwa mfano: mwaka 1185 ab urbe condita = tangu kuanzishwa kwa mji). Mahesabu mengine yaliyokuwa kawaida wakati uleule ni makadirio mbalimbali "tangu kuumbwa kwa dunia" na mengine. Dionysio baada ya kufanya utafiti aliona Yesu alizaliwa mwaka 754 tangu kuanzishwa kwa Roma. Hesabu hii haijui mwaka "0"; tarehe ya kuzaliwa kwake Yesu huchukuliwa kama mwanzo wa mwaka. Kwa hiyo moja kwa moja inainhgia katika mwaka "1"- na mwaka kabla yake ni mwaka 1 kabla ya Kristo = KK. Hii ni sababu ya kwamba dunia karibu lote lilikosa kusheherekea mwaka 2000 kuwa mwanzo wa [[milenia]] mpya. Mwaka 2000 ilikuwa mwaka wa mwisho wa karne iliyoanza mw. 1901; [[karne]] na milenia mpya ilianza mwaka 2001. ==Kosa la Hesabu ya Dionysio== Hesabu ya Dionysio ilikuwa na kosa ya miaka kadhaa. Wakati wake [[Dola la Roma]] lilikuwa limeshakwisha katika Italia, Kaisari alikaa Bizanti au Roma ya Mashariki. Kumbukumbu za Roma yenyewe hazikutunzwa tena tangu miaka mingi. Leo hii wataalamu wengi hukubaliana ya kwamba kasoro la Dionysio ni takriban miaka 4 - 8; yaani mwaka halali wa kuzaliwa kwake Yesu ulikuwa kama miaka nne hadi nane kabla ya mwaka ambao tumezoea kuhesabu kama "1". Wengi walijaribu kusahihisha kosa hili lakini habari kamili kabisa hazipatikani tena. ==Uenezaji wa Hesabu "Kabla ya / Baada ya Kristo"== Mwanzoni hesabu ya Dionysio ilikuwa pendekezo la mtaalamu fulani tu watu wakiendelea kutumia mahesabu yao mbalimbali. Miaka 60 baada ya Dionysio mkuu wa kanisa katoliki Papa Bonifatio IV anajulikana alitumia tarehe zote mbili za "baada ya Kristo" na "tangu kuanzishwa kwa mji". Wataaaaalamu walianza kutumia zaidi hesabu hiyo. Wakati wa Mfalme (baadaye alichukua cheo cha Kaisari) [[Karolo Mkuu]] aliyetawala Ufaransa pamoja na Ujerumani, Italia ya Kaskazini na maeneo ya Uholanzi na Ubelgiji ya kwamba hesabu tangu Kristo ilikuwa hesabu rasmi ya serikali. Lakini bado ilihitajika karne kadhaa hadi hesabu hii imekuwa kawaida katika Ulaya. Kutokana na uenezaji wa uchumi, biashara na utawala wa Kiulaya duniani hesabu "Baada ya Kristo" ilienea kote duniani. Siku hizi ni hesabu ya pekee katika nchi nyingi. Katika nchi mbalimbali inatumika sambamba na mahesabu mengine. Nchi za Kiislamu mbalimbali hutumia miaka tangu [[Hijra]] ya [[Mtume Mohammed]] (mw. 622 BK), lakini mara nyingi pamoja na miaka ya hesabu ya kikristo kwa ajili ya mambo ya biashara na mawasiliano ya kimataifa. Nchi ya Israel inatumia kalenda rasmi tangu "kuumbwa kwa dunia", isipokuwa vilevile kandokando na Kalenda ya BK kwa sababu zilizotajwa hapa juu kwa ajili ya nchi za Kiislamu. [[Japan]] inatumia hesabu ya miaka ya Kaisari yake - vilevile kandokando na Kalenda ya BK. ==Namna za kutaja Hesabu "Kabla ya / Baada ya Kristo"== Dionysio hakutumia lugha "baada ya Kristo" - alisema "Anno Domini natum" ("mwaka tangu kuzaliwa kwake Bwana") akimaanisha Dominus = Bwana ndiye Yesu. Hivyo kifupi katika lugha ya Kilatini ni "AD" kilichoingia pia katika Kiingereza. AD hivyo inamaanisha kwa kifupi "Anno Domini" au "Mwaka wa Bwana". Hata miaka kabla ya Kristo kwa Kiingereza huitwa kwa kifupi cha Kilatini "a. Chr" (ante Christum natum = kabla ya kuzaliwa kwake Kristo). Wengine hutumia "BC" = "before Christ". [[Category:Historia]] <!-- interwiki --> [[da:Anno Domini]] [[de:Anno Domini]] [[el:M.X.]] [[en:Anno Domini]] [[es:Era cristiana]] [[fr:Anno Domini]] [[ga:Anno_Domini]] [[he:&#1505;&#1508;&#1497;&#1512;&#1514; &#1492;&#1504;&#1493;&#1510;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501;]] [[la:Anno Domini]] [[ja:&#35199;&#26278;]] [[nl:Anno Domini]] [[pl:N.e.]] [[pt:A.C.]] [[fi:Jälkeen Kristuksen]] [[vi:Công Nguyên]] [[th:&#3588;&#3619;&#3636;&#3626;&#3605;&#3660;&#3624;&#3633;&#3585;&#3619;&#3634;&#3594;]] [[zh:&#20844;&#20803;]] 2117 10779 2006-06-13T03:40:57Z Kipala 107 '''Milenia''' ni kipindi cha [[mwaka|miaka]] elfu moja. {{mbegu}} <!-- interwiki --> [[ca:Mil·lenni]] [[da:Millennium]] [[de:Jahrtausend]] [[en:Millennium]] [[es:Milenio]] [[eu:Milurteko]] [[fr:Millénaire]] [[fy:Milennium]] [[gl:Milenio]] [[he:מילניום]] [[ia:Millennio]] [[id:Milenium]] [[ja:ミレニアム]] [[la:Millennium]] [[lt:Tūkstantmetis]] [[ms:Alaf]] [[nl:Millennium]] [[no:Millennium]] [[pt:Milênio]] [[ro:Milenii]] [[simple:Millennium]] [[sq:Mijëvjeçari]] [[sr:Миленијум]] [[sv:Millennium]] [[zh:千年]] 2118 7018 2006-02-18T18:56:17Z Kipala 107 '''Kaisari''' ni cheo cha mfalme mkuu. Asili ya jina ni [[Julius Caesar]] aliyekuwa kiongozi wa [[Dola la Roma]] hadi kuuawa kwake na wapinzani mwaka 44 BK. Watawala waliomfuata walianza kutumia jina la Caesar kwa heshima yake hadi jina limekuwa cheo. Cheo cha Kaisari kiliendelea kutumika katika eneo la Dola la [[Roma ya Mashariki]] ([[Bizanti]]) hadi 1453. Katika [[Ulaya]] yenyewe mfalme wa [[Wafranki]] [[Karolo Mkuu]] alipokea cheo cha "Caesar" au Kaisari. Baadaye wafalme [[Wajerumani]] waliomfuata Karolo Mkuu katika sehemu ya mashariki ya ufalme wake waliendelea kutumia cheo hiki cha Caesar au Kaisari. Neno la Kaisari liliingia lugha ya Kiswahili wakati wa [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani|ukoloni wa Kijerumani]] huko [[Tanzania]]. Austria na Ujerumani zilitawaliwa hadi mwisho wa [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia]] 1918 na wafalme wenye cheo cha "Kaisari". Vilevile mfalme wa Urusi alikuwa na cheo kilekile kilichoitwa "Tsar" kwa Kirusi, ilhali neno hili limeundwa pia kutoka kwa "Caesar". Lugha za [[Kiingerezea]] na [[Kifaransa]] zilitumia cheo tofauti cha Macaesar wa Kiroma ndicho "Imperator" (=mwenye amri, mwenye mamlaka, jemadari)kilichokuwa "Emperor" ([[Kiingereza|Kiing.]]) au "Empereur" ([[Kifaransa]]). Kaisari ni cheo cha mfalme aliye juu ya wafalme wengine. Kutokana na uzuefu huu hata Shah wa Uajemi na mtwala wa Japon waliweza kuitwa kwa cheo "Kaisari". [[da:Cæsar]] [[de:Caesar]] [[en:Caesar]] [[eo:Cezaro]] [[es:César]] [[fr:César]] [[la:Caesar]] [[pl:Cezar]] [[zh:?? (???)]] 2119 11786 2006-07-02T06:08:20Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[ml:ചീറ്റപ്പുലി]] [[Image:Serengeti Cheetah.jpg|thumbnail|320px|Duma]] '''Duma''' ni mnyama katika kundi la [[wanyama]] walao [[nyama]], yuko katika jamii ya [[paka]]. Ngozi yake ni manjano inayoelekea kwenye rangi ya udongo iliyopambwa na madoa meusi. Kichwa chake ni kidogo zaidi ukilinganisha na wanyama wengine wa jamii yake kama [[chui]]. Wanapokua, madume hutembea peke yao katika kundi duma watatu au wawili. Wanaungana na majike wanapokuwa kwenye joto tu na sivinginevyo. Rangi ya duma inashabihiana na mazingira yake ya mawindo hutegemea zaidi mbio na kuona ukilinganisha na wanyama wengine wawindaji ambao hutegemea kunusa na kuvizia katika mawindo yao. Ndiye mnyama anayeaminika kuwa na mwendo kasi zaidi kuliko wanyama wengine watembeao kwa miguu hukimbia kilometa 113 kwa saa. Chakula chake ni wanyama jamii ya swala hupatika [[Afrika]] na kidogo sehemu za [[Asia]]. [[Category:Wanyama]] [[af:Jagluiperd]] [[bg:Гепард]] [[ca:Guepard]] [[cs:Gepard štíhlý]] [[da:Gepard]] [[de:Gepard]] [[en:Cheetah]] [[eo:Gepardo]] [[es:Acinonyx jubatus]] [[et:Gepard]] [[fa:یوزپلنگ]] [[fi:Gepardi]] [[fr:Guépard]] [[gl:Guepardo]] [[he:ברדלס]] [[hr:Gepard]] [[hu:Gepárd]] [[ia:Gepardo]] [[io:Gepardo]] [[it:Acynonix jubatus]] [[ja:チーター]] [[ka:ავაზა]] [[ko:치타]] [[la:Acinonyx]] [[lb:Gepard]] [[li:Jachliepeerd]] [[lt:Gepardas]] [[ml:ചീറ്റപ്പുലി]] [[nl:Jachtluipaard]] [[nn:Gepard]] [[no:Gepard]] [[pl:Gepard]] [[pt:Chita (animal)]] [[ru:Гепард]] [[sk:Gepard štíhly]] [[sl:Gepard]] [[sv:Gepard]] [[tr:Çita]] [[wa:Guepard]] [[zh:猎豹]] 2120 7556 2006-03-24T18:42:28Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: ar, da, ru, sr '''Hijra''' (هجرة) ni neno la Kiarabu linalomaanisha tendo la Mtume [[Muhammad]] la kutoka [[Makka]] na kuhamia [[Madina]] mwaka 622 BK. Mwaka ule umekuwa tarehe ya kuanzisha kalenda ya Kiislamu ambayo miaka yake huhesabu [[miaka baada ya hijra]]. Maana ya kiasili ya neno lenyewe ni "kuachana" au "kutengana" , kutokana na historia ya Muhammad limechukua pia maana ya "kukimbilia" au "kuhamia". ==Historia ya Hijra== Muhammad alianza kuhubiri habari za [[Qurani]] na za [[Uislamu]] katika mji wa Makka alipozaliwa na kuishi. Lakini hakupata wafuasi wengi. Kinyume chake kabila lake yeye mwenyewe la [[Waquraishi]] walimchukia na kumtesa kwani viongozi waliogopa ataharibu biashara kubwa iliyoletwa na [[Kaaba]] iliyokuwa kama hekalu ya kidini mjini. Hivyo Muhammad aliondoka Makka pamoja na babake mkubwa [[Abu Bakr]]; wafuasi wake kama 70 waliwahi kuondoka Makka siku zilizotangulia. Wote walipokelewa na watu wa Madina mji wa jirani. Hapo Madina Muhammad akawa kiongozi aliyekubaliwa na watu wengi katika miaka iliyofuata aliunganisha [[Waarabu]] katika Uislamu mwishowe akarudi Makka ambako Waquraishi walipaswa kumkubali yeye na dini ya Usilamu. Katika kumbukumbu ya Waislamu wa kwanza tendo la hijra lilikuwa jambo muhimu sana. [[Sura za Qurani]] zilipokusanywa kila moja imeandikwa kama imepatikana kabla au baada ya hijra. Kila sura inaonyesha chini ya kichwa chake maneno ama (imeteremka Makka) au (imeteremka Madina). Pia hesabu ya miaka ilianzishwa wakati wa [[khalifa]] wa pili [[Umar]] ikihesabu kuanzia tarehe ile ya kuhamia kwake Muhammad Madina. [[ar:هجرة نبوية]] [[bg:Хиджра]] [[da:Hidjra]] [[de:Hidschra]] [[en:Hijra (Islam)]] [[eo:Heĝiro]] [[es:Hégira]] [[fr:Hégire]] [[he:הג'רה]] [[id:Hijrah]] [[it:Egira]] [[ja:ヒジュラ]] [[ms:Hijrah]] [[nl:Hidjra]] [[pl:Hidżra]] [[pt:Hégira]] [[ru:Хиджра]] [[sk:Hidžra]] [[sl:Hidžra (islam)]] [[sr:Хиџра]] [[sv:Hijra]] [[tr:Hicret]] 2121 9062 2006-04-30T04:28:48Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[yi:אדולף היטלער]] [[Image:Adolf Hitler Bigger.jpg|right|thumbnail|240px|Adolf Hitler]] '''Adolf Hitler''' (* 20. 04. 1889 Braunau /[[Austria]]; † 30. 04. 1945 [[Berlin]] kwa kujiua) alikuwa chansella (waziri mkuu) na kiongozi wa [[Ujerumani]] kuanzia 1933, tangu 1934 pia Mkuu wa [[Dola la Ujerumani]] akiwa na madaraka ya kidikteta. Tangu 1921 aliwahi kutokea kama kiongozi wa chama cha [[NSDAP]] (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei - Chama cha Kizalendo - Kisoshialisti cha Wafanyakazi Wajerumani) inayojulikana pia kama [[Chama cha Nazi]] (tamka: natsi) chenye itikadi ya siasa kali na [[ubaguzi wa kimbari]] swastika ikiwa ndiyo alama yao. Alianzisha utawala wa kidikteta wa "[[Dola la Tatu]]" akipiga marufuku vyama vya upinzani. Alitesa wapinzani wote na hasa watu wenye mbari aliyochukia [[Wayahudi]]. Siasa yake ilianzisha 1939 [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]]. Wakati wa vita aliamuru uuaji wa Wayahudi wa Ulaya takriban milioni sita pamoja na watu vya mbaria mbalimbali kama [[Wasinti]].Alikuwa mwanasiasa mjerumani dicteta anayekumbukwa kwenye karne ya 20,Anafahamika kwa kuanzisha vita kuu ya pili, mhamasishaji na mwasisi wa chama cha [[Nazi]]. Ndoto yake ilikuwa kutawala dunia kwa muda aliweza kutawala sehemu ya ulaya na Afrika kaskazini siasa zake za ubaguzi hasa dhidi ya wayahudi ilipelekea kuwaua wayahudi wanaokadiriwa kufika milioni 6. Alizaliwa Austria 1988, alianza shule 1900 hakufaulu hivyo kushidwa kuendelea na masomo. Alijaribu tena kurejea shuleni zamu hii katika shule ya uchoraji iliyojulikana kama viena Academy of Fine Art huko viena akafeli tena na alipoteza wazazi wake wote akalazimika kipndi fulani kukaa katika makambi ya yatima. Alijaribu kujiunga na jeshi mara ya kwanza na kuambiwa kuwa asingefaa,kuzuka kwa vita ya kwanza ndiko kuliko mpatia nafasi nyingine alianza kwa kujitolea na kutokana na bidii na ukakamavu alipanda cheo na kuwa (praiveti).Baadaye aliacha kazi ya jeshi akiwa na cheo cha koplo na kuingia katika siasa alihusika na maandamo kadhaa yaliyo pelekea chama chake cha nazi kupigwa marufuku na hatimaye yeye mwenyewe kuhukumiwa kifungo cha miaka mitano lakini alitumikia miezi tisa tu. Akiwa gerezani aliandika kitabu kilichoitwa (Mein kampf)ikiwa na maana ya mapambano yangu kitabu hiki hakikuwa na mvuto kama zilivyokuwa hotuba zake,alirudi Tena katika siasa na kufanikiwa kuwa mtawala wa ujerumani ndiye aliyeanzisha kikosi cha askari wanaovaa nguo nyeusi ss (schutzstaffel)chini ya kamanda aliyeogopwa sana Heinrich Himlel ambaye alitawala vikosi vingine vya polisi hasa kile cha askari wa siri walioitwa (Gastapo)Alijenga Jeshi lenye nguvu kwa siri akiwahamasisha wahandisi wa fani mbalimbali kujenga vifaru,makombora,ndege,meli za kivita zilizo bora zaidi na kuimarisha vikosi vya askari wa miguu ,anga na majini . Mwaka 1939 alianzisha vita kuu ya pili ya dunia iliyodumu mpaka 1945.Wakati vita inaendelea alianzisha makambi ya kazi kwa ajili ya mateka wa kivita yaliyotoa mateso makubwa kwa binadamu pamoja na vifo kwa watoto akina mama wazee na walemavu .Baadhi ya kambi zinazokumbukwa ni SABIBOR,BELSEN WARSAW GHETTO,MAJDANEK,GROSSROSEN na nyinginezo mwishoni mwa vita kuu ya pili wakati vita inafika ukingoni na ujerumani kuzidiwa pamoja na washirika wake Italia na japani Hitler ilioa mwanamke aitwaye Eva braun mwenye macho ya bluu masaa machache kabla ya kifo chake. [[af:Adolf Hitler]] [[am:አዶልፍ ሂትለር]] [[ang:Adolf Hitler]] [[ar:أدولف هتلر]] [[ast:Adolf Hitler]] [[be:Адольф Гітлер]] [[bg:Адолф Хитлер]] [[bs:Adolf Hitler]] [[ca:Adolf Hitler]] [[cs:Adolf Hitler]] [[cy:Adolf Hitler]] [[da:Adolf Hitler]] [[de:Adolf Hitler]] [[el:Αδόλφος Χίτλερ]] [[en:Adolf Hitler]] [[eo:Adolf Hitler]] [[es:Adolf Hitler]] [[et:Adolf Hitler]] [[eu:Adolf Hitler]] [[fa:آدولف هیتلر]] [[fi:Adolf Hitler]] [[fr:Adolf Hitler]] [[ga:Adolf Hitler]] [[gl:Adolf Hitler]] [[he:אדולף היטלר]] [[hi:हिटलर]] [[hr:Adolf Hitler]] [[hu:Adolf Hitler]] [[id:Adolf Hitler]] [[io:Adolf Hitler]] [[is:Adolf Hitler]] [[it:Adolf Hitler]] [[ja:アドルフ・ヒトラー]] [[ka:ჰიტლერი, ადოლფ]] [[ko:아돌프 히틀러]] [[ku:Adolf Hîtler]] [[la:Hitler]] [[lb:Adolf Hitler]] [[li:Adolf Hitler]] [[lt:Adolfas Hitleris]] [[lv:Ādolfs Hitlers]] [[mk:Адолф Хитлер]] [[ms:Adolf Hitler]] [[mt:Adolf Hitler]] [[nl:Adolf Hitler]] [[nn:Adolf Hitler]] [[no:Adolf Hitler]] [[os:Гитлер, Адольф]] [[pl:Adolf Hitler]] [[ps:آدولف هيتلر]] [[pt:Adolf Hitler]] [[ro:Adolf Hitler]] [[roa-rup:Adolf Hitler]] [[ru:Гитлер, Адольф]] [[scn:Adolf Hitler]] [[sco:Adolf Hitler]] [[sh:Adolf Hitler]] [[simple:Adolf Hitler]] [[sk:Adolf Hitler]] [[sl:Adolf Hitler]] [[sq:Adolf Hitler]] [[sr:Адолф Хитлер]] [[st:Adolf Hitler]] [[sv:Adolf Hitler]] [[th:อดอล์ฟ ฮิตเลอร์]] [[tr:Adolf Hitler]] [[tt:Adolf Hitler]] [[uk:Адольф Гітлер]] [[vi:Adolf Hitler]] [[wa:Adolf Hitler]] [[yi:אדולף היטלער]] [[zh:阿道夫·希特勒]] 2122 9494 2006-05-12T18:48:23Z Kipala 107 '''Miaka baada ya Hijra''' ni hesabu katika [[kalenda ya Kiislamu]]. Hesabu hii ni ilianzishwa miaka 17 baada ya tukio lenyewe (638 [[BK]]) kufuatana na azimio la [[khalifa]] [[Umar]]. [[Waarabu]] waliwahi kuwa na kalenda iliyotumia mwendo wa mwezi. Lakini hawakuhesabu miaka. Kila mwaka ulitajwa kutokana na tukio fulani. Mwaka wa kuzaliwa kwake [[Mtume Muhammad]] hujulikana "Mwaka wa Tembo" kwa sababu mwaka ule [[Makka]] ilishambuliwa na jeshi la [[Waethiopia]] lililokuwa na tembo wa kijeshi. Hata baada ya Muhammad desturi hii iliendelea. Mwaka wa [[Hijra]] mwenyewe uliitwa 'Mwaka wa kukubaliwa kwa safari" , mwaka uliofuata "Mwaka vita vilipoamriwa" n.k. Wakati wa khalifa Umar haja la kuwa na hesabu inayoeleweka zaidi likaonekana hivyo hesabu ya Hijra likachaguliwa. Waarabu waliendelea kuhesabu miaka ya miezi halisi ya siku 29 au 30 kufuatana na kuonekana halisi kwa mwezi. [[Kalenda]] ya kikristo hufuata jua badala ya mwezi ikitumia vipindi vinavyoitwa "mwezi" vilevile lakini havilingani na kuonekana kwa mwezi mwenyewe. Hivyo miaka ya Kiislamu ina jumla ya siku takriban 354. Mwaka huo wa Kiislamu una siku 11 kasoro siku zile 365 za [[mwaka wa jua]] katika kalenda ya kikristo. Katika mwaka 2006 BK hesabu ya hijra ni 1427. [[Uajemi]] hutumia hesabu ya miaka ya Hijra pamoja na mwaka wa jua. Hivyo mwanzo wa 2006 BK huko Uajemi ni mwaka 1384 baada ya Hijra. [[Category:Kalenda]] 2123 6531 2006-01-28T14:51:57Z Matt Crypto 20 Newton Issack umehamishwa hapa Isaac Newton #REDIRECT [[Isaac Newton]] 2124 6537 2006-01-28T14:57:49Z Matt Crypto 20 Hitler Adolf umehamishwa hapa Adolf Hitler #REDIRECT [[Adolf Hitler]] 2127 10805 2006-06-14T09:30:00Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[cs:Islámský kalendář]] '''Kalenda ya Kiislamu''' ni mtindo wa kuratibu [[wakati]] unaopatikana katika nchi mbalimbali za Kiislamu. Pia [[Waislamu]] wanaoishi katika mazingira isiyo ya kiislamu hutumia kalenda hii kwa ajili ya kupanga maisha yao ya kidini, hasa [[sikukuu]] na [[saumu]]. Mahali pengi Kalenda ya Kiislamu hutumika pamoja na kalenda zinazofuata mwendo wa jua, hasa kalenda ya kikristo. ==Miezi na mwaka== Kalenda ya Kiislamu imepokea kawaida ya mwaka wa [[Waarabu]] wa kale: [[mwaka]] una miezi 12. "[[Mwezi (wakati)|Mwezi]]" humaanisha kipindi kamili kati ya kuonekana kwa [[mwezi (gimba la angani)|mwezi angani]] mara ya kwanza ([[hilal]]) hadi kurudia kwa kuonekana kwake. Kwa sababu muda wa kipindi hiki ni [[siku]] 29,5 mwezi halali huhesabiwa kuwa na siku 29 au 30. Kipindi kinachoitwa "mwezi" katika kalenda ya kikristo hakina uhusiano tena na mwezi halisi. Waislamu wanaofuata mfano wa [[Kisaudi]] hukubali mwezi mpya umeanza kama umeonekana kwa macho. Kwa sababu desturi hii imeleta matatizo ya kutokubaliana pia ni rahisi kukadiria mwendo wa mwezi nchi mbalimbali za kiislamu hutumia makadirio ya kitaalamu kupanga tarehe za miezi. Idadi ya siku katika mwaka wa kiislamu ni 354. ==Hesabu ya miaka== ''Taz. makala "[[Miaka baada ya hijra]]"'' Hesabu ya miaka katika kalenda ya Kiislamu hufuta utaratibu wa "[[miaka baada ya hijra]]" tangu kuhamia kwake Mtume [[Muhammad]] kutoka [[Makka]] kwenda [[Madina]]. [[Hijra]] ilitokea mwaka 622 [[BK]] au katika mwaka 1 wa hesabu yenyewe. Njia inayofuata inasaidia kujua takriban tarehe gani ya kiislamu inalingana na tarehe ipi katika kalenda ya kikristo: K = (32H : 33) + 622 H = {33*(K - 622)): 32 '''K''' (Mwaka "baada ya Kristo" katika kalenda ya Kikristo), '''H''' (Mwaka "Baada ya Hijra" katika kalenda ya Kiislamu) Kati ya nchi za Kiislamu [[Uajemi]] na [[Afghanistan]] hutumia mwaka wa jua wakihesabu tangu hijra. Lakini pamoja na kalenda hii wanatumia mwaka wa kimwezi wa kiislamu kwa kupanga sikukuu za kidini. ==Miezi== Miezi yenye sikukuu muhimu ni hasa mwezi wa saumu wa [[Ramadhani]], mwezi wa [[Haj]] mwenye tar. 10 ndiyo [[Idd-ul-fitri]] na mwezi wa Rabi' ul-auwali mwenye tar. 12 Idd-ul-maulidi yaani sikukuu ya kuzaliwa kwake Mtume Muhammad ([[Maulidi-]]an-Nabii). Mwezi wa [[Muharram]] ni muhimu sana kati ya [[Washia]] wanaokumbuka mateso na kifo cha [[Imam]] [[Husain]] wakati wa mapigano ya [[Karbala]]. Majina na ufuataji wa miezi ni hivi: muharram, محرم safar, صفر rabi' al-auwal, ربيع الاول rabi' al-akhir, ربيع الثاني dschumada al-auwal, جمادى الاولى dschumada ath-thani, جمادى الثانية radschab, رجب scha'ban, شعبان Ramadan, رمضان schauwal, شوال dhu l-qa'da, ذو القعدة dhu l-hiddscha haddsch, ذو الحجة ==Siku za [[Juma]] au Wiki== Kalenda ya Kiislamu hutumia juma au wiki ya siku saba jinsi ilivyo kawaida hata kwa [[Wayahudi]] au [[Wakristo]]. Siku muhimu zaidi ni [[Ijumaa]] ambako Waislamu hukunsanyika kwa ajili ya sala ya pamoja. Kwa kiarabu majina ya siku za juma hufuata hesabu ya Kiyahudi jinsi inavyoonekana katika [[Biblia]]. Jumapili inaitwa "siku ya kwanza", Jumatatu "siku ya pili" hadi "siku ya tano" = Alhamisi. Siku ya sita pekee imepewa jina jipya la Kiislamu kutokana na mkutano wa sala ya pamoja. Siku ya saba tena imebaki na jina lake la kibiblia Sabato au siku ya saba. Hii ni kwa sababu utamaduni wa kiarabu kabla ya Uislamu uliwahi kupokea athira nyingi kutoka kwa Wayahudi na Wakristo pia walikuwepo Waarabu wakristo na wayahudi. Majina ya siku katika lugha ya Kiswahili yanaonyesha ya kwamba lugha ilianza katika mazingira ya kiislamu kabisa bila athira za moja kwa moja kutoka Uyahudi au Ukristo. Majina ya siku yamepangwa kufuatana na Ijumaa ambayo ni siku muhimu hasa katika maisha ya kiislamu. Maana ya Jumamosi, Jumapili n.k. ni "Siku ya kwanza, pili, tatu" baada ya Ijumaa. Alhamisi imebaki na jina la kiarabu. Jumapili: yaum al-ahad (siku ya kwanza) يوم الأحد Jumatatu: yaum al-ithnayna (siku ya pili) يوم الإثنين Jumanne: yaum ath-thalatha (siku ya tatu) يوم الثلاثاء Jumatano: yaum al-arba`a (siku ya nne) يوم الأَربعاء Alhamisi: yaum al-khamis (siku ya tano) يوم خميس Ijumaa: yaum al-jum`a (siku ya mkutano) يوم الجمعة Jumamosi: yaum as-sabt (siku ya sabato) يوم السبت [[Category:kalenda]] [[Category:wakati]] [[Category:Uislamu]] [[ar:تقويم هجري]] [[bg:Ислямски календар]] [[ca:Calendari musulmà]] [[cs:Islámský kalendář]] [[da:Islamisk kalender]] [[de:Islamische Zeitrechnung]] [[en:Islamic calendar]] [[eo:Islama kalendaro]] [[es:Calendario musulmán]] [[et:Islami kalender]] [[fi:Islamilainen kalenteri]] [[fr:Calendrier musulman]] [[gl:Calendario musulmán]] [[he:הלוח המוסלמי]] [[id:Kalender Hijriyah]] [[io:Islama kalendario]] [[is:Íslamska tímatalið]] [[ja:ヒジュラ暦]] [[ms:Takwim Hijrah]] [[nl:Islamitische kalender]] [[nn:Det muslimske året]] [[pl:Kalendarz muzułmański]] [[pt:Calendário islâmico]] [[ru:Исламский календарь]] [[sl:Muslimanski koledar]] [[sv:Muslimska kalendern]] [[th:ปฏิทินฮิจญ์เราะหฺ]] [[tr:Hicri takvim]] [[tt:Íslam täqwime]] [[zh:伊斯兰历]] 2128 8704 2006-04-24T11:34:32Z 218.123.18.38 [[Image:Tanzania_Lindi.png|thumb|right|260px|Romani ya Mkoa wa Lindi]] '''Lindi''' ni jina la mji, wilaya na mkoa wa [[Tanzania]] Kusini-Mashariki. ==Eneo la Mkoa wa Lindi== '''Mkoa wa Lindi''' umepakana na mikoa ya [[Pwani]], [[Mtwara]], [[Ruvuma]] na [[Morogoro]]. Upande wa mashariki hupakana na [[Bahari Hindi]]. Mkoa huu umeanzishwa mwaka 1971 una eneo la 67,000 [[km²]]. Karibu robo ya eneo lake au 18,000 km² ni sehemu ya [[hifadhi ya wanyama]] ya [[Selous]]. Mkoa una wilaya sita za [[Lindi mjini]] na vijijini, [[Kilwa]], [[Nachingwea]], Liwale na Ruangwa. Mito mikubwa ndiyo [[Lukuledi]], Matando na Mavuji, yote ielekea Bahari Hindi. Mwinuko huanza mwambaoni ukipanda hadi mita 500, hakuna milima mirefu sana. ==Wakazi== Mwaka 2002 idadi ya wakazi ilikuwa 791,306. Karibu asilimia 90 kati hao ndio wakulima. Makabila makubwa zaidi ni hasa Wamwera halafu Wamachinga na Wamatumbi na Wangindo huko Kilwa. Idadi ya wakazi wa wilaya ni (idadi katika mabano): Kilwa (171,850), Lindi Mjini (41,549), Lindi Vijijini (215,764), Liwale (75,546), Nachingwea (162,081), Ruangwa (124,516), ==Hali ya hewa== Hali ya hewa ya Lindi ni ya joto mwaka wote ikiwa na wastani kati ya sentigredi 24,5 na 27. Mkoa hupokea kati ya 980 mm na 1200 mm za mvua kwa mwaka, hasa kati ya miezi ya Novemba na Mei. ==Barabara na mawasiliano== Kuna barabara chache katika hali nzuri. Ndizo 155 km za barabara ya lami na 3567 km barabara za udongo, mara nyingi katika hali mbaya. Wakati wa mvua mara kwa mara njia ya kwenda [[Daressalaam]] imefungwa. Kuna matumaini ya kuboreka kwa mawasiliano na mji mkuu wa Daresalaam tangu kumalizika kwa daraja la Rufiji. Pana kiwanja cha ndege Lindi, Nachingwea na [[Kilwa Masoko]]. Lindi na Kilwa Masoko kuna pia mabandari. Huduma za simu zipata maendeleo kiasi tangu kuanzishwa kwa simu za mkononi. Utalii haujafikia umuhimu sana kutokana na matatizo ya mawasiliano magumu ingawa Lindi ina sehemu mbalimbali zenye uwezo wa kuwavuta watalii: [[Kilwa Kisiwani]] ndicho mji wa kihistoria wa pwani la Afrika ya Mashariki pamoja na magofu ya miji mingine ya [[Waswahili]], Selous ni hifadhi kubwa kabisa katika Afrika, ufukoni wa mchanga ni wa kuvutia sana, nafasi za zamia majini ni tele. Gesi imepatikana baharini karibu na kisiwa cha [[Songosongo]] imeleta matumaini ya maendeleo. {{Mikoa ya Tanzania}} [[Category:Mikoa ya Tanzania]] [[en:Lindi Region]] [[ja:リンディ州]] 2129 6556 2006-01-29T04:05:23Z Stancel Spencer 132 hujambo Hujambo 2130 6557 2006-01-29T04:05:34Z Stancel Spencer 132 Hujambo 2131 8411 2006-04-18T13:31:51Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Tzakilwa.gif|thumb|right|450px|Ramani ya Kilwa]] '''Kilwa''' ni jina la [[wilaya]] na mahali patatu katika [[mkoa wa Lindi]], [[Tanzania]]. * '''[[Wilaya ya Kilwa]]''' iko kati ya [[Daressalaam]] na [[Lindi]] ufukoni wa [[Bahari Hindi]]. * '''[[Kilwa Masoko]]''' ni makao makuu ya wilaya. * '''[[Kilwa Kivinje]]''' ni mji wa kihistoria tangu karne ya 18 * '''[[Kilwa Kisiwani]]''' ni kisiwa karibu na mwambao kinachotazama Kilwa Masoko. Hapo ndipo Kilwa ya kihistoria iliyojulikana kama mji mkubwa wa pwani la [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] tangu nusu ya kwanza ya karne ya 14 BK kutokana na taarifa ya msafiri [[Ibn Battuta]]. Pamoja na mabaki ya mji wa [[Songo Mnara]] magofu ya Kilwa Kisiwani yameandikishwa katika orodha ya [[UNESCO]] ya "[[Urithi wa Dunia]]" (World Heritage) ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=144] * [http://www.tanzania.go.tz/census/census/districts/kilwa.htm] {{maana}} 2132 6573 2006-01-29T11:18:55Z Kipala 107 Map provided by ReliefWeb <http://www.reliefweb.int/> Source: OCHA/ReliefWeb Date: 7 Apr 1997 Map provided by ReliefWeb <http://www.reliefweb.int/> Source: OCHA/ReliefWeb Date: 7 Apr 1997 2134 6592 2006-01-30T12:09:25Z Marcos 3 Mikutano huria umehamishwa hapa Mkutano huria #REDIRECT [[Mkutano huria]] 2135 10542 2006-06-03T22:35:56Z ChriKo 35 {{Uainishaji | rangi = pink | jina = Keremkerem | picha = Cinnamon-chested_bee-eater.jpg | upana_wa_picha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = [[Kerem kidari-marungi]] | himaya = [[Animalia]] (Wanyama) | faila = [[Chordata]] (Wanyama wenye ugwe wa neva mgongoni) | ngeli = [[Ndege|Aves]] (Ndege) | oda = [[Coraciiformes]] (Ndege kama [[kambu]]) | familia = [[Meropidae]] (Ndege walio na mnasaba na keremkerem) | familia_ndogo = [[Meropinae]] | jenasi = [[Merops]] (Keremkerem) | bingwa_wa_jenasi = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758 | spishi = Angalia katiba }} '''Keremkerem''' ni [[ndege]] wa [[familia]] [[Meropidae]]. Wana rangi maridadi na mwili wao ni mwembamba. Domo lao ni refu na jembamba na mkia wa aina nyingi ya keremkerem una mileli mirefu katikati. Ndege hawa wanaishi uwandani kwa kanda ya tropiki na nusu-tropiki ya Afrika, Ulaya na Asia. Hula [[wadudu]], na [[nyuki]], [[nyigu|manyigu]] na [[bunzi|mabunzi]] hasa, ambao wanakamatwa hewani. Kabla ya kula, ndege anatoa mshale wa mdudu akimgongia tawi la mti au kitu kigumu kingine. Keremkerem hupenda kuwa pamoja kwa makundi. Huchimba mashimo ndani ya kando za mchanga kwa kutaga mayai yao meupe. Familia ya Meropidae imegawika familia ndogo mbili: '''Nyctyornithinae''' (keremkerem wenye ndevu) na '''Meropinae''' (keremkerem wa kawaida). ==Spishi za Afrika== * ''Merops boehmi'', [[Kerem wa Böhm]] (Böhm's Bee-eater) * ''Merops muelleri'', [[Kerem Kichwa-buluu]] (Blue-headed Bee-eater) * ''Merops breweri'', [[Kerem Kichwa-cheusi]] (Black-headed Bee-eater) * ''Merops variegatus'', [[Kerem Kidari-buluu]] (Blue-breasted Bee-eater) * ''Merops malimbicus'', [[Kerem Kidari-chekundu]] (Rosy Bee-eater) * ''Merops oreobates'', [[Kerem Kidari-marungi]] (Cinnamon-chested Bee-eater) * ''Merops orientalis'', [[Kerem Kijani]] (Little Green Bee-eater) * ''Merops superciliosus'', [[Kerem Kiole]] (Madagascar Bee-eater) * ''Merops albicollis'', [[Kerem Koo-jeupe]] (White-throated Bee-eater) * ''Merops bulocki'', [[Kerem Koo-jekundu]] (Red-throated Bee-eater) * ''Merops pusillus'', [[Kerem Mdogo]] (Little Bee-eater) * ''Merops gularis'', [[Kerem Mweusi]] (Black Bee-eater) * ''Merops bullockoides'', [[Kerem Paji-jeupe]] (White-fronted Bee-eater) * ''Merops persicus'', [[Kerem Shavu-buluu]] (Blue-cheeked Bee-eater) * ''Merops revoilii'', [[Kerem Somali]] (Somali Bee-eater) * ''Merops apiaster'', [[Kerem wa Ulaya]] (European Bee-eater) * ''Merops hirundineus'', [[Keremberere]] (Swallow-tailed Bee-eater) * ''Merops nubicus'', [[Kondekonde Kaskazi]] (Northern Carmine Bee-eater) * ''Merops nubicoides'', [[Kondekonde Kusi]] (Southern Carmine Bee-eater) ==Spishi za Asia== * ''Merops philippinus'' (Blue-tailed Bee-eater) * ''Merops viridis'' (Blue-throated Bee-eater) * ''Merops ornatus'' (Rainbow Bee-eater) * ''Merops leschenaulti'' (Chestnut-headed Bee-eater) * ''Nyctyornis amictus'' (Red-bearded Bee-eater) * ''Nyctyornis athertoni'' (Blue-bearded Bee-eater) * ''Meropogon forsteni'' (Purple-bearded Bee-eater) [[Category:Ndege]] [[af:Byvreter]] [[da:Biædere]] [[de:Bienenfresser (Familie)]] [[el:Μελισσοφάγος]] [[en:Bee-eater]] [[eo:Meropedoj]] [[fr:Meropidae]] [[ja:ハチクイ科 (Sibley)]] [[lt:Bitininkiniai]] [[nl:Bijeneters]] [[pt:Abelharuco]] [[sl:Legati]] [[zh:蜂虎科]] 2136 6601 2006-01-30T13:07:28Z Kipala 107 Derived from http://www.waterandnature.org/pub/SituationPangani.pdf © 2003 International Union for Conservation IUCN Eastern Africa Programme, 2003. The Pangani River Basin: A Situation Analysis, xvi + 104pp. This publication may be produced in whole or Derived from http://www.waterandnature.org/pub/SituationPangani.pdf © 2003 International Union for Conservation IUCN Eastern Africa Programme, 2003. The Pangani River Basin: A Situation Analysis, xvi + 104pp. This publication may be produced in whole or part and in any form for education or non-profit uses, without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. 2137 10653 2006-06-07T23:39:26Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Beseni ya mto_wa_Pangani.JPG|thumb|400px|Beseni ya Mto wa Pangani]] '''Mto wa Pangani''' ni kati ya mito mikubwa ya [[Tanzania]]. Unabeba maji ya Milima ya [[Mlima Meru|Meru]], [[Kilimanjaro]], [[Milima ya Pare|Pare]] na [[Milima ya Usambara|Usambara]] kwenda [[Bahari Hindi]]. Mdomo wake uko mjini [[Pangani]]. Beseni ya Pangani ni eneo la 43,650 km². Karibu yote imo Tanzania isipokuwa kuna pia 3,914 km² huko Kenya katika mazingira ya Taveta. Mto wa Pangani mwenyewe unaanza pale inapotoka katika ziwa la [[Nyumba ya Mungu]] kusini ya [[Moshi]]. Mito inayoingia Nyumba ya Mungu ni hasa [[Kikuletwa]] na [[Ruvu]] (Luvu). Kikuletwa hupokea maji kutoka Mlima wa Meru na mitelemko ya Kilimanjaro upande wa Kusini. Ruvu hupokea maji kutoka mitelemko ya Kilimanjaro upande wa Mashariki pamoja na [[Ziwa la Jipe]]. Mto wa Pangani unaendelea km 432 hadi [[Pangani mjini]] unapoingia katika Bahari Hindi. Jumla ya wakazi katika beseni ya Pangani ni milioni 3.7. Mto wa Pangani unategemea misitu panapokusanywa maji yake. Misitu hii imepungua sana kutokana na uenezaji wa mashamba, kukatwa kwa miti kwa ajili ya makaa na matumizi ya ubao. Vilevile machafuko yamekuwa hatari kwa ajili ya afya ya mto na watu wanaotegemea maji yake. Asili ya machafuko ni hasa kilimo, mvua hupeleka mbolea mtoni na kusababisha kukua kwa wingi majani yasiyotakika. Uvuvi umezidi vilevile hadi kuhatarisha samaki wenyewe. ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.waterandnature.org/pub/SituationPangani.pdf Pangani Basin - A Situation Analysis] (Kiingereza, [[PDF]]) * [http://www.svt.ntnu.no/geo/Forskning/Pangani/Pan_GIS-e.htm Ramani] (Kiingereza) [[Category:Mito ya Tanzania]] 2138 6668 2006-02-01T21:39:33Z 172.176.51.84 '''Rhapta''' ni jina la soko na mji wa kale katika pwani la [[Afrika ya Mashariki]]. Wataalamu walio wengi hukubaliana ilikuwepo ufukoni wa [[Tanzania]] lakini hakuna uhakika kuhusu mahali pake kamili. Kuna kisio la kuwa Rhapta ni jina la kale la [[Pangani mjini|Pangani]] lakini hiyo ni kisio tu kutokana na bandari nzuri ya kiasili inayopatikana pale Pangani. Wengine wanaona [[Tanga]] au mdomo wa mto wa [[Rufiji]] ilikuwa mahali pa Rhapta. Kitabu cha [[Periplus ya Bahari ya Eritrea]] kilichoandikwa mnamo mwaka 70 [[BK]] kinataja Rhapta kuwa soko kuu la [[Azania]] barani pia kituo cha mwisho kati ya miji na vituo vilivyofanya biashara na dunia ya Kiroma. Mnamo mwaka 200 mwandishi Mmisri [[Claudius Ptolemaius]] anataja Rhapta kuwa mji mkuu wa Barbaria (Afrika ya Mashariki barani). Rhapta ilikuwa mdomoni wa mto mwenye jina la Rhapta pia ambao uliaminika kuwa na asili yake katika "[[Milima ya Mwezi]]". Mdomo wa mto ulikuwa karibu na kisiwa cha [[Menouthis]]. Hakuna uhakika kama kisiwa hiki ni [[Pemba]] au [[Mafia]]. Sarafu za kiroma za karne za kwanza BK zimepatikana mahali mbalimbali za pwani; zinathebitisha kuwepo kwa biashara kati ya dunia ya Kiroma na [[Azania]] wakati ule. Kufuatana na Periplus biashara ilikuwa ya pembe ya ndovu na gamba la kobe. [[en:Rhapta]] 2139 6606 2006-01-30T15:50:18Z Gaudio 134 [[es:Usuario:Gaudio]] [[en:User:Gaudio]] 2140 9625 2006-05-14T11:41:06Z Kipala 107 Mji wa Pangani umehamishwa hapa Pangani (mji): tuwe na muundo moja [[Image:Pangani_Town.jpg|thumb|right|330px|Pangani &mdash; mji wa kihistoria]] '''Mji wa [[Pangani]]''' uko ufukoni mwa [[Tanzania]] kati ya [[Dar es Salaam]] na [[Tanga]]. Leo hii ni mji mdogo mwenye wakazi karibu 8000 na makao makuu ya [[Wilaya ya Pangani]]. Lakini ina historia ndefu hasa kwa sababu kuna bandari nzuri ya kiasili mdomoni wa [[mto wa Pangani]] inayofaa jahazi ndogo. Majengo mbalimbali ya kale ni ishara ya historia hiyo. Pamoja na Boma la Wajerumani kuna nyumba za Waswahili. ==Historia== Kuna uwezekano ya kwamba Pangani ina historia ya miaka 2000. Hii inategemea kama kweli Pangani ni sawa na mji wa [[Rhapta]] unaojulikana kutokana na kitabu cha [[Periplus ya Bahari ya Eritrea]] kilichoandikwa mn. mw. 70 b.K. Pangani ilikuwa mji muhimu katika utamaduni wa [[Waswahili]]. Katika karne ya 19 [[BK]] iliona maendeleo chini ya utawala wa [[Zanzibar]] pamoja na miji mingine Uswahilini. Makabaila walilima miwa wakitumia kazi ya [[watumwa]]. Pangani ilikuwa pia kituo muhimu ya misafara ilianza hapa kuelekea ndani ya bara pia soko muhimu ya watumwa. Mwanzo wa [[ukoloni]] Pangani ilikuwa mahali pa kuanzishwa kwa vita vya [[Bushiri]] mwaka 1889 dhidi ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani|Wajerumani]]. Mwakilishi wa [[Kampuni ya Kijerumani kwa Afrika ya Mashariki (DOAG)]] von Zalewski alimtendea liwali wa Sultani kwa ukali uliosababisha ghasia ya watu wa Pangani. Baada ya kukomeshwa kwa vita hii umuhimu wa Pangani ulipungua sana kwa sababu Wajerumani walikazia maendeleo ya [[Tanga]]. Pia bandari ya Pangani hakufaa tena kupokea meli kubwa. Polepole Pangani imerudi nyuma. Uhaba wa mawasiliano na barabara uliongeza mwendo huu. Hadi leo hakuna barabara ya lami kabisa katika wilaya yake. [[Category:Miji ya Tanzania]] [[Category:Waswahili]] [[en:Pangani]] 2141 10927 2006-06-18T11:39:49Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[no:William Tyndale]] [[Image:Tyndale.jpeg|200 px|thumb|left|William Tyndale]] [[Image:Tyndale-martyrdom.png|thumb|right|300px|'''William Tyndale''' akifungwa mtini kabla ya kuchomwa motoni baada ya kunyongwa. Mdomoni maneno yake "Lord, ope the King of England's eies" ]] [[Image:364px-The Gospell off Sancte Jhon - The fyrst chapter.jpeg|300 px|thumb|right|The Gospell off Sancte Jhon - The fyrst chapter.]] '''William Tyndale''' alikuwa mwanatheolojia Mwingereza, kasisi ya kanisa na mtaalamu aliyetafsiri Biblia mara ya kwanza katika [[Kiingereza#Kiingereza_cha_Kisasa|Kiingereza cha kisasa]]. Alizaliwa huko [[Gloucestershire]] mnamo mwaka 1494 - aliuawa Vilvoorde (Brabant - Ubelgiji ya leo) tarehe 6.10.1536. Tafsiri yake ya Biblia ilikuwa toleo la kwanza lililochapishwa kwa kutumia mitambo mapya ya uchapaji vitabu. Mawazo yake yalipingwa kwa nguvu zote na watawala na watu wa dini yalionekana kama upinzani wa kidini hivyo aliamua kukimbilia [[Ujerumani]] kwa usalama wake, huko alitafuta mchapishaji aliyetoa nakala ya kwanza ya [[Agano Jipya]] kwa lugha ya kingereza nakufuatiwa baadaye na [[agano la kale]]. Askofu Kardinali Wolsey alimtangaza kuwa mzushi. Lakini ilikuwa tendo la kupinga ndoa na talaka za mfalme wa Uingereza [[Henry VIII]] ilikuwa sababu ya kifo chake. Henry VIII alikasirika juu ya Tyndale akamwomba [[Kaisari]] [[Karl V]] wa Ujerumani kumkamata. Tyndale alishikwa huko Brussels (mji chini ya Kaisari wakati ule) akasoimamishwa mbele ya mahakama iliyotoa hukumu ya mauti wka sababu ya uzushi dhidi ya kanisa katoliki. Katika mji wa Vilvoorde penye gereza lake alifungwa mtini akachongwa na mwili wake kuchomwa motoni. [[Category:Historia ya Ukristo]] [[Category:Kiingereza]] [[de:William Tyndale]] [[en:William Tyndale]] [[fr:William Tyndale]] [[ja:ウィリアム・ティンダル]] [[nl:William Tyndale]] [[no:William Tyndale]] [[pt:William Tyndale]] 2142 11484 2006-06-29T07:29:41Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[la:Pele]] '''Pelé''' (amezaliwa mwaka [[1940]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Brazili]]. Anahesabiwa na wengi kuwa mchezaji mzuri zaidi wa wakati wote. Jina lake halisi ni '''Edson Arantes Do Nascimento'''. Alicheza kama mshambuliaji wa kati. Akiwa na miaka 17 tu aliisaidia Brazili kutwaa kombe la dunia 1954 na baadaye tena 1961 na 70. Alivuma sana katika miaka 70 duniani kote. Alifunga mabao zaidi ya 1000 katika michezo ya wachezaji wa shughuli. {{mbegu}} [[ar:بيليه]] [[az:Pelé]] [[bg:Пеле]] [[ca:Pelé]] [[cs:Pelé]] [[da:Pelé]] [[de:Pelé]] [[en:Pelé]] [[eo:Pelé]] [[es:Pelé]] [[et:Pelé]] [[eu:Pele]] [[fa:پله]] [[fi:Pelé]] [[fr:Pelé]] [[gl:Pelé]] [[he:פלה]] [[hr:Pelé]] [[id:Pelé]] [[it:Pelé]] [[ja:ペレ]] [[ka:პელე]] [[ko:펠레]] [[la:Pele]] [[nl:Pelé]] [[no:Pelé]] [[pl:Pelé]] [[pt:Pelé]] [[ru:Пеле]] [[sl:Pelé]] [[sr:Пеле]] [[sv:Pelé (fotbollsspelare)]] [[tr:Pelé]] [[zh:比利]] 2143 6619 2006-01-31T12:37:47Z Marcos 3 Pele umehamishwa hapa Pelé #REDIRECT [[Pelé]] 2144 6627 2006-01-31T22:42:41Z Matt Crypto 20 Tyndale wiliam umehamishwa hapa William Tyndale #REDIRECT [[William Tyndale]] 2145 6638 2006-02-01T00:55:21Z Kipala 107 '''Eastleigh''' ni jina la * '''[[Eastleigh (Uingereza)]]''' ni mji wa [[Uingereza]] wa kusini karibu na [[Southampton]] katika wilaya ya [[Hampshire]] Kutokana na mji huu ni jina la maeneo yaliyowahi kutawaliwa na Uingereza katika sehemu mbalimbali ya dunia: * '''[[Eastleigh (Nairobi)]]''' ni mtaa au eneo la mji mkuu wa [[Kenya]] inayopakana na mitaa ya [[Pangani]] pia [[Mathare Valley]] * '''[[Eastleigh (Edenvale)]]''' ni mtaa wa mji wa [[Edenvale]] katika jimbo la [[Gauteng]], [[Afrika Kusini]] Jina limetokana na maneno "'''east'''" = mashariki na "'''leigh'''" kutokana na [[Kiingereza]] ya Kale "leah" / "legh" yaani aina ya mti. 2146 11306 2006-06-25T13:32:26Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[als:Tanga]] '''Tanga''' ni jina la * '''[[Mkoa wa Tanga]]''' katika [[Tanzania]] * '''[[Wilaya ya Tanga]]''', Tanzania * '''[[Tanga mjini|Mji wa Tanga]]''' Neno "Tanga" linamaanisha pia * kitambaa kikubwa kinachokingamishwa kwenye mlingoti wa [[jahazi]] * '''sarafu ndogo''' huko [[Tajikistan]] (100 Tanga = 1 Rubel) * '''aina za chupi''' za wakinamama zinazohitaji kitambaa kidogo sana Kuna pia '''filamu''' ya Kibrazilia yenye jina la "Tanga" ambamo Tanga ni jina la kisiwa kidogo. {{maana}} [[als:Tanga]] [[de:Tanga]] [[en:Tanga]] [[nl:Tanga]] [[sv:Tanga]] 2148 6645 2006-02-01T11:53:04Z 193.225.194.254 <div style="float: right; text-align: center;">[[Image:Other-langs.png]]<br>[[:meta:User:Dubaduba|'''Other languages''']]<br> </div> 2150 8728 2006-04-25T12:41:07Z 218.123.18.38 [[Image:Tanzania_Tanga.png|thumb|right|175px|Mkoa wa Tanga katika Tanzania]] [[Image:Tanga1.GIF|thumb|right|175px|Wilaya za Mkoa wa Tanga]] '''Mkoa wa Tanga''' ni kati ya mikoa 26 za [[Tanzania]]. Makao makuu yako [[Tanga mjini]]. ==Eneo la mkoa== Mkoa una eneo la 27,348 km² uko Tanzania Kaskazini Mashariki ukipakana na [[Kenya]] upande wa Kaskazini, [[Bahari Hindi]] upande wa mashariki na mikoa ya [[Morogoro]], [[Manyara]] na [[Kilimanjaro]]. Mpaka upande wa kusini unafuata mto wa Mligaji. Kuna wilaya saba ndizo [[Lushoto]], [[Korogwe]], [[Muheza]], [[Handeni]], [[Kilindi]], [[Pangani]] and [[Tanga Mjini]]. Eneo linalofaa kilimo ni 17,000 km². Tanga iko kati ya mikoa midogo ya Tanzania ikiwa na msongamano mkubwa wa wakazi ndani ya eneo lake. {| {{jedwalimaridadi}} |- !colspan=2|Wilaya au manisipaa !! Eneo km² !! Wakazi (2002) !! Tarafa !! Kata !! Kijiji |- |'''1'''|| [[Tanga mjini]]||536||243,580||4||21||23 |- |'''2'''|| [[Muheza]]||4,922||279,423||6||27||140 |- |'''3'''|| [[Korogwe]]||3,756||261,004||4||20||132 |- |'''4'''|| [[Lushoto]]||3,500||419,970||8||32||137 |- |'''5'''|| [[Handeni]]||13,209||393,931||13||23||102 |- |'''6'''|| [[Pangani]]||1,425||44,107||4||13||23 |- |colspan=2|'''Jumla'''||1,642,015||27,348||37||136||557 |- |colspan=6| (Wilaya ya Handeni imegawanywa kuwa wilaya mbili za Handeni na Kilindi) |} <BR> ==Wakazi== Makabila makubwa mkoani ni Wasambaa, [[Wazigua]], [[Wabondei]] na [[Wadigo]]. Wasambaa ndio kikundi kikubwa milimani ya [[Usambara]], Muheza, Korogwe na Lushoto. Kwa jumla ndio 40% ya wakazi wote wa mkoa. Wazigua ni kabila kubwa huko Handeni na sehemu za Korogwe na Pangani. Wabondei wako hasa Muheza na sehemu za Pangani. Wadigo ndio wengi Tanga penyewe na sehemu za Muheza. Msongamano wa wakazi ni kali hasa wilaya ya Lushoto penye ardhi yenye rutba nzuri. ==Hali ya hewa== Kwa jumla hali ya hewa ni joto lenye unyevu. Handeni kuna joto ikiwa pakavu zaidi. Milima ya Usambara hapana joto sana. Wakati wa Disemba -Machi halijoto huko Tanga inafikia [[sentigredi]] 30-32 mchana na 26-29 usiku. Wakati wa Mei hadi Oktoba halijota inapoa ni sentigredi 23-28 mchana na 20-24 usiku. Unyevu iko juu kati ya 100% na 65%. Maeneo mengi ya mkoa hupokea angalau 750 mm za mvua mwakani au zaidi. Pwani ni zaidi takriban 1,100 hadi 1,400 mm ikipungua sehemu za ndani isipokuwa milima ya Usambara ambako mvua inaweza kuzidi 2000 mm kwa mwaka. ==Uchumi== Wakazi wengi hutegemea kilimo cha riziki pamoja na ufugaji na uvuvi. Mazao ya chakula ni hasa [[mahindi]], [[muhogo]], [[ndizi]], [[maharagwe]] na [[mpunga]]. * Mazao ya biashara ndiyo [[katani]], pamba, [[kahawa]], [[chai]], nazi, tumbako na [[korosho]]. * Mifugo ndio ngombe, mbuzi na kondoo pamoja na kuku. * Katani ilikuwa zao la biashara hasa kwa ajili ya Tanga tangu kuingizwa kutoka [[Mexico]] zamani za [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani]]. Hulimwa kote mkoani isipokuwa Lushoto, hasa Muheza na Korogwe kwenye mashamba makubwa. Mashamba haya yalikuwa ya walowezi, yalitaifishwa baada ya uhuru. Tangu kuanguka kwa sekta ya umma yamebinafsishwa tena siku hizi. Zao la katani inategemea sana soko la dunia, umuhimu wake ilirudi nyuma tangu miaka ya 1960. Tanga ilikuwa na viwanda vingi kiasi katika miaka ya 1960 na 1970 lakini karibu zote zimekwama kutokana na siasa ya [[Ujamaa]] na uchumi wake ulioiga mfumo wa nchi za kisoshalisti. Viwanda vichache vilivyobaki havizai mali kulingana na uwezo wao. Kilichobaki ni hasa kiwanda cha [[saruji]] Tanga. Utalii umeanza kupanua kidogo hasa katika eneo la Pangani na [[Mapango ya Amboni]]. ==Viungo vya nje== *{{en}} [http://www.tzonline.org/pdf/Tanga.pdf Tanga Region Socio-Economic Profile] (PDF) {{Mikoa ya Tanzania}} [[en:Tanga Region]] [[ja:タンガ州]] [[Category:Mikoa ya Tanzania]] 2152 10823 2006-06-14T16:20:15Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[it:Africa Orientale Tedesca]] {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; empty-cells:show; width:330px; margin-left:0.5em;" |+<font size="+1">'''Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani'''</font><br /> | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan="2" | {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" | align="center" width="50%" | [[Image:Deutsch-ostafrika-fahne.JPG|right|150px|Bendera ya Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani]] | align="center" width="50%" | [[Image:Deutsch-Ostafrika-wappen.gif|100px|Nembo ya Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani]] |} |---- | Mwanzo wa utawala wa kikoloni || [[1885]] |---- | Makao ya serikali ya kikoloni || [[Bagamoyo]] hadi 1891 halafu [[Daressalam]] |---- | Eneo || 995.000 km² |---- | Wakazi || 7.700.000 (1913) |---- | Wakazi Wajerumani || 4100 (1913) |---- | [[Pesa]] || 1 [[Rupia]]= 64 Pesa, kuanzia 1905 1 Rupia = 100 Heller |---- | Nchi huru za leo || 1961 [[Tanganyika]], tangu 1964 [[Tanzania]]<br /> [[Ruanda]] <br /> [[Burundi]] |---- |} [[Image:Sansibar_(Einseitige_Farbkarte).jpg|thumb|Ramani ya Kijerumani ya Zanzibar na pwani(mnamo 1888)]] '''Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani''' (au: ya [[Kidachi]]) ilikuwa jina la koloni ya [[Ujerumani]] huko [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] kati ya 1885 hadi 1918/1919. Eneo lake lilijumlisha nchi za kisasa za [[Tanzania]] bara (bila [[Zanzibar]]), [[Burundi]] na [[Rwanda]]. Ilikuwa koloni kubwa kabisa ya [[Dola la Ujerumani]]. {{mbegu}} [[ca:Àfrica Oriental Alemanya]] [[de:Deutsch-Ostafrika]] [[en:German East Africa]] [[es:África Oriental Alemana]] [[it:Africa Orientale Tedesca]] [[ko:독일령 동아프리카]] [[nl:Duits Oost-Afrika]] [[no:Tysk Østafrika]] 2153 11530 2006-06-30T07:00:55Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[scn:Dinusauru]] '''Dinosaurs''' ni wanyama jamii ya mijusi walioishi miaka mamilioni iliyopita katika kipindi kilichojulikana kama [[Mesozoic Era]]. Dinosaurs wakubwa wana urefu wa futi 100 na 50 hivi na wale wadogo zaidi wana ukubwa kama wa [[kuku]] hivi, historia ya maisha yao hasa kuzaliana ni ngumu kidogo kwani kwa mfano ukichukua masalia yao huwezi kujua yupi jike nayupi dume. Wengi walitembea kwa miguu miwili (''bipedal'') na wengine minne, wako waliokuwa na pembe na wasio ngozi yao ngumu misili ya ile ya tembo hii ilikuwa ni miaka 165 milionni iliyopita kwenye kipindi cha Mesozoic Era kipindi hiki dunia ilikuwa haija gawanyika ikiitwa (''[[Pangaea]]''). {{mbegu}} [[Category:Wanyama]] [[ar:ديناصور]] [[ast:Dinosauriu]] [[bg:Динозаври]] [[bs:Dinosaurusi]] [[ca:Dinosaure]] [[cs:Dinosauři]] [[cy:Deinosor]] [[da:Dinosaurus]] [[de:Dinosaurier]] [[en:Dinosaur]] [[eo:Dinosaŭro]] [[es:Dinosauria]] [[eu:Dinosauro]] [[fa:دایناسور]] [[fi:Hirmuliskot]] [[fr:Dinosaure]] [[gl:Dinosauro]] [[he:דינוזאורים]] [[hr:Dinosauri]] [[id:Dinosaurus]] [[it:Dinosauri]] [[ja:恐竜]] [[ko:공룡]] [[ku:Dînosaur]] [[li:Dinosaurusse]] [[lt:Dinozaurai]] [[ms:Dinosaur]] [[nl:Dinosauriërs]] [[nn:Dinosaurus]] [[no:Dinosaurer]] [[oc:Dinosaures]] [[pl:Dinozaury]] [[pt:Dinossauro]] [[ro:Dinozaur]] [[ru:Динозавры]] [[scn:Dinusauru]] [[simple:Dinosaur]] [[sk:Dinosaury]] [[sl:Dinozaver]] [[sr:Диносауруси]] [[su:Dinosaurus]] [[sv:Dinosaurier]] [[th:ไดโนเสาร์]] [[tr:Dinozor]] [[uk:Динозавр]] [[ur:حیوان المہیب]] [[vi:Khủng long]] [[zh:恐龙]] 2154 8573 2006-04-21T16:51:38Z Matt Crypto 20 <font style="background:#fff0ff"><tt>(sw)</tt> {{{1}}}</font>&nbsp;<font style="background:#efffff"><tt>(en)</tt> {{{2}}}</font> 2155 8629 2006-04-22T08:49:23Z Matt Crypto 20 good grief! Rex Curry hits the Swahili Wikipedia! Now we're really on the map... Salaamu, makala yanajaa makosa hata vigumu kuisahihisha - tufanyeje? --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 20:11, 2 Februari 2006 (UTC) Basi nimeongeza sentensi chache cha mwanzo. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 20:42, 2 Februari 2006 (UTC) 2156 10806 2006-06-14T10:07:24Z YurikBot 117 robot Modifying: [[eu:Bigarren Mundu Gerratea]] '''Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia''' ilikuwa vita ya [[Ujerumani]], [[Italia]], [[Japani]] na mataifa yaliyoshikamana nao ([[Romania]], [[Hungaria]] na [[Bulgaria]]) dhidi ya nchi nyingi za dunia (ziliitwa [[mataifa ya ushirikiano]]) kati yao hasa [[Uingereza]], [[Ufaransa]], [[Urusi]] na [[Marekani]]. ==Vita Kuu ya Dunia== Jina limepatikana kutokana na vita ya miaka 1914 - 1918 iliyoona mapambano kati ya Ujerumani na wenzake dhidi ya nchi nyingi. Vita ya 1914/1918 iliitwa "Vita Kuu ya Dunia" kwa sababu mapigano yalienea pande nyingi za dunia yote tofauti na vita zilizotangulia. Kwa namna fulani vita iliyoanza 1939 ilikuwa marudio ya vita iliyotangulia. Hivyo imekuwa kawaida kuzitaja vita hizi kama [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia|Vita Kuu ya Kwanza]] na ya Pili ya Dunia. ==Mwanzo wa vita== Vita hii ilianza huko '''[[Ulaya]]''' tar. 01.09.1939 kwa mashambulizi ya Wajerumani dhidi [[Poland]]. Wengine huhesabu mashambulizi ya '''[[Japani]] dhidi [[Uchina]]''' tar. 07.07. 1937 kuwa mwanzo wa vita. Mwisho wake ulikuwa huko [[Ulaya]] tar. 09.05.1945 halafu huko [[Asia]] tar. 02. 09. 1945. ==Vita katika Ulaya== '''Mashambulizi ya Wajerumani dhidi Poland''' ilisababisha hali ya vita kati ya Ujerumani kwa upande moja na [[Ufaransa]] na [[Uingereza]] kwa upande mwingine waliokuwa na mkataba ya kulindana na Poland. Serikali za [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[Nepal]], [[Afrika Kusini]] na [[Kanada]] zilishikamana na Uingereza kwa kutangaza vita dhidi Ujerumani. [[Urusi]] ulikuwa na mkataba wa siri na Ujerumani ulichukua nafasi ya kuteka sehemu kubwa za Poland ya Mashariki. Mwezi wa Aprili 1940 Waingereza walianza kupeleka wanajeshi '''[[Norway]]''' wakiwa na shabaha ya kuzuia kupelekwa kwa madini ya chuma kutoka [[Sweden]] kwenda Ujerumani kupitia mabandari ya Norway. Wajerumani walichukua nafasi hii kuteka '''[[Denmark]]''' na Norway na kufukuza Waingereza. '''Mei 1940 Wajerumani walishambulia Ufaransa''' pamoja na nchi za [[Uholanzi]], [[Ubelgiji]] na [[Luxemburg]]. Vita hii ilikwisha haraka Wajerumani walishinda na kupiga pia kikosi cha Waingereza huko Ufaransa. Baadaye walisitasita kushambulia Uingereza peyewe. Mipango yao ilihitaji mbinu za kuvuka bahari. Wakajaribu kuvuruga nguvu ya kijeshi ya Waingereza kwa mashambulizi ya ndege lakini hawakuwa na uwezo wa kutosha. Katika shambulizi dhidi ya Ufaransa Waitalia walishirikiana kwa upande wa Wajerumani. Mwisho wa 1940 Waitalia walianza kuwashambulia [[Ugiriki]] na Waingereza huko [[Misri]] na [[Malta]]. Lakini mahali pote walirudishwa nyuma hadi kiongozi Mjerumani [[Adolf Hitler]] aliamua kuwasaidia Waitalia na kupeleka wanajeshi Afrika ya Kaskazini pamoja na Ugiriki mwaka 1941. Hii ilisababisha pia Wajerumani kuteka [[Yugoslavia]] wakiwa njiani kwenda Ugiriki. ==Vita ya kidunia== Mwaka huu wa 1941 uliona vita kubadilika kutoka vita ya Kiulaya kuwa vita ya kidunia. '''Wajerumani walishambulia '''Urusi'''''' wakifika hadi kando la mji mkuu wa Moscow lakini walishindwa kuiteka. Walikamata kusini yote ya Urusi hadi milima ya [[Kaukasi]] na hadi mto wa Wolga. ''' Wajapani walishambulia '''Marekani'''''' pamoja na makoloni ya Waingereza na Waholanzi huko Asia. Hitler alitangaza pia vita dhidi ya Marekani akitaka kuwasaidia Wajapan ingawa Japan haikushambulia Urusi. Katika miaka iliyofuata nguvu ya Ujerumani na Japani ilipungua. Hasa uwezo wa kiuchumi wa Marekani ulizalisha mitambo na silaha kwa mkasi usiopatikana kwa Wajerumani na Wajapon. Ukali wa utetezi wa Warusi ulichosha nguvu za Wajerumani. '''Kuanzia mwaka 1943 mataifa ya ushirikiano yalianza kusogea mbele''' pande zote. Warusi walisukuma Wajerumani polepole warudi nyuma. Waamerika na Waingereza walipeleka wanajeshi Italia ya Kusini. Italia iliona mapinduzi kiongozi Mwitalia [[Mussolini]] aliondolewa madarakani na serikali mpya ilijiunga na mataifa ya ushirikiano. 1944 mataifa ya ushirikiano waliingia Ufaransa wakielekea Ujerumani. Wakati huohuo Warusi walisogea mbele zaidi wakikaribia mipaka ya Ujerumani. Huko Asia Japon ilipotea sehemu kubwa sana ya meli zake za kivita na Jeshi la Marekani ilikaribia visiwa vya Japani tayari. ==Mwisho wa vita== [[Image:Red army soldiers raising the soviet flag on the roof of the reichstag berlin germany.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Mwanajeshi Mrusi anabandika bendera yake juu ya Bunge la Berlin tar. 2.5.1945]] 1945 iliona mwisho wa vita. Mataifa mengi yaliyokuwa mbali kama [[Argentina]], [[Peru]] au [[Mongolia]] yalitangaza pia hali ya vita dhidi Ujerumani na Japani. Pia nchi zilizowahi kushikamana na Wajerumani waligeukia mataifa ya ushirikoano. Ujerumani penyewe ilivamiwa kutoka Magharibi na Mashariki. Warusi walifika mji mkuu wa [[Berlin]] na Adolf Hitler alijiua tar. 30.04.1945; wanajeshi wake walitia sahihi mkataba wa kusalimu amri tar. 08./09. 05. 1945. [[Image:Nagasakibomb.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Wingu la kinyuklia juu ya Nagasaki tar. 9.8.1945]] Huko Asia Japani iliendelea kupigana na Waamerika walioweza kufikisha ndege zao zilizobeba mabomu hadi Japoni penyewe. Agosti 1945 Waamerika walitumia silaha mbili za kinyuklia walizokuwa nazo wakati ule na kuua watu wengi sana huko [[Hiroshima]] tar. 6 na [[Nagasaki]] tar. 9 Agosti 1945. Siku zilezile Warusi walianza kuwashambulia wanajeshi Wajapani huko Uchina. Haya yote yalisababisha serikali ya Japani kukubali wameshindwa wakatia sahihi mkataba wa kusalimu amri tar. 02.09.1945. ==Wafu wa vita== Kwa jumla takriban watu millioni 60 walikufa kutokana na vita hivi. Makadirio hutaja wanajeshi millioni 25 na watu raia millioni 35. Taifa lililopotea watu wengi ni Urusi walipokufa kati ya millioni 20 - 28, idadi kubwa watu raia. Takriban watu millioni 10 waliuawa na Wajerumani au walikufa kutokana na kutendewa vibaya nje ya mapigano kama vile millioni 6 za [[Wayahudi]], wengine Wapoland, Warusi, [[Wasinti]], walemavu n.k.. ==[[Umoja wa Mataifa]]== Tokeo moja la vita kuu ya pili ni kuanzishwa kwa Umoja wa Mataifa. Uliundwa 1945 kama chombo cha kuzuia vita zijazo. Kutokana na historia hii mataifa yenye nafasi za kudumu na kura ya [[veto]] katika [[Baraza ya Usalama]] ndiyo mataifa washindi wa vita kuu ya pili: Marekani, Uchina, Ufaransa, Uingereza na Urusi. Kutokana na kura ya veto hawawezi kuondolewa bila kukubali wenyewe hata kama siku hizi Ufaransa na Uingereza si nchi muhimu sana tena duniani. [[af:Tweede Wêreldoorlog]] [[als:Zweiter Weltkrieg]] [[ang:Ōðru Woruldgūþ]] [[ar:حرب عالمية ثانية]] [[ast:Segunda Guerra Mundial]] [[ba:Икенсе донъя һуғышы]] [[be:Другая сусьветная вайна]] [[bg:Втора световна война]] [[bs:Drugi svjetski rat]] [[ca:Segona Guerra Mundial]] [[cs:Druhá světová válka]] [[cy:Yr Ail Ryfel Byd]] [[da:2. verdenskrig]] [[de:Zweiter Weltkrieg]] [[el:Β΄ Παγκόσμιος Πόλεμος]] [[en:World War II]] [[eo:Dua mondmilito]] [[es:Segunda Guerra Mundial]] [[et:Teine maailmasõda]] [[eu:Bigarren Mundu Gerratea]] [[fa:جنگ جهانی دوم]] [[fi:Toinen maailmansota]] [[fr:Seconde Guerre mondiale]] [[fy:Twadde Wrâldkriich]] [[ga:An Dara Cogadh Domhanda]] [[gl:Segunda Guerra Mundial]] [[gn:Ñorairõ Guasu]] [[he:מלחמת העולם השנייה]] [[hr:Drugi svjetski rat]] [[hu:II. világháború]] [[id:Perang Dunia II]] [[io:Duesma mondo-milito]] [[is:Seinni heimsstyrjöldin]] [[it:Seconda guerra mondiale]] [[ja:第二次世界大戦]] [[ka:მეორე მსოფლიო ომი]] [[ko:제2차 세계 대전]] [[la:Bellum Orbis Terrarum II]] [[lb:Zweete Weltkrich]] [[li:Twiede Wereldoorlog]] [[lt:Antrasis pasaulinis karas]] [[lv:Otrais pasaules karš]] [[mk:Втора Светска војна]] [[ms:Perang Dunia II]] [[mt:Tieni Gwerra Dinjija]] [[nds:Tweet Weltorlog]] [[nl:Tweede Wereldoorlog]] [[nn:Andre verdskrigen]] [[no:Andre verdenskrig]] [[pl:II wojna światowa]] [[pt:Segunda Guerra Mundial]] [[ro:Al doilea război mondial]] [[ru:Вторая мировая война]] [[scn:Secunna guerra munniali]] [[sh:Drugi svetski rat]] [[simple:World War II]] [[sk:Druhá svetová vojna]] [[sl:Druga svetovna vojna]] [[sq:Lufta e II-të Botrore]] [[sr:Други светски рат]] [[sv:Andra världskriget]] [[ta:இரண்டாம் உலகப் போர்]] [[th:สงครามโลกครั้งที่สอง]] [[tr:II. Dünya Savaşı]] [[uk:Друга світова війна 1939-45]] [[vi:Đệ nhị thế chiến]] [[wa:Deujhinme guere daegnrece]] [[zh:第二次世界大战]] [[zh-yue:第二次世界大戰]] 2157 6695 2006-02-03T15:13:50Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT''' [[Tanganyika African National Union]]''' 2158 6697 2006-02-03T22:54:44Z 62.154.201.129 #REDIRECT''' [[Mwalimu Nyerere]]''' 2159 7718 2006-03-26T14:22:45Z 172.208.175.90 [[Image:Eac-flag.gif|EAC Flag|thumb|right]] [[Image:Africa-countries-EAC.png|thumb|right|Nchi tatu za Jumuiya ya Afrika ya Mashariki]] '''Jumuiya ya Afrika ya Mashariki''' (East African Community - EAC) ni ushirikiano kati ya nchi za [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] hasa [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]] na [[Tanzania]]. Jumuiya hii imepatikana mara mbili katika historia: ==Jumuiya ya kwanza== Nchi tatu za [[Afrika]] ya Mashariki zilizokuwa chini ya utawala wa [[Uingereza]] zilianza uhuru wao kwa ushirikiano wa karibu uliorithiwa kutokana na utawala wa pamoja wa kikoloni. Baada ya kupata uhuru 1961 nchi tatu ziliunda '''Mamlaka ya Huduma za Pamoja za Afrika ya Mashariki''' (East African Common Services Organisation – EACSO). Ushirikiano ulihusu '''fedha''' (East African Shilling), '''forodha''' (Customs Union), huduma za '''reli''' (East African Railway), '''ndege''' (East African Airways), mabandari, posta na simu na elimu ya juu ([[Chuo Kikuu cha Afrika ya Mashariki]] chenye kampasi [[Makerere]], [[Daressalaam]] na [[Nairobi]]). Mkataba ulilenga pia kwa mahakama kuu ya pamoja na siasa ya kiuchumi ya soko la pamoja. Haya yote yalitakiwa kuwa chini ya '''Bunge''' la Afrika ya Mashariki. '''Tangu 1965 umoja huu ulianza kurudi nyuma''' kila nchi ilianzisha pesa yake. Mwaka '''1967''' nchi tatu zilijaribu upya kuimarisha umoja wao kwa Mkataba wa Ushirikiano wa Afrika ya Mashariki wakiita umoja wao „'''Jumuiya ya Afrika ya Mashariki'''“ ikiwa makao makuu ndipo Arusha. Lakini mielekeo ya nchi zote tatu zilitofautiana mno Kenya ikiendelea kwa njia ya kipebari lakini Tanzania ilijaribu kujenga Ujamaa (usoshialisti) kuanzia mw. 1967. Uganda uliingia katika kipindi cha udikteta kali ya [[Idi Amini]] aliyeharibu uhusiana na majirani alipoanza kudai sehemu za maeneo yao. Hivyo mwaka '''1977 Jumuiya ya Afrika ya Mashariki ilikuwa imekwisha kufanya kazi yoyote na 1983 ilifutwa rasmi'''. Mali iliyobaki iligawanywa kati ya nchi zote tatu. ==Kufufuka kwa Jumuiya ya Afrika ya Mashariki tangu 1993== Tangu miaka ya 1990 majaribio ya kunjenga umoja mpya yalionekana tena. Maraisi [[Daniel arap Moi|Moi]] wa Kenya, [[Ali Hassan Mwinyi|Mwinyi]] wa Tanzania, and [[Yoweri Kaguta Museveni|Museveni]] wa Uganda walipatana Mkataba wa Ushirikiano wa Afrika ya Mashariki huko [[Arusha]], Tanzania, tar. 30-11-1993. Jumuiya mpya ya Afrika ya Mashariki ilianzishwa Januari 2001 huko [[Arusha]] – Tanzania penye makao makuu ya jumuiya hii. Mkataba wa 2004 uliweka msingi wa '''Umoja wa Forodha''' ulioanzishwa 2005. Kuna tena [[Bunge la Afrika ya Mashariki]] linalojumuisha wabunge waliochaguliwa na bunge tatu za nchi wanachama. Pia [[Mahakama Kuu ya Afrika ya Mashariki]] imeundwa upya. Kuna mipango kuwa tena na pesa yapamoja kuanzia mwaka 2009. ==Nchi wanachama== * [[Kenya]] (2001) * [[Tanzania]] (2001) * [[Uganda]] (2001) [[Burundi]] na [[Rwanda]] zinategemea kujiunga mwaka 2006. ==Viungo vya Nje== *[http://www.eac.int/ East African Community] *[http://www.africa-business.com/features/eac.html Africa Pages] *[http://institutions.africadatabase.org/data/i16299.html Information from africadatabase.org] *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4139635.stm BBC News report on the setting of the Customs Union] *[http://english.eastday.com/eastday/englishedition/business/userobject1ai1075704.html East African Monetary Union] [[Category:Afrika]] [[en:East African Community]] [[es:Comunidad Africana Oriental]] [[de:Ostafrikanische Gemeinschaft]] 2160 6723 2006-02-04T17:07:50Z Kipala 107 Antaktika umehamishwa hapa Bara la Antaktika: taz. makala "Bara" #REDIRECT [[Bara la Antaktika]] 2161 11321 2006-06-25T17:26:41Z Kipala 107 '''Mtwara''' ni jina la mji na mkoa wa [[Tanzania]]. [[Image:Tanzania_Mtwara.png|right|175px|Map of the Mtwara Region]] '''Mkoa wa Mtwara''' ni kati ya mikoa 26 ya [[Tanzania]]. Uko katika pembe la kusini-mashariki kabisa la nchi. Umepakana na [[Mkoa wa Lindi]] upande wa kaskazini, [[Bahari Hindi]] kwa mashariki, [[Msumbiji]] katika kusini na [[Mkoa wa Ruvuma]] upande wa Magharibi. Mpaka wa kusini ni Mto wa Ruvuma. Ukiwa na 16,720 km² Mtwara ni mkoa mdogo katika Tanzania pamoja na [[Kilimanjaro]]. ==Wakazi== Jumla kuna wakazi 1,128,523 (sensa 2002). Wanawake wanazidi wakiwa 53 ya wakazi wote kwa sababu wanaume wengi hutoka nje kutafuta kazi. Kati ya makabila ya Mtwara ndio [[Wamakonde]] wanaojulikana zaidi kutokana na sanaa yao ya uchongaji wa ubao hasa mpingo. ==Utawala== Kuna wilaya 5: [[Mtwara]]/[[Mikindani]] mjini, Mtwara Vijijini, [[Masasi]], [[Newala]] na [[Tandahimba]]. Ndani yao ndipo tarafa 21, kata 98 na vijiji 554. ==Uchumi== Mtwara iko kati ya mikoa iliyobaki nyuma miaka mingi kutokana na ugumu wa mawasiliano na barabara isiyopitika kwa sehemu kubwa ya kila mwaka. Historia ya Mtwara unakuja sambamba na kumbukumbu la jaribio la [[Waingereza]] la kuanzisha mradi mkubwa wa maendeleo katika eneo hili ulioshindikana kabisa. Kuanzia 1947 serikali ya kikoloni ilijenga bandari ya Mtwara pamoja na reli. Vilevile [[Mtwara mjini]] ulipangwa vizuri na kubwa. Sababu yake ilikuwa mpango wa kuanzisha kilimo cha mashamba makubwa kwa ajili ya karanga hasa zilizohitajika kwa ajili ya mahitaji ya Waingereza ya mafuta ya kupikia. Mradi huu ulishindikana kabisa, pesa nyingi ilipotea hadi mradi ulifutwa kabla ya Tanzania kupata uhuru. Reli imeondolewa tena 1963. Bandari imebaki ambayo haijaona kazi nyingi lakini bado ina faida ya kuwa na nafasi nzuri sana ya kupokea meli kubwa. Wakati wa mapambano dhidi ya serikali ya ubaguzi wa rangi katika Afrika Kusini mipango mbalimbali imetungwa kutengeneza njia ya kupeleka bishaa kutoka bandari ya Mtwara kwenda [[Songea]] na kutoka huko [[Malawi]] kwa kuvuka [[Ziwa la Nyasa]]. Baada ya kujengwa kwa daraja mtoni Rufiji mwaka 2002 kuna matumaini mpya ya kuwa na barabara inayotumika kati ya Mtwara na [[Daressalaam]]. Eneo la Mnazi Bay ina gesi inayoweza kutumika kwa mahitaji ya nishati ya eneo lote. ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.tanzania.go.tz/census/census/mtwara.htm Mtwara Region Homepage for the 2002 Tanzania National Census] * [http://www.tanzania.go.tz/govdirf.html Tanzanian Government Directory Database] * [http://www.lindi-mtwara-regions.com] [[Category:Mikoa ya Tanzania]] {{Mikoa ya Tanzania}} [[en:Mtwara Region]] [[ja:ムトワラ州]] 2162 10486 2006-06-02T11:46:51Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[cs:Kongo]] '''Kongo''' ni jina la kutaja vitu mbalimbali: * '''[[Kongo (mto)|Mto wa Kongo]]''' ambao ni kati ya mito mikubwa zaidi ya [[Afrika]] na ya dunia; pia eneo la beseni yake * '''Nchi mbili''' katika Afrika ya kati: :: '''[[Jamhuri ya Kongo]]''' (mji mkuu [[Brazzaville]], kabla ya uhuru "Kongo ya Kifaransa") :: '''[[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]''' (mji mkuu [[Kinshasa]], kabla ya uhuru "Kongo ya Kibelgiji") * '''[[Ufalme wa Kongo]]''' uliokuwa dola kubwa katika Angola ya Kaskazini na Kongo ya Magharibi wakati wa karne 14-17 BK. * Kongo > '''[[Bakongo]]''', jina la kabila ya Kibantu yenye watu milioni 5 katika Kongo, Angola na Gabun. * Kongo > [[Kikongo]], lugha ya Bakongo * '''[[Mlima wa Kongo]]''' katika nchi ya [[Japani]]. * "Kongo" imekuwa '''jina la meli za kijeshi''' huko Japani kutokana na mlima huu. {{maana}} [[bg:Конго]] [[ca:Congo]] [[cs:Kongo]] [[da:Congo]] [[de:Kongo]] [[en:Congo (disambiguation)]] [[eo:Kongo]] [[es:Congo]] [[fa:کنگو (ابهام‌زدایی)]] [[fr:Congo]] [[he:קונגו]] [[hr:Kongo]] [[id:Kongo]] [[io:Kongo (homonimo)]] [[is:Kongó]] [[it:Congo]] [[ja:コンゴ]] [[ko:콩고]] [[ln:Kɔ́ngɔ]] [[lt:Kongas]] [[nl:Congo]] [[no:Kongo]] [[pl:Kongo]] [[pt:Congo (desambiguação)]] [[ru:Конго]] [[sl:Kongo]] [[sv:Kongo]] [[wa:Congo]] [[zh:刚果]] [[zh-min-nan:Congo]] 2164 7019 2006-02-18T21:24:45Z Nickshanks 133 '''Nicholas George Shanks''' alizaliwa tarehe mosi, Mei, mwaka wa elfu moja mia tisa themanini na moja katika zahanati ya “Queens Medical Centre”. Alilelewa magharibi mwa Bridgford kabla ya kutimiza umri wa miaka kumi na minane na kuhamia Hatfield kwa masomo yake katika Chuo Kikuu cha Hertfordshire aliposomea Astrophysics. Sasa mkurugenzi mkuu wa Cognition Games Ltd, Nicholas atengeza software katika kampuni ya Apple Macintosh na atumia wakati wake wa ziada akisoma habari za BBC na pia kujifunza ndimi/lugha kama vile Latina. Mbali na astrophysics, [[kompiuta]] na kujifunza lugha, pia apendelea [[akeolojia]], paleontolojia, paleoanthropolojia, safari za anga za juu, [[wanawake]], mikasa na mengine mengi. Miziki anayopendelea ni Bruce Springsteen, The Police, Die Prinzen, Chris Isaak, Jefferson Airplane, Peter Gabriel, Steve Miller Band na U2 kati ya wengineo. [[af:User:Nickshanks]] [[en:User:Nickshanks]] [[fr:User:Nickshanks]] [[zu:User:Nickshanks]] 2165 10710 2006-06-10T18:11:02Z Kipala 107 '''Kilwa Kisiwani''' ni jina la kijiji kikubwa kwenye Kisiwa cha Kilwa karibu na mji wa [[Kilwa Masoko]] katika [[Mkoa wa Lindi]], [[Tanzania]]. Ndipo mahali pa mji wa Kilwa ya kihistoria iliyokuwa mji mkubwa kabisa kati ya miji ya Waswahili katika pwani la [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] wakati wa karne za 14. - 16. [[BK]]. Mwanzo wa Kilwa umekadiriwa ulikuwa mnamo 800 BK. Kuna kumbukumbu ya kimdomo inayosema: Watu wa kwanza waliojenga Kilwa Kisiwani ndio Watakata, halafu watu wa Jasi wa kabila la Waranga. Badaaye akaja Mrimba na watu wake. Halafu akaja Sultan Ali bin Selimani Mshirazi yaani Mwajemi. Akaja na jahazi zake akaleta bidhaa na watoto wake.Mtoto mmoja aliitwa Fatima binti Sultan Ali. Hatujui majina ya watoto wengine. Walikuja na Musa bin Amrani Albedu. (kutoka [[BBC]]: The Story of Africa - The Swahili) Kuanzia karne ya 11 Kilwa ilikuwa kituo muhimu ya biashara. Kuanzia karne ya 13 na 14 BK Kilwa ikawa muhimu zaidi kuliko Mombasa. Biashara yake ilikuwa dhahabu kutoka Dola la [[Mwene Mtapa]] ([[Zimbabw]]e), pembe za ndovu, chuma, nazi pamoja na kununua bidhaa kutoka [[Bara Hindi]] na [[Uchina]]. Sarafu ya dhahabu kutoka Kilwa imepatikana huko [[Zimbabwe Kuu]]. Majengo makubwa yalijengwa ikiwa magofu yao yamesimama hadi leo kama vile misikiti kuu, nyumba ya kifalme ya [[Husuni Kubwa]] na mengi mengine. Kuja kwa [[Wareno]] katika Karne ya 16 ilivuruga biashara ya Waswahili. Kilwa ikarudi nyuma. Katika karne za 18. na 19. ikapata upya nguvu ya kiuchumi kutokana na [[biashara ya watumwa]]. Mwisho wa biashara hii ulimaliza utajiri wa Kilwa. Leo hii Kilwa Kisiwani ni kati ya Hifadhi ua Kiutamaduni muhimu sana za Tanzania. Kilwa Kisiwani imeandikishwa katika orodha ya UNESCO ya "[[Urithi wa Dunia]]" (World Heritage) [[Category:Miji ya Tanzania]] [[Category:Waswahili]] [[Category:Visiwa vya Afrika]] [[Category:Visiwa vya Bahari ya Hindi]] [[Category:Mahali pa Urithi wa Dunia katika Afrika]] ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://archaeology.about.com/library/weekly/aa102200a.htm?once=true Kilwa Kisiwani] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/index_section5.shtml Kilwa katika Historia ya Waswahili (BBC)] [[en:Kilwa Kisiwani]] [[pt:Kilwa Kisiwani]] [[sv:Kilwa Kisiwanis och Songo Mnaras ruiner]] 2166 6747 2006-02-05T21:10:23Z Kipala 107 Karibu Wikipedia ya Kiswahili!! Si vibaya ukieleza mahali au miji unayoitaja iko wapi?? Afrika Kusini, Australia, Mwezi? --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 21:10, 5 Februari 2006 (UTC) 2167 10892 2006-06-17T22:29:45Z Kipala 107 <div style="position:relative;visibility:hidden">---Sidenote START---</div> {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; empty-cells:visible; width:330px; margin-left:15px; margin-bottom:15px" |+<font size="+1">'''République du Congo'''</font><br /> Jamhuri ya Kongo |----- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | [[Image:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg|125px|center|Bendera ya Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | [[Image:Congo rep coa.png|125px|center|Nembo]] | |---- align="center" | ([[Flagge der Republik Kongo|Details]]) | ([[Wappen der Republik Kongo|Details]]) |---- | colspan="2" align="center" | [[Hadabu]]: «&nbsp;Unité, Travail, Progrès&nbsp;»<br />[[Kifaransa]]: „Umoja, Kazi, Maendeleo“ |---- | [[Lugha rasmi]] || [[Kifaransa]] |---- | [[Lugha ya Taifa]] || [[Lingala]], [[Munukutuba]] |---- | [[Mji Mkuu]] || [[Brazzaville]] |---- | [[Serikali]] || [[Jamhuri]] |---- | [[Raisi]] || [[Denis Sassou-Nguesso]] |---- | Eneo || 342.000 [[km²]] |---- | Wakazi || 3.9 Mio. (UN, 2005) |---- | Wakazi / km² || 11 |---- | [[JPT/Mkazi]] || 1.129 [[US-$]] <small>(2004)</small> |---- | [[Uhuru]] || kutoka [[Ufaransa]] tar. 15.08.1960 |---- | [[Pesa]] || [[CFA-Franc]] |---- | [[Wakati]] || [[MEZ]] |---- | [[Wimbo wa Taifa]] || ''[[La Congolaise]]'' |---- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[Image:Kongo-Pos.png|Kongo katika Afrika]] |---- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[image:congo republic sm04.png|right|Ramani ya Jamhuri ya Kongo]] |} '''Jamhuri ya Kongo''' ni nchi ya [[Afrika ya Kati]]. Imejulikana pia kama [[Kongo-Brazzaville]] kutokana na mji mkuu kwa kusudi la kutochanganywa na nchi jirani ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Jamhuri ya Kongo imepakana na [[Gabon]], [[Kamerun]], [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]], [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], [[Angola]] na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]]. Nchi ilikuwa koloni ya [[Ufaransa]]. [[Category:Jamhuri ya Kongo]] {{Afrika}} {{mbegu}} [[af:Republiek van die Kongo]] [[am:ኮንጎ ሪፑብሊክ]] [[ar:جمهورية الكونغو]] [[bg:Конго]] [[bn:কঙ্গো]] [[bs:Republika Kongo]] [[ca:República del Congo]] [[cs:Kongo]] [[da:Republikken Congo]] [[de:Republik Kongo]] [[en:Republic of the Congo]] [[eo:Kongo Brazavila]] [[es:República del Congo]] [[et:Kongo Vabariik]] [[fi:Kongon tasavalta]] [[fr:République du Congo]] [[gl:Congo]] [[he:הרפובליקה של קונגו]] [[hr:Republika Kongo]] [[ia:Republica del Congo]] [[id:Republik Kongo]] [[io:Republiko Kongo]] [[is:Kongó]] [[it:Repubblica del Congo]] [[ja:コンゴ共和国]] [[ko:콩고 공화국]] [[lt:Kongo Respublika]] [[lv:Kongo]] [[ms:Republik Congo]] [[na:Republik Congo]] [[nds:Republiek Kongo]] [[nl:Republiek Congo]] [[nn:Kongo-Brazzaville]] [[no:Republikken Kongo]] [[pl:Republika Konga]] [[pt:Congo]] [[ro:Republica Congo]] [[ru:Республика Конго]] [[scn:Concu]] [[sk:Kongo]] [[sl:Republika Kongo]] [[sq:Republika e Kongos]] [[sr:Република Конго]] [[sv:Republiken Kongo]] [[tl:Republika ng Congo]] [[uk:Конго, Народна Республіка]] [[zh:刚果共和国]] [[zh-min-nan:Congo Kiōng-hô-kok]] 2169 8162 2006-04-10T12:11:27Z Matt Crypto 20 '''Ugali''' ni chakula kinacholiwa na jamii za kiafrika. Chakula hiki chenye virutubisho vya wanga hutokana na unga wa nafaka, kama mahindi, mtama, uwele, muhogo. Ugali hutayarishwa kwa njia ifuatayo,kwanza unachemsha maji kwenye sufuria baada ya kuchemka changanya unga kidogo na maji ya baridi pembeni, kisha tia mchanganyiko huo kwenye maji ya moto yaliyo jikoni huku ukikoroga utatokea mchanganyiko wa unga na maji ambao unaitwa uji, acha uji huo uchemke kwa muda kisha tia unga kiasi kulingana na uji wako huku ukisonga endelea kusonga mpaka mchanganyiko ushikamane mchanganyiko huu ndio hutoa ugali. Ugali huweza kuliwa na mboga ya aina yoyote. [[en:Ugali]] {{mbegu}} 2170 8157 2006-04-10T12:08:59Z Matt Crypto 20 Kwa asili '''kinu''' ni kifaa kinachotengenezwa kwa kutumia miti migumu ambapo gogo hutobolewa sehemu ya juu katikati kuelekea chini ambapo upana wa tundu hupungua kuelekea chini tundu hilo hutumika kuwekea vitu vinavyohitaji kusagwa ili kinu kikamilike huhitaji mchi ambao hutumika kusagia vitu vilivyowekwa ndani ya kinu. {{mbegu}} 2171 10550 2006-06-04T12:35:03Z ChriKo 35 Sanduku la uainishaji {{Uainishaji | rangi = pink | jina = Mkesha | picha = Mountain_thrush.jpg | upana_wa_picha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = [[Mkesha-mlima]] | himaya = [[Mnyama|Animalia]] (Wanyama) | faila = [[Chordata]] (Wanyama wenye ugwe wa neva mgongoni) | ngeli = [[Ndege|Aves]] (Ndege) | oda = [[Passeriformes]] (Ndege wimbaji) | familia = [[Turdidae]] (Ndege walio na mnasaba na mikesha) | jenasi = Angalia katiba }} '''Mikesha''' ni [[ndege]] wa [[familia]] [[Turdidae]] amboa ni wadogo na wanono. Rangi yao kuu ni rangi ya kahawia na madoa meupe na meusi; wengine wana rangi ya machungwa au nyekundu na wengine ni weusi. Hula wadudu hasa lakini wanaweza kula wanyama wadogo wengine, kama koa. Wengi wanaweza kuimba vizuri sana. ==Spishi za Afrika== * ''Turdus abyssinicus'', [[Mkesha-mlima]] (Mountain Thrush) * ''Turdus bewsheri'', [[Mkesha wa Komori]] (Comoro Thrush) * ''Turdus olivaceofuscus'' [[Mkesha wa Sao Tome]] (Gulf of Guinea Thrush) * ''Turdus olivaceus'' (Olive Thrush) ** ''T. o. olivaceus'', [[Mkesha Kijanikijivu]] (Northern Olive Thrush) ** ''T. o. helleri'', [[Mkesha wa Taita]] (Taita Thrush) * ''Turdus olivaceus smithi'', [[Mkesha wa Karoo]] (Karoo Thrush) * ''Turdus pelios'', [[Mkesha wa Afrika]] (African Thrush) * ''Turdus philomelos'', [[Mkesha Mwimbaji]] (Song Thrush) * ''Turdus libonyanus'', [[Mkesha Koo-michirizi]] (Kurrichane Thrush) * ''Turdus tephronotus'', [[Mkesha Macho-wazi]] (African Bare-eyed Thrush) * ''Psophocichla litsitsirupa'', [[Mkesha Mgongo-kijivu]] (Groundscraper Thrush) * ''Zoothera cameronensis'', [[Mkesha Masikio-meusi]] (Black-eared Ground Thrush) * ''Zoothera crossleyi'', [[Mkesha wa Crossley]] (Crossley's Ground Thrush) * ''Zoothera guttata'', [[Mkesha Madoadoa]] (Spotted Ground Thrush) * ''Zoothera gurneyi'', [[Mkesha Rangi-machungwa]] (Orange Ground Thrush) * ''Zoothera oberlaenderi'', [[Mkesha wa Ruwenzori]] (Oberlaender's Ground Thrush) * ''Zoothera piaggiae'', [[Mkesha Habeshi]] (Abyssinian Ground Thrush) * ''Zoothera princei'', [[Mkesha Kijivu]] (Grey Ground Thrush) * ''Zoothera tanganjicae'', [[Mkesha wa Kivu]] (Kivu Ground Thrush) ==Spishi za mabara mengine== * ''Turdus albicollis'' (White-necked Thrush) * ''Turdus albocinctus'' (White-collared Blackbird) * ''Turdus amaurochalinus'' (Creamy-bellied Thrush) * ''Turdus assimilis'' (White-throated Thrush) * ''Turdus atrogularis'' (Dark-throated Thrush) ** ''T. a. atrogularis'' (Black-throated Thrush) ** ''T. a. ruficollis'' (Red-throated Thrush) * ''Turdus aurantius'' (White-chinned Thrush) * ''Turdus boulboul'' (Grey-winged Blackbird) * ''Turdus cardis'' (Japanese Thrush) * ''Turdus celaenops'' (Izu Thrush) * ''Turdus chiguanco'' (Chiguanco Thrush) * ''Turdus chrysolaus'' (Brown-headed Thrush) * ''Turdus dissimilis'' (Black-breasted Thrush) * ''Turdus falcklandii'' (Austral Thrush) * ''Turdus feae'' (Grey-sided Thrush) * ''Turdus fulviventris'' (Chestnut-bellied Thrush) * ''Turdus fumigatus'' (Cocoa Thrush) * ''Turdus fuscater'' (Great Thrush) * ''Turdus grayi'' (Clay-colored Robin) * ''Turdus haplochrous'' (Unicolored Thrush) * ''Turdus hauxwelli'' (Hauxwell's Thrush) * ''Turdus hortulorum'' (Grey-backed Thrush) * ''Turdus ignobilis'' (Black-billed Thrush) * ''Turdus iliacus'' (Redwing) * ''Turdus infuscatus'' (Black Robin (thrush)|Black Robin) * ''Turdus jamaicensis'' (White-eyed Thrush) * ''Turdus kessleri'' (White-backed Thrush) * ''Turdus lawrencii'' (Lawrence's Thrush) * ''Turdus leucomelas'' (Pale-breasted Thrush) * ''Turdus maculirostris'' (Ecuadorian Thrush) * ''Turdus maranonicus'' (Maranon Thrush) * ''Turdus menachensis'' (Yemen Thrush) * ''Turdus merula'' (Blackbird) * ''Turdus migratorius'' (American Robin) * ''Turdus mupinensis'' (Chinese Thrush) * ''Turdus naumanni'' (Dusky Thrush) ** ''T. n. naumanni'' (Naumann's Thrush) ** ''T. n. eunomus'' (Dusky Thrush) * ''Turdus nigrescens'' (Sooty Robin) * ''Turdus nigriceps'' (Andean Slaty Thrush) * ''Turdus nudigenis'' (Bare-eyed Thrush) * ''Turdus obscurus'' (Eyebrowed Thrush) * ''Turdus obsoletus'' (Pale-vented Thrush) * ''Turdus olivaceofuscus'' (Olivaceous Thrush) * ''Turdus olivater'' (Black-hooded Thrush) * ''Turdus pallidus'' (Pale Thrush) * ''Turdus pilaris'' (Fieldfare) * ''Turdus plebejus'' (Mountain Robin) * ''Turdus plumbeus'' (Red-legged Thrush) * ''Turdus poliocephalus'' (Island Thrush) * ''Turdus reevei'' (Plumbeous-backed Thrush) * ''Turdus rubrocanus'' (Chestnut Thrush) * ''Turdus rufitorques'' (Rufous-collared Robin) * ''Turdus rufiventris'' (Rufous-bellied Thrush) * ''Turdus rufopalliatus'' (Rufous-backed Robin) * ''Turdus serranus'' (Glossy-black Thrush) * ''Turdus subalaris'' (Eastern Slaty Thrush) * ''Turdus swalesi'' (La Selle Thrush) * ''Turdus torquatus'' (Ring Ouzel) * ''Turdus unicolor'' (Tickell's Thrush) * ''Turdus viscivorus'' (Mistle Thrush) * ''Zoothera andromedae'' (Sunda Thrush) * ''Zoothera cinerea'' (Ashy Thrush) * ''Zoothera citrina'' (Orange-headed Thrush) * ''Zoothera dauma'' (White's Thrush or Scaly Thrush) * ''Zoothera dixoni'' (Long-tailed Thrush) * ''Zoothera dohertyi'' (Chestnut-backed Thrush) * ''Zoothera dumasi'' (Moluccan Thrush) * ''Zoothera erythronota'' (Rusty-backed Thrush) * ''Zoothera everetti'' (Everett's Thrush) * ''Zoothera heinei'' (Russet-tailed Thrush) * ''Zoothera horsfieldi'' (Horsfield's Thrush) * ''Zoothera interpres'' (Chestnut-capped Thrush) * ''Zoothera lunulata'' (Olive-tailed Thrush) * ''Zoothera machiki'' (Fawn-breasted Thrush) * ''Zoothera major'' (Amami Thrush) * ''Zoothera margaretae'' (San Cristobal Thrush) * ''Zoothera marginata'' (Dark-sided Thrush) * ''Zoothera mollissima'' (Plain-backed Thrush) * ''Zoothera monticola'' (Long-billed Thrush) * ''Zoothera naevia'' (Varied Thrush) * ''Zoothera peronii'' (Orange-banded Thrush) * ''Zoothera pinicola'' (Aztec Thrush) * ''Zoothera schistacea'' (Slaty-backed Thrush) * ''Zoothera sibirica'' (Siberian Thrush) * ''Zoothera spiloptera'' (Spot-winged Thrush) * ''Zoothera talaseae'' (New Britain Thrush) * ''Zoothera terrestris'' (Bonin Islands Thrush) '''Extinct''' * ''Zoothera turipavae'' (Guadalcanal Thrush) * ''Zoothera wardii'' (Pied Thrush) [[Category:Ndege]] [[de:Drosseln]] [[en:Thrush (bird)]] [[eo:Turdedoj]] [[fr:Turdinae]] [[fy:Lysterfûgels]] [[io:Turdo]] [[it:Turdidae]] [[lt:Strazdiniai]] [[li:Liesters]] [[nl:Lijsters en tapuiten]] [[ja:ツグミ科]] [[pt:Turdidae]] [[sv:Trastfåglar]] [[tr:Turdidae]] [[zh:鸫亚科]] 2172 9663 2006-05-14T17:52:25Z Kipala 107 '''Mji mkuu''' huitwa kwa kawaida mji penye makao ya [[serikali]] ya nchi fulani. Katika nchi nyingi mji huo ni pia mji mkubwa na muhimu zaidi kushinda miji mingine nchini. Kuna nchi ambako mji mmoja imeteuliwa kuwa mji mkuu katika [[katiba]] au kwa sheria fulani. Tena kuna hali pasipo na sheria yoyote lakini makao makuu yanaeleweka yapo mji fulani. Nchi kadhaa zimeteua mji fulani kuwa mji mkuu kwa shabaha ya kubadilisha mwendo wa nchi au kama jaribio la kusahihisha historia yao. ==[[Koloni]] za zamani kuanzisha mji mkuu mpya== Nchi mbalimbali zilizowahi kuwa koloni zimeamua kuanzisha mji mkuu mpya kwa sababu mji mkuu wa kikoloni uliteuliwa kutokana na mahitaji ya nchi tawala ya zamani si kutokana na mahitaji ya nchi huru yenyewe. Wakati wa ukoloni mara nyingi mji kwenye pwani penye bandari uliteuliwa kuwa mji mkuu. Sababu yake ni ya kwamba kwa ajili ya maafisa wa kikoloni mawasiliano na nyumbani kwao yalikuwa muhimi sana kushinda mawasiliano na sehemu zote za nchi ya koloni yenyewe. Wakati wa ukoloni usafiri ulikuwa kwa meli, hivyo kipaumbele cha mabandari. Katika fikra za kisiasa na za kiuchumi sababu muhimu ya kuwa na koloni ilikuwa nafasi ya nchi tawala kujipatia malighafi katika koloni na kuuza bidhaa zake - yote yalitegemea mabandari. Hasara ya chaguo lile ilikuwa ya kwamba mara nyingi mabandari ni kando kabisa katika nchi zao - watu wengi wako mbali na mji mkuu. '''[[Brazil]]''': Hapo Wabrazil wamehamisha mji mkuu kutoka [[Rio de Janeiro]] iliyoko pwani na kandokando la eneo la Brazil kwenda mji mpya ya [[Brasilia]] kuanzia 1960. Brasilia ilijengwa mahali pasipo na mji katika miaka 1956 - 1960 [[BK]]. Kwa nia hiyohiyo '''[[Tanzania]]''' iliamua kuhamisha mji mkuu kutoka [[Daressalaam]] iliyoko pwani la [[Bahari Hindi]] kwenda [[Dodoma]] iliyoko katikati ya Tanzania. Uhamisho huu umepangwa tangu 1967 na kutangazwa rasmi mw. 1997 lakini haukutekelezwa bado isipokuwa ofisi chache zimehamia. Watanzania wanaochoka na kucheleweka huku waangalie mfano wa Brazil: Katiba ya Brazil ya mwaka 1891 imeshataja mahali pa mji mkuu mpya badala ya Rio de Janeiro lakini mipango haikuanza hadi 1926 halafu ujenzi ulianza 1956! * Tazama chini: Nigeria, Côte d'Ivoire ==Kuhamisha mji mkuu baada ya mapinduzi== '''[[Uturuki]]''' iliamua 1923 kuhamisha mji mkuu kutoka [[Istanbul]] kwenda [[Ankara]]. Istanbul iliwahi kuwa kwa karne nyingi mji wa Masultani tena mji wa kimataifa; mapinduzi ya 1923 yalimaliza utawala wa [[sultani]] na kutangaza Uturuki kuwa jamhuri. Pia Istanbul imekuwa kandokando ya eneo la Uturuki baada ya vita kuu ya kwanza kwa sababu sehemu za magharibi zilikuwa zimepotea na kuchukuliwa na Wagiriki na Wabulgaria. Hivyo Ankara iliteuliwa iliyoko katikati ya Uturuki mpya baada ya vita. '''[[Urusi]]''' ilihamisha mji mkuu mara mbili. Mwaka 1712 [[Tsar]] (mfalme) mrusi Peter aliamua kujenga mji mpya katika pembe la magharibi kabisa ya nchi akahamisha mji mkuu kutoka [[Moscow]] kwenda [[St. Peterburg]] mpya. Tsar Peter aliona nchi yake ilikuwa imebaki nyuma akitaja kuleta maendeleo kwa kuiga mfano wa [[Ulaya]] ya Kati na ya Magharibi. Mji mpya ya St. Peterburg ilipangwa kuwa "dirisha la Urusi la kutazama magharibi". Baada ya mapinduzi wa 1917 Wakomunisti waliamua kufanya Moscow iwe mji mkuu kuanzia mw. 1918. Sababu yake ni nafasi ya Moscow iliyoko ndani zaidi ya eneo la Urusi yenyewe. ==Kujenga mji mkuu wa pekee katika nchi za shirikisho== Nchi kadhaa zinazofuata muundo wa serikali ya shirikisho zimeamua kujenga mji ulioko katika wilaya au mkoa wa shirikisho ili mji mkuu usiwepo katika eneo la mkoa au dola la shirikisho fulani. '''[[Marekani]]''' iliteua eneo la [[Mkoa wa Colombia]] kuwa mahali pa mji mpya wa shirikisho ulioitwa baafaye kwa jina la raisi wa kwanza "[[Washington]]". Mkoa wa Colombia si sehemu ya dola lolote la shirikisho la Marekani USA. Mji wa [[Washington D.C.]] na mkoa wa Colombia ni eneo lilelile. [[Australia]] ilijenga mji mkuu mpya kwa sababu miji mikubwa ya Sydney na Melbourne yote yalitaka kuwa mji mkuu wa kitaifa wa Shirikisho la Australia. Mwaka 1908 eneo la Canberra lililokuwa mashambani wakati ule liliteuliwa, ujenzi wa mji mpya ulianza mwaka 1913 na serikali pamoja na bunge ilihamia Canberra mwaka 1927. Dola la shirikisho la [[New South Wales]] lilikabidhi "Eneo la Mji Mkuu wa Shirikisho" lililokuwa eneo la pekee chini ya Bunge la Australia moja kwa moja. '''[[Nigeria]]''' iliamua mw. 1976 kuhamisha mji mkuu wa kitaifa kutoka [[Lagos]] kwenda mahali pa katikati ya nchi. "Eneo la Mji Mkuu wa Shirikisho" limeteuliwa. Mji mpya wa [[Abuja]] ndani ya eneo hili likawa mji mkuu wa Nigeria mwaka 1991. ==miji mikuu mbalimbali == '''[[Afrika Kusini]]''' ina miji mikuu mitatu kikatiba: Pretoria ndipo makao makuu ya serikali, Cape Town ndipo makao makuu ya bunge, Bloemfontein ndipo makao makuu ya mahakama kuu. '''[[Bolivia]]''' ina mji mkuu rasmi katika [[Sucre]], lakini ofisi nyingi za serikali ya kitaifa zimehamia mji mkubwa wa nchi [[La Paz]]. '''[[Côte d'Ivoire]]''' imetangaza 1983 [[Yamoussoukro]] kuwa mji mkuu wa taifa lakini hadi leo ofisi za serikali zimebaki [[Abijan]]. [[Category:Miji mikuu]] [[Category:Miji]] [[af:Hoofstad]] [[ang:Heafodburg]] [[ar:عاصمة]] [[bg:Столица]] [[br:Kêr-benn]] [[ca:Capital]] [[cs:Hlavní město]] [[cy:Prif Ddinas]] [[da:Hovedstad]] [[de:Hauptstadt]] [[et:Pealinn]] [[el:Πρωτεύουσα]] [[als:Hauptstadt]] [[en:Capital]] [[es:Capital]] [[eo:Ĉefurbo]] [[fa:پایتخت]] [[fr:Capitale]] [[fy:Haadstêd]] [[ga:Príomhchathair]] [[ht:Kapital]] [[ko:수도]] [[io:Chefurbi]] [[id:Ibu kota]] [[ia:Capital]] [[is:Höfuðborg]] [[it:Capitale (città)]] [[ka:დედაქალაქი]] [[ku:Serbajar]] [[la:Caput]] [[lv:Galvaspilsēta]] [[lt:Sostinė]] [[li:Houfsjtad]] [[hu:Főváros]] [[nah:Weyaltepetl]] [[nl:Hoofdstad]] [[nds:Hööftstadt]] [[ja:首都]] [[ms:Ibu negara]] [[no:Hovedstad]] [[nn:Hovudstad]] [[pl:Stolica (administracja)]] [[pt:Capital]] [[ro:Capitală]] [[ru:Столица]] [[sc:Capitali]] [[simple:Capital (city)]] [[sl:Glavno mesto]] [[sr:Главни град]] [[fi:Pääkaupunki]] [[sv:Huvudstad]] [[ta: தலை நகரம்]] [[tl:Kapital na lungsod]] [[th:เมืองหลวง]] [[tr:Başkent]] [[zh:行政中心]] [[zh-min-nan:Siú-to·]] 2173 11479 2006-06-29T03:46:57Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[fa:جمهوری دموکراتیک کنگو]] {{Sanduku la habari za nchi| native_name = ''République Démocratique du Congo'' | common_name = Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo | image_flag = Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg | image_coat = Armoiries de la République démocratique du Congo - 2006.png | national_motto = ''Justice - Paix - Travail''<br>([[Kifaransa]]: "Haki - Amani - Kazi")| image_map = LocationDRCongo.png | national_anthem = [[Debout Congolais]] | official_languages = [[Kifaransa]] ([[Kilingala]], [[Kikongo]], [[Kiswahili]], [[Kitshiluba]] ni lugha ya taifa) | capital = [[Kinshasa]] | latd=4|latm=24|latNS=S|longd=15|longm=24|longEW=E| government_type = Serikali ya mseto | leader_titles = • Rais | leader_names = [[Joseph Kabila]] | largest_city = [[Kinshasa]] | area = 2,345,410 | areami² = 905,568 | <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> area_rank = 12th | area_magnitude = 1 E12 | percent_water = 3.3% | population_estimate = 62,660,551 | population_estimate_year = 2006 | population_estimate_rank = 20th | population_census = 10,217,408 | population_census_year = 1938 | population_density = 24 | population_densitymi² = 62 | <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> population_density_rank = 182nd | GDP_PPP_year = 2003 | GDP_PPP = 35,798 ¹ | GDP_PPP_rank = 77th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = 673 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 189th | HDI_year = 2003 | HDI = 0.385 | HDI_rank = 167th | HDI_category = <font color="#E0584E">low</font> | sovereignty_type = Uhuru | established_events = &nbsp;- Tarehe | established_dates = Kutoka [[Belgium]] <br> [[Juni 30]], [[1960]] | currency = [[Congolese franc]] | currency_code = CDF | time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]], [[Eastern European Time|EET]] | utc_offset = +1 na +2 | time_zone_DST = - | utc_offset_DST = +1 na +2 | cctld = [[.cd]] | calling_code = 243 | footnotes = <!--¹ Estimate is based on [[Regression analysis|regression]]; other PPP figures are extrapolated from the latest International Comparison Programme benchmark estimates.--> }} Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo ni nchi ya [[Afrika ya Kati]] ndiyo nchi kubwa ya tatu katika [[Afrika]]. Imepakana na [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]], [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]], [[Sudan]], [[Uganda]], [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], [[Tanzania]], [[Zambia]] na [[Angola]]. Ina sehemu ndo ya pwani na Bahari ya Atlantiki. Sehemu hii inatenganisha eneo la Kiangola la [[Cabinda]] kutoka maeneo mengine ya Jamhuri ya [[Angola]]. == Majimbo == [[Image:DCongoNumbered.png|thumb|left|180px|Majimbo ya Kongo]] Jamhuri ya kidemokrasia ya Kongo ina majimbo au mikoa kumi na moja. Katiba mpya ya mwaka 2005 ilipanga mgawanyo mpya katika mikoa 26 inayotakiwa kuundwa kufikia mwaka 2008. Kwa sasa mikoa ni ifuatayo: 1.Bandundu 2.Bas-Congo 3.Équateur 4.Kasaï-Occidental 5.Kasaï-Oriental 6.Katanga 7.Kinshasa 8.Maniema 9.Nord-Kivu 10.Orientale 11.Sud-Kivu [[Image:Provinces de la République démocratique du Congo - 2005.svg|thumb|right|200px|26 majimbo mapya yaliyopangwa]] {| {{jedwalimaridadi}} |- ! !!'''Mikoa mipya ya Kongo iliyopangwa kuweko kuanzia mwaka 2008''' |- ! !!Jimbo !!Mji mkuu !!Lugha rasmi |- |1.||[[Kinshasa]]||[[Kinshasa]]||kifaransa, kituba, lingala |- |2.||[[Kongo ya Kati]]||[[Matadi]]||kituba |- |3.||[[Kwango]]||[[Kenge]]||kituba |- |4.||[[Kwilu]]||[[Kikwit]]||kituba |- |5.||[[Mai-Ndombe]]||[[Inongo]]||lingala |- |6.||[[Kasai]]||[[Luebo]]||kiluba |- |7.||[[Lulua]]||[[Kananga]]||kiluba |- |8.||[[Kasai ya mashariki]]||[[Mbuji-Mayi]]||kiluba |- |9.||[[Lomami]]||[[Kabinda]]||kiluba |- |10.||[[Sankuru]]||[[Lodja]]||kiluba |- |11.||[[Maniema]]||[[Kindu]]||kiswahili |- |12.||[[Kivu ya kusini]]||[[Bukavu]]||kiswahili |- |13.||[[Kivu ya kaskazini]]||[[Goma]]||kiswahili |- |14.||[[Ituri]]||[[Bunia]]||kiswahili |- |15.||[[Wele ya juu]]||[[Isiro]]||lingala |- |16.||[[Chopo]]||[[Kisangani]]||kiswahili |- |17.||[[Wele ya chini]]||[[Buta]]||lingala |- |18.||[[Ubangi ya kaskazini]]||[[Gbadolite]]||lingala |- |19.||[[Mongala]]||[[Lisala]]||lingala |- |20.||[[Ubangi ya kusini]]||[[Gemena]]||lingala |- |21.||[[Ekwatori]]||[[Mbandaka]]||lingala |- |22.||[[Chwapa]]||[[Boende]]||lingala |- |23.||[[Tanganyika]]||[[Kalemie]]||kiswahili |- |24.||[[Lomami ya juu]]||[[Kamina]]||kiluba |- |25.||[[Lualaba]]||[[Kolwezi]]||kiswahili |- |26.||[[Katanga ya juu]]||[[Lubumbashi]]||kiswahili |} {{mbegu}} {{Afrika}} [[Category:Nchi]] [[af:Demokratiese Republiek van die Kongo]] [[am:ኮንጎ ዲሞክራቲክ ሪፑብሊክ]] [[an:Republica Democratica d'o Congo]] [[ar:جمهورية الكونغو الديمقراطية]] [[ast:República Democrática del Congo]] [[bg:Демократична република Конго]] [[bn:কঙ্গো (জায়ার)]] [[bs:Demokratska Republika Kongo]] [[ca:República Democràtica del Congo]] [[cs:Demokratická republika Kongo]] [[da:Demokratiske Republik Congo]] [[de:Demokratische Republik Kongo]] [[en:Democratic Republic of the Congo]] [[eo:Kongo Kinŝasa]] [[es:República Democrática del Congo]] [[et:Kongo Demokraatlik Vabariik]] [[fa:جمهوری دموکراتیک کنگو]] [[fi:Kongon demokraattinen tasavalta]] [[fr:République démocratique du Congo]] [[gl:República Democrática do Congo - République Démocratique du Congo]] [[he:הרפובליקה הדמוקרטית של קונגו]] [[hr:Demokratska Republika Kongo]] [[hu:Kongói Demokratikus Köztársaság]] [[ia:Republica Democratic del Congo]] [[id:Republik Demokratik Kongo]] [[io:Demokratial Republiko Kongo]] [[is:Austur-Kongó]] [[it:Repubblica Democratica del Congo]] [[ja:コンゴ民主共和国]] [[kg:Repubilika ya Kongo Demokratiki]] [[ko:콩고 민주 공화국]] [[kw:Repoblek Werinel Kongo]] [[li:Kongo (Kinshasa)]] [[ln:Kɔ́ngɔ-Kinshasa]] [[lt:Kongo Demokratinė Respublika]] [[lv:Kongo DR]] [[mk:Конго, Демократска Република]] [[ms:Republik Demokratik Congo]] [[na:Republik Engame Congo]] [[nds:Demokraatsche Republiek Kongo]] [[nl:Congo-Kinshasa]] [[nn:Kongo]] [[no:Den demokratiske republikken Kongo]] [[oc:Republica Democratica del Congò]] [[pl:Demokratyczna Republika Konga]] [[pt:República Democrática do Congo]] [[ro:Republica Democrată Congo]] [[ru:Демократическая Республика Конго]] [[sh:Demokratska Republika Kongo]] [[simple:Democratic Republic of the Congo]] [[sk:Kongo (býv. Zair)]] [[sl:Demokratična republika Kongo]] [[sq:Republika Demokratike e Kongos]] [[sv:Demokratiska republiken Kongo]] [[th:สาธารณรัฐประชาธิปไตยคองโก]] [[tl:Demokratikong Republika ng Congo]] [[tr:Demokratik Kongo Cumhuriyeti]] [[ug:زايىر]] [[uk:Конго, Демократична Республіка]] [[vi:Cộng hoà Dân chủ Congo]] [[zh:刚果民主共和国]] [[zh-min-nan:Congo Bîn-chú Kiōng-hô-kok]] 2174 6779 2006-02-07T23:27:20Z 172.208.104.143 #REDIRECT[[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] 2175 8721 2006-04-25T06:31:28Z 218.123.18.38 [[Image:Tanzania_Mara.png|right|175px|Ramani ya Mkoa wa Mara]] '''Mkoa wa Mara''' ni kati ya mikoa 26 ya of [[Tanzania]]. [[Musoma]] ndipo makao makuu ya mkoa. Mara imepakana na mikoa jirani ya [[Mwanza]] na [[Shinyanga]] upande wa kusini, [[Arusha]] upande wa kusini-mashariki, [[Kagera]] kwa njia ya Ziwa Nyanza Viktoria na Kenya upande wa mashariki. Idadi ya wakazi ni 1,368,602 (2002). Makabila ni mengi kama vile [[Waluo]], Wajita, Waruri, Wazanaki, Wakuria, Wakabwa, Wakiroba, Wasimbiti, Wangoreme, Wakwaya, Waikoma, Wanata, Waisenye, Waikizu, Wasizaki, [[Wasukuma]] and Wataturu. Kuna Wilaya za [[Bunda]], [[Serengeti]],[[Tarime]], [[Musoma mjini]] na [[Musoma vijijini]]. Sehemu kubwa ya [[Hifadhi ya Wanyama ya Serengeti]] zimo ndani ya Mkoa wa Mara. ==Viungo vya nje== *{{en}}[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/census/census/mara.htm Mara Region Homepage for the 2002 Tanzania National Census] *{{en}}[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/govdirf.html Tanzanian Government Directory Database] {{Mikoa ya Tanzania}} {{mbegu}} [[Category:Mikoa ya Tanzania]] [[en:Mara Region]] [[ja:マラ州]] 2176 6832 2006-02-11T15:18:11Z Matt Crypto 20 '''Waroma''' ni wakazi wa mji wa [[Roma]] katika chi ya [[Italia]]. '''Kwa maana ya kihistoria''' Waroma ni watu wa [[Dola la Roma]] liliotawala eneo kubwa katika [[Ulaya]], [[Afrika ya Kaskazini]] na [[Asia ya Magharibi]] takriban karne ya kwanza hadi ya tano BK. Kiasili ndio watu wa mji wa Roma na mazingira yake tu, lakini baadaye sehemu kubwa ya wakazi wote wa dola wamekuwa raia wakiitwa Waroma. {{maana}} 2177 11533 2006-06-30T09:50:44Z YurikBot 117 robot Modifying: [[tl:Lungsod ng Roma]] {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" align="right" style="margin-left:1em; background:#e3e3e3;" ! Nembo ! Ramani |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" align="center" | [[Image:Roma-Stemma.png|150px|Bendera ya Mji wa Roma]] | [[Image:LocationRoma.jpg|250px|thumb|Mahali pa mji wa Roma katika Italia]] | ! colspan="2" | |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | Mkoa wa Italia: || [[Roma]] (RM) |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | Kanda: || [[Latium]] (kilat.) / Lazio (kiit.) |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Eneo]]: || 1,285,306 km² |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | [[Wakazi]]: || 2.553.873 <small>(31.12.2004)</small> |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | Wakazi / km²: || 1.987 |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | Urefu juu ya [[UB]]: || 37 m |- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | Tovuti rasmi: || {{it}} http://www.comune.roma.it/ |- ! colspan="2" | Politik |- bgcolor="#FFFFF" | [[Meya]] || [[Walter Veltroni]] <small>(2004)</small> |} '''Roma''' ndiyo [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Italia]]. Iko mtoni [[Tiber]] karibu na [[Bahari ya Mediteraneo]] ina wakazi milioni 2.8 katika eneo la 1290 km². Ndani ya mji wa Roma ndipo eneo la mji wa [[Vatikano]] ambao ni nchi ya kujitawala chini ya utawala wa [[Papa]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]]. Historia ya mji inasemekana imeanza mwaka 753 [[BK|KK]]. Katika karne za KK ilikuwa mji mkuu wa ufalme wa Roma, halafu wa Jamhuri ya Roma, wa [[Dola la Roma]], baadaye mji mkuu wa Dola la Papa, Ufalme wa Italia na sasa Jamhuri ya Italia. Huitwa mara nyingi "Mji wa Milele". ==Eneo la Roma== Roma iko katikati ya Italia ikiwa mita 37 juu ya [[UB]] ndani ya tambarare ya bonde la mto Tiber linalopakana na milima ya Abruzi, milima ya Sabino na milima ya Albani. Mikoa ya jirani niyo Mkoa wa Viterbo, Mkoa wa Rieti, Mkoa wa L'Aquila halafu upande wa kusini mikoa ya Frosinone na Latina. Mwanzo wa Roma ulikuwa kwenye vilima saba vilivyo katikati ya mji wa leo vinavyoitwa: Palatino, Aventino, Kapitolo, Quirinale, Viminale, Esquilini und Caeliano. ==Hali ya hewa== Hali ya hewa hutawaliwa na bahari iliyo karibu. Wastani ya halijoto kwa mwaka ni sentigredi 15,4. Mvua hunyesha wastani ya mm 758 kila mwaka. Miezi yenye joto ni Juni hadi Agosti ikiwa na wastani ya sentigredi 21 hadi 23,8 ni miezi ya mvua kidogo. Mwezi baridi ni Januari ikiwa na wastani wa sentigredi 7,9. ==Uchumi== Roma ndipo kitovu muhimu wa sekta ya viwanda na sekta ya huduma ya Italia. [[Utalii]] ni pia muhimu sana kiuchumi. 6.5% za [[Jumla ya Pato la Taifa]] zinapatikana ndani ya Roma ambazo ni kushinda miji yote mingine ya Italia. Roma ina makao makuu ya [[F.A.O.]] (Food and Agriculure Organisation - Shirika la Chakula na Kilimo) ya [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] pamoja na ofisi zote za [[serikali ya Italia]]. ==Wakazi== Roma ilianza mnamo mwaka 800 BK ikiwa maungano ya vijiji vidogo vyenye wakazi mamia kadhaa. Katika karne ya kwanza BK ilikuwa tayari na wakazi milioni moja. Tangu kuondoka kwa makao makuu ya [[Kaisari]] na kupungua kwa nguvu ya Dola la Roma katika magharibi idadi ya wakazi ilipungua hadi kuwa na takriban 100,000 mnamo mwaka 530 BK. Katika karne zilizofuata Italia pamoja na [[Ulaya]] iliona vita na mashambulio ya makabila ya washenzi. Mnamo mwaka 1000 [[BK]] Roma ilikuwa mji mdogo wa wakazi 20,000 pekee walioishi ndani ya maghofu ya mji mkubwa wa kale. Tangu kuimarika kwa utawala wa [[Papa|mapapa]] mji ulianza kukua tena mnamo mwaka 1900 Roma ikawa na wakazi 400,000. Katika karne ya 20 BK mji ulipanuka sana hadi kufika idadi ya wakazi wa zamani hata kuipita. Orodha inayofuata inaonyesha makadirio hadi 1858, baadaye ni namba za sensa. {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" | valign="top" | {| ! style="background:#efefef;" | [[Mwaka]] [[BK]] ! style="background:#efefef;" | Wakazi |- | [[330]] || align="right" | 1.000.000 |- | [[410]] || align="right" | 400.000 |- | [[530]] || align="right" | 100.000 |- | [[650]] || align="right" | 20.000 |- | [[1000]] || align="right" | 20.000 |- | [[1750]] || align="right" | 156.000 |- | [[1800]] || align="right" | 163.000 |- | [[1820]] || align="right" | 139.900 |- | [[1850]] || align="right" | 175.000 |- | [[1853]] || align="right" | 175.800 |- | [[1858]] || align="right" | 182.600 |- | [[31. 12.]] [[1861]] || align="right" | 194.500 |- | [[31. 12.]] [[1871]] || align="right" | 212.432 |- |} | valign="top" | {|| ! style="background:#efefef;" | Mwaka BK ! style="background:#efefef;" | Wakazi |- | [[31. 12.]] [[1881]] || align="right" | 273.952 |- | [[10. 02.]] [[1901]] || align="right" | 422.411 |- | [[10. 06.]] [[1911]] || align="right" | 518.917 |- | [[01. 12.]] [[1921]] || align="right" | 660.235 |- | [[21. 04.]] [[1931]] || align="right" | 930.926 |- | [[21. 04.]] [[1936]] || align="right" | 1.150.589 |- | [[4. 11.]] [[1951]] || align="right" | 1.651.754 |- | [[15. 10.]] [[1961]] || align="right" | 2.188.160 |- | [[24. 10.]] [[1971]] || align="right" | 2.781.993 |- | [[25. 10.]] [[1981]] || align="right" | 2.840.259 |- | [[20. 10.]] [[1991]] || align="right" | 2.775.250 |- | [[21. 10.]] [[2001]] || align="right" | 2.546.804 |- | [[31. 12.]] [[2004]] || align="right" | 2.553.873 |} |} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons|Roma}} * {{en}} [http://wikitravel.org/en/Rome Rome] (WikiTravel) * {{en}} [http://www.traveling-italy.com/rome.html some quick facts about Rome] * {{en}} [http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov:81/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=15316 Satellite image of Rome] at [[NASA]]'s [[Earth Observatory]] * [http://www.freereservation.com/indexphoto.htm Rome map] '''360° IPIX PANORAMA''' [[Category:Miji]] [[als:Rom]] [[an:Roma]] [[ar:روما]] [[ast:Roma]] [[be:Рым]] [[bg:Рим]] [[br:Roma]] [[bs:Rim]] [[ca:Roma]] [[cs:Řím]] [[cv:Рим]] [[cy:Rhufain]] [[da:Rom]] [[de:Rom]] [[el:Ρώμη]] [[en:Rome]] [[eo:Romo]] [[es:Roma]] [[et:Rooma]] [[eu:Erroma]] [[fa:رم]] [[fi:Rooma]] [[fr:Rome]] [[fur:Rome]] [[ga:An Róimh]] [[gd:An Ròimh]] [[gl:Roma]] [[got:𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰]] [[he:רומא]] [[hi:रोम]] [[hr:Rim]] [[hu:Róma]] [[ia:Roma]] [[id:Roma]] [[io:Roma]] [[is:Róm]] [[it:Roma]] [[ja:ローマ]] [[ka:რომი]] [[ko:로마]] [[kw:Rom]] [[la:Roma]] [[lb:Roum]] [[li:Roeme]] [[lt:Roma]] [[lv:Roma]] [[mk:Рим]] [[mr:रोम]] [[ms:Rom (nyahkekaburan)]] [[nap:Romma]] [[nds:Rom]] [[nl:Rome (stad)]] [[nn:Roma]] [[no:Roma]] [[nrm:Rome]] [[os:Рим]] [[pl:Rzym]] [[pms:Roma]] [[pt:Roma]] [[rm:Roma]] [[ro:Roma]] [[ru:Рим]] [[sc:Roma]] [[scn:Roma]] [[sh:Rim]] [[simple:Rome]] [[sk:Rím]] [[sl:Rim]] [[sq:Roma]] [[sr:Рим]] [[sv:Rom]] [[th:โรม]] [[tl:Lungsod ng Roma]] [[tr:Roma]] [[ug:رىم]] [[uk:Рим]] [[vi:Roma]] [[zh:罗马市]] [[zh-min-nan:Lô-má]] 2178 6789 2006-02-09T05:29:28Z Dcljr 137 page creation: I speak English ''Please note:'' I speak [[:en:English language|English]]. - [[User:Dcljr|dcljr]] ---- 2179 6970 2006-02-15T06:57:20Z Dcljr 137 float User en right <div style="float:right">{{User en}}</div> {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} articles [[en:User:Dcljr]] 2180 6795 2006-02-09T23:11:48Z Kipala 107 Nimeona heri kubadilisha majina ya mikoa visiwani. Hata kama si majina rasmi, itasaidia zaidi kuyatafuta majina yale ndani ya orodha, yako pamoja sasa kila kisiwa. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 23:11, 9 Februari 2006 (UTC) 2181 6797 2006-02-10T01:02:34Z Marcos 3 Roma mjini umehamishwa hapa Mji wa Roma #REDIRECT [[Mji wa Roma]] 2182 6799 2006-02-10T16:02:22Z 172.208.118.135 #REDIRECT [[Roma]] 2183 6803 2006-02-10T20:01:39Z 172.181.246.251 #REDIRECT [[Mwalimu Nyerere]] 2184 10961 2006-06-19T05:50:13Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[hr:Nil]] {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" style="float:right; empty-cells:show; width:30%; margin-left:1em; margin-bottom:0,5em; background:#CEDAF2;" !colspan="2" | Nchi za beseni ya mto wa Nile pamoja na tawimito |-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller" | [[Image:Nile.png|250px|thumb|right|Nchi za beseni ya mto wa Nile pamoja na tawimito]] |- !colspan="2" | Mto wa Nile |-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |Jina: || an-Nil ([[Kiarabu]]) |-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |Mahali: || [[Afrika]] ya kaskazini-mashariki |-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |Urefu: || 6671 km |-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |[[Chanzo (Mto)|Chanzo]]: || [[Luvironza]] /><small>mto wa chanzo [[Burundi]]</small> |-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |Kimo cha chanzo: || 2.700 juu ya [[UB]] |-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |[[Mdomo (Mto)|Mdomo]]: || [[Mediteranea]] kaskazini ya Kairo/[[Misri]] |-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |Kimo cha mdomo: || 0.00 m juu ya UB |-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |Tofauti ya kimo: || 2.700 m |-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |Tawimito ya kulia: || [[Sobat]], [[Nile ya buluu]] ([[Abbai]]), [[Atbara (mto)|Atbara]] |-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |Tawimto wa kushoto: ||[[Bahr al-Ghazal (mto)|Bahr al-Ghazal]] |-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |Miji mikubwa mtoni (pamoja na vyanzo vyake): ||[[Alexandria]], [[Assuan]], [[Atbara (Sudan)|Atbara]], [[Bahri]], [[Fajum]], [[Giza]], [[Jinja]], [[Juba]], [[Kairo]], [[Kampala]], [[Khartum]], [[Kigali]], [[Kusti]], [[Luxor]], [[Malakal]], [[Omdurman]], [[Port Said]], [[Rabak]], [[Tanta]] |-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |Je inafaa kama njia ya maji? ||ndani ya Misri |} [[Image:Nile composite NASA.jpg|left|thumb|160px|Picha ya Nile kutoka chombo cha angani - (Shukrani kwa [[NASA]]) ]] '''Mto wa Nile''' ni mto mkubwa kwa upande wa Mashariki ya bara ka [[Afrika]] pia ni mto mrefu kabisa duniani. Kutoka [[Ziwa la Viktoria Nyanza]] hadi mdomo wake kwenye [[Bahari ya Mediteranea]] Nile inavuka nchi za [[Uganda]], [[Sudan]] na [[Misri]] kwa urefu wa 6,671 km. Beseni ya Nile hukusanya maji ya eneo linalojumlisha 10% za eneo la Afrika yote au 3,349,000 km². Takriban watu milioni 250 hukalia beseni hiyo. ==Chanzo cha Nile== Nile ina vyanzo viwili ndivyo Nile yenyewe (inaitwa pia Nile nyeupe) inayotoka katika [[Ziwa Viktoria Nyanza]] na [[Nile ya buluu]] inayotoka katika [[Ziwa Tana]]. Majina haya ya "nyeupe" na "buluu" yana asili yao katika mji wa [[Khartoum]] ambako mito yote miwili inaunganika ilhali kila moja una rangi tofauti kutokana na udongo tofauti uliotia rangi yake kwenye maji yao. Chemichemi za Nile ni mito yote inayopeleka maji kwenda Ziwa Viktoria Nyanza katika nchi za [[Tanzania]], [[Burundi]], [[Rwanda]], [[Kongo]], [[Uganda]] na [[Kenya]]. Chanzo inayoanza mbali kabisa ni Mto wa [[Luvironza]] huko Burundi unaoingia katika Mto wa [[Kagera]] na kufika Ziwa la Viktoria Nyanza. Mkono mwingine wa Nile inaanza [[Ethiopia]] ikiitwa [[Abbai]] au [[Nile ya Buluu]] inatoka katika [[Ziwa Tana]]. Hakuna mapatano kabisa Nile inaanza wapi. Kawaida ya waandisha Waingereza ni kuhesabu kuanzia Ziwa Viktoria; waandishi wa mataifa mengine huwa wanaweza kuita tayari mto wa Kagera kwa jina "Nile ya Kagera". ==Majina ya Nile== Majina ya sehemu ya mto kuanzia Ziwa Viktoria hadi Khartoum ni kama yafuatayo: * [[Nile ya Viktoria]] kuanzia Jinja inapotoka katika Ziwa Viktoria kwa 500 km hadi [[Ziwa Albert]]. * [[Nile ya Albert]] kuanzia Ziwa Albert hadi mpaka wa [[Sudan]] * ndani ya Sudan mto huitwa [[Bahr al-Jabal]] (mto wa mlimani) kuanzia mpaka wa Sudan hadi kupokea tawimto wa [[Bahr al-Ghazal]] * kwa sababu ya rangi wakati wa mvua yake kutokana na udongo katika maji jina linakuwa [[Bahr al-Abyad]] kuanzia Bahr al-Ghazal hadi Khartoum * kuanzia Khartoum jina ni pekee Bahr an-Nil (mto wa Nile) hadi mdomo wake kwenye [[Mediteranea]]. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Category:Mito ya Uganda]] [[Category:Mito ya Sudan]] [[Category:Mito ya Misri]] [[ar:النيل]] [[bg:Нил]] [[br:Nil]] [[ca:Nil]] [[cs:Nil]] [[cy:Afon Nîl]] [[da:Nilen]] [[de:Nil]] [[el:Νείλος]] [[en:Nile]] [[eo:Nilo]] [[es:Nilo]] [[et:Niilus]] [[eu:Nilo ibai]] [[fa:نیل]] [[fi:Niili]] [[fr:Nil]] [[ga:An Níl]] [[gl:Río Nilo]] [[he:נילוס]] [[hr:Nil]] [[hu:Nílus]] [[id:Sungai Nil]] [[is:Níl]] [[it:Nilo]] [[ja:ナイル川]] [[kg:Nilo]] [[ko:나일 강]] [[lb:Nil]] [[lt:Nilas]] [[mk:Нил]] [[nl:Nijl]] [[nn:Nilen]] [[no:Nilen]] [[pl:Nil]] [[pt:Rio Nilo]] [[ro:Nil]] [[ru:Нил (река)]] [[scn:Nilu]] [[simple:Nile]] [[sk:Níl]] [[sl:Nil]] [[sq:Nili]] [[sr:Нил]] [[sv:Nilen]] [[ta:நைல்]] [[tl:Ilog Nile]] [[tr:Nil]] [[uk:Ніл]] [[vi:Sông Nin]] [[zh:尼罗河]] 2185 11811 2006-07-02T16:58:58Z YurikBot 117 robot Modifying: [[it:Mar mediterraneo]] [[Image:Mediterranian_Sea_16.61811E_38.99124N.jpg|thumb|300px|Bahari ya Mediteranea jinsi inavyoonekana kutoka chombo cha angani]] [[Image:Mediterranean_Relief.jpg|thumb|300px|Ramani ya Bahari ya Mediteranea]] '''Bahari ya Mediteranea''' (pia: '''Bahari ya Kati''') ni [[bahari ya pembeni]] ya [[Atlantiki]] kati ya mabara ya [[Afrika]], [[Ulaya]] na [[Asia]] ya Magharibi. Eneo lake ni takriban milioni 2,5 km². Kina chake kirefu ni 5,267 m. Ina kanda ya hali ya hewa ya pekee pamoja na mimea na wanyama. Neno "Mediteranea" limetokana na lugha ya [[Kilatini]] likiunganisha maneno ya "medium" (inamaanisha "kati ya, katikati") na "terra" (inamaanisha "bara"). Kwa hiyo neno lenyewe linamaanisha "Bahari katikati ya bara". Katika lugha ya [[Biblia]] [[Kiebrania]] iliitwa "Bahari ya Magharibi" au "Bahari Kuu"; [[Waroma wa Kale]] waliotwala nchi zote zinazopakana na Bahari ya Mediteranea waliita "mare nostrum" yaani "bahari yetu". Waarabu na Waturuki wanaiita "Bahari Nyeupe" (Kitur. Akdeniz au Kiarab. البحر الأبيض al-baHr-al-abyaD) ==Jiografia== Bahari ya Mediteranea ni [[bahari]] si [[ziwa]] kwa sababu imeunganishwa na Atlantiki kwa njia ya [[mlango wa bahari]] wa [[Gibraltar]]. Ina bahari ya pembeni yake ambayo ni [[Bahari Nyeusi]]. Zinaunganishwa kwa njia ya mlango wa bahari ya [[Dardanellia]], [[Bahari ya Marmara]] na mlango wa bahari ya [[Bosporus]]. Tangu 1869 kuna pia njia ya maji kati ya Mediteranea na [[Bahari ya Shamu]] ambayo ni [[Mfereji wa Suez]]. Kuna visiwa vingi sana hasa kati ya [[Ugiriki]] na [[Uturuki]]. Visiwa vikubwa ni [[Korsika]], [[Sardinia]], [[Sisilia]], [[Kreta]], [[Rhodos]] na [[Kibros]]. ==Nchi zinazopakana== Leo hii kuna nchi au madola 22 zinazopakana na Bahari ya Mediteraneo: * [[Afrika]]: :[[Misri]], [[Libya]], [[Tunisia]], [[Algeria]] na [[Moroko]] * [[Asia]]: :[[Uturuki]], [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]], [[Israel]], [[Palestina]] (Gaza) na [[Misri]] * [[Ulaya]]: :[[Hispania]], [[Ufaransa]], [[Monako]], [[Italia]], [[Malta]] (kisiwa), [[Slovenia]], [[Kroatia]], [[Bosnia - Herzegovina]], [[Montenegro]], [[Albania]], [[Ugiriki]], [[Uturuki]], [[Kibros]] (Cyprus, kisiwa). {{Commons|Category:Mediterranean Sea}} [[Category:Bahari]] [[af:Middellandse See]] [[am:ሜድትራኒያን ባሕር]] [[an:Mar Mediterranio]] [[ang:Wendelsǣ]] [[ar:البحر الأبيض المتوسط]] [[ast:Mar Mediterraneu]] [[be:Міжземнае мора]] [[bg:Средиземно море]] [[br:Mor Kreizdouar]] [[bs:Sredozemno more]] [[ca:Mar Mediterrània]] [[cs:Středozemní moře]] [[cy:Y Môr Canoldir]] [[da:Middelhavet]] [[de:Mittelmeer]] [[el:Μεσόγειος Θάλασσα]] [[en:Mediterranean Sea]] [[eo:Mediteraneo]] [[es:Mar Mediterráneo]] [[et:Vahemeri]] [[eu:Mediterraneo itsaso]] [[fa:مدیترانه]] [[fi:Välimeri]] [[fr:Mer Méditerranée]] [[ga:An Mheánmhuir]] [[gl:Mar Mediterráneo]] [[he:הים התיכון]] [[hr:Sredozemno more]] [[hu:Földközi-tenger]] [[id:Laut Tengah]] [[is:Miðjarðarhaf]] [[it:Mar mediterraneo]] [[ja:地中海]] [[ka:ხმელთაშუა ზღვა]] [[ko:지중해]] [[ku:Derya Navîn]] [[la:Mare Mediterraneum]] [[lb:Mëttelmier]] [[lt:Viduržemio jūra]] [[mk:Средоземно Море]] [[mt:Baħar Mediterran]] [[nds:Middelmeer]] [[nds-nl:Middellaandse Zee]] [[nl:Middellandse Zee]] [[nn:Middelhavet]] [[no:Middelhavet]] [[nrm:Mé du Mitan]] [[pl:Morze Śródziemne]] [[pt:Mar Mediterrâneo]] [[ro:Marea Mediterană]] [[ru:Средиземное море]] [[scn:Mari Meditirraniu]] [[sh:Sredozemno more]] [[simple:Mediterranean Sea]] [[sk:Stredozemné more]] [[sl:Sredozemsko morje]] [[sr:Средоземно море]] [[sv:Medelhavet]] [[ta:மெடிட்டரேனியன் கடல்]] [[th:ทะเลเมดิเตอร์เรเนียน]] [[tr:Akdeniz]] [[uk:Середземне море]] [[vi:Địa Trung Hải]] [[wa:Mîtrinne Mer]] [[zh:地中海]] [[zh-min-nan:Tē-tiong-hái]] 2186 6812 2006-02-11T12:28:34Z 172.181.246.251 #REDIRECT [[Bahari ya Mediteranea]] 2187 6814 2006-02-11T12:30:18Z 172.181.246.251 #REDIRECT [[Bahari ya Mediteranea]] 2188 7054 2006-02-19T22:53:40Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Bahari ya Mediteranea]] 2189 6823 2006-02-11T15:07:20Z Matt Crypto 20 Kongo, Jamhuri ya umehamishwa hapa Jamhuri ya Kongo #REDIRECT [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] 2190 8481 2006-04-19T20:37:37Z Matt Crypto 20 <div style="float:left;border:solid #6ef7a7 1px;margin:1px;"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#c5fcdc;" | style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#6ef7a7;text-align:center;font-size:14pt;" | '''[[Kiingereza|en]]''' | style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em;" | This user is a '''[[:Category:User en-N|native]]''' speaker of '''[[:Category:User en|English]]'''.[[Category:User en|{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:User en-N|{{PAGENAME}}]] |} </div> 2191 6838 2006-02-11T15:23:05Z Matt Crypto 20 Mji Mkuu umehamishwa hapa Mji mkuu #REDIRECT [[Mji mkuu]] 2192 6843 2006-02-11T15:28:39Z Matt Crypto 20 [[Category:Jiografia]] 2193 6847 2006-02-11T15:33:34Z Matt Crypto 20 Chadi umehamishwa hapa Chad #REDIRECT [[Chad]] 2194 6862 2006-02-11T15:54:31Z Matt Crypto 20 #REDIRECT [[Djibouti]] 2195 6853 2006-02-11T15:40:14Z Matt Crypto 20 Djibuti umehamishwa hapa Djibouti #REDIRECT [[Djibouti]] 2196 6876 2006-02-11T17:18:18Z Matt Crypto 20 Tazama pia [[Yesu Kristo]]. [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 17:18, 11 Februari 2006 (UTC) 2197 6880 2006-02-11T17:37:50Z Matt Crypto 20 <span style="font-family: 'Courier',monospace; cursor: help;" title="Lugha: {{{2}}}" lang="{{{1}}}" xml:lang="{{{1}}}">'''({{{1}}})'''</span><noinclude> '''Usage''': <nowiki>{{languageicon|<language code>|<language name>}}</nowiki>. See which codes correspond to which language in the [[list of ISO 639 codes]]. [[fr:Modèle:Indication de langue]] [[en:Template:Languageicon]] </noinclude> 2198 6879 2006-02-11T17:36:55Z Matt Crypto 20 {{languageicon|en|Kiingereza}} 2199 6885 2006-02-11T17:57:58Z Matt Crypto 20 <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: #f9f9f9; width: 250px; padding: 4px; spacing: 0px; text-align: left; float: right;"> <div style="float: left;">[[Image:Commons-logo.svg|50px|none|WikiMedia Commons]]</div> <div style="margin-left: 60px;">[[Wikimedia Commons]] ina media kuhusu: <div style="margin-left: 10px;">'''''[[Commons:{{{1|Special:Search/{{PAGENAME}}}}}|{{{2|{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}]]'''''</div> </div> </div> <noinclude> [[ar:قالب:كومونز]] [[id:Templat:Commons]] [[bg:Шаблон:Commons]] [[ca:Template:Commons]] [[cs:Šablona:Commons]] [[da:Skabelon:Commons]] [[de:Vorlage:Commons1]] [[en:Template:Commons]] [[et:Mall:Commons]] [[es:Plantilla:Commons]] [[eo:Ŝablono:Commons]] [[fr:Modèle:Commons]] [[gl:Template:Commons]] [[io:Template:Commons]] [[ilo:Template:Commons]] [[kn:Template:Commons]] [[ko:Template:Commons]] [[it:Template:Commons]] [[he:תבנית:ויקישיתוף]] [[hu:Sablon:Commons]] [[nl:Sjabloon:Commons]] [[ja:Template:Commons]] [[no:Mal:Commons]] [[pl:Szablon:Commons]] [[pt:Predefinição:Commons]] [[ro:Format:Commons]] [[ru:Шаблон:Commons]] [[simple:Template:Commons]] [[sk:Šablóna:Commons]] [[sl:Template:Commons]] [[sr:Шаблон:Commons]] [[fi:Malline:Commons]] [[sv:Mall:Commons]] [[uk:Шаблон:Commons]] [[vi:Tiêu bản:Commons]] [[wa:Modele:Commons]] [[zh:Template:Commons]] </noinclude> 2200 6888 2006-02-11T18:41:30Z Matt Crypto 20 {{languageicon|it|Kiitalia}} {{languageicon|it|Kiitalia}} 2201 10549 2006-06-04T12:24:36Z ChriKo 35 Sanduku la uainishaji {{Uainishaji | rangi = pink | jina = Mbuni | picha = Somali_ostrich.jpg | upana_wa_picha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = [[Mbuni Somali]] | himaya = [[Mnyama|Animalia]] (Wanyama) | faila = [[Chordata]] (Wanyama wenye ugwe wa neva mgongoni) | ngeli = [[Ndege|Aves]] (Ndege) | oda = [[Struthioniformes]] (Ndege kama mbuni) | familia = [[Struthionidae]] (Ndege walio na mnasaba na mbuni) | jenasi = [[Struthio]] | bingwa_wa_jenasi = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758 | spishi = Angalia katiba }} '''Mbuni''' ni [[ndege]] wa [[familia]] [[Struthionidae]]. Kuna spishi mbili kwa jenasi moja, lakini wataalamu wengine wanafikiri ni spishi moja tu. Ndege hawa ni wakubwa kuliko wengine wote. Wana miguu mirefu na shingo refu na wanaweza kukimbia sana, hata kwa mwendo wa 65 km kwa saa, lakini hawawezi kuruka angani. Mbuni wanaishi savana na nyika na majangwa za [[Afrika]], lakini wanafugwa ulimwengu wote. Jina la sayansi la spishi kuu, ''Struthio camelus'', linatoka lugha ya [[Kiyunani]]: στρουθιον = [[jurawa]] na καμηλος = [[ngamia]]. ==Spishi== *''Struthio camelus'', [[Mbuni Kawaida]] (Common Ostrich) **''S. c. australis'', [[Mbuni Kusi]] in (South African Ostrich): shingo na miguu ya dume buluu kidogo. **''S. c. camelus'', [[Mbuni Kaskazi]] (North African Ostrich): shingo ya dume nyekundu. **''S. c. massaicus'', [[Mbuni Masai]] (Masai Ostrich): shingo na miguu ya dume pinki. **''S. c. syriacus'', [[Mbuni Arabu]] (Arabian ostrich): '''imekwisha sasa''' *''S. molybdophanes'', [[Mbuni Somali]] (Somali Ostrich): shingo na miguu ya dume buluu. [[Image:Struthio camelus Distribution.png|thumb|left|300px|Usambazaji wa mbuni kwa Afrika]] {{mbegu}} [[Category:Ndege]] [[af:Volstruis]] [[ang:Strȳta]] [[ar:نعامة]] [[bg:Щраус]] [[ca:Estruç]] [[da:Struds]] [[de:Afrikanischer Strauß]] [[en:Ostrich]] [[eo:Struto]] [[es:Struthio camelus]] [[fi:Strutsi]] [[fr:Autruche]] [[he:יען]] [[hr:Noj]] [[io:Strucho]] [[it:Struthio camelus]] [[ja:ダチョウ]] [[li:Stroes]] [[lt:Afrikinis strutis]] [[ms:Burung Unta]] [[nl:Struisvogel]] [[pl:Struś]] [[pt:Avestruz]] [[ru:Страус]] [[simple:Ostrich]] [[sl:Noj]] [[sr:Ној]] [[sv:Struts]] [[vi:Đà điểu]] [[zh:鸵鸟]] 2202 6899 2006-02-12T01:47:12Z Kipala 107 Bahari ya Shamu kijiografia si bahari, ni ghuba ya Bahari Hindi. Kawaida ya Kiswahili inaweza kutumia neno "bahari" hata kwa maziwa mbalimbali yaani eneo kubwa la maji. Tunahitaji makala "bahari". --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 01:47, 12 Februari 2006 (UTC) 2203 6929 2006-02-12T22:15:51Z Kipala 107 Makala hii inasema, "Zohari ni sayari ya sita toka kwenye jua". Sayari ya sita ni "Saturn" kwa Kiingereza. Lakini Atlasi ya Kiswahili yangu kutoka Tanzania ina ramani ya sayari. Katika ramani hii Zohari ni sayari ya saba, na sayari ya sita ni "Sarateni". Sayari ya saba inaitwa "Uranus" kwa Kiingereza. [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 11:40, 12 Februari 2006 (UTC) ==Majina ya sayari== Kwa bahati mbaya sina atlasi ya Kiswahili nami; lakini nisingeshangaa kama kitabu cha shule kutoka Tanzania inaweza kuwa na kasoro hata makosa, nimeshaona makosa mbalimbali. Nahisi ya kwamba "Zohari" ni sawa kwa ajili ya sayari ya sita kwa sababu zifuatazo: * majina ya sayari zilizojulikana tangu zamani yamepokelewa kutoka Kiarabu. Waarabu walijua sayari hadi Zohal = sayari ya sita. Sayari zisizoonekana haikuwezekana kupewa jina. Hivyo naona ni kosa katika atlasi ile kwani Zohari ni jina la Kiaarabu tena kwa sayari ya sita. * Kwa Kiarabu sayari ya sita ni "zohal"; * kamusi zangu za Madan/Johnson zinataja Zohali kuwa "Saturn" * kijitabu cha Sebald "Maajabu ya ulimwengu" inataja Zohali kuwa sayari ya sita Nitaweka makala ya "Mfumo wa jua na sayari zake" nikitaja majina kutokana na vitabu vyangu - halafu tuone. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 16:23, 12 Februari 2006 (UTC) ==Nyongeza== Sayari za Uranus, Neptun na Pluto zimejulikana tu tangu kupatikana kwa darubini. Hiyo ndiyo sababu ya kwamba Wababiloni, Wagiriki na Waarabu wa Kale hawakujua sayari hizi wala kuwa na majina kwao. Sayari hizi zimeonekana na kupewa majina tangu darubini ilitumika huko Ulaya hivyo hata Waarabu hutumia majina haya kama "Uranus" n.k. Vilevile naona haiwezekani ya kwamba jina kama "Zohari" imeweza kutaja sayari ya saba yaani Uranus kwa Kiswahili kwa sababu Waswahili wa kale hawakujua sayari hii. Lakini walijua sayari ya sita yaani Zohari na hawakuitaja kwa "Sarateni" neno ambalo ni "Pidgin" ya Kiingereza.--[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 22:15, 12 Februari 2006 (UTC) 2204 6912 2006-02-12T11:45:53Z Kipala 107 ==Ihamishwe "Dunia"== Sababu: Ardhi si sayari, neno kwa kawaida humaanisha nchi kavu. Kamusi ya Kiswahili sanifu ya TUKI inataja "sayari" kama maana ya pembeni kwa ardhi lakini "dunia" kuwa ulimwengu; Kamusi ya Kiing-Kisw. ya TUKI inataja wazi kabisa "earth" ni "dunia". Nasubiri siku moja kama wenzangu wanaona sababu nzuri kupinga hoja. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 11:45, 12 Februari 2006 (UTC) 2205 10207 2006-05-27T16:10:07Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Solar sys.jpg|right|350px|thumb| Jua letu na sayari zake]] '''Mfumo wa jua na sayari zake''' ni utaratibu wa [[jua]] letu na [[sayari]] zinazoizunguka pamoja na [[Mwezi (gimba la angani)|miezi]] yao, [[asteroidi]], [[meteoridi]], [[kometi]] na [[vumbi ya angani]] yote ikishikwa na [[mvutano]] wa jua. Kwa kawaida huhesabiwa sayari 9 zinazozunguka jua. Lakini miaka ya nyuma magimba makubwa yamegunduliwa angani ambayo bado hayakukubaliwa kama yahesabiwe kuwa sayari au aina ya asteoridi. Orodha inayofuata bado inahitaji kuangaliwa kwa sababu kuna tofauti kati ya kamusi na vitabu mbalimbali jinsi ya kutaja sayari fulani. ==Sayari za jua letu== Sayari katika mfumo wa jua ni zifuatazo: Namba zote zinazotaja sifa mbalimbali za sayari zinaonyesha kipimo kulingana na sifa ya dunia yetu kuwa "1" {| class="toccolours" border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 style="text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse;" |+align=bottom style="text-align:left;"| ^* Utaridi ni jina la sayari ya kwanza kutokana na lugha ya Kiarabu. Vitabu kadhaa hutumia neno "Zebaki" ni pia neno lenye asili ya Kiarabu linalomaanisha metali; inaonekana limepatikana kama tafsiri ya jina la Kiingereza la sayari ya kwanza "Mercury" bila kujua historia ya majina ya sayari sita ya kwanza yaliyoingia katika Kiswahili kutoka lugha ya Kiarabu. <br> ^** Zuhura ni sayari lenye jina la Kibantu kwa Kiswahili pamoja na jina la asili ya Kiarabu<br> ^*** Tazama makala ya [[Dunia]] kwa ajili ya namba halisi. Neno "ardhi" hutumika na waandishi kadhaa badala ya "dunia" wakitaka kutaja sayari ya tatu.<br> ^**** Wataalamu hawakubaliani kama Pluto inastahili kuhesabiwa kama sayari halisi.<br> |- bgcolor=#ccccff ! Jina la sayari ! [[Kipenyo]] kwenye [[ikweta]] ! Masi ! [[Nusu kipenyo]] ya mzingo wa kuzunguka jua ! Muda wa mzingo <br><SMALL>(miaka)</SMALL> ! <SMALL>Kuinama kwa mzingo wa kuzunguka jua<br> Pembenukta (°)</SMALL> ! Muda wa siku ya sayari<br><SMALL>(siku)</SMALL> ! [[Mwezi (gimba la angani)|Miezi]] |- | [[Utaridi]] (Zebaki)^* | align="center" | 0.382 | align="center" | 0.06 | align="center" | 0.387 | align="center" | 0.241 | align="center" | &nbsp;7.00 | align="center" | 58.6 | align="center" | 0 |- | [[Zuhura]] (Ng'andu)<sup>**<sup> | align="center" | 0.949 | align="center" | 0.82 | align="center" | 0.72 | align="center" | 0.615 | align="center" | &nbsp;3.39 | align="center" | -243 | align="center" | 0 |- | [[Dunia]] (Ardhi)^*** | align="center" | 1.00 | align="center" | 1.00 | align="center" | 1.00 | align="center" | 1.00 | align="center" | &nbsp;0.00 | align="center" | 1.00 | align="center" | 1 |- | [[Meriki]] (Mars) | align="center" | 0.53 | align="center" | 0.11 | align="center" | 1.52 | align="center" | 1.88 | align="center" | &nbsp;1.85 | align="center" | 1.03 | align="center" | 2 |- | [[Mshtarii]] | align="center" | 11.2 | align="center" | 318 | align="center" | 5.20 | align="center" | 11.86 | align="center" | &nbsp;1.31 | align="center" | 0.414 | align="center" | 63 |- | [[Zohari]] (Zohali) | align="center" | 9.41 | align="center" | 95 | align="center" | 9.54 | align="center" | 29.46 | align="center" | &nbsp;2.48 | align="center" | 0.426 | align="center" | 49 |- | [[Uranus]] | align="center" | 3.98 | align="center" | 14.6 | align="center" | 19.22 | align="center" | 84.01 | align="center" | &nbsp;0.77 | align="center" | -0.718 | align="center" | 27 |- | [[Neptun]] | align="center" | 3.81 | align="center" | 17.2 | align="center" | 30.06 | align="center" | 164.8 | align="center" | &nbsp;1.77 | align="center" | 0.671 | align="center" | 13 |- | [[Pluto]]^**** | align="center" | 0.18 | align="center" | 0.002 | align="center" | 39.5 | align="center" | 248.5 | align="center" | 17.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; | align="center" | -6.5 | align="center" | 3 |} [[Category:Falaki]] {{mfumo wa jua na sayari zake}} [[af:Sonnestelsel]] [[ar:نظام شمسي]] [[ast:Sistema solar]] [[bg:Слънчева система]] [[ca:Sistema Solar]] [[cs:Sluneční soustava]] [[da:Solsystem]] [[de:Sonnensystem]] [[en:Solar system]] [[et:Päikesesüsteem]] [[es:Sistema Solar]] [[eo:Sunsistemo]] [[eu:Eguzki-sistema]] [[fa:سامانه خورشیدی]] [[fr:Système solaire]] [[fy:Sinnestelsel]] [[ga:Grianchóras]] [[gl:Sistema Solar]] [[gu:સૂર્યમંડળ]] [[ko:태양계]] [[he:מערכת השמש]] [[hr:Sunčev sustav]] [[hu:Naprendszer]] [[io:Sunala sistemo]] [[id:Tata Surya]] [[ia:Systema Solar]] [[ie:Solari sistema]] [[is:Sólkerfið]] [[it:Sistema solare]] [[la:systema solare]] [[lt:Saulės sistema]] [[li:Zonnestèlsel]] [[ms:Sistem suria]] [[nl:Zonnestelsel]] [[ja:太陽系]] [[no:Solsystem]] [[nn:Solsystemet]] [[pam:Solar System]] [[pl:Układ Słoneczny]] [[pt:Sistema Solar]] [[ro:Sistem solar]] [[ru:Солнечная система]] [[sco:Solar seestem]] [[sh:Sunčev sistem]] [[simple:Solar system]] [[sk:Planetárna sústava]] [[sl:Osončje]] [[fi:Aurinkokunta]] [[sv:Solsystem]] [[th:ระบบสุริยะ]] [[vi:Hệ Mặt Trời]] [[tr:Güneş Sistemi]] [[uk:Сонячна система]] [[zh:太阳系]] [[zh-min-nan:Thài-iông-hē]] 2206 6958 2006-02-14T19:13:17Z Matt Crypto 20 {{mfumo wa jua na sayari zake}} [[Image: Sunset at Grain Elevator 012 Cropped more.jpg|thumb|Night Sky|400px|right|Zuhura ikionekana kama nyota ya kwanza wakati wa jioni kando la mwezi]] '''Zuhura''' (pia: '''Ng'andu''') ni sayari ya pili katika [[mfumo wa jua na sayari zake]]. Kati ya [[sayari]] zote za [[jua]] ndiyo inayofanana zaidi na [[dunia]] yetu. Kwenye anga ya usiku inang'aa kushinda nyota zote isipokuwa [[mwezi]]. Kutokana na nguvu ya mwanga wake inaonekana mapema kati ya [[nyota]] za kwanza zinazoonekana jioni; vilevile huwa inaonekana kama nyota ya mwisho wakati wa pambazuko. Zuhura ina umbali wa kati ya kilomita milioni 107.5-108.9 kutoka jua. Umbali kutoka dunia yetu hutegemea na mahali pa dunia na Zuhura kwenye mizingo yao ya kuzunguka jua uko kati ya kilomita milioni 38.3-260.9. Ukubwa wake na pia kemia yake zinafanana sana na dunia ikiwa kipenya yake ni 12,103.6 km kwenye ikweta. Hakuna [[mwezi]]. [[Mwaka]] wa Zuhura (ambao ni muda wa kutimiza mzingo mmoja wa kuzunguka dunia) una siku 224.7 za kidunia. [[Siku]] ya Zuhura (ambayo ni muda wa dura moja ya sayari yenyewe) ina siku 243 za kidunia. Zuhura ni sayari yenye mzunguko kufuatana na mwendo wa saa. Hali ya hewa ni ya joto sana kwa wastani sentigredi 500. Hewa yake ni hasa ya kabonidaioksaidi inayosababisha mawingu mengi yanayozuia sura yake isionekane kwa darubini. Kutokana na halijoto kali hakuna maji. ==Utafiti== [[Warusi]] na [[Waamerika]] walifaulu kupeleka vyombo vya angani mbalimbali hadi Zuhura, vingine vilipita na kupima hewa vingine vilifika kwenye sura ya sayari na kutuma picha za mazingira hadi kuharibika kutokana na joto kali. [[Image:Venus Galileo.jpg|thumb|Zuhura ilivyoonekana kwa kamera ya [[chombo cha angani]] [[Galileo]] kilichopita mwaka 1990 katika umbali wa 16,000km. Rangi nyeupe ni kutokana na mawingu yanayofunika sayari yote]] [[Category:Sayari]] {{mfumo wa jua na sayari zake}} [[af:Venus (planeet)]] [[ang:Venus]] [[ar:زهرة (كوكب)]] [[bg:Венера (планета)]] [[br:Gwener (planedenn)]] [[ca:Venus (planeta)]] [[cs:Venuše (planeta)]] [[cy:Gwener (planed)]] [[da:Venus (planet)]] [[de:Venus (Planet)]] [[en:Venus]] [[et:Veenus]] [[es:Venus (planeta)]] [[eo:Venuso]] [[fa:ناهید (سیاره)]] [[fr:Vénus (planète)]] [[fy:Fenus]] [[ga:Véineas (pláinéad)]] [[gl:Venus (planeta)]] [[gu:શુક્ર (ગ્રહ)]] [[ko:금성]] [[hr:Venera (planet)]] [[io:Venero]] [[ilo:Venus (planeta)]] [[is:Venus (reikistjarna)]] [[it:Venere (astronomia)]] [[he:נוגה]] [[ku:Gelawêj (gerstêrk)]] [[la:Venus (planeta)]] [[lv:Venēra]] [[hu:Vénusz (bolygó)]] [[mt:Venere (pjaneta)]] [[ms:Zuhrah]] [[nl:Venus (planeet)]] [[ja:金星]] [[no:Venus]] [[nn:Planeten Venus]] [[os:Венерæ (планетæ)]] [[pam:Venus]] [[pl:Wenus]] [[pt:Vénus]] [[ro:Venus (planetă)]] [[ru:Венера (планета)]] [[scn:Vèniri]] [[simple:Venus (planet)]] [[sk:Venuša (planéta)]] [[sl:Venera (planet)]] [[sr:Венера (планета)]] [[fi:Venus]] [[sv:Venus (planet)]] [[th:ดาวศุกร์]] [[vi:Kim Tinh]] [[tr:Venüs (gezegen)]] [[uk:Венера (планета)]] [[zh:金星]] 2207 6922 2006-02-12T20:58:46Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Zuhura]] 2208 8639 2006-04-22T13:08:00Z Kipala 107 Atlasi yangu ya shule, pamoja na [http://72.14.207.104/search?q=cache:Ty3P6BZ-mFUJ:www.vessella.it/fpdb/ita/somo11.asp+sarateni+ya+na+za&hl=en&gl=uk&ct=clnk&cd=1 tovuti hii] vinataja Utaridi = Pluto ("sayari" ya tisa). [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 22:56, 12 Februari 2006 (UTC) Kumbe!! Nimeangalia [http://www.vessella.it/fpdb/ita/somo11.php]. Utaridi namna gani Pluto?? Pluto imejulikana tangu 1930 - pia kamusi Kiing-Kisw ya [[TUKI]] inatumia "Pluto". Lakini sishangai sana. Vitabu vya shule vya TZ... Ningeweka pesa kiasi kwa etimolojia yangu. Naona ingekuwa vema kumpata mtu katika TUKI huko DSM. Nimepata Utaridi katika kijitabu cha "Maajabu ya Ulimwengu" (kimetungwa na P. Sebald OSB, Benedictine Publications Ndanda-Peramiho 1985). Hata yeye anabadilishabadilisha Utaridi na Zebaki akitaja sayari ya kwanza. Lakini Pluto ni Pluto, hakuna njia kutumia jina la Kiarabu wakati Waarabu wenyewe hawana jina na kutumia lile la Kigiriki kipya, tena Utaridi inajulikana kabisa kuwa sayari ya kwanza?? Hata nisingeshangaa kama mtu amechanganya kila kitu ikawa utaratibu sasa. Kwa upande mwingine hadi sasa si watu wengi sana wanaotaja sayari kwa majina ya Kiswahili. Kwa hiyo itakuwa ajabu kwa wanahistoria ya lugha lakini haigusu watu wengi bado. Hata kuna uwezekano ya kwamba mkono mmoja (TUKI kamusi kiing-kisw) unasema kitu kimoja, halafu mkono mwingine (k.km. BAKITA au wizara ya elimu) unasema tofauti ilhali hawajui. Naona tuweke tuangalie watu wanasemaje tukusanye maoni kidogo. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 02:07, 13 Februari 2006 (UTC) 2209 8483 2006-04-19T20:38:20Z Matt Crypto 20 <div style="float:left;border:solid #C0C8FF 1px;margin:1px"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#F0F8FF" | style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#C0C8FF;text-align:center;font-size:14pt" | '''[[Kiswahili|sw]]-1''' | style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em" | Mtumiaji huyu aweza kushiriki kwa '''[[:Category:User sw|Kiswahili]]''' cha kiwango cha '''[[:Category:User sw-1|msingi]]'''.[[Category:User sw|{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:User sw-1|{{PAGENAME}}]] |}</div> 2210 6940 2006-02-12T23:05:07Z Matt Crypto 20 {|name="userboxes" id="userboxes" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 242px; border: {{{bordercolor|#99B3FF}}} solid 1px; background-color: {{{backgroundcolor|#FFFFFF}}}; {{{extra-css|}}}" align="{{{2|{{{align|right}}}}}}" !<big>{{{1|{{{toptext|[[Wikipedia:Userboxes|Userbox]]}}}}}}</big> |- |<noinclude> |} ==Usage== <pre><nowiki>{{boxboxtop | bordercolor = | backgroundcolor = | align = | toptext = | extra-css = }} [userboxes] {{boxboxbottom}}</nowiki></pre> All of the parameters are '''optional'''. ==Hiding userboxes== You can hide userboxes which utilize this (as well as a few other) forms of template-based userbox organization. Simply edit your userspace CSS override (for example, [[User:YOURNAME/monobook.css]] for the Monobook skin) and add the following– <code><nowiki>#userboxes { display: none; }</nowiki></code> [[ja:Template:Boxboxtop]] </noinclude> 2211 6936 2006-02-12T23:02:06Z Matt Crypto 20 #REDIRECT [[Template:Userboxtop]] 2212 6937 2006-02-12T23:02:54Z Matt Crypto 20 |} 2213 6938 2006-02-12T23:03:22Z Matt Crypto 20 #REDIRECT [[Template:Boxbottom]] #REDIRECT [[Template:Boxbottom]] 2214 6963 2006-02-14T19:18:06Z Matt Crypto 20 '''Ungo''' ni chombo cha kupepetea vitu hasa [[nafaka]] kilichotengenezwa kwa chane za miwale. {{mbegu}} 2215 6960 2006-02-14T19:15:46Z Matt Crypto 20 '''Mchuzi''' ni kitoweo cha maji maji kinachopikwa kwa kuchanganya nyama au [[samaki]] nk, pamoja na viungo kama vile [[binzari]], [[vitunguu]], [[mafuta]], [[chumvi]] na [[nyanya]]. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Chakula]] 2216 6956 2006-02-14T19:10:08Z Matt Crypto 20 '''Kande''' ni chakula kinachopikwa kwa kuchanganya punje za [[mahindi]] na [[maharagwe]] au [[kunde]]. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Chakula]] 2217 10351 2006-05-31T03:49:44Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: br, co, ka, lv, sq, tl, ug Modifying: et, eu, ru [[Image:Mars Hubble.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Meriki (Mars)]] '''Meriki''' ('''Mars''') (kutoka Kiaarabu المريخ) ni [[sayari]] ya nne katika [[mfumo wa jua]] na sayari zake. Hivyo ni sayari jirani ya [[dunia]] yetu. Kutokana na rangi yake imeitwa "sayari nyekundu". Ina [[Miezi ya sayari|miezi]] miwili midogo inayoitwa [[Phobos]] na [[Deimos]]. Kati ya sayari yote sura ya Meriki inafanana zaidi na dunia ilhali haina joto au baridi kali mno. ==Mzingo wake wa kuzunguka jua== Meriki inazunguka jua kwa umbali wa kilomita milioni 206.62 hadi 249,23 ikitumia karibu miaka miwili ya kidunia (mwaka 1 siku 321 na masaa 18) kwa mzingo wake. Mzingo wa kuzunguka jua imenama 1.85° kutoka ekliptiki. ==Tabia za kifisikia== [[Image:Mars Earth Comparison.png|thumb|right|200px|Ulinganisho wa ukubwa: Picha zenye skeli ileile za Dunia na Meriki kandokando]] Kipenyo ya Meriki ni 6794 km (takriban nusu kipenyo ya dunia); eneo la sura yake ni nusu ya eneo la sura ya dunia; masi yake ni sehemu ya kumi tu ya masi ya dunia. Meriki inazunguka kwenye kipenyo chake katika masaa 24 na dakika 37 za kidunia. Kipenyo cha mzunguko kimenama 25° 12' dhidi ya njia ya mzingo wa kuzunguka jua. Hali hii inasababisha majira ya joto na ya baridi inayofanana na dunia lakini kutokana na muda wa mwaka hata muda ya majira ni ndefu kuliko duniani. ==Angahewa== Angahewa ya Meriki ni haba sana yenye shindikizo la pascal 750 tu yaani 0.75% ya shindikizo la hewa duniani. Hewa yake ni hasa [[dioksidi ya kaboni]] (95%), [[nitrogeni]] (3%), [[argoni]] (1.6%) ikionyesha pia dalili hafifu za [[oksijeni]] na [[maji]]. Kutokana na uhaba wa hewa joto linalopokelewa kutoka jua linapotea haraka sana hivyo kuna baridi wakati wa usiku. Halijoto karibu na ikweta wakati wa majira ya joto ni kati ya 20°C wakati wa mchana na hadi –85°C wakati wa usiku. Meriki ina upepo na mawingu. Nchani pana barafu ya daioksidi ya kaboni pia barafu ya maji inayoyeyuka wakati wa joto na kusababisha mawingu. Majira kati ya baridi na joto hutokea dhoruba kali zinazotupa vumbi nyingi hewani ya kufunika sehemu kubwa za uso wa sayari. ==Uso wa Meriki== [[Image:Vikinglander-view.jpg|thumb|right|Eneo lilipotelemka chombo cha angani cha NASA Vikinglander]] Uso wa sayari inaonyesha tofauti kubwa kati ya kizio cha kaskazini na kizio cha kusini. Kaskazini pana hasa tambarare, kusini kuna hasa milima na nyanda za juu. Kutokana na uhaba wa maji hakuna bahari au mito lakini kuna dalili kama mabonde makavu yanayoonyesha ya kwamba zamani mito ilikuwepo. Tambarare za kaskazini zina mchanga na vumbi nyingi. Maeneo haya yana rangi tofauti mengine yanaonekana meusimeusi kwa darubini. Maeneo haya yaliaminiwa zamani ndiyo bahari hivyo yaliitwa kwa jina "mare" ([[Kilatini]]: bahari) kama vile Mare Erythraeum au Mare Sirenum. Katika kizio cha kusini ndipo milima mikubwa inayojulikana ulimwenguni hadi leo. Mlima mkubwa kabisa ndio Olympus Mons (Mlima wa Olimpiki) ukiwa na urefu kwenda juu wa 26 km. Mazingira yake yenye milima mikubwa mengine huitwa Tharsis pana pia volkeno. Ncha za kaskazini na kusini zina vilele vya barafu. Sehemu kubwa ya barafu hii ni daioksaidi ya kaboni iliyoganda, sehemu ndogo ni barafu ya maji. Kilele cha barafu cha kaskazini kina kipenyo cha 1000 km wakati wa majira ya joto; unene wa barafu hukadiriwa kuwa 5 km. Kilele cha barafu cha kusini ni ndogo kipenyo chake ni 350 km tu, unene wake takriban 1.5 km. Katika eneo la ikweta ya Meriki kuna bonde la ufa kubwa sana lenye urefu wa 4000 km lina kina hadi 7000 m. Vyombo vya angani vimefika Meriki na kutuma picha. Hali halisi uso wa sayari ni jangwa kubwa sana. [[Image:Marsdustdevil2.gif|thumb|center|580px|Dhoruba ya vumbi Merikini (picha zilipigwa na chombo cha [[NASA]] 2004)]] ==Mifereji== Meriki ni sayari iliyoaminika kuwa na uhai hata aina ya wanadamu. Tofauti na sayari jirani nyingine ya dunia yetu ambayo ni Zuhura (au Ng'andu) uso wa Meriki unaonekana kwa darubini. Katika karne ya 19. BK wanaastronomia hasa Mwitalia Giovanni Schiaparelli waliona alama kama mistari kwenye uso wa Meriki. Schiaparelli aliita mistari hii kwa neno la Kiitalia "canali" yaani mifereji. Jina hili lilisababisha watu wengi kujiuliza je mifereji imepatikana namna gani? Halafu katika eneo la mistari hii mabadiliko ya rangi ilionekana. Haya yote yamesababisha tuhuma na makadirio ya kuwa mifereji imechimbwa kwa kusidi la kupeleka maji maeneo makavu yanayomwagiliwa na kuonyesha rangi ya mazao kimajira. Kumbe lazima kuna wachimbaji kwa hiyo wako aina ya watu wenye utamaduni. Watu hawa waliozaliwa katika fikra za wanaastronomia na waandishi wa vitabu walijulikana kote duniani baadaye imani ilianza ya kuwa wanatutembelea duniani. Leo imegunduliwa ya kwamba sehemu kubwa ya mistari iliyoripotiwa na Schiaparelli haiko tena si mifereji. Sababu ya kuziona ilikuwa hali ya darubini ya zamani pamoja na kuchoka kwa macho ya watazamaji. Mistari kadhaa iko kweli lakini si mifereji iliyochimbwa bali mabaki ya mito ya kale kutoka zamani Meriki ilipokuwa bado na maji. Mabadiliko katika rangi kwenye sehemu ya uso za Meriki yamejulikana ni kutokana na dhoruba kubwa yanayorusha vumbi kwenye angahewa. [[Category:Sayari]] {{mfumo wa jua na sayari zake}} [[als:Mars (Planet)]] [[ar:مريخ]] [[bg:Марс (планета)]] [[bn:মঙ্গলগ্রহ]] [[br:Meurzh (planedenn)]] [[bs:Mars]] [[ca:Mart (planeta)]] [[co:Marte]] [[cs:Mars (planeta)]] [[cy:Mawrth (planed)]] [[da:Mars (planet)]] [[de:Mars (Planet)]] [[el:Άρης (πλανήτης)]] [[en:Mars]] [[eo:Marso]] [[es:Marte (planeta)]] [[et:Marss]] [[eu:Martitz (planeta)]] [[fa:بهرام (سیاره)]] [[fi:Mars]] [[fr:Mars (planète)]] [[ga:Mars (pláinéad)]] [[gl:Marte (planeta)]] [[he:מאדים]] [[hr:Mars (planet)]] [[hu:Mars (bolygó)]] [[id:Mars]] [[ilo:Mars (planeta)]] [[io:Marso]] [[is:Mars (reikistjarna)]] [[it:Marte (astronomia)]] [[ja:火星]] [[ka:მარსი (პლანეტა)]] [[kn:ಮಂಗಳ]] [[ko:화성]] [[ku:Behram (gerstêrk)]] [[kw:Meurth (planet)]] [[la:Mars (planeta)]] [[lb:Mars (Planéit)]] [[li:Mars (planeet)]] [[lt:Marsas (planeta)]] [[lv:Marss (planēta)]] [[ms:Marikh]] [[mt:Marte (pjaneta)]] [[nds:Mars]] [[nl:Mars (planeet)]] [[nn:Planeten Mars]] [[no:Mars (planet)]] [[os:Марс (планетæ)]] [[pam:Mars]] [[pl:Mars]] [[pt:Marte]] [[ro:Marte (planetă)]] [[ru:Марс]] [[scn:Marti]] [[sco:Maurs]] [[simple:Mars (planet)]] [[sk:Mars]] [[sl:Mars (planet)]] [[sq:Marsi]] [[sr:Марс]] [[sv:Mars (planet)]] [[ta:செவ்வாய் (கோள்)]] [[th:ดาวอังคาร]] [[tl:Marte]] [[tr:Mars (gezegen)]] [[ug:مارس (ئاسترونومىيە)]] [[uk:Марс (планета)]] [[vi:Sao Hỏa]] [[wa:Måss (planete)]] [[zh:火星]] [[zh-min-nan:Hoé-chheⁿ]] 2218 8664 2006-04-22T21:07:18Z Kipala 107 {| class="toccolours" style="margin: 1em auto; clear: both; font-size: 90%; text-align: center;" |- ! style="background:#FF9; font-size: larger;" | [[Mfumo wa jua na sayari zake]] |- | [[Jua]] - [[Utaridi]] - [[Zuhura]] - [[Dunia]] ([[Mwezi (gimba la angani)|Mwezi]]) - [[Meriki]] - [[Mshtarii]] - [[Zohari]] - [[Uranus]] - [[Neptun]] - [[Pluto]] |} 2219 8884 2006-04-27T06:53:59Z Matt Crypto 20 '''NASA''' ni kifupi cha [[Kiingereza]] kwa "'''National Aeronautics and Space Administration'''" (Mamlaka ya Marekani ya Usafiri wa Anga). Mamlaka hii ilianzishwa 1958. Wajibu wake ni kusimamia miradi ya serikali ya [[Marekani]] ya kuendesha utafiti na uchunguzi wa anga. NASA inatawala utengenezaji wa roketi za kurusha vyombo vya angani na vyombo vya angani vyenyewe. [[Image:Mercury 3.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Roketi iliyorusha "Freedom 7" na Alan Shepard Jr.angani tar. 5.5.1961]] Miradi ya NASA ilianzishwa kutokana na [[Mshtuko wa Sputnik]] yaani baada ya [[Warusi]] kushtusha dunia kwa kupeleka vyombo vya angani vya kwanza katika mradi wao wa [[Sputnik]]. Ulifuatwa na mradi wa "[[Vostok]]" ambao tarehe 12. 04. 1961 ulimfikisha [[Yuri Gagarin]] angani akiwa mtu wa kwanza huko kwenda angani. Mradi wa kwanza wa NASA ulikuwa [[Mradi wa Mercury]] uliotakiwa kuonyesha ya kwamba wanaanga wanaweza kukaa angani kwa muda fulani. Alan B. Shepard Jr. alikuwa Mwamerika wa kwanza angani kwa muda wa dakika 15; John Glenn alikuwa Mwamerika wa kwanza wa kuzunguka dunia tarehe 20. 02. 1962 kwa chombo cha angani "Friendship 7". Mradi huo ulifuatwa na [[Mradi wa Gemini]] kuanzia mwaka 1965 ulionyesha ya kwamba watu wanaweza kukaa angani kwa muda wa siku kadhaa hata kutekeleza shughuli fulani. Gemini iliandaa [[Mradi wa Apollo]] uliopeleka watu wa kwanza [[mwezi]]. Chombo cha angani "Apollo 11" kilifikisha wanaanga [[Neil Armstrong]] na [[Buzz Aldrin]] kwenye uso wa mwezi tar. 20.07. 1969 na kuwarudisha dunia tena. Kutoka mwanzo ule kuna miradi mingi iliyofuata. [[Image:Aldrin Apollo 11.jpg|thumb|175px|left|Buzz Aldrin akitembea kwenye uso wa mwezi wakati wa safari ya Apollo 11.]] [[ang:NASA]] [[bg:НАСА]] [[bs:NASA]] [[ca:NASA]] [[cs:NASA]] [[da:NASA]] [[en:NASA]] [[eo:NASA]] [[es:NASA]] [[et:NASA]] [[fa:ناسا]] [[fi:NASA]] [[fr:National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] [[gl:NASA]] [[he:נאס"א]] [[hu:NASA]] [[id:NASA]] [[is:Geimferðastofnun Bandaríkjanna]] [[it:NASA]] [[ja:アメリカ航空宇宙局]] [[ko:미국항공우주국]] [[la:NASA]] [[lt:NASA]] [[nl:NASA]] [[nn:NASA]] [[no:NASA]] [[pl:NASA]] [[pt:NASA]] [[ro:NASA]] [[ru:НАСА]] [[scn:NASA]] [[simple:NASA]] [[sk:NASA]] [[sl:NASA]] [[sr:НАСА]] [[sv:NASA]] [[th:องค์การนาซา]] [[tr:NASA]] [[uk:НАСА]] [[vi:NASA]] [[zh:美国国家航空航天局]] 2221 6973 2006-02-15T13:31:18Z Kipala 107 '''Makorongo''' ni [[ndege]] wenye shingo ndefu na miguu mirefu na hunyosha shingo na miguu wakiruka angani. [[Yange]] na [[koikoi|makoikoi]] hupinda shingo yao wakiruka angani. Jina hili hutumika kwa jamii mbili ya ndege: *[[Korongo (Ciconiidae)|Ciconiidae]] (storks) *[[Korongo (Gruidae)|Gruidae]] (cranes) [[Category:Ndege]] 2222 6985 2006-02-16T21:39:05Z Matt Crypto 20 Wikipedia:Searching umehamishwa hapa Waarabu '''Waarabu:''' Leo duniani kuna watu wengi sana wanaojinasibisha na Waarabu wakiwa wanaishi Bara Arabu au Mashariki ya Kati au kwengineko ulimwenguni. Watu hawa ambao wanatafautiana baina yao kirangi na kimaumbile na kisura wote wanadai kuwa ni Waarabu au asli zao ni za Kiarabu. Walakini, ni nani hasa hawa Waarabu na nini asli yao? '''Asli ya Waarabu:''' Waarabu wote ulimwenguni wanatokana na jadi moja ambaye ni mtoto wa Nabii Nuh aitwaye Sam, lakini baadaye waligawanyika katika makundi matatu: 1- Waarabu (Al-Baida): Nao ni Waarabu ambao leo hawako tena ulimwenguni kwa sababu ni kaumu zilizoangamizwa na Mwenyezi Mungu baada ya kukataa kufuata maamrisho yake na kwenda kinyume na Mitume yao, nao ni: Kaumu ya Hud ambayo ilikuwa ikijulikana kwa jina la A'ad, na kaumu ya Saleh ambayo ilikuwa ikijulikana kwa jina la Thamud. Kaumu mbili hizi ziliangamizwa na Mwenyezi Mungu kwa kumuasi na kutofuata amri na maelekezo ya Mitume yao, na waliobakia katika makundi haya mawili ndio waliokuja kufanya makundi ya Waarabu wanaojulikana kwa jina la Waarabu (Al-A'ariba). 2- Waarabu (Al-A'ariba): Nao ni Waarabu waliotokana na mtoto wa Nabii Hud (AS) ajulikanaye kwa jina la Qahttaan na kutokana na kizazi chake ndio hawa Waarabu wanaoitwa Al-A'ariba wakaenea kila upande. Waarabu hawa ambao makabila yao makubwa wakati huo yalikuwa ni Himyar na Kahlaan walikuwa wakiishi Yemen na kuwa na ufalme na ustaarabu mkubwa mpaka yalipotokea mafuriko makubwa hapo Yemen yakawatawanya na kuwasukuma kwenda sehemu nyengine mbali mbali za Bara Arabu na Shamu na Iraqi na Misri na Afrika Mashariki. 3- Waarabu (Al-Mustaariba): Nao ni Waarabu waliotokana na Nabii Ismail (AS) ambaye aliletwa na babake Nabii Ibrahim (AS) na kuwekwa katika bonde la Makka pamoja na mamake Hajar na kuachwa hapo kwa amri ya Mwenyezi Mungu. Nabii Ismail hakuwa Mwarabu lakini baada ya kukaa hapo Makka na kutifuka chemchemu ya Zamzamu, walikuja Waarabu wa Kiyemeni wa kabila la Jurhum na walipoona maji hapo waliomba kubakia hapo na ndipo Nabii Ismail akakulia kwenye kabila hilo na kujifunza Kiarabu na kuoa katika kabila hilo. Kwa hivyo, kizazi chake kiliinukia kuwa Waarabu kwa kuchanganyika na kabila la Waarabu na wakawa wanajulikana kama Waarabu Al-Mustaariba. '''Maskani ya Waarabu ya asli:'' Waarabu, kama tulivyoeleza hapo nyuma, mwanzo walikuwa wakiishi Yemen lakini baadaye wakaanza kutawanyika kwenye sehemu nyenginezo za Bara Arabu, na kwa kuwa wengi wao walikuwa wakiishi maisha ya kibedui ya kusafiri kutoka mahali pamoja kwenda kwengine kutafuta chakula na maji kwa nafsi zao na wanyama wao, waliweza kuenea sehemu zote za Bara Arabu na kufika Shamu na Iraqi na Misri na Afrika ya Mashariki na Afrika ya Kaskazini. Kutawanyika huku kulizidi kuwa na kasi baada ya kuvunjika bwawa lao kubwa lililokuwa Maarib huko Yemen lililokuwa likilimbika maji mengi kwa ajili ya ukulima na mabustani yao na malisho ya wanyama wao, na mtawanyo mkubwa wa pili ni baada ya kuja Uislamu na kuhitajia kupeleka watu sehemu mbali mbali ulimwenguni kueneza dini hii. Hapo ndipo Waarabu walipotawanyika kila mahali ulimwenguni kueneza neno la Mwenyezi Mungu na kufikisha ujumbe wake, na ndiyo maana leo tunaona Waarabu katika kila bara la mabara ya ulimwengu. '''Ulimwengu wa Waarabu leo:''' Waarabu, leo, wako kila mahali ulimwenguni, lakini kila ukikaribia kwenye kitovu cha dunia ambacho kiko Bara Arabu, Uarabu unazidi kudhihirika zaidi na lugha yao inazidi kuwa fasihi zaidi na hapa ndipo ada na mila zao zinazidi kuhifadhiwa na kutiliwa mkazo. Aidha, Waarabu wanaishi kwenye nchi zaidi ya ishirini za Mashariki ya Kati, ikiwemo Bara Arabu na Shamu na Iraqi na nchi za Ghuba ya Uajemi (Uarabu) na Afrika ya Kaskazini na Mashariki. '''Idadi ya Waarabu ulimwenguni:''' Waarabu ulimwenguni wanahesabiwa kuwa idadi yao imefikia mia tatu milioni (300,000,000), ijapokuwa kuna idadi kubwa vile vile ya watu wa makabila mengine ambao wanaishi kwenye nchi za Kiarabu kama Mairani na Wahindi na Maarmani na Mayahudi na Mabarbari na Waafrika na Mabulushi na Makurdi na Waturuki na wengineo. Kwa upande mwengine, kuna Waarabu wengi sana ambao wametawanyika katika nchi mbali mbali za dunia kwenye mabara yote ya ulimwengu. '''Wajiitao Waarabu leo:''' Leo ulimwenguni kuna watu wanaojinasibisha na Waarabu kwa sababu hizi zifuatazo: 1- Kila anayeishi katika nchi ya Kiarabu na kuwa na uraiya wa nchi ya Kiarabu 2- Kila anayezungumza Kiarabu na kufuata mila na ada za Kiarabu 3- Kila ambaye anajua kuwa asli yake na ya wazee wake ni Waarabu hata ikiwa hajui Kiarabu '''Dini ya Waarabu:''' Watu wengi sana ulimwenguni wanafikiria na kuchukulia kuwa dini ya Waarabu ni Uislamu, lakini ukweli ni kwamba kuna Waarabu wengi ambao ni Wakristo, na hii ni kwa sababu kabla ya kuja Uislamu Waarabu walikuwa wakifuata dini mbali mbali za Kiyahudi na Kikristo na Kimajusi na wengineo walikuwa hawana dini kabisa au dini za kienyeji, na juu ya kuwa wengi waliingia kwenye dini ya Uislamu baada ya kuja Mtume Muhammad (SAW), lakini wale walioamua kubakia kwenye dini zao hawakulazimishwa kuingia kwenye Uislamu na ndio maana leo tunaona kuna Waarabu Wakristo sehemu za Syria na Lubnani na Iraqi na Misri na kwengineko. '''Lugha ya Kiarabu:''' Lugha ya Kiarabu ilienea baada ya kuja Uislamu na kufika sehemu nyingi duniani kwa sababu ya watu kutaka kujua dini yao na kuweza kusoma Qurani Tukufu na kujua maneno ya Mtume wao Muhammad (SAW), na kwa kuwa imetawanyika sehemu nyingi za Mashariki ya Kati kumezuka lahaja mbali mbali ambazo mara nyengine ni taabu kufahamika baina ya watu wa sehemu fulani na wengineo wa nchi nyenginezo. Juu ya hivyo, kuna lahaja zilizo karibu kama lahaja za Shamu na lahaja za Ghuba na za Bara Arabu na lahaja za Afrika ya Kaskazini na lahaja ya Misri na Sudani. 2223 10546 2006-06-04T11:46:43Z ChriKo 35 Sanduku la uainishaji {{Uainishaji | rangi = pink | jina = Korongo | picha = Yellow-billed_stork.jpg | upana_wa_picha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = [[Korongo domo-njano]] | himaya = [[Mnyama|Animalia]] (Wanyama) | faila = [[Chordata]] (Wanyama wenye ugwe wa neva mgongoni) | ngeli = [[Ndege|Aves]] (Ndege) | oda = [[Ciconiiformes]] (Ndege kama makorongo) | familia = [[Ciconiidae]] (Ndege walio na mnasaba na makorongo) | bingwa_wa_familia = [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1840 | jenasi = Angalia katiba }} '''Makorongo''' hawa ni [[ndege]] wa [[familia]] '''Ciconiidae''' wenye domo refu na nono ([[korongo (Gruidae)|makorongo]] wa familia '''Gruidae''' wana domo fupi na jembamba zaidi). Mabawa yao ni marefu sana, yale ya [[korongo mfuko-shingo]] au [[marabu]] yana 3.2 m: marefu kuliko yale ya ndege wote ghairi ya [[tumbusi]] wa Andes (condor). Spishi nyingine huishi mahali pa majimaji nyingine mahali pakavu. Hula vyura, samaki, wadudu na nyungunyungu, hata ndege na wanyama wadogo. Korongo hawa hawawezi kutoa sauti. Lakini kwa tago hupiga kelele na domo yao. ==Spishi wa Afrika== * ''Mycteria ibis'', [[Korongo Domo-njano]] Yellow-billed Stork) * ''Anastomus lamelligerus'', [[Korongo Domo-wazi]] (African Openbill Stork) * ''Ciconia abdimii'', [[Korongo Samawati]] (Abdim's Stork) * ''Ciconia episcopus'', [[Korongo Shingo-sufu]] (Woolly-necked Stork) * ''Ciconia ciconia'', [[Korongo Mweupe]] (White Stork) * ''Ciconia nigra'', [[Korongo Mweusi]] (Black Stork) * ''Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis'', [[Korongo Domo-ngazi]] (Saddle-billed Stork) * ''Leptoptilos crumeniferus'', [[Korongo Mfuko-shingo]] (Marabou Stork) ==Spishi wa mabara mengine== * ''Mycteria cinerea'' (Milky Stork) * ''Mycteria leucocephala'' (Painted Stork) * ''Mycteria americana'' (Wood Stork) * ''Anastomus oscitans'' (Asian Openbill Stork) * ''Ciconia stormi'' (Storm's Stork) * ''Ciconia maguari'' (Maguari Stork) * ''Ciconia boyciana'' (Oriental White Stork) * ''Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus'' (Black-necked Stork) * ''Jabiru mycteria'' (Jabiru) * ''Leptoptilos javanicus'' (Lesser Adjutant) * ''Leptoptilos dubius'' (Greater Adjutant) [[Category:Ndege]] [[ar:لقلق]] [[ca:Cigonya]] [[co:Cigogna]] [[da:Storke]] [[de:Störche]] [[en:Stork]] [[eo:Cikoniedoj]] [[es:Ciconiidae]] [[fr:Ciconiidae]] [[he:חסידה]] [[io:Cikonio]] [[ja:コウノトリ亜科 (Sibley)]] [[li:Storke]] [[lt:Gandriniai]] [[nds:Stork]] [[nl:Ooievaars]] [[pl:Bocianowate]] [[pt:Cegonha]] [[ru:Аистовые]] [[sl:Štorklja]] [[sv:Storkar]] [[uk:Лелека]] [[zh:鹳科]] 2225 10760 2006-06-12T05:08:41Z 80.132.103.193 +Interwikilink [[Image:Tanzania_Ruvuma.png|right|175px|Mkoa wa Ruvuma katika Tanzania]] '''Mkoa wa Ruvuma''' ni kati ya mikoa 26 ya [[Tanzania]]. Umepewa jina kutokana na [[mto Ruvuma]] ambao ni mpaka wake wa kusini na [[Msumbiji]]. Umepakana na [[Ziwa la Nyasa]] na [[Mkoa wa Morogoro]] upande wa magharibi, mikoa ya [[Mkoa wa Iringa|Iringa]] na [[Mkoa wa Lindi|Lindi]] upande wa kaskazini na [[Mkoa wa Mtwara]] upande wa Mashariki. Kuna mikoa mitano ambayo ni (idadi ya wakazi katika mabano) Songea Mjini (131,336), Songea Vijijini (147,924), Tunduru (247,976), Mbinga (404,799), Namtumbo (185,131). Makao makuu ya mkoa ndipo Songea. Jumla ya wakazi wote katika Mkoa wa Ruvuma ni 1,117,166 (sensa 2002). Makabila makubwa katika Ruvuma ni [[Wayao]], [[Wangoni]], Wamatengo, Wandendeule na Wandengereko. Karibu na Songea iko [[monasteri]] kubwa ya [[Peramiho]] ya watawa [[Wabenedikto]]. Sehemu ya mashariki ya mkoa kuna barabara ya lami kutoka [[Daresalaam]] kupitia [[Makambako]] na [[Njombe]] hadi Songea. Barabara kuu kwenda [[Lindi]] ni katika hali mbaya. ==Viungo vya nje== * {{en}} Matokeo ya sensa 2002: [http://www.tanzania.go.tz/census/census/ruvuma.htm Ruvuma Region Homepage for the 2002 Tanzania National Census] * [http://www.tanzania.go.tz/govdirf.html Tanzanian Government Directory Database] * {{en}} [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=Tanzania Makabila ya Tanzania] {{Mikoa ya Tanzania}} [[Category:Mikoa ya Tanzania]] [[de:Ruvuma (Region)]] [[en:Ruvuma Region]] [[ja:ロヴマ州]] 2227 6990 2006-02-16T22:55:20Z Kipala 107 ==Neptune ?== ama Neptun au Neptuni... mimi najaribu kupata kamusi ya Baiolojia-Kemia-Fisikia ya TUKI kutoka Dar. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 22:55, 16 Februari 2006 (UTC) 2228 8152 2006-04-10T12:02:14Z Matt Crypto 20 '''Jackson Five''' lilikuwa kundi la muziki wa roki la nchini Amerika lililoundwa na wanamuziki watano. Nyimbo zilizoimbwa na kundi hili ni kama "The Love You Save", "I Will Be There", "Mamas Pearl" na "Never Can Say Goodbye". {{mbegu}} 2229 8161 2006-04-10T12:11:12Z Matt Crypto 20 '''Siku ya wapendanao''' ni siku kuu hii huadhimishwa kila ifikapo tarehe 14/2 ya kila mwaka (valentine day).historia yake imeanzia karne ya 3 huko ROMA ambapo alikuwapo mtakatifu valentine au valentinus. Mtawala wakati huo alikuwa CLAUDIA WA PILI yeye aliona kuwa askari mkakamavu na bora zaidi ni yule asiyeoa wala kuwa na familia (kapera). Hivyo alipiga marufuku ndoa kwa askari. Mtakatifu valintine alipinga jambo hili hivyo kuendelea kufungisha ndoa kwa siri. Mfalme claudia alipopata habari hizi aliamuru kukamatwa kwa valentine na kuuwawa. Akiwa gerezani aliandika barua ambayo ilikuwa na salamu za kwanza za valentine kwa binti aliyekuja kumsalimia gerezani, mwisho wa barua alihitimisha kwa maneno haya (FROM YOUR VALENTINE). Toka hapa valentine anakumbukwa kama mtetezi wawapendanao na siku hii kuadhimishwa kote duniani. {{mbegu}} 2230 6994 2006-02-17T07:19:42Z Rerehambegha 127 MAMBO niko Tazania mkoa wa Tanga, nashukuru kwa michango yenu KIPALA,MTT CRYPTO NA NIGANILE ALIYE NISHAURI KUCHANGIA MADA KATIKA WIKIPEDIA BADO KAZI NI KUBWA, 2231 9669 2006-05-14T22:36:53Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Tanzania_Kigoma.png|thumb|right|175px|Mkoa wa Kigoma katika Tanzania]] '''Kigoma''' iko kati ya mikoa 26 za Tanzania. Imepakana na [[Burundi]] na [[Mkoa wa Kagera]] upande wa Kaskazini, mikoa ya [[Mkoa wa Shinyanga|Shinyanga]] na [[Mkoa wa Tabora|Tabora]] upande wa mashariki na [[Mkoa wa Rukwa]] upande wa kusini. Magharibi umepakana na Ziwa la [[Tanganyika]] penye mpaka na [[Kongo]]. Kuna wilaya nne ndizo (idadi ya wakazi katika mabano): [[Kigoma Mjini]] (144,852), Kigoma Vijijini (490,816), Kibondo (414,764), Kasulu (628,677). Jumla ya wakazi ni 1,679,109 (sensa 2002). Makao makuu ndipo [[Kigoma mjini]]. ==Eneo la Mkoa== Mkoa una eneo la 45,066 km² (sawa na 4.8% ya eneo lote la Tanazania) ikiwa 8,029 km² ndizo maji hasa Ziwa la Tanganyika na 37,037 km² ndizo nchi kavu. {| border="1" cellpadding="2" |- !colspan=2|Wilaya au manisipaa !! Eneo km² !! nchi kavu km² !! % za mkoa wote !! Tarafa !! Kata !! Kijiji |- |'''1'''|| [[Kigoma mjini na vijijini]]||19,685||11,655||31||7||31||71 |- |'''2'''|| [[Kibondo]]||16,058||16,058||44||4||20||66 |- |'''3'''|| [[Kasulu]]||9,324||9,324||25||7||30||83 |- |colspan=2|'''Jumla'''||45,066||37,037||100||18||81||220 |- |}, Takriban robo ya eneo la mkoa wa Kigoma hutumika kwa kilimo na ufugaji, karibu nusu ni misitu. Kwa ujumla eneo la mkoa ni tambarare ya juu inayoanza kwenye UB wa 800m karibu na Ziwa la Tanganyika na kupanda hadi 1,750 m. Mito ya kudumu ndiyo Malagarasi, Luiche na Ruchugi. ==Wakazi== Kabila kubwa ndilo [[Waha]]. Kuna pia [[Wanyamwezi]], [[Wasukuma]], Wafipa na watu wenye asili ya [[Kongo]], [[Rwanda]] na [[Burundi]]. Idadi au msongamano wa watu katika maeneo ya mkoa huu imetegemea sana kupatikana kwa inzi za aina ya [[ndorobo]]. Penye ndorobo wengi watu ni wachache. ==Uchumi na mawasiliano== Mkoa wa Kigoma haukuona bado maendeleo yanayolingana na mazingira yake. Hali ya barabara na mawasiliano mengine ni mbaya. Umbali hadi Daressalaam ni 1316 km, hadi [[Mwanza]] 830 Km, hadi [[Arusha]] 1204 Km. Lakini hakuna barabara ya lami hata barabara za kokoto ni sehemu ndogo to. Usafiri muhimu ni reli ya kati kutoka Kigoma kwenda [[Daressalaam]] kupitia [[Tabora]] na [[Dodoma]]. Isipokuwa reli hii imeshazeeka ilhali imejengwa zamani za [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani]] kabla ya [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia]]. Treni zake huchelewachelewa zinachukua muda mrefu. Wakati wa mvua inatokea ya kwamba mawasiliano yanavurugika. Uwanja wa ndege wa Kigoma inashughulika ndege ndogo aina ya Fokker. Mnamo 85% ya wakazi wote hutegema kilimo, walio wengi kilimo cha kujitegemea tu. Kuongezeka kwa wakimbizi kutoka nchi jirani na kukua kwa makambi kulikuwa tatizo kubwa. ==Hifadhi za wanyama na za kihistoria== Kuna maeneo mawili penye [[sokwe]]: ndipo Hifadhi ya Taifa ya [[Gombe]] (alikofanya utafiti wake mwanabiolojia [[Jane Goddall]]) na Hifadhi ya Taifa ya [[Milima ya Mahale]]. Mji wa [[Ujiji]] ulioko karibu na Kigoma mjini ndio mji wa kale zaidi katika Tanzania ya Magharibi penye makumbusho wa Dr. Livingstone. ==Viungo vya Nje== * {{en}} Sensa ya 2002 [http://www.tanzania.go.tz/census/census/kigoma.htm Kigoma Region Homepage for the 2002 Tanzania National Census] *Serikali ya Tanzania [http://www.tanzania.go.tz Tanzanian Government Directory Database] * {{en}}Mkoa wa Kigoma - Taarifa ya kijamii na kiuchumi [http://home.ripway.com/2005-5/312304/BLOG%20Files/KigomaSocio-Economic.pdf] {{Mikoa ya Tanzania}} [[en:Kigoma Region]] [[ja:キゴマ州]] 2233 7011 2006-02-18T11:33:37Z Kipala 107 Kanda za Afrika kufuatana na mpangilio wa Umoja wa mataifa Kanda za Afrika kufuatana na mpangilio wa Umoja wa mataifa 2234 10963 2006-06-19T08:39:32Z YurikBot 117 robot Modifying: [[eu:Lehen Mundu Gerra]] [[Image:Map 1914 WWI Alliances.jpg|thumb|400px|Shirikiano za kijeshi katika Ulaya wakati wa mwaka 1915. Nyekundu: [[Mataifa ya Kati]]; kijani: [[Mataifa ya Ushirikiano]]; njano: mataifa yasiyoshiriki vitani]] [[Image:WWI.png|thumb|400px|Ramani ya dunia ikionyesha nchi na maeneo yaliyoshiriki katika Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia. Kijani: [[Mataifa ya Ushirikiano]]; njano: [[Mataifa ya Kati]]; nchi zisizoshiriki kwa rangi ya kijivu]] '''Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia''' ilikuwa vita kati ya 1914 hadi 1918 ya [[Ujerumani]], [[Austria-Hungaria]], [[Bulgaria]] na [[Uturuki]] (ziliitwa "Mataifa ya Kati") dhidi ya [[Ufaransa]], [[Urusi]], [[Uingereza]], [[Marekani]] na nchi mbalimbali zilizoshirikiana nazo (zilitwa "Mataifa ya Ushirikiano"). Vita hii ilianza katika [[Ulaya]] ikapanuka haraka hadi [[Mashariki ya Kati]], [[Afrika]] na [[Asia]] ya Mashariki ikasababisha kifo cha takriban watu milioni tisa. ==Sababu na matokeo== '''Sababu yake''' ilikuwa mashindano makali kati ya mataifa ya Ulaya kuhusu kipaumbele duniani. '''Matokeo yake''' yalikuwa mwisho wa kipaumbele cha Ulaya duniani na kupanda ngazi wa Marekani, mapinduzi katika nchi mbalimbali, mwisho wa falme za Ujerumani, Austria na Urusi pamoja na mwanzo wa utawala wa kikomunisti katika Urusi, mwisho wa Dola la Austria - Hungaria na Dola la Uturuki ya Kiosmani pamoja na mwisho wa ukoloni wa Kijerumani duaniani. Katika Ulaya '''nchi mpya''' zilijitokeza kama vile Czechoslovakia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia na Yugoslavia pamoja nchi zilizorudi katika uwanja wa kimataifa ndizo Austria, Hungaria na Poland. ==Mwanzo wa vita== Vita ilianza kutokana na ugomvi kati ya Austria-Hungaria na [[Serbia]]. Kutokana na muundo wa mikataba ya usaidizi kati ya nchi za Ulaya mwanzo huo ulisababisha nyororo ya matangazo ya hali ya vita kati ya mataifa mengine. Tar. 28. 06. 1914 katika mji wa [[Sarayevo]] mwana wa [[Kaisari]] wa Austria aliyekuwa mfalme-teule akauawa pamoja na mke wake na mgaidi Mserbia mwanachama wa kundi la "Mkono Mweusi" lililosikitika utawala wa Austria-Hungaria katika [[Bosnia]]. Austria ilidai Serbia ifuate mashariti makali katika utafiti wa tendo lile. Serbia ilipokataa sehemu ya masharti Austria ilitangaza hali ya vita dhidi ya Serbia tar. 28.07.1914. Agosti ya 1914 iliona kupanuka kwa vita hii: Warusi walikuwa na mkataba wa usaidizi na Serbia wakatangaza hali ya vita dhidi ya Austria-Hungaria. Sasa wakaingia Wajerumani waliokuwa na mapatano ya Usaidizi na Austria-Hungaria wakitangaza hali ya vita dhidi ya Urusi. Urusi kwa upande wake ulikuwa na mkataba wa kusaidiana na Ufaransa hivyo hali ya vita ikajitokeza pia kati ya Ufaransa na Ujerumani. Uingereza ulijiunga na vita baada ya Wajerumani walipoanza kuingia ndani ya eneo la [[Ubelgiji]] kwa shabaha ya kuvuka haraka ili wavamie kaskazini ya Ufaransa. Kuanzia Oktoba 1914 Dola la Uturuki lilijiunga na vita kufuatana na mkataba wake wa siri na Ujerumani. Mwaka 1915 Italia ilijiunga na Wafaransa na Waingereza kwa kushambulia Austria-Hungaria. ==Vita katika nchi mbalimbali== Vita ilipigwa kwa ukali miaka iliyofuata. Wajerumani waliingia ndani ya Ufaransa lakini walikwama kabla ya kufika mji mkuu wa Paris. Kwa muda mrefu mstari wa mapambano ulibaki palepale. Katika Mashariki Wajerumani walifauli kurudisha mashambulio ya kirusi na kuteka sehemu za Urusi. Katika Kusini ya Ulaya Waustria walifaulu kwa matatizo makubwa kuteka Serbia na Montenegro pamoja na Albania. Waturuki walishindwa kwa ujumla katika mashambulio yao dhidi ya Warusi katika eneo la Kaukasus na dhidi ya Waingereza katika Misri. Lakini walifaulu kuwarudisha mashambulio ya Kiingereza dhidi ya Uturuki mwenyewe. Waingereza walifaulu pia katika Irak kuwarudisha Waturuki. ==Vita katika koloni== Vita ilienea haraka baharini na katika koloni za nchi za Wajerumani zilizovamiwa na Waingereza, Wafaransa, [[Afrika Kusini]] na [[Japani]]. Kwa ujumla koloni zote zilitekwa haraka isipokuwa [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani]]. Jeshi la Ulinzi wa Kijerumani chini ya uongozi wa [[Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck]] ilifaulu kupigania jeshi kubwa sana wa Waingereza bila kumalizwa hadi Novemba 1918. ==Mwisho wa vita== Wakati wa 1917 mataifa ya Ulaya yalionyesha dalili za uchovu. Katika hali hii mabadiliko mawili makubwa yalitokea: Marekani ilijiunga na vita dhidi ya Wajerumani na Urusi uliona mapinduzi iliyolazimisha serikalimpya kutia sahihi mapatano ya kumaliza mapigano dhidi ya Wajerumani walioteka maeneo makubwa katika Urusi. Nguvu ya Marekani ilionekana haraka na bahati ya Ujerumani ilipungua sana. Austria-Hungaria ilidhoofishwa vilevile. Mwaka 1918 iliona mwisho wa vita. Madola ya Austria na Uturuki yalikwisha na sehemu zao zilikuwa nchi mpya au nchi zilizoundwa upya. ==Mkataba wa Versailles== Mkutano wa Versailles uliamua masharti makali dhidi ya Ujerumani katika [[Mkataba wa Versailles]]. Koloni za Ujerumani zilikabidhiwa na [[Shirikisho la Mataifa]] kama [[maeneo ya kukabidhiwa]] kwa Uingereza, Ufaransa, Ubelgiji, Japani, [[Afrika Kusini]] na [[Australia]]. Versailles ilikuwa jaribio la kuunda utaratibu mpya duniani uliotakiwa kulindwa na Shirikisho la Mataifa. Lakini ukosefu wa nguvu kwa upande wa Shirikisho la Mataifa pamoja na kuanza na kupanuka kwa mwendo mpya wa kifashisti iliyochukua utawala katika Italia na Ujerumani ulishinda nia hiyo. Wataalamu wasio wachache wanasema ya kwamba mwisho wa vita kuu ya kwanza ulipanda tayari mbegu wa [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]]. [[af:Eerste Wêreldoorlog]] [[ang:Ǣrest Woruldgūþ]] [[ar:حرب عالمية أولى]] [[ast:Primera guerra mundial]] [[be:Першая сусьветная вайна]] [[bg:Първа световна война]] [[bs:Prvi svjetski rat]] [[ca:Primera Guerra Mundial]] [[cs:První světová válka]] [[cy:Y Rhyfel Byd Cyntaf]] [[da:1. verdenskrig]] [[de:Erster Weltkrieg]] [[el:Α΄ Παγκόσμιος Πόλεμος]] [[en:World War I]] [[eo:Unua mondmilito]] [[es:Primera Guerra Mundial]] [[et:Esimene maailmasõda]] [[eu:Lehen Mundu Gerra]] [[fa:جنگ جهانی اول]] [[fi:Ensimmäinen maailmansota]] [[fr:Première Guerre mondiale]] [[ga:An Chéad Chogadh Domhanda]] [[gl:Primeira Guerra Mundial]] [[he:מלחמת העולם הראשונה]] [[hr:Prvi svjetski rat]] [[hu:I. világháború]] [[ia:Prime Guerra Mundial]] [[id:Perang Dunia I]] [[io:Unesma Mondo-milito]] [[is:Fyrri heimsstyrjöldin]] [[it:Prima guerra mondiale]] [[ja:第一次世界大戦]] [[ko:제1차 세계 대전]] [[la:Bellum Orbis Terrarum I]] [[lb:Éischte Weltkrich]] [[lt:Pirmasis pasaulinis karas]] [[lv:Pirmais pasaules karš]] [[mk:Прва Светска војна]] [[ms:Perang Dunia I]] [[nds:Eerst Weltorlog]] [[nl:Eerste Wereldoorlog]] [[nn:Den fyrste verdskrigen]] [[no:Første verdenskrig]] [[pl:I wojna światowa]] [[pt:Primeira Guerra Mundial]] [[ro:Primul război mondial]] [[ru:Первая мировая война]] [[sc:Prima Gherra Mundiale]] [[scn:Prima Guerra Munniali]] [[sh:Prvi svjetski rat]] [[simple:World War I]] [[sk:Prvá svetová vojna]] [[sl:Prva svetovna vojna]] [[sr:Први светски рат]] [[sv:Första världskriget]] [[ta:முதல் உலகப் போர்]] [[th:สงครามโลกครั้งที่หนึ่ง]] [[tl:Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig]] [[tr:I. Dünya Savaşı]] [[uk:Перша світова війна]] [[vi:Đệ nhất thế chiến]] [[wa:Prumire guere daegnrece]] [[zh:第一次世界大战]] 2235 10822 2006-06-14T15:37:08Z 70.157.134.97 {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" |- ! colspan="2" bgcolor="#66CCFF" | Région Réunion |- |----- | align="center" width="100px" | [[Image:france_flag_medium.png]] | align="center" width="100px" | [[image:Blason_ile_reunion_1925.jpg|150px|armoirie]] |----- |Jina la Kifaransa|| Région Réunion |- |Jina la kawaida|| Reunion |- |Mji Mkuu || [[Saint-Denis, Réunion|Saint-Denis]] |- |Eneo || 2,512 km² |- |Mkuu wa Mkoa || [[Paul Vergès]]<br>([[Communist Party of Réunion|PCR]]) (tangu [[1998]]) |- |Idadi ya wakazi || 706,300 |- |Sensa ya mwaka || 1999 |- |Wakazi kwa km² || 309 |- |Wilaya (arrondissements) || 4 |- |Ramani Reunion na Ufaransa bara || [[Image:Location-Reunion-France.png|200px]] |---- |} '''Réunion''' (Kifaransa: La Réunion) mi kisiwa cha Ki[[afrika]] na mkoa wa ng'ambo wa [[Ufaransa]] ([[Kifaransa]]: département d'outre-mer, au DOM) katika [[Bahari Hindi]] upande wa mashariki wa [[Madagaska]]. Kisheria hali yake ni sawa na mikoa mingine ya Ufaransa hivyo ni pia sehemu ya [[Umoja wa Ulaya]]. ==Eneo lake== Reunion iko 800 km upande wa mashariki wa Madagaska. Pamoja na visiwa vya [[Mauritius]] na [[Rodrigues]] ni sehemu ya visiwa vya [[Maskareni]]. Kisiwa kina eneo la 2.512 km² kikiwa na upenyo wa 50 hadi 70 km. Milima mikubwa ni ya ki[[volkeno]]. Upande wa mashariki wa kisiwa ndipo mlima wa "Piton de la Fournaise" mwenye 2611 m uliolipuka zaidi ya mara 100 tangu kumbukumbu ya kimaandishi ilianzishwa mwaka 1640. Mlipuko wa mwisho hadi leo ilikuwa tar. 4.10.2005. Mlima wa "Piton des Neiges" ndio mkubwa kisiwani ikiwa na 3070 m juu ya [[UB]]. ==Hali ya hewa== Hali ya hewa ni ya joto mwaka wote. Majira ya mvua ndiyo kati ya Disemba hadi Machi. ==Historia na Utawala== Taarifa za kwanza za kimaandishi hudokeza ya kwamba kisiwa ilikuwa bila wakazi. [[Waarabu]] waliita "dina margabin" yaani kisiwa cha magharibi. Mbaharia [[Ureno|Mreno]] Diego Dias alifika tar. 9.02.1513 ambayo ni sikukuu ya Mt. Apolonia katika desturi ya kikatoliki na kukiita kisiwa kwa jina la mtakatifu huyu "Santa Apolonia" jinsi inavyoonekana katika ramani za kwanza. Baadaye Wareno walitumia jina la nahodha maarufu Pedro de Mascarenhas na kujumlisha visiwa vya Reunion, Mauritius na Rodrigues kwa jina la visiwa vya Makareni. Visiwa hivi vilikuwa na umuhimu fulani kama vituo vya kupumzika katika safari kati ya Ulaya na Bara Hindi mabaharia wakitafuta maji ya kunywa, nafasi ya kutengeneza jahazi zao na kuongeza chakula. Lakini hapakuwa na makao ya kudumu kisiwani. ===Utawala wa Kifaransa=== Mwaka 1640 Wafaransa walivamia kisiwa na kukitangaza kuwa mali ya [[Ufaransa]]. Walikiita "Île Bourbon" kutokana na jina la familia ya wafalme wa Ufaransa. Mwaka 1665 walowezi wa kwanza Wafaransa walianza kujenga nyumba zao. Ufalme ulipoondelwa wakati wa [[mapinduzi ya Ufaransa]] kisiwa kimepewa jina jipya la Reunion tar. 17.03.1793. Wakati wa Vita za [[Napoleoni]] ndio Waingereza waliovamia kisiwa mwaka 1810 lakini kukirudisha kwa Wafaransa baada ya vita 1815. [[Image:Makarena.PNG|thumb|left|300px|Visiwa vya Makarena kati ya visiwa vya Kiafrika katika Bahari Hindi]] ===Uchumi wa mashamba na watumwa=== Walowezi wazungu walianzisha mashamba kwa ajili ya mahitaji ya jahazi zilizopita. Kuanzia mwaka 1718 mazao ya biashara yalilimwa , kwanza kahawa baadaye pia vanilla na hasa sukari. Kwa kusidi hiyo [[watumwa]] walipelekwa Reunion kutoka Afrika bara, Bara Hindi na Madagaska. Mwaka 1768 kisiwa kilikuwa na 26,284 wakazi huru hasa Wafaransa na watumwa 45,000. Ufaransa ulitia sahihi maazimio ya [[Mkutano wa Vienna]] 1815 pamoja na kumaliza [[biashara ya watumwa]] lakini biashara hii iliendela kwa siri na kupanuka hasa wafungwa kutoka Afrika. Idadi ya watumwa iliendela kuongezeka hadi kuondolewa hali ya utumwa tar. 20.12.1848. Baada ya mwisho wa utumwa walowezi walitafuta wafanyakazi huko Bara Hindi wakachukua wafanyakazi Wahindi wasiofika kama watu huru kwa miaka na haki kidogo. Baadaye hata wafanyakazi Wachina walichukuliwa. ===Mkoa wa Ufaransa=== Mwaka 1946 Reunion ilipewa cheo cha Mkoa wa Ufaransa, tangu 1997 imekuwa sehemu ya Umoja wa Ulaya. Mkoa wa Reunion ina wilaya (Kifaransa: arrondissements) nne. ==Wakazi== Wakazi wanaonyesha historia hii katika mchanganyiko wao wa aina za watu na tamaduni kutoka pande mbalimbali wa dunia. Sehemu kubwa ya wakazi ni watoto wa watumwa au wafanyakazi wasio huru wa zamani wakinonyesha tabia za Wahindi, Waafrika na Wachina. Takriban robo ya wakazi ni wa asili ya Ulaya. Vikundi hivi havikai mbali kuna mchanganyiko wa kila aina. Wakazi wengi hufuata Ukristo wa kikatoliki, wengine [[Uislamu]] na [[Uhindu]]. Kuna pia Waprotestanti. [[Category:Visiwa vya Bahari ya Hindi]] [[Category:Visiwa vya Afrika]] [[Category:Eneo la ng'ambo la Ufaransa]] {{Afrika}} [[af:Réunion]] [[an:Reunión]] [[zh-min-nan:Réunion]] [[bs:Reunion]] [[ca:Illa de la Reunió]] [[cs:Réunion]] [[cy:Réunion]] [[da:Reunion]] [[de:Réunion]] [[en:Réunion]] [[et:Réunion]] [[es:Reunión]] [[eo:Reunio]] [[fr:Réunion]] [[gd:Réunion]] [[gl:Reunión - Réunion]] [[ko:레위니옹]] [[hr:Reunion]] [[io:Réunion]] [[id:Réunion]] [[is:Réunion]] [[it:Réunion]] [[he:ראוניון]] [[lt:Reunionas]] [[hu:Réunion]] [[kw:Réunion]] [[nl:Réunion]] [[ja:レユニオン]] [[no:Réunion]] [[oc:Reünion]] [[nds:Réunion]] [[pl:Reunion]] [[pt:Reunião]] [[ro:Réunion]] [[ru:Реюньон]] [[simple:Reunion]] [[sk:Réunion]] [[sl:Reunion]] [[sr:Реинион]] [[sh:Reunion]] [[fi:Réunion]] [[sv:Réunion]] [[tr:Reunion]] [[uk:Реюніон]] [[zh:留尼汪]] 2236 7023 2006-02-19T08:49:17Z Kipala 107 [[Image:AugustineLateran.jpg|thumb|Picha ya kale zaidi ya Agostino katika kanisa la [[Laterani]], [[Roma]] (karne ya 6 BK)]] '''Agostino wa Hippo''' (354 - 430 [[BK]]) alikuwa [[mwanatheolojia]] na kiongozi wa kanisa katika [[Afrika ya Kaskazini]] wakati wa karne ya 5 BK. Kutokana na maisha, mafundisho na maandiko yake amepewa cheo cha mtakatifu pia cha mwalimu wa kanisa. [[Hippo]] ni jina la mji katika [[Algeria]] ya leo alipokuwa askofu. ==Maisha yake== Agostino alizaliwa mw. 354 B.K. mjini Thagaste pale [[Numidia]] (leo: [[Algeria]]) yaani karne mbili baada ya [[Origine]]. Wakati ule Ukristo ulikuwa tayari dini iliyokubaliwa katika [[Dola la Roma]]. Mateso ya Wakristo yalikwisha. Mama yake Agostino alikuwa Mkristo, Baba mpagani aliyefuata dini ya zamani ya kuabudu miungu mingi. Alipata elimu yake katika Chuo Kikuu cha [[Karthago]] (leo: [[Tunis]]). Katika sehemu za magharibi za Afrika ya Kaskazini wenyeji wa kiasili walikuwa [[Waberiberi]], lakini watu wa mjini na wenye mashamba makubwa walikuwa wa asili ya Kiulaya wakatumia hasa lugha ya [[Kilatini]]. Kwa jumla sehemu hii ya Afrika ilikuwa karibu na utamaduni wa Ulaya ya Magharibi. Agostino mwenyewe aliendelea kusoma pale [[Italia]] baada ya kumaliza masomo yake Karthago. Ndipo hapo akakutana na watu waliomvuta kuwa Mkristo. Akabatizwa akarudi Afrika akabarikiwa kuwa [[padre]] akachaguliwa kuwa [[askofu]] wa mji wa Hippo pale [[Numidia]] mw. 395 B.K.. Aliaga dunia kwake Hippo mw. 430 wakati washenzi [[Wagermaniki]] walioitwa [[Wavandali]] walipojaribu kuteka mji wake. Mpaka kifo chake aliendelea kueleza na kutetea imani ya Kikristo kwa maandiko na vitabu vingi. Kwa njia hii amekuwa mwalimu muhimu sana katika Ukristo wa Magharibi (yaani Kanisa la Kiroma-Katoliki na pia katika makanisa ya kiprotestant yaliyotoka katika kanisa hilo.) Kwa mfano [[Martin Luther]] alimtaja Agostino kuwa baba yake wa kiroho pamoja na Mt. Paulo. ==Kazi na mafundisho yake Agostino== Kazi kubwa ya Agostino si kuandika maelezo juu ya vitabu na maneno ya Biblia yenyewe alivyofanya Origine. Kazi yake kuu ilikuwa kutafsiri mafundisho ya Biblia katika mazingira ya kiroho, kijamii na kisiasa ya wakati wake. Hapa aliuliza maswali na kutoa majibu yenye umuhimu mpaka leo. Mafundisho yake yamesikika hasa juu ya swali la neema na dhambi halafu juu ya uhusiano wa Kanisa na Serikali. ==Dhambi na neema== Katika mafundisho yake juu ya [[neema]] na [[dhambi]] ni Agostino aliyetoa mafundisho ya kwamba ubinadamu umo katika [[dhambi ya asili]] tangu Adamu. Uhuru wa kibinadamu umepotea katika dhambi ya Adamu, hali hii imerithiwa na watu wote baadaye. Lakini kwa neema yake Mungu hufunua upendo wake kwetu. Alisisitiza ya kwamba si mwanadamu anayemkuta Mungu lakini Mungu ndiye anayemhurumia mwanadamu mwenye dhambi. ==Mji wa Mungu== Juu ya uhusiano kati ya serikali na kanisa aliandika kitabu chake "De civitate Dei" (mji wa Mungu). Badala ya "mji" tungeweza kutafsiri pia: "eneo au kikundi cha watu au utawala". Alieleza ya kwamba iko "miji" miwili: mji wa Mungu (yaani Yerusalemu wa mbinguni, au kanisa) na mji wa dunia hii, yaani taratibu za kisiasa. Katika "mji wa dunia hii" hali hubadilika. Hakuna taratibu za kudumu. Agostino alifahamu habari za taratibu za Waroma wa kipagani walioangalia makaisari wao kuwa miungu, akafahamu habari za demokrasia ya kigiriki ya kale. Akafahamu habari za mji mkubwa wa Roma ulioitwa "mji wa milele" lakini ulichomwo moto na maadui katika siku zake sawasawa jinsi ilivyoanguka zamani miji ya Babiloni au Yerusalemu. Lakini pamoja na "mji" huo upo "mji" wa pili ndio mji wa Mungu ambao ni mji wa upendo na undugu penye neema yake Mungu. Miji yote miwili iko pamoja mahali palepale ingawa taratibu zao ni tofauti. Mkristo ndiye raia ya miji yote miwili. Huitwa kuwa mwaminifu katika pande zote mbili. Lakini ajue ya kwamba mji wa dunia hii hauna shabaha ya kudumu. Umeingiliwa na dhambi. Lakini mji wa Mungu utadumu. Umepewa lengo la kudumu, unashirikiana katika enzi ya Mungu. Hapo ndipo sababu ya kwamba inafaa serikali isikie wazo la kanisa kwani ni kwa njia ya kanisa ya kwamba Mungu ameamua kufunua mapenzi yake. Mkristo anaweza kushiriki katika taratibu za kisiasa akijua ya kwamba mawazo na mipango yote ya siasa havidumu. Utakaodumu ni utaratibu wa Mungu. Ni kutokana na mafundisho haya ya Agostino ya kwamba Kanisa la Magharibi (yaani Kanisa la Kiroma-katoliki na madhehebu yaliyotengwa naye) lilijifunza kuwa na msimamo mbele ya serikali mbalimbali zilizojitokeza katika historia ndefu ya kanisa. Agostino alikuwa kijana aliposhuhudia jinsi gani Mkuu wa Dola Kaisari Theodosio akatubu kanisani. Askofu Ambrosio wa Milan alikuwa amemtenga Kaisari kwani wanajeshi wa serikali waliua watu wengi sana ovyo walipogandamiza fujo lililotokea katika mji wa Thesalonike. Kaisari alimpandisha cheo Mkuu wa jeshi hilo. Watu wengi pamoja na Askofu walisikitika na kuwa na huzuni juu ya tendo hilo. Theodosio alipotaka baadaye kuingia katika ibada Askofu alimtangaza ametengwa kwa sababu ya damu ya wananchi wa Thesalonike hawezi kushiriki meza ya Bwana. Kumbe Kaisari akakubali kosa mbele ya umati akatubu. Hata baadaye viongozi wa kanisa la magharibi wakafuata mara nyingi mfano wa Ambrosio na mafundisho ya Agostino. ==Urithi wake Agostino== Tunaweza kuona aina mbili za matokeo ya urithi huo: Kwa upande mmoja kanisa lilijaribu kutawala juu ya jamii na serikali katika nchi za Ulaya. Lilidai sheria zote za serikali zifuate taratibu za kanisa. Viongozi wa serikali walitakiwa kusimikwa na kanisa. Hoja hili huitwa "Uklerikali" (clericalism). Nguvu ya kisiasa ya kanisa lilipingwa na kupinduliwa katika mapinduzi mbalimbali ya Ulaya na Amerika (kuanzia mapinduzi ya Ufaransa 1789, katika mapinduzi ya Marekani ya Kusini karne ya 19 hadi mapigano mengi katika nchi kama Hispania na Austria wakati wa karne ya 20). Siku hizi wazo hili halipo tena lakini zamani lilileta matatizo mengi, kama vile ugandamizaji wa madhehebu mengine na hata vita. Lakini sehemu nyingine ya urithi huo wa Agostino imebaki: kazi ya kanisa kuzitetea haki za kibinadamu, hata dhidi ya serikali inayoweza kugandamiza haki hizo. Kwa mfano ndiyo makanisa yaliyopinga sana siasa ya ubaguzi wa rangi pale Afrika ya Kusini na zamani pale Marikani, hata dhidi ya serikali iliyotetea utaratibu huo. Vilevile ni makanisa yanayotetea haki za wakimbizi katika nchi nyingi hata kama serikali zimeshachoka na mzigo wa kupokea wageni maskini kutoka nchi zingine. [[bg:Августин]] [[bs:Aurelije Augustin]] [[cs:Augustinus]] [[de:Augustinus]] [[en:Augustine of Hippo]] [[eo:Aŭgusteno]] [[es:Agustín de Hipona]] [[et:Augustinus]] [[fi:Augustinus]] [[fr:Augustin d'Hippone]] [[gl:Agostiño de Hipona]] [[he:אוגוסטינוס]] [[hr:Aurelije Augustin]] [[hu:Szent Ágoston]] [[io:Augustinus]] [[it:Sant'Agostino d'Ippona]] [[ja:アウグスティヌス]] [[ko:아우렐리우스 아우구스티누스]] [[la:Augustinus]] [[lt:Augustinas]] [[nl:Augustinus van Hippo]] [[no:Augustin av Hippo]] [[pl:Augustyn z Hippony]] [[pt:Agostinho de Hipona]] [[ro:Augustin de Hipona]] [[ru:Августин Блаженный]] [[sk:Augustín]] [[sl:Sveti Avguštin]] [[sr:Свети Августин]] [[sv:Augustinus]] [[tr:Augustinus]] [[zh:奥古斯丁 (希波)]] 2237 11414 2006-06-27T11:21:33Z 80.228.92.110 [[Image:Voelkerwanderungkarte.png|right|400px|thumb|Ramani inaonyesha matemebezi ya makabila ya [[Kigermanik]] katika karne za kwanza BK. [[Dola la Roma]] huonekana katika rangi mbili kufuatana na mgawanyiko wa 395: Roma ya Magharibi ni nyekundu, Roma ya Mashariki ni dhambarau.]] '''Wavandali''' walikuwa kabila kubwa la [[Kigermanik]] wa mashariki waliohamia katika karne 5 za kwanza [[BK]] kutoka sehemu za [[Poland]] ya leo hadi [[Afrika ya Kaskazini]] wakiunda Ufalme wao katika maeneo ya [[Algeria]] na [[Tunisia]] ya leo. Inaonekana ya kwamba walianza kutoka kwao [[Ulaya]] ya mashariki kutokana na uvamizi wa [[Wahuni]]. Mwaka 406 BK walivuka mto wa [[Rhine]] wakaingia [[Gallia]] ([[Ufaransa]]), 409 wakavamia [[Hispania]]. Kutoka Hispania ya Kusini walivuka bahari ya [[Mediteraneo]] mwaka 429 na kuingia Afrika ya Kaskazini iliyokuwa jimbo la [[Dola la Roma]]. Kuna taarifa ya jemadari Mroma wa wakati ule ya kwamba walikuwa jumla ya wanaume wenye silaha kati ya 15,000 hadi 20,000 kwa hiyo pamoja na familia zao takriban watu 80,000. Wavandali waliteka Afrika ya Kaskazini yote iliyokuwa jimbo tajiri sana katika Dola la Roma likilimwa hapo sehemu kubwa ya ngano kwa ajili ya mahitaji ya [[Italia]]. Mwaka 430 waliteka mji wa [[Hippo]] wa askofu [[Agostino wa Hippo|Agostino]] ukawa makao makuu ya mfalme wao [[Geiserik]]. 439 waliteka pia mji wa [[Karthago]] na mfalme akaifanya mji wake mkuu. Uvamizi wa Karthago uliwapatia Wavandali pia jahazi nyingi za kijeshi za Waroma. Hali hii iliwawezesha kushambulia hata mji wa [[Roma]] penyewe mwaka 455 lakini hawakukaa ila baada ya kuvamia walirudi kwa Afrika. Ufalme wa Wavandali ulidumu karibu karne moja. Katika karne ya sita [[Kaisari]] [[Justinian]] wa [[Bizanti]] (Roma ya Mashariki) alimaliza utawala wao akivamia Afrika ya Kaskazini na kuirudisha katika Dola la Roma tangu mwaka 534. [[Category:Historia ya Wagermanik]] [[Category:Historia ya Algeria]] [[Category:Historia ya Tunisia]] [[af:Vandale]] [[als:Vandalen (Volk)]] [[ar:واندل]] [[bg:Вандали]] [[br:Vandaled]] [[ca:Vàndal]] [[cs:Vandalové]] [[da:Vandaler]] [[de:Vandalen]] [[en:Vandals]] [[eo:Vandaloj]] [[es:Vándalo]] [[et:Vandaalid]] [[fi:Vandaalit]] [[fr:Vandales]] [[gl:Vándalos]] [[he:ונדלים]] [[hu:Vandálok]] [[it:Vandali]] [[ja:ヴァンダル族]] [[ko:반달족]] [[lt:Vandalai]] [[lv:Vandaļi]] [[nds:Wandalen]] [[nl:Vandalen]] [[no:Vandaler]] [[pl:Wandalowie]] [[pt:Vândalos]] [[ro:Vandali]] [[ru:Вандалы]] [[sk:Vandali]] [[sl:Vandali]] [[sr:Вандали]] [[sv:Vandaler]] [[tr:Vandal]] [[zh:汪达尔人]] 2238 11419 2006-06-27T11:24:12Z 80.228.92.110 {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; empty-cells:show; border-collapse:collapse; border-color:#dfdfdf; margin-left:15px; margin-bottom:15px; width:38%" |+<font size="+1">'''الجمهورية التونسية'''</font><br /> '''al-Dschumhūriyya at-tūnisiyya'''</font><br /> '''Jamhuri ya Tunisia''' |----- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | align="center" | [[Image:Flag of Tunisia.svg|100px|Bendera ya Tunisia]] | align="center" | [[Image:Tunisia coa.gif|100px|Nembo ya Tunisia]] |---- <!-- | colspan="2" align="center" | Wahlspruch: ''Xxxxx xx xxx Xxxx.''<br>Sprache, "Übersetzung" --> |---- | [[Lugha rasmi]] || [[Kiarabu]]¹ |---- | [[Mji mkuu]] || [[Tunis]] |---- | [[Aina ya serikali]] || [[Jamhuri]] |---- | [[Raisi]] || [[Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali]] |---- | [[Waziri Mkuu]] || [[Mohamed Ghannouchi]] |---- | [[Eneo]] || 163.610 [[km²]] |---- | [[Wakazi]] || 9.974.722 (Julai 2004) |---- | [[Wakazi kwa km²]] || 60 |---- | [[Uhuru]] || 20. 03. [[1956]] (kutoka [[Ufaransa]]) |---- | [[Pesa]] || [[Dinari ya Tunisia]] |---- | [[Wakati]] || [[UTC]] +1 |---- | [[Wimbo wa Taifa]] || ''[[Humata l-hima]]'' |---- | [[Sikukuu ya Taifa]] || 7. Novemba |---- | colspan="2" style="font-size:smaller" | '''⁽¹⁾''' ''Lugha ya elimu'' ni [[Kifaransa]] |---- | colspan="2" | [[Image:LocationTunisia.png|right|Tunisia katika Afrika ya Kaskazini]] |---- | colspan="2" | [[Image:Tunisia_sm03.png|thumb|240px|right|Ramani ya Tunisia]] |} '''Tunisia''' (Jamhuri ya Tunisia - الجمهرية التونسية) ni nchi ya [[Afrika]] ya Kaskazini inayopakana na Bahari ya [[Mediteranea]], [[Libya]] na Algeria. Mji mkuu ni Tunis iliyoko mahali pa [[Karthago]] ya kale. Wakazi karibu wote hutumia lugha ya [[Kiarabu]]. Takriban watu 200,000 wanaendelea kuzungumza [[Kiberiberi]] ambacho ni lugha ya asili ya wenyeji lakini [[Waberiberi]] wengi wameshaanza kutumia Kiaarabu. Tunisia ilikuwa jimbo la "Africa" katika [[Dola la Roma]]. Eneo lake limewahi kutawaliwa na [[Wafinikia]] wa Karthago, [[Waroma]] wa Kale, [[Wavandali]], [[Waarabu]], [[Waturuki]] na [[Wafaransa]]. [[Category:Tunisia]] {{mbegu}} {{Afrika}} 2239 8296 2006-04-16T21:15:59Z Marcos 3 [[Image:Swahili_area.gif|right|thumb|290px|Maeneo penye wasemaji wa Kiswahili]] '''Historia ya Kiswahili''' imeanza takriban miaka 1000 iliyopita kwenye pwani la [[Afrika ya Mashariki]]. Neno '''Swahili''' ni neno la asili ya Kiarabu '''Sahil''' lenye maana ya pwani; sawahil ’’as-sawāhilī’’ (السواحلي) ni uwingi wake kwa kumaanisha yote yanayohusiana na pwani, watu au utamaduni wa eneo la pwani. ===Mwanzo katika miji ya pwani=== Kiswahili kilianza kama lugha ya miji na mabandari ya biashara ya kimataifa kwenye pwani la [[Afrika]] ya mashariki. Tuna historia jinsi gani miji kama vile [[Kilwa]], [[Lamu]] na mingine kadhaa ilianzishwa na wafanyabiashara [[Waarabu]] au [[Wajemi]] waliooa wenyeji. Idadi ya wahamiaji kutoka [[Uarabuni]] haikuwa kubwa sana hivyo lugha ya wenyeji ilitumika kila mahali ila tu maneno mengi yameingia kutoka Kiarabu. Kwa ujumla Kiswahili ina maneno ya asili ya Kiarabu kati ya 30-40%, hali inayolingana na kiasi cha maneno ya asili ya [[Kilatini]] au [[Kifaransa]] katika lugha ya [[Kiingereza]]. Utamaduni mpya ulijitokeza uliokuwa Kiafrika na Kiislamu ukajielewa kuwa sehemu ya dunia ya [[Uislamu]]. Hivyo Kiswahili kilizaliwa kuwa lugha ya Kibantu kilichopokea maneno mengi ya asili ya nje. Lugha imeandikwa kwa [[herufi za Kiarabu]] tangu karne ya 13 BK. Kwa bahati mbaya hatuna maandiko ya kale sana kutokana na hali ya hewa kwenye pwani isiyosaidia kutunza karatasi za kurasa zenyewe zinaweza kuoza kutokana na unyevu hewani pamoja na wadudu wengi walioko katika mazingira ya pwani. Lakini maandiko ya kale yanayopatikana kutoka karne ya 17 BK huonyesha ya kwamba tenzi na shairi zinafuata muundo inayotangulia maandiko yenyewe kwa karne kadhaa. Sehemu kubwa ya maandiko ya kale ni [[tenzi]] yaani mashairi yenye aya maelfu. Tenzi ndefu kabisa inahusu kifo cha Mtume Muhamad ikiwa na aya 45,000. Kiswahili kimepokelewa kirahisi na wenyeji kwa sababu wenyeji walikosa lugha ya pamoja kati yao, lugha za Kibantu ziko karibu sana na athira ya Kiarabu ilikuwa kilekile kote pwani. Haya yote yalisaidia kujenga umoja wa Kiswahili katika eneo kubwa la pwani la Afrika ya Mashariki. Kufika kwa [[Wareno]] Afrika ya Mashariki kuanzia mwaka 1500 kulileta athira mpya ikiwa maneno kadhaa ya Kireno yameingia katika Kiswahili kama vile "bendera" na "meza". Kuwepo kwa wafanyabiashara Wahindi katika miji mikubwa ya pwani kuliingiza pia maneno ya asili ya [[Kihindi]] katika lugha kama vile "lakhi", "gunia" n.k. Athira ya lugha za Kihindi iliongezeka kiasi baada ya Waingereza kutumia Wahindi wengi kujenga [[reli ya Uganda]]. ===Lugha ya biashara=== Kiswahili kilitumika katika kanda ndefu sana kutoka [[Somalia]] hadi [[Msumbiji]] wa Kaskazini. Wafanyabiashara Waswahili waliendesha [[biashara ya misafara]] hadi [[Kongo]]. Kiswahili kiliendelea kuenea kwenye njia za misafara hii. Kila msafara kilihitaji watu mamia hadi maelfu wa kubeba mizigo ya biashara kutoka pwani hadi pale msafara ulipolenga hata [[Ziwa Tanganyika]]. Watu hawa wote walisambaza matumizi ya Kiswahili katika sehemu za ndani. Lakini katika maeneo fulani biashara hii ilijenga pia kizuizi. Watu kama [[Waganda]] waliona Kiswahili ni lugha ya [[Waislamu]] tena lugha ya [[biashara ya watumwa]] hadi leo ni wagumu kukubali Kiswahili. ===Kiswahili wakati wa [[ukoloni]]=== Karne ya 19 BK ilileta utawala wa kikoloni. Wakoloni walitangulia kufika katika mabandari ya pwani wakatumia mara nyingi makarani, askari na watumishi kutoka eneo la pwani wakijenga vituo vyao barani. Watu hawa walipeleka Kiswahili katika pembe za bara. Wajerumani waliamua kutumia Kiswahili kama lugha ya utawala katika [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani]]. Hapo waliweza kutumia kazi ya [[Wamisionari]] wakristo wa awali hasa [[Ludwig Krapf]] waliowahi kufanya utafiti wa lugha na kutunga kamusi na sarufi za kwanza pamoja na kuunda mfumo wa kuandika Kiswahili kwa [[herufi za Kilatini]]. Utawala wa kikoloni ulirahisisha mawasiliano kati ya wenyeji. Reli zilijengwa na wafanyakazi kutoka makabila mbalimbali walishirikiana. Waafrika walilazimishwa kulipa kodi kwa wakoloni hivyo walitafuta kazi ya ajira. Hasa katika mashamba makubwa yaliyolima mazao ya biashara pia katika migodi ya Kongo watu wa makabila mengi walichanganya wakitumia hasa Kiswahili kati yao. Kwa namna hiyo lugha ilienea zaidi. Waingereza baada ya kuchukua [[Tanganyika]] kutoka kwa Wajerumani waliendela kutumia Kiswahili kama lugha ya utawala. Kuanzia mwaka 1930 waliunda kamati yenye shabaha ya kuunganisha [[Lahaja za Kiswahili|lahaja]] mbalimbali na kuunda Kiswahili cha pamoja kwa ajili ya Afrika ya Mashariki (Interterritorial Language -Swahili- Committee for the East African Dependencies). Mwenyekiti alikuwa [[Frederick Johnson]], makatibu R.K. Watts, P.[[Mzaba]] na [[Seyyid Majid Khalid Barghash]]. Kamati hii iliamua kutumia lahaja ya Kiunguja kuwa msingi wa Kiswahili cha pamoja kilichoendela kufundishwa mashuleni. Leo hii ni Kiswahili rasmi kinachojifunzwa na wanafunzi na kuandikwa magazetini na vitabuni. Miaka ya ukoloni ilisababisha pia kupokelewa kwa maneno mapya katika Kiswahili. [[Kijerumani]] kiliacha maneno machache kama "shule" (Kijer. Schule) na "hela" (Kijer. Heller) lakini maneno mengi sana ya asili ya [[Kiingereza]] yalipokelewa. Kiswahili kimeonyesha uwezo mkubwa wa kupokea maneno kutoka lugha tofauti sana kikitumia maneno haya kufuatana na sarufi ya Kibantu ya Kiswahili. ===Kiswahili leo=== Katika [[Tanzania]] Kiswahili kimekuwa lugha rasmi ya serikali na taifa. Shule za msingi hutumia Kiswahili lakini shule za sekondari na vyuo bado zinaendelea kufundisha kwa Kiingereza. [[Kenya]] imetangaza Kiswahili kuwa lugha ya taifa lakini inaendelea kutumia Kiingereza katika shughuli za serikali. Watu wa tabaka za juu mara nyingi hupendela kutumia Kiingereza wakiona ni lugha bora. Lakini tangu 1986 wanafunzi wote wanatakiwa kujifunza Kiswahili katika shule za sekondari. Tatizo mojawapo ni kuwepo wa makabila makubwa kama [[Wakikuyu]] au [[Waluo]] wenye wasemaji wengi sana katika eneo moja hali isiyosaidia kujifunza lugha tofauti. Pia kaskazini na magharibi ya Kenya wenyeji wengi si wasemaji wa lugha za Kibantu ambao hawaoni Kiswahili ni lugha rahisi. [[Uganda]] inatumia Kiswahili kama lugha ya polisi na jeshi hali ambayo haikuongeza upendo wa Wauganda kwa lugha kutokana na historia ya Uganda ya kuwa na vita na serikali za kijeshi. Lakini kinasikika pia kama lugha ya biashara masokoni. Mashariki mwa Kongo Kiswahili kimeenea sana ni moja kati ya lugha ne za kitaifa katika [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Kwenye visiwa vya [[Komoro]] ni lahaja mbalimbali za Kiswahili zinazotumika na wananchi. [[Category:Historia]] [[Category:Kiswahili]] 2240 10257 2006-05-29T16:02:18Z Marcos 3 [[Image:Swahili area.gif|right|thumb|290px|Ramani ionyeshayo maeneo ambapo lahaja za Kiswahili zinatumika]] [[Kiswahili]] kimepatikana kwa namna au '''lahaja''' mbalimbali. Wakati wa [[ukoloni wa Uingereza]] azimio lilitolewa kutumia Kiswahili cha Unguja kuwa Kiswahili rasmi katika [[Tanganyika]], [[Kenya]] na [[Zanzibar]]. Waingereza walikitumia pia kama lugha ya [[polisi]] na [[jeshi]] katika [[Uganda]]. Kati ya '''lahaja za Kiswahili''' ni zifuatazo: ::* [[Kiunguja]]: kisiwani [[Unguja]] ([[Tanzania]]) - kimekuwa msingi wa Kiswahili cha Kisasa. ::* Kimrima: eneo la [[Pangani]], Vanga, [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Rufiji]] na [[Mafia]] kisiwani ([[Tanzania]]) ::* Kimgao: eneo la [[Kilwa]] ([[Tanzania]]) ::* Kipemba: kisiwani [[Pemba]] ([[Tanzania]]) ::* Kimvita: eneo la "[[Mvita]]" au [[Mombasa]] ([[Kenya]]). Zamani ilikuwa lahaja kubwa ya pili pamoja na Kiunguja. ::* Kiamu: eneo la [[Lamu]] ([[Kenya]]) ::* Kingwana: Kiswahili cha [[Kongo]] ::* Shikomor: Kiswahili cha [[Komoro]] ::* Shimaore: Shikomor cha [[Mayotte]] (Mahore) ::* Shindzuani: Shikomor cha [[Anjouan]] (Komoro) ::* Shingadzija: Shikomor cha [[Komoro Kuu]] ::* Kimwani: Kaskazini ya [[Msumbiji]] na [[Kerimba (visiwa)|visiwa vya Kerimba]] ::* Chimwiini: eneo la Barawa, kusini ya [[Somalia]] ::* [[Sheng]]: Kiswahili cha mtaani [[Nairobi]] ([[Kenya]]) chenye maneno mengi ya asili ya [[Kiingereza]], Gikuyu na lugha zingine za Kenya 2242 9434 2006-05-11T12:23:11Z 172.181.244.79 '''Kidachi''' ni Kiswahili cha zamani kinachosikika hadi leo katika sehemu za Tanzania kwa ajili ya lugha ya [[Kijerumani]] au tabia za [[Wajerumani]]. Neno limetokana na neno "Deutsch" (tamka: doitsh) ambalo ni jinsi Wajerumani wenyewe wanajiita. Kidachi, Mdachi/ Wadachi na Udachi zilikuwa Kiswahili cha kawaida kutokana na utawala wa Kijerumani katika [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani]]. Tangu mwisho wa [[ukoloni]] wa Wajerumani mwaka 1918 na kuja kwa [[Waingereza]] wasemaji wa Kiswahili wamezoea zaidi kuwataja "Wadachi" kwa kutumia jina la asili ya Kiingereza yaani Kijerumani, Mjerumani / Wajerumani na [[Ujerumani]]. Mara nyingi maneno yenye "-dachi" huchanganywa na neno la [[Kiingereza]] "Dutch" linalomaanisha [[Waholanzi]]. [[Category:Lugha]] [[Category:Kiswahili]] 2243 7051 2006-02-19T22:51:21Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Kidachi]] 2244 7052 2006-02-19T22:51:51Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Kidachi]] 2248 11270 2006-06-24T22:55:56Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[de:Rukwa]] [[Image:Tanzania Rukwa.png|thumb|300px|Mkoa wa Rukwa katika Tanzania]] '''Rukwa''' ni kati ya mikoa 26 za [[Tanzania]] ikipakana na mikoa ya [[Mkoa wa Kigoma|Kigoma]] na [[Mkoa wa Tabora|Tabora]] upande wa Kaskazini, [[mkoa wa Mbeya]] upande wa mashariki, [[Zambia]] kusini na upande wa magharibi [[Ziwa la Tanganyika]] lililopo pia mpaka na [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|Kongo]]. Makao makuu ya mkoa ndipo [[Sumbawanga]]. Eneo la mkoa ni takriban 70,000 km². Kusini mwa mkoa liko [[ziwa la Rukwa]] ambalo ni kati maziwa makubwa ya Afrika ya Mashariki. ==Wakazi== Kuna wakazi 1,141,743 (sensa 2002). Wilaya nne ndizo (idadi ya wakazi katika mabano): [[Sumbawanga]] mjini(147,483), Sumbawanga vijijini (373,080), [[Mpanda]] (412,683) na Nkasi (208,497). Kabila kuwba zaidi mkoani ndio [[Wafipa]] walioko hasa katika wilaya za Sumbawanga na Nkansi. Kati ya makabila mengine ni Wabende, Wapimbwe, Warungwa na Wakonongo katika wilaya ya Mpanda; Wamambwe-Lungu, Wawanda na Wanyamwanga katika wilaya ya Sumbawanga; kuna pia [[Wasukuma]], [[Wanyamwezi]] na [[Wamassai]]. ==Viungo vya nje== Matokeo ya sensa 2002: en [[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/census/census/rukwa.htm]] Makabila na lugha za Tanzania: en [[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=Tanzania]] {{Mikoa ya Tanzania}} {{mbegu}} [[Category:Mikoa ya Tanzania]] [[de:Rukwa]] [[en:Rukwa Region]] [[ja:ルクワ州]] 2249 7067 2006-02-20T22:39:24Z Kipala 107 Kutokana na: en.wikipedia org Image:Shinyanga Districts.JPG == Licensing == {{CopyrightedFreeUse}} Kutokana na: en.wikipedia org Image:Shinyanga Districts.JPG == Licensing == {{CopyrightedFreeUse}} 2250 8708 2006-04-24T15:14:54Z 218.123.18.38 [[Image:Tanzania_Shinyanga.png|thumb|right|175px|Mkoa wa Shinyanga katika Tanzania]] '''Mkoa wa Shinyanga''' ni kati ya mikoa 26 za [[Tanzania]]. Makao makuu ndipo [[Shinyanga]]. Mkoa umepakana upande wa kaskazini na mikoa ya [[Mkoa wa Mwanza|Mwanza]], [[Mkoa wa Mara|Mara]] na [[Mkoa wa Kagera|Kagera]], upande wa kusini na [[Mkoa wa Tabora]]. [[Mkoa wa Kigoma]] uko upande wa magharibi, [[Mkoa wa Singida]] kusini-magharibi na mikoa ya [[Mkoa wa Arusha|Arusha]] na [[Mkoa wa Manyara|Manyara]] mashariki. Mkoa una wakazi 2,796,630 kufuatana na sensa ya 2002. [http://www.tanzania.go.tz/census/census/shinyanga.htm] == Wilaya == [[Image:Shinyanga Wilaya.JPG|thumb|left|Wilaya ndani ya mkoa wa Shinyanga]] Mkoa wa Shinyanga una wilaya 8: [[Bariadi]], [[Bukombe]], [[Kahama]], [[Kishapu]], [[Maswa]], [[Meatu]], [[Shinyanga vijijini]] and [[Shinyanga mjini]]. == Utamaduni == Makabila ya Shinyanga ndio hasa are the [[Wasukuma]], [[Wanyamwezi]] na [[Wasumbwa]]. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/census/census/shinyanga.htm Shinyanga Region Homepage for the 2002 Tanzania National Census] *[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/govdirf.html Tanzanian Government Directory Database] {{Mikoa ya Tanzania}} [[en:Shinyanga Region]] [[ja:シニャンガ州]] [[Category:Mikoa ya Tanzania]] 2251 8153 2006-04-10T12:05:03Z Matt Crypto 20 Irani umehamishwa hapa Idhaa ya Kiswahili ya Radio Tehran Idhaa ya Kiswahili Sauti ya Jamhuri ya Kiislamu ya Iran '''[[http://kiswahili.irib.ir]]''' ilianza kurusha matangazo yake kwa mara ya kwanza siku ya Ijumaa usiku ya tarehe 27 Rajab 1415 Hijria iliyosadifiana na tarehe 30 Disemba mwaka 1994 Milaadia. Matangazo ya Radio Tehran yalianza kurushwa kwa muda wa nusu saa tu usiku, na yalifunguliwa kwa mnasaba wa kuadhimisha siku ya kubaathiwa na kupewa Utume, Bwana wetu Muhammad (SAW). Kwa wakati huo matangazo ya Radio Tehran yaliyokuwa yakirushwa kwa ajili ya nchi za mashariki na katikati mwa Afrika, yalianza yakiwa na wafanyakazi wachache kama vile Sayyid Muhammad Ridha Shushtari, Sayyid Hashim Shushtari ambaye kwa sasa ni marehemu, mabwana Muhammad Baraza, Abdul Fatah Mussa na Ahmed Rashid, Bibi Leila Kimani n.k. Lengo la kuasisiwa Idhaa ya Kiswahili Sauti ya Jamhuri ya Kiislamu ya Iran ni kufikisha sauti ya Mapinduzi ya Kiislamu ya Iran kwa wananchi waliodhulumiwa wa bara la Afrika, kuelimisha na kufichua njama za ubeberu wa kimataifa dhidi ya bara hilo. Kuanzia tarehe 18 Mfunguo Tatu (Dhulhijja) mwaka 1417 Hijria sawa na tarehe 26 Aprili mwaka 1997 Milaadia, Radio Tehran ilianza kutangaza kwa muda wa saa moja kuanzia saa mbili na nusu usiku kwa saa za Afrika Mashariki, na matangazo hayo kurejewa siku ya pili yake kuanzia saa 12:30 asubuhi kwa majira ya Afrika Mashariki sawa na saa 11:30 asubuhi kwa majira ya Afrika ya Kati. Mnamo tarehe 23 Mfunguo Tatu (Dhulhijja) 1418 Hijria iliyosadifiana na tarehe 21 Aprili 1998 Milaadia, matangazo ya Radio Tehran yalianza kurushwa hewani kwa muda wa masaa matatu katika nyakati za usiku, asubuhi na machana. Saa moja ilikuwa ni marudio ya matangazo ya asubuhi, ambayo yalikuwa yakisikika kuanzia saa saba kamili hadi saa nane kamili mchana kila siku kwa majira ya Afrika Mashariki. Kwa hivi sasa Idhaa imeongeza wafanyakazi wake ambapo matangazo ya mchana nayo sasa yanasikika kwa njia ya moja kwa moja kuanzia saa 5:30 hadi 6:30 mchana kwa saa za Afrika Mashariki. Inarusha matangazo yake kwa ajili ya nchi za Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Congo, mashariki mwa Zambia, kaskazini mwa Malawi na Msumbiji pamoja na Afrika Kusini. Inarusha pia matangazo yake kwa ajili ya nchi za Mashariki ya Kati hususan za Ghuba ya Uajemi na ina waandishi wake katika maeneo ya Afrika Mashariki na Kati kama vile Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Burundi na Congo. 2252 7071 2006-02-21T12:51:54Z Kipala 107 kutoka: en.wikipedia.org - Pwani.GIF (6KB, MIME type: image/gif) == Summary == Created by Andrew Coe == Licensing == {{PD-self}} kutoka: en.wikipedia.org - Pwani.GIF (6KB, MIME type: image/gif) == Summary == Created by Andrew Coe == Licensing == {{PD-self}} 2253 9101 2006-05-01T10:13:43Z 218.123.18.137 [[Image:Tanzania_Pwani.png|right|175px|Mkoa wa Pwani katika Tanzania]] '''Moa wa Pwani''' ni kati ya mikoa 26 za [[Tanzania]]. Makao makuu ya mkoa ndipo [[Kibaha]]. Mkoa umepakana upande wa Kaskazini na [[Mkoa wa Tanga|Tanga]], upande wa mashariki na [[Dar-es-Salaam]] na Bahari Hindi, upande wa kusini na [[mkoa wa Lindi]] na upande wa magharibi na [[mkoa wa Morogoro]]. ==Eneo== Mkoa huu unalo eneo la 32,407 km², ukiwa na idadi ya watu wapatao 889,154, ukiwa ni mkoa wa pili nyuma ya mkoa wa Lindi kwa idadi ndogo ya watu katika Tanzania bara. == Wilaya == [[Image:Tanzania Pwani.GIF|thumb|left|150px|Wilaya za Mkoa wa Pwani]] Mkoa wa Pwani una wilaya sita ndizo (idadi ya wakazi katika mabano): [[Bagamoyo]] (230,164), [[Kibaha]] (132,045), Kisarawe (95,614), Mkuranga (187,428), [[Wilaya ya Rufiji|Rufiji]] (203,102) na [[Wilaya ya Mafia|Mafia]] (40,801). Mkoa huu una jumla ya majimbo ya uchaguzi yanayofikia (7) ambayo yanajumuisha Bagamoyo, Chalinze, Kibaha, Kisarawe, Mafia, Mkuranga na Rufiji. ==Wakazi== Idadi ya wakazi wa mkoa wa Pwani ni 889,154. (sensa 2002 [http://www.tanzania.go.tz/census/census/pwani.htm]) Mkoa huu ambao wenyeji wake ni watu wa makabila ya Wakwere na Wazaramo ni maarufu sana kwa shughuli za kilimo na uvuvi, lakini pia mkoa huu ni maarufu sana kwa shughuli za kiutalii hususani katika mji wa Bagamoyo. ==Viungo vya nje== * {{en}} [http://www.tanzania.go.tz/census/census/pwani.htm Matokeo ya sensa 2002 kwa ajili ya mkoa wa Pwani] * [http://www.uchaguzitanzania.com/new/categories/Ijue-Mikoa-ya-Tanzania/Pwani Habari za Pwani kwenye kurasa za Tume ya Uchagizi] [[Category:Mikoa ya Tanzania]] {{Mikoa ya Tanzania}} [[en:Pwani Region]] [[ja:プワニ州]] 2254 7074 2006-02-21T14:25:34Z Kipala 107 kutokana na en.wikipedia.org Manyara.gif (5KB, MIME type: image/gif) == Summary == Created by Andrew Coe == Licensing == {{PD-self}} kutokana na en.wikipedia.org Manyara.gif (5KB, MIME type: image/gif) == Summary == Created by Andrew Coe == Licensing == {{PD-self}} 2255 8714 2006-04-25T01:43:47Z 218.123.18.38 [[Image:Tanzania_Manyara.png|right|thumbnail|175px|Mkoa wa Manyara katika Tanzania]] '''Mkoa wa Manyara''' ni kati ya mikoa 26 za [[Tanzania]]. [[Babati]] ndipo makao makuu ya mkoa. Umepakana na mikoa ya [[Mkoa wa Arusha|Arusha]] na [[Mkoa wa Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]] upande wa kaskazini, Mkoa wa Tanga upande wa mashariki,Mkoa wa Dodoma upande wa Kusini na mikoa ya [[Mkoa wa Singida|Singida]] na [[Mkoa wa Shinyanga|Shinyanga]] upande wa magharibi. Mkoa wa Manyara imetengwa na Mkoa wa Arusha mwaka 2002 kwa azimio la rais wa jamhuri ukiwa na eneo la 46,359 km². ==Wakazi== Jumla ya wakazi mkoani ilikuwa 1,040,461.[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/census/census/manyara.htm Sensa ya 2002] Idadi imepatika katika wilaya zifuatazo (idadi ya wakazi katika mabano): Babati (303,013), Hanang (205,133), Mbulu (237,882), Simanjiro (141,676) na Kiteto (152,757) Wenyeji wa mkoa huu ni pamoja na Wairaq, Wamasai, Wambulu na Wabarbaiq wakijihusisha na shughuli za kilimo na ufugaji kama njia ya kuingiza kipato chao cha kila siku. Mkoa huu unayo majimbo ya uchaguzi yanayofikia (5) ambayo yanajumuisha majimbo ya, Babati, Kiteto, Hanang, Mbulu na Simanjiro. ==Wilaya== [[Image:TZ Manyara wilaya.gif|thumb|left|175px|Wilaya za Mkoa wa Manyara]] Kuna wilaya zifuatazo: [[Mbulu]], [[Babati]], [[Hanang]], [[Simanjiro]] and [[Kiteto]]. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/census/census/manyara.htm Manyara Matokeo ya sensa ya 2002] *[http://www.tanzania.go.tz Serikali ya Tanzania] *[http://www.uchaguzitanzania.com/new/categories/Ijue-Mikoa-ya-Tanzania/Manyara Ijue mikoa ya Tanzania ] {{Mikoa ya Tanzania}} [[en:Manyara Region]] [[ja:マニャラ州]] 2256 8149 2006-04-10T11:58:44Z Matt Crypto 20 Tanzania_Mikoa.PNG Description: Mikoa ya Tanzania Source: Kutokana na en.wikipedia.org :[[:en:Image:Tanzania_Lindi.png]] (11KB, MIME type: image/png) {{GFDL}} 2257 10547 2006-06-04T11:52:47Z ChriKo 35 Sanduku la uainishaji {{Uainishaji | rangi = pink | jina = Korongo | picha = Ellywa-Balearica regulorum.jpg | upana_wa_picha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = [[Korongo-taji]] | himaya = [[Mnyama|Animalia]] (Wanyama) | faila = [[Chordata]] (Wanyama wenye ugwe wa neva mgongoni) | ngeli = [[Ndege|Aves]] (Ndege) | oda = [[Gruiformes]] (Ndege kama makorongo) | familia = [[Gruidae]] (Ndege walio na mnasaba na makorongo) | bingwa_wa_familia = [[Nicholas Aylward Vigors|Vigors]], 1825 | jenasi = Angalia katiba }} '''Makorongo''' hawa ni [[ndege]] wa [[familia]] '''Gruidae''' wenye domo fupi na jembamba kuliko lile la [[korongo (Ciconiidae)|makorongo]] wa familia '''Ciconiidae'''. Spishi nyingi hufanya mikogo ya kubembeleza jike wakitoa sauti kubwa. Huugana kwa maishi yao yote. Spishi za nchi za halijoto wastani huhama kila mwaka kabla ya wakati wa baridi. Makorongo hawa hupenda kuwa pamoja na huhama kwa makundi makubwa. Hula kila kitu kinachopatikana, kama panya, watambaazi, amfibia au samaki, hata nafaka na matunda madogo. Spishi za makorongo zinatokea mabara yote ghairi ya Marekani ya Kusini. ==Spishi za Afrika== * ''Grus grus'', [[Korongo Paji-jeusi]] (Eurasian Crane) * ''Bugeranus carunculatus'', [[Korongo Ndevu]] (Wattled Crane) * ''Anthropoides paradisea'', [[Korongo Buluu]] (Blue Crane) * ''Anthropoides virgo'', [[Korongo Tumbo-jeusi]] (Demoiselle Crane) * ''Balearica pavonina'', [[Korongo-taji Mweusi]] (Black Crowned Crane) * ''Balearica regulorum'', [[Korongo-taji]] (Grey Crowned Crane) ==Spishi za mabara mengine== * ''Grus americana'' (Whooping Crane) * ''Grus antigone'' (Sarus Crane) * ''Grus canadensis'' (Sandhill Crane) * ''Grus japonensis'' (Red-crowned Crane) * ''Grus leucogeranus'' (Siberian Crane) * ''Grus monacha'' (Hooded Crane) * ''Grus nigricollis'' (Black-necked Crane) * ''Grus rubicunda'' (Brolga) * ''Grus vipio'' (White-naped Crane) [[Category:Ndege]] [[bg:&#1046;&#1077;&#1088;&#1072;&#1074;&#1086;&#1074;&#1080;]] [[da:Traner]] [[de:Kraniche]] [[en:Crane (bird)]] [[eo:Gruo (birdo)]] [[es:Grulla]] [[fr:Grue (oiseau)]] [[fy:Kraanfûgels]] [[he:&#1506;&#1490;&#1493;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501;]] [[io:Gruo]] [[li:Kroenekrane]] [[nl:Gruidae]] [[ja:&#12484;&#12523;]] [[pl:&#379;urawiowate]] [[pt:Gruidae]] [[sv:Tranor]] [[zh:&#40548;&#31185;]] 2258 7084 2006-02-22T18:00:33Z Kipala 107 kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Mwanza_Districts.GIF == Summary == Created by Andrew Coe == Licensing == {{PD-self}} kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Mwanza_Districts.GIF == Summary == Created by Andrew Coe == Licensing == {{PD-self}} 2259 9013 2006-04-29T08:33:34Z Kipala 107 [[Image:TZ_Mwanza.png|thumb|right|250px|Mkoa wa Mwanza katika Tanzania]] '''Mkoa wa Mwanza''' ni kati ya mikoa 26 za [[Tanzania]]. Umepakana na [[Mkoa wa Kagera|Kagera]] upande wa magharibi, [[Mkoa wa Shinyanga|Shinyanga]] upande wa kusini na [[Mkoa wa Mara|Mara]] upande wa mashariki. [[Ziwa la Viktoria Nyanza]] liko kaskazini. Makao makuu ya mkoa yapo Mwanza mjini. == Wilaya == [[Image:Mwanza_Wilaya.GIF|thumb|left|175px|Wilaya za mkoa wa Mwanza]] Mkoa wa Mwanza una wakazi 2,942,148 (sensa ya 2002) katika wilaya 8 ukiwa na eneo la 19,592km². Wilaya ndizo [[Ukerewe]],[[Magu|Magu]], [[Sengerema]], [[Geita]], [[Misungwi]], [[Kwimba]], [[Nyamagana]] na [[Ilemela]]. Mji wa Mwanza umo ndani ya wilaya Nyamagana na Ilemela. == Wakazi == Makabila makubwa katika Mwanza ndio [[Wasukuma]], [[Wakerewe]], [[Wakara]] na [[Wazinza]]. == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.mwanzacommunity.org/mwanzaregion.html Mji wa Mwanza, habari za uchumi, utamaduni na mengi mengine] * [http://www.tanzania.go.tz/census/census/mwanza.htm Matokeo ya Sensa 2002 kwa Mwanza] * [http://www.tanzania.go.tz Serikali ya Tanzania] * [http://www.mwanzacommunity.org/sukumaswahili.html Wasukuma] [[en:Mwanza Region]] [[ja:ムワンザ州]] {{Mikoa ya Tanzania}} 2260 7087 2006-02-22T20:14:19Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Réunion]] 2261 7088 2006-02-22T20:15:35Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Réunion]] 2262 7089 2006-02-22T20:16:33Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] 2263 7090 2006-02-22T20:17:54Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] 2264 7091 2006-02-22T20:20:21Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Guinea]] 2265 7092 2006-02-22T20:21:35Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Ethiopia]] 2266 10543 2006-06-03T22:37:04Z ChriKo 35 {{Uainishaji | rangi = pink | jina = Heroe | picha = Flam.greater.600pix.jpg | upana_wa_picha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = [[Heroe wakubwa]] | himaya = [[Animalia]] (Wanyama) | faila = [[Chordata]] (Wanyama wenye ugwe wa neva mgongoni) | ngeli = [[Ndege|Aves]] (Ndege) | oda = [[Phoenicopteriformes]] (Ndege kama heroe) | familia = [[Phoenicopteridae]] (Ndege walio na mnasaba na heroe) | jenasi = [[Phoenicopterus]] (Heroe) | bingwa_wa_jenasi = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758 | spishi = Angalia katiba }} '''Heroe''' ni [[ndege]] wa [[jenasi]] ''Phoenicopterus'', jenasi pekee ya [[familia]] '''Phoenicopteridae'''. Ndege hawa hukaa kwa maji ya chumvi kwa makundi makubwa. Wana miguu mirefu na shingo ndefu na nyembamba. Wakiruka angani hunyosha shingo. Urefu wao ni kati ya futi 3 na 5. Hula [[kijimea|vijimea]] (algae) na [[uduvi|nduvi]] ndogo ambazo huzikamata na domo lao zungu linalotumika kama chujio. Tago lao ni kifungu cha matope kwa tundu fupi ambalo ndani lake yai moja linatagwa. ==Spishi za Afrika== * ''Phoenicopterus roseus'', [[Heroe Mkubwa]] (Greater Flamingo): anatokea Asia na Ulaya pia. * ''Phoenicopterus minor'', [[Heroe Mdogo]] (Lesser Flamingo) ==Spishi za Marekani== * ''Phoenicopterus jamesi'' (James's Flamingo) * ''Phoenicopterus andinus'' (Andean Flamingo) * ''Phoenicopterus chilensis'' (Chilean Flamingo) * ''Phoenicopterus ruber'' (Caribbean Flamingo) [[Category:Ndege]] [[de:Flamingos]] [[en:Flamingo]] [[es:Phoenicopterus]] [[eo:Flamengo]] [[fr:Phoenicopteridae]] [[fy:Flamingofûgels]] [[he:פלמינגואים]] [[io:Flamingo]] [[it:Fenicottero]] [[lt:Flaminginiai paukščiai]] [[ms:Burung Flamingo]] [[nl:Flamingo's]] [[os:Фламинго]] [[pl:Czerwonakowate]] [[pt:Flamingo]] [[sr:Фламинго]] [[sv:Flamingor]] 2269 8720 2006-04-25T06:24:46Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Tanzania_Kilimanjaro.png|thumb|right|175px|Mkoa wa Kilimanjaro katika Tanzania]] [[Image:Kilimanjaro Wilaya.PNG|thumb|right|175px|Wilaya za Mkoa wa Kilimanjaro]] '''Mkoa wa Kilimanjaro''' ni kati ya mikoa 26 za [[Tanzania]]. Makao makuu ya mkoa ndipo [[Moshi]]. [[Mlima Kilimanjaro|Mlima wa Kilimanjaro]] umo ndani ya mkoa. Mkoa wa Kilimanjaro umepakana na [[Kenya]] upande wa kaskazini, [[Mkoa wa Tanga]] upande wa Kusini na mikoa ya [[Mkoa wa Manyara|Manyara]] na [[Mkoa wa Arusha|Arusha]] upande wa magharibi. Mkoani kuna wakazi 1,381,149 (sensa 2002). [http://www.tanzania.go.tz/census/census/kilimanjaro.htm]. Kabila kubwa ndio Wachagga. == Wilaya == Mkoa wa Kilimanjaro kuna wilaya 6 ndizo: [[Rombo]], [[Hai]], [[Moshi Vijijini]], [[Moshi (mji)|Moshi Mjini]], [[Mwanga]] na [[Wilaya ya Same |Same]]. ==Marejeo== * {{en}}[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/census/census/kilimanjaro.htm Matokeo ya sensa 2002 ya Tanzania kwa Mkoa wa Kilimanjaro] {{Mikoa ya Tanzania}} {{Mbegu}} [[Category:Mikoa ya Tanzania]] [[en:Kilimanjaro Region]] [[ja:キリマンジャロ州]] 2270 10219 2006-05-27T19:57:50Z Kipala 107 [[image:Zanzibar_(tanzania).jpg|thumb|Ramani ya Unguja]] '''Unguja''' ni kisiwa kikubwa katika [[Bahari Hindi]] karibu na mwambao wa [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] karibu na [[Daressalaam]]. Unguja ni kisiwa kikuu cha [[Zanzibar]] ambayo ni sehemu ya Jamhuri ya Maungano ya [[Tanzania]]. Unguja ina eneo la takriban 1.658 km² ikiwa na wakazi 460 000. Mji Mkuu ni [[Jiji la Zanzibar]] kwenye pwani la magharibi la kutazama bara. Kisiwani Unguja kuna mikoa mitatu ya mikoa 26 ya Tanzania ambazo ni [[Mkoa wa Unguja Kaskazini|Unguja Kaskazini]], [[Mkoa wa Unguja Kusini|Unguja Kusini]] na [[Mkoa wa Unguja Mjini Magharibi|Unguja Mjini Magharibi]]. ==Viungo vya nje== * {{en}} [http://www.zanzinet.org/zanzibar/unguja/unguja.html Zanzinet: Unguja Island] * [http://home.globalfrontiers.com/Zanzibar/swahili_home_page.htm Zanzibar Yetu] {{Mikoa ya Tanzania}} {{mbegu}} [[Category:Zanzibar]] [[Category:Miji ya Tanzania]] [[Category:Waswahili]] [[Category:Visiwa vya Afrika]] [[Category:Visiwa vya Bahari ya Hindi]] 2271 9364 2006-05-08T17:38:52Z Kipala 107 '''Zanzibar''' ni neno linalotaja * kijiografia '''[[Funguvisiwa ya Zanzibar]]''' kwenye mwambao wa Afrika ya Mashariki hasa visiwa vikubwa vya [[Unguja]] na [[Kisiwa cha Pemba|Pemba]] pamoja na visiwa vidogovidogo * kisiasa '''[[Jamhuri ya Watu wa Zanzibar]]''' ambayo eneo lake ni sawa na funguvisiwa ikiwa ni sehemu ya Jamhuri ya Maungano ya [[Tanzania]] * kihistoria '''[[Usultani ya Zanzibar]]''' iliyoanzishwa baada ya kifo cha Sultani [[Sayyid Said]] na kugawiwa kwa Usultani ya [[Omani]] mwaka 1856 wakati mwanaye [[Sayyid Majid]] alipokuwa sultani wa kwanza wa Zanzibar akitawala funguvisiwa ya Zanzibar pamoja na pwani la [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] kati ya [[Mogadishu]] (leo mji mkuu wa [[Somalia]]) na Rasi ya Delgado (leo [[Msumbiji]] ya Kaskazini karibu na mto wa [[Ruvuma]]). * '''[[Jiji la Zanzibar]]''' ambalo ni mji mkubwa wa Unguja na mji mkuu wa Jamhuri ya Watu wa Zanzibar * jina kwa kutaja filamu, vitabu, hoteli n.k. zilizotajwa kufuatana na ya neno lenyewe kama vile Jamhuri ya Zanzibar, fuguvisiwa vya Zanzibar, Jiji la Zanzibar, na matumizi ya jina kwa kutaja vitabu, filamu, mahoteli n.k. * katika lugha nyingi kisiwa cha Unguja huitwa Zanzibar * kuhusu maana ya neno lenyewe taz. "[[Etimolojia ya Neno Zanzibar]]" {{maana}} [[Category:Zanzibar]] [[Category:Tanzania]] [[cs:Zanzibar]] [[en:Zanzibar (disambiguation)]] [[nl:Zanzibar]] 2273 10711 2006-06-10T18:16:24Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Sansibar House of Wonders.jpg|thumb|Beit-al-Ajaib (1907)]] '''Jiji la Zanzibar''' ni mji mkubwa wa kisiwa cha [[Unguja]] na [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa Zanzibar]], pia ni wilaya katika [[Mkoa wa Unguja Mjini Magharibi]] wa [[Tanzania]]. Jiji lina wakazi 206,292 (sensa ya 2002). Kitovu cha kihistoria ni '''Mji Mkongwe''' (Stone Town) ulioandikishwa katika orodha ya [[UNESCO]] ya "[[Urithi wa Dunia]]" (World Heritage). Nyumba za Mji Mkongwe zilijengwa tangu 1830 wakati Sultani [[Sayyid Said]] alipohamisha mji mkuu wake kutoka [[Omani]] kuja Unguja. Kati ya majengo maarufu ni Beit al Ajaib (nyumba ya maajabu), boma la kale, Kanisa Kuu la Kianglikana kwenye mahali pa soko la watumwa na hasa nyumba nyingi za kihistoria za ghorofa zilizojengwa na famila za tabaka ya matajiri Waarabu zenye milango yenye mapambo mazuri. Mji Mkongwe unapokea watalii wengi kila mwaka. Mji wa kisasa umekua sana ngambo ya Mji Mkongwe. <br clear="right"/> <gallery> Image:StoneTown-Zanzibar.jpg|<small>Mji Mkongwe</small> Image:Sansibar-HoseOfWonders.jpg|<small>Nyumba ya Maajabu (Beit-al-Ajaib</small> Image:Fort-Zanzibar.jpg|<small>Boma la Kale katika Mji Mongwe</small> Image:Beach-Zanzibar.jpg|<small>Mahalipa kuogelea ufukoni karibu na Mji Mkongwe</small> </gallery> ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://home.globalfrontiers.com/Zanzibar/swahili_home_page.htm Historia na utamaduni wa Zanzibar] [[Category:Miji ya Tanzania]] [[Category:Zanzibar]] [[Category:Waswahili]] [[Category:Mahali pa Urithi wa Dunia katika Afrika]] 2275 8909 2006-04-27T10:24:34Z 218.123.18.38 [[Image: Unguja Mjini West.PNG|300px|right|Mkoa wa Unguja Mjini Magharibi]] '''Mkoa wa Unguja Mjini Magharibi''' ni kati ya mikoa 26 za [[Tanzania]]. Mikoa mitatu kati yao iko [[Unguja]] kisiwani. Mkoa huu una wilaya mbili ndizo mjini yaani [[Jiji la Zanzibar]] na Unguja Magharibi. Idadi ya wakazi ni 390,074; mjini wako 205,870 na Unguja Magharibi 184,204 (sensa ya 2002). {{Mikoa ya Tanzania}} {{Mbegu}} [[Category:Mikoa ya Tanzania]] [[en:Zanzibar Urban/West Region]] [[ja:ザンジバル都市部/西部州]] 2276 7129 2006-02-26T00:14:23Z Kipala 107 '''Etimolojia ya jina "Zanzibar"''' inaonyesha ya kuwa ni jina la kale sana. Hakuna uhakika kabisa kuhusu asili ya neno. [[Zanzibar]] ina uhusiano na maneno mawili ya [[Kiarabu]]. Neno la kwanza ni "[[zanj]]- ﺯﻧﺞ" lililomaanisha watu weusi na hasa [[watumwa]] waafrika katika [[Irak]] karibu na mji wa [[Basra]] walioasi dhidi ya mabwana wao [[Waarabu]] kati ya 869 and 879 BK wakijaribu kujipatia uhuru. Neno la pili ni "bar - ﺑﺮ " linalomaanisha "nchi" - ni asili ya neno la Kiswahili "bara". Neno la [[Kiajemi]] kwa ajili ya watu weusi ni "zangi زنگ ". [[Waarabu]] na [[Wajemi]] wote walikuwa muhimu katika historia ya [[Bahari Hindi]] pia mwambao wa [[Afrika ya Mashariki]]. [[Richard F. Burton]], Mwingereza wa karne ya 19. [[BK]] ailidai ya kwamba jina la Zanzibar ni ya asili ya Kiajemi. Neno la Kiarabu "Zinj/Zanj" limetokana na Kiajemi "zangi" linalomaanisha mtu mweusi. Sehemu ya pili ni "bar" (=nchi) - kufuatana na Burton neno la Kiajemi. ("Zanzibar, City, Island and Coast," vol. i. chaps. v). Kufuatana na maelezo ya Burton sauti "g" ya Kiajemi ilibadilishwa na Waarabu kuwa "j" hivyo "Zangi" kuwa "Zanji". Burton aliendela kudai ya kuwa neno la Kiajemi "Zangi" liliingia hata mapema katika neno "[[Azania]]" la zamani za [[Kiroma]] / [[Kigiriki]] na hiyo ni dokezo ya kwamba Wajemi walikuwa tayari mabaharia muhimu katika Bahari Hindi kabla ya [[Uislamu]]. Inaonekana ya kwamba Burton alikosa kwa upande wa "bar". Neno hili linapatikana kwa Kiarabu na Kiajemi. Lugha zote mbili zinatofautiana sana kwa sababu Kiarabu ni kati ya [[lugha za kishemi]] (kisemiti) lakini Kiajemi ni kati ya [[lugha za Kihindi-ulaya]]. Lugha zote mbili zimepeana maneno mengi tangu [[Uajemi]] kuvamiwa na Waarabu na kuwa nchi ya Kiislamu. Isipokuwa "bar" ni neno la asili ya Kishemi; linapatikana kwa maana ileile pia katika lugha ya [[Kiebrania]] kama "BR "בר , vilevile katika lugha ya [[Kisiryani]]. Swali ni kama Burton alikosa pia kuhusu etimolojia ya "Zanj - Zangi". Tatizo ni ya kwamba hakuna sababu kuwaza badiliko la "g" ya kiajemi kuwa sauti ya "z" katika Kigiriki kutokana na utaratibu wa lugha ya Kigiriki. Kuna uhusiano wa neno letu na jina la kale "Zingis" ([[Claudius Ptolemaios]], i. 17, 9; iv. 7, 11) and "Zingium" ([[Cosmas Indicopleustes]]) kwa ajili ya pwani la Afrika ya Mashariki. Kwa mahitaji yetu inatosha kusema ya kwamba kuna jina la kale kwa ajili ya mwambao wa Afrika ya Mashariki lililowahi kutajwa kwa umbo tofauti katika karne za kale kama vile Zingis, Zingium, Azania, au nchi (=bar) ya „Zanj“ (kiarabu) au ya „Zangi“ (kiajemi). Wajemi na Waarabu wote walitaja pia watu weusi kwa neno hili. „Zangibar“ au „zanjbar“ ni „nchi ya watu weusi“. [[Wareno]] waliandika jina hili kama „Zanguebar“ kwa matamshi ya Kiajemi hivyo ndivyo inavyoonekana katika ramani za Kiulaya kuanzia karne ya 15 hadi 19. BK. Wareno walianza baadaye kutofautisha kati ya bara na kisiwa wakiandika jina la kisiwa mbele ya pwani la „Zanguebar“ kama „Zanzibar“ yaani kwa namna inayolingana zaidi na matamshi ya Kiarabu lakini waliendelea kusema "Zanguebar" wakimaanisha bara. 2277 9206 2006-05-02T15:36:12Z Kipala 107 Talk:Jiji la Zanzibar umehamishwa hapa Talk:Zanzibar (Jiji): Ufuatano wa a-b-c katika orodha kama Category miji ya TZ Jamani naomba usaidizi : nimetunga ukurasa huu ingawa sina uhakika kama jina la makala ni la kweli! Nimefuata mbegu wa makala ambayo nimeikuta ilitumia lugha ya "Jiji la Zanzibar". Nimeendelea nalo lakini sina uhakika kama jina rasmi ni Mji wa Unguja au Mji wa Zanzibar. Tunaye mtu mwenye uhakika (nimeona tu watu huchanganya yote mawili (taz. www.odifpeg.org.uk/publications/greyliterature/fuelwood/masoud/masoud.pdf - mwenyeji anachanganya yote mawili!) --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 01:00, 26 Februari 2006 (UTC) 2278 sysop 7786 2006-03-28T06:44:16Z MediaWiki default Message name filter: 2279 sysop 7135 2006-02-26T02:08:18Z MediaWiki default Show only modified 2280 sysop 11628 2006-07-01T19:11:50Z MediaWiki default '''Warning:''' You are not logged in. Your IP address will be recorded in this page's edit history. 2281 sysop 7139 2006-02-26T02:08:18Z MediaWiki default - 2282 sysop 7145 2006-02-26T02:08:18Z MediaWiki default You must confirm your e-mail address before editing pages. 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Remember that custom .css and .js pages use a lowercase title, e.g. User:Foo/monobook.css as opposed to User:Foo/Monobook.css. 2304 sysop 7183 2006-02-26T02:08:20Z MediaWiki default You have new messages on $1 2306 7190 2006-02-26T17:35:23Z Kipala 107 '''Pemba''' ni neno linalomaanisha * '''[[Kisiwa cha Pemba]]''' ambacho ni sehemu ya [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa Zanzibar]] katika [[Tanzania]] * '''[[Pemba (Msumbiji)]]''' (zamani: "Porto Amelia"), mji wa mwambao wa [[Msumbiji]] na makao makuu ya mkoa wa [[Cabo Delgado]] * '''[[Pemba (Zambia)]]''' ni wilaya na mji katika Jimbo la Kusini takriban 300 km kusini ya [[Lusaka]] {{maana}} 2307 9883 2006-05-21T16:53:18Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Pemba Island (Tanzania).jpg|thumb|Ramani ya Kisiwa cha Pemba]] [[Image:Visiwa vya Zanzibar.JPG|thumb|left|Visiwa vya Zanzibar(Unguja na Pemba)]] :''Makala hii inahusu Kisiwa cha Pemba. Jina linatumika pia kwa ajili ya [[Pemba (Msumbiji)|Pemba]] katika [[Msumbiji]] na [[Pemba (Zambia)|Pemba]] wilaya pamoja na mji huko [[Zambia]].'' '''Pemba''' ni kisiwa kilichopo takriban 50 km kaskazini ya [[Unguja]] katika [[Bahari Hindi]]. Zote mbili ni sehemu za [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa Zanzibar]] katika [[Tanzania]]. Umbali na [[Tanganyika]] au Tanzania bara ni tena 50 km. Pemba pamoja na visiwa vidogo karibu nayo ina wakazi 360,797 katika eneo la 980 km². Pemba kuna miwili ya mikoa 26 za Tanzania. Miji muhimu wa Pemba ndiyo [[Chake Chake]], [[Mkoani]] na [[Wete]]. Uchumi wa Pemba ni hasa kilimo pamoja na uvuvi. Mazao ya sokoni hulimwa hasa [[karafuu]]. Katika utamaduni wa Pemba kuna desturi ya kipekee katika Afrika ndiyo [[mchezo wa ng'ombe]] iliyorithiwa na Wareno walipokuwa na atahri kisiwani karne zilizopita. ==Viuongo vya nje== *{{en}}[http://www.zanzinet.org/zanzibar/pemba/pemba.html zanzinet.org] *{{en}}[http://www.nbs.go.tz/stzanzibar.htm Takwimu ya Zanzibar] {{Mikoa ya Tanzania}} [[Category:Visiwa vya Bahari ya Hindi]] [[Category:Tanzania]] [[Category:Visiwa vya Afrika]] [[Category:Waswahili]] [[de:Pemba]] [[en:Pemba, Tanzania]] [[pl:Pemba]] 2308 7195 2006-02-26T19:18:16Z Kipala 107 Kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Spice_Islands_%28Tanzania%29.jpg Map Of Spice Islands (Zanzibar, Pemba, Mafia) from http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/tanzania_pol_2003.jpg From the Perry-Castañeda Map Collection FAQ: Most of the maps sc Kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Spice_Islands_%28Tanzania%29.jpg Map Of Spice Islands (Zanzibar, Pemba, Mafia) from http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/tanzania_pol_2003.jpg From the Perry-Castañeda Map Collection FAQ: Most of the maps scanned by the University of Texas Libraries and served from this web site are in the public domain. No permissions are needed to copy them. You may download them and use them as you wish. 2310 9437 2006-05-11T12:40:14Z 172.181.244.79 [[Image:Bull attacks matador.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Torero akimkasirisha ng'ombe dume kwa kitambaa chekundu]] [[Image:Matador.JPG|250px|thumb|Matador akilenga kumwua ngombe kwa upanga wake]] '''Mchezo wa Ng'ombe''' ni desturi inayojulikana hasa katika nchi za [[Hispania]] na [[Ureno]]. Imekuwa pia mila ya pekee kwenye [[Kisiwa cha Pemba]], [[Tanzania]]. Historia ya desturi hii inarudi nyuma hadi zamani za [[Dola la Roma]] watu walipopenda kuwa na maonyesho ya mapambano ya wanyama pori, ama ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe au zaidi ya watu dhidi ya wanyama hawa. Maonyesho haya yalifanyika katika uwanja wa mji kwa mfano uwanja wa [[Koloseo]] huko [[Roma]]. Desturi hii imepotea kila sehemu ya eneo la kale la Dola la Roma kwa sababu ilipingwa na kanisa la kikristo isipokuwa [[Hispania]] na [[Ureno]]. Ilhali Wahispania wanaua ngombe wa dume Wareno wanawachezea tu hadi kuwaangusha chini bila kuwaua. Wahispania walipeleka mchezo hadi [[Amerika ya Kusini]] kama vile [[Mexiko]]. Kwa Kihispania wale wanoshindana uwanjani na ng'ombe dume wanaitwa "torero"; mkuu wao atakayemwua kwa pigo la upanga wake ni "matador". Kwa Kihispania wale wanoshindana uwanjani na ng'ombe dume wanaitwa "torero"; mkuu wao atakayemwua kwa pigo la upanga wake ni "matador". ==Mchezo wa ng'ombe Pemba kisiwani== Pemba ndipo mahali pa pekee katika [[Afrika]] penye desturi hii ya mchezo wa ng'ombe. Hii ni kutokana na athira ya [[Ureno]] kwenye mwambao wa [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] miaka 400 iliyopita. Mara Wareno walikuwa na kituo huko [[Chakechake]], mara walikuwa na mapatano ya usaidizi na Pemba, mara waliuachia utawala Sultani wa [[Mombasa]]. Haijulikani jinsi walivyoacha desturi hii Pemba. Kuhusu mchezo huu amesema Abdullah Amur Suleiman (http://groups.msn.com/SitiBintiSaad/mchezowangombebullfight.msnw): ''Mchezo wa ng’ombe ni mchezo wa taifa huko Pemba, hapana mtoto wa kiume hata mmoja wa Kipemba, akiwa mwenye asili ya Kiafrika au Kiarabu ambaye hajuwi kumcheza Ng’ombe. ''Mchezo huu jinsi unavyopendwa na vijana wa kiume wa Pemba ni kama vile wavulana wanavyoupenda mchezo wa mpira yaani ‘football’, huko Zanzibar, Tanzania bara na kwingineko ulimwenguni.'' ''Aghlabu mchezo wa ng’ombe huchezwa wakati wa watu ambao wamerejea mavunoni na karafuu zimekwisha tena na hapo hutazamiya kustarehe. Watu wengi hujumuika kwenye sherehe hizo za mchezo wa ng’ombe na hawaji tu kuona mchezo huo lakini hulipa ada maalum kwa ajili ya kuuona namna mchezo huo ufanywavyo na mastadi wake hodari.'' ===Viungo vya Nje=== [http://groups.msn.com/SitiBintiSaad/mchezowangombebullfight.msnw Abdullah Amur Suleiman akieleza mchezo huu wa kitaifa] [[Category:Tanzania]] [[Category:Michezo]] [[ca:Tauromàquia]] [[cs:Býčí zápasy]] [[de:Stierkampf]] en: [[es:Corrida de toros]] [[eo:Toreo]] [[fr:Tauromachie]] [[he:מלחמת שוורים]] [[lt:Korida]] [[nl:Stierenvechten]] [[ja:闘牛]] [[pl:Korrida]] [[pt:Tourada]] [[tr:Boğa güreşi]] 2311 7962 2006-04-04T18:25:45Z Marcos 3 Talk:Lugha iliyotengenezwa umehamishwa hapa Talk:Lugha ya kuundwa Je ni Kiswahili sanifu "lugha iliyotengenezwa" ?? Kamusi ya TUKI ina makala fupi kuhusu Esperanto: "Esperanto -(lugha bandia iliyoundwa kutumiwa na watu wote duniani). Hata usipopenda "Lugha Bandia" (mimi nisingeitumia - ina ladha ya "lugha ya uwongo") heri utumie "lugha ya kuundwa" --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 21:22, 27 Februari 2006 (UTC) 2312 7206 2006-02-27T21:24:16Z Kipala 107 '''http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugha_iliyotengenezwa''' Je ni Kiswahili sanifu "lugha iliyotengenezwa" ?? Kamusi ya TUKI ina makala fupi kuhusu Esperanto: "Esperanto -(lugha bandia iliyoundwa kutumiwa na watu wote duniani). Hata usipopenda "Lugha Bandia" (mimi nisingeitumia - ina ladha ya "lugha ya uwongo") heri utumie "lugha ya kuundwa" --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 21:24, 27 Februari 2006 (UTC) 2313 7210 2006-02-28T09:05:07Z Pmusyoki 138 <div style="border:1px solid #ccc; bordercolor:#ff000000; forecolor:#b1e100; background:#64C8F1; text-align:center; padding:1px; line-height:1; margin-right:1px;"> '''Mimi naitwa Philip, mzaliwa wa Kenya. Naunga mkono sera zinazopendela mabadiliko, pamoja na demokrasi na uhuru wa kibinafsi.''' </div> {{Boxboxtop|Userboxes}} {{User en}} {{Boxboxbottom}} <h2 style="color:#32B5E1;">Kuhusu mambo ninayo andika</h2> Napenda sana kuandika juu ya mambo yanayohusu siasa za [[Afrika]] and wanasiasa wa [[Afrika]].Pia nachangia mambo kuhusu [[demokrasia]], [[uhuru]] and [[haki]]. <h2 style="color:#32B5E1;">Kuhusu mimi</h2> *Mimi ni mzaliwa wa [[Kenya]], [[Afrika ya Mashariki]]. *Napendelea mambo ya [[siasa]], sanasana siasa za [[Afrika]], na hali ya dunia kwa kiujumla. *Napenda nyimbo za kitamaduni na zile za ''[[Mariachi]]''. *Napenda michezo ya kompiuta ya ''[[Deus Ex]]'' na ''[[Doom]]''. {{userpage}} [[sw:User:PMusyoki]] 2314 7211 2006-02-28T13:21:46Z Kipala 107 ==Karibu Bwana Pmusyoki== Ninafurahi kukukaribisha hapa! Kuna kazi nyingi hadi kamusi hii itakuwa kitu chenye maana hivyo tuchange sote! Siasa ni mada muhimu halafu mtu mwingine mwenye dhana jinsi ya kuandika makala anahitajika sana! --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 13:21, 28 Februari 2006 (UTC) 2315 7959 2006-04-04T18:25:00Z Marcos 3 '''Lugha ya kupangwa''' ni aina ya [[lugha ya kuundwa]]. Kwa kawaida, msemo ''lugha ya kupangwa'' inatumika kwa lugha zile ambazo ziliundwa kwa ajili ya utumiaji wa kawaida baina ya watu. (Kuna lugha zilizotengenezwa ambazo siyo lugha za kupangwa, kama zile [[lugha ya uzushi|lugha za uzushi]] na [[lugha ya siri|lugha za siri]]). Lugha ya kupangwa inayozungumzwa zaidi ni [[Kiesperanto]]. [[de:Plansprache]] [[eo:Planlingvo]] 2316 7957 2006-04-04T18:23:41Z Marcos 3 Talk:Lugha iliyopangwa umehamishwa hapa Talk:Lugha ya kupangwa Wapendwa wala "lugha iliyopangwa" wala "lugha iliyotengenezwa" kwangu inaonekana kuwa Kiswahili sanifu. Kwa kweli Kiswahili ndiyo lugha mpya inona mabadiliko mengi. Kwa ujumla mimi naona tufuate ushauri wa [[TUKI]] isipokuwa tukiweza kutaja sababu muhimu ya kudokeza TUKI walikosea au kuna njia nyingine yenye maana. Kwa lugha kama Esperanto TUKI imeshauri "Lugha bandia". Je, kuna mtu anayepinga pendekezo hili; akipinga ni kwa sababu gani?? --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 00:55, 1 Machi 2006 (UTC) 2317 7973 2006-04-04T18:43:16Z Marcos 3 Wapendwa wala "lugha iliyopangwa" wala "lugha iliyotengenezwa" kwangu inaonekana kuwa Kiswahili sanifu. Kwa kweli Kiswahili ndiyo lugha mpya inona mabadiliko mengi. Kwa ujumla mimi naona tufuate ushauri wa [[TUKI]] isipokuwa tukiweza kutaja sababu muhimu ya kudokeza TUKI walikosea au kuna njia nyingine yenye maana. Kwa lugha kama Esperanto TUKI imeshauri "Lugha bandia". Je, kuna mtu anayepinga pendekezo hili; akipinga ni kwa sababu gani?? --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 00:58, 1 Machi 2006 (UTC) :Mimi ninapinga pendekezo hili. Neno "bandia" lina maana mbaya (kwa Kiingereza "imitation", "sham" "false"). Kusema kwamba Kiesperanto ni "lugha bandia" itaonekana kama kusema "Kiesperanto kinajaribu kuwa lugha, lakini kwa keli siyo lugha". :Katika lugha nyingine pia kuna msukano kuhusu maneno sahihi kwa lugha kama Kiesperanto. Kwa mfano, kwa Kiingereza wengine wanatumis "artificial language", lakini kwa kawaida Waesperanto wanapinga utumizi huu, kwa sababu "artificial" pia ina maana mbaya kidogo. Kwa hiyo Waesperanto wanapenda kutumia "planned language". :Siku hizi, msemo "planned language" linatumika kwa lugha zile ambazo zilitengenezwa kwa ajili ya utumiaji wa kawaida baina ya watu, na "constructed language" linatumika kwa lugha zote zilizotengenezwa. Mimi ninaamini kwamba ni nzuri kuwa na msemo kama "planned language" kwa Kiswahili. Niliamua kutumia "lugha iliyopangwa", lakini pia inawezekana kusema "lugha mpango" au "lugha ya mpango". Mimi sina uhakika ipi ni nzuri zaidi. [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] 01:04, 3 Machi 2006 (UTC) ::Nimewahi kuandika huko "Talk:Lugha iliyotengenezwa" juu ya swali hili. Ninakubali ya kwamba "Lugha bandia" si chaguo zuri la TUKI. Inaonekana mtu alijaribu kutafsiri neno bila kuangalia upana wa maana yake pande zote mbili. Lakini hatuna budi kujitahadhari tusiunde maneno mapyamapya bila kujali utaratibu na muundo wa lugha. Sisi wachangia wikipedia ni watu wachache mno tena wengi wasio Waswahili au tukiwa Waswahili tuko mbali na mazingira penye Kiswahili hai. ::Ushauri wangu ni hivi: a) tufuate mapendekezo ya TUKI kama yapo; b) tukiona sababu ya kutokubali tuandike makala lakini tutoe maelezo kwenye ukurasa wa majadiliano c) tuone majadiliano tuombe hasa waswahili wazawa washauri ::Kuhusu lugha ningeshauri "lugha ya kuundwa" au "lugha ya kupangwa". ::Zaidi ya hayo sielewi unataka kudokeza nini kwa kutuletea makala juu ya "lugha iliyotengenezwa" pamoja na "lugha iliyopangwa". Tofauti yake haieleweki kufuatana na majina haya. Kuhusu maneno yenyewe ni sawa kabisa kuyatumia ndani ya sentensi lakini ningeona hayafai vema kuwa majina. Pia makala ya "lugha saada" - nafikiri unamaanisha kitu kama "lugha saidizi"? Ningefurahi kama wengine wangechangia! --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 19:18, 5 Machi 2006 (UTC) :::Ninakubali na ushauri wako kuhusu kuwafuata TUKI tusipokuwa na sababu maalum ya kutowafuata. :::Pia ninakubali na matumizi ya "lugha ya kuundwa", "lugha ya kupangwa" na "lugha saidizi". :::Misemo "lugha ya kuundwa" na "lugha ya kupangwa" haionyeshi vizuri tofauti ya maana kati ya misemo hii, lakini licha ya hiyo tuitumie. Lugha nyingi zinatumia misemo inayofanana (en: constructed language and planned language; de: konstruierte Sprache und Plansprache; eo: konstruita lingvo kaj planlingvo), na tofauti kati ya hizi ni muhimu. Lazima tuwe na tofauti kama hii kwa Kiswahili, na mimi siwezi kuona njia nzuri zaidi kuliko kutumia "lugha ya kuundwa" na "lugha ya kupangwa". [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] 17:27, 8 Machi 2006 (UTC) ::::Sasa nimefanya mabadilisho haya: ::::*"lugha iliyotengenezwa" --> "lugha ya kuundwa" ::::*"lugha iliyopangwa" --> "lugha ya kupangwa" ::::*"lugha saada ya kimataifa" --> "lugha saidizi ya kimataifa" 2318 7219 2006-03-01T15:58:39Z Kipala 107 '''TUKI''' ni kifupi chake cha "'''Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa Kiswahili'''" ambayo ni idara ya [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha [[Daressalaam]], [[Tanzania]]. Taasisi hii ni miongoni mwa taasisi kongwe za lugha nchini Tanzania. Madhumuni yake yakiwa ni kusimamia usanifishaji na maendeleo ya lugha ya Kiswahili. ==Historia yake== Ilianzishwa mnamo mwaka 1930 kama [[Kamati ya lugha (Kiswahili)]] ya Nchi za [[Afrika ya Mashariki]], baadaye ikaitwa Kamati ya Kiswahili ya Afrika Mashariki. Mnamo mwaka 1964 kamati ilifanywa kuwa Sehemu ya Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaamu. Baadaye ikaitwa Chuo cha Uchunguzi wa Lugha ya Kiswahili. Tangu 1970 kimepewa jina la Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa Lugha ya Kiswahili. ==Majukumu== Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa Kiswahili ni taasisi ya utafiti iliyopewa jukumu la kutafiti nyanja zote za lugha ya Kiswahili, fasihi na utamaduni, na kuchapisha matokeo ya utafiti huo. Hivyo pamoja na [[BAKITA]] (Baraza la Kiswahili Tanzania) TUKI ndiye mlinzi wa usanifu wa lugha ya Kiswahili katika Tanzania. ==Kazi yake== Pamoja na kazi ya utafiti katika nyanja mbalimbali za Kiswahili, TUKI inatunga maandiko ya kufundisha Kiswahili na kamusi mbalimbali. Kati ya kamusi hizi ni * Kamusi ya Kiswahili sanifu, * Kamusi ya Kiingereza -Kiswahili, * Kamusi ya Kiswahili-Kiingereza, * Kamusi Sanifu ya Isimu na Lugha, * Kamusi Sanifu ya Biologia, Fizikia na Kemia, * Kamusi ya Sheria * Kamusi ya Biashara na Uchumi TUKI imehariri toleo la Kiswahili la "Historia Kuu ya Afrika" iliyotungwa na kamati ya wataalamu ya [[UNESCO]]. ==Viungo vya Nje== http://www.udsm.ac.tz/tuki/tuki.html 2319 7220 2006-03-01T19:37:01Z Kipala 107 Kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Askari.jpg Summary Issa Michuzi http://issamichuzi.blogspot.com/ Licensing {{NoRightsReserved}} Kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Askari.jpg Summary Issa Michuzi http://issamichuzi.blogspot.com/ Licensing {{NoRightsReserved}} 2320 7221 2006-03-01T19:43:31Z Kipala 107 Kutokana na http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ikulu-tz.jpg == Summary == Issa Michuzi == Licensing == {{CopyrightedFreeUse}} Kutokana na http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ikulu-tz.jpg == Summary == Issa Michuzi == Licensing == {{CopyrightedFreeUse}} 2321 7222 2006-03-01T19:45:38Z Kipala 107 Kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Po_%281%29.jpg ==Summary== Issa Michuzi http://issamichuzi.blogspot.com/ ==Licensing== {{NoRightsReserved}} Kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Po_%281%29.jpg ==Summary== Issa Michuzi http://issamichuzi.blogspot.com/ ==Licensing== {{NoRightsReserved}} 2322 7223 2006-03-01T19:47:23Z Kipala 107 Kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Jangwani_-1.jpg == Summary == Issa Michuzi http://issamichuzi.blogspot.com/ == Licensing == {{CopyrightedFreeUse}} Kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Jangwani_-1.jpg == Summary == Issa Michuzi http://issamichuzi.blogspot.com/ == Licensing == {{CopyrightedFreeUse}} 2323 7224 2006-03-01T19:48:24Z Kipala 107 == Summary == http://issamichuzi.blogspot.com/ Issa Michuzi == Licensing == {{CopyrightedFreeUse}} Kutokana na http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Mnazi-mmoja.jpg == Summary == http://issamichuzi.blogspot.com/ Issa Michuzi == Licensing == {{CopyrightedFreeUse}} Kutokana na http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Mnazi-mmoja.jpg 2324 8897 2006-04-27T09:54:14Z Matt Crypto 20 [[Image:Visiwa vya Zanzibar.JPG|thumb|right|284px|Visiwa vya Zanzibar (Unguja na Pemba)]] '''Mkoa wa Kusini Pemba''' mi moja ya mikoa 26 za [[Tanzania]]. Iko katika sehemu ya kusini ya [[Kisiwa cha Pemba]] ambacho ni sehemu ya [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa Zanzibar]] katika Tanzania. Makao makuu ya mkoa ndipo [[Mkoani]]. {{mbegu}} {{Mikoa ya Tanzania}} [[Category:Mikoa ya Tanzania]] [[en:Pemba South Region]] [[ja:ペンバ南部州]] 2325 8896 2006-04-27T09:53:47Z Matt Crypto 20 [[Image:Visiwa vya Zanzibar.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Visiwa vya Zanzibar (Unguja na Pemba)]] '''Kaskazini Pemba''' mi moja ya mikoa 26 za [[Tanzania]]. Iko katika sehemu ya kaskazini ya [[Kisiwa cha Pemba]] ambacho ni sehemu ya [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa Zanzibar]] katika Tanzania. Makao makuu ya mkoa ndipo [[Wete]]. ==Ona pia== * [[Mkoa wa Pemba Kusini]] {{mbegu}} {{Mikoa ya Tanzania}} [[en:Pemba North Region]] [[ja:ペンバ北部州]] [[Category:Mikoa ya Tanzania]] 2326 8894 2006-04-27T09:51:20Z Matt Crypto 20 [[Image:Unguja Kaskazini.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Mkoa wa Kaskazini Unguja, Tanzania]] '''Mkoa wa Kaskazini Unguja''' ni moja kati ya mikoa 26 ya [[Tanzania]]. Iko [[Unguja]] kisiwani ambayo ni kisiwa kikubwa cha [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa Zanzibar]]. Makao makuu ya mkoa uko [[Mkokotoni]]. Kuna wilaya mbili za [[Kaskazini Unguja 'A']] na [[Kaskazini Unguja 'B']]. Eneo la mkoa ni 470 km² kuna wakazi 136,953 wakiwemo Kaskazini 'A' 84,348 na Kaskazini 'B' 52,605. Wengi wanajishughulisha na [[uvuvi]] na [[kilimo]]. Sehemu ya mashariki ya mkoa kuna kilimo cha [[karafuu]]. Upande wa magharibi [[utalii]] umeanza kuwa muhimu. Eneo la [[Ras Nungwi]] ni sehemu moja penye mahoteli ya watalii wa nje. Kisiwa cha [[Tumbatu]] ni sehemu ya mkoa huu. Miji ya mkoa ndiyo Mkokotoni, [[Mahonda]] na [[Gamba]]. ==Viungo vya nje== [http://www.kurayako.com/2005/mikoa/kaskazini_unguja Dira mikoani: Kaskazini Unguja] {{mbegu}} {{Mikoa ya Tanzania}} [[Category:Mikoa ya Tanzania]] [[Category:Zanzibar]] [[en:Zanzibar North Region]] [[ja:ザンジバル北部州]] 2327 10553 2006-06-04T13:01:27Z ChriKo 35 Gallery {{Uainishaji | rangi = pink | jina = Tikisa | picha = African_pied_wagtail.jpg | upana_wa_picha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = [[Tikisa-majumba]] | himaya = [[Mnyama|Animalia]] (Wanyama) | faila = [[Chordata]] (Wanyama wenye ugwe wa neva mgongoni) | ngeli = [[Ndege|Aves]] (Ndege) | oda = [[Passeriformes]] (Ndege wimbaji) | familia = [[Motacillidae]] (Ndege walio na mnasaba na matikisa) | jenasi = [[Motacilla]] (Matikisa) | bingwa_wa_jenasi = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758 | spishi = Angalia katiba }} '''Matikisa''' ni ndege wa jenasi [[Motacilla]] ya familia [[Motacillidae]] ambao huitwa '''vibikula''' pia. Wana mkia mrefu ambao wautikisa mara kwa mara. Ndege hawa ni wadogo na wembamba na spishi nyingine zina rangi nzuri. Hukamata wadudu chini na hutaga hata mayai sita ndani ya kishimo ardhini. ==Spishi za Afrika== * ''Motacilla alba'', [[Tikisa Mweupe]] (White Wagtail) * ''Motacilla aguimp'', [[Tikisa-majumba]] (African Pied Wagtail) * ''Motacilla capensis'', [[Tikisa Kusi]] (Cape Wagtail) * ''Motacilla flaviventris'', [[Tikisa wa Madagaska]] (Madagascar Wagtail) * ''Motacilla citreola'', [[Tikisa Manjano]] (Citrine Wagtail) * ''Motacilla flava'', [[Tikisa Kichwa-buluu]] (Blue-headed Wagtail) * ''Motacilla cinerea'', [[Tikisa Kijivu]] (Grey Wagtail) * ''Motacilla clara'', [[Tikisa-mlima]] (Mountain Wagtail) ==Spishi za Asia== * ''Motacilla lugens'' (Black-backed Wagtail) * ''Motacilla grandis'' (Japanese Wagtail) * ''Motacilla madaraspatensis'' (White-browed Wagtail) * ''Motacilla samveasnae'' (Mekong Wagtail) <Gallery> Image:Motacilla alba alba.JPG|Tikisa mweupe Image:Motacilla_flava.jpg|Tikisa kichwa-buluu Image:Grey_Wagtail.jpg|Tikisa kijivu </Gallery> [[Category:Ndege]] [[en:Wagtail]] [[eo:Motaciloj]] [[fr:Bergeronnette]] [[lt:Kielės]] [[nl:Kwikstaarten en piepers]] [[sv:Ärlesläktet]] [[tr:kuyruksallayan]] 2328 8916 2006-04-27T12:07:08Z Matt Crypto 20 [[Image:Unguja Kusini.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Mkoa wa Kusini Unguja, Tanzania]] '''Mkoa wa Unguja Kusini''' ni moja ya mikoa 26 za [[Tanzania]] kwenye kisiwa cha [[Unguja]]. Eneo la mkoa ni 854 km² likiwa na wakazi 94,504 (sensa 2002). Makao makuu yako [[Koani]]. Kuna wilaya mbili ikiwa Wilaya ya Kati ina wakazi 62,537 na Wilaya ya Kusini ina wakazi 31,967. Wakazi wa eneo hili la kisiwa cha Unguja mbali na kujishughulisha na shughuli za uvuvi kwenye [[Bahari ya Hindi]], wakazi wa Kusini Unguja ni maarufu pia kwa kilimo cha zao la [[karafuu]], zao linalokifanya Kisiwa cha Zanzibar kujulikana zaidi kama kisiwa cha viungo. {{mbegu}} {{Mikoa ya Tanzania}} [[Category:Mikoa ya Tanzania]] [[en:Zanzibar Central/South Region]] [[ja:ザンジバル中部/南部州]] 2330 7244 2006-03-05T19:58:37Z Kipala 107 Kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Spice_Islands_%28Tanzania%29.jpg Map Of Spice Islands (Zanzibar, Pemba, Mafia) from http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/tanzania_pol_2003.jpg From the Perry-Castañeda Map Collection FAQ: Most of the maps scanne Kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Spice_Islands_%28Tanzania%29.jpg Map Of Spice Islands (Zanzibar, Pemba, Mafia) from http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/tanzania_pol_2003.jpg From the Perry-Castañeda Map Collection FAQ: Most of the maps scanned by the University of Texas Libraries and served from this web site are in the public domain. No permissions are needed to copy them. You may download them and use them as you wish. 2331 7245 2006-03-05T19:59:02Z Kipala 107 Kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Spice_Islands_%28Tanzania%29.jpg Map Of Spice Islands (Zanzibar, Pemba, Mafia) from http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/tanzania_pol_2003.jpg From the Perry-Castañeda Map Collection FAQ: Most of the maps scanne Kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Spice_Islands_%28Tanzania%29.jpg Map Of Spice Islands (Zanzibar, Pemba, Mafia) from http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/tanzania_pol_2003.jpg From the Perry-Castañeda Map Collection FAQ: Most of the maps scanned by the University of Texas Libraries and served from this web site are in the public domain. No permissions are needed to copy them. You may download them and use them as you wish. 2332 7246 2006-03-05T19:59:23Z Kipala 107 Kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Spice_Islands_%28Tanzania%29.jpg Map Of Spice Islands (Zanzibar, Pemba, Mafia) from http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/tanzania_pol_2003.jpg From the Perry-Castañeda Map Collection FAQ: Most of the maps scanne Kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Spice_Islands_%28Tanzania%29.jpg Map Of Spice Islands (Zanzibar, Pemba, Mafia) from http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/tanzania_pol_2003.jpg From the Perry-Castañeda Map Collection FAQ: Most of the maps scanned by the University of Texas Libraries and served from this web site are in the public domain. No permissions are needed to copy them. You may download them and use them as you wish. 2333 10032 2006-05-23T21:08:53Z Kipala 107 <br clear=all> <center> {| class="toccolours" style="margin: 0 2em 0 2em;" ! style="background:#ccccff" align="center" width="100%" | <div style="float:left;width:50px;">&nbsp;</div> Mikoa ya [[Kenya]] || [[Image:Flag of Kenya.svg|50px|Bendera ya Kenya]] |- | align="center" style="font-size: 90%;" colspan="2" | [[Mkoa wa Bonde la Ufa (Kenya)|Bonde la Ufa]] | [[Mkoa wa Kaskazini-Mashariki (Kenya)|Kaskazini-Mashariki]] | [[Mkoa wa Kati (Kenya)|Kati]] | [[Mkoa wa Magharibi (Kenya)|Magharibi]] | [[Mkoa wa Mashariki (Kenya)|Mashariki]] | [[Mkoa wa Nairobi|Nairobi]] | [[Mkoa wa Nyanza|Nyanza]] | [[Mkoa wa Pwani, Kenya|Pwani]]| |- |} </center> 2334 7252 2006-03-05T20:52:56Z Kipala 107 Kwa ajili ya fomu hizi za aina za "template" zinazohusu mikoa au maeneo ya kiutawala ndani ya nchi fulani tunahitaji utaratibu. Majina ya mikoa itarudia kwa mfano "Kusini, mashariki" n.k. Tumeanza kitu hiki Tanzania tumeshakamilisha. Tukianza sasa Kenya naona majina yanarudia (kwa mfano: Pwani; . Kwa sababu hii tufuate muundo ufuatao: Tukiweka jina la mkoa, jombo n.k. linaloonekana linaweza kurudiwa tuongeze jina la nchi kwa mabano. Tukianzisha templeti mpya na kuona jina linarudia limewahi kutumiwa kwa nchi fulani tayari basi tuongeze sasa mara ya pili nchi kwa mabano. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 20:52, 5 Machi 2006 (UTC) 2335 7259 2006-03-06T15:28:42Z Marcos 3 Kuna takwimu mbalimbali kuhusu Wikipedia: *[[Special:Statistics|Takwimu za Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]] *[[w:en:Wikipedia:Multilingual statistics|Takwimu za lugha zote za Wikipedia]] (kwa Kiingereza) *[[w:eo:Vikipedio:Statistiko pri sukcesaj Vikipedioj|Takwimu kuhusu ongezeko la idadi ya lugha "zilizofanikiwa" katika Wikipedia]] (kwa Kiesperanto) 2336 7353 2006-03-12T16:04:30Z Ndesanjo 73 Joseph hill umehamishwa hapa Joseph Hill '''Joseph Hill''' ni mtunzi na mwimbaji wa [[Reggae]] toka nchini [[Jamaika]]. Alianza muziki katika kundi lijulikanalo kama [[The Soul Defender]] lililokuwa na makazi yake kitongoji cha [[St Catherine]]. Baadaye akaanzisha kundi la [[Culture]] akiwa na [[Telford Nelson]] na [[Albert Walker]]. Mwaka 1977 walitoa wimbo uliovuma sana uitwao Two Sevens Clash ambao ulizungumzia herufi mbili za 7 katika mwaka 1977. Hadi sasa Joseph Hill na wenzake wametoa album 22. [[Falsafa]] ya nyimbo za Joseph Hill ni ya kimapinduzi na kiroho inayopinga utumwa na ukosefu wa maadili na ucha mungu. Joseph Hill ni muumini wa imani na utamaduni wa [[Kirastafari]]. Katika wimbo wake wa wa PAY DAY anauliza ni lini watu walioumizwa na utumwa watalipwa. Pia amepinga aina zote za ukoloni na kumzumgumzia [[Chistopher Columbas]] kama muongo kwa kusema kwamba amegundua visiwa vya Jamaika ambavyo vilikuwapo tayari na watu. Joseph Hill pia anaenzi kitabu [[Bibilia]] anachoamini kuwa ni kitakatifu na amekuwa akitumia mistari na manabii toka kwenye Biblia kwenye nyimbo zake, kwa mfano wimbo wake kuhusu [[nabii Eliya]]. ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.culturereggae.net/ Tovuti ya kundi la Culture] 2337 7264 2006-03-07T21:00:26Z 82.161.84.9 == Web Links == * [http://www.mjifc.nl MJIFC: Michael Jackson Internet Fanclub] 2338 8204 2006-04-12T20:32:11Z Matt Crypto 20 [[Image:Kenya-NorthEastern.png|175px|right|Mkoa wa Kaskazini-Mashariki katika Kenya]] '''Kaskazini-Mashariki''' ni moja kati ya mikoa 9 ya [[Kenya]]. Eneo lake ni 127 000 km² [http://www.cbs.go.ke] kuna wakazi 962,143 (sensa ya 1999). Wakati wa [[ukoloni]] eneo hili liliitwa "Northern Frontier District" (Eneo la mpakani wa kaskazini) likitawaliwa pekee na sehemu kubwa ya Kenya. Wakazi walio wengi ni [[Wasomalia]] kilugha na kiutamaduni; kuwepo kwao ndani ya Kenya badala ya Somalia ni urithi wa mipaka ya kikoloni. Wengine ni [[Waborana]], [[Warendille]] na [[Waturkana]]. Kuna pia makambi makubwa ya wakimbizi Wasomalia hasa karibu na [[Daadab]]. == Hali ya hewa == Eneo hili ni kavu sana. Mbali na bonde la [[mto wa Tana]] na maeneo mengine madogo mkoa haufai kwa kilimo. Wakazi walio wengi hujipatia riziki kutokana na [[ufugaji]]. == Utawala == Mkoa wa Kaskazini-Mashariki una wilaya nne: * [[Wilaya ya Garissa|Garissa]] -- makao makuu [[Garissa]] * [[Wilaya ya Ijara|Ijara]] -- makao makuu [[Ijara]] * [[Wilaya ya Wajir|Wajir]] -- makao makuu [[Wajir]] * [[Wilaya ya Mandera|Mandera]] -- makao makuu [[Mandera]] {{mbegu}} {{Mikoa ya Kenya}} [[Category:Mikoa ya Kenya]] [[en:North Eastern Province (Kenya)]] [[fr:Province nord-orientale (province du Kenya)]] 2339 7275 2006-03-08T11:02:07Z Ndesanjo 73 /* Viungo vya nje */ '''Ali Farka Touré''' ni mmoja wa wanamuziki mahiri barani [[Afrika]]. Alizaliwa jijini [[Bamako]] nchini [[Mali]] mwaka 1939. Jina lake hasa ni Ali Ibrahim Touré. Muziki wa Ali Farka Touré ni mchanganyiko wa muziki wa asili wa Mali na muziki wa [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]] hasa [[blues]]. Touré alizaliwa katika kijiji cha Kanau katika ukingo wa [[mto Niger]], kaskazini magharibi mwa nchi ya Mali. Mama yake alikuwa na watoto kumi ambapo ndugu zake wote walifariki wakiwa wachanga. Jina la "Farka" ni jina la utani ambalo alipewa na wazazi wake likimaanisha mnyama punda kutokana na kuwa na msimamo mkali na kiburi. Muziki wa Touré una nguvu kama za miujiza. Wapenzi wake dunia nzima wamelogwa na upigaji wake wa gitaa. Mara nyingi nyimbo zake amekuwa akiimba kwa [[lugha]] za Kisonghai, Kifula, na Kitamasheck. Albamu yake iitwayo Talking Timbukuta, ambayo aliitoa kwa kushirikiana na mwanamuziki [[Ry Cooder]], iliuzwa na kumpatia umaarufu mkubwa hasa katika soko la muziki la nchi za Magharibi. Mwaka 2005 alitoa albamu ya In the Heart of the Moon akishirikiana na mwanamuziki Toumani Diabaté. Albamu hii ilimpatia tuzo ya [[Grammy]]. Pamoja na muziki, Ali Farka Touré alikuwa akijihusisha na masuala ya kisiasa. Mwaka 2004 alichaguliwa kuwa meya wa mji wa [[Niafunké]]. Ali Farka Touré alifariki dunia [[Machi]] 7, 2006 baada ya kuugua ugonjwa wa kansa. == Albamu == * 1976 - Farka * 1987 - Ali Farka Touré * 1990 - The River (World Circuit) * 1992 - The Source (World Circuit) * 1994 - Talking Timbuktu (World Circuit) * 1996 - Radio Mali (World Circuit) * 1999 - Niafunké (World Circuit) * 2004 - Red/Green - 2004 (World Circuit; remastered original albums from 1979 and 1988) * 2005 - In The Heart Of The Moon == Filamu == *[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0268908/ Ali Farka Touré: Ça coule de source] (2000). Filamu imetengenezwa na Yves Billon and Henry Lecomte. == Viungo vya nje == *[http://africanmusic.org/artists/alifarka.html/ Historia fupi] *[http://www.artistdirect.com/nad/music/artist/bio/0,,502675,00.html#bio/ Historia fupi] *[http://www.worldmusiccentral.org/artists/artist_page.php?id=1093/ Historia fupi] *[http://mali-music.com/Cat/CatA/AFT/AFTBioA.htm/ Historia fupi iliyoandikwa na Lucy Duran] 2340 9486 2006-05-12T18:28:55Z Kipala 107 '''Rupia''' ni jina la pesa inayotumika leo [[India]] na nchi mbalimbali za [[Asia]]. Ni pia jina la pesa iliyowahi kutumika [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] na nchi mbalimbali. ==Jina na historia== Neno "rupia" limetokana na lugha ya kihindi ya kale "rūp" au "rūpā" linalomaanisha "fedha". Katika lugha ya [[Sanskrit]] "rupyakam" (रूप्यकम्) inamaanisha [[sarafu]] ya [[fedha]]. Hii ni asili ya "Rūpaya" iliyotumika katika India kama sarafu yenye gramu 178 za fedha tangu 1540 . Rupia moja ilikuwa na 16 Anna, 64 Paisa au 192 Pai. ==Pesa ya kisasa== Leo hii nchi zifuatazo zinatumia jina la Rupia (Rupiah, Rupee: ₨) kwa pesa zao: * [[India]] * [[Indonesia]] * [[Mauritius]] * [[Nepal]] * [[Pakistan]] * [[Shelisheli]] * [[Sri Lanka]] ==Pesa ya kihistoria== Rupia ilikuwa kihistoria pesa ya nchi na maeneo yafuatayo: * [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani]] * [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kiingereza]] * [[Zanzibar]] * Kwenye eneo la [[India]] ya leo katika [[koloni]] za nchi zifuatazo: [[Denmark]], [[Ufaransa]] na [[Ureno]], pia katika madola mbalimbali ya Kihindi kabla ya ukoloni na kabla ya uhuru kama vile [[Hyderabad]]. * Katika nchi jirani za India kama vile [[Bhutan]], [[Burma]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Afghanistan]] * Katika maeneo ya Ghuba ya Uajemi * [[Somalia]] ya Kiitalia * huko [[Indonesia]] wakati wa uvamizi wa [[Japan]] 1940-1945 [[Category:Pesa]] [[ca:Rupia]] [[da:Rupee]] [[de:Rupie]] [[en:Rupee]] [[es:Rupia]] [[fi:Rupia]] [[fr:Roupie]] [[hi:रुपया]] [[it:Rupia]] [[ja:ルピー]] [[ko:루피]] [[nl:Rupee]] [[pl:Rupia]] [[ru:Рупия]] [[simple:Rupee]] [[sl:Rupija]] [[sv:Rupee]] [[ta:ரூபாய்]] [[zh:盧比]] 2341 9485 2006-05-12T18:28:16Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Stamp British East Africa 1896 2.5a.jpg|right|120px|thumb|Stempu ya posta ya 2 1/2 [[anna]], 1896]] '''Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kiingereza''' ilikuwa jina kwa ajili ya eneo la [[Kenya]] lililowekwa chini ya [[utawala wa ulinzi]] wa [[Uingereza]] wakati wa miaka 1895 hadi 1920 [[BK]]. Wakati wa mashindano ya kugawa [[Afrika]] kati ya madola ya [[Ulaya]] ndiyo [[Kampuni ya Kifalme ya Kiingereza kwa Afrika ya Mashariki]] ilianza shughuli zake katika eneo hili kwa kibali cha sultani ya [[Zanzibar]] kuanzia mwaka 1888. Kampuni ilitakiwa kuwa na mamlaka juu ya eneo hili kwa kusudi la kufanya biashara lakini uwezo wake haukutosha kutimiza shughuli hasa maandalizi ya kujenga [[reli ya Uganda]] kati ya Mombasa na Kampala. Baada ya azimio la kujenga reli [[Uingereza]] iliona haja ya kulinda eneo la reli hiyo ikatangaza eneo lote kati ya Mombasa na Uganda kuwa chini ya ulinzi wake kuanzia tar. 01.07.1895. Hivyo mipango ya kujenga reli ilikuwa mwanzo wa koloni ya Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kiingereza iliyokuwa Kenya baadaye. Eneo la utawala wa kiingereza lilipanushwa zaidi hadi kukutana na maeneo chini ya utawala wa [[Italia]] ([[Somalia]]) na [[Ethiopia]] upande wa Kaskazini na eneo chini ya utawala wa ushirikiano wa [[Misri]] na Uingereza ([[Sudan]]). Upande wa kusini mpaka ulifuata mapatano na [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani]]. Mpaka na eneo chini ya utawala wa ulinzi wa [[Uganda]] ulisahihishwa mwaka 1905; hadi wakati ule sehemu kubwa ya eneo la Kenya ya Magharibi ya leo ilihesabiwa kuwa upande Uganda. Baada ya vita kuu ya kwanza hali ya eneo lilibadilishwa kuwa koloni ya Kenya kuanzia 1920. {{mbegu}} [[de:Britisch-Ostafrika]] [[en:British East Africa]] 2342 7282 2006-03-08T23:49:47Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Rupia]] 2343 7285 2006-03-09T14:28:18Z Ndesanjo 73 '''Siti binti Saad''' alizaliwa katika kijiji cha Fumba, [[Zanzibari]] mwaka 1880. Alipozaliwa alipewa jina la 'Mtumwa' hii ni kwa vile alizaliwa katika kipindi cha [[utumwa wa Kiarabu]]. Jina la Siti alipewa na mkabaila mmoja wa kiarabu. Baba yake bwana Saadi alikuwa ni Mnyamwezi kutoka [[Tabora]] na mama yake alikuwa ni Mzigua toka [[Tanga]], lakini wote wawili walizaliwa Zanzibari. Hali ya maisha ya familia yao ilikuwa ni duni sana na walijishughulisha zaidi katika shughuli za kilimo na ufinyanzi kazi ambazo Siti alijifunza na kuzimudu vizuri pia. Kama waswahili wasemavyo 'kuzaliwa masikini si kufa masikini' Siti alibarikiwa kuwa na kipaji cha pekee cha uimbaji. Kipaji hiki kilimsaidia sana tangu siku za awali za maisha yake kwani alitumia uimbaji wake kuuza vyungu vya mama yake alivyokuwa akimsaidia kuvitembeza. Siti alipoimba sauti yake iliweza kupaa na kusafiri kwa umbali wa maili nyingi na hii ndio ilikuwa ishara ya watu kujua kwamba vyungu vya kina Mtumwa vinapita leo. Alifananishwa kuwa na mapafu yenye nguvu kama ya [[simba]] kutokana na alivyoweza kupaza sauti yake mbali na bila kuachia pumzi. Kutokana na wakati huo elimu kwa watoto wa kike kutotiliwa mkazo, Siti hakuwahi kwenda shule wala kuhudhuria mafunzo ya [[Kurani]]. Hivyo mnamo mwaka 1911 aliona ni bora ahamie mjini ili kubooresha maisha yake zaidi. Ujio wake wa mjini ulikuwa wa neema kwani alikutana na bwana mmoja wa kundi la muziki wa [[Taarabu]] la "Nadi Ikhwani Safaa" aliyeitwa Muhsin Ali. Katika kipindi hicho hilo ndilo lilikuwa kundi pekee la muziki wa taarabu lililoanzishwa na Sultani mpenda starehe na anasa bwana Seyyid Barghash Said. Kundi hili lilikuwa ni la wanaume peke yake , wanawake hawakuruhusiwa kujiunga na vikundi vya muziki kwa vile ilikuwa ikichukuliwa kama ni uhuni. Bwana Muhsin alikiona kipaji cha pekee cha Siti na hivyo akajitolea kumfundisha kuimba kwa kufuata vyombo vya muziki na lugha ya kiarabu. Baada ya hapo alikwenda kumtambulisha kwa wanamuziki wenzie wa "Nadi Ikhwani Safaa" ambao bila kusita wakaanza kufanya naye maonyesho mbalimbali katika jamii. Walipata mialiko mingi hasa kutoka kwa Sultani na matajiri wengine wa Kiarabu, pia katika maharusi na sherehe zingine mbalimbali, inasemekana ulifika wakati ambapo sherehe ilishindwa kufana kama Siti binti Saadi hakuwepo kutumbuiza. Siti alikuwa ni moto wa kuotea mbali na jina lake lilivuma kwa haraka sana hadi nje ya mipaka ya nchi na bara la Afrika. Na punde Siti alianza kufananishwa na 'Umm Kulthum', mwimbaji mahiri wa kike aliyetamba wakati huo kutoka Misri. Kama nilivyosema moto wa Siti ulikuwa si wa kuusogelea karibu, mwaka 1928 kampuni ya kurekodi muziki ya Columbia and His Master's voice yenye makazi yake [[Mumbai]] [[India]] ilisikia umaarufu wa Siti binti Saadi na hivyo ikamwalika yeye pamoja na kundi lake kwenda kurekodi kwa lugha ya Kiswahili ili kujaribu kama muziki wake utauzika. Kampuni ile haikuweza kuamini jinsi muziki ule ulivyouzika kwa kasi kubwa kwani wastani wa santuri 900 ziliweza kuuzika katika kipindi cha miaka miwili ya mwanzo, na hadi kufikia 1931 santuri 72,000 zilikuwa zimeuzwa. Kutokana na kusambaa kwa santuri hizi, umaarufu wa Siti ulizidi mara dufu watu kutoka sehemu mbalimbali za dunia walikuwa wakija Zanzibari kuja kumwona. Mambo yalizidi kuwa mazuri kwa Siti hadi ikafikia hatua kampuni ya kurekodi ya Columbia kuamua kujenga studio ya kurekodi muziki palepale Zanzibar maalumu kwa ajili ya Siti binti Saadi. Hatua hiyo ya hadi kujengewa studio iliwaumiza wengi wenye wivu, hivyo wakaanza kumtungia nyimbo za kumkejeli ili kumshusha na hasa walitumia kigezo kwamba hana uzuri wa sura, nyimbo nyingi ziliimbwa lakini huu ndio uliovuma sana:- Siti binti Saadi kawa mtu lini, Kaja mjini na kaniki chini, Kama si sauti angekula nini? Na yeye kwa kujua hila za wabaya wake, akaona isiwe taabu akajibu shambulio namna hii:- Si hoja uzuri, Na sura jamali, Kuwa mtukufu, Na jadi kebeli, Hasara ya mtu, Kukosa akili. Kwa kujibu shambulio hilo kwa namna yake aliwafunga midomo wale wote waliokuwa wakifumatafuata. Siti pia alikuwa ni mwanamke wa kwanza mwanaharakati katika kipindi chake, alitetea wanawake na wanyonge kwa ujumla, kwani katika kipindi chake watu matajiri walikuwa wakiwaonea masikini na walipofikishwa mbele ya haki waliweza kutoa hongo na kuachiwa huru halafu wewe uliyeshitaki ndiye unayefungwa. Utunzi wake wa wimbo wa Kijiti ulimpatia sifa kubwa kwani ulikuwa ukielezea kisa cha kweli kilichomkuta mwanamke mmoja mgeni kutoka bara, mwanamke huyu alipofika alikutana na Tajiri mmoja ambaye alijifanya amempenda, hivyo akamchukua na kulala naye halafu baadaye akamuua. Tajiri yule alishitakiwa na bahati nzuri walikuwepo mashahidi wawili walioshuhudia tukio lile, lakini kwa vile ni Tajiri alitoa pesa na kesi ikawageukia wale mashahidi na kufungwa. Siti akatoa wimbo huu :- Tazameni tazameni, Eti alofanya Kijiti, Kumchukua mgeni, Kumcheza foliti, Kenda naye maguguni, Kamrejesha maiti. Siti aliendelea kumwambia katika nyimbo zake kwamba asijethubutu kwenda [[Dar er Salaam]] kwa maana watu wenye hasira wanamsubiri na wameapa kwa ajili yake. Siti aliendelea na shughuli yake ya muziki hadi uzeeni, muda mfupi kabla ya kifo chake alikutana na mwandishi maarufu na mwanamashairi [[Shaaban Robert]] ambaye alimhoji na kuweza kuandika wasifu wake katika kitabu alichokiita " Wasifu wa Siti binti Saadi." Wasifu huu unaonekana kuwa ndio bora zaidi uliowahi kuandikwa katika fasihi ya [[Tanzania]]. Kitabu hiki kinatumika kufundishia shule za sekondari za Tanzania. Tarehe 8/7/1950 Siti binti Saadi alifariki dunia na kuacha pengo kubwa katika fani ya Taarabu. Ingawa pengo hilo haliwezi kuzibika lakini kuna watu wengi walioweza kuibuka na umaarufu wa kuimba taarabu kupitia kwake, mfano hai ni Bi Kidude. Hata baada ya kifo chake jina lake bado linatumika sana kama kielelezo cha ushujaa wake, [[Chama cha waandishi wa habari wanawake Tanzania]] (TAMWA), kimetumia jina lake kulipa jina gazeti la chama chao "Sauti ya Siti". Hadi leo hii Siti hutumika kama kipimo cha kufundishia uimbaji wa Taarabu. Na anakumbukwa katika historia yake ya kuwa mwanamke wa kwanza Afrika mashariki kurekodi muziki katika santuri. 2344 7288 2006-03-09T17:29:19Z Kipala 107 Mimi ninaamini kwamba neno "mtandao" badala ya "intaneti" ni nzuri zaidi. Je, kuna mtu anayejua ushauri wa [[TUKI]] ni nini kuhusu neno hili? [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] 16:30, 9 Machi 2006 (UTC) ::"Mtandao" ni rasmi - hata kama vijana wengine (na zaidi Wakenya) hutumia neno "intaneti". --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 17:29, 9 Machi 2006 (UTC) 2345 11209 2006-06-23T22:02:58Z Kipala 107 {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" width="330px" style="margin-left:15px; border-collapse:collapse; border-color:#f2f2f4" |+<font size="+1">'''Republic of Rwanda'''</font> (engl.)<br /> <font size="+1">'''République Rwandaise'''</font> (frz.)<br /> <font size="+1">'''Repubulika y'u Rwanda'''</font> (Kinyarwanda)<br /> Jamhuri ya Rwanda | align="center" colspan="2" | {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" | align="center" width="50%" | [[Image:Flag of Rwanda.svg|165px|Bendera ya Rwanda]] | align="center" width="50%" | [[Image:Rwanda coa.gif|165px|Nembo la Rwanda]] |---- | align="center" | ([[Flag of Rwanda |Details]]) | align="center" | ([[Rwanda coa |Details]]) |} <!-- |---- |align="center" colspan="2" style="letter-spacing:0.5px; background-color:#f2f2f4" | Wahlspruch: ''""'' --> |---- | [[Lugha rasmi]] || [[Kiingereza]], [[Kifaransa]], [[Kinyarwanda]] |---- | [[Mji Mkuu]] || [[Kigali]] |---- | [[Serikali]] || [[Jamhuri]] |---- | [[Rais]] || [[Paul Kagame]] |---- | [[Waziri Mkuu]] || [[Bernard Makuza]] |---- | [[Eneo]] || 26.338 [[km²]] |---- | [[Idadi ya wakazi]] || 7.954.013 (Julai 2004) |---- | [[Wakazi kwa km²]] || 301 |---- | [[Uhuru]] || kutoka [[Ubelgiji]] 01. 07. 1962 |---- | [[Pesa]] || [[Rwanda-Franc]] |---- | [[Wimbo wa Taifa]] || ''[[Rwanda nziza]]'' |---- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[Image:Ruanda-Pos.png|Rwanda katika Afrika]] |---- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[Image:rw-map.png|Ramani ya Rwanda]] |} '''Ruanda''' (kifaransa: ''Le Rwanda'') ni nchi ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] ikipakana na [[Burundi]], [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], [[Uganda]] na [[Tanzania]]. == Jiografia == [[Image:Klima kigali.png|left|thumb|Hali ya hewa [[Kigali]]]] Eneo la Rwanda ni nyanda za juu na milima; sehemu kubwa ni mita 1500 juu ya [[UB]]. Milima katika kaskazini ya nchi inapanda hadi mita 4507 juu ya UB. Kutokana na ujuu hali ya hewa haina joto kali. Rwanda imepakana na [[Burundi]], [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], [[Uganda]] na [[Tanzania]]. Mpaka na Kongo ni hasa ziwa la Kivu ambayo ni ziwa mojawapo la bonde la ufa la Afrika ya Mashariki. Mpakani na Kongo na Uganda ndiyo milima ya kivolkeno ya [[Virunga]] penye [[sokwe wa milimani]]. Rwanda huitwa [[Mille Collines|''nchi ya vilima elfu'']], (Kifaransa: ''Pays de Mille Collines'') hivyo ndivyo sehemu kubwa ya eneo lake inavyoonekana hasa katika magharibi. === Miji === Miji mikubwa zaidi ndiyo: [[Kigali]] wakazi 745.261, [[Butare]] wakazi 89.800, [[Gitarama]] wakazi 87.613, [[Ruhengeri]] wakazi 86.685 na [[Gisenyi]] wakazi 83.623.(namba za Januari 2005) [[Kigali]] ni mji mkuu penye kiwanja cha ndege cha kimataifa na mahoteli makubwa. [[Gisenyi]] ni mji kwenye ncha ya kaskazini ya Ziwa la Kivu mpakani na Kongo ikiwa jirani na mji wa Goma. Kuna usafiri wa mashua kwenda Kibuye na Cyangugu. [[Kibuye]] ni mji mdogo ufukoni wa Ziwa la Kivu. Pana wavuvu wengi, kituo cha watalii na nyumba za kihistoria za wamisionari. Hadi 1994 Watutsi 250,000 waliishi katika wilaya ya Kibuye lakini tangu uangamizaji wa Watutsi katika vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe wamebaki 8000 pekee. [[Butare]] ni kitovu cha kiutamaduni katika kusini ya nchi penye chuo kikuu. === Mimea na wanyama === Rwanda inatunza mazingira ya pekee duniani penye [[sokwe wa milimani]] katika milima ya Virunga. Wako hatarini ya kuangamizwa kutokana na uwindaji na kupanuka kwa mashamba kunakopunguza mazingira wanamoishi. == Wakazi == === Makabila === Kwa kawaida vikindi vitatu hutajwa kuwa wakazi wa Rwanda ndio [[Watwaa]], [[Wahutu]] na [[Watutsi]]. Lakini kuna tofauti kali kati ya mawazo kama vikundi hivi ni makabila, mataifa ya pekee au tabaka za kijamii. Hali halisi wanatumia lugha ileile ya [[Kinyarwanda]] na utamaduni uleule. Kihistoria wengi wanasema ya kwamba Watwaa walikuwa wakazi wa kwanza wakiwa wavindaji, Wahutu ndio wakulima wa kibantu waliopatikana tangu uenezaji wa Wabantu katika Afrika ya kati na mababu wa Watutsi waliingia kama wafugaji wa asili ya kaskazini. Watutsi walikuwa tabaka ya kikabaila pia mfalme alikuwa Mtutsi. Lakini wengine wanaamini ya kwamba vikundi vyote vitatu walijitokeza nchini tu si kama tokeo la hamiaji mbalimbali lakini zaidi kama tabaka zilizotofautiana kikazi: Wakulima, wavindaji na wafugaji waliokuwa pia askari wa mfalme. Wakati wa ukoloni Wabelgiji walihesabu mnamo mwaka 1931 wakazi wa nchi kama wafuatavyo: 84 % [[Wahutu]], 15 % [[Watutsi]] na 1 % [[Watwaa]]. Kabla ya uhuru ilitokea mara kwanza vita vya wenyewe kati ya makabila iliyosababisha kupungua kwa Watutsi kutokana na mauaji na zaidi Watutsi kukimbilia nchi jirani. Mnamo 1990 asilimia ya Watutsi ilikadiriwa kuwa 9 - 10 %. Vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe ya miaka ya 1990 ilileta uangamizaji wa Watutsi waliouawa kwa wingi. Kati ya asilimia 75% hadi90% ya wakazi Watutsi waliuawa katika wiki chache za mwaka 1994. Baada ya mwisho wa vita Watutsi wengi ambao wenyewe au wazazi wao walikuwa wamekimbilia Uganda na Tanzania walirudi tena Rwanda. === Demografia === Kwa wastani kuna wakazi 300 kwa kilomita ya mraba ambayo ni msongamano mkubwa kabisa katika Afrika. Karibu nusu ya wakazi ni watoto hadi ya umri wa miaka 14. Wastani ya muda wa maisha ni miaka 40 pekee. Vita imesababisha idadi kubwa ya wagonjwa wa UKIMWI. === Lugha === Lugha ya kitaifa na lugha ya mama kwa Warwanda wote ni [[Kinyarwanda]] ambayo ni [[lugha ya kibantu]]. Mjini na sokoni Kiswahili kinatumika pia lakini si lugha asilia ya Rwanda. Lugha rasmi tangu ukoloni ni Kifaransa. Tangu mwisho wa vita 1994 serikali mpya iliyoongozwa na Watutsi walioishi miaka mingi Uganda imetumia pia Kiingereza kama lugha rasmi. == Historia == ''Tazama makala "[[Historia ya Rwanda]]"'' Rwanda ilikuwa ufalme tangu karne ya 16 [[BK]]. Mwanzo wa karne ya 20 ilikuwa sehemu ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani]]. Baada ya [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia]] Rwanda ikawa koloni ya Ubelgiji. Uhuru katika mwaka 1961 ilifika pamoja na vity ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe kati ya Wahutu na Watutsi. Uhusiano kati ya vikundi hivi viwili uliendelea kuwa vigumu. Kuuawa kwa rais Habariyama mwaka 1994 kulisababisha mauaji ya watu kama milioni moja. Kikundi cha [[RPF]] chini ya Paul Kagame kilingia kati na kuchukua madaraka. == Siasa == Tangu ushindi wake wa kijeshi mwaka 1994 RPF walianzisha serikali ya umoja wa kitaifa. 2003 palitokea uchaguzi wa kwanza. === Serikali === Raisi na mkuu wa dola ndiye jenerali [[Paul Kagame]] (FPR). [[Waziri Mkuu]] ndiye [[Bernard Makuza]]. Rwanda inataka kujiunga na [[Jumuiya ya Afrika ya Mashariki]]. == Utawala == Tangu 2006 kuna majimbo matano: *Kigali *Kaskazini *Mashariki *Kusini *Magahribi {{Afrika}} [[Category:Rwanda]] [[af:Rwanda]] [[am:ሩዋንዳ]] [[an:Ruanda]] [[ar:رواندا]] [[bg:Руанда]] [[bs:Ruanda]] [[ca:Rwanda]] [[cs:Rwanda]] [[da:Rwanda]] [[de:Ruanda]] [[el:Ρουάντα]] [[en:Rwanda]] [[eo:Ruando]] [[es:Ruanda]] [[et:Rwanda]] [[eu:Ruanda]] [[fa:رواندا]] [[fi:Ruanda]] [[fr:Rwanda]] [[gl:Ruanda - Rwanda]] [[he:רואנדה]] [[hi:रवांडा]] [[hr:Ruanda]] [[hu:Ruanda]] [[id:Rwanda]] [[io:Ruanda]] [[is:Rúanda]] [[it:Ruanda]] [[ja:ルワンダ]] [[jv:Rwanda]] [[kg:Rwanda]] [[ko:르완다]] [[kw:Rwanda]] [[la:Ruanda]] [[lt:Ruanda]] [[lv:Ruanda]] [[mk:Руанда]] [[ms:Rwanda]] [[nds:Ruanda]] [[nl:Rwanda]] [[nn:Rwanda]] [[no:Rwanda]] [[oc:Rwanda]] [[pl:Rwanda]] [[pt:Ruanda]] [[ro:Ruanda]] [[ru:Руанда]] [[rw:Rwanda]] [[sh:Ruanda]] [[simple:Rwanda]] [[sk:Rwanda]] [[sl:Ruanda]] [[sq:Ruanda]] [[sr:Руанда]] [[sv:Rwanda]] [[tl:Rwanda]] [[tr:Ruanda]] [[ug:رۋاندا]] [[uk:Руанда]] [[vi:Rwanda]] [[zh:卢旺达]] [[zh-min-nan:Rwanda]] 2347 11605 2006-07-01T10:49:32Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[fa:مالاوی]] {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" width="330px" style="margin-left:15px; border-collapse:collapse; border-color:#f2f2f4" |+<font size="+1">'''Dziko la Malaŵi'''</font> (Chichewa)<br /> <font size="+1">'''Republic of Malawi'''</font> (engl.)<br /> '''Jamhuri ya Malawi''' | align="center" colspan="2" | {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" | align="center" | [[Image:Flag of Malawi.svg|160px|Bendera ya Malawi]] | align="center" | [[Image:Malawi coa.png|160px|Nembo ya Malawi]] |---- |} <!-- |---- |align="center" colspan="2" style="letter-spacing:0.5px; background-color:#f2f2f4" | Wahlspruch: ''„“'' --> |---- | [[Lugha rasmi]] || [[Chichewa]], [[Kiingereza]] |---- | [[Mji Mkuu]] || [[Lilongwe]] |---- | [[Serikali]] || [[Jamhuri]] |---- | [[Rais]] || [[Bingu wa Mutharika]] |---- | [[Eneo]] || 118.480 [[km²]] |---- | [[Wakazi]] || 12.158.924 (Julai 2005) |--- | Wakazi kwa km² || 102 |---- | [[JPT/Mkazi]] || 157 [[US-$]] <small>(2004)</small> |---- | [[Uhuru]] || kutoka [[Uingereza]] tar. 06.07.1964 |---- | [[Pesa]] || [[Kwacha ya Malawi]] |---- | [[Wimbo wa Taifa]] || ''Mlungu salitsani Malawi'' |---- | colspan="2" align="center" | [[Image:LocationMalawi.png|Malawi katika Afrika]] |---- | colspan="2" align="center" | [[Image:Mi-map.png|Ramani ya Malawi]] |} <small> ''Makala hii inahusu nchi ya Malawi. Kwa maana mbalimbali za neno taz. [[Malawi (maana)]]'' '''Malawi''' (zamani Unyasa au '''Nyasaland''') ni nchi ya [[Afrika]] ya kusini-mashariki ikipakana na [[Tanzania]], [[Msumbiji]] na [[Zambia]]. Jina la nchi limeteuliwa kutokana na ufalme wa [[Maravi]]. Wakati wa ukoloni iliitwa Unyasa. Sehemu kubwa ya eneo lake ni ziwa kubwa linaloitwa "[[Ziwa Nyasa]]" au "Niassa" na majirani lakini "Ziwa Malawi" hapa nchini. Kuna mzozo kati ya Malawi na Tanzania kuhusu [[Nyasa (ziwa)#Eneo la Ziwa|eneo la ziwa]]. ==Historia== Wakazi wa kwanza wa Malawi walikuwa wavindaji [[Wasan]]. Katika karne za kwanza [[BK]] wahamiaji [[Wabantu]] walifika wenye ujuzi wa kilimo na uhinzi. Hakuna habari za kimaandishi kabla ya kufika kwa [[Wazungu]]. Tangu karne ya 16 BK ufalme wa [[Wamaravi]] ulikuwepo upande wa kusini wa ziwa. Wamaravi walipanusha utawala wao. Lakini katika karne ya 19 BK walishambuliwa sana na [[Wayao]] walioendesha [[biashara ya watumwa]] wakiwakamata katika eneo la ziwa na kuwapeleka pwani la [[Bahari Hindi]] kama [[Kilwa]]. Mwaka 1859 Mwingereza [[David Linvingstone]] alifika ziwani. Wamisionari walimfuata hasa [[Wapresbiteri]] kutoka [[Skotland]] waliotafuta wafuasi wa [[Ukristo]] na kumpambana na wafanyabiashara na umtumwa. Mwaka 1891 serikali ya [[Uingereza]] iliweka nchi upande wa magharibi na kusini ya ziwa chini ya ulinzi wake ikawa „Nyassaland Protectorate“, tangu 1907 koloni ya [[Unyasa]]. Wakati wa [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia]] Waingereza waliogopa kushambuliwa kutoka [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani]] wakachukua hatua za kudai huduma za nyongeza kutoka kwa wanachi. Hii ilisababisha ghasia ya [[John Chilembwe]] dhidi ya wakoloni. Baada ya [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]] Waingereza waliunganisha Unyasa na [[Rhodesia]] ([[Zambia]] na [[Zimbabwe]]) kuwa [[Shirikisho la Afrika ya Kati]] mwaka 1953. Shirikisho hili halikudumu hadu mwisho wa ukoloni kutokana mielekeo tofautitofauti katika sehemu zote tatu za shirikisho. Katika Unyasa daktari [[Hastings Kamuzu Banda]] alijitokeza kuwa mwanasiasa aliyependelewa na wananchi wengi akawa waziri mkuu wakati wa Unyasa kupata [[madaraka ya kujitawala]] katika mambo ya ndani na baadaye rais wa kwanza wa Taifa. 1964 Unyasa (Nyassaland) ilkuwa nchi huru kabisa lakini bado sehemu ya [[Jumuiya ya Madola]] chini ya malkia wa Uingereza. 1966 Banda alitangaza kura ya katiba mpya iliyopokelewa nach wananchi. Nchi imepata jina la Malawi na chama cha Malawi Congress Party kikawa chama cha pekee. Banda aliendelea kutawala akatangazwa kuwa rais kwa muda wa maisha yake mw. 1971. Mabadiliko ya kimataifa baada ya kuporomoka kwa Ukomunisti na ukuta wa Berlin 1989/1990 yalileta shindikizo kote Afrika dhidi ya serikali zilizofuata mtindo wa chama kimoja- Shindikizo hili lilimkuta Banda mzee na mgonjwa ilhali watu wa familia yake wakitawala kupitia yeye. Hali ya uchumi ilikuwa duni, rushwa na magendo juu. Mwaka 1993 serikali yake ililazimishwa kukubali kura ya wanachi wote walioamua kumaliza mfumo wa chama kimoja na kuanzisha kipindi kipya. Uchaguzi huru wa 1994 ulimaliza utawala wa MCP ukamfanya Bakili Muluzi wa United Democratic Front (UDF) ndiye rais aliyechaguliwa mara ya pili 1999 . Katika uchaguzi wa 2004 alishinda tena mgombea wa UDF ndiye Bingu Mutharika aliyeapishwa kuwa rais wa Malawi tar. 24. Mei 2004 huko Blantyre ==Siasa== Malawi ilikuwa na siasa ya chama kimoja chini ya rais wa kwanza [[Hastings Kamuzu Banda]] tangu kupata uhuru mwaka 1964 na masahihisho ya katiba 1966. Tangu kura ya wananchi mwaka 1993 Malawi imeanzisha mfumo wa vyama vingi vya kisiasa. Kutokana na katiba ya 1995 rais wa taifa anayechaguliwa na wananchi ndiye mkuu wa dola pia mkuu wa serikali. Makamu wa rais anachaguliwa pamoja naye lakini rais ana haki ya kumteua makamu wa pili asiyetoka katika chama chake. Mawaziri huteuliwa ama kati ya wabunge au nje ya bunge. Wabunge 193 wanachaguliwa moja kwa moja na wanachi kwamuda wa miaka mitano. Mahakama zinafuata mtindo wa Uingereza. Majaji huteuliwa kwa muda wa maisha wanatakiwa kuwa huru na kutoathiriwa na siasa. Utawala hutekelezwa katika mikoa mitatu ya nchi zinazogawiwa katika wilaya 28. Wakuu wa mikoa na wilaya huteuliwa na serikali kuu. Novemba 2000 palitokea uchaguzi wa kwanza wa ngazi ya chini mjini na vijijini. ==Utawala== Malawi ina mikoa mitatu ya Kaskazini, Kati na Kusini. Kuna wilaya 27. Chini ya ngazi ya wilaya kuna tarafa na vijiji vinavyoitwa maeneo ya machifu madogo. Wilaya ndizo: Balaka Blantyre Chikwawa Chiradzulu Chitipa Dedza Dowa Karonga Kasungu Likoma Lilongwe Machinga Mangochi Mchinji Mulanje Mwanza Mzimba Nkhata Bay Nkhotakota Nsanje Ntcheu Ntchisi Phalombe Rumphi Salima Thyolo Zomba [[Category:Malawi]] {{mbegu}} {{Afrika}} [[af:Malawi]] [[am:ማላዊ]] [[an:Malaui]] [[ar:ملاوي]] [[bg:Малави]] [[bs:Malavi]] [[ca:Malawi]] [[cs:Malawi]] [[da:Malawi]] [[de:Malawi]] [[en:Malawi]] [[eo:Malavio]] [[es:Malawi]] [[et:Malawi]] [[eu:Malawi]] [[fa:مالاوی]] [[fi:Malawi]] [[fr:Malawi]] [[gl:Malaui - Malawi]] [[he:מלאווי]] [[hr:Malavi]] [[hu:Malawi]] [[id:Malawi]] [[io:Malawi]] [[is:Malaví]] [[it:Malawi]] [[ja:マラウイ]] [[ko:말라위]] [[ks:मलावी]] [[kw:Malawi]] [[li:Malawi]] [[lt:Malavis]] [[lv:Malāvija]] [[mk:Малави]] [[ms:Malawi]] [[nds:Malawi]] [[nl:Malawi]] [[nn:Malawi]] [[no:Malawi]] [[ny:Malaŵi]] [[oc:Malawi]] [[pl:Malawi]] [[pt:Malawi]] [[ro:Malawi]] [[ru:Малави]] [[sa:मलावी]] [[sh:Malavi]] [[simple:Malawi]] [[sk:Malawi (štát)]] [[sl:Malavi]] [[sq:Malevia]] [[sr:Малави]] [[sv:Malawi]] [[ta:மலாவி]] [[tl:Malawi]] [[tr:Malavi]] [[tum:Malawi]] [[ug:مالاۋى]] [[uk:Малаві]] [[vi:Malawi]] [[zh:马拉维]] [[zh-min-nan:Malaŵi]] 2348 7300 2006-03-10T19:16:45Z Khalid 142 Natafuta makala ya "Communist Manifesto" kwenye lugha ya Kiswahili. 2349 7306 2006-03-11T05:03:51Z 203.118.188.18 ==Request for article== '''Greetings'''!, Could you please help me translate [http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimada_Yesu_Kanisa this article] into Swahili?. It is based on this [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Jesus_Church English article]. ''Please''. Your help would be appreciated (I am not sure if the Swahili title is correct) -- [[en:User:Jose77|Joseph]], 11 March 2006 2350 7308 2006-03-11T05:04:20Z 203.118.188.18 ==Request for article== '''Greetings'''!, Could you please help me translate [http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimada_Yesu_Kanisa this article] into Swahili?. It is based on this [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Jesus_Church English article]. ''Please''. Your help would be appreciated (I am not sure if the Swahili title is correct) -- [[en:User:Jose77|Joseph]], 11 March 2006 2351 10701 2006-06-10T16:46:56Z Kipala 107 {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" width="330px" style="margin-left:15px; border-collapse:collapse; border-color:#f2f2f4" |+<font size="+1">'''República de Moçambique'''</font><br /> '''Jamhuri la Msumbiji'''</font> <br /> | align="center" colspan="2" | {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" | align="center" width="50%" | [[Image:Flag of Mozambique.svg|175px|Bendera ya Msumbiji]] | align="center" width="50%" | [[Image:Coat of arms of Mozambique.png|125px|Nembo la Msumbiji]] |----- |} <!-- |---- |colspan="2" style="border-bottom:3px solid gray; text-align:center; empty-cells:show;" | [[Wito]]: <small> (inaangaliwa upya)<small> --> |---- | [[Lugha ya Taifa]] || Kireno |---- | [[Mji Mkuu]] || Maputo |---- | [[Aina ya Serikali]] || Jamhuri |---- | [[Rais]] ||| [[Armando Guebuza]] |---- | [[Waziri Mkuu]] ||| [[Luisa Diogo]] |---- | [[Eneo]] || 801.590 [[km²]] |---- | [[Wakazi]] || 19.406.703 <small>(Julai 2005)</small> |---- | [[Wakazi kwa km²]] || 24 |---- | [[JPT/ Mkazi]] || 233 [[US-$]] <small>(2004)</small> |---- | [[Uhuru]] || kutoka Ureno tar. 25.06.1975 |---- | [[Pesa]] || [[Metical]] (MZM) |---- | [[Wakati]] || [[UTC]] +2h |---- | [[Wimbo ya Taifa]] || <small> (inaangaliwa upya)<small> |---- | [[Namba ya simu ya kimataifa]] || +258 |----- | colspan="2" align=right | [[Image:LocationMozambique.png|center|Msumbiji katika Afrika]] |----- | colspan="2" align=right | |} '''Msumbiji''' (Kireno: ''Moçambique'') ni nchi ya Afrika ya Kusini-Mashariki. Sikukuu ya Taifa ni tar. 25.06., kutokana na na uhuru mwaka 1975. Msumbiji iko ufukoni wa [[Bahari Hindi]] ikipakana na [[Tanzania]], [[Malawi]], [[Zambia]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Afrika Kusini]] na [[Uswazi]]. Upande wa mashariki kuna kisiwa cha [[Madagaska]] ng'ambo ya mlango bahari wa Msumbiji. Jina la nchi imetokana na [[Kisiwa cha Msumbiji]] (kireno: Ilha de Moçambique) iliyokuwa boma na makao makuu ya [[Ureno]] kwenye pwani la [[Afrika ya Mashariki]]. [[Image:Msumbiji ramani.png|thumb|left|300px|Ramani ya Msumbiji]] == Jiografia == Tambarare ya pwani ni sehemu kubwa ya sehemu ya kusini ya nchi lakini kwenda kaskazini upana wake inapungua. Nyuma ya tambarare nchi inapanda hadi kufika uwiano wa tambarare ya juu ya Afrika ya Kusini. Milima mirefu zaidi inajulikana kama [[Inyanga]] yenye mita 2500 juu ya UB iko katika jimbo la [[Tete]] inayopakana na Zimbabwe, Zambia na Malawi. Mito iko mingi ikiwa mkubwa ndio [[Zambezi]], halafu Ruvuma mpakani na Tanzania, Save na [[Mto wa Limpopo |Limpopo]]. [[Ziwa la Nyassa ]] ni sehemu ya mpaka na Malawi. Umbo la eneo la nchi ni ndefu sana ni kilomita 2000 kutoka mpaka na Tanzania upande wa Kaskazini hadi Maputo iliyoko karibu na Uswazi na Afrika Kusini. Pwani la Bahari Hindi ina urefu wa 2.470 km Miji mikubwa zaidi ni [[Maputo]] (wakazi 1.191.613), [[Matola]] (wakazi 543.907) na [[Beira (Msumbiji) |Beira]] (wakazi 530.706). == Historia == Wakazi wa kwanza wa Msumbiji huaminiwa kuwa wavindaji [[Wasan]]. Katika karne za kwanza BK wahamiaji [[Wabantu]] walifika wenye ujuzi wa kilimo na uhunzi. Haujulikani ni lini ya kwamba wafanyabiashara [[Waarabu]] walianza kufika ufukoni na kujenga vituo na miji yao. Lakini utamaduni wa [[Waswahili]] ulifika hadi sehemu za mwambao wa Msumbiji. Hadi leo aina ya Kiswahili inazungumzwa kwenye visiwa vya [[Kirimba (visiwa)|Kirimba]]. [[Mto wa Zambezi]] ilitumika kama njia ya mawasiliano na biashara kati ya Ufalme wa [[Mwene Mtapa]] (Zimbabwe) na wafanyabiashara wa pwani. Taarifa za kwanza ya kimaandishi zinaanza na kufika kwa [[Wareno]]. Mwaka 1498 [[Vasco da Gama]] alifika akiwa njiani kuelekea Bara Hindi. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Msumbiji]] {{Afrika}} [[af:Mosambiek]] [[am:ሞዛምቢክ]] [[an:Mozambique]] [[ang:Mosambice]] [[ar:موزمبيق]] [[ast:Mozambique]] [[bg:Мозамбик]] [[bs:Mozambik]] [[ca:Moçambic]] [[cs:Mosambik]] [[da:Mozambique]] [[de:Mosambik]] [[el:Μοζαμβίκη]] [[en:Mozambique]] [[eo:Mozambiko]] [[es:Mozambique]] [[et:Mosambiik]] [[fa:موزامبیک]] [[fi:Mosambik]] [[fr:Mozambique]] [[gl:Mozambique - Moçambique]] [[he:מוזמביק]] [[hi:मोज़्जाम्बीक]] [[hr:Mozambik]] [[hu:Mozambik]] [[ia:Mozambique]] [[id:Mozambik]] [[io:Mozambik]] [[is:Mósambík]] [[it:Mozambico]] [[ja:モザンビーク]] [[ko:모잠비크]] [[ks:मोजम्बीक]] [[ku:Mozambik]] [[kw:Mosambik]] [[la:Mozambicum]] [[lt:Mozambikas]] [[lv:Mozambika]] [[mk:Мозамбик]] [[ms:Mozambique]] [[nds:Mosambik]] [[nl:Mozambique]] [[nn:Mosambik]] [[no:Mosambik]] [[oc:Moçambic]] [[os:Мозамбик]] [[pl:Mozambik]] [[pt:Moçambique]] [[ro:Mozambic]] [[ru:Мозамбик]] [[sa:मोजम्बीक]] [[sh:Mozambik]] [[simple:Mozambique]] [[sk:Mozambik]] [[sl:Mozambik]] [[sq:Mozambiku]] [[sr:Мозамбик]] [[sv:Moçambique]] [[tet:Mosambike]] [[tl:Mozambique]] [[tr:Mozambik]] [[ug:موزامبىك]] [[uk:Мозамбік]] [[vi:Mozambique]] [[zh:莫桑比克]] [[zh-min-nan:Moçambique]] 2352 7327 2006-03-11T22:26:37Z Ndesanjo 73 2353 7345 2006-03-12T12:56:56Z Marcos 3 '''Culture''' ni kundi la muziki wa [[reggae]] toka katika nchini [[Jamaika]] lililoanzishwa mwaka 1976. Jina la mwanzoni la kundi hili lilikuwa ni African Disciples. Kundi la Culture linaaminika kuwa ni kati ya makundi yanayopinga muziki halisi wa reggae wenye mafunzo na busara. Waanzilishi wa kundi hili ni [[Joseph Hill]], mwimbaji mwongozaji, [[Kenneth Dayes]], mwitikiaji, na [[Albert Walker]], mwitikiaji. Wimbo wao wa Two Sevens Clash uliorekodiwa mwaka 1977 katika studio za [[Joe Gibbs]] uliwapatia umaarufu mkubwa na kuwaweka kwenye ramani ya muziki wa reggae duniani. ===Albamu za Culture=== * ''[[Two Sevens Clash]]'' * ''Harder Than the Rest'' * ''Lion Rock'' * ''Nuff Crisis'' * ''Good Things'' * ''Culture at Work'' * ''Culture in Culture'' * ''Three Sides to My Story'' * ''International Herb'' * ''Wings of a Dove'' * ''Too Long in Slavery'' * ''Trod On'' * ''One Stone'' * ''Baldhead Bridge'' * ''Trust Me'' * ''17 Chapters of Culture'' * ''Ras Portraits'' * ''Cultural Livity: Culture Live '98 (Live)'' * ''Production Something'' * ''Obeah Peace and Love'' * ''Cumbolo'' * ''Culture in Dub: 15 Dub Shots'' * ''Stoned'' * ''Payday'' * ''Peace and Love'' * ''Humble African'' * ''Live in Africa'' [[2002]] * ''Healing of the Nations'' * ''World Peace'' * ''Humble African'' * ''Live in Africa 2002'' * ''Healing of the Nations'' * ''World Peace Rounder 2003'' ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.culturereggae.net/ Tovuti ya Culture] [[en:Culture (band)]] 2354 7334 2006-03-11T23:52:28Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT[[Malawi]] 2355 9429 2006-05-11T08:14:07Z Jose77 156 [[Image:TJC.jpg|right|thumb|]] [[True Jesus Church]] (TJC) ni [[kanisa]] ndogo lililoanzishwa [[Uchina]] mwaka 1917. Asili yake ni katika mwelekeo wa [[kipentekoste]] ndani ya [[Ukristo]]. Inadaiwa ya kwamba TJC lina wakristo milioni 1.5 katika nchi 45. Idadi kubwa wako ndani ya Uchina ambako si rahisi kuhakikisha idadi kamili kwa sababu TSC ni kati ya makanisa na vikundi vya kikristo vilivyopigwa marufuku na serikali ya nchi hii. Tovuti za TJC katika nchi mbalimbali zinataja Wakristo mnamo 70,000 hadi 80,000 katika "nchi huru". Inasemekana ya kwamba wengi wao ni wa asili ya kichina. Tangu mwaka 2002 TJC lilianza kuwasiliana na kikundi cha kikristo huko [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] kilichojiunga nayo tangu 2004. TJC linashika imani mbalimbali za pekee zinazotofautisha kikundi hiki na makanisa mengine ya kikristo. Kimsingi wanaamini ya kwamba wale wenyewe ni [[kanisa]] la kweli la Kristo la pekee; makanisa yote mengine ni ya uwongo. Wanajieleza kwenye tovuti zao ya kwamba Kristo alianzisha kanisa moja la kimitume lililopeleka [[injili]] katika nchi mbalimbali. Lakini kanisa hili la mwanzo lilivurugika na imani potovu na [[uzushi]]. Katika mwaka 1917 Mungu aliamua kufufua kanisa lake kwa nguvu ya Roho Mtakatifu na hii ilikuwa mwanzo wa TJC. Kati ya imani nyingine za pekee ni zifuatazo: * [[ubatizo|atakayebatizwa]] lazima akubali TJC ni mwili wa Kristo. * Wakataza mafundisho ya [[Utatu]] wa Mungu wakitumia lugha "Yesu yu Mungu wa kweli". * Wanakataza ibada za [[Jumapili]] wakidai ya kwamba siku ya [[Jumamosi]] ndiyo siku takatifu ya sabato iliyoamriwa kwa Wakristo wote. * Hawasheherekei sikukuu za [[Krismasi]] na [[Pasaka]] kwa sababu wanaamini ya kwamba sherehe hizi zina asili za kipagani na ni mifano ya kuingiliwa kwa imani ya kikristo ya kiasili na uzushi. * Wanaangalia desturi ya kuosha miguu kama [[sakramenti]] iliyoamriwa na [[Yesu Kristo]]. Mafundisho mengine yanafanana na desturi zinazopatikana hata kati [[wapentekoste]] wengine kama vile kusema kwa [[lugha za roho]] au ubatizo kwa jina la Yesu kwa kuzamisha chini ya maji tena maji ya kutiririka. TJC wako kati ya vikundi wanaojitahidi sana kusambaza habari zao kupitia [[wavuti]] (intaneti). Tangu 2005 hadi Aprili ya mwaka 2006 wamefaulu kuingiza habari zao katika wikipedia za lugha 114 lakini mara nyingi makala hizo ni tafsiri tu ya maelezo walioandaa wenyewe. [[Category:Ukristo]] [[ang:Sōþ Iesus Cirice]] [[af:Ware Jesuskerk]] [[am:ዕውነተኛ ኢየሱስ ቤተ ክርስቲያን]] [[kg:Dibundu ya Yesu ya Kyeleka]] [[als:Wahre Kirche Jesu]] [[an:Berdadera Ilesia de Chesús]] [[ar:كنيسة حقيقية ليسوع]] [[ast:Verdadera Ilesia de Xesús]] [[be:Праведная Царква Іісуса]] [[bn:সত্য যীশু গীর্জা]] [[bg:Истинска църква на Исус]] [[br:Iliz Gwir Jezuz]] [[zh-min-nan:Chin Iâ-so· Kàu-hōe]] [[map-bms:Gereja Yesus Sejati]] [[bs:Prava Crkva Isusova]] [[zh-yue:真耶穌教會]] [[ca:Veritable Església de Jesús]] [[ceb:Matuod Simbahan ni Jesus]] [[chr:ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᏥᏌᏯ]] [[cs:Pravá církev Ježíšova]] [[csb:Prôwdzëwô Cerkwiô Jezësa]] [[cy:Ddiau Iesu Eglwys]] [[da:Den Sande Jesu Kirke]] [[pdc:True Jesus Church]] [[de:Wahre Kirche Jesu]] [[dv:ހަގީގީ މަސީހީ ކަނީސާ]] [[en:True Jesus Church]] [[et:Tõeline Jeesuse Kirik]] [[el:Αληθινή Εκκλησία του Ιησού]] [[es:La Verdadera Iglesia de Jesús]] [[eo:Vera Eklezio de Jesuo]] [[eu:Jesus-en Egiazko Eliza]] [[fa:کلیسای حقیقی عیسی]] [[fiu-vro:Tõõlinõ Jeesusõ Kerik]] [[fo:Sannur Jesus Kirkja]] [[fr:Véritable Église de Jésus]] [[fur:Vere Glesie di Jesù]] [[fy:Wiere Jezustsjerke]] [[ga:Eaglais Fhíor Íosa]] [[gd:Eaglais Fhìor Ìosa]] [[gl:Verdadeira Igrexa de Xesús]] [[got:𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉 𐌹𐌴𐍃𐌰𐌿𐍃]] [[gv:Agglish Yeesey Firrinagh]] [[ko:참예수교회]] [[ku:Klîsa ya Îsa yê rastîn]] [[hy:Հիսուսի ճշմարիտ Եկեղեցի]] [[hi:सत्य ईसा मसीह गिरजाघर]] [[hr:Prava Crkva Isusova]] [[id:Gereja Yesus Sejati]] [[ia:Ver Ecclesia de Jesus]] [[ilo:Agpayso a Simbaan ni Jesus]] [[io:Vera Eklezio di Iesu]] [[is:Sanna Jesús kirkjan]] [[it:Vera Chiesa di Gesù]] [[he:הכנסייה האמיתית של ישו]] [[jv:Gréja Yesus Sajati]] [[ka:ქრისტეს ჭეშმარიტი ეკლესია]] [[ht:Legliz de Vre Jezi]] [[lb:True Jesus Church]] [[lmo:Vera gesa da Gesüü Criist]] [[kw:Eglos Wir Yesu]] [[la:Vera Ecclesia Iesus]] [[lad:Verdadera Eglesia de Jesus]] [[li:Ware Zjezus Kèrk]] [[lt:Tikrojo Jėzaus bažnyčia]] [[hu:Igaz Jézus egyház]] [[mk:Вистинска црква на Исус]] [[mi:Hāhi Tika o Ihu]] [[ml:സത്യ യേശു സഭ]] [[mo:Бисeрикa Aдeвэрaтулуй Исус]] [[ms:Gereja Yesus Benar]] [[mt:Knisja Vera ta' Ġesù]] [[my:စစ္‌မ္ဟန္‌ေသာေယရ္ဟုဘုရား၏အသင္‌းေတာ္‌]] [[nap:'A chiesa overa 'e Giesù]] [[ne:True Jesus Church]] [[nl:Ware Jezuskerk]] [[nds:Wahre Jesus Kark]] [[nds-nl:Waore Jezuskaark]] [[ja:真イエス教会]] [[mn:Ёстой Есїс Cїм]] [[no:Sanne Jesus Kirke]] [[nn:Den sanne jesuskyrkja]] [[nrm:Véthitabl'ye Églyise dé Jésû]] [[oc:Glèisa vertadièra de Jèsus]] [[os:Чырыстийы æцæг аргъуан]] [[pam:Tutung Pisamban nang Jesus]] [[pa:ਸੱਚ ਈਸਾ ਮਸੀ ਗਿਰਜਾ ਘਰ]] [[pl:Prawdziwy Kościół Jezusa]] [[ps:True Jesus Church]] [[pt:Verdadeira Igreja de Jesus]] [[ro:Biserica Adevăratului Isus]] [[rmy:I Khangeri le Chache Jesuseski]] [[ru:Истинная церковь Иисуса]] [[scn:Vera Chiesa di Gesù]] [[sco:True Jesus Kirk]] [[sd:سچي يسو چرچ]] [[sh:Прaвa Црквa Исусoвa]] [[simple:True Jesus Church]] [[sk:Pravá cirkev Ježišova]] [[sq:Kisha e Vërtetë e Jezuzit]] [[yi:ישו'ס ריכטיגע קירכע]] [[sl:Prava Jezusova Cerkev]] [[sr:Прaвa Црквa Исусoвa]] [[fi:Jeesuksen Todellinen Kirkko]] [[sv:Sann Jesus Kyrka]] [[tl:Totoong Simbahan ni Hesus]] [[ta:உண்மையான இயேசு தேவாலயம்]] [[te:నిజ ఏసుక్రీస్తు మండలి]] [[th:โบสถ์ทรูจีซัส]] [[tpi:Tru Jisas Lotu]] [[vi:Chân Giê-xu Giáo hội]] [[tr:Gerçek İsa Kilisesi]] [[uk:Вірна Церква Ісуса]] [[war:Tinuod Simbahan han Hesus]] [[zh:真耶稣教会]] 2356 7339 2006-03-12T04:44:16Z 203.118.187.97 ==Request for article== '''Greetings'''!, Could you please help me translate [http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahihi_Yesu_Kanisa this article] into Swahili? (Just the "introduction" and "subtitles" would be fine). It is based on this [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Jesus_Church English article]. Your help would be appreciated (I am not sure if the Swahili title is correct) -- Regards, [[en:User:Jose77|Joseph]], 04:43 Sunday 12 Machi 2006 (UTC) 2357 7340 2006-03-12T04:44:40Z 203.118.187.97 ==Request for article== '''Greetings'''!, Could you please help me translate [http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahihi_Yesu_Kanisa this article] into Swahili? (Just the "introduction" and "subtitles" would be fine). It is based on this [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Jesus_Church English article]. Your help would be appreciated (I am not sure if the Swahili title is correct) -- Regards, [[en:User:Jose77|Joseph]], 04:43 Sunday 12 Machi 2006 (UTC) 2359 7365 2006-03-12T22:03:03Z Kipala 107 Kipala: nini maana ya "Gadi wa Nyumbani"? :Ndesanjo, mimi sijaandika haya. Basi si Kiswahili cha Kikwanzaa (samahani!) lakini cha Kikenya, nadhani. Mwandishi alimaanisha "Homeguards" - hivyo jinsi wanamgambo walivyoitwa walioshirikiana na Waingereza kushinda Maumau. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 22:03, 12 Machi 2006 (UTC) 2360 11372 2006-06-26T07:42:50Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[ta:ஆபிரிக்க ஒன்றியம்]] [[Image:AfricanUnion-map.png|200px|thumb|right|Ramani ya Umoja wa Afrika. Nchi zote za Afrika ndizo wanachama isipokuwa [[Moroko]].]] '''Umoja wa Afrika (UA)''' ([[kiingereza]]: '''African Union (AU)'''; [[kifaransa]]: Union africaine; [[Kireno]]: União Africana ) ni muungano wa nchi 53 za [[Afrika]] ulioanzishwa Julai 2002. Umoja huu unaendeleza kazi za [[Umoja wa Muungano wa Afrika]] (kwa kiingereza: Organisation of African Union - OAU). Nia ya umoja huu ni kujenga muundo na mfumo wa kisiasa, kiuchumi, na kijamii ili kufikia wakati ambapo bara la Afrika litakuwa na bunge moja, benki moja, jeshi moja, rais mmoja, sarafu moja, n.k. Dhumuni kubwa la umoja huu ni kuungannisha nguvu za mataifa ya Afrika ili kuweza kutatua matatizo yanayokabili bara hili kama vile vita, njaa, ukimwi, n.k. ==Nchi wanachama== Umoja wa Afrika ina nchi wanachama 53. Ndizo nchi karibu zote za bara la Afrika isipokuwa [[Moroko]] iliyoondoka mwaka 1985 kwa sababu ya UA ilitambua [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] kuwa nchi ya kujitegema wakati Moroko inadai ya kwamba ni eneo la majimbo yake ya kusini. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1428796.stm] Mkutano wa kwanza wa [[Bunge la Umoja wa Afrika]] ulifanyika mwaka 2004 huko [[Afrika Kusini]]. == Mikutano mikuu ya UA == # Durban (Afrika Kusini): 9-11 Jul. 2002. # Maputo (Msumbiji): 10-11 Jul. 2003. # Sirte (Libya), mkutano wa dharura: Feb. 2004. # Addis Ababa (Ethiopia): 6-8 Jul. 2004. # Abuja (Nigeria): 24-31 Jan. 2005. # Sirte (Libya): 28 Jun. - 5 Jul. 2005. # Khartoum (Sudan): 16-24 Jan. 2006. ==Viongozi== Mwenyekiti wa UA hivi sasa [[Denis Sassou-Nguesso]] na Mwenyekiti wa Kamati Kuu ya UA ni [[Alpha Oumar Konaré]]. ===Viungo vya nje=== * {{en}} [http://www.africa-union.org/ Tovuti ya Umoja wa Afrika] {{mbegu}} {{Afrika}} [[Category:Afrika]] [[cs:Africká unie]] [[da:Afrikanske Union]] [[de:Afrikanische Union]] [[en:African Union]] [[eo:Afrika Unio]] [[es:Unión Africana]] [[fi:Afrikan unioni]] [[fr:Union africaine]] [[gl:Unión Africana]] [[he:האיחוד האפריקאי]] [[hu:Afrikai Unió]] [[id:Uni Afrika]] [[it:Unione Africana]] [[ja:アフリカ連合]] [[nl:Afrikaanse Unie]] [[no:Den afrikanske union]] [[pl:Unia Afrykańska]] [[pt:União Africana]] [[ro:Uniunea Africană]] [[ru:Африканский союз]] [[simple:African Union]] [[sl:Afriška unija]] [[sr:Афричка унија]] [[sv:Afrikanska unionen]] [[ta:ஆபிரிக்க ஒன்றியம்]] [[tl:Unyong Aprikano]] [[zh:非洲联盟]] 2361 8942 2006-04-28T03:26:10Z 132.181.7.1 ==True Jesus Church in Swahili, First Discussion== '''Greetings Kipala'''! Could you please help me translate [http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Jesus_Church this article] into Swahili?. It is based on this [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Jesus_Church English article]. ''Please''. Your help would be appreciated. -- [[en:User:Jose77|Joseph]], 11 March 2006 ---- ::Hi Joseph, I put your request on the side for a while and may look into it a bit later. 2 reasons: * the historical part of the article looks pretty poor to me. "Historical background & Origins" shold not be translated into any language but be removed. If the beginning of the pentecostal movement in China is not clear to the author, it should be said so; article claims Apostolic Faith origin but linked church seems never to have worked in China.... Context of "three self"-movement is not understood; * for the time being I see more urgent topics in the very young swahili wiki than Chinese pentecostalism - especially if the articles has so obvious flaws --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 11:28, 11 March 2006 (UTC) - especially an artivle which leaves a lot of questionsmarks with me. ==True Jesus Church in Swahili, Second Discussion== '''Hello Kipala'''! Thankyou for your response. In reply, I apologize for the vague church history and would like to clarify your questions and doubts concerning the Historical background and origins of this church: *Not long after the [[Azusa Street Revival]] in 1906, the [[Pentecostal Movement]] soon spread very quickly and missionaries evangelised to many different countries. *By 1907, this news was preached to China and an [[Apostolic Faith Mission]] was established in Shanghai. *The missionaries emphasised on the importance of receiving the Holy Spirit which is evidenced through [[Glossolalia|Speaking in tongues]]. *It was during this time when many Chinese christians believed and became their members (including Paul Wei and Ling-sheng Zhang whom later founded the True Jesus Church). Why did Paul Wei and Ling-sheng Zhang decide to leave their original Pentecostal denominations and create an independent church? Here are the possible reasons: *Between 1899 to 1901, the [[Boxer Rebellion]] broke out in China. It was an anti-western movement which aimed to exterminate all foreign influences in China. Christianity was seen by most people as a "Western religion" and therefore many churches were burnt down and christians were martyred. *Due to this incident, the Western missionaries started encouraged Chinese Christians to be Self Sufficient economically, Self Preaching, and Self Pastoring; even if it meant breaking away from their original Protestant/Pentecostal denominations. Another explanation was that: :The early founders of this church believed, through the revelation of the Holy Spirit, that they were establishing a reformed church which would correct the past mistakes in doctrines and interpretations made by other denominations. They believed that all the teachings of the gospel must have biblical references to back it up in order to avoid misinterpretations or false teachings. I know that the Swahili wikipedia is still in its early stages (with 288 articles) so I don't mind if you decide to help me translate the [http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimada_Yesu_Kanisa Swahili article] later. I hope that I have answered most of your questions. -- [[User:Jose77|Joseph]], 12 March 2006. '''Here are some facts''': *Today, this church has become globalised and now exists in forty five countries around six continents. Many of the new converts are ''non-Chinese''. *In fact, the True Jesus Church now exists in Tanzania, Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya and seven other African countries. (Four of these countries use Swahili to some extent). The "Ten Basic Beliefs" of the church were actually translated into Swahili in the past few years. ---- ::Well, the history part still looks pretty shaky to me. ::*Who of this Californian Apostolic Faith Movement went to China? The Apostolic Faith Church (the one which is linked in that article) themselves do not claim any missionaries at that stage as far as I could see from their webpages nor any to China at all (while they talk of other countries). These guys put on their church history website when they bought their first car -and they should not mention the huge step to China??? That one smells. ::*The three-self-idea was already an old hat by the time of the boxer rebellion and definitively not caused by it. The idea was formulated by Henry Venn, General Secretary of the Anglican CMS in the middle of the 19th century. ::*also other formulations are extremely vague; what is the meaning of "many Chinese christians believed"?? No figures around? Then better not try to create impressions - this is an encyclopedia and no handout for new believers. ::*the whole thing about Christian traditions before "True Jesus Church" should not be there. The Church of the East (please not "Nestorians"!!) left impact for centuries, the Catholics have left much more impact (and martyrs) than the group described in the article - there surely is no need to touch on those matters. Why is it that Pentecostals often seem not to be very precise and keen on facts when mentioning other ways of faith? ::Now this African connection makes it a candidate for sw.wiki. But again: why so few facts? Who started it when and how in Africa? Which are the "7 other African countries"? And how are they calling themselves in Swahili? --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 14:09, 12 March 2006 (UTC) ==True Jesus Church in Swahili, Third Discussion== :'''Hi Kipala'''! In answer to your question, the early founders of the True Jesus Church such as Ling-Sheng Zhang were once members of the Western Protestant and Pentecostal denominations which existed in China. Ling-Sheng Zhang joined the Apostolic Faith Mission in Shanghai. The Pastor of that church was Henderson. Ling-sheng then accepted the laying on of hands by Henderson. (Note: However Henderson's church later changed to the [[Church of God]] and later switched again to the [[Assembly of God]]). See also [http://www.giveshare.org/churchhistory/sabbathchina.html The Sabbath Movement in the True Jesus Church]. :Also for your information, the other seven African countries in which the True Jeuss Church is now established are: Benin, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, South Africa, Sierra Leone and Togo. You can see [http://members.tjc.org/sites/en/church_landing.aspx A Chronology of the establishment of the True Jesus Church in various countries] for more details. I know that in regions (such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo) where French is the official language, the name of their church would be "Véritable Jésus Église"; whereas in English-speaking regions (eg. Tanzania, Kenya) their church name would be "True Jesus Church". However, I have never visited the African churches before, therefore I do not know what their Swahili name is. :Kipala, Would "Kimada Yesu Kanisa" or "Sahili Yesu Kanisa" be the correct Swahili title? Can you at least help me translate the "introduction part" and "subtitles" into Swahili? :Regards -- [[en:User:Jose77|Joseph]], 09:17 Monday 13 march 2006 (UTC) ---- ::I am afraid I will not be helpful to you. ::*A) The name: I could not tell it. I am not a native English speaker but I think there are at least 2 ways to understand the name "true Jesus church". This results in different wordings depending which way you want to translate; moreover if you try to translate the ambiguity of the english expression there are more options. As there are groups of that type among Swahili speakers better get the name they use, it does not make much sense to coin a name from the distance and without communication. ::*B) The whole history part still looks so shaky I would not want to touch it. You never answered my question how come that the Aspostolic Faith Mission you linked the article to does not mention China?? ::The link [http://www.giveshare.org/churchhistory/sabbathchina.html The Sabbath Movement in the True Jesus Church] seems to give a fanciful and distorted translation of the Chang-An Monument text; the Church of the East (it is not correct but rather ignorant to call them Nestorians) has Sunday (the day of Christs resurreection) as day for its service not Saturday as claimed (that is by the way the biblical tradition Acts 20,7). Why do you refer to such obviously unreliable and cooked up pages? --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 20:33, 13 March 2006 (UTC) ==True Jesus Church in Swahili, Fourth discussion== '''Sijambo Kipala'''! I should have made myself more clearer - I neither asked you to look at "Chang-An Monument" nor the "Church of the East" texts. Instead, the following article below is what I originally intended for you to read: '''Sabbath Movement in the True Jesus Church''' "The Sabbath Movement within the True Jesus Church is connected with the Pentecostal Movement. In September 1909 Lin-Shen Chang, a Presbyterian deacon in Shandong went to the Apostolic Faith Mission in Shanghai to study the Bible and prayed for the baptism of the Holy Spirit through the laying of hands. After staying there for two weeks he did not receive the baptism of the Holy Spirit so he came home and continued with his quest for another two months. On the morning of December 21, 1909 he was baptized with the Holy Spirit and spoke with tongues. God also revealed to him the importance of observing the Seventh Day Sabbath. He discussed the observance of the Sabbath with Pastor Henderson, an American missionary from the Apostolic Faith Mission. In July 1916 Pastor Henderson also began to observe the Sabbath. Later Pastor Henderson joined the Assembly of God and reverted to worship on Sunday. Paul Wei was originally a member of the London Mission in Beijing. He had serious illness that no doctor or medicine could heal him. He went to the Apostolic Faith Mission and through prayer and laying of hands he was healed. One day while he was praying at home he received the baptism of the Holy Spirit and spoke with tongues. He sold his fabric store and started a house church. The Holy Spirit impressed upon him to fast for 39 days. While fasting Paul Wei received the revelation of the baptism into the Lord Jesus Christ with head bowed in the living water. He began to preach using the name "International Reformed Jesus True Church". In 1917 the Holy Spirit inspired the name to be changed to the True Jesus Church. The word "True" represents God; Jesus is the mediator between God and man. The church is subject to Jesus and God. In the Spring of 1918 Ling-Sheng Zhang went to the True Jesus Church in Tiensin to meet Paul Wei. Among other subjects they discussed the observance of the Seventh Day Sabbath. Paul Wei agreed to keep the Sabbath and from that time onwards the Seventh Day Sabbath became one of the cardinal tenets of faith in the True Jesus Church". ==[[True Jesus Church]] in Swahili, Fifth Discussion== Hii si makala ya Kiswahili, ila maneno machache yameyotafsiriwa. [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 13:54, 21 Aprili 2006 (UTC) Could you kindly help me translate this article: [[True Jesus Church]] into Swahili? It has only 6 lines and 10 short subtitles. ''Please'' -- [[en:User:Jose77|Joseph]], 26, Aprili (UTC) : Sijui ukitaka kutafsiri makala hii, lakini nimeiteua kwa ufutaji kwa sasa kwa sababu ni makala ya Kiingereza. [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 07:13, 26 Aprili 2006 (UTC) : Sasa ni makala ya Kiingereza tu. Napendekeza ifutwe. [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 07:00, 26 Aprili 2006 (UTC) :: Haya, Kipala ameitafsiri. [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 18:55, 26 Aprili 2006 (UTC) :'''Asante Sana Kipala na Matt Crypto'''! Thankyou very very much both of you for the excellent quality article. I am tremendously grateful of your help. May God bless you and may Swahili wikipedia prosper! -- [[en:User:Jose77|Joseph]], 21:31 Wednesday 26 Aprili 2006 (UTC) :: I'm afraid I can't take any credit: Kipala kindly did all of it. [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 21:37, 26 Aprili 2006 (UTC) (Kipala, sasa ninaona aibu kwa sababu nilipendekeza ifutwe...) [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 21:43, 26 Aprili 2006 (UTC) :::Aibu ni kwangu kwa sababu sijaandika alichotaka hata kidogo (ambacho kilifaa kufutwa kabisa) tena yeye haelewi kinachoandikwa sasa. Lakini baraka hazina hasara hata kama ni baraka kutoka kwa TJC, sivyo? --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 21:49, 26 Aprili 2006 (UTC) 2364 11275 2006-06-25T03:44:39Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[ug:سېيشېل]] {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" width="330px" style="margin-left:15px; border-collapse:collapse; border-color:#f2f2f4" |+<font size="+1">'''Republic of the Seychelles'''</font> (engl.)<br /> <font size="+1">'''République des Seychelles'''</font> (frz.)<br /> <font size="+1">'''Repiblik Sesel'''</font> (Seselwa)<br /> Jamhuri ya Shelisheli | align="center" colspan="2" | {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" | align="center" | [[Image:Flag of the Seychelles.svg|150px|Nationalflagge der Seychellen]] | align="center" | [[Image:Seychelles coa.png|125px|Wappen der Seychellen]] |---- |} |---- | align="center" colspan="2" style="letter-spacing:0.5px; background-color:#f2f2f4" | Wito: ''Finis Coronat Opus.''<br />([[Kilatini]] "Matokeo ni taji la kazi") |---- | [[Lugha rasmi]]n || [[Seselwa]], [[Kiingereza]], [[Kifaransa]] |---- | [[Mji Mkuu]] || [[Victoria (Shelisheli)|Victoria]] |---- | [[Serikali]] || [[Jamhuri]] |---- | [[Rais]] || [[James Alix Michel]] (tangu tar. 14. 04. 2004) |---- | [[Eneo]] || 455 km² |---- | Idadi ya wakazi || 80.832 (Julai 2004) |---- | Wakazi kwa km² || 177 |---- | [[Uhuru]] || 29. 06. 1976 (kutoka [[Uingereza]]) |---- | [[Pesa]] || [[Rupia]] ya Shelisheli |---- | [[Wakati]] || [[UTC]] +4 |---- | [[Wimbo la taifa]] || ''[[Koste Seselwa]]'' |---- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[image:LocationSeychelles.png|Shelisheli katika Afrika]] |---- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[Image:Se-map.gif|thumb|Ramani ya Shelisheli]] |} '''Shelisheli''' ni funguvisiwa na jamhuri katika [[Bahari Hindi]] mbele ya mwabao wa mashariki ya [[Afrika]] upande wa kaskazini wa [[Madagaska]] na [[Mauritius]] na mashariki wa [[Komoro]]. == Jiografia == [[Image:Makarena.PNG|thumb|left|300px|Visiwa vya Shelisheli kati ya visiwa vya Kiafrika katika Bahari Hindi]] Shelisheli ina visiwa 115; 32 kati ya hizo ni visiwa vikubwa kidogo vyenye milima vingine ni vidogo huitwa "Visiwa vya nje". Wakazi wengi huishi kwenye visiwa karibu na [[Mahé]] ndivyo hasa [[Praslin]] na [[La Digue]]. Visiwa hivi vina milima inayofikia hadi 900 m juu ya UB. Ndio mkubwa ni ''Morne Seychellois'' yenye mita 905 juu ya UB. Hali ya hewa ni ya kitropiki ikiwa halijoto iko kati ya 24&nbsp;°C na 30&nbsp;°C. Kiasi cha mvua ni kati ya 2.880 mm (huko [[Mji Mkuu]] [[Victoria (Shelisheli)|Victoria]] na 3.550&nbsp;mm mlimani. == Wakazi == Wakazi kwa jumla ni chotara wenye damu ya Madagaska, Afrika bara na Ulaya. Licha ya hayo kuna vikundi vidogo vya Wazungu, Wachina na Wahindi watupu. Walio wengi ndio [[Wakristo]] [[Wakatoliki]] (90%), idadi ndogo ndio [[Waprotestant]], wengine wachache ni Wahindu, Wabuddha au waislamu. == Historia == Hakuna uhakika kuhusu wakazi wa kwanza. Inaaminika ya kwamba ndio mabaharia na wafanyabiashara Waarabu. Taarifa ya kwanza imepatikana kutoka kwa [[Wareno]] waliozunguka hapa kuanzia mwaka 1505. Kwa karne moja na nusu meli au jahazi zilipitia Shelisheli tu kwa kusudi la kuchota maji ya kunywa auch kukusanya matunda bila kuanzisha makao ya kudumu. Majambazi wa baharini walipenda kujificha Shelisheli. Ndio [[Ufaransa]] iliyojenga vituo vya kwanza vya kudumu mwaka 1756. Wafaransa waliita visiva "Seychelles" kwa heshima ya waziri wa Kifaransa wa siku zile Jean Moreau de Sechelles. Walowezi wao walianzisha mashamba makubwa ya mazao ya biashara wakitumia [[watumwa]] kutoka [[Madagaska]] na Afrika bara kwa ajili ya kazi yenyewe. Tangu mwaka 1814 visiwa vilikuwa chini ya [[Uingereza]]. Shelisheli zilikuwa zikitawaliwa pamoja na Mauritius. Mwaka 1903 visiwa vilipewa cheo cha koloni pekee na Mauritius. Waingereza walivumulia walowezi na utamaduni wa Kifaransa visiwani. Mwaka 1970 Shelisheli walipata Uhuru. Katiba ya kwanza ilifuata mfano wa Uníngerezeza lakini mw. 1979 katiba mpya ilileta mfumo wa chama kimoja. Tangu [[1993]] katiba ilisahihishwa tena ikiruhusu vyama vingi vya kisiasa. Chama kilichopata kura nyingi ndicho [[SPPF]] (Seychelles People's Progressive Front). == Uchumi == [[Image:Victoria (Seychelles).jpg|thumb|right|Mji mkuu Victoria]] Biashara ya shelisheli ni hasa utalii. Mnamo asilimia 30 za wafanyakazi wote wamo katika utalii. Biashara hii inaingiza 70% ya pato la taifa. Pamoja na utalii uvuvi na kilimo ni muhimu pia. == Viungo vya nje == * en: [[http://www.virtualseychelles.sc Serikali ya Shelisheli mtandaoni]] * en: [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/6268.htm US Department of State, Background Note: Seychelles] [[Category:Visiwa vya Afrika]] [[Category:Visiwa vya Bahari ya Hindi]] {{mbegu}} {{Afrika}} [[af:Seychelle]] [[an:Seychelles]] [[ar:سيشيل]] [[bs:Sejšeli]] [[ca:Seychelles]] [[cs:Seychely]] [[da:Seychellerne]] [[de:Seychellen]] [[en:Seychelles]] [[eo:Sejŝeloj]] [[es:Seychelles]] [[et:Seišellid]] [[fa:سیشل]] [[fi:Seychellit]] [[fr:Seychelles]] [[gl:Seixeles - Seychelles]] [[he:סיישל]] [[hr:Sejšeli]] [[hu:Seychelle-szigetek]] [[id:Seychelles]] [[io:Seycheli]] [[is:Seychelleseyjar]] [[it:Seychelles]] [[ja:セーシェル]] [[ko:세이셸]] [[kw:Seychellys]] [[la:Insulae Seisellenses]] [[lt:Seišeliai]] [[lv:Seišelu salas]] [[mk:Сејшели]] [[ms:Seychelles]] [[nds:Seychellen]] [[nl:Seychellen]] [[nn:Seychellane]] [[no:Seychellene]] [[oc:Seichèlas]] [[pl:Seszele]] [[pt:Seychelles]] [[ro:Seychelles]] [[ru:Сейшелы]] [[sh:Sejšeli]] [[simple:Seychelles]] [[sk:Seychely]] [[sl:Sejšeli]] [[sq:Sejshelli]] [[sr:Сејшели]] [[sv:Seychellerna]] [[tl:Seychelles]] [[tr:Seyşel Adaları]] [[ug:سېيشېل]] [[uk:Сейшельські острови]] [[zh:塞舌尔]] [[zh-min-nan:Sesel]] 2365 11263 2006-06-24T18:49:04Z YurikBot 117 robot Modifying: [[lv:Haile Selasije I]], [[ru:Хайле Селассие I]] '''Haile Selassie''' (23 Julai 1892 &ndash; 27 Agosti 1975) alikuwa [[mfalme]] wa [[Ehiopia]]. Alizaliwa katika kijiji kiitwacho [[Ejersa]]. Jina lake likiwa na maana ya Utatu Mtakatifu. Pia anafahamika kwa jina la simba wa yuda Mfalme wa wafalme (H.I.M). Baba yake aliitwa [[Ras Makonnen]], Gavana wa [[Harar]], familia yake ina watoto 11 ni mkristo muumini wa dhehebu la othodox. Uzao wa mfalme Haile selassie uliunganika na wa [[Menelik II.]] ambao ni uzao wa Makeda malikia wa SHEBA ambao ni ukoo wa mfalme Solomon. Inaaminika kuwa sanduku la agano kwa mara ya mwisho lilikuwa [[Axum]] Ethiopia, kwa waumini wa imani ya [[Rastafari]] wanamwamini kama mtume wa mungu aliyekuja kutimiza unabii ulioandikwa katika kitabu cha zaburi mlango 68:31 "Ehiopia itamnyoshea bwana mikono yenye nguvu" na hii imetimilika baadaa ya kushinda nguvu uvamizi wa [[Italia|Waitalia]] chini ya [[Mussolini]] na kulifanya kuwa taifa la mfano dhidi ya uvamizi wa wakoloni. [[Category:Viongozi Waafrika]] [[Category:Ethiopia]] {{mbegu}} [[am:ቀዳማዊ፡ኃይለ፡ሥላሴ]] [[cs:Haile Selassie]] [[da:Haile Selassie]] [[de:Haile Selassie]] [[en:Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia]] [[eo:Haile Selassie]] [[es:Haile Selassie]] [[fi:Haile Selassie]] [[fr:Hailé Sélassié Ier]] [[he:היילה סלאסי]] [[it:Haile Selassie]] [[ja:ハイレ・セラシエ1世]] [[ka:ჰაილე სელასიე I]] [[lv:Haile Selasije I]] [[nl:Haile Selassie]] [[pl:Haile Selassie I]] [[pt:Haile Selassie]] [[ru:Хайле Селассие I]] [[simple:Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia]] [[sl:Hajle Selasije I.]] [[sv:Haile Selassie]] [[zh:海尔·塞拉西一世]] 2366 7395 2006-03-16T10:33:46Z Marcos 3 Haile selassie umehamishwa hapa Haile Selassie #REDIRECT [[Haile Selassie]] 2367 7403 2006-03-16T20:15:18Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Jomo Kenyatta]] 2368 11570 2006-06-30T17:41:51Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[fa:کامپالا]] '''Kampala''' ni mji mkuu wa [[Uganda]] pia mojawapo ya wilaya za nchi. Iko karibu na ziwa kubwa la [[Viktoria Nyanza]] kama 1,189m juu ya [[UB]]. Kampala ni mji mkubwa wa Uganda ikiwa na wakazi 1,208,544 (2002). Jina la Kampala limetokana na msemo wa [[Kiganda]] "Kasozi K'Empala" mwenye maana "kilima cha swala" kwa sababu wafalme wa [[Buganda]] walipenda kuvinda katika eneo hili. [[Image:KampalaDot.png|thumb|right|230px|Kampala katika [[Uganda]].]] ==Historia== Kampala ni mji iliyoanza kukua juu ya vilima mbalimbali kaskazini ya [[Entebbe]]. Kitovu cha kwanza kilikuwa nyumba ya kifalme kwenye kilima cha [[Kasubi]] iliyojengwa mnamo mwaka 1882 na [[Kabaka]] [[Mutesa I]] wa [[Buganda]]. Baada ya kifo cha Mutesa ikawa kaburi la kifalme. Ikulu mpya ya Kabaka Mwanga II. ikajengwa karibu kwenye kilima cha Mengo. Mwaka 1890 mwakilishi wa [[Kampuni ya Kifalme ya Uingereza kwa Afrika ya Mashariki]] (IBEA -Imperial British East Africa Company) [[Frederick Lugard]] aliingilia vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe kati ya Waganda Waprotestant, Wakatoliki na Waislamu akajenga boma juu ya kilima kilichoitwa "Kampala" kikawa kitovu cha makao ya Wazungu katika mji mpya. Wamisionari wakapewa na Kabaka nafasi ya kujenga makanisa na nyumba zao kwenye vilima mbalimbali: Namirembe ikawa kilima cha Waanglikana, Rubaga kilima cha Wakatoliki. Waislamu wana eneo lao hasa kilimani cha Kibuli. Maeneo haya yote yalikua pamoja kuwa mji wa Kampala. Kati ya 1900 hadi 1905 Kampala ikawa makao makuu ya utawala wa kikoloni cha [[Uingereza]] uliohamishwa baadaya kwenda [[Entebbe]]. Baada ya uhuru ikawa mji mkuu wa kitaifa wa Uganda. Utawala wa [[Idi Amin]] na vita vya kumpindua 1979 uliharibu mengi kwanza tabaka ya wafanyabiashara Wahindi pamoja na nguvu ya kiuchumi baadaye pia majengo. Tangu kufufuka kutoka nyakati mbaya za udikteta na vita Kampala imeanza kukua tena. ==Wakazi== {| style="align:center;border:1px solid black" |- ! Mwaka || Wakazi |- | Sensa 1959 || 46.000 |- | Sensa 1980 || 458.503 |- | Sensa 1991 || 774.241 |- | Sensa 2002 || 1.208.544 |- | Makadirio 2005 || 1.353.236 |} ==Makerere== Kampala ina [[Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere|Chuo Kikuu]] katika mtaa wa Makerere kilichokuwa chuo kikuu cha kwanza katika Afrika ya Mashariki na mahali pa mafunzo pa viongozi wengi wa Kiafrika wa siasa, utamaduni na uchumi. [[Category:Miji ya Uganda]] [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[ar:كمبالا]] [[bg:Кампала]] [[ca:Kampala]] [[da:Kampala]] [[de:Kampala]] [[en:Kampala]] [[es:Kampala]] [[fa:کامپالا]] [[fi:Kampala]] [[fr:Kampala]] [[he:קמפלה]] [[id:Kampala]] [[io:Kampala]] [[is:Kampala]] [[it:Kampala]] [[ja:カンパラ]] [[ko:캄팔라]] [[lt:Kampala]] [[lv:Kampala]] [[mr:कम्पाला]] [[nl:Kampala]] [[pl:Kampala]] [[pt:Kampala]] [[ru:Кампала]] [[sk:Kampala]] [[sv:Kampala]] [[zh:坎帕拉]] 2369 10130 2006-05-25T23:50:30Z Kipala 107 {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<font size="+1">'''Repubblica Italiana'''</font><br /> Jamhuri ya Italia | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan="2" | {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" | align="center" width="50%" | [[Image:Flag of Italy.svg|165px|Bendera ya Italia]] | align="center" width="50%" | [[Image:Italy coa.gif|130px|Nembo la Italia]] |- |} |---- | [[Lugha rasmi]] || [[Kiitalia]]; kijimbo pia [[Kijerumani]], [[Kifaransa]], [[Kiladino]], [[Kislovenia]], [[Kisardinia]] |---- | [[Mji Mkuu]] || [[Roma]] |---- | [[Rais]] || [[Giorgio Napolitano]] |---- | [[Waziri Mkuu]] || [[Romano Prodi]] <!--[[Image:Stop_hand.png]]--> |---- | [[Eneo]] || 301.336 [[km²]] |---- | [[Wakazi]] || 58.679.441 (2005) |---- | [[Wakazi kwa km²]] || 193 |---- | [[JPT]] || 25.593 [[US-$]] <small>(2004)</small> |---- | [[Pesa]] || [[Euro]] |---- | [[Wakati]] || [[UTC]]+1 |---- | [[Wimbo la Taifa]] || ''[[Fratelli d'Italia]]'' (Ndugu Waitalia) |---- | [[Sikukuu ya Jamhuri]] || [[2. Juni]] |---- | [[Sikukuu ya Taifa]] || [[25. Aprili]] |---- | [[Simu ya kimataifa]] || +39 |---- | colspan="2" align="center" | [[Image:LocationItalyInEurope.png|none|thumb|280px|Italia katika Ulaya]] |---- | colspan="2" | [[Image:It-map.jpg|right|thumb|320px|Ramani ya Italia]] |---- | colspan="2" | [[Image:Satellite_image_of_Italy_in_March_2003.jpg|thumb|320px|right|Italia jinsi inavyonekana kutoka angani]] |} '''Italia''' ni nchi ya [[Ulaya]] Kusini. Umbo lake linafanana na mguu linalozungukwa na maji ya [[Mediteraneo]] pande tatu. Imepakana na [[Ufaransa]], [[Uswisi]], [[Austria]] na [[Slovenia]]. Nchi mbili ndogo ndani ya eneo la Italia ni [[San Marino]] na Dola la [[Vatikano]]. Visiwa viwili vikubwa vya Sicilia na Sardinia ni sehemu za Italia pamoja na visiwa vidogovidogo. Eneo la nchi ni 301.336 km² kuna wakazi 58.679.441 (2005). Italia ni nchi iliyoendelea ikiwa na nafasi ya sita ya nguvu ya kiuchumi duniani kufuatana na [[JPT]] yake. Ni kati ya nchi sita zilizoanzisha [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] mwaka 1957. Pia ni nchi yenye mahali pengi (40) pa kihistoria palipoingizwa katika orodha ya [[UNESCO]] ya "[[Urithi wa Dunia]]". {{mbegu}} [[Category:Nchi za Ulaya]] {{Umoja wa Ulaya}} {{Template:Ulaya}} [[af:Italië]] [[als:Italien]] [[an:Italia]] [[ar:إيطاليا]] [[ast:Italia]] [[be:Італія]] [[bg:Италия]] [[bs:Italija]] [[ca:Itàlia]] [[cs:Itálie]] [[cv:Итали]] [[cy:Yr Eidal]] [[da:Italien]] [[de:Italien]] [[el:Ιταλία]] [[en:Italy]] [[eo:Italio]] [[es:Italia]] [[et:Itaalia]] [[eu:Italia]] [[fa:ایتالیا]] [[fi:Italia]] [[fiu-vro:Itaalia]] [[fr:Italie]] [[fur:Italie]] [[fy:Itaalje]] [[ga:An Iodáil]] [[gd:An Eadailt]] [[gl:Italia]] [[haw:Ikalia]] [[he:איטליה]] [[hi:इटली]] [[hr:Italija]] [[ht:Itali]] [[hu:Olaszország]] [[ia:Italia]] [[id:Italia]] [[io:Italia]] [[is:Ítalía]] [[it:Italia]] [[ja:イタリア]] [[ka:იტალია]] [[kn:ಇಟಲಿ]] [[ko:이탈리아]] [[ku:Îtalya]] [[kw:Itali]] [[la:Italia]] [[lb:Italien]] [[li:Italië]] [[lt:Italija]] [[lv:Itālija]] [[ms:Itali]] [[mt:Italja]] [[na:Italy]] [[nap:Italia]] [[nds:Italien]] [[nl:Italië]] [[nn:Italia]] [[no:Italia]] [[oc:Categoria:Itàlia]] [[os:Итали]] [[pl:Włochy]] [[pt:Itália]] [[rm:Italia]] [[ro:Italia]] [[ru:Италия]] [[sa:इटली]] [[sc:Itàlia]] [[scn:Italia]] [[sh:Italija]] [[simple:Italy]] [[sk:Taliansko]] [[sl:Italija]] [[sq:Italia]] [[sr:Италија]] [[sv:Italien]] [[ta:இத்தாலி]] [[th:ประเทศอิตาลี]] [[tl:Italya]] [[tr:İtalya]] [[uk:Італія]] [[ur:اٹلی]] [[vec:Itałia]] [[vi:Ý]] [[yi:איטאַליע]] [[zh:意大利]] [[zh-min-nan:Italia]] 2370 7412 2006-03-17T12:18:31Z Marcos 3 Pangani mjini umehamishwa hapa Mji wa Pangani #REDIRECT [[Mji wa Pangani]] 2371 7414 2006-03-17T12:19:04Z Marcos 3 Tanga mjini umehamishwa hapa Mji wa Tanga #REDIRECT [[Mji wa Tanga]] 2372 7416 2006-03-17T12:19:04Z Marcos 3 Talk:Tanga mjini umehamishwa hapa Talk:Mji wa Tanga #REDIRECT [[Talk:Mji wa Tanga]] 2373 7420 2006-03-17T20:32:22Z Kipala 107 '''Gideon Byamugisha''' ni [[kasisi]] Mwanglikana [[Mganda]] na [[mchungaji]] wa kwanza Mwafrika aliyetangaza wazi ya kwamba ameambukizwa na [[UKIMWI]]. Alizaliwa tar. 29.08.1959 Buranga Ndorwa, Wilaya ya Kabale, [[Uganda]] wa Magharibi akasoma ualimu kwenye [[Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere]] akamaliza kwa digrii mwaka 1985. Akaendelea kusoma digrii ya [[theolojia]] huko [[Nairobi]] akapokelewa katika utumishi wa [[Kanisa la Kianglikana]] Uganda mwaka 1991. Mwaka uleule mke wake alikufa kutokana na UKIMWI. 1992 alipokea baraka ngazi ya ukasisi akapewa jukumu la kufundisha chuo cha theolojia Mukono (sasa: [[Chuo Kikuu cha Kikristo cha Uganda]]). Wakati ule alifuata ushauri kutafuta upimaji wa damu yake ahakikishe hana UKIMWI. Alipopimwa akaonekana kuwa na viini vya [[HIV]] vilevile. Aliambiwa matokeo dakika chache tu kabla ya kuwa na somo chuoni. Aliamua kuwaambia wasikilizaji wake wakiwa na walimu wenzake ya kuwa amepatikana na HIV. Tangazo hili lilipokelewa kwa mshangao kwani katika utamaduni wa kiafrika na zaidi katika utamaduni wa kidini wa Afrika haikuwahi kutokea ya kwamba kiongozi wa kidini anasema waziwazi kuwa ameambukizwa UKIMWI. Kinyume chake mara nyingi wahubiri walitumia mfano wa UKIMWI kuonyesha ya kuwa ni adhabu kutoka Mungu na dalili ya dhambi. Gideoni Byamugisha aliitwa na kanisa lake kuanzia mwaka 1993 kusaidia katika mradi wa UKIMWI wa kanisa. 1995 - 2002 aliongoza idara wa HIV/UKIMWI ya dayosisi ya Kianglikana ya [[Namirembe]]. Mwaka 1995 alifunga ndoa mara ya pili akimwoa Pamela aliyekuwa mjane wakati ule kutokana na UKIMWI akipatikana mwenyewe na viini vya HIV. Wanalea watoto wao kutoka ndoa zote mbili za awali pia wakamzaa mtoto wa pamoja asiye na HIV kutokana na tibu la [[madawa ya ARV]]. Siku hizi (2005) Byamugisha anafanya kazi na shirika la [[Word Vision International]] pia pamoja na kasisi Jape Heath kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] ameunda "Umoja wa viongozi wa kidini wa Afrika wanaoishi na UKIMWI" (ANERELA African Network of Religious Leaders living with HIV/AIDS). ==Viungo vya nje== en: www.samaritan-strategy-africa.org/resource_material3.htm 2374 8102 2006-04-10T09:13:17Z Matt Crypto 20 Ona pia: [[:en:Image:Makerere_crest.jpg]] {| align=center border=0 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=4 style="border: 1px solid #CC9; background-color: #F1F1DE; width:80%" |- | [[Image:Copyright shield.svg|65px|Seal/emblem/coat of arms/crest, may be copyrighted, may or may not be usable]] | style="font-size: 95%" |''This image depicts a [[Seal (device)|seal]], an [[emblem]], a [[coat of arms]] or a [[Crest (heraldry)|crest]]. '''This image may or may not be usable in Wikipedia'''. It may be ineligible for copyright, in the [[public domain]], or available under a free licence. In other cases, it is believed that these images may be exhibited on Wikipedia under the '''[[fair use]]''' provision of United States copyright law. If this is the case, please add the appropriate [[Wikipedia:Image copyright tag|copyright tag]]. Otherwise this image may be deleted in the future. Representations of coats of arms are subject to copyright as original works of art and do not fall under'' [[Bridgeman Art Library Ltd. v. Corel Corporation]]'s ''purview as they are not representations of two-dimensional works of art.'' |} 2375 11609 2006-07-01T12:07:28Z Kipala 107 {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" width="330px" style="margin-left:15px; border-collapse:collapse; border-color:#f2f2f4" |+<font size="+1"> Makerere University Kampala (MUK)</font><br /> Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere Kampala | align="center" colspan="2" | {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" | align="center" width="210px" | [[Image:Nembo la Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere.jpg|200px]] |---- |} |---- | align="center" colspan="2" style="letter-spacing:0.5px; background-color:#f2f2f4" | Wito: ''We Build for the Future''<br /> ( ''Tunajenga kwa ajili ya wakati ujao'') |---- | Kimeanzishwa:|| 1922 |---- | Aina ya Chuo: || umma |---- | [[Chansela]] || [[Yoweri Kaguta Museveni]], Rais wa Uganda |---- | [[Mkuu wa Chuo]] || [[Livingstone Luboobi]] |---- | [[Mji]]: || [[Kampala]] |---- | [[Nchi]]: || [[Uganda]] |---- | [[Idadi ya wanafunzi]] || 30,000 |---- | [[Idadi ya walimu]] || --- |---- | [[Kampasi]] || mjini Kampala |---- | [[Anwani mtandaoni]] :|| http://www.makerere.ac.ug |---- |} '''Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere''' ni [[chuo kikuu]] cha kwanza cha [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] na chuo kikuu kikubwa cha [[Uganda]]. Kimeanzishwa wakati wa ukoloni mwaka 1922 kama shule ya ufundi kwa wanafunzi 14. Kozi za kwanza zilikuwa pamoja na useremala, ujenzi na umekanika. Shule ikawa chuo na kozi zikaongezeka kwa masomo ya matibabu, kilimo, maradhi ya wanyama na ualimu. Kuanzia 1937 chuo kilianza kozi za stashahada mbalimbali. Mwaka 1949 Makerere ikawa chuo cha kushirikiana na Chuo Kikuu cha London kikitoa shahada ya kwanza ya ngazi ya chuo kikuu. 1963 ikawa sehemu ya [[Chuo Kikuu cha Afrika ya Mashariki]] pamoja na kampasi za [[Daressalaam]] na [[Nairobi]]. Chuo Kikuu cha Afrika ya Mashariki kimegawiwa mwaka 1970 kutokana na kufifia kwa [[Jumuiya ya Afrika ya Mashariki]]. Makerere ikawa Chuo Kikuu cha kitaifa cha Uganda. ==Chuo cha Viongozi== Makerere ilikuwa chuo waliposoma viongozi wengi wa [[Afrika]] wakiwa pamoja na maraisi wa zamani [[Milton Obote]] (Uganda), [[Mwalimu Nyerere|Julius Nyerere]], [[Benjamin Mkapa]] ([[Tanzania]]) na rais wa sasa wa [[Kenya]] [[Mwai Kibaki]]. Baada ya uhuru Makerere ilikuwa pia mahali pa majadiliano na mafunzo ya utamaduni wa Kiafrika. Waandihi na walimu muhimu wa Kiafrika walianzisha mafunzo yao au walifundisha kwa muda fulani Makerere kama vile [[Nuruddin Farrah]], [[Ali Mazrui]], [[David Rubadiri]], [[Okello Oculi]], [[Ngugi wa Thiongo]], [[John Ruganda]], [[Paul Theroux]] na [[Peter Nazareth]]. ==Idara== Makerere ina idara 22 zinazohudumia wanafunzi 30,000 wakiwemo mnamo 3,000 wa kozi za shahada za ngazi ya juu. ===Vitivo=== *Kitivo cha Kilimo *Kitivo cha Fani *Kitivo cha Elimu Misitu na Hifadhi la Mazingira *Kitivo cha Sheria *Kitivo cha Uganga *Kitivo cha Sayansi *Kitivo cha Sayansi Jamii *Kitivo cha Teknolojia *Kitivo cha Elimu ya Maradhi ya Wanyama ===Taasisi=== *Taasisi ya Elimu ya Watu Wazima *Taasisi ya Sayansi ya Kompyuta *Taasisi ya Uchumi *Taasisi ya Mazingira na Mali Asili *Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa Kijamii *Taasisi ya Takwimu na Saikolojia ===Vyuo=== *Chuo cha Ualimu *Chuo cha Sanaa *Chuo cha Sayansi za Maktaba na Habari *Chuo cha Biashara *Chuo cha Mafunzo baada ya Digrii ya Kwanza ===Idara=== *Idara ya Teknolojia ya Kompyuta na Habari ==Wanafunzi waliopita Chuo Kikuu ch Makerere== * [[Askofu Mkuu wa York]] [[John Sentamu]] aliye askofu mkuu Mwafrika wa kwanza katika [[Kanisa la Uingereza]] * [[Okello Oculi]], mwandishi, mshairi * [[Peter Nazareth]], mwandishi * [[David Rubadiri]], mwandishi na mshairi wa [[Malawi]] * [[Benjamin Mkapa ]], alikuwa rais wa [[Tanzania]] * [[Joseph Kabila]], rais wa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] * [[Specioza Kazibwe]], mwanamke wa kwanza aliyekuwa makamu wa rais wa [[Uganda]] 1994 hadi 2003 * [[Julius Nyerere]], alikuwa rais wa [[Tanzania]] * [[Milton Obote]], alikuwa rais wa [[Uganda]] * [[Mutesa II|Sir Frederick Edward Mutesa II]], alikuwa [[Kabaka]] wa [[Buganda]] * [[Mwai Kibaki]], rais wa [[Kenya]] (alikuwa pia mwalimu Makerere) * [[Ngugi wa Thiongo]], mwandishi (alikuwa pia mwalimu Makerere) * [[Jaramogi Oginga Odinga]], mwanasiasa na makamu wa rais wa [[Kenya]] 1964-1966 * [[Okot p'Bitek]], mshairi na mwandishi (alikuwa pia mwalimu Makerere) ==Viungo vya nje== * {{en}} [http://www.makerere.ac.ug/ Tovuti rasmi] [[Category:Uganda]] [[Category:Kampala]] [[Category:Vyuo Vikuu Afrika]] [[de:Makerere-Universität]] [[en:Makerere University]] 2376 7426 2006-03-18T09:17:59Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT[[Chuo_Kikuu_cha_Makerere]] 2377 10756 2006-06-11T20:00:36Z Marcos 3 /* Maandishi ya baadye */ '''Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o''' (amezaliwa 5.01.1938) ni mwandishi Mkenya aliyeandika kwa Kiingereza lakini siku hizi anatumia lugha ya [[Gikuyu]]. Maandishi yake ni pamoja na riwaya, tamthilia, hekaya, insha na uhakiki. Ameanzisha gazeti la lugha ya Gikuyu "Mutiiri". Tangu 1982 ameishi nje ya Kenya akifundisha kwenye vyuo vikuu mbalimbali kama [[Yale]], [[New York]] na Irvine/[[California]]. ==Masomo== Ngugi amezaliwa [[Kenya]] katika kijiji cha Kamiriithu karibu na [[Limuru]], wilaya ya [[Kiambu]] katika ukoo wa Wagikuyu akabatizwa James Ngugi. Alikuwa mtoto wa tano ya mke wa tatu wa babake Thiong'o wa Nducu. Baba alikuwa mkulima aliyepotea shamba lake kutokana na Waingereza kuteka na kutwaa [[Nyanda za Juu za Kenya]]. James alisoma shule za missioni za Kamaandura (Limuru), Karinga (Mangu) na [[Alliance High School]] (Kikuyu). Katika miaka ile akawa mkristo. Wakati aliposoma shule familia yake iliathiriwa na vita ya [[Maumau]] ikiwa kakaye aliuawa na mamake aliteswa. Baada ya kumaliza Alliance High akasoma [[Makerere]] akachukua digirii ya [[Kiingereza]] mwaka 1963. Akafunga ndoa na Nyambura mwaka 1961 akazaa naye watoto sita katika miaka iliyofuata. 1962 aliandika tamthilia yake ya kwanza "The Black Hermit". Baada ya digrii alirudi Nairobi alipofanya kazi ya uandishi gazeti. ==Riwaya za kwanza== 1964 akachukua nafasi ya masomo huko Chuo Kikuu cha [[Leeds]]. Hapo [[Uingereza]] alitunga riwaya ya "WEEP NOT, CHILD" (1964) akiwa mwandishi wa kwanza kutoka [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] aliyetunga riwaya kwa [[Kiingereza]]. Alisimulia hadithi ya kijana Njoroge mwenye ndoto ya kuendeleza elimu yake lakini anakwama kati ya ndoto zake na hali halisi ya maisha ya Kiafrika chini ya ukoloni. Aliendelea kwa "THE RIVER BETWEEN" (1965) akichora picha ya kijiji kilichopasuliwa kati ya wakristo na wafuasi wa dini ya asili. 1967 alitumia historia ya vita ya Maumau na maarifa ya familia yake kwa ajili ya riwaya ya "A GRAIN OF WHEAT". Mwaka uleule baada ya kuchukua digrii ya pili alirudi Kenya akifundisha [[Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi]] 1967-1969. Aliondoka kwa sababu alipinga kuingia kwa siasa ya serikali katika mambo ya chuo. Baada ya mwaka moja huko Makerere alipata nafasi ya kufundisha [[Marekani]] kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Evanston (1970-71). ==Profesa ya fasihi Nairobi== 1973 alirudi Nairobi kama Profesa wa Kiingereza na mwenyekiti wa idara ya fasihi. Idara hii ilianzishwa kutokana na upinzani wa Ngugi na wenzake dhidi ya hali ya Kiingereza kuwa kitovuni mwa elimu katika Afrika. Katika makala 'On the Abolition of the English Department' aliyoandika 1968 pamoja na Taban lo Liyong and Henry Owuor-Anyumba aliwahi kuuliza "Tukihitaji kutazama historia ya utamaduni moja kwa undani kwa ajili ya masomo yetu kwa nini tusichague utamaduni mmoja wa Kiafrika na kuiweka kitovuni ili tulinganishe tamaduni mablimbali nao?" Kutokana na msimamo huo aliendelea kutafiti fasihi ya kimdomo ya makabila ya Kenya, hasa ya Wagikuyu na fasihi ya Kiswahili. Katika miaka hii huko Nairobi Ngugi aliamua hawezi kuwa tena mkristo. 1976 akabadilisha jina lake kutoka James Ngugi kuwa Ngugi wa Thiong'o. ==Fasihi ya kimdomo na gereza== Kazi yake ya kifasihi ilimpeleka katika mzozo na serikali. Kuanzia mwaka 1976 Ngugi alishirikiana na wanakijiji Wagikuyu karibu na Limuru kuanzisha maagizo ya tamthilia katika lugha yao. 1976 riwaya yake ya "PETALS OF BLOOD" ilichora picha ya watawala wapya Waafrika jinsi walivyochukua nafasi ya wakoloni wa awali wakidharau na kukandamiza wanachi. Mwaka uleule aliandika igizo la tamthilia "Ngaahika Ndeenda" (Nitaolewa nitakapopenda). Wakubwa katika serikali walikuwa na wasiwasi wakiogopa mwelekeo wa kimarxist wa Ngugu hasa alipotoka katika Chuo Kikuu na kuingia kati ya wananchi wa kawaida kwa njia ya maigizo yake katika lugha ya Gikuyu. Makamu wa Rais wa Kenya [[Moi]] aliamua kumkamata Ngugi chini ya sheria ya usalama wa kitaifa wakati Rais [[Jomo Kenyatta]] mwenyewe tayari alikuwa amedhoofika kutonana na uzee na magonjwa. Ngugi alikaa mwaka moja katika gereza ya [[Kamiti]] akaandika riwaya ya kwanza kwa Gikuyu "Caitaani mũtharaba-Inĩ" (Shetani msalabani) akitumia karatasi ya choo. Baada ya kuachichwa hakuruhusiwa kurudi kazini kwenye chuo kikuu. Mwaka 1982 aliondoka Kenya kwenda London. ==Maandishi ya baadye== Ngugi ameendelea kutumia Gikuyu pekee kwa ajili ya riwaya lakini amefundisha na kutunga insha kwa Kiingereza. Kati ya maandiko yaliyofuata ni "Detained" (Daiari ya gerezani - 1981); "Decolonizing the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature" (Kuondoa ukoloni rohoni - siasa ya lugha katika fasihi ya Afrika 1986) alimodai waandishi Waafrika watumie lugha zao za kienyeji badala la lugha za Kiulaya; Matigari (1987) alimotumia hadithi ya kiutamaduni wa Gikuyu. Mwaka 2004 Ngugi alirudi mara ya kwanza Kenya lakini alipata maarifa mabaya akishambuliwa na wahuni na kuibiwa mali mke wake akibakiwa. Shabaha muhmu wa ziara yake ilikuwa kutangaza riwaya yake mpya kwa Gikuyu "Muroogi wa Kigogo". Kiini cha imani ya Ngugi ni ya kwamba kwa kutumia lugha za kienyeji pekee waandishi waafrika watafikia wanachi wa kawaida na kushinda [[ukoloni mamboleo]] rohoni. Tatizo alilo nalo hapo ni ya kwamba lugha za kienyeji zinarudi nyuma haraka katika mazingira ya kisasa hata zikiendelea kuzungumzwa na kusikilizwa kwa redio si lazima zinasomwa pia. [[Category:Fasihi ya Afrika]] [[Category:Kenya]] [[de:Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]] [[en:Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]] [[fr:Ngugi wa Thiong'o]] [[ko:응구기 와 시옹오]] 2378 7431 2006-03-18T11:20:52Z Kipala 107 '''Ngugi''' ni jina la mwanaume katika lugha ya [[Gikuyu]] ya [[Kenya]]. Ngugi anayejulikana hasa ni mwandishi [[Ngugi wa Thiongo]]. {{maana}} 2379 9456 2006-05-11T20:15:43Z Kipala 107 '''Kilwa Kivinje''' ni mji mdogo katika [[Wilaya ya Kilwa]] ufukoni wa [[Bahari Hindi]]. Wakati wa utawala wa [[Zanzibar]] ilikuwa makao ya liwali ya Sultani kwa ajili ya pwani la kusini la Tanzania ikichukua nafasi ya [[Kilwa Kisiwani]] kama mji muhimu katika sehemu hii ya pwani la kusini. Ilikuwa makao makuu ya wilaya tangu zamani ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani|ukoloni wa Kijerumani]]. Tangu kuondoka kwa makao makuu ya wilaya mji umerudi nyuma. Nyumba za ghorofa za wafanyabiashara hazitumiki tena zimeanza kuporomoka. Boma la Kale la Wajerumani bado inatumika. Hospitali ya wilaya imebaki Kilwa Kivinje. Tarafa ina wakazi 13,374 (2002). Bandari ndogo inafaa jahazi tu . [[Category:Miji ya Tanzania]] [[Category:Waswahili]] 2380 7438 2006-03-18T11:47:41Z Kipala 107 '''Wilaya ya [[Kilwa]]''' iko takriban 220 km kusini mwa [[Daressalaam]] imepakana na [[Mkoa wa Pwani]] upande wa kaskazini, [[Bahari Hindi]] katika mashariki, [[Wilaya ya Lindi Vijijini]] kusini na [[wilaya ya Liwale]] upande wa magharibi. Kuna wakazi 171,850. Makao makuu ya wilaya ni [[Kilwa Masoko]]. Wilaya ina tarafa/shehia zifuatazo (idadi ya wakazi 2002 katika mabano): Tingi (5,823) Miteja (5,568) Mingumbi (10,543) Kijumbi (12,576) Chumo (16,809) Kipatimu (23,007) Kandawale (5,018) Njinjo (5,942) Mitole (3,559) Miguruwe (2,589) Likawage (3,426) Nanjirinji (5,535) Kiranjeranje (7,597) Mandawa (10,839) Lihimalyao (8,824) Pande (11,645) Kikole (4,275) Kivinje Singino (13,374) Songosongo (2,577) Masoko (12,324) ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.tanzania.go.tz/census/census/districts/kilwa.htm Sensa ya 2002 kwa Kilwa] [[en:Kilwa]] 2381 9202 2006-05-02T15:03:33Z Kipala 107 '''[[Kilwa]] Masoko''' ni mji mdogo katika [[Tanzania]] ikiwa makao makuu ya [[Wilaya ya Kilwa]] tangu miaka ya 1960. Iko barani ikitazama [[Kilwa Kisiwani]]. Mji ni wa kisasa. Kuna uwanja mdogo wa ndege pia bandari ndogo yenye kituo cha forodha. Tarafa ina wakazi 12,324 (2002). [[Category:Miji ya Tanzania]] {{mbegu}} 2382 7444 2006-03-18T12:04:40Z Kipala 107 [[Wilaya ya Pangani]] ni kati ya wilaya za [[Mkoa wa Tanga]] katika [[Tanzania]]. Imepakana na wilaya ya [[Muheza]] upande wa Kazkazini, wilaya ya [[Handeni]] upande wa magharibi, wilaya ya [[Bagamoyo]] (Mkoa wa Pwani) upande wa kusini na Bahari Hindi upande wa mashariki. Makao makuu ya wilaya yako [[Pangani]] mjini. WIlaya ina wakazi 44,107 (2002). Kuna tarafa zifuatazo (idadi ya wakazi katika mabano): Pangani Mashariki (3,079) Pangani Magharibi (4,949) Bweni (1,191) Madanga (3,096) Kimanga (2,974) Bushiri (4,348) Mwera (4,055) Tungamaa (2,025) Kipumbwi (4,124) Mikunguni (3,977) Ubangaa (2,314) Mkwaja (3,783) Mkalamo (4,201) ==Viungo vya Nje== [http://www.tanzania.go.tz/census/census/districts/pangani.htm Sensa ya 2002 kwa ajili ya Pangani] [[en:Pangani]] [[de:Pangani]] 2383 8115 2006-04-10T09:50:54Z Matt Crypto 20 '''Rwanda''' ilikuwa eneo penye utawala wa kifalme tangu karne nyingi kabla ya kufika kwa ukoloni. Mwanzo wake ni katika eneo la [[Ziwa la Muhazi]]. Watawala wenye cheo cha "''mwami''" kutoka kikundi cha wafugaji ([[Watutsi]]) walisambaza eneo lao tangu miaka ya karne ya 16 [[BK]] hadi kufika eneo la leo. Wafugaji wa ng'ombe Watutsi walikalia nchi pamoja na wakulima wa [[Kihutu]] na wavindaji Watwaa. ==Ukoloni wa Kijerumani== [[Ukoloni]] ulichelewa kufika Rwanda; mwaka 1890 [[Ujerumani]] na [[Uingereza]] walipatana ya kuwa Rwanda na Burundi ni sehemu ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani]]. Lakini ilikuwa mwaka 1908 tu ya kwamba Wajerumani walimtuma afisa wa kudumu aliyekaa Rwanda kama mwakilishi wa serikali ya Ujerumani. Mwaka 1916 [[Ubelgiji]] na Uingereza walivamia Rwanda katika [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia]]. Baadaye ikawa chini ya Ubelgiji pamoja na Burundi kama "Rwanda-Urundi" katika hali ya [[eneo la kudhaminiwa]] kutokana na azimio la [[Shirikisho la Mataifa]]. ==Ukoloni wa Ubelgiji== Utawala wa Wabelgiji ilikuwa ya moja-kwa moja na kali zaidi kuliko Wajerumani. Wabelgiji walijaribu kutoa faida ya kiuchumi wakilazimisha wenyeji kupanda mikahawa na kutekeleza kazi za serikali ya kikoloni. Katika utawala wao Wabelgiji walitumia zaidi Watutsi wakiwapa nafasi za elimu na kuwatumia katika shughuli za serikali. Wataalamu wengine huamini ya kwamba siasa hii ilisababisha kukua kwa chuki dhidi ya Watutsi kwa upande wa wakulima Wahutu iliyoleta kumwaga kwa damu baadaye. Katika miaka ya 1950 imeonekana ya kwamba ukoloni unaelekea mwisho wake. Uhusiano kati ya Wahutu na Watutsi ukawa vigumu kwa sababu Wabelgiji walibadilisha siasa yao yakupendelea Watutsi wakidai haki zaidi kwa ajili ya Wahutu wliokuwa wengi. Ni hasa wamisionari wa katoliki [[Mapadre Weupe]] waliosimama upande wa Wahutu wakiona ndio wagandamizwa. Mwami [[Mutara Rudahigwa]] aliyejiita pia Charles alijaribu kuleta upatanishi kati ya vikundi katika nchi. 1954 aligawa nchi ya kifalme kati ya Wahutu na Watutsi. Lakini alikuwa na wapinzani Watutsi waliomwua mwaka 1959. Mtoto wake Mwami [[Kigeri V.]] aliwekwa kwenye kiti chake. Tendo hili lilisababisha ghasia na vurugu nchini kwa sababu Wahutu walidai kuwa na neno katika mabadiliko ya serikali. Mwezi wa Novemba 1959 Mwami Kigeri V. alilazimishwa kuondoka nchini akikimbilia [[Uganda]]. Watutsi wenye siasa kali walijaribu kumwua kiongozi wa [[Mouvement Democratique Republicain]] (MDR) chama kikubwa cha Wahutu. Wahutu walijibu kwa kuwashambulia na kuua Watutsi. Wabelgiji walitumia wanajeshi wao kupoza hali nchini. Katika uchaguzi wa kwanza wa halmashauri ya tarafa na miji kabla ya uhuru ndicho chama cha [[Parmehutu]] kilichopata kura nyingi. Viongozi wa Parmehutu walitangaza serikali mpya mwaka 1961. Uchaguzi wa Bunge ulileta kura ya 77% kwa ajili ya chama cha Parmehutu kilichomchagua kiongozi wake Grégoire [[Kayibanda]] kuwa Rais. ==Uhuru== Tar. 01.07.1962 Rwanda ilipata uhuru wake wa kisiasa. Wakati huu zaidi ya Watutsi 350,000 wameshakuwa wakikimbilia nchi jirani. Mwaka uliofuata vikundi vya Watutsi kutoka nchi hizi za jirani walijaribu kushambulia utaratibu mpya. Iliyofuata ilikuwa uangamizaji wa kwanza wa Watutsi; zaidi ya 100,000 waliuawa na Wahutu. Hata katika miaka iliyofuata mauaji dhidi ya Watutsi iliendelea. Wanasiasa Wahutu walizoea kuita Watusi ndio "Wadudu". Kila kitu kilichokuwa si sawa kilielezwa ni kosa la Watutsi waliokuwa raia bila haki. Idadi kubwa ya Watutsi walikimbia Burundi, Uganda na [[Tanzania]]. Mwaka 1973 Generali [[Habariyama]] alimpindua rais Kayibanda na kuanzisha serikali ya kijeshi akijaribu kupatanisha vikundi ndani ya taifa. Lakini hata mwaka uliofuata 1974 mauaji ya Watutsi yalitokea tena. Mnamo 1990 ilikuwa wazi ya kwamba Rwanda ilikuwa na hali ngumu. Kwa upande moja nchi za nje zilisukuma serikali za Afrika kuruhusu kura huru za kisiasa; katika Rwanda ongezeko la wakazi lilileta msongamano mkubwa na uhaba wa ardhi ya kilimo. Uchumi ilikuwa duni. Wakati huohuo wapinzani Wahutu walikusanyika nje ya nchi ny kudai demokrasia. Na kati ya watoto wa Watutsi waliokuwa walitoka nchini sauti zikasikika zilizodai warudi tena. Habyarimana alijaribu kutafuta suluhisho akanza kujadiliana na Watutsi wa nje lakini alikuta pia upinzani kwa upande wa Wahutu wakali waliochukia uelewano wa Watutsi. ==RPF inajaribu kurudu Rwanda kutoka Uganda== Oktoba 1990 Watutsi waliokaa Uganda walianzisha chama cha [[RPF]] (Rwanda Patriotic Front) wakiwa na wafuasi wahutu wachache wakavamia Rwanda kwa silaha. Kiongozi wao alikuwa [[Paul Kagame]] aliyeondoka Rwanda akiwa mtoto wa miaka minne. Alikuwa amejiunga na jeshi la [[Yoweri Museveni]] na kupanda ngazi katika jeshi la Uganda hadi kuwa mkuu wa huduma ya usalama ya kijeshi ya Uganda. Walitaka kulazimisha serikali ibadilishe hali ya Watutsi kuwa raia bila haki. Lakini uvamizi huu ulisababisha kuongezeka kwa ukali dhidi ya Watutsi ndani ya Rwanda na siasa kali kwa upande wa viongozi Wahutu. Kikundi cha kihutu cha [[Interahamwe]] na kupewa silaha. Maelfu ya Watutsi Warwanda waliuawa. Vita kati ya wapinzani kutoka Uganda na jeshi la serikali iliendelea mpakani hadi pande zote mbili zilikutana huko [[Arusha]] na kupatana koma kwa vita 1992 chini ya uangalizi wa Umoja wa Mataifa na Umoja wa Afrika. Sehemu ya viongozi Warwanda walijiandaa kutafuta utaratibu mpya lakini wengine walifanya mipango ya kumaliza swali la Watutsi kabisa wakipanga kuua Watutsi wote nchini. ==Kifo cha Habariyama na mauaji ya milioni moja== Tar. 06.04.1994 rais Habariyama alirudi nchini kutoka safari ya Tanzania. Ndege yake ilipigwa risasi kabla ya kutelemka ikaanguka chini akafa. Uwezekano ni mkubwa ya kwamba ndio Wahutu wakali waliomwua lakini wengine walisema ni RPF. Tendo hili ilikuwa mwanzo wa mauaji ambayo hayakuwahi kutokea Afrika. Viongozi wa Interahamwe, wa jeshi la kitaifa na vikundi vikali vya Kihutu walitekeleza mipango ya kukusanya Watutsi kila mahali na kuwaua. Haiwezekani kuwa na idadi kamili lakini makadirio ya chini yanataja Watutsi 750.000 na Wahutu wasio wakali zaidi ya 100.000 waliuawa na Interahamwe na wanajeshi wa serikali ya Kihutu. Watu walikimbilia na kutafuta hifadhi makanisani lakini hata huko walichinjwa bila neema. Wahutu waliokataa kushiriki katika mauaji waliuawa pia. RPF chini ya uongozi wa Paul Kagame iliamua kutumia nguvu zote kusimamisha machinjo haya. Kwa miezi miwili mauaji na vita zilienda sambamba hadi RPF ilishinda Julai 1994 na kuchukua madaraka ya serikali. Jeshi, Waparmehutu na serikali ya kihutu walikimbia [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|Kongo]] wakiwalazimisha wakazi wengi kuongozana nao hali iliyosababisha kutokea kwa makambi ya wakimbizi makubwa sana katika Kongo ya mashariki yaliyokuwa na idadi ya wahutu milioni mbili. Walio wengi wamerudi baada ya kuimarika kwa serikali mpya. == Rwanda mpya == Tangu ushindi wa kijeshi mwaka 1994 RPF walianzisha serikali ya umoja wa kitaifa. Rais alikuwa Pasteur Bizimungu mwanasiasa Mhutu aliyeshikamana na RPF Kagame akiwa makamu wake. Baada ya kupinduliwa kwa Bizimungu mw. 2000 Kagame akawa Rais. 2003 palitokea uchaguzi wa kwanza. Jeshi la Rwanda limeendelea kuwa na vita ndani ya Kongo ikipigana na mabaki ya Interahamwe walioshambulia Rwanda mara kwa mara kutoka Kongo. Ndani ya Rwanda mahakama za vijijini zinazoitwa "[[gachacha]]" zimejaribu kutoa hukuma juu ya wauaji wa mwaka 1994. [[Category:Rwanda]] [[Category:Historia]] [[de:Geschichte Ruandas]] [[en:History of Rwanda]] [[es:Historia de Ruanda]] [[fr:Histoire du Rwanda]] [[pl:Historia Rwandy]] [[pt:História do Ruanda]] [[sv:Rwandas historia]] 2384 8926 2006-04-27T16:57:34Z Kipala 107 '''Ceuta''' (tamka: the-uta; [[Kiarabu]]: سبتة ''sabta'') ni mji wa Kihispania ndani ya eneo la [[Moroko]] kwenye pwani la [[Mediteranea]]. Ceuta iko karibu na mji wa Tetouan upande wa Moroko. Umbali na [[Hispania]] ni 21 km kuvuka mlango wa bahari wa [[Gibraltar]]. Pamoja na mji wa [[Melilla]] ni kisiasa sehemu ya [[Hispania]] na [[Umoja wa Ulaya]], kijiografia ni sehemu ya [[Afrika]]. Moroko inadai ni sehemu ya eneo lake la kitaifa. Ceuta ina wakazi 75.276 katika eneo la 18,5 km². ==Historia == Ceuta inaaminika imeundwa na [[Karthago]] katika karne ya tano [[KK]]. Jina la Kigiriki la mji imekuwa "Επτά Αδελφοί" (hepta adelphoí - ndugu saba). Tangu Waroma walichukua utawala wa Afrika ya Kaskazini mji ulijulikana kwa jina la "Septem Fratres" (ndugu saba). Jina hili limeendelea hadi leo mji ukiitwa "sabta" kwa Kiarabu au kwa matamshi ya Kihispania "Ceuta". Kuanzia karne ya tano [[BK]] mji umetawaliwa na [[Wavandali]]. Mwaka 710 [[Waarabu]] [[Waislamu]] walifika wakipita Ceuta kuvamia Hispania. Hadi karne ya 14. mji ulikuwa chini ya watawala Waislamu ama Waarabu au Waberiberi. Mw. 1415 [[Ureno|Wareno]] waliteka Ceuta wakaitawala hadi 1668. Baada ya vita kati ya Ureno na Hispania mji ulikabidhiwa kwa mfalme wa Hispania. Tangu mwaka 1668 Veuta imekuwa sehemu ya Hispania. Ndani ya Hispania imekuwa Mji wa kujitawala (Kihispania: ciudad autónoma) tangu 1995. {{Afrika}} [[ar:سبتة]] [[an:Zeuta]] [[ast:Ceuta]] [[zh-min-nan:Ceuta]] [[bg:Сеута]] [[ca:Ceuta]] [[cs:Ceuta]] [[da:Ceuta]] [[de:Ceuta]] [[en:Ceuta]] [[et:Ceuta]] [[es:Ceuta]] [[eo:Ceŭto]] [[eu:Zeuta]] [[fr:Ceuta]] [[gd:Ceuta]] [[gl:Ceuta]] [[ko:세우타]] [[id:Ceuta]] [[is:Ceuta]] [[it:Ceuta]] [[he:סאוטה]] [[ka:სეუტა]] [[kw:Ceuta]] [[lad:Seuta]] [[la:Ceuta]] [[lb:Ceuta]] [[hu:Ceuta]] [[nl:Ceuta]] [[ja:セウタ]] [[no:Ceuta]] [[nn:Ceuta]] [[oc:Ceuta]] [[pl:Ceuta]] [[pt:Ceuta]] [[ro:Ceuta]] [[ru:Сеута]] [[simple:Ceuta]] [[sk:Ceuta]] [[fi:Ceuta]] [[sv:Ceuta]] [[tl:Ceuta]] [[tt:Ceuta]] [[zh:休达]] 2385 7466 2006-03-19T14:25:48Z Kipala 107 KK umehamishwa hapa Kabla ya Kristo '''Kabla ya Kuzaliwa kwake Yesu Kristo''' (kifupi: KK) ni namna ya kutaja miaka. Hesabu hii imekuwa njia ya kuhesabu miaka inayotumika zaidi duniani siku hizi. Kila mwaka huhesabiwa kuanzia mwaka unaodhaniwa kuwa mwaka wa kuzaliwa kwake Kristo. Miaka iliyofuata baada ya kuzaliwa kwake huitwa [[Baada ya Kristo]] au kifupi: BK. Kuhusu historia ya hesabu hii tazama: [[Baada ya Kristo|Historia ya Hesabu "Kabla ya / Baada ya Kristo"]] 2386 7467 2006-03-19T14:25:49Z Kipala 107 KK umehamishwa hapa Kabla ya Kristo #REDIRECT [[Kabla ya Kristo]] 2387 10799 2006-06-13T18:24:52Z 218.103.221.196 [[Image:Ella_Fitzgerald_1940.jpg|thumb|Ella Fitzgerald 1940]] '''Ella Fitzgerald (1918-1996)''' alifahamika kama muimbaji wa kike wa muziki wa Jazz (Lady of songs). Ella Fitzgerald au mama Ella sauti yake ilikuwa ni muhimu sana kwenye muziki wa Jazz na hata mitindo mingine ya muziki katika karne ya ishirini. Ella Fitzgerald alizaliwa Aprili 25 1918 mjini Newport, News, Va Marekani. Ella ameshirikiana na wanamuziki wengi mojawapo ni [[Louis Armstrong]] "Satchimo" huyu alikuwa ni mpiga tarumpeta mashuhuri. Mama Ella alizama zaidi katika mtindo wa Swing Jazz. Kati ya nyimbo alizowahi kuimba ni: That old black magic; Can't we be friends?; Love is the thing so they say; It's a blue wold; Dedicated to you; If you ever should live na Sugar blues. Alifariki mwaka 1996. [[da:Ella Fitzgerald]] [[de:Ella Fitzgerald]] [[en:Ella Fitzgerald]] [[es:Ella Fitzgerald]] [[fa:الا فیتزجرالد]] [[fr:Ella Fitzgerald]] [[fy:Ella Fitzgerald]] [[hr:Ella Fitzgerald]] [[hu:Ella Fitzgerald]] [[io:Ella Fitzgerald]] [[it:Ella Fitzgerald]] [[ja:エラ・フィッツジェラルド]] [[ka:ფიცჯერალდი, ელა]] [[nl:Ella Fitzgerald]] [[no:Ella Fitzgerald]] [[oc:Ella Fitzgerald]] [[pl:Ella Fitzgerald]] [[pt:Ella Fitzgerald]] [[ro:Ella Fitzgerald]] [[sv:Ella Fitzgerald]] [[zh:艾拉·費茲潔拉]] 2388 7537 2006-03-24T17:31:13Z Ndesanjo 73 /* Nyimbo za Simba Wanyika */ '''Simba Wanyika''' ni bendi ya muziki iliyokuwa na makazi yake nchini [[Kenya]]. Bendi hii ilianzishwa mwaka 1971 na ndugu wawili [[Watanzania]], [[Wilson Kinyonga]] na [[George Kinyonga]], na ilivunjika mwaka 1994. Simba Wanyika ni moja ya bendi kubwa zitakazokumbukwa na kuheshimiwa daima katika duru za muziki [[Afrika Mashariki na Kati]]. Bendi nyingine kubwa katika historia ya muziki nchini Kenya na Afrika, [[Les Wanyika]] na [[Super Wanyika Stars]],ziliundwa na wanamuziki waliopitia Simba Wanyika. Nyimbo zao zilirembwa na magitaa yaliyopigwa kwa ustadi uliotokana na staili ya mpiga gitaa wa Soukous, [[Dr. Nico]]. Wilson Kinyonga na George Kinyonga walianza muziki nchini [[Tanzania]], katika mji wa [[Tanga]] walipojiunga na kundi la [[Jamhuri Jazz Band]] hapo mwaka 1966. Mwaka 1970 walihamia mjini [[Arusha]] na kuanzisha kundi la [[Arusha Jazz]] na ndugu yao mwingine, William Kinyonga. Wakati huo wanamuziki wa nchi za Kenya na Tanzania walikuwa wakitembelea nchi hizi mbili mara kwa mara na kwa urahisi. Hapo mwaka 1971 Wilson na George Kinyonga walihamia nchini Kenya na kuanzisha Simba Wanyika. Bendi hii ilikuwa ikipiga kwenye baa na vilabu vya usiku nchini Kenya ambapo iliweza kuwa na mashabiki wengi na nyimbo zinazopendwa hadi leo. Bendi ya Simba Wanyika ilisambaratika mwishoni mwa miaka ya 70 kutokana na mpiga gitaa la ridhimu wa bendi hiyo, Omar Shabani (Profesa Omar), kuhama na baadhi ya wanamuziki wa kundi hilo na kuanzisha kundi la [[Les Wanyika]]. Mwkaa 1980, George Kinyonga naye aliondoka Simba Wanyika na baadhi ya wanamuziki wa bendi hiyo na kuanzisha kundi la [[Orchestra Jobiso]]. Lakini baadaye alirudi Simba Wanyika huku akiendelea na bendi ya Orchestra Jobiso. Simba Wanyika baadaye ilibadili jina lake na kuitwa Simba Wanyika Original ili kujitofautisha na na bendi za Les Wanyika na [[Super Wanyika Stars]]. Simba Wanyika ilipata umaarufu tena katikati ya miaka ya 80 kwa kutoa upya nyimbo zake na kufanya ziara ya [[Ulaya]] mwaka 1989. Simba Wanyika ilivunjika rasmi mwaka 1994. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://biochem.chem.nagoya-u.ac.jp/~endo/EAWanyika.html#LES%20WANYIKA Albamu za bendi zilizotokana na Simba Wanyika] *[http://www.afropop.org/explore/band_info/ID/9/Simba%20Wanyika/ Simba Wanyika] ==Nyimbo za Simba Wanyika== *[http:///ntwiga.net/linked_to_audio/Simba_Wanyika-Shilingi_maua_tena_maua.mp3 Shilingi Maua] *[http://thephatplanet.com/music/kmlncd01.mp3/ Wasikilize Simba Wanyika] 2389 7481 2006-03-19T22:05:55Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Nile]] 2390 7482 2006-03-19T22:07:10Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Nile]] 2391 11272 2006-06-25T02:17:33Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[uk:Ньяса]] [[Image:TZ Nyasa (Malawi).PNG|thumb|250px|right|Mstari mwekundu unaonyesha mpaka usiokubaliwa kati ya Tanzania na Malawi. Tanzania inadai mstari mwekundu, lakini Malawi inadai ziwa lote hadi mwambao wa Tanzania. Mpaka hadi ya Msumbiji na Malawi hauna matata.]] '''Ziwa la Nyasa''' (katika Malawi: '''Lake Malawi'''; katika Msumbiji: '''Niassa''') ni kati ya maziwa makubwa ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] ikiwa na nafasi ya tatu baada ya [[Viktoria Nyanza]] na [[Ziwa Tanganyika]]. Lina urefu wa 560 km na upana wa 50-80 km. Vilindi vyake vinaelekea hadi 704 m chini ya uwiano wa maji yake. Ziwa Nyasa limepakana na nchi za [[Malawi]], [[Msumbiji]] na [[Tanzania]]. Kusini mwa ziwani unatoka [[Mto Shire]] unaopeleka maji ya ziwa kwenda [[Mto Zambezi]] na [[Bahari Hindi]]. ==Eneo la Ziwa== Eneo la ziwa ni 29,600 km². Sehemu kubwa ni eneo la Malawi, robo ya kusini-mashariki ni eneo la Msumbiji, robo ya kaskazini-mashariki ni eneo la [[Tanzania]]. Lakini kuna ugomvi kati ya Malawi na Tanzania kuhusu mipaka. Malawi imedai ya kwamba maji yote hadi ufukoni upande wa Tanzania ni sehemu ya eneo lake la kitaifa. Tanzania imedai ya kwamba mpaka uwepo katikati kufuatana na uzoefu wa kimataifa. Sababu ya mzozo ni utaratibu wa kikoloni. Wakati wa [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani]] palikuwa na mpaka wa kimataifa kaskazini mwa ziwa. Baada ya 1919 [[Uingereza]] ilitawala [[Tanganyika]] pamoja na [[Malawi]] (Nyasaland). Kwa kusudi la kurahisisha utawala mambo yote yaliyohusu ziwa yaliwekwa chini ya serikali ya kikoloni ya Nyasaland. Baada ya uhuru Malawi ilijaribu kutumia uzoefu huo kama haki yake ya kitaifa. Polisi yake ilijaribu kutawala wavuvi na feri za Tanzania ziwani. Mzozo huu ulisababisha risasi kufyatuliwa baada ya uhuru. Hadi leo hakuna mapatano rasmi lakini nchi zote mbili zinaendelea bila kutumia nguvu. Hali halisi Malawi imeheshimu dai la Tanzania halikusumbua tena wavuvu au feri za jirani ndani ya robo ya kaskazini-mashariki ya ziwa. Ziwa Nyasa linajulikana kuwa na aina nyingi za samaki (zaidi ya 1500). Aina chache tu zinavuliwa kama chakula lakini aina mbalimbali zinakamatwa na kuuzwa nje ya Afrika kwa wapenzi wa samaki zenye rangi. [[Category:Maziwa ya Tanzania]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Malawi]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Msumbiji]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Afrika]] {{mbegu}} [[da:Lake Nyasa]] [[de:Malawisee]] [[en:Lake Malawi]] [[eo:Malavia Lago]] [[et:Njassa järv]] [[fi:Njassajärvi]] [[fr:Lac Malawi]] [[gl:Lago Niassa]] [[it:Malawi (lago)]] [[nl:Malawimeer]] [[nn:Malawisjøen]] [[pl:Jezioro Niasa]] [[pt:Lago Niassa]] [[ru:Малави (озеро)]] [[sk:Malawi (jazero)]] [[sv:Malawisjön]] [[uk:Ньяса]] 2392 7491 2006-03-19T22:54:19Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Ziwa Nyasa]] 2394 7497 2006-03-20T01:03:59Z Kipala 107 Jamhuri ya Malawi umehamishwa hapa Malawi #REDIRECT [[Malawi]] 2395 7499 2006-03-20T08:54:23Z Kipala 107 '''Malawi''' ni neno linaloweza kumaanisha * [[Malawi]], nchi ya Afrika ya Kusini-Mashariki * [[Ziwa Nyasa|Malawi]] kama jina la Ziwa Nyassa * [[Marawi|Malawi]] kama matamshi ya ufalme wa [[Marawi]] uliokuwa na nguvu katika kusini ya nchi kati ya karne 16. - 19. BK {{maana}} 2396 7508 2006-03-20T20:03:41Z Kipala 107 '''Mafia''' ni neno la kumaanisha * [[Kisiwa cha Mafia]] katika [[Tanzania]] * [[Wilaya ya Mafia]] katika Tanzania inayojumuisha kisiwa cha Mafia pamoja na visiwa vidogovidogo karibu nacho * [[Mafia (Shirika la jinai)]] la Ki[[italia]] limepatikana pia [[Marekani]] {{maana}} 2398 9877 2006-05-21T16:48:22Z Kipala 107 [[image:Spice_Islands_(Tanzania).jpg|thumb|right|250px|Visiwa vikubwa vya Tanzania (Zanzibar, Pemba, Mafia)]] '''Mafia''' ni funguvisiwa cha Ki[[tanzania]] pamoja na jina la kisiwa kikubwa ndani yake inayotazama mwambao wa [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] 130 km kusini ya [[Daressalaam]] karibu na mdomo wa [[Mto Rufiji]]. Umbali wake na bara ni 16 km. Mafia kisiwa kikuu ina urefu wa 20 km na upana wa 8km; eneo lake ni takriban 400 km². Inajulikana pia kwa jina "Chole shamba" kutokana na mji wa kale wa [[Chole]] iliyokuwepo kwenye kisiwa kidogo cha Chole mjini karibu na kisiwa kikuu. ==Wilaya== Mafia iko pia moja kati ya wilaya 6 za mkoa wa Pwani ikiwa na wakazi 40,801 (2002). Mji mkuu na makao makuuy a wilaya ni [[Kilindoni]]. Tarafa za wilaya ya Mafia ni kama zifuatazo: * Baleni * Jibondo * Kanga * Kilindoni * Kirongwe * Kiegeani * Mibulani ==Uchumi== Wakazi walio wengi ni wavuvi wanaolima pia mashamba madogo. Bidhaa za sokoni ni pamoja na nazi, chokaa na samaki. Kuna utalii inayosifiwa sana lakini idadi ya wageni ni kidogo. Hasa Waitalia wamependa kutembelea Mafia kwa sababu ya jina la kisiwa. Mafia imemaanisha shirika la jinai la kuhofiwa lenye historia ndefu katika Italia ya kusini hadi siku ya leo. ==Historia== Kihistoria Mafia ilikuwa mahali pa miji ya kale ya utamaduni wa [[Waswahili]] kama vile miji ya Chole na Kua. Baada ya kuondoka kwa [[Wareno]] ilikuwa chini ya Sultani wa [[Omani]] baadaye ya [[Zanzibar]]. Mwaka 1892 Wajerumani walinunua Mafia kutoka Sultani ya Zanzibar ikawa sehemu ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani]]. 1916 Waingereza waliteka kisiwa wakishambulia meli ya kijeshi ya Kijerumani ya [[Königsberg]] mdomoni wa Rufiji kutoka Mafia. Baada ya mwisho wa [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia]] Mafia imekuwa sehemu ya Tanganyika sio tena Zanzibar. [[Category:Visiwa vya Afrika]] [[Category:Tanzania]] [[Category:Visiwa vya Bahari ya Hindi]] [[de:Mafia (Insel)]] [[en:Mafia Island]] [[et:Mafia]] [[fi:Mafia (saari)]] [[lt:Mafijos sala]] [[pl:Mafia (wyspa)]] 2399 7511 2006-03-20T20:41:04Z Kipala 107 '''Mafia''' ni moja kati ya wilaya 6 za [[mkoa wa Pwani]] katika [[Tanzania]] ikiwa na wakazi 40,801 (2002). Eneo lake ni hasa [[kisiwa cha Mafia]] na visiwa vidogo karibu nacho. Mji mkuu na makao makuu ya wilaya ni [[Kilindoni]]. Tarafa za wilaya ya Mafia ni kama zifuatazo: * Baleni * Jibondo * Kanga * Kilindoni * Kirongwe * Kiegeani * Mibulani Wilaya hii inajumuisha funguvisiwa pamoja na [[kisiwa cha Mafia]] ndani yake inayotazama mwambao wa [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] 130 km kusini ya [[Daressalaam]] karibu na mdomo wa [[Mto Rufiji]]. Umbali wake na bara ni 16 km. Mafia kisiwa kikuu ina urefu wa 50 km na upana wa 8km; eneo lake ni takriban 400 km². Inajulikana pia kwa jina "Chole shamba" kutokana na mji wa kale wa Chole iliyokuwepo kwenye kisiwa kidogo cha Chole mjini karibu na kisiwa kikuu. 2400 10723 2006-06-10T20:29:03Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[tr:Tanganika Gölü]] {{Ziwa | jina = Ziwa la Tanganyika | picha = Lake tanganyika.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = Ziwa Tanganyika jinsi inavyoonekana kutoka angani | mahali = [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] | nchi = [[Burundi]], [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|Kongo]], <br>[[Tanzania]], [[Zambia]] | eneo = 32,893 km² kutegemeana na kiasi cha mvua | kina = kuanzia 3.5 m | mito inayoingia = [[Lufubu]], [[Malagarasi]], [[Ruzizi]] | mito inayotoka = [[Lukuga]] | kimo = 782 m | miji = [[Bujumbura]], [[Kalemie]], [[Kigoma]] }} [[Image:GreatLakesAfrica.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Ziwa Tanganyika pamoja na [[Viktoria Nyanza]] na maziwa mengine mpakani wa [[Kongo]]; pwani la [[Bahari Hindi]] pamoja na [[Zanzibar]] liko upande wa kulia.]] '''Ziwa la [[Tanganyika]]''' ni kati ya maziwa makubwa ya Afrika ya kati ikiwa eneo lake ni la pili tu baada ya [[Viktoria Nyanza]] katika [[Afrika]] na ujazo wa maji yake ya pili duniani baadaya [[Ziwa Baikal]]. Ujazo wake mkubwa umetokana na vilindi vyake vinaelekea chini hadi mita 1470. Urefu wa ziwa ni 673 km na upana wake takriban 50 km. Eneo la maji ni 32,900 km². Ziwa la Tanganyika limepakana na nchi zifuatazo: [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|Kongo]], [[Tanzania]], [[Burundi]] na [[Zambia]]. Kongo na Tanzania zinatawala sehemu kubwa ya ziwa. Beseni ya ziwa ni 231,000 km². Mito miwili mikubwa ya Ruzizi na Malagarasi inapeleka maji yao ziwani. Maji yanatoka kwa njia ya mto Lukuga kwenda mto Kongo. Miji mikubwa ziwani ni mabandari ya Kigoma kwa upande wa Tanzania na Kalemie kwa upande wa Kongo. Kila bandari ni pamoja na mwanzo wa njia ya reli. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Maziwa ya Afrika]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Tanzania]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Zambia]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Burundi]] [[ca:Llac Tanganyika]] [[da:Tanganyikasøen]] [[de:Tanganjikasee]] [[en:Lake Tanganyika]] [[es:Lago Tanganica]] [[et:Tanganjika järv]] [[fa:دریاچه تانگانیکا]] [[fi:Tanganjikajärvi]] [[fr:Lac Tanganyika]] [[gl:Lago Tanganica]] [[he:אגם טנגנייקה]] [[hu:Tanganyika-tó]] [[id:Danau Tanganyika]] [[is:Tanganjikavatn]] [[it:Lago Tanganica]] [[ja:タンガニーカ湖]] [[lt:Tanganika (ežeras)]] [[nl:Tanganyikameer]] [[no:Tanganyikasjøen]] [[pl:Jezioro Tanganika]] [[pt:Lago Tanganica]] [[ro:Lacul Tanganyika]] [[scn:Lacu Tanganyika]] [[sh:Jezero Tanganyika]] [[simple:Lake Tanganyika]] [[sl:Tanganjiško jezero]] [[sr:Језеро Тангањика]] [[sv:Tanganyikasjön]] [[tr:Tanganika Gölü]] [[zh:坦干依喀湖]] 2401 7515 2006-03-21T02:17:02Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT: [[Ziwa Tanganyika]] 2402 7518 2006-03-21T02:24:49Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT: [[Ziwa Tanganyika]] 2403 7523 2006-03-22T05:27:27Z 151.205.248.138 {{Sanduku maelezo | <!—tafadhali hariri[[Gezo: maigizo ya nchi burundi]] Ukihariri in sanduku --> Jina = Republika y'u Burundi<br>République du Burundi<br>Jamhuri ya Burundi | Jina_Kawaida = Burundi | Twaswira_bendera = Flag of Burundi.svg | twaswira_juba = Coa burundi large.jpg | Hadabu_ ya Taufa = Unité, Travail, Progrès ([[Lugha ya Kifaransa|Kifaransa]]: Umoja,Kazi, Maendeleo) | Taswira_ramani = LocationBurundi.png | Wimbo_Taifa = [[Burundi bwacu]] | Lugha_Rasmi = [[Kirundi language|Kirundi]] and [[French language|French]] | Mji mkuu = [[Bujumbura]] | latd=3|latm=30|latKus/Kas=Kus|longd=30|longm=00|longMas/Mag=Mas| Serikali_Aina = [[Jamhuri]] | Jina rasmi_ya Kiongozi = [[Rais wa Burundi|Rais]] | Jina la_Kiongozi = [[Pierre Nkurunziza]] | Mji_Mkubwa = [[Bujumbura]] | Eneo = 27,830 | Eneomi² = 10,745 | <!—Usitowe kwa [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> Eneo_Kadiriwa = 142nd | Eneo_Ukubwa = 1 Mas10 | Asilimi_ya maji = 7.8% | Umma_kadiria = 6,054,714 | Umma _Kadiriwa_Mwaka = 2003 | Umma_kadir_ranki = 99th | Umma_kwa _Jumla = 3,589,434 | Umma_kahesabiwa_Mwaka = 1978 | Umma_kwa _ Eneo = 206.1 | Umma_kwa eneo mi² = 533.8 | <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> Umma_kwa_ eneo_ranki = 52 | Utolezi wa _Uchumi_Kwa_Mwaka = 2003 | Utolezi wa _Uchumi kwaq Jumla_PPP = 4,517¹ | Utolezi wa _uchumi_ranki = 142 | Utolezi_Uchumi_kwa_umma = 627 | Utolezi_Wauchumi_kwa_umma_ranki = 163 | Daftari ya _Maedeleo ya_Watu = 2003 | Daftari ya _Maedeleo ya watu = 0.378 | Daftari ya _maedeleo ya _watu_ranki = 169th | Daftari ya _Maedeleo ya _Watu_babu = <font color="#E0584E">low</font> | Aina ya _Uhuru = [[Madaraka]] | Mambo_na siku = &nbsp;- Date | Siku_ Imara = Kutoka [[Ubelejiji]] <br> [[Julai 1]], [[1962]] | Fedha = [[Burundi franki]] (FBu) | Codi ya_ Fedha = BIF | Saa za_Eneo = [[Eastern European Time|EET utc_offset = +2 | time_zone_DST = not observed | utc_offset_DST = +2 | Intaneti = [[.bi]] | Codi za_simu = 257 | }} 2404 11169 2006-06-23T10:06:32Z 84.143.70.13 {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width=50 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big><big>&#4611;&#4877;&#4652; &#4772;&#4653;&#4725;&#4651;<br>''' ye-Ityopp'ya Federalawi Dimokrasiyawi Ripeblik'''<br>Shirikisho la Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Ethiopia</big></big> |- | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan=2 | {| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" | align="center" width="130px" | [[Image:Flag of Ethiopia.svg|125px|Flag of Ethiopia]] | align="center" width="130px" | [[Image:Ethiopia COA.svg| 110px|Coat of Arms of Ethiopia]] |- | align="center" width="130px" | ([[Bendera ya Ethiopia|Kinaganaga]]) | align="center" width="130px" | ([[Coat of Arms of Ethiopia|Kinaganaga]]) |} |- | align="center" colspan=2 | <small>''[[ Hadabu ya Taifa]]: nara-pengine kwa historia <br> ([[Pengine pia utamaduni wakanisa la ethiopia]]:<br> ''</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | [[image:LocationEthiopia.png|Location of Ethiopia]] |- | '''[[Lugha za Taifa]]''' | [[lugha ya Amhara | Amharik]] <br> [[ Lugha ya Wahebeshi | Uhebeshi ]] |- | '''[[Mji Mkuu]]''' | [[Addis Ababa]] |- | '''[[Rais wa Ethiopia|Rais]]'''<br>[[Waziri Mkuu wa Ethiopia|Waziri Mkuu]] | [[Girma Wolde-Giorgis]]<br>[[Meles Zenawi]] |- | '''[[Eneo]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Jumla <br />&nbsp;- 0.7% Maji | [[Orotha ya nchi kulingana na eneo|Kadiriwa 27 duni]] <br /> 1,127,127 [[square kilomita|km&sup2;]] <br /> Acha |- | '''[[Umma]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Kadiriwa ([[ 37 duni ]])<br />&nbsp;- Jumla ([[73,053,286 ]])<br />&nbsp;- Umma kugawa na Eneo [[167.9]] | [[Orotha ya Nchi kulingana na Umma|Kadiriwa 16 duni ]]<br /> 73,053,286<br />73,053,286 <br /> 38/km&sup2; ([[Orotha ya nchi kulingana na chumo cha umma na eneo|103 duni]) |- | '''[[Orotha ya nchi GDP (kidogo)|GDP]] [[Chumo cha uchumi|(PPP)]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Jumla<br />&nbsp;- kwa kipimo cha umma<br /> | [[72]] kadir<br />$59,930,000,000 ([[Orotha ya nchi GDP (kidogo)|223]]) <br />$800 ([[Orotha ya nchi kulingana na GDP kwa umma|223]]) |- | '''[[Uhuru]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Kadirifu<br />&nbsp;- Barabara | [[Madaraka)]]<br />&nbsp;siku kuu [[ Siku ya Ukombozi]]<br />&nbsp; |- | '''[[Fedha]]''' | [[Ethiopian birr|Birr]] |- | '''[[Saa za Eneo]]''' | [[Masaa za kimataifa|UTC]] +3 |- | '''[[Wimbo wa Taifa]]''' | ''[[Wodefit Gesgeshi, Widd Innat Ityopp'ya]]<br>(Songa mbele, Ewe mama Ethiopia) ]]'' |- | '''[[mtandao wa interneti|Intaneti TLD]]''' | [[.et]] |- | '''[[Orotha za nchi- kodi za simu|kodi za simu]]''' | 251 |- |} {'''Jamhuri ya Shirikisho ya Kidemokrasia ya Ethiopia''' ([[Lugha ya Amhara|Kiamhara]] &#4770;&#4725;&#4846;&#4917;&#4843; ''Ityopp'ya'') ni nchi kwenye [[Pembe ya Afrika]]. Ni nchi ambayo ina historia ya pekee [[Afrika]] na hata duniani kwa ujumla. Ethiopia ni nchi pekee ya Afrika ambayo haikutawalwa na [[wakoloni]] na wala haikutwaliwa wakati wa [[Mng’ang’anio wa Afrika]]. Miaka ya [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]] Ethiopia ilivamiwa na [[Italia|Waitalia]]. ==Jina la nchi== Asili la jina "'''Ethiopia'''" haieleweki. Kuna maelezo mbalimbali lakina zote zinakosa uhakika. Hilo ni sawa pia kwa ajili ya jina la pili la kihistoria ya nchi ambalo ni "Habasha". Ethiopia mara nyingi linaelezwa kuwa neno la [[Kigiriki]] cha Kale Αἰθιοπία ''Aithiopia'' lililotokana na Αἰθίοψ "Aithiops" ; maana yake "uso" (ὄψ) "kuwaka" (αιθw) hivyo labda "uso uliochomwa" ama sura nyeusi. Lakini jina hili halikumaanisha hasa nchi ya Ethiopia ya leo lakini nchi zote penye watu wenye rangi nyeusinyeusi. Kwa muda mrefu watu wa [[Ulaya]] waliita Afrika yote kwa jina "Ethiopia". Pia si wazi kama neno la Kiafrika lenye maana tofauti limechukuliwa na Wagiriki kwa maana ya neno lao la aithiops. Nchi yenyewe ilijulikana kwa muda mrefu wa historia yake kwa jina la "'''Habasha'''". Habasha ikawa jina la [[Kiarabu]] kwa ajili ya nchi ikaingia kama "Uhabeshi" kwa Kiswahili au "Abesinia" katika lugha za Ulaya. Asili ya jina hili haliko wazi; wengine husema ya kwamba ni Kiarabu la kumaanisha "chotara"; wengine husema ni katika lugha ya kale ya nchi yenyewe kumaanisha "nchi kwenye nyanda za juu"; tena wengine wanadai ya kwamba jina limetoka Uarabuni wa kusini lilipokuwa jina la kabila pamoja likihamia na watu walioleta lugha za [[kisemiti]] Ethiopia. Kumbukumbu ya Ethiopia kwa lugha ya kale ya [[Ge'ez]] yasema kuwa jina latoka kutoka mtoto wa [[Ham]] kwa jina la "'Ityopp'is" asiyetajwa katika Biblia. Kumbukumbu inadai kuwa yeye alijenga mji wa Aksum. Lakini habari hii si ya kihistoria ila tu jaribio mojawapo kuunganisha wafalme wa [[Aksum]] na historia ya [[Biblia]]. == Historia == [[Ufalme wa Aksum]], ulikuwa milki ya kwanza kutawala Ethiopia,ulianza [[karne ya kwanza]]. Mhubiri wa dini, Mfasii [[Mani (nabihi)|Mani]] aliuweka [[Ufalme wa Aksum|Axum]] kwa utukufu, kama [[Roma]], [[Uajemi|Milki ya Wajemi]], na [[Uchina]] aliziweka milki hizi kama nchi zilizokuwa na nguvu duniani karne alioishi. Ilikuwa karne ya nne [[Anno Domini|AD]] ambapo Syro-Mgrikiri alikuwa amepotelea baharini kutokana na kuzama kwa jahazi. [[Frumentius]] alishikwa na wahebeshi nakupelekwa kotini na badaye kumhawilisha mfalme [[Ezana]] kwa [[Ukristu]]. Kwahivyo wahebeshi wakampa jina "''Abba Selama''". Mara nyingi [[karne ya sita]] Axum ilitawala eneo ya [[Yemeni]] kwa kuvuka [[bahari ya sham]]. Laini ya Utawala wa Aksumiti kutoka familia ya wafalme ilikatwa mara kadhaa: Kwanza na Myahudi [[Gudit | Malkia Gudit]] karne ya [[karne 950|950]], na tena na [[milki ya Zagwe ]]. Kama karne ya [[1270]], ambapo [[milki ya suleimani]] iliweza kuitawala Ethiopia, kwa kudai wao ni dhuri kutoka wafalme wa Axum. Walijiita jina ''Neguse Negest'' ("Wafalme wa Wafalme," ama [[Wafalme wa Ethiopia|Wafalme]]), Walijitambulisha kama dhuri za [[Mfame wa Israeli, Sulemani]] na [[malkia wa uhebeshi ama Sheba]]. Enzi ya Mfalme [[Lebna Dengel]], Ethiopia iliweza kuasiliana na Nchi za Europa na kudumisha ubalozi na nchi kama, [[Ureno]]. Hii ilikuwa maedeleo makubwa, kwa sababu Ethiopia ilipovamiwa na [[Wasomali]], [[Jenerali]] [[Imam]], [[Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi]] (aliyeitwa "''Grani''", ama "Kushoto"), -Ureno ilimjibu Mfalme Lebna Dengel's, alipouliza usaidizi kwa kumtumia [[Jeshi]] ya wanaume 400, ambao walimsaidia Mtoto kijana wake [[Gelawdewos wa Uhebeshi|Gelawdewos]] kamshinda vita Ahmad na kuimarisha uongozi wake. Lakini, Mfalme Susenyos alipohawili kwa [[Kanisa ya Kiroma ya Katoliki |Katoliki ya Kiroma]], miaka ya 1622, chakari na misukosuko ilifuta. [[Jamii ya yesu|Yesuit]] Wamisheni wa dini, walifanya chuki na Waaminifu wa dini ya Ethiopia, na mwaka-[[ karne 17]] Susenyos mwana wa Mfalme [[Basil wa Ethiopia|Basil]] aliwafukuza wamisheni hao. Na baadaye [[Waoromo]] wakaanza kushuku amri ya Kanisa ya Ethiopia nakuanza kutafuta njia za Dini yao, eneo hii ya Uhebeshi. Mambo haya yote yalifanya Ethiopia itengwe miaka ya karne 1700. Wafalme wakawa kama wakrugenzi, ambao waliamriwa na masharifu kama Ras [[Mikael Sehul]] wa [[Tigrinya]]. Ethiopia ilitoka kutoka utengo kwakufuatia misheni ya wingereza kufika Ethiopia na kukamilisha muungano kati ya nchi hizi mbili; lakini, hadi milki ya [[Tewodros II wa Ethiopia|Tewodros II]] diyo Ethiopia ilianzatena shauri za Duni. [[Image:Early nineteenth century warriors Colour.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Mashujaa Ethiopia karne ya 1800]] Karne ya 1880, hii ilikuwa miaka ya [[Europa kung’ang’a nia koloni Afrika]] ambapo [[Italiano|Waitaliano]] na Waingereza walitafuta kutawala eneo ya [[Assab]], bandari iliomo karibu na mdomo wa bahari ya sham. Bedari ya Kusini karibu na kiingiliyo cha bahari ya sham, ilinunuliwa na Waitaliano kutoka sultani mwenyeji, Machi 1870 ambayo mwaka wa [[1882]] ilileta ukoloni wa [[Eritrea]]. Haya yalizuzua mgombano kati ya Waithiopia na Waitaliano na kuzuka [[Vita vya Adowa]] mwaka [[1896]], ambapo Waithiopia walishtua Dunia kwa Kupiga nguvu za wakoloni na kulinda madaraka. Hii yote ilifanyika kwa uongozi wa [[Menelik II]]. Italia na Ethiopia walitia sahihi [[mkataba wa amani]] mwaka [[Oktoba 26]], 1896. Karne ya 20 miaka ya kwanza ilimilkiwa na Mfalme [[Haile Selassie wa Ethiopia|Haile Selassie I]], aliechukua nafasi ya kuendeleza Ethiopia &mdash; na uongozi wake ukakatizwa kwa [[Vita via pili via Uhebeshi na Waitaliano|Utwaa wa Italiano]] ([[1936]]&ndash;[[1941]]). [[Wingereza|Britani]] na wazalendo wa Jeshi ya Ethiopian wakakomboa nchi mwaka wa 1941, na Waithiopia kupata [[madaraka]] na Wingereza kukiri madaraka ya Ethiopia kwa [[ mkataba wa Wingereza na Ethiopia]] mnamo Disemba 1944. Milki ya Haile Selassie ilikoma mwaka wa [[1974]], ambapo wazalendo waki-[[Sovieti]] [[Wamaksisti-Wakilenini|Maksisti-Walenisti]] wanajeshi wali-[[chukua mamlaka]] "[[Derg]]", wali komisha na kuiweka [[ serikali ya kikommunisti ]]. Hii ilifwatiliwa na msukosuko wa [[kupendua serikali]], vita na migogoro na hasa [[ukame]], shida za [[wakimbizi]] . Mwaka wa [[1977]] [[Somalia]] iliivamia Ethiopia eneo ya Ogaden,- [[Vita via Ogaden]], lakini Ethiopia iliweza kutwanga nyuma Wasomali walipopewa usaidizi na Sovieti kwa vifaa via kijeshi, na pia [[jeshi ya Kuba]] enyewe, Ujerumani ya mashariki na Jeshi ya [[Yemeni]] ilisaidia mwaka uliofuata. Usaidizi mwingi kutoka Nchi za Kikomunisti iliweka Ethiopia kudumisha moja wapo ya Jeshi kubwa Afrika. Lakini hii, haikuzuia [[Ukereketwa]] wa Mkoa wa Eritrea na [[Tigrinya/ Tigray]], ambapo ukame wa mwaka 1985 na upendukizi wa siasa hasa kwa Kambi za Ujamaa, zilileta uongozi wa Derg [[1991]] kwa mkomo. Mkabala wakukomboa Eritrean (EPLF) na [[Mkabala Wapenduzi -Wakidemokrasi Ethiopia ]] (EPRDF), ziliungana kukomboa Ethiopia, wengi wa wanamgambo wakiwa wakombozi wa Eritrea. Mwaka [[1993]], mkoa wa [[Eritrea]] ukawa na uhuru kutoka Ethiopia, kufuatia [[kura ya maoni]] iliofanywa ilikumaliza vita hii iliodumu miaka 20,mojawapo mgogoro wamuda zaidi Africa. Mwaka [[1994]], Ethiopia kaiweka Katiba mpya ambao ulileta uchaguzi wa Kidemokrasia. Mwaka [[1998]], mgombano wa mpaka na Eritrea ilileta [[Vita via Eritrean na Ethiopian]] ambapo vita hii ilidumu hadi [[Juni]] [[2000]]. Vita hivi vilileta uvivu wa uchumi na guvu ya muungano unaongoza nchi. Mnamo [[Mai 15]], [[2005]], [[Uchanguzi wa Ethiopia,2005]], EPRDF ilitokea iking’ang’ania uongozi. Tareki za kwanza Juni na tena Novemba, polisi kwa amri ya EPRDF kafiatua risasi na kuua watu kwa maandamano yalikua yakibisha matokeo ya kura. *''Ona pia: [[Wafalme na Viongozi wa Jimbo la Ethiopia]]'' == Siasa == {{Tako|Siasa za Ethiopia}} {{uchaguzi ethiopia}} Uchaguzi wa Ethiopia unaendekeza wanabaraza kwa viti 547-Bungeni. Baraza hii ya bunge ilijumuika Juni 1994 na kuchukua katiba mpya la Jimbo ya Demokrasia ya jamhuri ya Ethiopia mnamo Disemba 1994. Uchaguzi huu ulikua wa kwanza kuchagua wanabaraza wakitaifa kwa sifa bungeni na wanabaraza wamajimbo mnamo Mai na Juni [[1995]]. Vyama vingi vya upinzani viligoma kuunga uchaguzi. Ushindi ulichukuliwa na [[Mkabala Wapenduzi -Wakidemokrasi Ethiopia ]] (EPRDF). Muungana wa kimataifa ukasema vyama via upinzani vingiweza kuunga uchaguzi kama zingiataka.International Serikali ya Majimbo ya Demokrasia ya Jamhuri ya Ethiopia ilichukua mamlaka mnamo Agosti 1995. Rais wa kwanza [[Negasso Gidada]]. Na EPRDF-igaongoza serikali na Waziri Mkuu [[Meles Zenawi]] ambaye ameunga mkono majimbo ya kikabila, na kuwaba waongozi wakikabila amri. Ethiopia sasa inaeneo 9 ambazo zina serikali ya [[madaraka ya shirika]] ,nahata majimbo haya yanakubaliwa kutoza ushuru na kutumia [[akiba ya ushuru]]. Hii aina ya serikali imefanya Waithiopia kupata uhuru wa siasa lakini [[Uhuru wa idhaa na gazeti]] bado umefinyiliwa. Serikali ya Zenawi ilichaguliwa tena mwaka 2000 kwa uchaguzi wa kwanza wa Kidemokrasia. Rais [[Girma Wolde-Giorgis]]. Kutoka [[1991]], Ethiopia imetafuta urafiki zaidi na [[Marekani]] na [[Europa]] ya magharibiand, ilikuweza kukopa pesa za kusaidia uchumi wao na pia kutoka [[Banki ya Dunia]]. Mwaka [[2004]], serikali ilianza kuhamisha watu kutoka eneo za ukame wakisema hii itazuia njaa. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_pictures/3640227.stm]. [[Uchaguzi mwengine wa Ethiopia ulikua, Mai 2005]], ambao ulivutia wapigakura kiasi cha juu zaidi, asilimia 90% ya wananchi waliojiandikisha kupiga kura. Washahidi wa [[Muungano wa Europa]] walidhani kwamba uchaguzi hajafikia kiwango cha kimataifa, [[Lakini Muungano wa Afrika]] katoa ripoti septemba 14, kwamba waithiopia walionyesha ujitokezi na hadabu ya kidemokrasiaWhile na Septemba 15 , US Carter Center, kasema matokezi ya uchaguzi yaaminika na yaonyesha ushindani wakisiasa. Uangalizi na ushuhudu wote ulimalizia kwamba kuranki Uchaguzi wa Ethiopia na kesi nyingine waipa, asilimia 64% ya motokeo mazuri, na vizuri zaidi kulingana na kesi nyingine 24%". Wapinzani ama vyama vya upinzani, vililalamika kwamba EPRDF iliiba kura na kuwazisha wananchi na kusema baraza 299, wapata hitilafu ya uwizi wa kura. Hii maneno yote ilichunguzwa na Washahidi wa Uchaguzi wa kimataifa na pia Komisheni ya Uchaguzi Ethiopia. Matokeo ya uchunguzi huo kama haijatokea mnamo [[Juni 2005]], wanafunzi wa chuo kikuu walianza maandamano wakisaidiwa na wanamgambo wa Muungano wa Vyama vya Upinzani. Lakini serikali kwa kutoa amri ya kukomesha uandamano, mnamo [[Juni 8]], watu 26 waliuliwa mjini [[Addis Ababa]] kwa msukosuko wa uandamano na wengine wengi kushikwa.. Mnamo [[Septemba 5]], [[2005]], Komisheni ya Uchaguzi Ethiopia, ilitoa matoke na kusema kwamba (EPRDF) [[Mkabala Wapenduzi -Wakidemokrasi Ethiopia ]] kashinda Uchaguzi na kwahivyo waongoze serikali. Lakini vyama vya upinzani viliongezea viti bungeni kutoka 12 mbaka 176. Muungano wa umoja na demokrasi ulishinda viti vyote via Addis Ababa, kwa Bunge la Taifa na [[baraza la mtaala]]. Mwandamano ulizusha tena mtaani [[Novemba 1]], ambapo vyama via Upinzani viliitisha mgomo kwa jumla napia kwa Bunge mpya, wakatae matokeo ya uchaguzi. Polisi tena walijaribu kuzuia mwandamano huo na watu 42 wakafa kwamisukosuko mjini Addis Ababa.Polisi wasaba pia wa kafa na mwingine pia kafa kutokana na majeruhi ya mlipuko wa [[gruneti ya kurushwa]]. Tope la watu walishikwa na kufungwa kwa jela kadhaa nchini. Februari 2006 watu elfu sita bado walikua jela wakingoja hukumu machi. Mnamo 14 Novemba, Bunge ya Ethiopian ilipitisha mkataba kuimarisha Komisheni yenye huru na kuchunguza visa vya Juni 8 na Novemba tarehe 1 na tarehe 2. Februari 2006 Waziri mkuu wa Wingereza Tony Blair, aliitikia kwamba, EPRDF kashinda kura, lakini angiataka kuona Ethipia ikitatua shida zao wenyewe na waendelee na jia ya demokrasia. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4707232.stm]. ''Ona pia: [[Uhusiano wa kigeni wa Ethiopia]]'' == Mikoa ya Uamuru == ''Tako la Kifungu: [[Kasa-divisheni za Ethiopia]]'' Ethiopia imegawa na EPRDF kwa eneo 9 za amri ya kikabila [[Jimbo]] jina- (''kililoch;'' umoja: ''kilil''), 68 [[Eneo]]. [[Kasa-divisheni za Ethiopia|Majimbo]] zatimiza: * [[Jimbo la Waafar|Afar]] * [[Jimbo la Wa-amhara|Amhara]] * [[Benishangul-Gumaz]] * [[Gambela]] * [[Jimbo la Waharari|Harari]] * [[Oromia]] * [[Jimbo la wasomali|Somali]] * [[Taifa za kusini, Taifa/Jimbo la Kabila]] * [[Tigray]] Nakuongezea; kuna eneo za miji mbili (''astedader akababiwoch'', umoja: ''astedader akababi''): [[Addis Ababa]] na [[Dire Dawa]]. == Jeografia == ''Tako la Kifungu: [[Jeografia ya Ethiopia]]'' [[Image:Ethiopia.png|right|250px|thumb||Map of Ethiopia]] Ethiopia ni 1,127,127 [[mraba kilomita]] (435,071&nbsp;[[mraba|mraba - mili]]) kwa eneo, Na nchi yenyewe ni moja wapo ya nchi za [[Pembe ya Afrika]] hasa upanda wa mashariki. Nchi zinazo pakana na Ethiopia ni [[Sudani]] magharibi, [[jibouti]] na [[Eritrea]] kaskazini, [[Somalia]] mashariki, na [[Kenya]] upande wa kusini. Nchini Ethiopia kuna milima na milima iliogawa na [[Bonde la Ufa]], ambayo imepasua kutoka kusini - magharibi kwenda kaskazini – mashariki na kuzungukwa na [[jagwa la mapori]] eneo zilizo chini. Mabonde na milima hasa nchini Ethiopia za athimu [[hali ya anga]], udongo, mimea, na makazi ya watu. Ukweo wa milima na eneo ya Jeografia ya toa ainambili za hali ya anga: Eneo iliopoa ikozaidi wa ukweo 2,400 [[mita]](7,900&nbsp;[[futi (shibiri)|ft]]) ambapo [[ vipimo vya joto]] ni kati ya kuganda na 16°[[Selsias|C]] (32°&ndash;61°[[Farenhaiti|F]]); Vipimo vya joto kwa ukweo 1,500 na 2,400 mita (4,900&mdash;7,900&nbsp;ft) joto ni 16°C to 30°C (61°&ndash;86°[[Farenhaiti|F]]); Joto zaidi ni chini ya 1,500 mita (4,900&nbsp;ft) ni [[anga ya tropikana]] na [[anga ya Ukame]] na Joto saa za mchana ni 27°C mbaka 50°C (81°&ndash;122°[[Farenhaiti|F]]). Mvua ya kawaida ni kutoka kati ya Juni mbaka kati ya Septemba lakini (eneo ya milima ya kusini hunyesha zaidi) ikianzia na mvua kidogo ya Februari ama Machi. Ethiopia ni nchi ambayo ina - [[Ikolojia]] tambakazi. [[Ziwa Tana]] ambayo iko kaskazini mwanchi dio mwanzo wa [[Mto bluu anil [[barazraki / (kiarabu, bahr al zraq)]]. Hii eneo wa mto huu barazraki ina aina yawanyama tafauti kama, [[Gelada - nyani]], na [[Walia ibeka]] napia [[Umbwa mwitu]]. == Uchumi == [[Image:Eth1 coffeelady.jpg|thumb|Woman coffee farmer with basket of coffee beans in Ethiopia]] ''Tako la Kifungu: [[Uchumi wa Ethiopia]]'' Ethiopia imebaki kama nchi moja ya kiafrika fukara: Waithiopia wengi wapewa [[chakula ya usaidizi]] kutoka ng’ambo. Baada ya upiduzi mnamo [[1974]], uchumi wa Ethiopia ulikua [[uchumi wa kijamaa|uchumi wa ujamaa]]: amri ya uchumi iliwekwa na jimbo, na upande mkubwa wa uchumi uliwekwa kwa jamii, kutoka viwanda vyote viakisasa, [[ukulima wa kibiashara]], [[taasisi za kukopesha]] na mashamba yote na mali yote ya kukomboa. Kutoka kati ya - [[1991]], uchumi ulianza kutolewa kutoka ujamaa na kuendekeza [[uchumi wa rasilimali|uchumu wa soko]], serikali inasisitiza uchumu wa rasilimali, ambayo umetengenezwa kuzuia uvivu wa uchumi kama amri ya ujamaa. Mwaka [[1993]], [[Ufaragha wa kampuni]] kaanza, viwanda, mabenki, ukulima, [[biashara za dani]] na [[biashara za kimataifa]]. Ukulima ni karibu asilimia 41% ya [[chumo cha uchumi]] (GDP), ambayo ni asilimia 80 ya biashara ya kimataifa, na asilimia 80 ya wananchi wa faidika na ukulima. Mambo mengi ya biashara hutegemea ukulima, wauzaji, viwanda vya kufunganya na kuuza nje mavuno ya ukulima. Mavuno ya Ukulima ambayo ya uzwa nje mengi ya tolewa na [[wakulima wa kiasi]] binafsi. Watoa [[kahawa]], [[nafaka ya kilala nugu]] (''hasa.,'' maharagwe), [[mbegu za mafuta]], [[nafaka]], viazi, [[miwa]], na mboga. Biashara ya Nje hasa yote ni ya kuuza [[chumo cha ukulima |vyumo vya ukulima]], kahawa ikiwa ndio inaleta pesa nyingi za kigeni. Umma wa [[Mifugo]] ya Ethiopia, imeaminika kuwa ndio kubwa zaidi Afrika. Mnamo [[1987]] iliesabika kua asilimia 15 ya chumo cha uchumi ni kutokana na mifugo. == Watu == [[Image:GariAdama.jpg|thumb|A gari in Adama (Nazareth), Ethiopia]] ''Tako la Kifungu: [[Watu wa Ethiopia]]'' Umma wa Ethiopia ni wa kabila na utamaduni tafautu - tafauti. Watu wengi huongea [[sham|shamu|lugha za shamu]] na [[kush|kushi|lugha za kushi]]. Wa[[Waoromo|Oromo]], Wa[[Waamhara (ethnicity)|Amhara]], na Wa[[Watigrinya|Tigray|Tigranya]] nizaidi ya 75 asilimia ya umma. Ethipia inakabila nyingi tafauti zaidi ya 80, kabila nyingine zina watu wadogo kiasi kama 10,000. Waithiopian ambao wanaongea lugha za shemu (na pia Wa[[Eritrea]] kwa jumla wasisitiza kujulikana kama ''Habesha'' ama ''Abesha'' kwa kiswahili ni “[[Hebeshi]]” wengine waikataa jina hii nakusema yasimamia kabila moja. [http://www.abesha.com/abesha18/aboutus.php]. Kwa [[Waarabu|Kiarabu]] jina hii hebesha ni "Abyssinia," jina ya kale ya Ethiopia. [http://www.time.com/time/europe/timetrails/selassie/hs260809.html] [[Ufalme wa Aksum]] ulikua milki na nchi ya kwanza kukubali [[Ukristu]], ambapo Walii [[Frumentius]] wa [[Taya]] alimhawili [[Ezana wa Aksum]] [[karne ya 4|karne ya nne]] [[karne|CE]]. [[Uisilamu Ethiopia]] unapatikana kutoka karne ya mwanzo wa Islam; ambapo Nabii Muhammad aliwaambia waisilamu waepuke kuuliwa Mecca kwa kusafiri Abyssinia, ambayo ilitawaliwa na Mfalme Mkristu. Nahata utamaduni wa Kiislamu wasema kwamba [[Bilal ibn Ribah|Bilal]], mfuwasi wa Nabii Muhammad, alikua ametoka kutoka Ethiopia. Wa[[Wayahudi|yahudi]], ambao waitwa [[Beta Israeli (falashhasha)]], Waishi Ethiopia karne nyingi, wengi wao uhamia [[Israeli]] hasa kwa karne ya sasa. Kuna tamaduni za waafrika hasili kwa [[eneo za kiafrika]] napia [[Mkristu|Wakristu]] wengi waishi kwa milima, na [[Muislamu|Waislauslimu]] na Wafrika asili wengi waishi kwa eneo za bonde . ===Lugha=== :''Tako la Kifungu: [[Lugha za Ethiopia]].'' Ethiopia ina lugha 84 indigenous languages za kienyeji. kama: {|border="0" |+ |- | * [[lugha ya Afar|Kiafar]] * [[Lugha ya Amhara|Kiamhara]] * [[Lugha ya Anfillo|Kianfillo]] * [[Lugha ya Berta|Kiberta]] * [[Lugha ya Busaa|KiBussa]] | * [[Lugha ya Ge’ez|Kige'ez]] * [[Lugha ya Konso|Kikonso]] * [[Lugha ya Ongota|Kiongota]] * [[Lugha ya Oromo| Kioromo ]] * [[Lugha ya Rer Bare|KiRer Bare]] | * [[Lugha ya Saho| Kisaho ]] * [[lugha ya Soddo|Kisoddo]] * [[lugha ya Isilt’e|Kisilt'e]] * [[Lugha ya Somali|Kisomali]] * [[Lugha ya Tigrigna|Kitigrigna]] * [[Lugha ya Weyoto|Kiweyto]] | * [[Lugha ya Hadiya|Kihadiya]] * [Lugha ya Harari|Kiharari]] |} [[Lugha ya Kiingereza|Kiingereza]] Ndio lugha moja wapo ya kigeni kuongewa zaidi na kufunzwa shule ya upilii. [[Lugha ya Amharic|Kiamhara]] ilikua lugha ya ufunzi shule ya msingi lakini imegeuzwa sehemu nyingi na [[lugha ya Oromo|Kioromo]] na [[Tigrigna language|Tigrinya]]. == Utamaduni == [[Image: Ethiopian_Painting_2005_SeanMcClean.JPG|thumb|right|300px| Mtweta who wa ngozi waonyesha [[Kanisa ya Waminina ya Ethiopia, Tewahedo|Kanisa ya Ethiopia]] mhubiri yuacheza [[Fataki]] na [[goma].]] ''Tako la Kifungu: [[Utamaduni wa Ethiopia]]'' Mnamo Epro [[2005]], [[Mnara wa Axum]], Mojawapo ya dafina za kidini Ethiopia, karudishwa na [[Waitaliano]]. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4458105.stm]. Jeshi la Waitaliano lilinyakua mnara huo mnamo [[1937]] na kuupeleka [[Roma]]. Italia baadaye kakubali kurudisha mnara mnomo [[1947]] kulingana na mkataba wa [[UN| Umoja wa Kimataifa]]. Ethiopia dio Nyumba ya kiroho ya [[Rastafari|Mwendo wa Rastafari]], ambao waamini Ethiopia ni [[Zion]]. Wa[[Rastafari]] wamuona [[Haile Selassie I wa Ethiopia|Mfalme Haile Selassie I]] kama [[Yesus]]. *[[Chakula za Ethiopia]] *[[Miziki ya Ethiopia]] *[[Uislamu Ethiopia]] *[[Waminina wa Dini ya Ethiopia, kanisa yaTewahedo]] *[[P'ent'e]] ==Siku kuu== ''Ona pia: [[Kalenda ya Waithiopia]] {| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" align="center" |- ! style="background:#efefef;" | Tarehe ! style="background:#efefef;" | Jina za Kiswahili ! style="background:#efefef;" | Jina za waenyeji ! style="background:#efefef;" | Maelezo |- | Januari 7 | [[Waminina wa Dini ya Ethiopia, kanisa yaTewahedo |Waminina]] [[Krismasi|Siku ya Krismasi]] | Genna | &nbsp; |- | Januari 10 | Siku kuu ya sadaka | [[Eid ul-Adha|'Id al-Adha]] | ya tegemea; tarehe ya 2006 |- | Januari 19 | [[Epifani|Siku kuu ya Epifani]] | [[Timket]] | &nbsp; |- | Machi 2 | [[Vita vya Adowa|Siku ya Adwa ]] | Ye'adowa B'al | &nbsp; |- | Aprili 11 | Birthday of The Prophet [[Muhammad]] | [[Mawlid|Mawlid an-Nabi]] | ya tegemea; this date is for 2006 |- | Aprili 21 | [[Waminina wa Dini ya Ethiopia, kanisa yaTewahedo |Waminina]] [[Ijumaa ya pasaka]] | Siqlet (kusulubiwa) | ya tegemea; tarehe ya 2006 |- | Aprili 23 | [[Waminina wa Dini ya Ethiopia, kanisa yaTewahedo |Waminina]] [[Pasaka]] | Fasika | varies; tarehe ya 2006 |- | April 24 | Jumatatu ya pasaka (siku kuu) | &nbsp; | varies; tarehe ya 2006 |- | Mai 1 | [[Siku Mai #Siku ya wanakazi|Siku ya Wafanyakazi Kimataifa ]] | &nbsp; | &nbsp; |- | Mai 5 | Siku ya wazalendo | Arbegnoch Qen | &nbsp; |- | Mai 28 | Siku ya Taifa | &nbsp; | Kuanguka kwa [[Derg]] |- | Agosti 18 | &nbsp; | [[Buhe]] | &nbsp; |- | Septemba 11 | [[Mwaka mpya]] wa Ethiopia | [[Enkutatash|Inqut'at'ash]] | &nbsp; |- | Septemba 27 | [[Siku kuu ya Msalaba|Kutafuta Msalaba Halisi]] | [[Meskel]] | &nbsp; |- | Oktoba 24 | Mwisho wa Mwezi takatifu wa [[Ramadhan|Ramadhani]] | [[Eid ul-Fitr|'Id al-Fitr]] | ya tegemea; tarehe ya 2006 |} == Michezo == Ethiopia ni nchi moja wapo inayotoa wanamchezo wazuri zaidi Duniani, hasa kama wa kimbiaji wa [[masafa ya kati]] na [[masafa marefu]]. [[Kenya]] na [[Morocco]] ni wapinzani wa Ethiopia kwa [[Mabingwa wa Dunia]] na [[Michezo ya olimpiki|Olimpiki]] kwa masafa ya kati na marefu. Machi 2006, Waithiopia wawili walitamalaki mbio za masafa marefu, kwajina wakiwa: [[Haile Gebreselassie]] (Bingwa wa Dunia na Olimpiki) alie[[vunja rekodi]] 10 na sasa pia kilomita 20, nusu [[Marathoni| mbio za masafa marefu]], na rekodi ya kilomita 25, na kijana [[Kenenisa Bekele]] (bigwa wa, Dunia, mbio za majira (bara) , na pia bigwa wa olimpiki), anaye shikilia 5,000m na 10,000m [[Rekodi za Dunia]]. == Vifungu kiwazowazo == * [[Orotha ya kampuni za Ethiopia]] * [[Jeshi ya Ethiopia]] * [[Wafalme wa Ethiopia]] * [[National parks in Ethiopia]] * [[Mawasiliano Ethiopia]] * [[Transportation in Ethiopia]] * [[Chama cha skauti Ethipia]] * [[Shule kuu Ethiopia]] ==Mishikano ya nje== '''Mashirika za usaidizi''' *[http://www.thedenanproject.com/ The Denan Project – inasaidia kihospitali kwa watu wa Denan] '''Serikali''' *[http://www.ethiopianembassy.org/index.shtml Balozi wa Ethiopia- Washington DC] yuakupa taarifa ya serikali ya Ethiopia *[http://www.mfa.gov.et/ Idara ya mambo ya nje Ethiopia] *[http://www.moinfo.gov.et/ idara ya maarifa Ethiopia] *[http://www.ethiopiancrown.org/ baraza la wafalme wa Ethiopia] wafalme wa ethiopia *[http://www.ethiopar.net/ Bunge ya Ethiopia] webu rasmi '''Habari''' *[http://www.addistribune.com/ Addis Tribune] ngazeti ya weekly online edition *[http://allafrica.com/ethiopia/ allAfrica - Ethiopia] news *[http://www.ena.gov.et/ Ethiopian News Agency (ENA)] hii ni idara ya serikali *[http://www.nazret.com Nazret.com] Ethiopian news portal *[http://ethiopianreview.homestead.com/ Ethiopian Review] *[http://ethiomedia.com/ Uptodate ethiopian news] *[http://www.helmmagazine.com/ Helm Magazini] sanaa, utamaduni, fashoni na heba kutoka Ethiopia *[http://www.waltainfo.com/ Walta Information Center] habari '''Masomo''' *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1072164.stm BBC Habari – Umbo wa: Ethiopia] *[http://www.ethiopiantreasures.toucansurf.com Ethiopian Treasures] Dafina za Ethiopia- Historia, Utamaduni, Lugha, Dini - Ethiopia] *[http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/et.html CIA - The World Factbook: Ukweli wa mambo kuhusu Duniani] *[http://www.guardian.co.uk/ethiopia2000/0,2759,181415,00.html Guardian Unlimited - Special Report: Ethiopia 2000] *[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ettoc.html /mktaba wa Congress ya marikani] tareki nyingi nikutoka Julai 1991 '''Maelekezo''' *[http://www.ethiosearch.com Ethio Search ]Ethiopian on-line directory and search engine *[http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Ethiopia/ Open Directory Project - Ethiopia] directory category *[http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/ethio.html Stanford University - Africa South of the Sahara: Ethiopia] directory category *[http://www.afrika.no/index/Countries/Ethiopia/index.html The Index on Africa - Ethiopia] directory category '''Utalii''' *[http://www.tourismethiopia.org Ethiopian Tourism Commission] government agency '''Lugha''' *[http://www.mediatikdigital.com/glossword/index.php?a=list&d=3 English-Amharic Dictionary] based on Amsalu Aklilu and G. P. Mosback's dictionary *[http://www.amharicdictionary.com/ Online Dictionary of the official language of Ethiopia] *[http://www.ethiopiandictionary.com/ Amharic Dictionary] '''Other''' *[http://www.amharicsoftwares.com Amharic software store] download free Unicode standard Geez software *[http://electionsinfo.com/election-information/viewforum.php?f=44 ElectionsInfo.com - Forum] {{Afrika}} [[Category:Nchi]] [[Category:Ethiopia|*]] [[af:Ethiopië]] [[am:ኢትዮጵያ]] [[an:Etiopia]] [[ar:إثيوبيا]] [[ast:Etiopía]] [[bg:Етиопия]] [[bs:Etiopija]] [[ca:Etiòpia]] [[cs:Etiopie]] [[cy:Ethiopia]] [[da:Etiopien]] [[de:Äthiopien]] [[el:Αιθιοπία]] [[en:Ethiopia]] [[eo:Etiopio]] [[es:Etiopía]] [[et:Etioopia]] [[eu:Etiopia]] [[fa:اتیوپی]] [[fi:Etiopia]] [[fr:Éthiopie]] [[frp:Ètiopie]] [[gl:Etiopía - Ityop'iya]] [[he:אתיופיה]] [[hr:Etiopija]] [[ht:Etyopi]] [[hu:Etiópia]] [[ia:Ethiopia]] [[id:Ethiopia]] [[io:Etiopia]] [[is:Eþíópía]] [[it:Etiopia]] [[ja:エチオピア]] [[kg:Itiopia]] [[ko:에티오피아]] [[kw:Ethiopi]] [[la:Aethiopia]] [[li:Ethiopië]] [[lt:Etiopija]] [[lv:Etiopija]] [[mg:Etiopia]] [[mk:Етиопија]] [[ms:Habsyah]] [[na:Ethiopia]] [[nds:Äthiopien]] [[nl:Ethiopië]] [[nn:Etiopia]] [[no:Etiopia]] [[oc:Etiopia]] [[pl:Etiopia]] [[ps:اېتوپيا]] [[pt:Etiópia]] [[rm:Etiopia]] [[ro:Etiopia]] [[ru:Эфиопия]] [[sa:ईथ्योपिया]] [[scn:Etiopia]] [[sh:Etiopija]] [[simple:Ethiopia]] [[sk:Etiópia]] [[sl:Etiopija]] [[sq:Etiopia]] [[sr:Етиопија]] [[sv:Etiopien]] [[th:ประเทศเอธิโอเปีย]] [[tl:Ethiopia]] [[tr:Etiyopya]] [[ug:ئېفىئوپىيە]] [[uk:Ефіопія]] [[vi:Ethiopia]] [[zh:埃塞俄比亚]] [[zh-min-nan:Ityop'iya]] 2405 7782 2006-03-28T04:20:20Z Yosef 144 Habari Yosef, naona uko kazini nisiingilie kati tusivitane. Nimeona unafanya kazi kubwa kwa makal hii - Hongera. Naona tatizo moja la Uhariri: inaonekana umeandika kwa wordprocessor halafu kuinakili katika wikipedia. Hii imeleta mara nyingi mstari mpya kuanza kwa nafasi tupu. Ukianzisha mstari kwa nafasi tupu unapata MATOKEO HAYA!! ambayo haipendezi sana usipoitaka kwa sababu maalumu Nashauri uziondoe nafasi tupu hizi zote. Pia ni vema kutumia jina la makala "Jamhuri ya Shirikisho ya Kidemokrasia ya Ethiopia". Kiswahili kingine kitaangaliwa baadaye. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 18:57, 27 Machi 2006 (UTC) Asante bwana kapala, nimeweza kuhariri vile ulivyosema, SHIDA nyingine ni kuhariri lugha kwa sababu mie katraslati kutoka kizungu moja kwa moja. 2406 7765 2006-03-27T23:16:17Z 172.178.53.61 [[Image:Yoweri Museveni.jpg|thumb|right|Yoweri Museveni, Julai 2003]] '''Yoweri Kaguta Museveni''' (* [[1944]] [[Ntungamo]], Wilaya ya [[Ntungamo (Wilaya)|Ntungamo]], [[Uganda]]) ni Rais wa Uganda tangu 29.01. 1986. Amerudishwa cheo katika uchaguzi za 1996, 2001 na 2006. {{mbegu}} 2408 sysop 7787 2006-03-28T06:44:16Z MediaWiki default Articles starting with ''$1'' 2409 sysop 7788 2006-03-28T06:44:16Z MediaWiki default Edit section: $1 2410 sysop 7790 2006-03-28T06:44:17Z MediaWiki default Hide results 2411 sysop 7793 2006-03-28T06:44:17Z MediaWiki default Please enter a comment below. 2412 sysop 7794 2006-03-28T06:44:17Z MediaWiki default '''Reminder:''' You have not provided an edit summary. If you click Save again, your edit will be saved without one. 2413 sysop 7796 2006-03-28T06:44:18Z MediaWiki default (comment removed) 2414 sysop 7797 2006-03-28T06:44:18Z MediaWiki default <div class="mw-warning plainlinks"> This page revision has been removed from the public archives. 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Latumika hasa kwa [[Jeshi ya arthi]], [[Jeshi baharia|Jeshi ya maji]]ama pia [[Jeshi la Anga]]. Lakini jina Jeshi pekee sana latumika kufafanua Jeshi ya arthi. Pia hasa kuna ''[[Jeshi|Jeshi ya Taifa]]'', hasa [[uudaji wa tabaka ya kijeshi]] ambayo inahusu [[Kundi ya jeshi]] kadhaa. Kuna Jeshi aina nyingi, Jeshi ambao ni makereketwa kwa watu wengine, au Jeshi kama za dini hasa [[Jeshi la wokofu]]. ==Jeshi ya arthi== Jeshi ya arthi ina[[kituo]] ama [[kambi]] ambayo kambi hii yaweza kulinda kundi ya Jeshi, divisheni ama umma wajeshi. Kukitokea vita, Jeshi huwa wakipeleka divisheni na kundi za kijeshi kwa vipimo kulingana na vita na mbinu za kusukuma ama kushinda adui kwa [[vita]]. Napia ratili ya vita ikiwapendukia, Jeshi hupeleka [[wanajeshi pulikiza]] ili kusukuma adui kabisa ama kumshinda adui. == Jeshi ya taifa == Jeshi ya Taifa, ni Jeshi ambayo ya chukua ubinzani kwa vita kwa ardhi, kwa mfano [[Jeshi ya Uganda]] ama Jeshi ya [[Ufaransa|Wafaransa]] [[Armée de Terre]]). Shurutisho nyingi za jeshi, utafautishana kati ya Jeshi la Arthi, Jeshi la Anga na Jeshi la Maji. Hasa kugawa jeshi kwa matawi tatu. Kwa historia, Jeshi ya anga ilikua pamoja na Jeshi ya ardhi, hasa kwa historia ya [[Uchina]] ama [[Jeshi ya ukombozi ya umma wa Uchuna]] ilichanganya (jeshi ya ardhi, jeshi ya maji, jeshi ya anga, divisheni za makombora na usayari) kwa tawi moja. Jeshi za kisasa zaitwa pia ''huduma'', ama ''[[askari watwala]]''). hii inaweza kuhusu pia tawi za [[Vita]]: [[Jeshi wa miguu]], [[Kifaru]], [[makombora]], na [[injinia wa Jeshi]], na pia [[Wasafirishaji]] Tawi kama: [[tawi la Jeshi la mawasiliano |mawasiliano]], [[jeshi la watambuzi |watambuzi]], [[dactari wa jeshi|daktari]], [[Jeshi ya vifaa |wapeleka vifaa]], na [[Jeshi ya ndege]] (tafauti na jeshi wa anga). == Shurutisho la jeshi == Jeshi ya weza kuwa kubwa kama chama, [[chama cha Jeshi]] ([[Shurutisho la Jeshi|Shurutisho]]) abayo ina kundi nyingi zaidi ya [[askari]]. Jeshi tafauti hujigawa kulingana na utamaduni wao &mdash;hasa marekani [[U.S.Jeshi la kwanza la Marekani]]. Kwa [[Jeshi la wingereza]] Jeshi kwa shurutisho ni (Jeshi la kwanza), na Marekani ni (divisheni ya kwanza). ([[Jeshi Kikundi]] ama [[kinara|Jeshi kinara]]) ni shurutisho kubwa zaidi kulingana na umma, utatuzi na ushirikana. [[Muungano wa Sovieti|Sovieti]] [[Jeshi ya Urusi]], ilikua imegawanywa kwa [[kundi za askari]] amazo zilikua chini ya Jeshi shurutisho vitani. Lakini wakati wa amani kundi hizi zilikua chini ya [[tarafa ya Jeshi]]. ==Ona pia== * [[Orotha ya Jeshi]] * [[Orotha ya Jeshi kwa Jina]] * [[Orotha ya Jeshi kwa nambari]] * [[Orotha ya nchi bila jeshi]] * [[Vita]] * [[Historia ya Jeshi]] * [[sayansi ya Jeshi]] * [[Jeshi baharia]] * [[Jeshi ya umma]] * [[Silaha]] [[ca:Exèrcit]] [[cs:Armáda]] [[da:Hær]] [[de:Heer]] [[es:Ejército]] [[fa:&#1575;&#1585;&#1578;&#1588;]] [[fr:Armée]] [[he:&#1510;&#1489;&#1488;]] [[id:Militer]] [[io:Armeo]] [[it:Armata]] [[nl:Leger]] [[ka:სახმელეთო ჯარები]] [[ja:&#38520;&#36557;]] [[no:Armé]] [[pl:Armia]] [[pt:Exército]] [[ro:Armată]] [[ru:&#1040;&#1088;&#1084;&#1080;&#1103;]] [[sq:Ushtria]] [[simple:Army]] [[sl:Vojska]] [[fi:Armeija]] [[sv:Armé]] [[zh:&#38470;&#20891;]] 2440 8476 2006-04-19T19:49:30Z Kipala 107 '''Falaki''' ni elimu juu ya [[gimba|magimba]] kwenye ulimwengu kama vile [[nyota]], [[sayari]], [[mwezi|miezi]], [[kimondo|vimondo]], [[nyotamkia]], [[galaksi]] kuhusu nyendo zao, nafasi, umbali, ukubwa , n.k. Falaki ni tofauti na [[unajimu]] ambayo si [[sayansi]] ya kisasa bali jaribio la kuona uhusiano kati ya nyota na tabia za wanadamu pia kutabiri mambo yajayo. {{mbegu}} [[af:Sterrekunde]] [[am:ሥነ ፈለክ]] [[ar:فلك]] [[an:Astronomía]] [[ast:Astronomía]] [[bg:Астрономия]] [[bn:জ্যোতির্বিদ্যা]] [[bs:Astronomija]] [[br:Astronomi]] [[ca:Astronomia]] [[cv:Астрономи]] [[co:Astronomia]] [[cs:Astronomie]] [[cy:Seryddiaeth]] [[da:Astronomi]] [[de:Astronomie]] [[en:astronomy]] [[et:Astronoomia]] [[el:Αστρονομία]] [[es:Astronomía]] [[eo:Astronomio]] [[eu:Astronomia]] [[fa:ستاره‌شناسی]] [[fr:Astronomie]] [[fy:Stjerrekunde]] [[ga:Réalteolaíocht]] [[gl:Astronomía]] [[gu:ખગોળશાસ્ત્ર]] [[ko:천문학]] [[ht:Astwonomi]] [[hi:खगोल शास्त्र]] [[hr:Astronomija]] [[io:Astronomio]] [[id:Astronomi dan Astrofisika]] [[ia:Astronomia]] [[ie:Astronomie]] [[iu:ᓯᓚᓯᐅᕐᓂᖅ]] [[is:Stjörnufræði]] [[it:Astronomia]] [[he:אסטרונומיה]] [[jv:Astronomi]] [[ka:ასტრონომია]] [[csb:Astronomijô]] [[kw:Astronymyl]] [[ku:Astronomî]] [[lad:Astronomiya]] [[la:Astronomia]] [[lv:Astronomija]] [[lt:Astronomija]] [[lb:Astronomie]] [[li:Sjtarrekónde]] [[jbo:kesyske]] [[hu:Csillagászat]] [[mt:Astronomija]] [[ms:Astronomi]] [[mo:Астрономие ши астрофизикэ]] [[nap:Astronomia]] [[nl:Astronomie]] [[ne:ज्योतिष]] [[nds:Astronomie]] [[ja:天文学]] [[no:Astronomi]] [[nn:Astronomi]] [[oc:Astronomia]] [[pl:Astronomia]] [[pt:Astronomia]] [[pa:ਤਾਰਾ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ]] [[ro:Astronomie]] [[rm:Astronomia]] [[ru:Астрономия]] [[sco:Astronomie]] [[sq:Astronomia]] [[scn:Astronumìa]] [[simple:Astronomy]] [[sk:Astronómia]] [[sl:Astronomija]] [[sr:Астрономија]] [[su:Astronomi]] [[fi:Tähtitiede]] [[sv:Astronomi]] [[tl:Astronomiya]] [[ta:வானியல்]] [[th:ดาราศาสตร์]] [[vi:Thiên văn học]] [[tr:Gökbilim]] [[uk:Астрономія]] [[vo:Stelav]] [[war:Astronomiya]] [[zh:天文学]] [[pam:Astronomia]] 2441 7836 2006-03-28T14:27:48Z 172.178.53.61 #REDIRECT [[mfumo wa jua na sayari zake]] 2442 8645 2006-04-22T15:28:25Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Solare_Planeten99.jpg|thumb|140px|Sayari za [[mfumo wa jua]] letu; ukubwa unaonyesha uhusiano halisi kati ya sayari lakini umbali kati ya sayari hauonyeshwi]] '''Sayari''' ni [[gimba la angani]] kubwa linalozunguka [[jua]] na kung'aa kutokana na nuru ya jua iliyoakisiwa, tofauti na [[nyota]] na jua zinazong'aa pekee zao. Jua letu lina sayari tisa ingawa hakuna mapatano kamili bado kuhusu idadi ya sayari. Wengine hudai ya kwamba [[Pluto]] si sayari. Sayari tano za [[Utaridi]], [[Zuhura]], [[Meriki]], [[Mshtarii]] na [[Zohari]] zinaonekana kwa macho kama [[nyota]] angani. Lakini tangu zamani zilionekana kua tofauti kwa sababu hazikai mahali palepale angani. Kutokana na tabia hii zimetazamiwa mara nyingi kuwa na nguvu za pekee au hata kuwa miungu. [[Unajimu]] imetumia mwendo wa sayari zinazoonekana kwa macho kama msingi muhimu wa makadirio yao. Sayari nyingine katika [[mfumo wa jua]] zimetambuliwa tangu kutokea kwa [[falaki]] ya kisayansi kwa [[darubini]]. Hizi ni [[Uranus]], [[Neptun]] na [[Pluto]]. Katika lugha ya Kiswahili sayari zinazoonekana kwa macho huwa na majina ya asili ya [[Kiarabu]] isipokuwa Zuhura ni sayari lenye jina la [[Kibantu]] la [[Ng'andu]] pamoja na jina la asili ya Kiarabu. Majina mengine ni ya asili ya [[Kilatini]]. Jumla ya jua, sayari zote pamoja [[mwezi|miezi]] yao, [[kimondo|vimondo]], [[nyotamkia]] na [[asteroidi]] inaitwa [[mfumo wa jua]]. Wataalamu wa falaki wamegundua sayari hata nje ya mfumo wa jua letu zinazozunguka nyota mbalimbali. Kutokana na umbali mkubwa na matatizo ya utazamaji hakuna uhakika hadi sasa kama nyota kuwa na sayari ni jambo la kawaida angani au kama sayari ni chache tu. [[Category:Falaki]] {{mbegu}} {{mfumo wa jua na sayari zake}} [[af:Planeet]] [[als:Planet]] [[ar:كوكب]] [[bg:Планета]] [[zh-min-nan:He̍k-chheⁿ]] [[bn:গ্রহ]] [[bs:Planete]] [[ca:Planeta]] [[cs:Planeta]] [[da:Planet]] [[de:Planet]] [[en:Planet]] [[et:Planeet]] [[el:Πλανήτης]] [[es:Planeta]] [[eo:Planedo]] [[eu:Planeta]] [[fa:سیاره]] [[fr:Planète]] [[fur:Planet]] [[gl:Planeta]] [[ko:행성]] [[hr:Planet]] [[io:Planeto]] [[id:Planet]] [[ia:Planeta]] [[is:Reikistjarna]] [[it:Pianeta]] [[he:כוכב לכת]] [[kn:ಗ್ರಹ]] [[kw:Planet]] [[ku:Gerstêrk]] [[la:Planeta]] [[lt:Planeta]] [[lb:Planéit]] [[hu:Bolygó]] [[mk:Планета]] [[mt:Pjaneta]] [[ms:Planet]] [[nap:Chianeta]] [[nl:Planeet]] [[nds:Planet]] [[ja:惑星]] [[no:Planet]] [[nn:Planet]] [[pl:Planeta]] [[pt:Planeta]] [[ro:Planetă]] [[ru:Планета]] [[sq:Planeti]] [[sh:Planeta]] [[scn:Pianeta]] [[simple:Planet]] [[sk:Planéta]] [[sl:Planet]] [[sr:Планета]] [[fi:Planeetta]] [[sv:Planet]] [[tl:Planeta]] [[ta:கோள்]] [[th:ดาวเคราะห์]] [[vi:Hành tinh]] [[tpi:Planet]] [[tr:Gezegen]] [[uk:Планета]] [[zh:行星]] [[pam:Planeta]] 2443 8858 2006-04-26T20:36:11Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Pleiades large.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Fungu la nyota za [[Kilimia]]]] '''Nyota''' ni gimba kubwa angani linalong'aa kwa sababu inatoa mwanga, joto na aina mbalimbali za [[mnururisho]] kutokana na [[myeyungano ya kinyukilia]] ndani yake. [[Jua]] letu ni nyota iliyo karibu na [[sayari]] yetu ya [[dunia]] tunapoishi. Kutokana na joto kali mada yake ni katika hali ya [[Utegili (fisikia)|utegili]] yaani kama [[gesi]] ya joto sana. Kwa macho haiwezekani kutofautisha mara moja nyota na [[sayari]]. Kwa hiyo katika lugha ya kila siku sayari huitwa mara nyingi "nyota" ikionekana kwa macho. Habari za nyota zinakusanywa na kunfanyiwa utafiti na sayansi ya [[falaki]]. Kuna pia elimu ya [[unajimu]] ambayo ni elimu ya karne nyingi lakini haifuati utaratibu wa kisayansi ikijaribu kutabiri kutokana na nyota. ==Idadi ya nyota== Nyota zinazoonekana kwa macho wakati wa usiku ni kama 6000 lakini idadi yao hali halisi ni kubwa zaidi. Hakuna aliyeweza kuhesabu nyota zotelakini kuna makadirio ya kuwa idadi inaweza kufika 70,000,000,000,000,000,000,000. ==Galaksi== Nyota hupatikana angani katika makundi kama mawingu makubwa sana. Kundi kama hili huitwa [[galaksi]]. Galaksi yetu ikiwemo [[mfumo wa jua]] letu imekadiriwa kuwa na nyota zaidi ya 300,000,000,000. ==Umbali kati ya nyota== Kutokana na umbali mkubwa kati ya nyota na nyota umbali huu hutajwa kwa kipimo cha [[mwaka wa nuru]]. Nyota jirani kabisa na jua letu inaitwa [[Alpha Centauri]] umbali wake ni 4.2 miaka ya nuru maana yake nuru yake inahitaji zaidi ya miaka minne hadi imefika kwetu. Kwa maana nyingine tunaiona nyota hii jinsi ilivyoonekana miaka minne iliyopita. Galaksi ya jirani inayoitwa Andromeda ina umbali wa miaka ya nuru milioni 2.5. Maana yake mwanga wake unahitajia miaka milioni mbili na nusu mpaka kuonekana kwetu au kwa lugha nyingine tunaona galaksi ya Andromeda jinsi ilivyoonekana miaka hii milioni mbli na nusu iliyopita. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Falaki]] [[bg:Звезда]] [[bs:Zvijezde]] [[ca:Estel]] [[cs:Hvězda]] [[cy:Seren]] [[da:Stjerne]] [[de:Stern]] [[en:star]] [[et:Täht (astronoomia)]] [[es:Estrella]]{{Link FA|es}} [[eo:Stelo]] [[fa:ستاره]] [[fr:Étoile]] [[ko:항성]] [[hr:Zvijezda]] [[io:Stelo]] [[id:Bintang]] [[ia:Stella]] [[is:Stjarna]] [[it:Stella]] [[he:כוכב]] [[ku:Stêr]] [[kn:ನಕ್ಷತ್ರ]] [[la:Stella]] [[lb:Stär]] [[lv:Zvaigzne]] [[hu:Csillag (égitest)]] [[mk:Ѕвезда]] [[ms:Bintang]] [[nah:Sitialin]] [[nl:Ster]] [[ja:恒星]] [[no:Stjerne]] [[pl:Gwiazda]] [[pt:Estrela]] [[ro:Stea]] {{Link FA|ro}} [[ru:Звезда]] [[scn:Stidda]] [[simple:Star]] [[sk:Hviezda]] [[sl:Zvezda]] [[sr:Звезда]] [[fi:Tähti]] [[sv:Stjärna]] [[tr:Yıldız]] [[th:ดาวฤกษ์]] [[zh:恒星]] 2444 8098 2006-04-10T09:01:30Z Matt Crypto 20 [[en:Daniel arap Moi]] [[Image:Moi and Bush.jpg|thumb|300px|Rais Moi na Rais wa Marekani Bush kwa kao rasmi ya Umoja wa Kimataifa mnamo Novemba 10, 2001.]] '''Daniel Toroitich arap Moi''' (kazaliwa [[Septemba 2]] [[1924]]) alikua Rais wa [[Kenya]] kutoka [[1978]] mpaka [[2002]]. ==Maisha na mwanzo wa siasa== Moi alizaliwa [[Sacho]], wilaya ya [[Baringo]], [[Mkoa wa bonde la Ufa, Kenya|Mkoa wa bonde la Ufa]], na alilewa na mama ake Kimoi Chebii, kufuatia kuaga dunia mapema kwa baba ake. Baada ya Kumaliza masomo ya chuo cha pili, aliweza kujiunga na chuo cha ualimu mjini Kapsabet. Alifanya kazi kama mwalimu kutoka [[1946]] hadi [[1955]]. Mwaka wa [[1955]] Moi aliingia siasa akachaguliwa kwa kiti cha wanabaraza wa mkoa wa [[bonde la ufa]]. Mwaka wa [[1960]], Moi na[[Ronald Ngala]] waliunda chama cha [[Kadu]] ambayo kwa kiswahili ni [[Kadu|Muungano wa Demokrasia ya Waafrika wa Kenya]] kilichoshindana na ([[KANU]]) iliongozwa na Mzee [[Jomo Kenyatta]]. Lengo la KADU, ilikuwa kuhifadhi maslahi ya makabila madogo kama Wa[[kalenjin]] kwa utalmaleki wa kabila kubwa kama wa[[Luo]] na wa[[Kikuyu|K&#297;k&#361;y&#361;]], kabila ambazo zilikuwa na wingi kwa [[KANU |Muungano wa taifa wa waafrika wa kenya]] Kenyatta mwenyewe akiwa Mk&#297;k&#361;y&#361;). KADU yenyewe ilitaka katiba ya [[Majimbo]],na KANU yenyewe ilipendelea serikali ya muungano. KANU, ilikua kubwa na umma nakwa hivyo waingereza iliwapidi waache katiba ya majimbo. Mwaka wa [[1957]], Moi alichaguliwa kwa baraza la bonde la ufa tena, na mwaka wa [[1961]] kwa baraza la bunge kwa kiti cha Baringo ya Kaskazini. Baadaye akawa Waziri wa Elimu kabla ya madaraka mwaka wa [[1960]]&ndash;1961. ==Makamu wa rais== Baada ya Kenya kupata Uhuru mnamo [[Desemba 12]], [[1963]], Kenyatta kasadikisha Moi ya kwamba KADU na KANU ziungane pamoja kumaliza ukoloni. Kwa hivyo Kenya ikawa [[nchi ya chama kimoja]], ikiimarishwa na muungano ya wengi Wak&#297;k&#361;y&#361;-[[Waluo]]. Moi, aliweza kupanda cheo na kuwekwa waziri wa mambo ya ndani [[1964]], hasa kwa umuhimu wake kuleta faraja za watu wa bonde la ufa na jumla KADU kwa serikali ya umoja wa Taifa. Baadaye aliweza kupanda cheo zaidi akawa [[Makamu wa Rais wa Kenya|Makamu wa Raise]] mnamo [[1967]]. Kama kiongozi kutoka kabila ndogo, alituliza makabila haya makubwa nchini Kenya. Lakini, Moi alipingwa na [[wanamgambo]] wa kabila hizi kubwakubwa hasa Wakikuyu na Waluo. Hii ilileta watu na wanamgambo hao kujaribu kupendua katiba, kuzuia Makamu wa Rais kuchukua uongozi hasa Rais akiaga dunia. Hata kwa uzee na afia yake Kenyatta kudhoofika, aliwapinga wanamgambo hao, nakudumisha katiba na hivyo kuonyesha kambi hii ya faraja zake na Kambi ya faraja za [[Oginga Ondiga]] kua amchagua Moi kama kiongozi ambaye atumaini amfuatilize kwa uongozi wa Kenya. ==Urais wa Moi== [[Mzee Jomo Kenyatta]] alipoaga dunia [[Agosti 22]], [[1978]] Moi, alichukua kiapo na kuwa Rais wa Kenya. Alikua na sifa nchini, kona zote. Alisafiri sehemu na eneo zote Kenya, nabasi wananchi wa kampa faraja na hongera. Alipochukua kiapo kua Rais wa Kenya, alinena kwamba atafuata [[nyayo]], hasa kumaanisha ataendelea na [[sera]] za Kenyatta na umoja wa [[Harambee]]. Ijapokua wanamgambo kwa siasa hasa kwa kabila za wengi, walidhani kua Moi nikama [[Rais mlindaji]] kwa sababu ya kua ametoka katika kabila ndogo. Mnamo [[Agosti 1]], [[1982]], Wanajeshi waminifu kwa Moi, waliwaponda wanamgambo wa [[jeshi la aanga]] wa kiongozwa na [[Hezekiah Ochuka]] ambao kwa shirika na wanasiasa kadhaa walijaribu [[kupendua serikali]]. (Ona [[1982 Kenya kup]]). Moi, alichukua nafasi ngumu zaidi na kuwavuta kazi wapinzani na kutafuta waaminifu kwa serikali yake. Moi aliweza kuwatoa watu shuku kwa serikali yake, ambao aliwaridhi kutoka serikali ya Kenyatta na pia [[watu shuku]] kwa [[idhara za sheria]] hasa kama [[wakili wa serikali]] kama [[Charles Njonjo]]. Wengi wa wapangaji walihukumiwa na wengine kusamehewa, hasa wanajeshi wa aanga walihukumiwa kwa [[koti ya jeshi]]. Baadaye moi aliingeuza katiba kwa faraja ya kambi yake na kuiweka kenya iwe ''de jure'' [[nchi ya chama kimoja]]. Wakenya, Wataalimu na wamaarifa, na pia vyoo vikuu, vili leta upinzani na kupinga kwa mgambo kuhusu chama kimoja nchini Kenya. Kwa chuo na sehemu za watalaamu zikawa mojawapo ya uendekezaji wa mwandamano wa kupinga utawala wa chama kimoja. Lakini, [[polisi jasusi]] waliweza kupenya makundi ya miandamano hii na watu wengi katoroka ng'ambo. [[Umakisti]] haungia fundishwa kwa vyoo Kuu na [[miandamano za mvungu]] kama Mwakenya na Pambana zikaanza. Moi, alijulikana ng'ambo kama kiongozi anayeunga mkono [[ulaya ya magharibi]], Kwa [[Vita za pepo]] za [[Ukomunisti]] na [[Ukapitalisti]]. Kenya ilikua kwa [[Muandamano wakutojiunga]]. Lakini serikali za Ulaya ya magharibi ziliona Kenya kama Nchi inayopinga Ukomunisti na hivyo kambi ya nguvu kwao kushinda ukomunisti. Kwa hivyo Kenya ilipokea misaada kutoka nchi za capitalisti zaidi ilikuzuia ujamaa uliotambakaa, Ethiopia, Somalia, Tanzania na pia [[Vita za Uganda]]. Kwa hivyo [[siasa za uhuru]] na [[haki za kibinadamu]], hazikuwazisha ulaya ya magharibi hatakidogo. Lakini, vita za pepo zilipokwisha kwa kuanguka kwa [[muungano wa sovieti]], mambo haya mpya yakatokea, mwaandamano wa watu na wanasiasa kuitisha [[demokrasia ya vyama nyingi]], wakiongozwa na [[Matiba]] na [[Oginga Odinga]]. Moi alianza kuonekana kama [[Wadhalimu|mdhalimu]] kwa sababu alianza kuwafunga jela wanamgambo wakidemokrasia, na pia jela zingine za kisiri ambazo watu [[waliteswa kwa kunanuliwana swali]]. Ulaya ya Magharibi ikawacha kuipa Kenya usaidizi wa kigeni na kwa kazo pande zote Dani Kenya na Nje ng'ambo, Moi kakubali kuruhusu Demokrasia ya vyama nyingi, ambapo Moi mwenyewe kaunga uchaguzi na kukampaini kwa nguvu zaidi kwa kupinga upinzani Kasarani mnamo Desemba [[1991]]. Moi alishinda uchaguzi wa [[1992]] na [[1997]], ambapo ulizidi kwa vita vya ukabila mkoa wa bonde la ufa. Moi aliweza kuwagawa watu wa upinzani kwa kukema ukabila, na vyama vya upinzani kupasuka kwa kambi za faraja za kabila. Na pia kwasemekana uwizi wakura hasa mkoa wa bonde la ufa na [[Wakamba|Ukambani]]. ==Ufisadi kwa serikali== Mwaka wa 1999 [[Intidhamu zisio husika na serikali]] kama [[Amnesti|Kombo la kimataifa]] {{ref|huri-01}} na uchunguzi wa [[Muungano wa Kimataifa]] {{ref|huri-02}} zilichapishwa kuonyesha [[haki za kibinadamu]] kwa wapizani wa siasa hazikutetewa Kenya moi akiwa Rais. Jina la Moi katajwa kwa [[Ufisadi wa Goldenbarg|Ufisadi wa 'migodi']] na uzuiaji wa ufisadi huo, ambapo serikali kwa sahihi za watu wachache ilisemekana imetoa pesa ya kununua na kuuza migodi ng'ambo kwa jina ya kampuni bandia ''Goldenbarg'' ambapo [[Kamlesh Pattni]] mwana biashara wa kenya, alisemekana kua mfisadi halisi kwa oparesheni za Goldenbarg na wanasiasa waliohusika. Ilisemekana kwamba ,Moi aliiona Goldenberg kama njia moja ya kupata pesa za kigeni nchini [[Kenya]] ambapo uchumi, utalii na Usaidizi wa kigeni ulipokoma mwaka wa [[1992]]. Hivyo goldenberg ilinunua na kuuza migodi iliochomolewa [[Jamhuri ya Demokrasia ya congo|Congo]]. Aibu hii ya goldenbarg ni gharama ya asilimia 10% ya [[utolezi wa uchumi]] mwaka mmoja. Pesa zilizolipwa goldenbarg, zilikua zitolee kenya pesa za kigeni lakini kwa sababu ni mambo fisadi, basi waliopewa pesa hizo wakurudisha na basi serikali ya sasa ya [[Mwai Kibaki]] ya jaribu kuchunguza kesi yenyewe zaidi. ==Kutawa Kwa Nyayo== Rais Moi, kazuiwa na katiba kwa Uchaguzi wa [[2002]]. Wengi kwa faraja za Moi walisema katiba itekelezwe ili achaguliwe mara ya tatu, lakini Moi mwenyewe kawapinga na Kutawa, na kumchagua [[Uhuru Kenyatta]] kama mwenye kiti kwa chama cha [[KANU]], mwana wa Rais wa kwanza. [[Raila Amollo Odinga]] kwa bidii, alikampainia [[Mwai Kibaki]],a mbapo alishinda urais kwa muungano wa [[NARC]] na Kukiriwa [[Desemba 29]], [[2002]]. Moi aishi kwa utawa mjini kapsabet, ambapo huduma zake za amani na usaidizi azifanyia kwa [[Chuo cha moi Afrika]]. Wakenya wengi wamtambua Moi kwa hoja na vigelegele mahalipopote asimama. Moi hatawaleo aiunga nchi ya umoja, nchi ambayo inaunganisha makabila yote, juzi siku ya [[uchaguzi wa maono]] wa katiba mpya, Moi kaipinga katiba ambayo itagawa watu. Katiba mpya ilipokataliwa na watu, kibaki kwa hadhara, yasemekana na magazetti kwamba kapanga mkutano na moi kujadili njia ya kusonga mbele. ==Ona pia== *[[Siasa za Kenya]] *[[Ufisadi Kenya]] *[[Ufisadi wa Migodi|Ufisadi wa Goldenberg]] *[[Ufisadi wa Anglo Leasing]] [[Category:1924 kuzaliwa|Moi]] [[Category:Watu wanaoishi|Moi]] [[Category:Wana siasa wa Kenya|Moi]] [[Category:Siasa za Kenya|Moi]] [[Category:Raise wa Kenya|Moi]] [[de:Daniel arap Moi]] [[en:Daniel arap Moi]] [[es:Daniel arap Moi]] [[id:Daniel arap Moi]] [[nl:Daniel Arap Moi]] [[ja:ダニエル・アラップ・モイ]] [[no:Daniel arap Moi]] [[fi:Daniel arap Moi]] [[uk:Моі Даніель арап]] 2446 9280 2006-05-03T20:30:54Z Kipala 107 '''Mwaka wa nuru''' ni kipimo si cha muda lakini cha umbali. Kinataja umbali unaopitiwa na [[nuru]] ikitembea kwa muda wa [[mwaka]] moja ya [[dunia]] yaani [[siku]] 365. Msingi wa kipimo hiki ni [[kasi ya nuru]] ya kuwa nuru inatembea takriban [[kilomita]] 300,000 kwa [[sekunde]]. Idadi kamili ni [[mita]] 299,792,458 kwa sekunde moja. [[Mwezi]] wa dunia yetu una umbali na sisi kama sekunde moja wa nuru au kilomita [[lakhi]] tatu na dunia. Katika mwaka moja umbali huo unafika mita 9.461 &nbsp;&times;&nbsp;10¹⁵. Kipimo hiki kinahitajika kutaja umbali kati ya [[nyota]] na nyota angani. Umbali huu umepimwa kuwa miaka ya nuru mamia, maelfu au hata mamilioni. Kutokana na ukubwa wa ulimwengu umbali katika anga ni kubwa sana. Nyota jirani kabisa na [[jua]] letu inaitwa [[Alpha Centauri]] umbali wake ni 4.2 miaka ya nuru maana yake nuru yake inahitaji zaidi ya miaka minne hadi imefika kwetu. Kwa maana nyingine tunaiona nyota hii jinsi ilivyoonekana miaka minne iliyopita. [[Category:Vipimo]] [[Category:Falaki]] [[ang:Lēohtgēar]] [[ar:سنة ضوئية]] [[bg:Светлинна година]] [[bs:Svjetlosna godina]] [[ca:Any-llum]] [[cs:Světelný rok]] [[da:Lysår]] [[de:Lichtjahr]] [[en: Light year]] [[et:Valgusaasta]] [[el:Έτος φωτός]] [[es:Año luz]] [[eo:Lumjaro]] [[eu:Argi-urte]] [[fr:Année lumière]] [[gl:Ano luz]] [[ko:광년]] [[hr:Svjetlosna godina]] [[io:Lumyaro]] [[id:Tahun cahaya]] [[is:Ljósár]] [[it:Anno luce]] [[kn:ಜ್ಯೋತಿರ್ವರ್ಷ]] [[la:Spatium lucis annuae]] [[lt:Šviesmetis]] [[li:Leechjaor]] [[hu:Fényév]] [[mk:Светлосна година]] [[mt:Sena dawl]] [[ms:Tahun cahaya]] [[nl:Lichtjaar]] [[ja:光年]] [[no:Lysår]] [[nn:Lysår]] [[pl:Rok świetlny]] [[pt:Ano-luz]] [[ro:An-lumină]] [[ru:Световой год]] [[sh:Svjetlosna godina]] [[simple:Light year]] [[sk:Svetelný rok]] [[sl:Svetlobno leto]] [[sr:Светлосна година]] [[fi:Valovuosi]] [[sv:Ljusår]] [[ta:ஒளியாண்டு]] [[th:ปีแสง]] [[vi:Năm ánh sáng]] [[tr:Işık yılı]] [[zh:光年]] 2447 7869 2006-03-29T22:54:16Z 172.180.58.199 '''Kasi ya nuru''' imekubaliwa kuwa nuru inatembea mita 299,792,458 kwa [[sekunde]] moja katika anga. Kama nuru inapita katika [[hewa]] kasi yake inapungua. Katika [[nadharia ya uhusianifu]] ya [[Einstein]] kasi ya nuru inadhaniwa kuwa ni ileile wakati wowote pia katika hali yoyote. Yaani kasi inabaki ileile hata kama nuru inatoka katika chombo chenye kasi yenyewe au kama mtazamaji ana mwendo wake mwenyewe. Katika nadharia hii hakuna mwendo mwenye kasi kushinda nuru. Kasi ya nuru imekuwa kipimo cha kimsingi katika [[sayansi]] za [[fizikia]] na [[unajimu]]. Kasi hiyo haihusu nuru pekee inayoonekana kwa macho ya binadamu lakini pia kwa aina mbalimbali ya [[mnururisho]] kama [[mawimbi ya redio]] n.k. Tangu safari ya kwanza ya watu kufika [[mwezi]] chini ya [[Mradi wa Apollo]] wa [[NASA]] tabia ya nuru kuwa na kasi ilionekana kwa watazamaji wote. Kila safari kituo cha NASA katika mji wa [[Houston]] iliwaita [[wanaanga]] kwa redio jibu ilichukua sekunde kadhaa hadi kufika kutokana na umbali wa kilomita lakhi tatu kati ya dunia na mwezi hivyo mazungumzo yaliendelea kwa vituo vya kusubiri hadi sauti imefika na kurudi. Kama siku moja wanaanga watasafiri mbali zaidi hadi Meriki au Zohali muda huu utaongezeka kutokana na umbali na kasi ya nuru inayobaki ileile. [[als:Lichtgeschwindigkeit]] [[bg:Скорост на светлината]] [[be:Хуткасьць сьвятла]] [[ca:Velocitat de la llum]] [[cs:Rychlost světla]] [[da:Lysets hastighed]] [[de:Lichtgeschwindigkeit]] [[en: Speed of light]] [[et:Valguse kiirus]] [[es:Velocidad de la luz]] [[eo:Lumrapideco]] [[fa:سرعت نور]] [[fr:Vitesse de la lumière]] [[gl:Velocidade da luz]] [[ko:빛의 속도]] [[hr:Brzina svjetlosti]] [[id:Kecepatan cahaya]] [[is:Ljóshraði]] [[it:Velocità della luce]] [[he:מהירות האור]] [[la:Celeritas luminis]] [[lv:Gaismas ātrums]] [[lt:Šviesos greitis]] [[hu:Fénysebesség]] [[ms:Kelajuan cahaya]] [[nl:Lichtsnelheid]] [[ja:光速度]] [[no:Lysets hastighet]] [[pl:Prędkość światła]] [[pt:Velocidade da luz]] [[ro:Viteza luminii]] [[ru:Скорость света]] [[sh:Brzina svjetlosti]] [[simple:Speed of light]] [[sk:Rýchlosť svetla]] [[sl:Hitrost svetlobe]] [[fi:Valonnopeus]] [[sv:Ljusets hastighet]] [[th:อัตราเร็วของแสง]] [[vi:Tốc độ ánh sáng]] [[tr:Işık hızı]] [[uk:Швидкість світла]] [[zh:光速]] 2448 7867 2006-03-29T22:48:38Z 172.180.58.199 #REDIRECT [[galaksi]] 2449 8649 2006-04-22T16:11:25Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Andromeda_Galaxy.jpg|framed|Galaxi ya Andromeda yenye na. M 31 na galaksi mbili ndogo za kando M 32 na M 110]] '''Galaksi''' ni kundi la [[nyota]] nyingi zinazoshikamana pamoja angani zikishikwa na [[mvutano]] wao. Nyota hupatikana angani katika makundi kama mawingu makubwa sana. Kuna galaksi nyingi sana ulimwenguni. Kwa wastani kila galaksi imekadiriwa kuwa na nyota kama bilioni 100 lakini kuna galaksi kubwa na ndogo. Galaksi yetu ikiwemo [[mfumo wa jua]] letu imekadiriwa kuwa na nyota zaidi ya 300,000,000,000. Umbo lake unafanana na kisahani ikiwa kipenyo chake ni [[mwaka wa nuru|miaka ya nuru]] 100,000 ikiwa na unene wa miaka ya nuru 3,000. Galaksi ya jirani iliyo karibu angani inaitwa [[Andromeda]] ina umbali wa miaka ya nuru milioni 2.5 . Idadi kamili ya galaksi zote angani haijulikani. Kuna makadirio ya kwamba idadi ya galaksi bilioni inaweza kuangaliwa kwa vyombo vinavyopatikana. Hadi sasa sehemu ndogo tu imehesabiwa lakini mara kwa mara galaksi mpya zinatambuliwa kwa njia ya darubini au vyombo vya angani. Galaksi zinazojulikana zimepewa namba katika orodha ya kimataifa ya wanasayansi wa [[falaki]]. [[Category:Falaki]] {{mbegu}} [[ar:مجرة]] [[bg:Галактика]] [[br:Galaksi]] [[bs:Galaksija]] [[ca:Galàxia]] [[cs:Galaxie]] [[da:Galakse]] [[de:Galaxie]] [[en:Galaxy]] [[et:Galaktika]] [[el:Γαλαξίες]] [[es:Galaxia]] [[eo:Galaksio]] [[eu:Galaxia]] [[fa:کهکشان]] [[fr:Galaxie]] [[gl:Galaxia]] [[ko:은하]] [[io:Galaxio]] [[id:Galaksi]] [[it:Galassia]] [[he:גלקסיה]] [[la:Galaxias]] [[lv:Galaktika]] [[lt:Galaktika]] [[jbo:barda solri bo girzu]] [[hu:Galaxis]] [[ms:Galaksi]] [[nl:Sterrenstelsel]] [[ja:銀河]] [[no:Galakse]] [[nn:Galakse]] [[pl:Galaktyka]] [[pt:Galáxia]] [[ro:Galaxie]] [[ru:Галактика]] [[scn:Galassia]] [[simple:Galaxy]] [[sk:Galaxia]] [[sl:Galaksija]] [[sr:Галаксија]] [[fi:Galaksi]] [[sv:Galax]] [[th:กาแล็กซี]] [[vi:Thiên hà]] [[uk:Галактика]] [[vec:Gałazsia]] [[zh:河外星系]] [[pam:Galaxy]] 2450 7901 2006-03-30T12:24:06Z Ndesanjo 73 [[Image:Moshi William.jpg|thumb|300px|Mwanamuziki Moshi William wakati wa uhai wake. Picha kwa hisani ya [http://issamichuzi.blogspot.com/ Muhiddin Issa Michuzi]. ]] '''TX Moshi William''',jina halisi Shaban Ally Mhoja Kishiwa, ni mmoja wa wanamuziki mahiri wa [[muziki wa dansi]] nchini [[Tanzania]]. Alizaliwa [[Tanga]] mwaka 1958 na kufariki dunia Machi 29, 2006 na kuacha mke mmoja na watoto wanne na aliweza kurekodi albamu 13. Kwa miaka mitatu mfululizo, Moshi William alitunukiwa tuzo ya kitaifa ya utunzi bora (2003, 2004, 2005.) Moshi William alijiunga na bendi kongwe nchini Tanzania [[OTTU Jazz Band]] mwaka 1982. 2451 7873 2006-03-30T00:11:27Z Ndesanjo 73 2452 8590 2006-04-21T17:28:16Z Matt Crypto 20 [[Image:CometWest.gif|thumb|207px|Nyotamkia inayoitwa "West"]] [[Image:CometDiagram.gif|thumb|205px|Njia ya nyotamkia ikizunguka jua. Mkia huelekea mbali na jua kila wakati]] '''Nyotamkia''' ('''kometi''') ni gimba dogo la angani linalozunguka [[jua]] kwa njia ya [[duaradufu]] yenye sehemu kubwa mbali na jua na sehemu ndogo karibu na jua. Pale inapokaribia jua inaotesha "mkia" unaoipa jina lake la "nyota yenye mkia". Mkia huu ni hasa mvuke inayong'aa kutokana na nuru inayoakisiwa. Mwili wa nyotamkia ni mchanganyiko wa mawe, vumbi na barafu. Muda mwingi nyotamkia iko mbali na jua hata haionekani kwa [[darubuni]]. Ikifuata njia ya mzunguko na kukaribia jua kiasi cha kutosha inaanza kuonekana kama [[nyota]] ikiakisi nuru ya jua. Ikikaribia jua zaidi sehemu ya barafu yake inaanza kuyeyuka kuwa mvuke unaoachana na nyotamkia mwenyewe na kuonekana kama "mkia". Mkia huu unaelekea kila wakati upande usio wa jua kwa sababu [[upepo wa jua]] unapuliza mvuke upande ule. Kati ya nyotamkia ni kadhaa tu zinazokaribia kiasi cha kutosha hadi zinaonekana kuwa na mkia kwa macho tu kwa muda wa wiki hadi miezi kadhaa. Zamani ziliaminiwa kuwa ishara kutoka mbinguni au kutoka Mungu zikisababisha wasiwasi na hofu. ==Historia== Nyotamkia zimetambuliwa kuwa magimba yanayorudi baada ya muda fulani. Mara ya kwanza nyotamkia ya "Halley" ilitambuliwa na Mwingereza [[Edmond Halley]] mwaka 1705 ya kuwa inarudi. Halley alitambua ya kwamba nyotamkia aliyoiona mwaka 1705 ilikuwa ileile iliyowahi kuonekana mwaka 1682. Alitabiri ya kwamba nyotamkia hii itaonekana tena mwaka 1759 ikawa hivyo. Nyotamkia hii imepewa jina la "Halley" imeendelea kurudi kila baada ya miaka 76. Wanahistoria waliweza kuthebitisha ya kwamba taarifa mbalimbali katika historia kuhusu nyotamkia tangu mwaka 240 BK ziliihusu "Halley". Ilipoonekana mwaka 1985/86 nuru yake ilikuwa imepungua kulingana na ziara za awali kutokana na kupungua kwa mada yake iliyopotea katika "mkia". Leo kuna nyotamkia takriban 170 zilizothebitishwa ya kuwa zimerudi. Kuna pia nyotamkia chache zilizoonekana kwa darubini jinsi zilivyopasuka na kwisha wakati wa kupita karibu na jua. Kutokana na habari hizo zote wataalamu hufukiri ya kwamba kuna nyotamkia nyingi katika [[mfumo wa jua]] letu lakini idadi inaendelea kupungua polepole zikikwisha kutokana na kupungua kwa mada au kutokana na kukaribia mno kwenye jua au hata kutokana na kugongana na magimba mengine. Haiwezekani kujua idadi kwa sababu muda wa kuzunguka jua ambao ni sawa na muda wa kuonekana tena unaweza kuwa miaka mamia hivyo nyingine haikuonekana bado tangu mwanzo wa [[falaki]] ya kisayansi. [[Category:Falaki]] [[bg:Комета]] [[bs:Kometa]] [[ca:Cometa]] [[cs:Kometa]] [[da:Komet]] [[de:Komet]] [[en:Comet]] [[es:Cometa]] [[eo:Kometo]] [[fa:ستاره دنباله‌دار]] [[fr:Comète]] [[gl:Cometa]] [[gu:ધૂમકેતુ]] [[ko:혜성]] [[hr:Komet]] [[io:Kometo]] [[id:Komet]] [[ia:Cometa]] [[is:Halastjarna]] [[it:Cometa]] [[he:שביט]] [[kn:ಧೂಮಕೇತು]] [[la:Cometes]] [[lv:Komēta]] [[lt:Kometa]] [[hu:Üstökös]] [[ms:Komet]] [[nl:Komeet]] [[ja:彗星]] [[no:Komet]] [[pl:Kometa]] [[pt:Cometa]] [[ro:Cometă]] [[ru:Комета]] [[sk:Kométa]] [[sl:Komet]] [[sr:Комета]] [[fi:Komeetta]] [[sv:Komet]] [[ta:வால்வெள்ளி]] [[th:ดาวหาง]] [[vi:Sao chổi]] [[zh:彗星]] 2453 7906 2006-03-30T20:00:46Z 172.180.95.122 #REDIRECT [[Nyotamkia]] 2454 7917 2006-04-01T10:17:17Z Jon Harald Søby 146 interwiki Hello! My name is '''[[m:User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]]''', and I'm a [[m:Stewards|Steward]] of the Wikimedia Foundation, born 1988, living in Norway. If you wish to contact me, you can do so [[m:User talk:Jon Harald Søby|here]]. [[aa:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ab:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[af:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ak:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[als:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[am:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[an:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ang:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ar:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[arc:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[as:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ast:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[av:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ay:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[az:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ba:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bat-smg:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[be:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bg:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bh:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bi:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bm:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[br:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bs:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bug:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ca:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ce:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ceb:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ch:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[cho:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[chr:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[chy:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[co:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[cr:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[cs:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[csb:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[cv:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[cy:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[da:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[de:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[dv:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[dz:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ee:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[el:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[en:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[eo:User:Jon Harald SØBY]] [[es:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[et:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[eu:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[fa:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ff:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[fi:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[fiu-vro:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[fj:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[fo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[fr:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[frp:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[fur:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[fy:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ga:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[gd:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[gl:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[gn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[got:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[gu:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[gv:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ha:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[haw:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[he:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[hi:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ho:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[hr:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ht:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[hu:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[hy:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[hz:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ia:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[id:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ie:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ig:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ii:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ik:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ilo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[io:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[is:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[it:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[iu:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ja:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[jbo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[jv:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ka:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[kg:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[kj:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ki:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[kk:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[kl:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[km:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[kn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ko:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[kr:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ks:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ksh:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ku:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[kv:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[kw:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ky:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[la:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[lad:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[lb:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[lg:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[li:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[lij:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[lmo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ln:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[lo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[lt:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[lv:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[map-bms:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mg:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mh:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mi:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mk:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ml:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mr:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ms:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mt:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mus:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[my:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[na:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[nah:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[nap:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[nds:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[nds-nl:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ne:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ng:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[nl:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[nn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[no:User:Jhs]] [[nrm:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[nv:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ny:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[oc:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[om:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[or:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[os:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pa:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pam:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pap:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pdc:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pi:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pih:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pl:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pms:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ps:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pt:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[qu:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[rm:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[rmy:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[rn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ro:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[roa-rup:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ru:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[rw:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sa:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sc:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[scn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sco:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sd:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[se:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sg:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sh:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[si:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[simple:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sk:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sl:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sm:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[so:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sq:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sr:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ss:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[st:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[su:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sv:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ta:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[te:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tet:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tg:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[th:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ti:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tk:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tl:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[to:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tpi:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tr:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ts:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tt:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tum:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tw:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ty:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[udm:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ug:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[uk:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ur:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[uz:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ve:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[vec:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[vi:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[vls:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[vo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[wa:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[war:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[wo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[xal:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[xh:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[yi:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[yo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[za:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[zh:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[zh-min-nan:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[zh-yue:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[zu:User:Jon Harald Søby]] 2455 8076 2006-04-09T11:07:58Z Matt Crypto 20 /* Maisha ya mwanzo */ '''Dedan Kimathi''' ([[Oktoba 31]] [[1920]] &ndash; [[Februari 18]] [[1957]]) alikua [[Kenya|Mkenya]] aliyeongoza harakati za kundi la [[Mau Mau]] za kutwaa ardhi iliyokuwa iko mikononi mwa [[wakoloni]] toka [[Uingereza]]. Kimathi alihukumiwa na kunyongwa kutokana ana harakati zake hizo. [[Waingereza]], Serekali ya [[wakoloni]] ilimchukua Kimathi kama mgaidi, lakini wananchi wengi wa kabila la [[Gikuyu]] walimchukua Kimathi kama [[mpigania uhuru]]. Alizaliwa mnamo [[Oktoba 31]], [[1920]] kwa kijiji cha [[Thenge]] huko faraka ya [[Tetu]], wilaya ya [[Nyeri]] na alinyongwa na Waingereza tarehe ya [[Februari 18]], [[1957]]. ==Maisha ya mwanzo== Alipofika miaka kumi na mitano, Kimathi alijiunga na shule ya msingi, Karuna-ini, ambapo aliweza kustadi kiingereza halisi. Hii baadaye ilimsaidia kuandika kwa kiingereza kabla ya mnyanyuko na wakati wa mnyanyuko wa [[Mau mau]]. Akiwa shuleni alijiunga kwa chama cha ushauri. Alikua muumini wa dini na alibeba [[Bibilia]] kila wakati. Alifanyia kazi idara ya misitu kuokota begu za miti, ili aweze kujilipia gharama ya shule. Baadaye akajiunga na shule ya upili ya Tumutumu CSM, lakini akaacha shule kwa sababu ya kutolipa gharama ya shule. Kimathi alifanya kazi kadhaa lakini hakupata msimamo. Mojawapo ya kazi hizo alijiunga na jeshi na kutumwa kwa [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]] mwaka wa [[1941]]. Lakini, mwaka wa [[1944]], alifukuzwa jeshi kwa sababu ya makosa kadhaa. Mnamo [[1946]], alijiandikisha kwa chama cha [[Muungano wa Waafrika Wakenya]]. Mnamo [[1949]], alianza kufunza shule alikosomea, lakini wakamfukuza kazi kwa sababu ya kulaumiwa amefanya [[ubakaji]]. ==Maisha== Kimathi aliweza kuvutia watu kwa kuonyesha bidii kwa kazi aina zote, alizoweza kufanya. Kimathi alianza [[siasa za upinduzi]] mwaka wa [[1950]]. Alianza kuwa mfuasi wa [[Mau Mau]], na baadaye kupanda cheo na kueza kuwapa wajiunga wapya [[kiapo]] cha Mau Mau na kwa hivyo akawa [[haramia]] kulingana na Waingereza. Alijiunga tena na ''[[Kikundi ya Arubaini]]'', wakombozi wa [[Chama cha Kati cha Wakikuyu]] mwaka wa [[1951]]. Alichaguliwa kama karani kwa chama cha KAU eneo ya Ol' Kalou na eneo ya Thomson Falls mwaka wa [[1952]]. Alishikwa kwa mmda mwaka huo, lakini akatoroka kwa usaidizi wa polisi wa kijiji. Hii ilileta mwanzo wa Vita vya ukereketwa halisi. Kimathi aliunda baraza yaulinzi wa Kenya, ambayo ilitoa amri kwa wapiganaji wate msituni, mwaka wa [[1953]]. Mwaka wa [[1956]], alishikwa pamoja na bibi yake mmoja, Wambui. (hadithi nyingi za Kimathi za eleza vile alivyopigwa risasi.) Alihukumiwa kifo na mahakama, na [[Jaji]] wa sheria Chifu Kenneth O'Connor, akiwa bado kitandani katika hospitali kuu ya [[Nyeri]]. Asubuhi na mapema mnamo [[Februari 18]], [[1957]] Alinyogwa na Serikali ya wakoloni Waingereza. == Urithi == Kimathi alizikwa kwa [[Kaburi za maiti ]] na hata eo serikali ya Wingereza inapinga Kimathi kuzikwa tena rasmi, kwasababu wanasema alikua gaidi. Lakini Wakenya wengi wamchukua kama Shujaa wa Taifa. Egemeo nyingi zinatoka kwa Mitaa ya Miji ama majengo mengi mijini ambayoo yamerithi jina la Kimathi, Kenya. Mchezo wa Kuigiza wa [[The Trial of Dedan Kimathi]] umeandikwa na [[Ngugi wa Thiong'o]] (ndugu wa mwanachama wa Mau Mau) na inaeleza kisa cha Kimathi. == Viungo vya nje== {{tafsiri}} *{{en}}[http://wherehermadnessresides.blogspot.com/2005/09/conversations-with-freedom-fighter.html A conversation with insurgents who had fought alongside Dedan Kimathi] *{{en}}[http://www.nationaudio.com/News/DailyNation/23092002/Letters/Letters23.html Daily Nation gives his background] *{{en}}[http://www.geocities.com/k7ank/kimathi.html Kimathi's life] *{{en}}[http://www.misterseed.com/NEWYEAR/FEB2002/TOseeANDtoKEEP.htm Dedan Kimathi's background (article in the middle of the page)] *{{en}}[http://www.nationaudio.com/News/EastAfrican/28022000/Opinion/Opinion6.html Some observations] *{{en}}[http://www.nationaudio.com/News/EastAfrican/17122001/Regional/Regional15.html Another interesting article] *{{en}}[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3196245.stm A brief discussion of the uprising] *{{en}}[http://flambard.dur.ac.uk/dynaweb/handlist/gre/1bhowick/@Generic__BookTextView/3348;pt=2918/* A paper that may open up new leads for those who want to research further] [[Category:1920 Kuzaliwa|Kimathi, Dedan]] [[Category:1957 Kifo|Kimathi, Dedan]] [[Category:Wapenduzi walionyogwa|Kimathi, Dedan]] [[Category:Watu wa Kenya|Kimathi, Dedan]] [[Category:Wakereketwa|Kimathi, Dedan]] [[de:Dedan Kimathi]] [[en:Dedan Kimathi]] 2456 9158 2006-05-01T23:24:49Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Fasihi simulizi''' ni kazi ya sanaa inayotumia mdomo (tofauti na maandishi kama kwenye [[fasihi andishi]]) kama njia kuu maalum kwa ajili ya kufikisha ujumbe. Ni sehemu cha msingi cha [[utamaduni]], na vipengele vyake vingi vinafanya kazi kama katika [[fasihi]] kwa jumla. Katika jamii isiyo na uandishi ni wazi kuwa hakuna fasihi andishi. Hata hivyo kila jamii ina hazina ya mapokeo yapokelewayo mdomo kwa mdomo&mdash;kwa mfano [[utendi]], [[ngano]] au [[nyimbo za jadi]]&mdash;hivyo vyote ni sehemu za fasihi simulizi. Hata jamii ijuayo kusoma na kuandika inaendelea kuwa na fasihi simulizi, hasa nyumbani, k.m. katika kuwasimulia watoto hadithi. Hata hivyo, mara nyingi fasihi simulizi ya jamii ijuayo kusoma na kuandika ni tofauti sana na fasihi simulizi ya jamii isiyo na uandishi, kwa vile imeathiriwa na ujuzi wa kusoma na kuandika, na [[mtindo|mitindo]] ya masimulizi yake haiendi sambamba na mitindo ya masimulizi yasiyoathiriwa na uandishi. [[Category:Fasihi]] 2458 8763 2006-04-25T22:42:05Z Matt Crypto 20 [[Image:Bujumbura 29.36607E 3.37443S.jpg|thumb|320px|Bujumbura]] '''Bujumbura''', ni [[Mji Mkuu]] wa [[Burundi]] unaokadiriwa kuwa na idadi ya wakazi 300,000. Mji huu upo kaskazini mashariki mwa [[Ziwa Tanganyika]], na ni mji mkubwa zaidi Burundi, kitovu cha mawasiliano na uchumi nchini humo. Bujumbura ni mji pekee Burundi ambao una bandari ya kupakia mali na bidhaa mbalimbali za kuuza nje. Bidhaa kama [[kahawa]], [[pamba]], ngozi, na madini ya [[tini|stani]]. Kwa kijiographia Bujumbura iko 3&deg;22'34" Kusini, 29&deg;21'36" Mashariki (-3.3761111, 29.36) [http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html]. Bujumbura ilipanuka toka ilipokuwa kijiji kidogo kilichokuwa [[kambi ya Jeshi]] ya [[Wajerumani]]. Eneo hii iliitwa [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Ujerumani]] mwaka wa [[1889]]. Lakini, baada ya [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia]], Bujumbura ilichukuliwa na [[Wabelgiji|Ubeljiji]] ambapo [[Ligi ya Kimataifa]] ilisimamia [[Ruanda-Urundi]]. Jina la mji likabadilishwa kutoka '''Usumbura''' hadi Bujumbura Burundi ilipopata uhuru, mwaka wa [[1962]]. Bujumbura ni mji ambao umeshuhudia vita vya ukabila kati ya [[Wahutu]] na [[Watutsi]] kwa kung'ang'ania Uongozi wa Burundi. Kati ya mji huu kuna majengo ni yale ya [[kikoloni]] na pia kuna [[soko]], [[uwanja wa taifa]], [[mskiti]] mkubwa na [[Kanisa|kathidro]]. Pia kuna [[Jumba la Makumbusho]] ambalo linaitwa jumba la makumbusho ya maisha na jumba la makumbusho ya Jiologia. Mambo mengine ya kuchangamsha ni kama [[Hifadhi ya Rusizi]], na [[Kiamba (Jiologia)|Kiamba]] hapo [[Mugere]], ambapo panasemekana kwamba [[David Livingstone]] na [[Henry Stanley]] walikutana. (Lakini watu wengi wasema walikutana [[Ujiji]]), [[Kigoma]], nchini [[Tanzania]] ambapo panasemekana ni [[mwanzo]] wa mto ulio unaosemekana kuwa hapo ndio mwanzo wa [[Mto Nile]]. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[Category:Miji Burundi]] [[de:Bujumbura]] [[en:Bujumbura]] [[es:Bujumbura]] [[eo:Buĵumburo]] [[fr:Bujumbura]] [[ko:부줌부라]] [[io:Bujumbura]] [[it:Bujumbura]] [[he:בוג'ומבורה]] [[jv:Bujumbura]] [[lt:Bužumbūra]] [[lb:Bujumbura]] [[nl:Bujumbura]] [[ja:ブジュンブラ]] [[no:Bujumbura]] [[pl:Bużumbura]] [[pt:Bujumbura]] [[sk:Bujumbura]] [[fi:Bujumbura]] [[sv:Bujumbura]] 2459 9899 2006-05-21T20:08:54Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[pl:Powstanie Mau Mau]] '''Maumau''' ni kundi la wapiganaji wa [[Kenya]] waliokuwa wakipinga utawala wa [[kikoloni]] wa [[Waingereza]] toka mwaka 1952 hadi 1960. Ingawa vuguvugu la Maumau halikuwa na mafanikio makubwa kijeshi, upinzani wao ulichangia sana katika kuharakisha upatikanaji wa [[uhuru wa Kenya]] mwaka 1963. Chanzo cha jina la kundi hili, Maumau, hakieleweki vyema. Kuna hali ya kutokukubaliana juu ya chanzo na maana ya jina lenyewe. Baadhi wanadai kuwa ni jina la vilima fulani huko Kenya, wengine wanaamini kuwa jina hilo lilitoka kwa masetla wa Kiingereza lililokuwa na nia ya kudhalilisha kundi hilo. Wako wanaosema kuwa jina hilo ni kifupi cha: Mzungu Aende Ulaya, Mwafrika Apate Uhuru. Sehemu kubwa ya kundi la Maumau iliundwa na watu wa kabila la [[Gikuyu]] huku kukiwa na baadhi ya wanachama toka [[Embu]] na [[Meru]]. Wagikuyu wenyewe hawakuwa wakiliita kundi hili Maumau bali "Muingi" (vuguvugu), "Muigwithania"(anayeunganisha), "Muma wa Uiguano" (kiapo cha umoja) au [[KCA]] (Kenya Central Association, chama ambacho kilichangia kuundwa kwa kundi hili. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Kenya]] [[cs:Povstání Mau Mau]] [[de:Mau-Mau (Kenia)]] [[en:Mau Mau Uprising]] [[eo:Maŭ Maŭ]] [[fi:Mau Mau]] [[fr:Mau Mau]] [[he:מאו מאו]] [[it:Mau-Mau]] [[ja:マウマウ団の乱]] [[pl:Powstanie Mau Mau]] 2460 8096 2006-04-10T08:57:21Z Matt Crypto 20 [[en:Rift valley]] [[Image:RiftValleyLakes.JPG|200px|thumb|Mfano wa Bonde la Ufa]] Kwenye fani ya [[Jiologia]], '''bonde la ufa''' ni bonde ambalo limeumbwa kutokana na mporomoko wa ardhi kukata [[ufa (jeologia)|ufa]]. [[Bonde la Ufa|Bonde la Ufa (kabambe)]] ndio mojawapo ya mabonde maarufu zaidi kwa dunia. Mabonde ya ufa ya huumbwa kutokana na mvutano wa [[tektonika|[[tufe za tektonika]]. Mvutano huu huleta utengano wa matufe hayo ya tekntonika. Bonde la ufa latokea kama [[mzamo wa arthi]] ambao ni [[mzamo wa arthi|Grabenia]] kati ya [[mipasuko(jeologia)|pasuko]] mbili, ama ardhi kusonga kwa njia ya wima. Mabonde ya ufa, hasa yasemekana ya husika ama ina ubavu na [[volkano]]. Mabonde ya ufa ambayo yameendelea zaidi, yanapatikana kwa mifumo ya [[kati ya migongo ya bahari]] ambayo inafanya [[chini ya bahari kusambaa]]. Mabonde ambayo yako sasa, mengi yametokana na kuangamia kwa mkono wa [[mikutano mitatu]], mabonde haya yaitwa ([[aulakogenia]]), mafano ni kama wa [[Ugubaji wa Mississippi]] na [[Bonde la Rio Grande]] eneo la [[Marekani ya Kaskazini]]. [[Category:Bonde la Ufa]] {{mbegu}} [[en:Rift valley]] 2462 7944 2006-04-03T17:24:44Z 85.112.75.252 '''Vita Kuu ya Dunia''' ni jina kwa ajili ya vita inayohusu nchi nyingi katika sehemu mbalimbali za dunia badala ya eneo la nchi kadhaa pekee. Kwa kawaida vita mbili za [[karne]] ya 20 huitwa "[[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia]]" (1914-1918) na "[[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]]" (1939-1945). Jina hili limepatikana tangu mwanzo wa karne ya 20 katika miaka kabla ya Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ilipoonekana ya kwamba vita ikianzishwa ingehusu sehemu kubwa ya dunia kutokana na mapatano kati ya mataifa makubwa ya [[Ulaya]] yaliyotawala nchi nyingi duniani chini ya mfumo wa [[ukoloni]]. Wanahistoria wengine hudai ya kwamba hali halisi vita kuu ya kwanza ilizohusu dunia yote ilikuwa [[vita ya miaka saba]] (1756-1763) kati ya [[Uingereza]] na madola ya Kijerumani ya [[Uprusi]] na [[Hannover]] dhidi ya [[Ufaransa]], [[Urusi]], [[Austria]], [[Sweden]], [[Saksonia]] na [[Hispania]]. Mapigano yalitokea [[Ulaya]], Amerika ya Kaskazini, Visiwa vya Karibi, [[India]], [[Asia]] ya Mashariki, [[Afrika]] na baharini kote duniani. 2463 7945 2006-04-03T17:35:39Z Kipala 107 Ndesanjo, hujambo. Sidhani ni vema kubadilisha "mradi wa Mercury" kuwa "mradi wa Zebaki". "Mercury" hapa ni jina halisi la kiingereza. Ibaki ilivyo. Pia tusingebadilisha "Gemini" kuwa "mapacha", Wostok kuwa "mashariki" na kadhalika --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 17:35, 3 Aprili 2006 (UTC) 2464 8073 2006-04-09T11:03:08Z Matt Crypto 20 Kwa [[Jeologia]], '''aulakogenia''' ni mkono uliogoma wa [[mikutano mitatu]] ya [[ufa (Jeologia)|ufa]] za [[boma za tektonika]]. Miungano mitatu chini ya boma za bara uanzisha mpasuko mara tatu ya boma hizi za bara. Boma za Bara zinapopasuka, moja wapo ya migongo hii mitatu hukoma kutapakaa ama kuacha kupasuka, na hivyo basi ufa ulioacha kupasuka, waitwa '''aulakogenia'''. na baadaye huwa [[grabenia]] iliojazwa na udongo kwa bara. Eneo kama hii, nimoja wapo ya eneo zinazo leta udhoofu wa mizizi ya mijengo. [[Ugubaji wa Mississippi]] unaohusika na Eneo za [[mtetemeko wa arthi]] ambao inaitwa [[eneo za seismik za Madrid mpya]], nimoja wapo ya mfano wa aulakogenia ambao unatokana na upasukaji wa bara ya karne ya kale, ilioitwa [[Rodinia]]. Kwa kusini magharibi ukingo wa Europa kwa (ufuo wa [[Ureno]]) kuna ufa beseni inayoitwa (Beseni ya Lusitania) ambao ilitokana pamoja na eneo ya Canada ya Grand banks, ambapo viwanja za mafuta za Hibernia ziko. Beseni za ufa zilizo achwa na kusonga wima na kutoa ufuo, kama beseni ya Lusitanian, nimoja wapo ya mifano ya beseni zilizo chini ya bahari za ufa za kale. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Boma za tektonika]] [[de:Aulakogenia]] [[pl:Aulakogenia]] 2465 7953 2006-04-04T18:22:23Z Marcos 3 Lugha saada ya kimataifa umehamishwa hapa Lugha saidizi ya kimataifa #REDIRECT [[Lugha saidizi ya kimataifa]] 2466 7956 2006-04-04T18:23:41Z Marcos 3 Lugha iliyopangwa umehamishwa hapa Lugha ya kupangwa #REDIRECT [[Lugha ya kupangwa]] 2467 7958 2006-04-04T18:23:41Z Marcos 3 Talk:Lugha iliyopangwa umehamishwa hapa Talk:Lugha ya kupangwa #REDIRECT [[Talk:Lugha ya kupangwa]] 2468 7961 2006-04-04T18:25:45Z Marcos 3 Lugha iliyotengenezwa umehamishwa hapa Lugha ya kuundwa #REDIRECT [[Lugha ya kuundwa]] 2469 7963 2006-04-04T18:25:45Z Marcos 3 Talk:Lugha iliyotengenezwa umehamishwa hapa Talk:Lugha ya kuundwa #REDIRECT [[Talk:Lugha ya kuundwa]] 2470 11600 2006-07-01T09:36:58Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[gv:Kemmig]], [[vec:Chimèga]] <div class="notice dablink">''jina kemia limetukana na kiarabu al-kemia]].''</div> '''Kemia''' (jina limetoka kwa [[alkemia]]) ni sayansi ya [[radhi]] kwa kiwango cha [[atomiki|atomi]]. Kemia yahusu tabia ya radhi na viungo vya atomiki, ni masomo ya kujua mbadiliko wa radhi na uhusiano wa radhi na miradhi tafauti, na pia uhusika wa [[enajia|Bidii]]. Kwa msingi kemia ni masomo ya [[atomi|atomiki]] na mkusanyo wa atomi kwa [[molekyuli]], [[bilauli]] ama [[madini]] ambazo za jenga radhi za kawaida. Kulingana na kemia ya kisasa ni ujenzi wa [[radhi]] kwa kiwango cha atoma. ==Maanzilisho== [[Image:Lab bench.jpg|thumb|300px|Maabara, kwa chuo cha Biokemia, chuo cha Cologne, Ujerumani]] Kemia wakati mwengine ya semekana kama masomo ya sayansi ya kati, kwa sababu ya unganisha sayansi zingine pamoja, [[fiziki]], [[biolojia]] ama [[jeologia]]. Kemia ina matawi mengi yaliyo maalum kwa masomo na watalaam wa matawi hayo, umahususi huu wa kemia, kwa mfano waruhusu utengenezaji wa vitu vipya, kuotesha au uendelezaji wa [[dawa|madawa]] ili kutibu magonjwa, na kutambua umekanika wa harakati za maisha. Moja ya jawabu kwa kemia ni ati radhi imehusika. Kwa kemia radhi ya weza kuhusika na radhi nyingine, ama, ihusike radhi na harakati za [[enajia |bidii]]. Uhusiano ambao unajulikana zaidi ni uhusiano wa [[Viini za kemikali|kiini]] ama viini na viini vingine kwa [[jawabu ya kemikali]] ambapo kiini kimoja au viini za penduliwa kwa ainanyingine. Hii ya husu [[mnururishi wa samaku]] (kama kwa [[nuru ya kemia]]) Ambapo [[jawabu ya kemikali]] ya tokea kwa sababu ya papo ya nuru. Jawabu za kemikali ni masomo mengine ya tawi ya kemia mbapo ya stadi radhi kwa mifano mingine. Kemikali ya [[spektroskopi|Kispektroskopi]] kwa mfano wa stadi uhusiano wa nuru na radhi, bila jawabu yeyote kutokea. [[Wana sayansi]] ambao wa dumisha sayansi waitwa [[wana kemia]]. Kulingana na wana kemia [[radhi]] zote vina viungo vya [[atomiki]] or ama radhi ndogo zaidi zinazounda atomiki. Atomiki za weza kuungana na kutoa radhi kubwa kama [[ioni]], [[molekyuli]] ama [[bilauli]]. Mjengo wa Dunia ambao tumeuzoea na mitambo ya radhi tumezoea za hakikishwa na jawabu ya viini vya kemikali na uhusiano wa jawabu hizi. [[Chuma cha pua]] ni chuma ngumu kwa sababu atomiki zake zimeshikana pamoja kwa [[mshono wa bilauli]]. Mbao huchomeka kwa sababu ya jawabu pesi ya[[oksijeni]] kwa [[jawabu za kemikali]] kwa kiwango fulani ya [[Joto]]. [[Maji]] ni [[kimajimaji|kimiminiko]] kwa Joto inayodumisha maisha kwa sababu, molekyuli za maji za songa zaidi kuliko kwa [[mango]] ya barafu, lakini kidogo kwa [[uvuke]]. Binadamu au mnyama yeyote yuaweza kuona kwa sababu ya uhusiano wa nuru na molekyuli za [[unyama]] nyuma ya macho. Kwa hii eneo kubwa ya masomo, nivigumu sana kuhekima kila stadi kwa kemia na kuhtasari stadi yote kwa jumla. Hata kwa wataalamu zaidi wa kemia, wengi ujuzi wao umetia maanani kwa stadi kadhaa walizo tia maanani zaidi kwa masomo yao. Kemia ina tawi nyingi sana, zinazoitwa tawi za kemia, ambazo wanakemia watia makini. Kemia ambao hufunzwa kwa shule ya upili na miaka ya kwanza ya chuo kuu, yenyewe huitwa ''kemia ya msingi'' ambayo huwapa wanafunzi masomo ya kemia kwa msingi ili kuimarisha masomo pana ya kemia, kulingana na tawi yeyote ya kemia mwana funzi atakayofuata. Kwa kemia ya msingi, stadi yenyewe haimalizii kwa utaalam lakini Wataalam wengi utumia masomo haya ya msingi wa kemia kueleza kazi yao kwa sababu jibu lenyewe ni ngumu zaidi kueleza kwa ujuzi ama jibu lenyewe ni laghai. Sayansi ya Kemia ni maedeleo ya kisasa kulingana na historia, lakini mizizi yake nikutokana na [[alkemia]] mbayo ilikua desturi kwa [[milenia]] dunia mzima. Jina la kemia ni kutoka alkemia; lakini, [[etimologia]] ya alkemia haijavumbuka zaidi (ona [[alkemia]]). ==Histori ya Kemia== Jina ''al-kemia'' ya toka [[Lugha ya Kiarabu|Kiarabu]] ''al-k&#299;miya&#704;'' au ''al-kh&#299;miya&#704;'' (&#1575;&#1604;&#1603;&#1610;&#1605;&#1610;&#1575;&#1569; or &#1575;&#1604;&#1582;&#1610;&#1605;&#1610;&#1575;&#1569;), nao [[griki|Wagiriki]] kupata jina hii ''al-'' na [[Lugha ya Kigiriki|Kigiriki]] ''chumeia'' (&chi;η&mu;&epsilon;&#943;&alpha;) ambayo la maanisha "kuunganisha pamoja", "kumwaga pamoja", "kuchomelea", "aloi ya chuma", na kadhalika. Msingi wa kemia waezatokana na [[kuchoma]]. [[Moto]] ulikua nguvu ya kiwazo mbayo iligeuza vitu kutoka ainamoja hadi nyingine, na hiyo dio ilileta shauku ya binadamu. Ni moto ulioleta ufumbuzi wa [[chuma]] na [[glass]]. baada ya [[Migodi]] kugunduliwa na kuwa madini ya mali, Watu wengi walitamani kugundua jia ya kupendua madini mengine kua migodi. Hii ilileta [[sayansi ya kujaribu]] ambayo iliitwa [[Alkemia]]. '''Wana-alkemia''' waligundua taratibu ainanyingi za kemikali ambazo zilileta maendeleo ya Kemia ya kisasa. Kemia kama vile twaijua leo iligunduliwa na [[Antoine Lavoisier]] ambaye alile sheria ya [[kuhifathi uzito]] mwaka wa 1783. [[Ugunduzi wa radhi za Kemikali]] ina historia ndefu ya uedelezaji wa [[jedwali za kemikali|jedwali]] iliopagwa kwa ufumbuzi wa [[Dmitri Mendeleev]]. [[Tuzo ya Nobel, Kemia]] ilioanzwa mwaka wa 1901, ina historia jema kuhusu ufumpuzi wa kemia miaka 100 iliopita. ==Utabiri wa Kemikali== Utabiri wa kemikali ni utabiri unaoweza kuelezwa na kemia na unahusu [[Viungo vya kemikali|viungo]] na [[enajia|bidii]]. Utabiri wa kemikali unahusika na mapenduzi ya tabia ya viini panapotokea majawabu ya kemikali. [[Moto]] nimojawapo ya utabiri uliowa kushangaza zaidi. Wanakemia wao hujaribu kutabiri mambo yote kuhusu Tabiri za kemikali zinazojulikana, na kugundua tabiri ambazo zijajulicana na kuziweka kwa kundi ya jedwali kulingana na tabia ya [[viini]] vya kemikali. Mfano, Viini ambavyo zaitikia jawabu ya [[oksijeni]], ilikutoa majibu kwa aina ya viini vingine, husemekana kwamba zime [[oksijeniwa]]; hata hivyo kundi ya kemikali za [[kiuguza|kali]] ama [[alkali]] za weza jawabu na kutuliza athari, utabiri ambao wajulikana kama [[utulizaji wa athari za kemikali]]. [[Kiini cha kemikali|Viini]] vinaweza kua pia [[Udhoofu wa kemikali|dhoofu]] ama ziendelee kujiunda kutoka viini vingine kwanjia ya jawabu aina nyingi. Jawabu za kemikali zinahusika na mapenduzi au uhifadhi wa bidii, utabiri huu wasomwa kwa stadi ya kemia inayoitwa, [[Kemikali ya SiyaraJoto]]/ [[kemia ya athari-joto]]. Napia, viini vingine hutoa nuru bila kuashwa moto, utabiri huu waitwa,[[fosfati nuru]]. ==Matawi ya Kemia== [[Image:Pipetten.JPG|thumb|Maabara [[kikasha]] ]] Kemia imegawa kwa tawi kadhaa kuu. Kuna pia tawi zingine zakitaalam ambazo zinahusika na kemia. *[[Kemia ya Uchambuzi]] ni [[Uchambuzi]] wa vifaa, ili kuelewa [[Viini vya kemikali]] na [[ujenzi]]. Kemia ya Uchambuzi ya husu majaribio mbinu ilkanun za kemia. Hzi mbinu za weza kutumika kwa Kemia aina yeyote, lakini si kwa Kemia fasihi ya nadhari. *[[Biokemia]] ni stadi ya [[Viungo vya kemikali|Kemikali]], [[jawabu za kemikali]] na [[uhusiano]] unaofanyika kwa vitu vilivyo hai [[jumba|vijumba]]. Biokemia na [[kemia ya mahuluku]] zi karibu na [[Kemia ya madawa]]. *[[Kemia Si Mahuluku]] ni stadi ya tabia na jawabu za viungo vya kemikali mbazo siyo mahuluku. Tafauti ya kemia mahuluku na si mahuluku haijategwa zaidi makusudi, bado kuna mlinganisho hapa napale hasa kwa tawi ya [[Kemia ya mahuluku madini]]. *[[Kemia ya mahuluku]] ni stadi ya muundo, tabia, [[viungo]], umekaniki, na [[jawabu ya kemikali|jawabu]] ya [[Viungo vya mahuluki]]. hasa, ni stadi ya viini vinavyo [[radhi]] ya kaboni. *[[Kemia ya fizika]] ni stadi ya asili ya kemikali, taratibu na mifumo ya kemikali. hasa, bidii na [[siyara]] ya mifumo hii ya kemikali ni za vutia wana kemia ya fizika. Eneo nyingine za stadi muhimu ni kama [[Kemikali ya siyarajoto]], [[Kemikali ya mwendo wa bidii]], [[kemia ya umeme]], [[Umekaniki wa statistiki]], na [[spektroskopi]]. Kemia ya fizika inahusika sana na [[Fiziki ya molekyula]]. Kemia ya fizika inahusu matumizi ya [[hesabu za[[ukadiri|(kalikilasi)]] kwa kuonyesha milingano. *[[Kemia ya nadhari]] ni ustadi wa kemia kwa kutumia fikira (hasa kwa kutumia [[Hesabu]] ama [[fiziki]]), ina fafanua tabia ya shenga au zikiwa chenga. Hasa kwa matumizi ya [[Kuantam mekaniki]] na kwa kemia yaitwa [[kuantam kemia]]. Kutoka mwishi wa vita vya pili vya Dunia, uendelezaji wa [[compyuta]] umeruhusu mfumo wa uendelezaji wa [[Kemia ya uanga na compyuta]], ambayo ni usanifu wa kutengeneza na kutumia [[programu ya kompyuta|miradi ya kompyuta]] ili kutatua hesabu za kemicali. Kemia ya nadhari ya husika zaidi na [[fiziki ya molekyuli]]. *[[Kemia ya Viini|Kemia ya Nuklia]] ni stadi ya vile viini vilivyo kwa atomiki vinavyo jiunganisha pamoja na kujenga nuklia. [[Mageuzo ya radhi]] ni mambo ya kisasa na ni masomo makubwa ya kemia ya kinuklia, na [[jedwali ya vinuklia]] ni matokeo muhimu na kifaa cha elimu hii. Elimu zingine za Kemia ni kama [[Kemia ya Sayari]], [[Kemia ya Anga]], [[Uinjinia wa Kemikali]], [[Kemia ya-maarifa]], [[Kemia ya umeme]], [[Kemia ya mazingira]], [[kemia ya jeologia|jeo-kemia]], [[kemia ya kuzuia uwambukuzi|Kemia ya kijani kibichi]], [[Hitoria ya Kemia]], [[Sayansi ya Vifaa]], [[Kemia ya Dawa]], [[Biolojia ya molekyuli]], [[jena|Molekyuli za Jenetika]], [[Technologia ya nukta]], [[Kemia ya mahulukulu madini]], [[Petrochemistry]], [[Pharmacology]], [[Photochemistry]], [[Kemia ya bidii za nuru na kemikali]], [[Kemia ya polima]], [[Kemia ya molekyuli jitu]], [[Kemia ya Wajihi]], na [[Kemia ya athari-joto]]. ==Kanuni za ujuzi== ===Mifumo ya Kemia=== Mfumo ya kemia, ni taratibu zinazo husika kwa eneo hii kupea majina ya [[viungo vya kemikali]]. Kuna mifumo fumbuzi zaidi ya kupa majina kemikali zilizogudulika. [[Viungo mahuluku]] zapewa majina kulingana na [[mifumo ya mahuluku]]. [[viungo si mahuluku ]] za pewa majina kulingana na [[mifumo ya si mahuluku]]. ===Atomiki=== ''Atomiki'' ni muungano wa radhi ambazo zi mepata sitima ya kuunga kwa kiini (kwa [[nuklia ya atomiki]]) ambayo ina [[protoni]] na [[niutroni]], napia [[elektroni]] kadhaa ili kupima nguvu viini vilivyo na stima ya kuunga. ===Kiini=== ''Kiini'' ni atomiki ambazo zina kiwango cha nambari za [[protoni]] na [[nuklia ya atomiki|nuklia]] sawa. Hii nambari yaitwa [[namba ya atomiki]] ya kiini. Kwa mfano, atomiki zote zina 6 protoni kwa nuklia ni atomiki za kiini cha kemikali [[caboni]], na atomika zote zina 92 protoni kwa nuklia ni atomiki za kiini cha [[urani]]. Maonyesho mazuri ya nambari za viini za kemikali ni [[Jedwali za kemika|jedwali]], ambayo huweka viini vya kemikali ambazo zina tabia sawa ya kemikali pamoja. Orotha ya viini[[Orotha ya viini kwa jina|kwa jina]], [[orotha ya viini kwa ishara|kwa ishara]] na kwa [[orotha ya viini kwa nambari| nambari ya atomiki]], na pia kwa kuongezea kuna orotha ya [[aisotope]]. ===Viungo=== ''Kiungo'' ni kifaa kilicho na hakiba tosha ya [[viini vya kemikali]]ambazo za zaleta viungo, an mpango wa kujiunganisha ambao unaleta tabia fulani ya kemikali. Mfano, [[Maji (molekyuli)|maji]] ni kiungo ambacho kina viini vya [[hidrojeni]] na [[oksijeni]] kwa uwiano wa mbili kwa moja, na oksijeni kati ya hidrojeni, na kwa pembe ya 104.5° kati. Viungo vi na tengenezwa na kubomolewa kwa [[Jawabu ya kemikali]] ===Molekyuli=== ''Molekyuli'' ni kiungo asili kidogo zaidi kwa [[viungo vya kemikali|Viungo]] au [[kiini cha kemikali|kiini]], ambacho hakiwezi kugauika mara nyingi, na kia tabia za kemikali. Molekyuli hasa yaweza kuwa na [[atomiki]] mbili ama zaidi, zinazo [[Kujiunga kwa kemikali|kujiunga]] kikaza pamoja. ===Ioni=== ''Ion'' ni kifaa kilicho na stima, ama atomiki ama molekyuli ambayo imepoteza au kuongeza electroni. ilioongeza ya itwa [[kationi]] (kama [[natiri]] kationi Na⁺) na iliopoteza electroni ya itwa [[anioni]] (kama [[klorini]] Cl^-) ambazo za weza kutulizana kama [[chumvi]] kwa kemikali (ni [[natiri ya kloroni]] NaCl). Mfano wa [[ioni za poliatomiki]] ambazo hazigawani wakati wa [[natharia za jawabu ya Kali-alkali|Jawabu za kali-alkali]] ni kama [[hidrojeni oksijeni|hidrokside]] (OH^-), ama [[fosfati]] (PO₄^3-). ===Kifaa=== Kifaa cha kemikali yaweza kuwa ni Kiini, Kiungo ama mchanganyiko wa Kiungo, Viini ama Viungo na viini. Radhi nyingi twaziona kilasiku kwa maisha yetu na mchanganyiko mwingine nikama [[anga ya dunia|anga]], [[aloi]], [[na radhi za biolojia]] na zaidi ya vitu vingine nyingi. ==Ona pia== * [[Orotha ya wana kemia]] * [[Orotha ya shauri za kemia]] * [[orotha ya Viungo]] * [[Orotha ya chapa za Kemia|Orotha ya List chapa mhimu kwa kemia]] * [[Mali ya kemia]] * [[Mambo ya kemia ambayo haijatatuliwa]] ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Chemistry/index.htm MIT mafunzo wazi | kemia] * [http://wikid.chem.yale.edu/ Wikidchem, hakiba ya kemia mbayo nibure] * [http://www.allchemicals.info/ Chemical Glossary] * [http://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/ Chemistry Information Database] * [http://www.chemicalforums.com/ Chemistry Forum] * [http://www.chem.qmw.ac.uk/iupac/ IUPAC Nomenclature Home Page], see especially the "Gold Book" containing definitions of standard chemical terms * [http://www.cci.ethz.ch/index.html Experiments] videos and photos of the techniques and results * [http://81.207.88.128/science/ More experiments] - lots of information about the elements too. * [http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/ Material safety data sheets for a variety of chemicals] * [http://www.flinnsci.com/search_MSDS.asp Material Safety Data Sheets] ==Masomo zaidi== * Chang, Raymond. ''Chemistry'' 6th ed. Boston: James M. Smith, 1998. ISBN 0071152210. [[Category:kemia|*]] <!-- Viungo via lugha nyingine --> [[af:Chemie]] [[als:Chemie]] [[an:Quimica]] [[ar:كيمياء]] [[ast:Química]] [[bg:Химия]] [[bn:রসায়ন]] [[br:Kimiezh]] [[bs:Hemija]] [[ca:Química]] [[co:Chimica]] [[cs:Chemie]] [[csb:Chemijô]] [[cy:Cemeg]] [[da:Kemi]] [[de:Chemie]] [[el:Χημεία]] [[en:Chemistry]] [[eo:Kemio]] [[es:Química]] [[et:Keemia]] [[eu:Kimika]] [[fa:شیمی]] [[fi:Kemia]] [[fo:Evnafrøði]] [[fr:Chimie]] [[fur:Chimiche]] [[fy:Skiekunde]] [[ga:Ceimic]] [[gd:Duileolachd]] [[gl:Química]] [[gv:Kemmig]] [[he:כימיה]] [[hi:रसायन शास्त्र]] [[hr:Kemija]] [[ht:Chimi]] [[hu:Kémia]] [[hy:Քիմիա]] [[ia:Chimia]] [[id:Kimia]] [[ie:Chimie]] [[io:Kemio]] [[is:Efnafræði]] [[it:Chimica]] [[ja:化学]] [[ka:ქიმია]] [[kn:ರಸಾಯನಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ]] [[ko:화학]] [[ku:Kîmya]] [[la:Chemica]] [[lad:Kemika]] [[lb:Chimie]] [[li:Sjemie]] [[ln:Kémi]] [[lt:Chemija]] [[lv:Ķīmija]] [[mi:Mātauranga matū]] [[mk:Хемија]] [[mn:Хими]] [[mr:रसायनशास्त्र]] [[ms:Kimia]] [[nds:Chemie]] [[nds-nl:Scheikunde]] [[nl:Scheikunde]] [[nn:Kjemi]] [[no:Kjemi]] [[oc:Quimia]] [[os:Хими]] [[pa:ਰਸਾਇਣ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ]] [[pl:Chemia]] [[pt:Química]] [[ro:Chimie]] [[ru:Химия]] [[sc:Chìmica]] [[scn:Chìmica]] [[sco:Chemistry]] [[simple:Chemistry]] [[sk:Chémia]] [[sl:Kemija]] [[sq:Kimia]] [[sr:Хемија]] [[su:Kimia]] [[sv:Kemi]] [[ta:வேதியியல்]] [[te:రసాయన శాస్త్రము]] [[th:เคมี]] [[tk:Kimya]] [[tl:Kimika]] [[tr:Kimya]] [[tt:Ximiä]] [[ug:خىمىيە]] [[uk:Хімія]] [[vec:Chimèga]] [[vi:Hóa học]] [[vo:Kiemav]] [[zh:化学]] [[zh-yue:化學]] 2471 8787 2006-04-26T11:42:07Z Joel Niganile 92 '''Hugh Masekela''' (alizaliwa Aprili 4, 1939) ni mpulizaji mashuhuri wa [[trampeta]] wa [[Muziki]] wa [[Jazz]]. Alizaliwa mji wa [[Wilbank], [[Afrika ya Kusini]]. Hugh Masekela anafahamika ulimwenguni kote kwa aina ya kupiga Jazz la mtindo wa [[Afri Jazz]] na hasa upulizaji wake wa trampeta; uongozi wa bendi ya muziki; mtunzi na muandishi mahiri wa mashairi ya muziki. Masekela alijifunza kupuliza trampeta akiwa shuleni na mwalimu wake ni Padre Trevor Huddleston huyu alikuwa ni mkuu wa shule yao Huddleston alifanya ziara [[New York]], [[Marekani]] huko alikutana na msanii maarufu wa kimarekani [[Louis Armstrong]] na aliporudi Afrika ya Kusini alibeba trampeta alizopewa na Armstrong ambazo zilimzindua Masekela na kuanza kufahamika, akiwa na umri wa miaka ishirini Masekela alikuwa akitumbuiza katika muziki wa aina tofauti, hasa wa Jazz; [[Bebop]]; [[Funk]] na [[Afrobeat]] wakati huo alikuwa na kundi la Jazz Epistles kundi hili lilikuwa na wasanii maarufu kama mpiga kinanda mahiri Abdillah Ibrahim mwaka 1960 Masekela alikwenda [[London]] [[Uingereza]] ambako alijiunga na shule ya muziki ya [[Guildhall School of Music]] na baadaye alikwenda New York Marekani na alisoma katika mji wa [[Manhattan]]. Mwaka 1962 alitoa albamu yake ya kwanza iitwayo Trumpet Africa miaka miwili baadaye alitoa nyengine iitwayo The Americanisation of Ooga Booga ambayo ilitamba mpaka kushika chati, hasa baada ya kupigwa na kituo kimoja cha radio cha mjini California. Kwenye miaka ya tisini Masekela alitoa albamu zifuatazo, (1992) Beatin' around de bush; (1993) Hope; (1995) Johannesburg; (1995) Notes of life; (1997) Black to the future; (1999) Sixty; (2003) Time na (2005) Rivival. Mpaka kufikia Agosti 2000 alikuwa ameuza nakala 50,000 na kumfanya apate tuzo ya Platinum, Hugh ameshirikiswa na wasanii kama Miriam Makeba wa Africa ya kusini na Paul Simon wa Marekani Pauli Simon ni kwenye albamu ya Grace land trampeta yake imesika zaidi kwenye wimbo wa Gumboots na Diamond in the sole of her shoes. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Wanamuziki|Masekela, Hugh]] 2472 8830 2006-04-26T18:55:13Z Matt Crypto 20 <div class="messagebox cleanup metadata">'''Makala hii au sehemu ya makala hii inahitaji kutafsiriwa kwa Kiswahili.'''</div> 2473 8091 2006-04-10T08:53:22Z Matt Crypto 20 kutoka [[Historia]] '''Thomas Jefferson''' alikuwa mwandishi wa katiba ya Marekani aliyetumia Nadharia ya [[John Locke]] na kupanga hoja za kupinga Marekani kuendelea kuwa chini ya mfumo wa utawala wa Kifalme chini ya Uingereza. {{mbegu}} 2474 8092 2006-04-10T08:54:14Z Matt Crypto 20 kutoka historia http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historia&oldid=8015 '''John Locke''' alikuwa mwanafalsafa aliyetoa nadharia ya "Mkataba Jamii": mkataba huu unahusisha watawala na watawaliwa ambapo watawaliwa huwapa watawala madaraka ya kuongoza kwa kufuata matakwa ya watawaliwa. Nadharia hii ilisaidia kwa kiwango kikubwa kujengwa kwa taifa la Marekani kutoka katika utawala wa Kifalme uliokuwa chini ya Uingereza. {{mbegu}} 2475 8107 2006-04-10T09:33:32Z Matt Crypto 20 [[Category:Tanzania]] [[Category:Tanzania]] 2477 8154 2006-04-10T12:05:03Z Matt Crypto 20 Irani umehamishwa hapa Idhaa ya Kiswahili ya Radio Tehran #REDIRECT [[Idhaa ya Kiswahili ya Radio Tehran]] 2478 8187 2006-04-11T23:30:53Z Matt Crypto 20 Ladysmith Black Mabanzo umehamishwa hapa Ladysmith Black Mambazo #REDIRECT [[Ladysmith Black Mambazo]] 2479 8205 2006-04-12T20:34:29Z Matt Crypto 20 '''Pasaka''' ni jina la sikukuu muhimu katika dini za [[Uyahudi]] na [[Ukristo]]. Jina la Pasaka limetokana na neno la [[Kiebrania]] "פסח" (tamka: pasakh). [[Pasaka ya Kiyahudi]] ni sikukuu ya kumbukumbu kwa kutoka kwa [[Wanaisraeli]] kutoka [[Misri]] wakati wa [[Musa]] mnamo miaka 1200 [[KK]]. [[Pasaka ya Kikristo]] ni sikukuu ya kukumbuka kufufuka kwake [[Yesu Kristo]] siku ya tatu baada ya kusulibiwa kwake. Inahesabiwa kuwa sikukuu muhimu kabisa katika Ukristo. Taarifa za [[Agano Jipya]] zinatoa habari ya kuwa kifo na kufufuka kwa Yesu yametokea wakati wa sikukuu ya Pasaka ya Kiyahudi. Kwa hiyo jina la sikukuu hiyo imeendelea kutumikwa kwa ajili ya sherehe ya kikristo. ==Maneno kwa ajili ya Pasaka ya Kiyahudi na Pasaka ya Kikristo katika lugha mbalimbali (mifano)== Katika lugha nyingi asili hii bado inaonekana ingawa mara nyingi umbo la neno ni tofauti kidogo. Jina la sikukuu ya Kiyahudi linapatikana kwa umbo mbalimbali. Siku hizi mara nyingi umbo la neno la Kiebrania limetumika lakini desturi katika lugha hizo inaonyesha pia umbo linalofanana zaidi na neno kwa ajili ya sherehe ya kikristo. Lugha {| {{jedwalimaridadi}} |- !Lugha !Jina la Pasaka ya Kiyahudi !Jina la Pasaka ya Kikristo |- | '''[[Kifaransa]]''' | Pessah | Paque; Les Paques |- | '''[[Kihispania]]''' | pascua | pascua |- | '''[[Kiitalia]]''' | Pasqua ebraica; Pesach; Pesah | Pasqua |- | '''[[Kipoland]]''' | Pesach | Wielkanoc; Pascha |- |'''[[Kirusi]]''' | Пасха; Песах (pas-kha; pesakh) | Пасха (pas-kha) |- | '''[[Kigiriki]]''' | Πάσχα (pas-kha) | Πάσχα (pas-kha) |- | '''[[Kidenmark]]''' | Pesach | Påske |- | '''[[Kinorway]]''' | Pesah | Påske |- | '''[[Kisweden]]''' | Pesach;Påsk | Påsk |- |'''[[Kiholanzi]]''' |Pesach |Pasen |- | '''[[Kijerumani]]''' | Passah | Ostern |- | '''[[Kiingereza]]''' | Passover | Easter |- |'''[[Kiajemi]]''' | پسح | پاک |- |} 2480 8196 2006-04-12T15:52:32Z Julius Sahara 149 redir #REDIRECT [[Jomo Kenyatta]] 2481 8235 2006-04-13T19:29:04Z 62.154.201.129 {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" style="float:right; margin-left:15px;" |- |+style="padding-right: 1.5em;"align=center|'''Tarehe za Pasaka kwa miaka 2000-2020''' |- ! '''Mwaka''' !! '''Magharibi ([[Kalenda ya Gregori]])'''!! '''Mashariki ([[Kalenda ya Juliasi]])''' |- ! '''2000''' || [[Aprili 23]] || [[Aprili 30]] |- ! '''2001''' ||colspan=2 align=center| [[Aprili 15]] |- ! '''2002''' || [[Machi 31]] || [[Mei 5]] |- ! '''2003''' || [[Aprili 20]] || [[Aprili 27]] |- ! '''2004''' ||colspan=2 align=center| [[Aprili 11]] |- ! '''2005''' || [[Machi 27]] || [[Mei 1]] |- ! '''2006''' || [[Aprili 16]] || [[Aprili 23]] |- ! '''2007''' ||colspan=2 align=center| [[Aprili 8]] |- ! '''2008''' || [[Machi 23]] || [[Aprili 27]] |- ! '''2009''' || [[Aprili 12]] || [[Aprili 19]] |- ! '''2010''' ||colspan=2 align=center| [[Aprili 4]] |- ! '''2011''' ||colspan=2 align=center| [[Aprili 24]] |- ! '''2012''' || [[Aprili 8]] || [[Aprili 15]] |- ! '''2013''' || [[Machi 31]] || [[Mei 5]] |- ! '''2014''' ||colspan=2 align=center| [[Aprili 20]] |- ! '''2015''' || [[Aprili 5]] || [[Aprili 12]] |- ! '''2016''' || [[Machi 27]] || [[Mei 1]] |- ! '''2017''' ||colspan=2 align=center| [[Aprili 16]] |- ! '''2018''' || [[Aprili 1]] || [[Aprili 8]] |- ! '''2019''' || [[Aprili 21]] || [[Aprili 28]] |- ! '''2020''' || [[Aprili 12]] || [[Aprili 19]] |} '''Pasaka ya Kikristo''' ni sikukuu ya kukumbuka kufufuka kwake [[Yesu Kristo]] siku ya tatu baada ya kusulibiwa kwake. Inahesabiwa kuwa sikukuu muhimu kabisa katika [[Ukristo]]. ==Jina la Pasaka== Jina la "[[Pasaka]]" limetokana na sherehe ya [[Pasaka ya Kiyahudi]] linaloitwa "פסח" (tamka: pasakh) kwa lugha ya [[Kiebrania]]. Kwa Kiswahili majina ya sherehe za Kikristo na Kiyahudi hazitofautiani. Asili yake ni ya kwamba kusulibiwa na kufufuka kwa Yesu Kristo kumetokea wakati wa sikukuu ya Pasaka ya Kiyahudi mnamo mwaka 30 [[BK]]. Wakristo wa kwanza ambao wote walikuwa Wayahudi walisheherekea sikukuu ya kiyahudi pamoja na kumbukumbu kwa ufufuo wa Yesu. Baadaye sherehe na pia tarehe zikawa tofauti. ==Tarehe ya Pasaka== Tarehe ya Pasaka inafuata mwezi kwa hiyo sikukuu hiyo haina tarehe imara katika kalenda ya kawaida. Inapatikana katika Machi au Aprili. [[Mtaguso]] au Sinodi Kuu ya [[Nikea]] mwaka 325 BK iliamua ya kwamba Pasaka itasheherekewa Jumapili ya kwanza baada ya mwezi mpevu wa kwanza baada ya Machi 21 (ambayo ni mwanzo wa majira ya kuchipua katika kaskazini ya dunia). Kwa sababu mwezi mpevu baada ya Machi 21 inaweza kutokea kati ya Machi 22 na Aprili 19 tarehe ya Pasaka ambayo ni Jumapili inayofuata hutokea kati ya Machi 22 na Aprili 25. Katika Ukristo kuna [[kalenda]] mbili zinazotumika hivyo pia tarehe mbili za Pasaka. Makanisa ya magharibi yaani [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waprotestant]] hufuata [[Kalenda ya Gregori]] (ambayo imekuwa kalenda ya kawaida ya kimataifa), lakini Waorthodoksi wanaendelea kutumia kalenda iliyotangulia yaani [[Kalenda ya Juliasi]]. [[Category:Ukristo]] [[zh-min-nan:Koh-oa̍h-cheh]] [[bg:Великден]] [[ca:Pasqua (cristiana)]] [[cs:Velikonoce]] [[da:Påske]] [[de:Ostern]] [[el:Πάσχα]] [[en:Easter]] [[es:Pascua]] [[eo:Pasko]] [[fa:عید پاک]] [[fr:Pâques]] [[fy:Peaske]] [[ko:부활절]] [[id:Paskah]] [[it:Pasqua cristiana]] [[he:פסחא]] [[ka:აღდგომა]] [[lt:Velykos]] [[li:Paosje]] [[hu:Húsvét]] [[nl:Paasfeest]] [[ja:復活祭]] [[no:Påske]] [[nn:Påske]] [[nrm:Pâques]] [[pl:Wielkanoc]] [[pt:Páscoa]] [[ro:Paşti]] [[ru:Пасха]] [[sk:Veľká noc]] [[fi:Pääsiäinen]] [[sr:Васкрс]] [[sv:Påsk]] [[tl:Pasko ng Pagkabuhay]] [[vi:Lễ Phục Sinh]] [[uk:Великдень]] [[wa:Påke]] [[zh:復活節]] 2482 8595 2006-04-21T17:33:18Z Matt Crypto 20 <div class="messagebox cleanup metadata"> [[Image:Copyright.svg|left|40px|]] '''Makala hii inatuhumiwa kuwa uhalifu wa kukiuka sheria ya hakimiliki.'''<br>Ila matambuzi ya hakimiliki, itafutwa. </div><includeonly>[[Category:Wikipedia makala yenye shida ya hakimiliki]]</includeonly><noinclude> ----- Ona pia: [[:Category:Wikipedia makala yenye shida ya hakimiliki|Wikipedia makala yenye shida ya hakimiliki]] </noinclude> 2485 8249 2006-04-14T10:07:42Z Matt Crypto 20 picha kutoka commons '''Pasaka ya Kiyahudi''' ni kati ya sikukuu muhimu zaidi ya dini ya [[Uyahudi]]. Sikukuu hii inakumbuka kutoka kwa [[Wanaisraeli]] kutoka [[utumwa]] walimokuwepo huko [[Misri]]. [[Pasaka]] ya Kiyahudi imekuwa na athira kubwa juu ya sherehe ya [[Pasaka ya Kikristo]] kuhusu tarehe, liturgia na desturi mbalimbali. ==Jina la Pasaka== Jina la Pasaka limetokana na neno la [[Kiebrania]] "פסח" (tamka: pasakh) lenya maana ya "kupita juu, kukaa juu ya (kama mlinzi)" katika kitabu cha [[Biblia]] cha [[Kutoka]] 12:23. Hapa imeandikwa ya kwamba Mungu "atapita" juu ya milango ya nyumba za Wanaisraeli huko Misri katika usiku kabla ya hawakutoka na kuzuia maovu ambayo Wamisri wanaathiriwa nayo. [[Image:Pessach_Pesach_Pascha_Judentum_Ungesaeuert_Seder_datafox.jpg|thumb|260px|right|Mesa ya Seder yaani Chakula cha Pasaka ya Kiyahudi ikionyesha vitabu vya Haggada]] [[Image:Der Sederteller fuer den Pessachauftakt.jpg|thumb|right|Sahani ya Seder ya Pasaka ya Kiyahudi]] ==Tarehe ya Pasaka ya Kiyahudi== Pasaka ina tarehe kamili katika [[kalenda ya kiyahudi]] inaanza [[Nisan]] 15. Inasheherekewa kwa siku saba yaani hadi Nissan 22. Siku ya kwanza na ya mwisho ni sikukuu hasa. Katika nchi ya [[Israel]] siku hizi mbili ni siku za kupumzika kazi. Wayahudi wengine hasa nje ya Israel husheherekea siku 8. Kwa sababu kalenda ya kiyahudi ni [[kalenda ya mwezi]] tarehe zake hubadilika katika hesabu ya [[kalenda ya Grigori]] yaani kalenda ya kawaida ya kimataifa. Kwa jumla Pasaka ya Kiyahudi inasheherekewa wakati wa miezi [[Machi]] au [[Aprili]] kwa sababu Nisan ni mwezi wa [[majira ya kuchipua]]. ==Asili ya Pasaka== Katika Biblia, kitabu cha Kutoka 12 kuna taarifa ya kutoka kwa Wayahudi katika Misri wakati wa [[Musa]] mnamo mwaka 1200 [[KK]]. Taarifa ni ya kwamba Musa alimtumwa na Mungu kuwaondoa Wanaisraeli katuka hali ya utumwa huko Misri na kuwaongoza kwenda nchi ya ahadi. Lakini mfalme wa Misri mwenye cheo cha [[Farao]] alikataa hivyo Mungu alituma mapigo dhidi ya Misri ili Farao alazimishwe kukubali. Pigo la mwisho tena la kali mno lilikuwa kifo cha kila aliyezaliwa kama mtoto wa kiume wa kwanza katika Misri. Hapo Wanaisraeli waliambiwa kuchincha kondoo na kupaka damu milangoni kwao ili [[malaika]] akipita kuua watoto wa kwanza asiguse watoto wa Wanaisraeli. Baada ya pigo hili Farao alikubali Wanaisraeli watoke. Tendo hili la kuwaweka mababu yao huru inakumbukwa na Wayahudi kote duniani katika siku zinazoanza Nisan 15. ==Sherehe ya Pasaka== Sherehe ya Pasaka inaanza masaa ya jioni kabla ya siku yenyewe kwa sababu katika kalenda ya kiyahudi mwanzo wa siku si usiku manane wala macheo lakini wakati wa machweo jioni inayotangulia. Maandalizi ya sikukuu ni pamoja na kufanya usafi kabisa katika nyumba. Hakuna kitu kilichochachuka kinachobaki katika nyumba kufuatana na Kut. 12:20 yaani kitu chochote chenye nafaka au unga yake ulioguswa na maji hata punje yake kama vile mkate, keki au spagetti. Tendo hili ni la kukumbuka jinsi Wanaisraeli walipaswa kukimbia Misri haraka bila muda wa kutengeneza mikate ya kawaida yaliyochachuka. Kwa hiyo wanawake wao walioka mikate yasiyochachuka ambayo yamekuwa chakula cha Pasaka hadi leo. Mikate hii huitwa "[[matze]]". Familia na marifiki hukutana kwa chakula cha pekee wakizunguka meza ya [[Seder]] (seder = "utaratibu") yenye vyakula vya pekee. Kati ya vyakula hizi ni majani machungwa yanayokumbusha uchungu wa utumwa, matunda ya kupondwa yenye rangi ya kahawia-nyekundu yanayokumbusha udongo wa matofali Wanaisraeli walipaswa kutengeneza, maji ya chumvi ya kukumbuka machozi huko Misri, mayai kama ishara ya matumaini na mengine. Vyote huliwa katika utaratibu (=seder) maalumu pamoja na masomo na sala kutoka vitabu vya [[Haggada]] vinavyoshikwa na wote mezani. ==Tarehe za Pasaka ya Kiyahudi (Passa) katika Kalenda ya Gregori 2005 - 2050== {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" style="float:right; margin-left:15px;" |- |+style="padding-right: 1.5em;"align=center| '''Tarehe za Pasaka ya Kiyahudi (Passa) katika Kalenda ya Gregori 2005 - 2050''' |- {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" style="float:right; margin-left:15px;" |- !<small>Mwaka wa [[Kalenda ya Gregori]] || <small>Mwaka wa [[Kalenda ya kiyahudi]] || <small>Tarehe ya Pasaka huko [[Israel]] || <small>Tarehe ya Pasaka kwa [[Wayahudi wa Kiorthodoksi]] nje ya Israel |- !2004 || 5764 || Aprili 6-12 || Aprili 6-13 |- !2005 || 5765 || Aprili 24-30 || Aprili 24-Mei 1 |- !2006 || 5766 || Aprili 13-19 || Aprili 13-20 |- !2007 || 5767 || Aprili 3-9 || Aprili 3-10 |- !2008 || 5768 || Aprili 20-26 || Aprili 20-27 |- !2009 || 5769 || Aprili 9-15 || Aprili 9-16 |- !2010 || 5770 || Aprili 5-11 || Aprili 5-12 |- !2011 || 5771 || Aprili 19-25 || Aprili 19-26 |- !2012 || 5772 || Aprili 7-13 || Aprili 7-14 |- !2013 || 5773 || Machi 26-Aprili 1 || Machi 26-Aprili 2 |- !2014 || 5774 || Aprili 15-21 || Aprili 15-22 |- !2015 || 5775 || Aprili 4-10 || Aprili 4-11 |- !2016 || 5776 || Aprili 23-29 || Aprili 23-30 |- !2017 || 5777 || Aprili 11-17 || Aprili 11-18 |- !2018 || 5778 || Machi 31-Aprili 6 || Machi 31-Aprili 7 |- !2019 || 5779 || Aprili 20-26 || Aprili 20-27 |- !2020 || 5780 || Aprili 9-15 || Aprili 9-16 |- !2021 || 5781 || Machi 28-Aprili 3 || Machi 28-Aprili 4 |- !2022 || 5782 || Aprili 16-22 || Aprili 16-23 |- !2023 || 5783 || Aprili 6-12 || Aprili 6-13 |- !2024 || 5784 || Aprili 23-29 || Aprili 23-30 |- !2025 || 5785 || Aprili 13-19 || Aprili 13-20 |- !2026 || 5786 || Aprili 2-8 || Aprili 2-9 |- !2027 || 5787 || Aprili 22-28 || Aprili 22-29 |- !2028 || 5788 || Aprili 11-17 || Aprili 11-18 |- !2029 || 5789 || Machi 31-Aprili 6 || Machi 31-Aprili 7 |- !2030 || 5790 || Aprili 18-24 || Aprili 18-25 |- !2031 || 5791 || Aprili 8-14 || Aprili 8-15 |- !2032 || 5792 || Machi 27-Aprili 2 || Machi 27-Aprili 3 |- !2033 || 5793 || Aprili 14-20 || Aprili 14-21 |- !2034 || 5794 || Aprili 4-10 || Aprili 4-11 |- !2035 || 5795 || Aprili 24-30 || Aprili 24-Mei 1 |- !2036 || 5796 || Aprili 12-18 || Aprili 12-19 |- !2037 || 5797 || Machi 31-Aprili 6 || Machi 31-Aprili 7 |- !2038 || 5798 || Aprili 20-26 || Aprili 20-27 |- !2039 || 5799 || Aprili 9-15 || Aprili 9-16 |- !2040 || 5800 || Machi 29-Aprili 4 || Machi 29-Aprili 5 |- !2041 || 5801 || Aprili 16-22 || Aprili 16-23 |- !2042 || 5802 || Aprili 5-11 || Aprili 5-12 |- !2043 || 5803 || Aprili 25-Mei 1 || Aprili 25-Mei 2 |- !2044 || 5804 || Aprili 12-18 || Aprili 12-19 |- !2045 || 5805 || Aprili 2-8 || Aprili 2-9 |- !2046 || 5806 || Aprili 21-27 || Aprili 21-28 |- !2047 || 5807 || Aprili 11-17 || Aprili 11-18 |- !2048 || 5808 || Machi 29-Aprili 4 || Machi 29-Aprili 5 |- !2049 || 5809 || Aprili 17-23 || Aprili 17-24 |- !2050 || 5810 || Aprili 7-13 || Aprili 7-14 |- [[da:Pesach]] [[de:Pessach]] [[es:Pésaj]] [[eo:Pesaĥo]] [[en:Passover]] [[fa:پسح]] [[fr:Pessa'h]] [[ko:유월절]] [[it:Pesach]] [[he:פסח]] [[la:Pascha]] [[hu:Pészah]] [[nl:Pesach]] [[ja:過越]] [[nn:Pesah]] [[pl:Pesach]] [[pt:Pessach]] [[sv:Pesach]] [[tr:Hamursuz Bayramı]] [[yi:פסח]] [[zh:逾越節]] 2486 9496 2006-05-12T18:52:51Z Kipala 107 '''Kalenda ya Juliasi''' ni [[kalenda]] iliyoanzishwa kwa amri ya [[Kaisari Juliusi]] mnamo mwaka 46 [[KK]] katika [[Dola ya Kirumi]]. Ilichukua nafasi ya kalenda ya Kirumi iliyotangulia. Kalenda ya Juliasi ilibadilishwa na [[kalenda ya Gregori]] kuanzia karne ya 16 [[BK]] lakini ilikuwa kalenda rasmi katika nchi mbalimbali kama [[Urusi]] hadi karne ya 20. Mpaka leo ni kalenda ya [[liturgia]] katika [[kanisa la Kiothodoksi]]. ==Matengenezo ya mwaka 46 KK== Kaisari Juliusi alikuwa mtawala wa Kirumi aliyeamua kubadilisha kalenda ya kale iliyokuwa [[kalenda ya mbalamwezi]]. Majira yalikosa tarehe kamili katika kalenda hiyo hali iliyosababisha matatizo ya kiutawala. Hivyo Kaisari alimwajiri mtaalamu M[[misri]] [[Sosigenes]] atunge kalenda mpya inayofuata mzunguko wa [[jua]]. Kalenda hii iliitwa kwa heshima yake Kalenda ya Juliasi. Ilikuwa na miezi 12 yenye siku 30 au 31 na kipindi kimoja kifupi chenye siku 28 ambacho ni mwezi wa Februari ili kukamilisha siku 365 za mzunguko wa jua. Vipindi hivi viliendela kuitwa "mwezi/miezi" ingawa havikufuata tena mwendo wa mwezi mwenyewe. Kwa sababu muda wa [[mwaka wa jua]] ilijulikana kuwa na siku 365 1/4 kila mwaka wa nne siku ya nyongeza iliingizwa kama siku ya 29 ya mwezi wa [[Februari]]. Mwaka 46 KK mwenyewe ilirefushwa kwa ajili ya sahihisho lile likawa na siku 445 ikiwa Warumi waliikumbuka kama "mwaka uliochanganyikiwa". ==Majina na hesabu ya miezi== Sosigenes alitumia majina ya miezi ya kalenda ya kale yanayoendela kutumikwa hadi leo. Isipokuwa mwaka 44 KK baada ya kifo cha Kaisari mwezi wa "Quintilis" ilipewa jina la marehemu ikaitwa "Julius" ndiyo [[Julai]] kwa [[Kiswahili]]. Mtwala mkubwa aliyefuata baada ya Kaisari Juliusi alikuwa Augusto (anayehesabiwa kuwa [[Kaisari]] wa kwanza wa Kirumi) na mwezi wa Sextilis ulipewa jina lake kwa heshima yake ni mwezi wa [[Agosti]] kwa Kiswahili. Hata watawala wengine walijaribu kupachika majina yao kwenye mwezi fulani lakini ni majina ya Kaisari Juliusi na Augusto pekee yaliyodumu. Miezi ya Septemba hadi Disemba inatunza kumbukumbu ya kwamba ilikuwa miezi ya saba hadi kumi katika kalenda ya kale ya kirumi. '''Jina la mwezi - Neno la nambari la [[Kilatini]]''' [[Septemba]] - septem (7) [[Oktoba]] - octo (8) [[Novemba]] - novem (9) [[Disemba]] - decem (10) Lakini hapakuwa na mapatano kuhusu mwanzo wa mwaka ni mwezi gani. Maeneo mbalimbali yalitumia mwanzo tofauti. Ni tangu karne ya 13 [[BK]] tu ya kwamba [[Januari]] 1 ilianza polepole kukubaliwa kuwa mwanzo wa mwaka katika nchi za Ulaya. ==Kasoro za Kalenda ya Juliasi== Kalenda ya Juliasi ilikuwa na kasoro ambayo haikujulikana mwanzoni. Muda wa mwaka wa jua si siku 365 1/4 kamili. Hivyo mwaka wa kalenda ya Juliasi ulipita muda kamili ya mwaka wa jua kwa dakika 11 na sekondi 14. Hadi karne ya 14 BK tofauti hii ilikuwa tayari na jumla ya siku 7. Haya yalionekana hasa wakati wa [[pasaka]] ambayo haikufuata tena utaratibu uliowekwa na [[mtaguso wa Nikea]]. Kwa sababu hiyo mtaguso wa Trento wa kanisa katoliki iliamua kusahihisha kalenda. Ni Papa Gregori aliyeita wataalamu waliofanya makadirio mapya. Tangu mwaka 1582 [[kalenda ya Gregori]] ilianzishwa ikawa leo kalenda ya kimataifa. Kanisa la Kiothodoksi la [[Ethiopia]] bado linatumia kalenda ya Gregori ambayo iko nyuma ya kalenda ya Juliusi kwa miaka saba. [[Category:Kalenda]] [[als:Julianischer Kalender]] [[be:Юліянскі каляндар]] [[br: Deiziadur juluan]] [[ca:Calendari julià]] [[cs:Juliánský kalendář]] [[da:Julianske kalender]] [[de:Julianischer Kalender]] [[en:Julian calendar]] [[es:Calendario juliano]] [[eo:Julia kalendaro]] [[fi:Juliaaninen kalenteri]] [[fr:Calendrier julien]] [[ko:율리우스력]] [[io:Juliana kalendario]] [[is:Júlíska tímatalið]] [[it:Calendario giuliano]] [[he:הלוח היוליאני]] [[hu:Julián-naptár]] [[nl:Juliaanse kalender]] [[id:Kalender Julian]] [[ja:ユリウス暦]] [[no:Juliansk kalender]] [[nn:Den julianske kalenderen]] [[pl:Kalendarz juliański]] [[pt:Calendário juliano]] [[ro:Calendarul iulian]] [[ru:Юлианский календарь]] [[sq:Kalendari Juliane]] [[simple:Julian calendar]] [[sl:Julijanski koledar]] [[sr:Јулијански календар]] [[sv:Julianska kalendern]] [[th:ปฏิทินจูเลียน]] [[vi:Lịch Julius]] [[tr:Jülyen takvimi]] [[zh:儒略曆]] 2487 8668 2006-04-22T22:40:58Z Kipala 107 '''Kalenda ya [[mwezi (wakati)|mwezi]]''' inahesabu miezi kufuatana na mwendo wa [[mwezi (gimba la angani)]]. Mwezi una muda wa siku 29,5 kutoka mwezi mpya hadi mwezi mpya. Faida yake ni ya kwamba mwezi unaonekana na watu wote. Hali hii inasaidia kuelewana haraka kati ya watu juu ya tarehe fulani katika mazingira ambako hakuna mitambo wala maandishi. Mwaka wa miezi hii 12 una siku 354. Kwa sababu hiyo [[kalenda]] za kale katika mataifa na tamaduni mbalimbali mara nyingi zilikuwa hasa kalenda za kufuata mwezi. Kalenda ya mwezi ina mwaka wa siku 354 ambao ni fupi kuliko [[mwaka wa jua]] mwenye siku 365 1/4. Kutokana na hiyo kalenda haiwezi kutabiri majira yanayoenda sambamba na mwendo wa jua. Hii ilileta ugumu katika makadirio ya mambo yote yanayohusu mpangilio ya kilimo kinachofuata majira ya joto na baridi au ukame na mvua. Hali hizi zote zinategemea hali ya jua na kukadiriwa katika mwaka wa jua. Ugumu huu uligusa pia mambo ya utawala na serikali kwa sababu uwezo wa wakulima kulipa kodi inategemea mavuno. Kalenda ambayo haisaidii kupanga wakati wa mavuno hivyo kupatikana kwa mapato ya serikali ina faida kidogo tu. Kutokana na sababu hizo kalenda za mwezi zilirekebihswa mara nyingi kwa njia ya kuingiza siku za nyongeza ili muda wa mwaka ilingane na mwaka wa jua. [[Kalenda ya Kiyahudi]] ni mfano hadi leo jinsi mwaka wa mwezi unasahihishwa kwa kuingiza miezi ya nyongeza. Katika utaratibu wa kipindi cha miaka 19 kuna miaka 12 ya kawaida na miaka saba yenye mwezi wa nyongeza inayobadilishana ili kulinganisha kalenda ya mwezi na mwendo wa jua hivyo mwezi wa mavuno inabaki katika majira yake. Kalenda ya mwezi tupu ambayo ni muhimu hadi leo ni [[kalenda ya kiislamu]]. Tarehe zake zinabadilika kila mwaka katika [[kalenda ya Gregori]] ambayo ni Kalenda ya kimataifa. Kwa mfano [[Ramadhani]] iko mwaka 2006 BK wakati wa Novemba; kila mwaka inasogea mbele itafika miezi ya Agosti, Mei, Januari na kadhalika hadi kurudi tena Novemba katika mwendo wa miaka wapitao 33. {{mbegu}} [[ar:تقويم قمري]] [[br:Deiziadur loarel]] [[de:Mondkalender]] [[en:Lunar calendar]] [[fr:Calendrier lunaire]] [[ja:太陰暦]] [[pt:Calendário lunar]] [[sv:Månkalender]] [[vi:Âm lịch]] [[zh:阴历]] 2488 11130 2006-06-21T16:04:16Z Kipala 107 {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width=50 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big><big>&#4611;&#4877;&#4652; &#4772;&#4653;&#4725;&#4651;<br>''Repoblikan'i Madagasikara<br>Republique de Madagascar<br>Jamhuri ya Madagaska'' </big></big> |- | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan=2 | {| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" | align="center" width="130px" | [[Image:Flag of Madagascar.svg|125px|Flag of Madagascar]] | align="center" width="130px" | [[Image:Coat of arms of Madagascar.png|110px|Coat of Arms of Madagascar]] |- | align="center" width="130px" | ([[Bendera ya Madagaska|Kinaganaga]]) | align="center" width="130px" | ([[Coat of Arms of Madagascar|Kinaganaga]]) |} |- | align="center" colspan=2 | <small>''[[ Hadabu ya Taifa]]: Tanindrazana, Fahafahana, Fandrosoana <br> ''([[Lugha ya Malagasi|Malagasi]]: Nchi ya wenyeji, Rukhsa, Maendeleo)'' | ''</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | [[image:LocationMadagascar.png|Location of Madagascar]] |- | '''[[Lugha za Taifa]]''' | [[lugha ya Malagasi | Malagasi]] <br> [[ Lugha ya Kifaransa | Kifaransa ]] |- | '''[[Mji Mkuu]]''' | [[Antananarivo]] |- | '''[[Rais wa Madagaska|Rais]]'''<br>[[Waziri Mkuu wa Madagaska|Waziri Mkuu]] | [[Marc Ravalomanana]]<br>[[Jacques Sylla]] |- | '''[[Eneo]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Jumla <br />&nbsp;- 0.13% Maji | [[Orotha ya nchi kulingana na eneo|Kadiriwa 45 duni]] <br /> 587,040 [[square kilomita|km&sup2;]] <br /> |- | '''[[Umma]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Kadiriwa ([[ 58 duni ]])<br />&nbsp;- Jumla ([[18,040,341 ]])<br />&nbsp;- Umma kugawa na Eneo [[31]] | [[Orotha ya Nchi kulingana na Umma|Kadiriwa 126 duni]]<br />; ([[Orotha ya nchi kulingana na eneo kwa umma|142 duni]) |- | '''[[Orotha ya nchi GDP (kidogo)|GDP]] [[Chumo cha uchumi]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Jumla<br />&nbsp;- kwa kipimo cha umma<br /> | [[126]] kadir<br />$15.82 billion ([[Orotha ya nchi GDP (kidogo)|223]]) <br />$900 ([[Orotha ya nchi kulingana na GDP kwa umma|214]]) |- | '''[[Uhuru]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Kadirifu<br />&nbsp;- Barabara | [[Madaraka)]]<br /> [[ Juni 26 1960]] |- | '''[[Fedha]]''' | [[Malagasi Ariari|Ariari]] |- | '''[[Saa za Eneo]]''' | [[Masaa za kimataifa|UTC]] +3 |- | '''[[Wimbo wa Taifa]]''' | ''' [[Ry Tanindraza nay malala ô]] ''' (Eh, nchi yentu asili) | |- | '''[[mtandao wa interneti|Intaneti TLD]]''' | [[.mg]] |- | '''[[Orotha za nchi- kodi za simu|kodi za simu]]''' | 261 |- |¹Lugha ya Malagasi, kulingana na katiba ndiyo lugha ya Taifa. Lugha ya Kifaransa, haijatiwa umaakini kama Lugha rasmi. |} '''Jamhuri ya Madagaska''', au '''Madagaska''', ni kisiwa katika [[Bahari Hindi]] mashariki ya pwani la [[Afrika]]. Kisiwa chenyewe, ambacho chajulikana kama Madagaska, ni mojawapo ya visiwa vikubwa duniani na [[Orodha ya visiwa| ni kisiwa cha nne kwa ukubwa duniani]]. Kisiwa hiki cha Madagaska pia ni Mazingira makubwa ya aina ya [[violezo]], Violezo asilimia 5 ya [[mimea]] na [[Wanyama]] wa Dunia, asilimia 80 yenyewe ni ya kifani kwa Madagaska. Kwa wana[[ biolojia ya mazingira]] mambo ya [[violezi kifani]] ni kama aina ya tumbili [[lemur]], ndege ambao wasambukiza ugonjwa na [[baobab|mti wa baobab]]. Jina Madagaska latoka kutoka Jina la wenyeji , [[Malagasi|Wamalagasi]] ambayo waongea [[Wamalagasi|Kimalagasi]]. ==Historia== {{Tako la Kifungu|Historia ya Madagaska}} ==Siasa== {{Tako la Kifungu|Historia ya Madagaska}} ===Serikali=== ==Mikoa na Eneo== Kuna viwango nne via kugawa eneo: #[[Mikoa]] yenye Madaraka (''faritany mizakatena'') #Eneo ([[faritra]]) #Kikao ([[departemanta]]) #Jamii ([[kaominina]]) ===Mikoa=== {{Tako la Kifungu|Historia ya Madagaska}} [[Image:MadagascarNumbered.png|right|125px]] Madagaska imegawa mara sita kwa [[mikoa]] zenye madaraka. (''faritany mizakatena''), Kila moja kwa Jina ya Mji Mkuu wake. Ni: #[[Mkoa wa Antananarivo|Antananarivo]] #[[Mkoa wa Antsiranana|Antsiranana]] #[[Mkoa wa Fianarantsoa|Fianarantsoa]] #[[Mkoa wa Mahajanga|Mahajanga]] #[[Mkoa wa Toamasina|Toamasina]] #[[Mkoa wa Toliara|Toliara]] ===Eneo=== Eneo 22 regions kwa Mikoa: *Antananarivo **[[Bongolava]] **[[Itasy]] **[[Vakinankaratra]] *Antsiranana **[[Diana_Region|Diana]] *[[Sava_Region|Sava]] *Fianarantsoa **[[Amoron'i Mania]] **[[Atsimo Atsinanana]] **[[Haute-Matsiatra]] **[[Ihorombe]] **[[Vatovavy-Fitovinany]] *Mahajanga **[[Betsiboka]] **[[Boeny]] **[[Melaky]] **[[Sofia_Region|Sofia]] *Toamasina **[[Alaotra Mangoro]] **[[Analanjirofo]] **[[Atsinanana]] *Toliara **[[Androy]] **[[Anosy]] **[[Atsimo Andrefana]] **[[Menabe]] ===Historia=== ==Jeografia== ==Ecologia== {{Tako la Kifungu|Historia ya Madagaska}} ==Uchumi== {{Tako la Kifungu|Historia ya Madagaska}} ==Uhusiano wa Kigeni== ==Watu== ===Lugha=== ===Dini=== ==Utamaduni== ==utambuzi== ==Urejezi== ==shauri== == Miungano ya nje == ===Serikali=== ===Habari=== ===maangalizi=== ===Mwendo=== ===Utalii=== {{Afrika}} [[Category:Madagaska| ]] [[Category:African Union member states]] [[Category:Visiwa vya Afrika]] [[Category:Visiwa vya Bahari ya Hindi]] [[af:Madagaskar]] [[am:ማዳጋስካር]] [[ar:مدغشقر]] [[an:Madagascar]] [[zh-min-nan:Madagasikara]] [[bs:Madagaskar]] [[bg:Мадагаскар]] [[ca:Madagascar]] [[cs:Madagaskar]] [[da:Madagaskar]] [[de:Madagaskar]] [[et:Madagaskar]] [[el:Μαδαγασκάρη]] [[es:Madagascar]] [[eo:Madagaskaro]] [[eu:Madagaskar]] [[fa:ماداگاسکار]] [[fr:Madagascar]] [[gd:Madagascar]] [[ko:마다가스카르]] [[hr:Madagaskar]] [[io:Madagaskar]] [[id:Madagaskar]] [[is:Madagaskar]] [[it:Madagascar]] [[he:מדגסקר]] [[ks:मडगास्कर]] [[kw:Madagaskar]] [[ku:Madagaskar]] [[lv:Madagaskara]] [[lt:Madagaskaras]] [[hu:Madagaszkár]] [[mk:Мадагаскар]] [[mg:Madagasikara]] [[ms:Madagascar]] [[nl:Madagaskar]] [[ja:マダガスカル]] [[no:Madagaskar]] [[nn:Madagaskar]] [[nds:Madagaskar]] [[pl:Madagaskar]] [[pt:Madagáscar]] [[ro:Madagascar]] [[ru:Республика Мадагаскар]] [[sa:मडगास्कर]] [[sq:Madagaskar]] [[simple:Madagascar]] [[sk:Madagaskar]] [[sl:Madagaskar]] [[sr:Мадагаскар]] [[sh:Madagaskar]] [[fi:Madagaskar]] [[sv:Madagaskar]] [[tl:Madagascar]] [[tr:Madagaskar]] [[uk:Мадаґаскар]] [[zh:马达加斯加]] 2489 8232 2006-04-13T19:22:02Z Yosef 144 Mtu yeyote aweza kuweka picha ya kinaga na pendera ya madagaska, kwangu ka ngoma. 2490 8591 2006-04-21T17:29:12Z Matt Crypto 20 Itifaki: orodha au mpangilio wa visa kwenye sherehe, mkutano, mjadala na kadhalika. Programu. Itifaki ni pia Kitabu chenye orodha ya maneno ya maandishi fulani. "Itifaki ya Biblia" (imetolewa 1990 na Central Tanganyika Press) ina orodha ya maneno yote ya Biblia na madondoo yake. Ni chombo muhimi cha utafiti wa lugha. {{mbegu}} 2491 10841 2006-06-15T15:34:09Z 84.189.216.13 {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width=50 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big><big>&#4611;&#4877;&#4652; &#4772;&#4653;&#4725;&#4651;<br>''Jamhuri ya Mauriti<br>République de Maurice'' </big></big> |- | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan=2 | {| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" | align="center" width="130px" | [[Image:Flag of Mauritius.svg|125px|Flag of Mauritius]] | align="center" width="130px" | [[Image:Coat of arms of Mauritius.png|110px|Coat of Arms of Mauritius]] |- | align="center" width="130px" | ([[Bendera ya Mauriti|Kinaganaga]]) | align="center" width="130px" | ([[Coat of Arms of Mauritius|Kinaganaga]]) |} |- | align="center" colspan=2 | <small>''[[ Hadabu ya Taifa]]: Stella Clavisque Maris Indici<br>([[Latino]]: Nyota na Kifunguo cha Bahari Hindi)''</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | [[image:LocationMauritius.png|Location of Mauritius]] |- | '''[[Lugha za Taifa]]''' | =[[Lugha ya Kingereza|Kingereza]]; [[Lugha ya Kifaransa|Kifaransa]] <br>:[[lugha ya kriole Mauriti|Kifaransa Kriole]] |- | '''[[Mji Mkuu]]''' | [[Port louis (pandari louis)]] |- | '''[[Rais wa Mauritius|Rais]]'''<br>[[Waziri Mkuu wa Madagaska|Waziri Mkuu]] | Bwana [[Anerood Jugnauth]]<br>Daktari [[Navinchandra Ramgoolam]] |- | '''[[Eneo]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Jumla <br />&nbsp;- 0.05% Maji | [[Orotha ya nchi kulingana na eneo|Kadiriwa 169 duni]] <br /> 2060 [[square kilomita|km&sup2;]] <br /> |- | '''[[Umma]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Kadiriwa ([[mwaka wa julai 20005 ]])<br />&nbsp;- Jumla ([[1,230,602 ]])<br />&nbsp;- Umma kugawa na Eneo [[602]] | [[Orotha ya Nchi kulingana na Umma|Kadiriwa 155 duni]]<br />; ([[Orotha ya nchi kulingana na eneo kwa umma|11 duni]) |- | ''' [[Chumo cha uchumi]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Jumla<br />&nbsp;- kwa kipimo cha umma<br /> | $16.36 billioni ([[Orotha ya nchi GDP (kidogo)|ranki 123]]) <br />$13,300 ([[Orotha ya nchi kulingana na GDP kwa umma|ranki 70]]) |- | '''[[Uhuru]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Kadirifu<br />&nbsp;- Barabara | [[Madaraka)]]<br /> [[Machi 12]], [[1968]]kutoka [[Waingereza|Wingereza]] |- | '''[[Fedha]]''' | [[Rupee ya mauriti|Rupee]] |- | '''[[Kodi za fedha]]''' | [[MUR]] |- | '''[[Saa za Eneo]]''' | [[Masaa za kimataifa|UTC]] +4 |- | '''[[Wimbo wa Taifa]]''' | ''[[Wimbo wa Taifa wa nchi ya mama|Nchi ya mama]]'' |- | '''[[mtandao wa interneti|Intaneti TLD]]''' | [[.mu]] |- | '''[[Orotha za nchi- kodi za simu|kodi za simu]]''' | 230 |- |¹Lugha ya Mauriti kriole ama Kifaransa kriole ni Kifaransa ambacho kimekorofishwa na lugha ya malesia, kihindi na lugha zaidi za wenyeji, lugha hii haijatiwa umaakini kama Lugha rasmi. |} [[Image:Maurice-plage.jpg|thumb|Mauritius]] [[Image:Satellite image of Mauritius in February 2003.jpg|thumb|Rahamani kutoka anga ya mauriti]] [[Image:ExtinctDodoBird.jpeg|thumb|Mauriti ni nyumbani kwa dege [[Dodo]] ]] [[Image:Mauritius-CIA WFB Map.png|thumb|300px|Rahamani ya Mauriti]] '''Jamhuri ya Mauriti''' [[IPA|{{IPA|/mɔˈɹɪʃəs/}}]] ([[Lugha ya Kifaransa|Kifaransa]]: ''République de Maurice'', ya tamkwa{{IPA|/mɔʀis/}}) ni [[Nchi kiziwa]] kusini mashariki mwa Afrika kati ya [[Bahari Hindi]], na pia kilomita 900<!--spelled out per WP:MOSNUM --> (560&nbsp;[[mile|mi]]) mashariki mwa [[Madagaska]] na kilomita 3,943 (2,450&nbsp;mi) kusini magharibi mwa India. Hasa waeza kusema Jamhuri ya mauriti ni visiwa, kama [[Cargados Carajos|St. Brandon]], [[Rodrigues (kisiwa)|Rodrigues]] na [[kisiwa cha Agalega ]]. Mauriti ni mojawapo ya [[visiwa vya Maskareni]], na kisiwa cha [[Wafaransa|Ufaransa]] cha [[Réunion]] kilomita 200(125&nbsp;mi) kusini magharibi. ==Ona pia== *[[Muziki ya Mauritius]] [[Category:Mauriti| ]] [[Category:Muungana wa Afrika]] [[Category:Nchi za Visiwa]] <!--{{Link FA|sr}}--> [[af:Mauritius]] [[ar:موريشيوس]] [[an:Maurizio]] [[zh-min-nan:Mauritius]] [[bs:Mauricijus]] [[bg:Мавриций]] [[ca:Maurici]] [[cs:Mauricius]] [[cy:Mauritius]] [[da:Mauritius]] [[de:Mauritius]] [[et:Mauritius]] [[el:Μαυρίκιος (Δημοκρατία)]] [[en:Mauritius]] [[es:Mauricio (país)]] [[eo:Maŭricio]] [[fa:موریس]] [[fr:Maurice (pays)]] [[gl:Mauricio - Maurice]] [[ko:모리셔스]] [[hi:मॉरिशस]] [[hr:Mauricijus]] [[io:Maurico]] [[id:Mauritius]] [[is:Máritíus]] [[it:Mauritius]] [[he:מאוריציוס]] [[kw:Ynys Morrys]] [[lv:Maurīcija]] [[lt:Mauricijus]] [[hu:Mauritius]] [[mk:Маврициус]] [[ms:Mauritius]] [[nl:Republiek Mauritius]] [[ja:モーリシャス]] [[no:Mauritius]] [[nn:Mauritius]] [[nds:Mauritius]] [[pl:Mauritius]] [[pt:Maurícia]] [[ro:Mauritius]] [[ru:Маврикий]] [[sa:मारिशस]] [[sq:Mauritius]] [[simple:Mauritius]] [[sk:Maurícius]] [[sl:Mauritius]] [[sr:Маурицијус]] [[sh:Mauricijus]] [[fi:Mauritius]] [[sv:Mauritius]] [[tl:Mauritius]] [[vi:Mauritius]] [[uk:Маврикій]] [[zh:毛里求斯]] 2492 10720 2006-06-10T19:23:56Z YurikBot 117 robot Modifying: [[tr:Jül Sezar]] [[Image:Julius_caesar.jpg|200px|thumb|Sanamu ya Julius Caesar.]] '''Gaius Julius Caesar''' (100 - 44 [[KK]]) alikuwa kiongozi Mroma wa kisiasa na wa kijeshi. Amekumbukwa hasa kwa mafanikio mbalimbali yanayoonekana hadi leo. Kati ya mafanikio haya ni: * Kama kiongozi wa kijeshi aliteka [[Gallia]] (leo: [[Ufaransa]]) na kuifanya jimbo la Kiroma. Kutokana na hiyo lugha ya [[Kifaransa]] ni karibu sana na [[Kilatini]] lugha ya [[Roma]] ya Kale. * Waroma wa Kale walimheshimu kushinda viongozi wote waliomfuata au kutangulia akatangaziwa kuwa mungu na jina lake lilikuwa neno kwa ajili ya cheo cha watawala wa Kiroma walionfuata. Kutoka na badiliko hili la jina "Caesar" kuwa cheo lugha mbalimbali walipokea cheo hiki kama vile Kijerumani ("Kaiser"), Kirusi ("Tsar") na Kiswahili ("[[Kaisari]]" - kutokana na neno la Kijerumani). * Aliunda kalenda ambayo imekuwa msingi wa kalenda ya kimataifa leo ([[Kalenda ya Juliasi]]). * Katika historia ya Roma alifunga kipindi cha Jamhuri - kilichofuata ni Dola la Roma aliloiwekea misingi ==Kupanda ngazi== Alizaliwa katika familia ya makabaila wenye nafasi katika Senatus ilivyoitwa bunge la Roma. Aliingia katika siasa akachaguliwa kwa vyeo mbalimbali kwa vipindi vya kawaida wa miezi kadhaa hadi mwaka moja. Cheo chake muhimi cha kwanza kilikuwa mkuu wa koloni ya Kiroma ya [[Hispania]]. Alifaulu kushinda ghasia ya Wahispania wenyeji waliojaribu kuwafukuza Waroma kutoka nchi yao. Caesar aliporudi Roma alitajirika na kujipatia sifa kama kiongozi wa kijeshi pia mwanasiasa aliyeokoa koloni muhimi ya Hispania. Baadaye Caesar alijiunga na wanasiasa wawili wengine Gnaeus [[Pompeius]] Magnus aliyekuwa mkuu wa wanajeshi na Marcus Licinius [[Crassus]] aliyekuwa mtajiri kushinda Waroma wote. Wote watatu waliunda umoja ulioitwa "triumviratus" yaani umoja wa wanaume watatu wakashika mamlaka katika dola. Caesar alichaguliwa kwa cheo kikuu yaani [[Konsul]] kwa mwaka 59 KK. Baada ya mwisho wa kipindi chake alijipatia cheo cha Prokonsul au gavana wa eneo la Gallia ya Kiroma (Italia ya Kaskazini na eneo ndogo ya Ufaransa ya Kusini). ==Vita ya Gallia== Alitumia nafasi hii kuanzisha vita dhidi ya makabila ya Gallia huru yaani eneo lote la Ufaransa, [[Uswisi]] na [[Ubelgiji]] ya leo. Katika miaka nane ya 58 - 51 KK alitwaa Gallia yote. Aliingia pia ndani ya [[Germania]] (Ujerumani) na kuvuka bahari aliposhambulia kusini ya [[Britannia]]. Aliandika kitabu cha "De bello gallico" (Vita ya Gallia) akieleza mapigano yake. Kitabu hiki ina habari muhimu za kihistoria juu ya utamaduni wa makabila ya Gallia, Germania na Britannia aliyopigania nayo. ==Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe== Baada ya kufanikiwa Gallia na kujenga jeshi kubwa tena hodari wanasiasa wengine huko Roma walimwogopa walijaribu kumzuia asirudi Italia. Mwenzake Crassus alikuwa amekufa tayari vitani katika mashariki ya dola; mwenzake Pompeius aliomwogopa Caesar akajaribu kushawishi viongozi wengine kumsimamisha. Lakini mwaka 49 Caesar aliongoza wanajeshi lake wakirudi Italia. Pompeius na wapinzani wake walitoka Roma wakaenda [[Ugiriki]] iliyokuwa jimbo la kiroma. Mwaka 48 Caesar akachaguliwa tena kuwa Konsul. Akamfuata Pompeius kwa jeshi lake akamshinda katika mapigano. Pompeius alikimbia kwenda [[Misri]] lakini mfalme [[Ptolemaio XIII.]] alimwogopa Caesar akamwua Pompeius akampatia Caesar kichwa chake alipofika Misri. Caesar alikutana na dadake Ptolemaio [[Kleopatra]] akampenda na kuzaa mwana wake wa pekee naye. Akamsaidia Kleopatra kuwa malkia na mtawala wa Misri. ==Achaguliwa dikteta - kifo== [[Image:RSC 0022.jpg|thumb|300px|Caesar alikuwa mwanadamu wa kwanza aliyeonyeshwa kwenye sarafu za Roma]] Caesar alirudi Roma kutoka Misri akiwa mshindi dhidi ya wapinzani wote. Bunge la Senatus lilimpa cheo na madaraka ya [[dikteta]] kwa miaka 10. Baada ya ushindi mwingine dhidi ya wapinzani huko Hispania bunge lilibadilisha azimio hili kumpa cheo cha dikteta wa maisha. Caesar alipokea azimio hili. Sasa sehemu ya wabunge waliogopa ya kwamba nia yake ilikuwa kuwa mfalme wa Rome - jambo lililokuwa marufuku katika jamhuri ya Roma. Kikundi cha wabunge -wote makabaila wa familia za kale- waliunga mikono wakamwua Caesar bungeni tar. 15. 03. 44 KK kwa kumdunga kisu mara 23. Caesar anasemekana alimtambua mpwa wake Brutus akamwuliza kwa maneno yake ya mwisho: "Hata wewe mwanangu?". Caesar hakuwa na watoto bali na huyu mwana wa Kleopatra asiyekuwa Mroma. Kabla ya kifo chake alikuwa amempanga mtoto mpwa wake Oktaviano. Huyu Oktaviano -aliyejulikana baadaye kama Augusto na mtawala wa kwanza wa Dola la Roma- alilipiza kisasi chake katika kipindi cha vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe na kuua wapinzani wote wa Caesar. Miaka miwili baada ya kifo chake bunge lilimtangaza Caesar ndiye mungu. [[ar:يوليوس قيصر]] [[bg:Юлий Цезар]] [[bn:জুলিয়াস সিজার]] [[br:Caius Julius Caesar]] [[bs:Julije Cezar]] [[ca:Juli Cèsar]] [[cs:Julius Caesar]] [[cy:Iŵl Cesar]] [[da:Julius Cæsar]] [[de:Julius Caesar]] [[el:Ιούλιος Καίσαρας]] [[en:Julius Caesar]] [[eo:Julio Cezaro]] [[es:Julio César]] [[et:Julius Caesar]] [[eu:Julio Zesar]] [[fi:Julius Caesar]] [[fr:Jules César]] [[ga:Iúil Caesar]] [[gl:Xulio César]] [[he:יוליוס קיסר]] [[hr:Gaj Julije Cezar]] [[hu:Caius Julius Caesar]] [[id:Julius Caesar]] [[io:Julius Cezaro]] [[is:Júlíus Caesar]] [[it:Gaio Giulio Cesare]] [[ja:ガイウス・ユリウス・カエサル]] [[ka:იულიუს კეისარი]] [[ko:율리우스 카이사르]] [[la:C. Iulius Caesar]] [[lb:Gaius Iulius Caesar]] [[li:Julius Caesar]] [[lt:Julijus Cezaris]] [[lv:Jūlijs Cēzars]] [[mk:Јулиј Цезар]] [[nds:Gaius Julius Caesar]] [[nl:Julius Caesar]] [[nn:Julius Cæsar]] [[no:Julius Cæsar]] [[pl:Gajusz Juliusz Cezar]] [[pt:Júlio César]] [[ro:Iulius Cezar]] [[ru:Юлий Цезарь]] [[scn:Caiu Giuliu Cesari]] [[sh:Gaj Julije Cezar]] [[simple:Julius Caesar]] [[sk:Julius Caesar]] [[sl:Gaj Julij Cezar]] [[sr:Гај Јулије Цезар]] [[sv:Julius Caesar]] [[th:จูเลียส ซีซาร์]] [[tl:Julius Caesar]] [[tr:Jül Sezar]] [[uk:Цезар Гай Юлій]] [[zh:恺撒]] 2493 9301 2006-05-05T12:38:01Z 68.210.250.138 ==Julius Caesar au Juliusi Kaisari?== Ndesanjo, nina mashaka na masahihisho kadhaa uliyafanya katika makala hii. Kwanza jambo la "'''Kalenda ya Mwezi'''" au "mbalamwezi". Ninavyoelewa "mbalamwezi" inataja nuru ya mwezi hasa wakati wa mwezi mkubwa au mpevu ukiwa na mwanga mwingi.(taz. Kamusi ya Kiswahili sanifu, pia Johnson). Lakini kalenda ya mwezi inataja tabia ya kalenda kufuata mwendo wa mwezi wote; kwa kawaida kalenda hizi zinatumia kinyume cha mbalamwezi kugawa vipindi vya miezi yaani mwezi mwandamo. Tena kuna makala ya "kalenda ya mwezi" na kiuongo chake kimepotea sasa. Kuna sababu nzuri ambayo sijaelewa bado? Menginevyo naona "mbalamwezi" ni kosa. Halafu '''Julius Caesar au Juliusi Kaisari'''. Ulitaka kurudia alivyotafsiri Nyerere? Kwanza hakutafsiri "Juliusi" lakini "Julius". Sioni faida kuongeza "i" kwa neno lolote. Ni jambo la kawaida lakini hakuna lazima. Halafu Kaisari - Caesar. Labda angalia makala ya "Kaisari" pia "Julius Caesar". Hapa tunahitaji mapatano. Tufanyeje tukiongeza makala ya kihistoria? Mimi naona afadhali tutumie majina halisi. Hasa katika mfano huo tukiwa na "Kaisari" kama cheo katika historia ya Tanzania wakati wa ukoloni, pia historia ya Ujerumani na Ulaya wa jumla. Halafu tunaye huyu mtu wa kihistoria Julius Caesar. Nimeandika tofauti na Nyerere. Lakini nafikiri kama Nyerere angalikuwa na nafasi ya kuandika zaidi angalifika kwenye swali lilelile. Kuhusu Ruma-Rumi: kuna yote mawili katika Kiswahili (tazama makala "Roma"). Je kuna faida gani kuisahihisha? Ukifanya hivyo naomba heri uweke pia redirect za kutosha. Nitasubiri siku mbili jibu lako. Kama hakuna naona afadhali nirudishe lugha ya awali. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 00:56, 16 Aprili 2006 (UTC) Samahani kwa kuchukua muda. Ni kwakuwa sikuona jambo kubwa la kupinga katika hoja zako. Ingawa hakuna ubaya kutumia majina halisi, kuna majina ambayo tayari yamezoeleka kwenye Kiswahili. Kwa mfano, Yesu (sio Jesus), Yohana Mbatizaji (sio John the Baptist), Mtume/Mtakatifu Paulo (sio Saint Paul), n.k. Kuhusu Roma/Rumi. Tatizo ni kuwa ukisema Roma kunakuwa na utata wa maana kwani jiji la Rome ni Roma. Wakati "roman empire" imezoeleka kama kwa jina "Rumi." Ni haya kwa sasa. --[[User:Ndesanjo|Ndesanjo]] 5 Mei 2006 2494 8832 2006-04-26T19:00:46Z Kipala 107 :''Ukitafuta mji wa Poland, uone [[Kurów]].'' [[Image:NZ-Kurow.png|thumb|right|160px|Mahali pa Kurow katika New Zealand]] '''Kurow''' ni mji mdogo kwenye bonde la Waitaki kwenye kisiwa cha kusini cha [[New Zealand]] katika wilaya ya [[Otago]]. Mazingira ya Kurow ina miradi mbalimbali ya kutengeneza umeme kwa nguvu ya maji. Kuna kilimo cha matunda hasa mizabibu. Kuna mvutano kuhusu asili ya jina la mji kama imetokana na neno la [[Wamaori]] wazalendo au kutoka kwa mji wa [[Kurów]]. {{mbegu}} [[en:Kurow]] [[pl:Kurow]] 2495 8286 2006-04-16T13:33:15Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns.png|thumb|250px|right|Gallia wakati wa [[Caesar]] (58[[KK]]); ramani inaonyesha Gallia Cisalpina (jimbo la Kiroma katika Italia ya Kaskazini), Gallia [[Narbonensis]] ilikuwa jimbo la Kiroma katika Kusini ya Ufaransa; Gallia Celtica, [[Belgica]] na Aquitania zilikuwa sehemu za Gallia huru hadi [[Caesar]] (leo nchi za Ufaransa, Uswisi na Ubelgiji)]] ==Eneo la Gallia== Gallia ilikuwa jina la [[kilatini]] kwa ajili maeneo yaliyokaliwa na "Wagallia". Hili ilikuwa namna jinsi [[Roma la kale|Waroma wa kale]] walivyowaita majirani wao [[Wakelti]]. Kijiografia eneo hili lilijumlisha [[Ufaransa]], [[Uswisi]], [[Ubelgiji]] na [[Italia]] ya Kaskazini ya leo. Wakelti au Wagallia walikalia pia [[Uingereza]] ya Kusini (=[[Britannia]]) na [[Hispania]] (=[[Iberia]]) lakini maeneo haya hayakuhesabiwa kuwa sehemu ya "Gallia" na Waroma. Wakelti walikuwa pia kati ya wakazi wa kale wa [[Ujerumani]] kabla ya uvamizi huko wa [[kigermanik|Wagermanik]] wenyewe. ==Habari za Gallia== Karibu habari zote za kimaandishi kuhusu Gallia na Wagalli zimetokana na Waroma wa kale. Sehemu kubwa ya habari zinapatikana katika kitabu cha [[Caesar]] "Vita ya Gallia". Kuna pia mabaki ya [[Arkiolojia|kiarkolojia]] hasa makaburi pamoja na vitu vya maisha ya kila siku vilivyoweka makaburini kwa imani ya kwamba vitawasaidia marehemu katika ahera. Arkiolojia ya makaburi inaonyesha ya kwamba Wakelti (Wagallia) walikuwa sehemu ya biashara ya kimataifa pia walikuwa na mafundi wenye uwezo wa kutengeneza vitambaa na nguo, pia na wahunzi na wafinyanzi. ==Wagallia na Waroma== Mnamo mwaka 390 [[KK]] kabila fulani la Wagallia chini ya kiongozi Brennus lilivamia Italia na mji wa Roma lakini walishindwa kuteka boma la mji. Kwa muda mrefu Waroma walihofia majirani ya kaskazini. Kuanzia mwaka 200 KK Waroma walikuwa waliendelea kisiasa, kiuchumi na kijeshi wakafaulu kuteka "[[Gallia Cisalpina]]" (Gallia upande wa kusini wa milima ya Alpi) ambayo leo hii ni Italia ya Kaskazini. Ikawa jimbo la Kiroma. Kuanzia mwaka 125 KK Waroma walianza kuvamia sehemu za pwani la Gallia pamoja na bonde la mto wa [[Rhone]]. Ikawa jimbo la [[Gallia Narbonensis]]. Mji mkuu ulikuwa mji wa Narbo (leo: [[Narbonne]]). Sehemu nyingine ya Gallia imebaki nchi huru ya makabila yaliyojitawala. Mwaka 58 KK mwanasiasa na jenerali Mroma [[Caesar]] akawa gavana wa Gallia Cisalpina pia Narbonensis. Alichukua nafasi ya vita kati ya makabila ya Wagallia katika eneo la Uswisi kuingilia ndani ya mambo ya Gallia huru. Katika vita ya miaka nane alishinda wapinzani wote. Mwaka 51 KK Gallia yote ikawa chini ya utawala wa Kiroma. ==Jimbo la Kiroma== Katika karne zilizofuata Gallia imekuwa sehemu halisi ya [[Dola la Roma]]. Inaonekana Wagallia wenyewe walikubali utawala wa Kiroma hasa baada ya kupewa [[uraia wa Kiroma]]. Lugha ya [[Kilatini]] ilitumika kwa ajili ya habari za kiutawala ikapokelewa polepole na wenyeji. Kilatini hiki kilikuwa msingi wa lugha ya [[Kifaransa]] kilichotokea baadaye. [[af:Gallië]] [[bg:Галия]] [[da:Gallien]] [[de: Gallien]] [[en:Gaul]] [[eo:Gaŭloj]] [[es:Galia]] [[fi:Gallia]] [[fr:Gaule]] [[he:גאליה]] [[it:Gallia]] [[ja:ガリア]] [[ko:갈리아]] [[la:Gallia]] [[lt:Galija]] [[nds:Gallien]] [[nl:Gallië]] [[no:Gallia]] [[pl:Galia]] [[ro:Galia]] [[ru:Галлия]] [[sv:Gallien]] [[wa:Gåle]] [[zh:高卢]] 2496 8288 2006-04-16T13:37:02Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Julius Caesar]] 2497 10995 2006-06-19T23:10:23Z Kipala 107 {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" width="330px" style="margin-left:15px; border-collapse:collapse; border-color:#f2f2f4" |+<font size="+1">'''جمهوريّة مصرالعربيّة'''</font><br /> <font size="+1">'''Gumhūriyyat Misr al-ʿarabiyya'''</font><br /> Jamhuri ya Kiarabu ya Misri | align="center" colspan="2" | {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" | align="center" width="210px" | [[Image:Flag of Egypt.svg|185px|none|Bendera ya Misri]] | align="center" width="120px" | [[Image:Coat of arms of Egypt.PNG|150px|none|Nembo la Misri]] |---- |} |---- | width="50%" | [[Lugha rasmi]] || width="50%" | [[Kiarabu]] |---- | [[Mji Mkuu]] || [[Kairo]] |---- | [[Serikali]] || [[Jamhuri]] |---- | [[Rais]] || [[Muhammad Hosni Mubarak]] |----- | [[Waziri Mkuu]] || [[Ahmad Nazif]] |----- | Eneo || 1.001.450 [[km²]] |---- | Wakazi || 77.505.756 (Julai 2005) |---- | Wakazi kwa km² || 77 kwa jumla; katika bonde la Nile 1120 |---- | Uhuru || 26.07.[[1952]] kutoka [[Uingereza]] |---- | [[Pesa]] || Lira au Pauni ya Misri = 100 [[Piaster]] |---- | Wakati || [[UTC]] +2 |---- | [[Wimbo ya Taifa]] || ''[[Biladi, Biladi, Biladi]]'' (nchi yangu) |---- | colspan="2" align="center" | [[Image:Ägypten-Pos.png|Mahali pa Misri duniani]] |---- | colspan="2" align="center" | [[Image:Karte Ägyptens.png|Ramani ya Misri]] |} '''Misri''' (Kiarabu: مصر ''Masr'') ni nchi ya [[Afrika]] ya Kaskazini-Mashariki. [[Rasi]] ya [[Sinai]] ambayo ni sehemu ya Misri huhesabiwa kuwa sehemu ya [[bara]] la [[Asia]]. Misri imepakana na Bahari ya [[Mediteraneo]], [[Israel]], Eneo la mamalaka ya [[Palestina]], ghuba la [[Suez]], ghuba la [[Aqaba]], [[Bahari ya Shamu]], [[Sudan]] na [[Libya]]. {{mbegu}} {{Afrika}} [[Category:Misri]] [[af:Egipte]] [[als:Ägypten]] [[am:ግብፅ]] [[ar:مصر]] [[an:Echipto]] [[ast:Exipto]] [[zh-min-nan:Ai-ki̍p]] [[bs:Egipat]] [[br:Egipt]] [[bg:Египет]] [[ca:Egipte]] [[cs:Egypt]] [[cy:Yr Aifft]] [[da:Ægypten]] [[de:Ägypten]] [[et:Egiptus]] [[el:Αίγυπτος]] [[en:Egypt]] [[es:Egipto]] [[eo:Egiptio]] [[eu:Egipto]] [[fa:مصر]] [[fr:Égypte]] [[fy:Egypte]] [[ga:An Éigipt]] [[gd:An Eiphit]] [[gl:Exipto - مصر]] [[ko:이집트]] [[hr:Egipat]] [[io:Egiptia]] [[id:Mesir]] [[ia:Egypto]] [[os:Мысыр]] [[is:Egyptaland]] [[it:Egitto]] [[he:מצרים]] [[ka:ეგვიპტე]] [[kw:Ejyp]] [[ht:Ejip]] [[ku:Misir]] [[la:Aegyptus]] [[lv:Ēģipte]] [[lb:Egypten]] [[lt:Egiptas]] [[li:Egypte]] [[hu:Egyiptom]] [[mk:Египет]] [[mg:Egypta]] [[ms:Mesir]] [[na:Egypt]] [[nl:Egypte (land)]] [[ja:エジプト]] [[nap:Naggitto]] [[no:Egypt]] [[nn:Egypt]] [[ug:مىسىر]] [[ps:مصر]] [[nds:Ägypten]] [[pl:Egipt]] [[pt:Egipto]] [[ro:Egipt]] [[ru:Египет]] [[sm:Aikupito]] [[sq:Egjipti]] [[scn:Eggittu]] [[sk:Egypt]] [[sl:Egipt]] [[sr:Египат]] [[sh:Egipat]] [[fi:Egypti]] [[sv:Egypten]] [[tl:Egypt]] [[ta:எகிப்து]] [[th:ประเทศอียิปต์]] [[vi:Ai Cập]] [[tr:Mısır (ülke)]] [[uk:Єгипет]] [[ur:مصر]] [[yi:מצרים]] [[zh:埃及]] 2498 11011 2006-06-20T17:10:20Z Kipala 107 {|border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" width="330px" style="margin-left:15px; border-collapse:collapse; border-color:#f2f2f4" |+<font size="+1">'''الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية'''</font><br /> <font size="+1">('''al-Dschamāhīriyya al-arabiyya al-Lībiyya asch-schabiyya al-ischtirākiyya''')</font><br /> '''Djamahiriya ya Ujamaa ya watu ya Kilibya-Kiarabu''' | align="center" colspan="2" | {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" | align="center" | [[Image:Flag of Libya.svg|thumb|160px|Bendera ya Libya]] | align="center" | [[Image:Libya coa.gif|thumb|160px|Nembo la Libya]] |- |} <!-- |- |align="center" colspan="2" style="letter-spacing:0.5px; background-color:#f2f2f4"| Wito: ''„“'' --> |- | [[Lugha rasmi]] || [[Kiarabu]] |- | [[Mji Mkuu]] || [[Tripoli (Libya)|Tripoli]] |- | [[Serikali]] || [[Dschamahiriyya|Jamhuri]] kwenye msingi wa itikadi ya [[Ujamaa wa Kiislamu]] |- | [[Kiongozi wa mapinduzi]] || [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]] |- | [[Mkuu wa Dola]] || [[Zanati Muhammad az-Zanati]] |- | [[Waziri Mkuu]] || [[Schukri Muhammad Ghanim]] |- | Eneo || 1.759.540 [[km²]] |- | Idadi ya Wakazi || 5.631.585 (Julai 2004) |- | Wakazi kwa km² || 3,2 |---- | [[JPT/mkazi]] || 4.293 [[US-$]] <small>(2004)</small> |- | Uhuru || kutoka [[Italia]] tar. 24. 12. [[1951]] |- | [[Pesa]] || [[Dinari]] ya Libya |- | [[Wakati]] || [[UTC]]+1 |- | [[Wimbo la Taifa]] || ''[[Allahu Akbar (Nationalhymne Libyens)|Allahu Akbar]]'' (Gott ist groß) |- | colspan="2" | [[Image:LocationLibya.png|thumb|330px|Mahali pa Libya katika Afrika]] |- | colspan="2" | [[Image:Karte Libyens.png|thumb|Ramani ya Libya]] |} [[Image:See Um el Maa in Libyen.jpg|left|130px|thumb|Ziwa la Um el Maa huko Libya]] '''Jamahiriya ya Ujamaa ya watu ya Kilibya-Kiarabu''' (kwa kifupi rasmi '''Jamahiriya ya Kilibya-Kiarabu''') ni nchi ya [[Afrika]] ya Kaskazini ikipakana na [[Bahari]] ya [[Mediteraneo]], [[Misri]], [[Sudan]], [[Niger]], [[Chad]], [[Algeria]] na [[Tunisia]]. Neno la "Jamhariya" limeundwa na kiongozi wa taifa [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]] ina maana ya kulingana na "Jamhuri". == Wakazi == Wakazi wa Libya ni hasa [[Waarabu]] (74 %) na [[Waberberi]] ambao wengi wameanza kutumia lugha ya [[Kiarabu]] pia. Kuna pia [[Waitalia]]. Wakazi wameongezeka tangu 1970 kutoka milioni 2.5 kuwa milioni sita hadi karibu milioni sita mwaka 2005. Nusu ya wakazi ni vijana chini ya umri wa miaka 16. Sehemu kubwa kabisa (80 %) huishi sehemu za pwani. Eneo kubwa la nchi ni [[jangwa]] la [[Sahara]]. Miji mikuu ni [[Tripoli (Libya)|Tripoli]], [[Benghazi]] na [[Misratah]]. Lugha kuu ni [[Kiarabu]] pamoja na lugha kadhaa za [[Kibeberi]]. Ndizo * [[Nafusi]] (wasemaji 101.000) * [[Ghadames]] (wasemaji 42.000) * [[Tamascheq]] ([[Tuareg]]; wasemaji 17.000) {{mbegu}} {{Afrika}} [[Category:Nchi za Kiarabu]] [[Category:Libya]] [[Category:Nchi za Kiberber]] [[am:ሊቢያ]] [[an:Libia]] [[ang:Libia]] [[ar:ليبيا]] [[bg:Либия]] [[bs:Libija]] [[ca:Líbia]] [[cs:Libye]] [[da:Libyen]] [[de:Libyen]] [[el:Λιβύη]] [[en:Libya]] [[eo:Libio]] [[es:Libia]] [[et:Liibüa]] [[eu:Libia]] [[fa:لیبی]] [[fi:Libya]] [[fr:Libye]] [[gd:Libia]] [[gl:Libia - ليبيا]] [[he:לוב]] [[hi:लीबिया]] [[hr:Libija]] [[hu:Líbia]] [[id:Libya]] [[io:Libia]] [[is:Líbýa]] [[it:Libia]] [[ja:リビア]] [[ko:리비아]] [[ku:Lîbya]] [[la:Libya]] [[lt:Libija]] [[lv:Lībija]] [[ms:Libya]] [[nds:Libyen]] [[nl:Libië]] [[nn:Libya]] [[no:Libya]] [[pl:Libia]] [[pt:Líbia]] [[ro:Libia]] [[ru:Ливия]] [[sa:लिबिया]] [[scn:Libbia]] [[sk:Líbya]] [[sl:Libija]] [[sq:Libia]] [[sr:Либија]] [[sv:Libyen]] [[th:ประเทศลิเบีย]] [[tl:Libya]] [[tr:Libya]] [[uk:Лівія]] [[zh:利比亚]] [[zh-min-nan:Libya]] 2499 8314 2006-04-17T10:50:43Z 62.154.201.129 Tripoli ni neno la asili ya [[Kigiriki]] (Τρίπολις - Trípolis au Τρίπολη - Trípoli) linalomaanisha "miji mitatu" au "mji mwenye sehemu tatu". Asili yake ni maungano ya miji mitatu ya jirani kuwa mji au dola moja. Katika lugha ya Kiarabu neno limekuwa "Trablus". Neno linataja miji mbalimbali ya kisasa au ya kihistoria ndiyo hasa * mji mkuu wa [[Libya]], [[Tripoli (Libya)]] au [[Trablus/Libya]] * mji wa pili wa [[Lebanon]] [[Tripoli (Lebanon)]] au [[Trablus/Lebanon]] * mji wa [[Ugiriki]], [[Tripoli (Ugiriki)]] * mji wa [[Marekani]], jimbo la [[Iowa]], [[Tripoli (Iowa)]] * mji wa Marekani, jimbo la [[Pennsylvania]], [[Tripoli (Pennsylvania)]] * jina la kihistoria la mji wa Tirebolu, [[Uturuki]] * jina la kihistoria kwa dola ndogo katika [[Syria]]/Lebanon wakati wa [[vita za msalaba]] * meli ya kijeshi ya Marekani [[USS Tripoli]] {{maana}} [[ar:طرابلس]] [[de:Tripolis (Begriffsklärung)]] [[en:Tripoli (disambiguation)]] [[es:Trípoli]] [[fr:Tripoli]] [[gl:Trípoli]] [[id:Tripoli (disambiguasi)]] [[it:Tripoli (disambigua)]] [[ko:트리폴리]] [[la:Tripolis]] [[nl:Tripoli]] [[ja:トリポリ]] [[pl:Trypolis]] [[sl:Tripoli (razločitev)]] [[sv:Tripoli (olika betydelser)]] 2500 8393 2006-04-18T08:28:26Z Matt Crypto 20 Kutokana na [[:Image:Kenya-Coast.png|Kenya-Coast.png]] By [[User:Kipala]] {{GFDL}} 2501 9889 2006-05-21T16:57:11Z Kipala 107 {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width=50 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big><big>&#4611;&#4877;&#4652; &#4772;&#4653;&#4725;&#4651;<br>''Mayotte''<br>''Kisiwa cha Mahore'' </big></big> |- | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan=2 | {| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" | align="center" width="130px" | [[Image:Flag_of_France.svg|125px|Flag of France]] | align="center" width="130px" | [[Image:Flag of Mayotte (local).svg| 110px|Coat of Arms of Mayotte]] |- | align="center" width="130px" | ([[Bendera ya Mayotte|Kinaganaga]]) | align="center" width="130px" | ([[Coat of Arms of Mayotte|Kinaganaga]]) |} |- | align="center" colspan=2 | <small>''[[La Marseillaise]]'' | <small>''ni wimbo wa taifa wa ufaransa''</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | [[image: Mayotte-CIA WFB Map.png |Location of Mayotte]] |- | '''[[Lugha za Taifa]]''' | [[lugha ya Mayotte | Shimaore]] <br> [[ Lugha ya Kifaransa | Kifaransa ]] |- | '''[[Mji Mkuu]]''' | [[Mamoudzou]] |- | '''[[Rais wa Mayotte|Rais]]'''<br>[[Ufaransa|Rais waUfaransa]] | [[Jacques Chirac]] |- | '''[[Eneo]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Jumla <br />&nbsp;- 0.4% Maji | [[Orotha ya nchi kulingana na eneo|Kadiriwa 185 duni]] <br /> 374 [[square kilomita|km&sup2;]] <br /> |- | '''[[Umma]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Kadiriwa ([[201,234]])<br />&nbsp;- Sensa, julai 2002 ([[160,265]])<br />&nbsp;- Umma kugawa na Eneo (kilomita) [[429]] | [[Orotha ya Nchi kulingana na Umma|Kadiriwa 187 duni]]<br />; ([[Orotha ya nchi kulingana na eneo kwa umma|11 duni]) |- | '''[[Chumo cha uchumi]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Jumla<br />&nbsp;- kwa kipimo cha umma | $466.8 billion ([[Orotha ya nchi GDP (kidogo)|208 kadir]]) <br />$2,600 ([[Orotha ya nchi kulingana na GDP kwa umma|165]]) |- | '''[[Uhuru]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Kadirifu<br />&nbsp;- Barabara | [[Eneo ya Ufaransa]]<br /><small> [[ Kapiga kura ya maoni kubaki eneo ya ufaransa]]</small> |- | '''[[Fedha]]''' | [[ pesa za Ulaya|Euro]] |- | '''[[Saa za Eneo]]''' | [[Masaa za kimataifa|UTC]] +3 |- | '''[[Wimbo wa Taifa]]''' | '''[[La Marseillaise]]''' |- | '''[[mtandao wa interneti|Intaneti TLD]]''' | [[.yt]] |- | '''[[Orodha za nchi- kodi za simu|kodi za simu]]''' | 269 |maadishi chache) <small>kisiwa hichi chatumia kodi moja na [[komoro]]. 0269 kama miji ya ufaransa</small> [[Wizara ya eneo za Ufaransa ''départements'']].</small> |} [[Image:2004 12 12 18-24-04 rose sea in mamoudzou mayotte island.jpg|right|thumb|Bahari Karibu na [[Mamoudzou]]]] [[Image:Cn-map.png|right|thumb|Ramani ya Komoro na Mayotte]] '''Mayotte''' ama kwa kiswahili ni '''Mahore''', ni mojawapo ya [[visiwa vya ng’ambo vya Ufaransa]] ambazo zajulikana kwa Kifaransa kama ''Collectivité d'outre-me''. Kisiwa cha Mahore kimo kaskazini mwa [[Kanali ya Msumbiji]] kwa [[Bahari Hindi]], Kati ya [[Madagaska]] upande wa mashariki-kusini na [[Msumbiji]] bara upande wa magharibi. Eneo hili [[Jiografia|kijiografia]] ni hasa muungo wa [[funguvisiwa]] ya [[Komoro]] lakini siyo kwa [[siasa|kisiasa]] ama [[ramani za kisiasa]]. ==Usafiri== * [[Reli]]: 0 kilomita * [[Barabara]]: * Jumla: 93 kilomita (58&nbsp;[[maili|mi]]) **''Za lami'' 72 kilomita (45&nbsp;mi) **za ardhi: 21 kilomita (13&nbsp;mi) * vilindi vya ng’oa tanga: hakuna * [[Bandari]]: [[Dzaoudzi]] * [[Merchant marine]]: none ([[2002]] est.) * [[Viwanja vya Ndege]]:1 (2002) ** Viwanja vina lami: 1 == Ona pia == * [[Jeografia ya Mayotte]] * [[Watu wa Mayotte]] * [[Siasa za Mayotte]] * [[Uchumi wa Mayotte]] * [[Mawasiliano ya Mayotte]] * [[Wizaraya Ufaransa ya Eneo za Nga’mbo]] * [[Wizara ya serikali ya Ufaransa]] * [[Visiwa vinavyo Ongozwa na Ufaransa kwa Bahari Hindi na Pasifika]] ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/mf.html CIA World Factbook - ''Mayotte''] * [http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Kitabu cha maelezo, Mayotte - ''Mayotte''] *{{wikitravel}} * [http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/afrique/mayotte.Uvhambuzi wa lugha za Mayotte] (na Kifaransa) {{Afrika}} [[Category:Visiwa vya Komoro]] [[Category:Eneo zenye Ugomvi wa Unyanyuzi]] [[Category:Mayotte|Mahore ]] [[Category:Visiwa vya Afrika]] [[Category:Visiwa vya Bahari ya Hindi]] [[af:Mayotte]] [[ar:مايوطه]] [[bg:Майот]] [[zh-min-nan:Mayotte]] [[ca:Mayotte]] [[cs:Mayotte]] [[da:Mayotte]] [[de:Mayotte]] [[en:Mayotte]] [[et:Mayotte]] [[el:Μαγιότ]] [[es:Mayotte]] [[eo:Majoto]] [[fr:Mayotte]] [[gl:Mayotte]] [[ko:마요트]] [[kw:Mayotte]] [[hr:Mayotte]] [[id:Mayotte]] [[is:Mayotte]] [[it:Mayotte]] [[he:מיוט]] [[lt:Mayotte'as]] [[hu:Mayotte]] [[nl:Mayotte]] [[nds:Mayotte]] [[ja:マヨット]] [[no:Mayotte]] [[nn:Mayotte]] [[pl:Majotta]] [[pt:Mayotte]] [[ro:Mayotte]] [[ru:Майотта]] [[sh:Mayotte]] [[simple:Mayotte]] [[sk:Mayotte]] [[sr:Мајот]] [[fi:Mayotte]] [[sv:Mayotte]] [[th:มายอต]] [[tr:Mayotte]] [[zh:马约特]] 2502 8610 2006-04-21T18:22:32Z Matt Crypto 20 {| class="infobox bordered" cellpadding="4" style="width: 20em; font-size: 95%;" |+ style="margin-left: inherit;" | '''{{{native_name}}}'''{{qif|test={{{conventional_long_name|}}}|then=<br />'''{{{conventional_long_name|}}}'''}} |- | colspan="2" | {| style="text-align: center; margin: 0 auto; background: none;" |- | style="border: 0; vertical-align: middle;" | <span style="border: 1px solid #bbbbbb; display: table-cell;">[[Image:{{{image_flag}}}|125px|Flag of {{{common_name}}}]]</span> | style="border: 0; vertical-align: middle;" | [[Image:{{{image_coat}}}|110px|{{{symbol_type|Nembo}}} ya {{{common_name}}}]] |- style="font-size: 95%;" | style="border: 0;" | [[Bendera ya {{{common_name}}}|Bendera]] | style="border: 0;" | [[{{{symbol_type_article|{{{symbol_type|Nembo}}}}}} ya {{{common_name}}}|{{{symbol_type|Nembo}}}]] |} |- | colspan="2" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: center;" | Wito la taifa: {{{national_motto}}} |- | colspan="2" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: center;" | Wimbo wa taifa: {{{national_anthem}}} |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background: white;" | [[Image:{{{image_map}}}|250px|Lokeshen ya {{{common_name}}}]] |- | '''[[Mji mkuu]]''' |{{{capital}}}<br /> <small><span class="plainlinksneverexpand" >[http://kvaleberg.com/extensions/mapsources/index.php?params={{{latd}}}_{{{latm}}}_{{{latNS}}}_{{{longd}}}_{{{longm}}}_{{{longEW}}}_type:country({{{area}}}) {{{latd}}}°{{{latm}}}&prime;&nbsp;{{{latNS}}} {{{longd}}}°{{{longm}}}&prime;&nbsp;{{{longEW}}}]</span></small> |- | '''{{{largest_settlement_type|Mji&nbsp;mkubwa&nbsp;kushinda<br />&nbsp;miji&nbsp;mingine&nbsp;yote}}}''' | {{{largest_settlement|{{{largest_city}}}}}} |- | '''Lugha&nbsp;rasmi''' | {{{official_languages}}} |- | style="white-space: nowrap;" | '''Serikali''' <div style="text-align: left;">{{{leader_titles}}}</div> | style="white-space: nowrap;" | {{{government_type}}}<br />{{{leader_names}}} |- | style="white-space: nowrap;" | '''{{{sovereignty_type}}}'''<br />{{{established_events}}} | style="white-space: nowrap;" | {{{established_dates}}} |- | '''Eneo'''<br />&nbsp;- Jumla<br />&nbsp;- Maji (%) | &nbsp;<br />[[{{{area_magnitude}}} m²|{{{area}}}&nbsp;km&sup2;]]&nbsp;({{{area_rank}}})<br />{{{percent_water}}} |- | style="white-space: nowrap;" | '''Idadi ya watu'''<br />&nbsp;- [[{{{population_estimate_year}}}]] kadiriwa{{qif|test={{{population_census|}}}|then=<br />&nbsp;- [[As of {{{population_census_year}}}|{{{population_census_year}}}]] census}}<br />&nbsp;- Msongamano wa watu | &nbsp;<br />{{{population_estimate}}} ({{{population_estimate_rank}}}){{qif|test={{{population_census|}}}|then=<br />{{{population_census}}} }}<br />{{{population_density}}}/km&sup2; ({{{population_density_rank}}}) |- <!-- | style="white-space: nowrap;" | '''[[Gross domestic product|GDP]]''' ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]])<br />&nbsp;- Jumla<br />&nbsp;- Kwa kila raia (per capita) | {{{GDP_PPP_year}}} kadiriwa<br />{{{GDP_PPP}}} ({{{GDP_PPP_rank}}})<br />{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita}}} ({{{GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank}}}) |- | style="white-space: nowrap;" | '''[[Human Development Index|HDI]]''' ([[2003|{{{HDI_year}}}]]) | {{{HDI}}} ({{{HDI_rank}}}) – {{{HDI_category}}} |- --> | '''Fedha''' | style="white-space: nowrap;" | {{{currency}}} (<code>[[ISO 4217|{{{currency_code}}}]]</code>) |- | '''Saa za eneo'''<br />&nbsp;- Kiangazi&nbsp;([[Daylight saving time|DST]]) | {{{time_zone}}} ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]{{{utc_offset}}})<br />{{{DST|{{{time_zone_DST}}} ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]{{{utc_offset_DST}}})}}} |- | '''Intaneti TLD''' | {{{cctld}}} |- | '''Kodi ya simu''' | <code>+{{{calling_code}}}</code> {{qif|test={{{footnotes|}}}|then=<tr><td colspan="2"><small>{{{footnotes|}}}</small></td></tr>}} |}<noinclude> [[vi:Tiêu bản:Tóm tắt về quốc gia]] [[af:Sjabloon:Landtabel-mini-nl]] [[an:Template:Infobox País]] [[bg:Шаблон:Държава]] [[ca:Template:Taula d'estat]] [[cs:Šablona:Infobox stát]] [[da:Skabelon:Infoboks land]] [[el:Πρότυπο:Πληροφορίες Χώρας]] [[fi:Malline:Valtion tiedot]] [[fiu-vro:Template:Country Infobox]] [[fr:Modèle:Pays]] [[he:תבנית:מדינה]] [[it:Template:Stato]] [[ja:Template:基礎情報 国]] [[ko:Template:나라 정보틀]] [[nl:Sjabloon:Landtabel]] [[nn:Mal:Infoboks land2]] [[no:Mal:Infoboks land]] [[pl:Szablon:PaństwoX]] [[pt:Predefinição:Info País]] [[ro:Format:CutieŢări]] [[sr:Шаблон:Кутијица за државе]] [[th:Template:Infobox Country]] [[es:Plantilla:País]] [[zh:Template:Infobox Country]] </noinclude> 2503 8329 2006-04-17T18:59:32Z Matt Crypto 20 kutoka [[en:Template:Qif]] {{{else{{{test|}}}|{{{test{{{test|}}}|{{{then|}}}}}}}}} 2504 8609 2006-04-21T18:20:16Z Matt Crypto 20 /* Common CSS for all skins */ /* Notice to Administrators! 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} .charboxnavy a:link, .charboxnavy a:hover, .charboxnavy a:visited, .charboxnavy a:active { color: navy; } .charboxblue a:link, .charboxblue a:hover, .charboxblue a:visited, .charboxblue a:active { color: blue; } .charboxteal a:link, .charboxteal a:hover, .charboxteal a:visited, .charboxteal a:active { color: teal; } .charboxaqua a:link, .charboxaqua a:hover, .charboxaqua a:visited, .charboxaqua a:active { color: aqua; } /* Pilot database table formatting, specifically for [[Database normalization]] but could be generalized */ table.database {border-bottom:1px solid #779;margin-bottom:1em;} table.database caption {text-align:left;font-weight:bold;font-size:11pt; margin-left:0.4em;margin-top:1em;} table.database th {background-color:#779;padding:0 0.6em;font-weight:bold; color:#FFF;} table.database td {border-top:1px solid #779;padding:0 0.6em} /*</nowiki></pre>*/ 2505 8350 2006-04-17T21:08:18Z Matt Crypto 20 [[Image:Kenya-Coast.png|right|175px|Mahali pa mkoa wa Pwani katika Kenya]] '''Mkowa wa Pwani''' ni kati ya mikoa nane ya [[Kenya]] ukipakana na [[Bahari Hindi]], [[Tanzania]] na mikoa ya Kenya ya [[Mkoa wa Bonde la Ufa, Kenya|Bonde la Ufa]] , [[Mkoa wa Mashariki, Kenya|Mashariki]] na [[Mkoa wa Kaskazini-Mashariki, Kenya|Kaskazini-Mashariki]]. Makao makuu ya mkoa yapo Mombasa. Kati ya wilaya (makao makuu katika mabano) ni * Lamu ([[Lamu]]) * Mto wa Tana ([[Hola]]) * Malindi ([[Malindi]]) * Kilifi ([[Kilifi]]) * Mombasa ([[Mombasa]]) * Kilindini (Mombasa) * Kwale ([[Kwale]]) * Kaloleni ([[Kaloleni]]) * Kinango ([[Kinango]]) * Taita-Taveta ([[Voi]]) Mombasa yapo bandari kuu ya Kenya. Kuna maeneo muhimu ya utalii ni hasa Malindi na sehemu za pwani kusini ([[Diani]])na kaskazini ([[Kikambala]]) ya Mombasa. Eneo la Voi hulimwa makonge. ==Historia ya Mkoa wa Pwani== Pwani la Kenya ni nchi ya miji ya [[Waswahili]] hasa. Miji hii kama vile [[Lamu]], [[Mombasa]], [[Malindi]], na mengi mengine iliyokuwa vituo vya biashara ya kimataifa tangu zaidi ya miaka 1000. Upepo wa monsuni ulibeba jahazi kutoka [[Uarabuni]], [[Uajemi]] hata [[Bara Hindi]] kwenda pwani la [[Afrika ya Mashariki]]. Monsuni ulipogeuka kila baada ya nusu mwaka jahazi ziliweza kurudi kwao na bidhaa za biashara. Hivyo vituo vya biashara na mapunziko vikawa miji ya Waswahili, utamaduni uliounganisha tamaduni za wafanyabiashara [[Waarabu]] au [[Waajemi]] na Waafrika wenyeji wa pwani. Miji ya kwanza ya Waswahili ilikuwa [[Lamu]] na [[Pate]]. Wakati wa kuja kwa [[Wareno]] mnamo mwaka 1500 [[BK]] [[Malindi]] na [[Mombasa]] ilikuwa miji muhimu zaidi. Pwani ina pia magofu ya miji kama [[Gedi]] iliyokwisha bila sababu zake kueleweka. Pwani limekuwa sehemu ya [[Usultani ya Zanzibar]] wakati wa karne ya 19 BK. Baada ya kuja kwa [[ukoloni]] wa [[Uingereza]] mwisho wa karne hiyo ya 19. BK Sultani wa Zanzibar alikodisha pwani kwa Wakoloni. Mwaka 1964 pwani lilikuwa sehemu ya nchi mpya ya Kenya. {{Mikoa ya Kenya}} [[Category:Mikoa wa Kenya]] [[en:Coast Province]] [[fr:Côte (province du Kenya)]] 2506 8355 2006-04-17T21:14:55Z Matt Crypto 20 <div style="float:left;border:solid #C0C8FF 1px;margin:1px"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#F0F8FF" | style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#C0C8FF;text-align:center;font-size:14pt;white-space:nowrap" | '''[[Kiingereza|en]]-1''' | style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em" | This user is able to contribute with a '''[[:Category:User en-1|basic]]''' level of '''[[:Category:User en|English]]'''.[[Category:User en|{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:User en-1|{{PAGENAME}}]] |}</div> 2507 8356 2006-04-17T21:15:18Z Matt Crypto 20 [[Category:User en]] [[Category:User en]] 2508 8357 2006-04-17T21:15:45Z Matt Crypto 20 <div style="float:left;border:solid #6EF7A7 1px;margin:1px"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#C5FCDC" | style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#6EF7A7;text-align:center;font-size:14pt" | '''[[Kijapani|ja]]''' | style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em" | この利用者は'''[[:Category:User ja|日本語]]'''を'''[[:Category:User ja-N|母語]]'''としています。 [[Category:User ja|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:User ja-N|{{PAGENAME}}]] |} </div> 2509 10999 2006-06-20T11:33:49Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[de:Mawlid an-Nabi]] '''Maulid''' (pia: '''maulidi'''), '''Maulid an-Nabii''' ni sikukuu ya dini ya [[Uislamu]] ya kuzaliwa kwake [[Mtume]] [[Muhammad]]. Neneo lenyewe ni la asili ya [[kiarabu]] kutokana na مولد النبي (maulid an-nabi) au (milaad an-nabi) ميلاد النبي . Sikukuu inafuata [[kalenda ya Kiislamu]]. Waislamu wa dhehebu la [[Sunni]] husheherekea tar. 12 [[Rabi'-ul-Awwal]] na Waislamu wa dhehebu la Shia husheherekea tarehe 17. Rabi'-ul-Awwal. Muhammad alizaliwa takriban mwaka 570 BK. Wataalamu wa historia wengine wanasema ya kwamba sherehe ya Maulid imeanzishwa mnamo karne ya 12 BK. Kuna Waislamu kadhaa wanaokataa sherehe hiyo kwa sababu hakuna [[sunna]] wala [[hadith]] ya Muhammad mwenyewe kuhusu kusheherekea maulid yake. Lakini kwa ujumla ni sikukuu inayopendwa sana na Waislamu wengi duniani. Kati ya desturi ni mikutano, kusikia mashairi juu ya maisha ya mtume a mengine. [[Misri]] maulid ni kati ya sikukuu za kiislamu zinazokumbukwa sana na Waislamu. Katika [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] sherehe ya maulid huko [[Lamu]] imejulikana hasa ikivuta wageni kutoka pande zote za Afrika ya Mashariki hadi [[Uarabuni]]. ==Tarehe za Maulid katika [[kalenda ya Gregori]]== Maulid kama vile sikukuu zote za Kiislamu inafuata kalenda ya Kiislamu ambayo ni [[kalenda ya mwezi]]. Kwa sababu hiyo tarehe yake hubadilika katika kalenda ya Gregori au kimataifa. Zifuatazo ni tarehe za maulid kwa ajili ya miaka 2006 - 2021. Tarehe ya kwanza ni ile ya Wasunni (12 Rabi'-ul-Awwal) na tarehe ya pili katika mabano ni ile ya Washia (17. Rabi'-ul-Awwal). Tarehe hizo zinaweza kuwa tofauti na tarehe halisi kwa sababu kuna tofauti kati ya nchi na vikundi vya Waislamu jinsi gani kukubali kuhusu mwanzo wa miezi. * 2006: Aprili 12, (Aprili 17) * 2007: Machi 31, (Aprili 5) * 2008: Machi 20, (Machi 25) * 2009: Machi 9, (Machi 14) * 2010: Februari 26, (Machi 3) * 2011: Februari 15, (Februari 20) * 2012: Februari 4, (Februari 9) * 2013: Januari 24, (Januari 29) * 2014: Januari 13, (Januari 18) * 2015: Januari 2, (Januari 7) * 2016: Disemba 22, (Disemba 27) * 2017: Disemba 11, (Disemba 16) * 2018: Novemba 30, (Disemba 5) * 2019: Novemba 19, (Novemba 24) * 2020: Novemba 8, (Novemba 13) * 2021: October 28, (Novemba 2) ==Viungo vya nje== * {{en}}[http://moonsighting.com/holy.html Islamic Holy Days] * {{en}}[http://www.mawlid.info Mawlid] [[Category:Uislamu]] [[de:Mawlid an-Nabi]] [[en:Mawlid]] [[id:Maulid Nabi Muhammad SAW]] [[ms:Maulidur Rasul]] [[pt:Mawlid]] [[ru:Мавлид]] [[zh:圣纪节]] 2510 8381 2006-04-18T00:28:18Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Maulid]] 2511 8398 2006-04-18T12:24:14Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Mahore]] 2512 10230 2006-05-27T23:43:05Z Kipala 107 '''Funguvisiwa''' ni kundi la [[kisiwa|visiwa]] vinavyokaa sehemu pamoja [[bahari]]ni. Mara nyingi kundi hili lina asili ya pamoja, kama vile kuwa mabaki ya kisiwa kikubwa zaidi kilichogawiwa kutokana [[mmomonyoko]] wa ardhi yake au kuwa na asili ya kivolkeno. Funguvisiwa kubwa kabisa duniani ni [[Indonesia]] pamoja na Filipino inayoitwa pia Fungusiwa ya [[Malay]]. Bahari ya [[Pasifiki]] ina funguvisiwa nyingi, pia sehemu ya [[Karibi]] ya Bahari ya [[Atlantiki]] karibu na [[Amerika ya Kati]]. Funguvisiwa muhimu za [[Afrika]] ni [[Zanzibar]], [[Shelisheli]] na [[Komoro]] katika [[Bahari Hindi]], halafu katika Atlantiki [[Visiwa vya Kanari]] na [[Visiwa vya Madeira]] . Funguvisiwa ndogo karibu na pwani la [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] ziko [[Lamu]], [[Kilwa]] na [[Kirimba (visiwa)|Kirimba]]. [[an:Archipielago]] [[ar:أرخبيل]] [[bg:Архипелаг]] [[da:Arkipelag]] [[de:Archipel]] [[en:Archipelago]] [[et:Saarestik]] [[es:Archipiélago]] [[fr:Archipel]] [[gl:Arquipélago]] [[io:Archipelago]] [[id:Kepulauan]] [[is:Eyjaklasi]] [[it:Arcipelago]] [[ko:군도]] [[he:ארכיפלג]] [[nl:Archipel]] [[ja:列島]] [[pl:Archipelag]] [[pt:Arquipélago]] [[ru:Архипелаг]] [[fi:Saaristo]] [[sv:Skärgård]] [[tl:Kapuluan]] [[zh:群島]] 2513 8412 2006-04-18T13:32:05Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Lamu katika Kenya.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Mahali pa Lamu katika Kenya]] '''Lamu''' ni neno la kutaja mahali pafuatapo katika [[Kenya]]: * [[Lamu (mji)]] - ni kati ya miji ya kale sana ya Waswahili kwenye pwani la Afrika ya Mashariki, iko kwenye orodha ya [[UNESCO]] ya "[[Urithi wa Dunia]]" (World Heritage) * [[Lamu (kisiwa)]] ni kisiwa penye mji wa Lamu * [[Lamu (funguvisiwa)]] ni funguvisiwa yenye visiwa vya Lamu, [[Pate]], [[Manda]],Kimayu na vingine. * [[Lamu (wilaya)]] ni [[wilaya]] ya kiutawala wa Jamhuri ya Kenya inayounganisha funguvisiwa pamoja na sehemu za bara jirani nayo. {{maana}} 2514 8408 2006-04-18T13:26:39Z Kipala 107 Kutokana na sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Kenya_mikoa.JPG Kutokana na sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Kenya_mikoa.JPG 2515 8409 2006-04-18T13:27:57Z Kipala 107 Kutokana na sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Kenya_mikoa.JPG Kutokana na sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Kenya_mikoa.JPG 2516 8439 2006-04-18T22:56:36Z Kipala 107 '''Wilaya''' ni mgawanyo wa kiutawala au eneo lililotengwa kwa ajili ya utawala. Mikoa ya [[Tanzania]] na [[Kenya]] imegawiwa kwa wilaya. Asili ya neno ni [[Kiarabu]] "ولاية" (wilaayatun - [[Kituruki]]: vilayet). Katika [[Dola la Osmani]] "vilayet" ilikuwa ngazi ya kwanza ya mgawanyo wa kiutawala ikimaanisha [[jimbo]] au [[mkoa]]. Mkuu wake au gavana alikuwa na cheo cha "[[Wali]]". Neno hili la "wilaya" limepatikana katika nchi nyingi zilizoathiriwa na utamaduni wa [[Uislamu]] au lugha ya Kiarabu kama vile [[Uturuki]], [[Algeria]], [[Tunisia]], [[Oman]], [[Mauritania]], [[Sudan]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkmenistan]] na [[Uzbekistan]]. Katika Kiarabu cha Kisasa "wilaya" inamaanisha pia dola ndani ya [[shirikisho]] - kwa mfano madola kama vile [[Texas]] ndani ya [[Marekani]]. Katika matumizi ya Kiswahili huko Kenya na Tanzania "wilaya" imekuwa mgawanyo wa ngazi ya pili yaani ni kitengo chini ya ngazi ya kwanza ya mikoa. Algeria ni nchi nyingine ambako wilaya inamaanisha ngazi ya pili ya kiutawala. [[bg:Вилает]] [[cs:Vilájet]] [[de:Vilayet]] [[en:Wilayah]] [[es:Wilaya]] [[et:Vilajett]] [[fr:Wilaya]] [[hu:Vilajet]] [[mk:Вилает]] [[nl:Wilaya]] 2517 9838 2006-05-21T02:40:31Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[br:Krignerezh]] [[image:Grand_Canyon_cloud.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Bonde la [[mto wa Colorado]]/[[Marekani]] (Grand Canyon) ni tokeo la mmomonyoko wa maji]] '''Mmomonyoko''' ni hali ya kuvunjika au kumegekamegeka kwa [[udongo]], [[ardhi]] au [[jiwe]] kutokana na athira ya [[upepo]], [[maji]], [[barafu]], [[joto]] au mwendo wa ardhi. Kazi za kibinadamu zimekuwa pia sababu muhimu ya mmonyoko. ==Mmomonyoko wa kiasili== Mmomonyoko ni kati ya nguvu muhimu zinazofinyanga uso wa [[dunia]]. Uso wa mabonde na milima ya dunia ni matokeo ya mmomonyoko. ==Aina za mmomonyoko== ===Mmomonyoko wa maji=== [[Image:Erosion.jpg|thumb|200px|Mmomonyoko kwenye shamba la ngano, Marekani; ni mfano wa kazi ya maji lakini inaonyesha pia athira ya kibinadamu - miti yote imekatwa ili kupata mashamba makubwa]] Maji ni kati ya nguvu kuu za mmomonyoko. Mwendo wa maji unasukuma sehemu ndogo za ardhi na kuzibeba mbali. Hata vipanda vya mwamba vinaweza kukatwa hasa kwa mawe madogo yanayorushwa na maji dhidi ya miamba mikubwa. Mwendo wa '''maji ya mito''' unaweza kuchimba mabonde makubwa. Ukali wake unategemea na kiasi cha maji, kasi yake na aina ya nchi, kama ina mtelemko mkubwa au kama maji yamepita kwenye ardhi au juu ya miamba. Kama mtelemko ni mkubwa na ardhi ni laini ni rahisi kwa maji kukata bonde ndefu na kubwa. Hata mtelemko wa [[mvua]] unaleta mmomonyoko. Matone yenyewe hugongagonga sehemu ndogo za ardhi na kuzibeba kidogo jinsi inavyoonekana vizuri baada ya mvua kwenye eneo penye mchanga. Maji ya mvua ikitelemka milimani inaweza kubeba udongo mwingi. Udongo wote pamoja na mawe madogo unaobebwa na maji hutuamishwa mahali fulani kama [[mashapo]]. Kwa njia hiyo maji yanaweza kutenganisha aina mbalimbali ya mashapo. Kwa kawaida sehemu nzito hutelemka kwanza na kukaa kama mwendo wa maji unaanza kupungua wakati mto umetoka kwenye mtelemko na kuingia eneo la tambarare. Kwa njia hii aina za mashapo kama vile [[changarawe]], [[mchanga]] na udongo kabisa zinapatikana. ===Mmomonyoko wa pwani=== [[Image:EtretatGreatArch.jpg|thumb|100px|Mmomonyoko kwenye pwani la [[Ufaransa]]]] Mmomonyoko kwenye mwambao wa [[bahari]] au [[ziwa]] ni aina ya pekee ya mmomonyoko wa maji. Unatokea hasa kutokana na nguvu ya [[mawimbi]] na [[mikondo]]. Mikondo ya baharini hubeba muda wote mashapo kwa kuyachukua hapa na kuyatuamisha pale. Kama kiasi kilichochukuliwa kinazidi kiasi kilichotuamishwa mmomonyoko unatokea. Pale panapotuamishwa zaidi kuliko kuchukuliwa [[fungu]] linatokea. Watu wakijenga karibu mno na bahari -kwa mfano mahoteli ya utalii- wataona mara nyingi ya kwamba nyumba zinachukuliwa na bahari baada ya miaka kadhaa kwa sababu ya mmomonyoko wa pwani wa kawaida. ===Mmomonyoko wa upepo=== [[Image:Pinnacles pano 2005-08-26.jpg|thumb|Nguzo zilizokatwa na upepo na mchanga katika [[jangwa]] la [[Australia]] ]] Upepo unaweza kupuliza chembe ndogo za udongo kama udongo huu ni laini na kavu. Aina hii ya mmomonyoko hutokea hasa pasipo na mimea inayofunika udongo wa juu. [[jangwa|Jangwani]] kiasi kikubwa cha udongo au mchanga huhamishwa na [[dhoruba]]. Upepo ukibeba machanga unaweza kusababisha hata mmomonyoko kwa miamba. Mchanga unarushwa na upepo kwa kasi kubwa dhidi ya mwamba na kuisagasaga. ===Mmomonyoko wa barafu=== [[Image:YosemiteValley12.jpg|thumb|Bonde la [[Yosemite]] ([[Marekani]]) limekatwa na barafuto miaka milioni 2 iliyopita.]] [[Barafu]] ikipatikana kama [[barafuto]] (ganda nene la barafu inayoanza kutiririka polepole na kujisukuma mbele)ina uwezo wa kuvunja mawe na miamba mikubwa kabisa na kuzisukuma mbali. Barafuto isipoishia baharini inatoa mito inayoendeleza kazi ya mmomonyoko wa maji. Njia nyingine ya barafu kufinyanga uso wa dunia hutokea pale ambako maji yanaingia kwa mashimo au safu ndogo katika mwamba. Hali ya hewa ikishuka chini ya 0° C majai haya yanaganda na kupanuka hivyo kuvunja mwamba. ==Mmomonyoko uliosababishwa na wanadamu== Mabadiliko kutokana na kazi za kibinadamu yalisababisha mara nyingi mmomonyoko wa ghafla unaoshtusha na kuleta hasara. Mfano ni kukata miti hasa kwenye mitelemko ya milima au kulima milimani. Kazi hizi zinapunguza au kuondoa kabisa funiko la mimea na kuacha udongo bila hifadhi. Maji ya mvua na upepo hazina vizuizi tena. Matokeo yake ni mafuriko wa ghafla kwa sababu wakati wa mvua maji hutelemka haraka na mara moja ukichimba mifereji, kuharibu nyumba,kuua watu na kuondoa ardhi yenye rutba kwenye mashamba. Njia nyingine ni mmomonyoko kutokana na kuzidi kwa mifugo. Kazi ya kukanyaga kwa miguu mingi hasa kwenye njia zilezile zinazotumika kuzunguka kati ya boma, maji na sokoni kumeleta uharibifu mwingi. [[Category:Jiografia]] [[br:Krignerezh]] [[cs:Eroze]] [[cy:Erydiad]] [[da:Erosion (geologi)]] [[de:Erosion (geologisch)]] [[en:Erosion]] [[eo:Erozio]] [[es:Erosión]] [[et:Erosioon]] [[fi:Eroosio]] [[fr:Érosion]] [[gl:Erosión]] [[hr:Erozija]] [[it:Erosione]] [[ja:侵食]] [[lt:Erozija]] [[nl:Erosie]] [[nn:Erosjon]] [[no:Erosjon]] [[pl:Erozja]] [[pt:Erosão]] [[ru:Эрозия]] [[simple:Erosion]] [[sk:Erózia]] [[sl:Erozija]] [[sv:Erosion]] [[tr:Erozyon]] [[zh:水土流失]] 2518 9767 2006-05-18T19:58:19Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Morisi]] 2519 8434 2006-04-18T20:09:20Z Matt Crypto 20 <span title="Matamko kwa IPA" class="IPA">{{{1}}}</span> 2520 8437 2006-04-18T20:49:47Z Matt Crypto 20 <span class="FA" id="{{{1}}}" style="display:none;" /> 2521 8441 2006-04-18T22:57:25Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Liwali]] 2522 8442 2006-04-18T23:05:36Z Kipala 107 '''Liwali''' au '''wali''' ni cheo cha msimamizi wa eneo fulani. Asili ni neno la Kiarabu "ولي" linalomaanisha mtawala wa mahali au eneo asiyejitegemea bali aliyechaguliwa na [[serikali]] kushughulikia mambo ya [[utawala]] katika eneo fulani. Mara nyingi katika nchi za utamaduni wa [[Uislamu]] Wali alisimamia "[[wilaya]]". Katika eneo la [[Waswahili]] maneno ya wali au liwali yalichanganywa kwa maana moja kumtaja mkuu wa mahali au wa mji. [[en:Wali]] [[de:Wali (Islam)]] [[he:ואלי]] [[tr:Vali]] 2523 8450 2006-04-19T17:24:01Z Matt Crypto 20 '''Azimio la Dodoma''' ni makubaliano ya [[wanablogu wa Kiswahili]] waliokutana jijini [[Dodoma]] kuhusu njia za kuendeleza [[blogu]] za [[Kiswahili]] kwa kuwa na maadili yanayoendana na utu, heshima, na kanuni za uandishi wa habari. Mkutano huo ulifanyika Aprili 7, 2006. ==Viuongo vya nje== * [http://rsmiruko.blogspot.com/2006/04/azimio-la-dodoma-2006.html Azimio la Dodoma] * [http://cyber.law.harvard.edu:8080/globalvoices/wiki/index.php/Tanzania#Tanzanian_blogs_in_Kiswahili Blogu za Kiswahili] * [http://cyber.law.harvard.edu:8080/globalvoices/wiki/index.php/Tanzania Blogu za Watanzania] * [http://www.kenyaunlimited.com/ Blogu za Wakenya] * [http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/globalvoices/ Mradi wa Global Voices] * [http://mwongozo.wordpress.com Masomo kwa wanablogu wapya] 2524 9706 2006-05-15T19:54:48Z Mudux01 169 /* Mabadiliko - tuwe kiangilifu (Tuwe WAANGALIFU)*/ ==Mabadiliko - tuwe waangilifu== Naomba tuwe waangilifu wakati wa kufanya masahihisho. Katika orodha ya nchi mabadiliko kadhaa yametokea yasiyofaa. Kwa mfano kurejea jina la Ethiopia kwa "Uhebeshi". Uhebeshi si Kiswahili. Kuna neno "Uhabeshi" - sawa tukijadiliana neno lipi linafaa zaidi kati ya Uhabeshi au Ethiopia. Au: Kurejea Msumbiji kwa "Mozambik". Mozambik si Kiswahili hata kidogo, na makala ya Msumbiji ilikuwepo tayari. Sasa kiungo hiki kimevunjwa. Naomba kabla ya kubadilisha neno tuone kwanza kama kiungo kipo tayari (rangi ya neno kuwa buluu). Kama kipo hatuna budi kubadilisha kiungo pia. Menginevyo tunajenga matata katika kamusi yetu! Lakini tukitaka kubadilisha ni vema kuhakisha kwa kamusi kama mwezetu labda alikuwa na sababu nzuri za kuandika jinsi alivyoandika. Kam kuna wasiwasi basi tuandike kwanza katiuka ukurasa wa majadiliano tutaje sababu zetu halafu tusubiri. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 18:55, 19 Aprili 2006 (UTC) 2526 8528 2006-04-20T23:34:24Z Matt Crypto 20 :''Nilinakili ujumbe huu kutoka [[User talk:Matt Crypto]]. [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 19:55, 19 Aprili 2006 (UTC)'' Nimeona sasa tu ya kwmaba "category" imetafsiriwa kwa "babu". Sidhani ya kwamba inafaa. Haieleweki. "Jamii" au "Kundi" ni sawa. Kamusi zote za [[TUKI]] hazina Babu kwa maana hiyo, iko katika Madan-Johnson tu. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 18:31, 19 Aprili 2006 (UTC) :Ni poa tu. Mimi nilitumia "Kamusi Project" kwa kutafsiri "Category", lakini ukiamini kwamba haifai, unaweza kuibadilisha iwe "Jamii" au "Kundi". Mimi ningependelea "Jamii", lakini sina uhakika. [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] 14:03, 20 Aprili 2006 (UTC) :: Nitaje "aina" na "jinsi" pia, lakini sijui kamwe zikifaa. [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 23:34, 20 Aprili 2006 (UTC) 2527 8482 2006-04-19T20:38:01Z Matt Crypto 20 [[Category:User en]] [[Category:User en]] 2528 8484 2006-04-19T20:38:33Z Matt Crypto 20 [[Category:User sw]] [[Category:User sw]] 2529 11325 2006-06-25T17:29:51Z Kipala 107 '''Urithi wa Dunia''' ni maeneo yenye thamani kubwa ya kiutamaduni au kimazingira duniani yanayoangaliwa na shirika la [[UNESCO]]. Orodha rasmi la UNESCO lina mahali pa urithi wa dunia wa kiutamaduni na mahali pa urithi wa dunia wa kimazingira. Mwanzo wa mwaka 2006 sehemu 827 katika nchi 137 zimekubaliwa. Mwanzo wa jitihada za kuanzisha hifadhi la urithi wa dunia ulikuwa ujenzi wa bwawa la [[Assuan]] lililoelekea kuzamisha majengo mbalimbali ya utamaduni wa [[Misri]] na [[Nubia]] wa kale chini ya maji. Wakati ule UNESCO ilifaulu kukusanya pesa ili hekalu ya [[Abu Simbel]] iliweza kuhamishwa mlimani kabla ya kujaa kwa bwawa. Tangu 1972 kuna mkataba wa kimataifa wa [[Stockholm]] kuhusu hifadhi la urithi wa dunia kiutamaduni na kimazingira. Kila mahali panapopendekezwa ili pakubaliwe panahitaji angalau sifa moja kati ya sita zifuatazo: * kuwa na thamani ya pekee ya kisanii * kuwa na athira muhimu katika eneo fulani au kipindi cha historia * kuwa kitu cha pekee kisichopatikana tena au kuwa na umri mkubwa * kuwa mfano bora wa kipindi fulani cha historia ya ujenzi * kuwa muhimu katika uhusiano na fikra muhimu au watu muhimu wa historia Kamati ya World Heritage Committee hukutana kila mwaka na kuangalia maombi ya kupokelewa katika orodha ya urithi wa dunia. Kamati inapokea taarifa kuhusu hifadhi na hali ya urithi uliopo tayari orodhani. Kila baada ya miaka miwili orodha inatolewa upya. ==Viungo vya nje== * {{en}}[http://whc.unesco.org/ Tovuti rasmi] [[Category:Umoja wa Mataifa]] [[Category:UNESCO]] [[Category:Urithi wa Dunia]] [[af:Wêrelderfenisgebied]] [[ca:Patrimoni de la Humanitat]] [[cy:Safleoedd Treftadaeth y Byd]] [[da:Verdensarvsliste]] [[de:UNESCO-Welterbe]] [[en:World Heritage Site]] [[es:Patrimonio Común de la Humanidad]] [[eo:Monda Kulturhereda&#309;o de UNESKO]] [[fr:Liste du patrimoine mondial]] [[gd:Làrach Dhualchas na Cruinne]] [[he:&#1488;&#1514;&#1512; &#1502;&#1493;&#1512;&#1513;&#1514; &#1506;&#1493;&#1500;&#1502;&#1497;&#1514;]] [[id:Warisan Dunia UNESCO]] [[it:Patrimonio dell'umanità]] [[lb:Weltierfschaft]] [[nl:Lijst van monumenten op de Werelderfgoedlijst]] [[ja:&#19990;&#30028;&#36986;&#29987;]] [[no:UNESCOs liste over verdens kulturarv]] [[pl:Lista &#347;wiatowego dziedzictwa UNESCO]] [[pt:Património Mundial]] [[ro:Locuri din patrimoniul mondial]] [[ru:&#1042;&#1089;&#1077;&#1084;&#1080;&#1088;&#1085;&#1086;&#1077; &#1085;&#1072;&#1089;&#1083;&#1077;&#1076;&#1080;&#1077;]] [[fi:Maailmanperintöluettelo]] [[sv:Världsarv]] [[zh:&#19990;&#30028;&#36951;&#20135;]] 2530 8504 2006-04-20T08:12:35Z Matt Crypto 20 {{languageicon|fr|Kifaransa}} 2531 8844 2006-04-26T19:31:24Z Matt Crypto 20 ==Msumbiji -Mozambik== Bwana Yosef, hujambo? Nakuandikia kuhusu masahihisho yako katika makala ya "Afrika". Umebadilisha marejeo ya "Msumbiji" kuwa "Mozambik". Naomba tuepukane na vita ya uhariri jinsi ilivyo katika wiki nyingine. Kwa yote ninayoelewa jina la nchi kusini ya Tanzania ni "Msumbiji" kwa Kiswahili. Au una habari nyingine? Ningeshukuru ukiniambia. Halafu kuna tayari makala ya Msumbiji. Ukibadilisha kiungo hakitafikisha kwenye makala. Naomba kabla ya kubadilisha neno tuone kwanza kama kiungo kipo tayari (rangi ya neno kuwa buluu). Kama kipo hatuna budi kubadilisha kiungo pia. Menginevyo tunajenga matata katika kamusi yetu! Lakini tukitaka kubadilisha ni vema kuhakisha kwa kamusi kama mwenzetu labda alikuwa na sababu nzuri za kuandika jinsi alivyoandika. Kam kuna wasiwasi basi tuandike kwanza katika ukurasa wa majadiliano tutaje sababu zetu halafu tusubiri siku mbili. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 17:03, 20 Aprili 2006 (UTC) Asante kwa jibu. Tukiandikiana ni bila samahani. Kila moja ana mchango wake, tusipokubaliana tujadiliane. Basi. Kuhusu Ethiopia: Uhabeshi ni kawaida pamoja na Ethiopia. Muhimu tu kuweka viungo. Kompyuta pekee yake haiwezi kuunganisha lazima tufanye sisi. Kwa mfano ukiandika "Uhebeshi" hupati kitu. Ukiandika "Uhabeshi" unafikishwa Ethiopia. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 20:00, 20 Aprili 2006 (UTC) : Kipala amesema kweli. Mfumo hii inaitwa "redirection" kwa Kiingereza. Kwa mfano, hivi karibuni niliunda redirect mpya, kutoka [[Mozambiki]] mpaka [[Msumbiji]]. Sasa majina yote mawili yanampekelea mtu kufika makala moja. Niliandika (katika [[Mozambiki]]): ::<tt><nowiki>#REDIRECT [[Msumbiji]]</nowiki></tt> : Ukijua kiingereza, [[:en:Wikipedia:Redirect makala hii]] ina maelezo zaidi. [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 23:51, 20 Aprili 2006 (UTC) ==Majadiliano== Hujambo Yosef, na karibu Wikipedia! Ninakushukuru kwa michango yako ya mwezi huu. Nina mapendekezo mawili: ungependa kuzumgumza na mtumiaji mwingine, utumie ukurasa wa majadiliano. Kwa mfano, [[User talk:Kipala]] badala ya [[User:Kipala]]. Pia, unaweza kutia saini baada ya ujumbe wako kwa kutumia "tilde" nne mfululizo, yaani <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>. Programu ya Wikipedia itabadilisha hii kwa jina lako na tarehe. [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 15:13, 21 Aprili 2006 (UTC) ==Kuendeleza wikipedia== Yosef, asante kwa swali. Hapana mimi si mratibu wala msimamizi wa wikipedia bali mwandishi mwenzako tu. Ni kweli ya kwamba tuko wachache sana. Hata katika wikipedia tunapambana na umaskini wa Afrika na urithi wa ukoloni. Umaskini umesababisha uhaba wa kompyuta na wenye kompyuta katika Afrika. Ukoloni umesababisha ya kwamba Waafrika wengi wasomi hawajiamini katika utamaduni wao; Waafrika wa Mashariki wengi awajui Kiswahili vizuri. Hata wasomi Watanzania wengi wanajieleza vizuri zaidi kwa Kiingereza kuhusu utaalamu fulani. Tokeo ni ya kwamba idadi yetu bado ni ndogo, asilimia kubwa kwetu ni ama Waafrika wanaokaa nje ya Afrika au watu wa nje (kama mimi) wapenda wa Kiswahili. Kwa upande mwingine wikipedia ina nafasi kubwa sana hasa katika mazingira ya Afrika. Kwa sababu za kiuchumi siamini ya kwamba kamusi itapatikana karibuni kwa Kiswahili. Lakini idadi ya vijana wanaotumia compyuta kwa njia ya mgahawa wa mtandao (internet cafe) inakua. Naona tuendelee kuandika na kujenga wikipedia. Kila mmoja anayejiunga ni hatua mbele! Kama wewe unaona wito la kuangalia jiografia basi vizuri! Angalia masanduku ambazo nilitafsiri mimi au sanduku aliyoandaliwa na Matt halafu endelea! Kama una swali nitafurahi kutoa ushauri. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 17:08, 21 Aprili 2006 (UTC) ==Mchapa kazi== Nataka tu kusema Hongera kwa mchapa kazi!! Bwana unasukuma siku hizi. Safi! Sipendi kukuchelewesha lakini ukipata nafasi labda ujaribu kuangalia kidogo tahajia (namna ya kuandika maneno) - itasaidia viungo. Lakini hata hivyo: kitu kikubwa ni uendelee kuweka misingi - hata kama wengine wananyosha baadaye! --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 18:37, 26 Aprili 2006 (UTC) ==Kwa kutumia Infobox== Yosef, kama Kipala ameshasema, umefanya kazi kwa bidii! Ninapendekeza tutumie mbinu inayofuata hunakili Infobox ya nchi ("Sanduku la habari ya nchi") kutoka Wikipedia ya Kiingereza ("en" kwa mfupi) mpaka hapa ("sw"). 1) Unakili "wikicode" za infobox ya makala ya en, na ziingize hapa sw. 2) Ubadili vitu vya kulia tu, vitu baada ya alama ya "=". Lakini kabla ya "=", usibadili. Kwa mfano, ikiwa mstari mmoja kutoka en ni: :<tt><nowiki>conventional_long_name = Republic of Angola |</nowiki></tt> Ubadili kwa: :<tt><nowiki>conventional_long_name = Jamhuri ya Angola |</nowiki></tt> Na kadhalika. Mfano kamili ni, k.m. [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angola&action=edit hapa]. Manufaa ya mbinu hii ni kwamba ni rahisi kunakili Infobox kutoka en mpaka sw bila kazi mno. Isitoshe, nitatengeneza programu ya tarakilishi ya kikaragosi kubadili vitu kama <tt>conventional_long_name</tt> kwa <tt>jina_la_kawaida</tt> k.m. baada ya binadamu amenakili. [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 19:31, 26 Aprili 2006 (UTC) 2532 10555 2006-06-04T13:26:49Z Kipala 107 {{Infobox Country | native_name = ''Soomaaliya'' | conventional_long_name = Somalia | common_name = Somalia | image_flag = Flag of Somalia.svg| image_coat = Somalia_symbol.png| national_motto = - | image_map = LocationSomalia.png | national_anthem = Wimbo wa taifa wa Somalia | official_languages = [[Kisomali]], [[Kiitalia]]| capital = [[Mogadishu]] | latd=2|latm=02|latNS=N|longd=45|longm=21|longEW=E| government_type = [[Serikali ya mpito]] | leader_titles = Rais<br>Waziri Mkuu <br>| leader_names =[[Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed]]<br>[[Ali Mohammed Ghedi]]| largest_city = [[Mogadishu]] | area = 637,657 | areami² = 246,201 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] -->| area_rank = 41 dunia | area_magnitude = 1 E11 | percent_water = 1.6% | population_estimate = 8,591,629 | population_estimate_year = Julai 2005 | population_estimate_rank = 87 | population_census = ~3,300,000 | population_census_year = 1975 | population_density = 13 | population_densitymi² = 34<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] -->| population_density_rank = 170 | GDP_PPP_year = 2005 | GDP_PPP = billioni 4.825 <!--CIA--> | GDP_PPP_rank = 158th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = 600 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 188th | HDI_year = 2003 | HDI = NA | HDI_rank = unranked | HDI_category = <font color=gray>NA</font> | sovereignty_type = [[Uhuru]] | established_events = <br>&nbsp;- Date | established_dates = Kutoka [[Uningereza]], [[Uitalia]]<br>[[July 1]], [[1960]]<br> | currency = [[Shilingi ya Somalia]] | currency_code = SOS | time_zone = MSK | utc_offset = +3 | time_zone_DST = - | utc_offset_DST = +3 | cctld = [[.so]] | calling_code = 252 | footnotes = }} '''Somalia''', ([[Lugha ya Kisomali|Kisomalia]]: ''Soomaaliya''; [[Lugha ya Kiarabu|Kiarabu]]: الصومال, ''As-Suumaal''), ambayo ilijulikana kama '''Jamhuri ya Demokrasia ya Somalia''', ni nchi kwa pwani ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] katika [[Pembe ya afrika]]. Kijiografia, imezungukwa upande wa kaskazini-mashariki na [[Ethiopia]] na [[Djibouti]], na upande wa magharibi ya kati na [[Kenya]]; [[Guba ya Aden]] nayo iko mashariki. Kwa sasa, nchi ya Somalia haina Amri ya serikali ya umoja wataifa, imegawa na wakereketwa na wanamgambo kwa ukoo na eneo. Somalia ina maeneo ambayo yajisimamia kwa madaraka, hasa [[Somaliland]] na [[Puntland]], na [[Wanamgambo]] wengine. ==Historia== ''Tako la Kifungu: [[Historia ya Somalia]]'' [[Image:Canadian Military in Somalia 1992.jpg|thumb|[[Jeshi ya Kanada]] Somalia, mwaka1992|right]] [[Image:Black Hawk Down Super64 over Mogadishu coast.jpg|thumb|[[Jeshi ya Marekani]] helicopta kabla ya [[Vita vya Mogadishu]], 1993|right]] ==Siasa== ''Tako la Kifungu: [[Siasa za Somalia]]'' ''Ona pia [[Orotha ya wakurugenzi Somalia]].'' ==Umma== [[Image:Somalia pop 2002.jpg|thumb|350px|Hii ramani ya mwaka 2002 ya [[Wadadisi wa Marekani|CIA]] ya onyesha, umma kwa Eneo, kutapakaa]] ===Ukoo na Watu wa Somalia=== * [[Watu wa Somalia|Ukoo wa Somali]], ni: ** [[Hawiye]] ** [[Isaaq]] ** [[Dir (clan)|Dir]] ** [[Darod]] ** [[Digil & Mifle]] * [[Bantu]] * other groups including [[Arabs]] ==Eneo za Amri== ''Tako la Kifungu: [[Eneo za Somalia]], [[Wilaya ya Somalia]]'' [[Image:Somalia pol02.jpg|thumb|250px|Hii ramani ya mwaka 2002 ya [[Wadadisi wa Marekani|CIA]] ya onyesha [[Eneo za Somalia]].]] [[image:so-map-en.png|thumb|Ramani ya Somalia ya husu pia Eneo ambazo za nena madaraka (Somaliland)]] ''Tako la Kifungu: [[Jeografia ya Somalia]]'' Somalia imegawa kwa [[Eneo]] (umoja. ''[[gobolka]]'', wingi. ''gobollada''), na zaidi kugawa kwa [[Wilaya]] [[Eneo za Somalia|Eneo]] ni: <table><td><ol> <li>[[Awdal]] <li>[[Bakool]] <li>[[Banaadir]] <li>[[Bari, Somalia|Bari]] <li>[[Bandari, Somalia|Bandari]] <li>[[Galguduud]] <li>[[Gedo]] <li>[[Hiiraan]] <li>[[Jubbada Dhexe]] </td></ol><td><ol start=10> <li>[[Jubbada Hoose]] <li>[[Mudug]] <li>[[Nugaal]] <li>[[Sanaag]] <li>[[Shabeellaha Dhexe]] <li>[[Shabeellaha Hoose]] <li>[[Sool]] <li>[[Togdheer]] <li>[[Woqooyi Galbeed]] </td></ol></table> Wilaya: ona [[Wilaya za Somalia]] ==Jeografia== ==Uchumi== ''Tako la Kifungu: [[Uchumi wa Somalia]]'' [[Image:Somali cattle.JPG|300px|left|thumb|Wanamifugo karibu na kisimayo. Mifugo ni asilimia 40% chumo cha uchumi, Somalia]] Watabuzi: *[http://rru.worldbank.org/Documents/PapersLinks/280-nenova-harford.pdf Anarchy and Invention: Vipi Kampuni za Somalia za weza kufanya biashara bila serikali?] ==Watu na Lugha== ''Tako la Kifungu: [[Watu na lugha za Somalia]]'' ==Utamaduni== ''Tako la Kifungu: [[Utamaduni wa Somalia]]'' *[[Uislamu Nchini Somalia]] *[[Orotha ya waandishi wa Afrika (kwa nchi)#Somalia|Orotha ya Waadishi wa Somali]] *[[Muziki wa Somalia]] ==Mawasiliano== Mawasiliani ya Jamhuri ya Somalia karibu kuangamia kwa vita via wenyewe kwa wenyewe, lakini kwa sasa kampuni za kibinafsi za mawasiliano ya mitambo , zime twaa karibu Miji yote Somalia, na hata kutoa huduma njema kuliko nchi zilizojirani. Somalia ni nchi mojawapo afrika ina mawasiliano ya bei rahisi zaidi, pengine kwa kuwa Somalia haina serika ya umoja kutoa Amri ya ushuru; ([http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4020259.stm ''Telecoms thriving in lawless Somalia'']) Kampuni zinazo huduma watu wa Somalia nikama: *[[SOMTEL]] *[[Galkom]] *[[Global Internet Company]] *[[Hormuud]] *[[Telcom]] *[[Nationlink]] *[[Netco]] *STG *[[Dahabshiil]] ==Ona pia== * [[Vita vya Mogadishu]] * [[Building block theory]] * [[Mawasiliano Somalia]] * [[Mambo ya kigeni Somalia]] * [[orotha ya kampuni za Somalia]] * [[Orotha ya Habari za Somalia]] * [[Wantu wakurugenzi Somalia]] * [[Jeshi ya Somalia]] * [[Usafirishaji Somalia|Usafiri Somalia]] * [[Kudoea Somalia]] ==Viungo via Nnje== {{commonscat|Somalia}}{{wiktionary}} ;Habari, mitandao hii yajadili kuhusu Somalia. *[http://allafrica.com/somalia/ AllAfrica.com - ''Somalia''] Habari *[http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/41/ International Freedom of Expression eXchange: Somalia] *[http://www.country-data.com/frd/cs/sotoc.html#so0016 Somalia - A Country Study] ;Habari za kawaida *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1072592.stm Habari za BBC taratibu za Nchi - ''Somalia''] *[http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/africa/2004/somalia/default.stm BBC habari barabara - ''Somalia: Kutoka kwenye mbomoko?''] *[http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/so.html, interneti- CIA World Factbook - ''Somalia''] *[http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Somalia Open Directory Project - ''Somalia''] directory category *[http://www.somplanet.com Somali Planet Networks''] *[http://www.state.gov/p/af/ci/so/ US State Department - ''Somalia''] includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reports *[http://www.peterleeson.com/Better_Off_Stateless.pdf - ''Better off Stateless: Somalia Before and After Government Collapse''] [[Category:Muungano wa afrika]] [[Category:Ligi ya Waarabu]] [[Category:Somalia| ]] [[Category:East Afrika]] [[Category:Eneo zilizogawa]] {{Afrika}} [[af:Somalië]] [[ar:الصومال]] [[an:Somalia]] [[zh-min-nan:Somalia]] [[bs:Somalija]] [[bg:Сомалия]] [[ca:Somàlia]] [[cs:Somálsko]] [[da:Somalia]] [[de:Somalia]] [[en:Somalia]] [[et:Somaalia]] [[es:Somalia]] [[eo:Somalio]] [[eu:Somalia]] [[fr:Somalie]] [[gl:Somalia - Soomaaliya]] [[ko:소말리아]] [[hi:सोमालिया]] [[hr:Somalija]] [[io:Somalia]] [[id:Somalia]] [[is:Sómalía]] [[it:Somalia]] [[he:סומליה]] [[kw:Somali]] [[ku:Somaliya]] [[la:Somalia]] [[lv:Somālija]] [[lt:Somalis]] [[hu:Szomália]] [[mk:Сомалија]] [[ms:Somalia]] [[nl:Somalië]] [[ja:ソマリア]] [[no:Somalia]] [[nn:Somalia]] [[oc:Somalia]] [[nds:Somalia]] [[pl:Somalia]] [[pt:Somália]] [[ro:Somalia]] [[rm:Somalia]] [[ru:Сомали]] [[sa:सोमालिया]] [[sq:Somalia]] [[simple:Somalia]] [[sk:Somálsko]] [[sl:Somalija]] [[so:Soomaaliya]] [[sr:Сомалија]] [[sh:Somalija]] [[fi:Somalia]] [[sv:Somalia]] [[tl:Somalia]] [[th:ประเทศโซมาเลีย]] [[tr:Somali]] [[uk:Сомалі]] [[zh:索马里]] 2533 8527 2006-04-20T21:42:46Z CarlKenner 153 [[en:User:CarlKenner]] [[de:User:CarlKenner]] [[fr:User:CarlKenner]] [[it:User:CarlKenner]] [[es:User:CarlKenner]] [[am:User:CarlKenner]] [[cr:User:CarlKenner]] [[tk:User:CarlKenner]] [[tw:User:CarlKenner]] [[ja:User:CarlKenner]] [[vi:User:CarlKenner]] 2534 8529 2006-04-20T23:39:15Z Matt Crypto 20 #REDIRECT [[Msumbiji]] #REDIRECT [[Msumbiji]] 2536 8535 2006-04-21T12:26:08Z Matt Crypto 20 Talk:Dini umehamishwa hapa Talk:Dini ya kiislamu #REDIRECT [[Talk:Dini ya kiislamu]] 2537 11279 2006-06-25T10:10:13Z 84.189.250.161 <div class="messagebox merge">[[Image:Merge-arrow.svg|left]]Imependekzwa makala hii iungane na ''[[:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{{1}}}|{{{1}}}]]''. ([[{{{2|:{{NAMESPACE}} talk:{{{1}}}}}}|Jadili]])</div> 2538 11295 2006-06-25T12:22:07Z 84.189.250.161 <div class="messagebox merge">[[Image:Mergefrom.png|left]] Imependekezwa ''[[:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{{1}}}|{{{1}}}]]'' iungane na makala hii. ([[{{{2|:{{NAMESPACE}} talk:{{PAGENAMEE}}}}}|Jadili]])</div> 2539 8543 2006-04-21T13:15:54Z Matt Crypto 20 {| class="messagebox" style="width: 28em; background: AntiqueWhite;" |- | [[Image:Stop_hand.svg|none|40px]] | '''Kuna mashaka kuhusu baki ya makala hii. Uone [[:{{NAMESPACE}} talk:{{PAGENAME}}| majadiliano]]. |- |} 2540 8559 2006-04-21T15:34:43Z Matt Crypto 20 [[Category:Dini]] [[Category:Ukristo|*]] 2541 8585 2006-04-21T17:15:05Z Matt Crypto 20 [[Category:Wanyama]] [[Category:Wanyama]] 2542 8594 2006-04-21T17:32:29Z Matt Crypto 20 [[Category:Tanzania]] 2543 8604 2006-04-21T17:47:24Z Matt Crypto 20 {{Information| |Description= Large coat of arms of Burundi * 22:29, 30 August 2005 [[:en:User:Acntx|Acntx]] 211x264 (13530 bytes) ''<nowiki>(Reverted to earlier revision)</nowiki>'' * 22:25, 30 August 2005 [[:en:User:Acntx|Acntx]] 202x288 (12543 bytes) * {{Information| |Description= Large coat of arms of Burundi * 22:29, 30 August 2005 [[:en:User:Acntx|Acntx]] 211x264 (13530 bytes) ''<nowiki>(Reverted to earlier revision)</nowiki>'' * 22:25, 30 August 2005 [[:en:User:Acntx|Acntx]] 202x288 (12543 bytes) * 22:23, 30 August 2005 [[:en:User:Acntx|Acntx]] 202x288 (12543 bytes) * 01:57, 19 February 2004 [[:en:User:ThaGrind|ThaGrind]] 211x264 (13530 bytes) ''<nowiki>(Large coat of arms of Burundi)</nowiki>'' |Source=Originally from [http://en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia]; description page is (was) [[:en:Image:Coa burundi large.jpg|here]] |Date=Commons upload time 2006-04-21 19:45:08 |Author=Users [[:en:User:Acntx|Acntx]], [[:en:User:Acntx|Acntx]], [[:en:User:Acntx|Acntx]], [[:en:User:ThaGrind|ThaGrind]] on [http://en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia] |Permission={{symbol}} }} 2544 8605 2006-04-21T17:47:39Z Matt Crypto 20 {| cellpadding="3" class="toccolours" width="100%" ! style="background: #ccccff; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;" width="15%" | Description | {{{Description}}} |- ! style="background: #ccccff; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;" | Source | {{{Source}}} |- ! style="background: #ccccff; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;" class="hiddenStructure{{{Date| }}}" | Date | class="hiddenStructure{{{Date| }}}" | {{{Date}}} |- ! style="background: #ccccff; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;" | Author | {{{Author}}} |- ! style="background: #ccccff; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;" | Permission | {{{Permission}}} |- ! style="background: #ccccff; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;" class="hiddenStructure{{{other_versions| }}}" | Other versions of this file | class="hiddenStructure{{{other_versions| }}}" | {{{other_versions| }}} |} <noinclude> ==Brief syntax description == For usage full description of the the template see [[Commons:First steps/Quality and description]]. <pre><nowiki> {{Information| |Description= |Source= |Date= |Author= |Permission= |other_versions= (optional variable, can be left out) }} </nowiki></pre> ''e.g. the source code of the description of [[:Image:Anders-Celsius-Head.jpg]]:'' <pre><nowiki> {{Information| |Description = {{en|Part of an oil painting of Anders Celsius. Painting by Olof Arenius (1701 - 1766). The original painting is placed in the astronomical observatory of Uppsala University.}} {{de|Teil eines Ölgemälde von Anders Celsius, das von Olof Arenius (1701-1766) gemalt wurde. Das Originalgemälde befindet sich im astronomischen Observatorium der Universität Uppsala.}} {{nds|Deel vun en Schilleraats, dat Anders Celsius wiest. Maalt vun Olof Arenius (1701-1766). Dat Original hangt in’t astronoomsche Observatorium bi de Universität Uppsala.}} |Source = Astronomical observatory of Uppsala University * http://www.astro.uu.se/history/Celsius_eng.html * http://www.astro.uu.se/history/images/celsius3.jpg |Date = between 1701 - 1766 |Author = Olof Arenius |Permission = Copyright expired as artist died more than 70 years ago |other_versions = [[:Image:Anders-Celsius.jpeg]] (full image) }} </nowiki></pre> </noinclude> 2545 8606 2006-04-21T17:49:21Z Matt Crypto 20 kutoka [[en:Template:Symbol]] (GFDL) <!-- Fair use tag, based on Template:Image-license-fairuse --> <div class="boilerplate" style="margin:0.5em auto;width:80%;clear:both;background-color:#f7f8ff;border:2px solid #8888aa; padding:4px;font-size:85%;min-height:64px;vertical-align:center" id="imageLicense"> <div style="float:left" id="imageLicenseIcon">[[Image:Copyright shield.svg|64px|Copyrighted]]</div> <div style="text-align:left;margin-left:68px" id="imageLicenseText"> This is a representation of a government, military, regimental, family, or other symbol such as a [[flag]], [[Seal (device)|seal]], [[emblem]], [[coat of arms]] or [[Crest (heraldry)|crest]]. This symbol may be '''[[copyright]]ed''' by its holder. As well, '''it is known that the representation of this symbol is either copyrighted by the holder of the symbol, or is available under a free license'''. There may also be other restrictions on reproduction, including but not limited to [http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/paris/trtdocs_wo020.html#P155_22332 article 6''ter'' of the Paris Convention]. It is believed that the use of '''low-resolution''' images of such symbols *to illustrate the '''symbol in question''' *on the [http://en.wikipedia.org English-language Wikipedia], hosted on servers in the United States by the non-profit [http://wikimediafoundation.org Wikimedia Foundation], qualifies as '''[[fair use]]''' under [[United States copyright law]]. '''Other uses of this image, on Wikipedia or elsewhere, may be [[copyright infringement]].''' See [[Wikipedia:Fair use]]. '''To the uploader''': please add a detailed ''fair use rationale'' for each use, as described on [[Wikipedia:Image description page]], as well as the '''source''' of the work and copyright information. As well, if this image is available under a free license, please also add the appropriate [[Wikipedia:Image copyright tags#Free_licenses|free licence tag]]. </div> </div> [[Category:Fair use symbols|<noinclude> </noinclude>{{PAGENAME}}]]<noinclude>[[Category:Non-free image copyright tags]]</noinclude> 2546 8612 2006-04-21T18:26:39Z Matt Crypto 20 [[Category:Falaki]] [[Category:Falaki]] 2547 8614 2006-04-21T19:33:19Z Kipala 107 ==Pendekezo:== A) "Mji mkubwa kushinda miji mingine yote" iwe "mji mkubwa" -itatosha na kueleweka B) "Kodi ya simu" - "Kodi" hakika si Kiswahili - nimesahau neno sanifu najaribu kuipata kutoka Bongo C) "Intaneti TLD" - "Herufi za Kikoa" twende kwa orodha la http://www.kilinux.udsm.ac.tz/kiblog/sw_TZ_glossary_klnX_1.html hawana "TLD" lakini maana yake ni herufi za kikoa cha mwisho au cha juu zinazoonekana kwenye anwani za wavu za nchi fulani. D) "Msongamano wa watu" - nimetumia "wakazi kwa km²"; msongamano ni pendekezo la kamusi lakini kwangu ina herufu ya "kubana,kubanana"- "wakazi kwa km²" inaweza kueleweka vizuri na rahisi zaidi... Ninakiri ya kwamba sina uhakika jinsi gani kutumia hiki kielelezo. Matt, unaweza kutoa maelezo kidogo? Kuandika nini wapi?? NB: "Template" ni kielelezo au kiolezo (ingawa orodha ya kilinux inataja "templeti") --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 19:33, 21 Aprili 2006 (UTC) 2548 8630 2006-04-22T08:56:37Z Matt Crypto 20 Tanganyika, Kongo umehamishwa hapa Wilaya ya Tanganyika [[Image:CD-Kalemie.png|right|225px|Mahali pa Wilaya ya Tanganyika katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] '''Wilaya ya Tanganyika''' ni eneo katika Mkoa wa [[Katanga]] wa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] ufukoni wa [[Tanganyika, Ziwa|Ziwa la Tanganyika]]. Makao makuu ya wilaya yako [[Kalemie]]. Hapa ni mwanzo wa reli kwenda magharibi-kusini. [[en:Tanganyika District]] 2549 8631 2006-04-22T08:56:37Z Matt Crypto 20 Tanganyika, Kongo umehamishwa hapa Wilaya ya Tanganyika #REDIRECT [[Wilaya ya Tanganyika]] 2550 8976 2006-04-28T20:46:53Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Aletschgletscher Panorama.jpg|thumb|left|500px|Barafuto ya Aletsch, [[Uswisi]] yenye umbo la mto wa barafu]] '''Barafuto''' huitwa pia "mto wa [[barafu]]". Ni kanda kubwa la barafu iliyoanza kutambaa kutokana na uzito wake ikifuata [[uvutano]] kwenye mtelemko. Kwa sababu hiyo barafuto zinapatikana hasa mlimani. ==Asili ya barafu ya barafuto== [[Image:Glacier at summit of Mt Kilimanjaro 001.JPG|thumb|200px|Barafuto ndogo juu ya [[mlima Kilimajaro]]]] Barafuto zimetokana na [[theluji]] inayokaa miaka mingi bila kuyeyuka katika mazingira baridi. Theluji mpya inakaa juu ya theluji ya miaka iliyotangulia. Uzito wa theluji ya baadaye inakandamiza ile ya chini. Kutokana na [[shindikizo]] hili theluji ya chini hubadilika kuwa barafu kabisa. [[Image:Glacial Valley MtHoodWilderness.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Bonde lenye umbo la "U" lilikatwa na barafuto huko Mt. Hood, [[Marekani]]]] Barafuto ni kati ya nguvu kubwa za [[Mmomonyoko#Mmomonyoko wa barafu|mmomonyoko]] duniani. [[Afrika]] ina barafuto ndogo kadhaa juu ya [[mlima Kilimanjaro]] na [[mlima Kenya]] lakini zinaelekea kupotea kutokana na uhaba wa mvua itakayobadilika kuwa theluji mpya. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Jiografia]] [[ca:Glacera]] [[cs:Ledovec]] [[da:Gletsjer]] [[de:Gletscher]] [[en:Glacier]] [[eo:Glaciejo]] [[es:Glaciar]] [[fi:Jäätikkö]] [[fr:Glacier]] [[he:קרחון]] [[id:Gletser]] [[io:Glaciero]] [[ja:&#27703;&#27827;]] [[lb:Gletscher]] [[nl:Gletsjer]] [[no:Isbre]] [[pl:Lodowiec]] [[pt:Geleira]] [[sl:Ledenik]] [[sv:Glaciär]] [[zh:&#20912;&#24029;]] 2551 8903 2006-04-27T10:02:31Z Matt Crypto 20 [[Image:Mercury_Earth_Comparison.png|thumb|200px|Ulinganishi wa ukubwa wa Utaridi na Dunia]] [[Image:Mercure fausses couleurs.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Picha isiyo na rangi sahihi iliyopigwa na [[chombo cha angani]] [[Mariner 10]] inaonyesha uso wa Utaridi ikifanana na [[mwezi]]]] '''Utaridi''' ni [[sayari]] iliyo karibu na [[jua]] letu katika [[mfumo wa jua na sayari zake]]. ==Jina la sayari== Jina lake limetokana na [[kiarabu]] عطارد (soma "`uTaarid") lakini asili yake ni katika lugha ya [[Babeli]] walioiita sayari ya kwanza kwa jina "Utarid" na kuiabudu kama mungu mmojawapo katika dini yao. Wagiriki walitumia jina la [[Apollo]] (ikionekana kama nyota ya asubuhi) au [[Hermes]] (ikionekana kama nyota ya jioni), Waroma jina la [[Mercurius]] na jina hili limeingia katika lugha nyingi za Ulaya. Umbo la kiarabu limekuwa jina la mtu katika nchi nyingi zilizoathiriwa na utamaduni wa [[Kiislamu]] pia jina la sayari ya kwanza kwa mfano kwa [[Kituruki]] au [[Kimalaysia]]. Katika matumizi ya Kiswahili jina la [[Zebaki]] linaweza kupatikana lakini asili yake inaonekana ni kosa kutokana na jina la Kiingereza "Mercury". Mercury ni pia jina la metali inayoitwa zebaki kwa Kiswahili kutokana Kiarabu "زئبق" (tamka "zibaq"). ==Tabia za Utaridi== Utaridi ni sayari ndogo. [[Kipenyo]] chake kwa [[ikweta]] ni 4879.4 km. Kwa sababu iko karibu sana na jua ina mbio wa haraka. [[Mwaka]] wa Utaridi ambayo ni muda wa kuzunguka jua ni [[siku]] 88 za [[dunia]] pekee. Inazunguka kwenye [[kipengo]] chake katika muda wa siku 58.6 za dunia. Kutokana na kuwa karibu na jua kuna joto kali upande unaotazama jua lakini upande wa usiku ni baridi kabisa kutokana na uhaba wa [[hewa]] inayoweza kutunza [[halijoto]]. Halijoto ya wastani ni +178.8 [[°C]], (usiku -183.15 °C na mchana +426.85 °C). Uhaba wa hewa umesababisha uso wa sayari kujaa mashimo ya [[kasoko]]. Kasoko hizi zimesababishwa kwa kugongwa na [[meteoridi]]. Ganda la hewa kama duniani lingeangamiza meteoridi ndogo na kusababisha kupasuka kwa kubwa lakini zote zinafika usoni wa Utaridi bila kizuizi. Alama za meteoridi ni [[mmomonyoko]] wa pekee unaoonekana hakuna dalili ya mmomonyoko kutokana na hewa au maji ya awali. Kutokanana na kuwa karibu sana na jua Utaridi inaonekana kama nyota kwa macho katika masaa ya [[pambazuko]] na [[machweo]] pekee. {{mfumo wa jua na sayari zake}} [[Category:Sayari]] [[ar:عطارد]] [[bg:Меркурий (планета)]] [[bs:Merkur (planeta)]] [[ca:Mercuri (planeta)]] [[cs:Merkur (planeta)]] [[da:Merkur (planet)]] [[el:Ερμής (πλανήτης)]] [[en:Mercury (planet)]] [[eo:Merkuro]] [[es:Mercurio (planeta)]] [[et:Merkuur]] [[fi:Merkurius]] [[fr:Mercure (planète)]] [[ga:Mearcair (pláinéad)]] [[gu:બુધ (ગ્રહ)]] [[he:כוכב חמה]] [[hr:Merkur (planet)]] [[hu:Merkúr (bolygó)]] [[id:Merkurius]] [[ilo:Mercurio (planeta)]] [[io:Merkuro]] [[is:Merkúríus (reikistjarna)]] [[it:Mercurio (astronomia)]] [[ja:水星]] [[ko:수성]] [[ku:Tîr (gerstêrk)]] [[la:Mercurius (planeta)]] [[lt:Merkurijus (planeta)]] [[ms:Utarid]] [[mt:Merkurju (pjaneta)]] [[nl:Mercurius (planeet)]] [[nn:Planeten Merkur]] [[no:Merkur]] [[os:Меркурий (планетæ)]] [[pl:Merkury (planeta)]] [[pt:Mercúrio (planeta)]] [[ro:Mercur (planetă)]] [[ru:Меркурий (планета)]] [[simple:Mercury (planet)]] [[sk:Merkúr (planéta)]] [[sl:Merkur]] [[sr:Меркур (планета)]] [[sv:Merkurius]] [[th:ดาวพุธ]] [[tr:Merkür (gezegen)]] [[uk:Меркурій (планета)]] [[vi:Sao Thủy]] [[zh:水星]] 2552 8655 2006-04-22T20:10:25Z Kipala 107 [[Image:PIA04866 modest.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Picha ya Mshtarii iliyopigwa na [[chombo cha angani]] [[Cassini]]]] '''Mshtarii''' (kutokana na Kiarabu "المشتري" al-mshtari) ni [[sayari]] ya tano toka kwenye [[jua]] katika [[Mfumo wa jua]] na sayari zake. [[Image:Jupiter Earth Comparison.png|thumb|left|Ulinganishi wa ukubwa wa [[Dunia]] yetu na Mshtarii pamoja na "doa nyekundu" inayozunguka katika [[angahewa]] ya Mshtarii]] Mshtarii ni sayari kubwa kabisa ya jua letu. Mada yake inazidi mara mbili na nusu mada ya sayari zote nyingine. ==Angahewa== Uso wa sayari haionekani kwa sababu [[angahewa]] nzito inafunika kila sehemu. Mada ya angahewa ni hasa [[hidrojeni]] na [[heli]]. Kutokana na uzito wa angahewa [[shindikizo]] ndani yake inaongezeka sana katika vilindi vyake na kusababisha [[gesi]] za angahewa kuingia katika hali ya [[giligili]] (majimaji) inayobadilika kuwa [[mango]] (imara) ndani zaidi. Zamani iliaminika ya kwamba sayari yenyewe ni ya gesi iliyoganda lakini siku hizi wataalamu wa [[falaki]] huamini ya kwamba kuna kiini cha [[mwamba]] au [[metali]]. Doa nyekundu inayoonekana usoni wa angahewa ni dhoruba ya [[tufani]] kubwa sana iliyotazamiwa mara ya kwanza miaka 300 iliyopita wakati [[darubini]] za kwanza zilipopatikana. Duniani tufani zinapotea kwa kawaida baada ya wiki kadhaa lakini doa nyekundu imeendelea bila kusimama. ==Miezi== Mshtarii ina miezi 63 zilizotambuliwa hadi mwaka 2005. Ukubwa wa [[Io]] unakaribia kipenyo cha Utaridi ukipita kile cha Pluto. Mwezi mdogo kabisa wa Mshtarii unajulikana kwa namba tu una kipenyo cha 1 km. Miezi minne mikubwa ilitambuliwa mwaka 1610 na [[Galileo Galilei]] aliyekuwa kati ya wanafalaki wa kwanza waliotumia darubini. Ndiyo [[Io]], [[Europa]], [[Ganymedi]] na [[Kallisto]]. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Sayari]] {{mfumo wa jua na sayari zake}} [[af:Jupiter (planeet)]] [[als:Jupiter (Planet)]] [[ang:Iupiter]] [[ar:مشتري]] [[bg:Юпитер (планета)]] [[bn:জুপিটার]] [[bs:Jupiter]] [[ca:Júpiter (planeta)]] [[cs:Jupiter (planeta)]] [[cy:Iau (planed)]] [[da:Jupiter (planet)]] [[de:Jupiter (Planet)]] [[et:Jupiter (planeet)]] [[es:Júpiter (planeta)]] [[eo:Jupitero]] [[eu:Jupiter]] [[fr:Jupiter (planète)]] [[ga:Iúpatar (pláinéad)]] [[gl:Xúpiter (planeta)]] [[gu:ગુરુ (ગ્રહ)]] [[ko:목성]] [[kw:Yow (planet)]] [[hr:Jupiter (planet)]] [[io:Jupitero]] [[id:Jupiter]] [[is:Júpíter (reikistjarna)]] [[it:Giove (astronomia)]] [[he:צדק (כוכב לכת)]] [[la:Iuppiter (planeta)]] [[lv:Jupiters]] [[lt:Jupiteris (planeta)]] [[hu:Jupiter (bolygó)]] [[mk:Јупитер]] [[mt:Ġove (pjaneta)]] [[ms:Musytari]] [[nl:Jupiter (planeet)]] [[ja:木星]] [[ka:იუპიტერი (პლანეტა)]] [[no:Jupiter (planet)]] [[nn:Planeten Jupiter]] [[pam:Jupiter]] [[pl:Jowisz]] [[pt:Júpiter (planeta)]] [[ro:Jupiter (planetă)]] [[ru:Юпитер (планета)]] [[scn:Giovi]] [[simple:Jupiter (planet)]] [[sk:Jupiter (planéta)]] [[sl:Jupiter (planet)]] [[sr:Јупитер (планета)]] [[fi:Jupiter]] [[sv:Jupiter]] [[tl:Jupiter]] [[ta:வியாழன் (கோள்)]] [[th:ดาวพฤหัสบดี]] [[vi:Mộc Tinh]] [[tr:Jüpiter (gezegen)]] [[uk:Юпітер (планета)]] [[zh:木星]] 2553 8675 2006-04-23T07:57:53Z Matt Crypto 20 '''Lakhi''' (pia '''Laki''') ni neno la asili ya [[Kihindi]] la kutaja namba ya 100,000. Mji una wakazi lakhi tano au mia tano elf. Namba 650,000 inaweza kusomwa "lakhi sita na nusu". Neno limeingia katika [[Kiswahili]] kutokana na historia ndefu ya mawasiliano ya kibiashara kati ya [[Bara Hindi]] na pwani la [[Afrika ya Mashariki]]. [[de:Lakh]] [[en:Lakh]] [[fr:Lakh]] [[gu:લાખ]] [[hi:लाख]] [[nl:Lakh]] [[sv:Lakh]] [[ta:இலட்சம்]] 2554 8665 2006-04-22T22:15:34Z George McFinnigan 154 <big>Thou canst find me here: [[:es:Usuario:George McFinnigan]]</big> <center><big><big>La Asociación Cruppo Tomatone, en colaboración con la Campaña Anti-McFinnigan, hace un anuncio de <FONT color=red>URGENCIA</FONT></big> '''[http://www.elgranero.org GEORGE MCFINNIGAN ES ESPAÑOL].''' {|style="border: 1px solid #000000; background:#CCFF99;font-size:100%;" |Miembros de la Asociación tendieron una trampa a George McFinnigan para probar de manera definitiva que es un '''fraude''', que '''miente''', pues es '''español''' o al menos '''vive en España''', pero si no fuera español... '''¿por qué ha estado mintiendo sobre dónde vive?. Aquí está el proceso. Son pruebas '''irrefutables''': *Creamos '''varias cuentas''' en '''varias Wikipedias''' (rusa, alemana, italiana, portuguesa, etc) con el nombre de '''George McFinnigan''' para llamar su atención. En la '''portuguesa''' ya tenía cuenta, así que el nombre fue '''Georg McFinnigan'''. *Una vez que lo descubrió el "irlandés", '''blanqueó todas las páginas'''', pues habíamos añadido '''interwikies'''. *Aquí viene lo interesante: en las Wikipedias donde no '''tenía cuenta usó su IP'''. :*Se puede comprobar aquí: ::*[http://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A3%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA:George_McFinnigan&action=history Reversión en Wikipedia Rusa] ::*[http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer:George_McFinnigan&action=history Reversión en Wikipedia Alemana] :*Pero sí tenía, como ya dijimos, cuenta en la '''portuguesa'''; '''obsérvese la fecha y hora'''. Es el mismo usuario. '''Es prueba irrefutable que esa IP pertenece a George McFinnigan'''. ::*[http://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Usu%C3%A1rio:Georg_McFinnigan&action=history Reversión en Wikipedia portuguesa con su cuenta. Georg McFinnigan es un Asociado, George McFinnigan es el "verdadero" (¡por decir algo!) Finnigan] *Como puede observarse en aquellas wikipedias donde no tenía cuenta, '''su IP''' era: 83.38.241.19 *La IP pertenece a Telefónica, Granada. George McFinnigan reside en Granada, es español, como '''habíamos denunciado''', es un radical y su fobia a lo catalán y vasco se explica si es '''español''', pero no si es '''irlandés en un pueblo perdido'''. :*Aquí está la prueba de las comprobaciones: http://www.hostip.info/index.html Interactive IP Address Map Granada, SPAIN IP found in 0.0029 seconds *http://www.ip2location.com/free.asp IP Address Country (Short) Country (Full) Flag Region City ISP Map 83.38.241.19 ES SPAIN ANDALUCIA GRANADA TELEFONICA DE ESPANA *George McFinnigan '''afirmó en la Wikipedia en inglés [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:George_McFinnigan#S.C3.AD_soy_espa.C3.B1ol que estas páginas fallan porque comprobó que las IPs vandálicas eran de Alemania]. Eso es correcto, las IPs que vandalizaron eran de '''Alemania, Canadá, EEUU, etc'''. No se necesita saber demasiado de '''informática o Internet''' para saber el por qué. El sistema es el correcto. Además, y si vemos la edición actual de su Página de Usuario (a 19 de febrero, 19:53, si lo cambia a raíz de esto, queda contancia) no ha hecho la única defensa que podría haber hecho, y es que podría haber dicho (cosa falsa, pero podría haberlo usado) que él no revirtió nada en la Wikipedia Rusa o Alemana. Al contrario, no niega que esa IP no sea suya, sólo dice que nuestro '''método para descubrirlo puede fallar'''. Demostramos que no abajo en el siguiente punto, y esto demustra que esa IP es suya, y al ser suya, toda su '''farsa ha quedado probada''': *Aún así, y para despejar más dudas ante los pobres argumentos de un usuario que '''se ha visto desenmascarado y derrotado''', he aquí un ''[http://www.ripe.net/whois?form_type=simple&full_query_string=&searchtext=83.38.241.19&do_search=Search whois de la IP en cuestión]''. El rango de IPs entre '''83.37.0.0 y 83.39.255.255''' pertenece a '''[[Telefónica]] España, esto es, está en [[España]]'''. *<big>Finnigan es un fraude, como hemos demostrado. Las sospechas de muchos usuarios se han demostrado fundadas. </big> *¿Qué pondrá de excusa ahora, después de haber puesto otras? Cuando está ya demostrado al '''100% que está en españa''', ¿qué dirá? ¿Que estaba de vacaciones? ¿Y por qué no lo dijo antes? *He aquí la respuesta a todo: George McFinnigan es un fraude, ha engañado a casi todos, salvo a un grupo de usuarios que decidió luchar por una Wikipedia más justa para todos. ---- <big>'''ANEXO'''</big> Esto explica varias cosas: *No tenía cuenta en la '''Wikipedia Inglesa''', su idioma teóricamente '''nativo'''; la cuenta que existe '''pertenece a uno de los miembros asociados'''. '''Sí tenía sin embargo cuenta en la Wikipedia Portuguesa'''. *Su nivel de castellano coloquial y '''ACTUAL''', con expresiones como '''me la suda''' que le hemos visto, y conociendo connotaciones muy '''concretas restringidas a España''' como las diferencias políticas entre '''Vasco, euskera o vascuence'''. *Se registró el '''28 de octubre de 2005'''. '''11 días después''', sin apenas haber contribuido en nada, da la '''[http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Usuario_Discusi%C3%B3n:Reinoa&action=history primera bienvenida a un Usuario]'''. Un usuario que lleva 11 días en Wikipedia... ¿de verdad, si es realmente nuevo, se mostrará con la ''autoridad'' para dar la '''Bienvenida'''? Se puede ver sometido a un aluvión de preguntas por parte del otro usuario, y un usuario inexperto no sabría. Es muy ilógico todo, dar la '''bienvenida''' a un usuario sin apenas llevar uno mismo '''50 contribuciones'''. *De aquí deducimos que es posible que el usuario sea un '''[http://www.elgranero.org fraude por parte de otro usuario más antiguo que, por cualesquiera motivos, decidió cambiar su identidad]'''. |} == Enlaces externos == *[http://www.elgranero.org El Granero] *[http://www.elgranero.org] *http://www.elgranero.org *[http://www.elgranero.org Mi página web sobre:] *[http://www.elgranero.org Lingüística], *[http://www.elgranero.org Inglés] *[http://www.elgranero.org Alemán] *[http://cheats.elgranero.org Ruso] *[http://www.elgranero.org Irlanda] *[http://www.elgranero.org We like them cows] *[http://www.elgranero.org whiskey] *[http://www.elgranero.org Seamus O'Hara] [[es:Usuario:George McFinnigan]] [[simple:User:George McFinnigan]] [[de:Benutzer:George McFinnigan]] [[ru:%D0%A3%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA:George_McFinnigan]] [[fr:Utilisateur:George McFinnigan]] [[ca:Usuari:George McFinnigan]] [[pt:Usuário:Georg McFinnigan]] [[eu:Lankide:George McFinnigan]] [[it:Utente:George McFinnigan]] [[la:Usor:George McFinnigan]] [[eo:Vikipediisto:George McFinnigan]] 2555 8843 2006-04-26T19:29:57Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Earth-Moon System.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Chombo cha angani Galileo]] ilipiga picha hii ya Ardhi na mwezi]] '''Mwezi''' ni [[gimba la angani]] linalozunguka [[sayari]]. ==Miezi ya sayari== Sayari inaweza kuwa bila mwezi au na miezi mingi. [[Dunia]] yetu ina mwezi moja tu. [[Mshtarii]] ina miezi zaidi ya 60, mingine mikubwa kama sayari ndogo mingine midogo yenye kipenyo cha 1 km tu. Utaridi haina mwezi. Mwezi hauna nuru mwenyewe bali unang'aa kutokana na nuru ya [[jua]] unaoiakisia kama kioo. '''Sayari yenye miezi''' katika [[mfumo wa jua]]: * [[Dunia]]: mwezi mmoja * [[Meriki]]: miezi 2 * [[Mshtarii]]: miezi 63 * [[Zohari]]: miezi 31 * [[Uranus]]: miezi 27 * [[Neptun]]: miezi 13 * [[Pluto]]: miezi 3 '''Sayari zisizo na miezi''' katika mfumo wa jua: * [[Utaridi]] * [[Zuhura]] (Ng'andu) [[Image:Lunar libration with phase2.gif|thumb|right|200px|Mwendo wa mwezi]] ==Mwezi wa Dunia (ardhi) yetu== Mwezi wa dunia yetu ni mkubwa kushinda miezi mingine katika [[mfumo wa jua]]. Hakuna jina tofauti kuliko "mwezi" isipokuwa watu wametumia neno la [[Kilatini]] "[[luna]]" kwa ajili ya mwezi wakitaja mwezi wetu ili kuutofautihsa na miezi ya sayari nyingine. Huwa tunaangalia uso wake upande mmoja tene uleule tu. Kwa hiyo kuna upande moja penye mchana na upande mwingine penye usiku wakati wowote. Sababu yake ni ya kwamba siku ya mwezi ni sawa na kipindi cha mwezi duniani. Mwezi unazunguka kwenye kipengo chake katika muda wa siku 27.321 661 za dunia ambazo ni sawa na kipindi cha mwezi [[gezonyota]] maana yake. Uso wa mwezi unajaa mashimo ya [[kasoko]] yaliyosababishwa kwa kugongwa na [[meteoridi]]. Mwezi hauna angahewa inayozuia mapigo ya meteoridi ndogo au kupunguzu nguvu yao jinsi ilivyo duniani. ==[[Mwezi (wakati)]] kama kipimo cha wakati== [[Image:Mond Phasen.jpg||framed|none|Awamu za mwezi kuanzia [[mwezi mwandamu]] kupitia robo ya kwanza, nusu mwezi, [[mwezi mpevu]], robo ya tatu hadi mwezi mwandamu tena]] Awamu za mwezi zilikuwa vipindi vya kuhesabu wakati tangu mwanzo wa kalenda. Hadi leo kuna [[kalenda ya mwezi]] ndiyo [[kalenda ya Kiislamu]] inayopanga wakati kutokana na hali halisi ya awamu za mwezi. ==Safari kwenda mwezi== [[Image:Apollo 11 bootprint.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Nyayo za mwanaanga [[Edwin Aldrin]] mwezini <br />(Apollo 11)]] Mwezi wetu ni gimba la anga la kwanza ambako wanadamamu wamefika. Tarehe 21.07.1969 [[mwanaanga]] Mwamerika [[Neil Armstrong]] alikuwa mtu wa kwanza wa kukanyaga uso wa mwezi. Waamerika 11 walimfuata katika miaka hadi mwaka 1972. Baadaye safari za kwenda mwezi hazifanywa tena kutokana na gharama kubwa. ==Mwezi mali ya watu?== Hata kama Warusi na Waamerika walifisha mabendera yao mwezini wote hawadai mali kwenye mwezi. Katika mkataba wa kimataifa kuhusu anga wa nje Waamerika,Waingereza na Warusi walipatana ya kwamba mwezi utaangaliwa sawa na maeneo ya kimataifa ya bahari. Walipatana pia ya kwamba itakuwa marufuku kupeleka silaha kali kama kinyuklia angani. Mataifa mengi ya dunia yamejiunga na mkataba huo isipokuwa nchi mbalimbali za [[Afrika]] hawakutia sahihi kama vile [[Tanzania]]. Lakini kuna watu binafsi wanaodai mali ya mwezi. Kwanza kuna familia ya Jürgens wanaoishi Westerkappeln (Ujerumani) walipewa hati ya kumiliki mwezi na mfalme wa Prussia Friederich II. tarehe 15.07. 1756 BK. Mfalme alitoa hati kama zawadi ya shukrani kwa huduma bora akiamuru ya kwamba Martin Jürgens atakuwa mwenye mwezi na haki hii itarithiwa na mtoto wa kwanza. Bila shaka ilhali hakujua haki za mali za Mjerumani katika mwaka 1980 Mwamerika Dennis M. Hope alifika mbele ya msajili wa viwanda mjini San Francisco akidai mwezi ni wake. Kufuatana na sheria ya Marekani kiwanda ni mali ya mtu akiandikisha dai lake na katika muda wa miaka minane hakuna upingamizi dhidi ya dai lake. Kwa njia hii -iliyowahi kufaulu tayari wakati wa karne zilizopita Wazungu walipojipata Amerika ya Kaskazini (hakuna aliyepinga madai yao mbele ya msajili)- alipata hati ya kumiliki akijaribu kuuza sasa mwezi polepole. [[Category:Sayari]] {{mfumo wa jua na sayari zake}} [[als:Mond]] [[af:Maan]] [[ang:Móna]] [[ar:قمر]] [[bg:Луна]] [[bn:চাঁদ]] [[br:Loar]] [[ca:Lluna]] [[cs:Měsíc (Země)]] [[da:Månen]] [[de:Mond]] [[el:Σελήνη]] [[en:Moon]] [[eo:Luno]] [[es:Luna]] [[et:Kuu]] [[fa:ماه]] [[fi:Kuu]] [[fr:Lune]] [[fy:Moanne (himmellichem)]] [[gl:Lúa]] [[gu:ચંદ્ર]] [[he:הירח]] [[hr:Mjesec]] [[ia:Luna]] [[id:Bulan (satelit)]] [[ilo:Bulan]] [[io:Luno]] [[ii:ꆪ]] [[it:Luna]] [[ja:月]] [[ko:달]] [[kw:Loer]] [[la:Luna (satelles)]] [[li:Luna]] [[lt:Mėnulis]] [[lv:Mēness]] [[ms:Bulan (satelit)]] [[nds:Maand]] [[nl:Maan]] [[nn:Månen]] [[no:Månen]] [[pam:Bulan]] [[pl:Księżyc]] [[pt:Lua]] [[ro:Luna]] [[ru:Луна]] [[simple:Moon]] [[sk:Mesiac (Zeme)]] [[sl:Luna]] [[sr:Месец]] [[sv:Månen]] [[th:ดวงจันทร์]] [[tl:Buwan (astronomiya)]] [[tpi:Mun (i stap long heven)]] [[tr:Ay]] [[uk:Місяць (супутник)]] [[vi:Mặt Trăng]] [[yi:לבנה]] [[zh:月球]] [[zh-min-nan:Go̍eh-niû]] 2556 8669 2006-04-22T22:52:58Z Kipala 107 '''Mwezi''' ni neno la kutaja * [[mwezi (gimba la angani)]] - msindikizaji wa sayari * [[mwezi (wakati)]] - mojawapo wa vipindi kumi na mbili vya mwaka * mwezi - namna ya kutaja siku za [[hedhi]] za wakinamama {{maana}} 2557 9439 2006-05-11T12:44:54Z 172.181.244.79 '''Mwezi''' ni mojawapo wa vipindi kumi na mbili vya [[mwaka]]. Muda wa mwezi unategemea na aina ya [[kalenda]] inayotumika. ==Kalenda ya mwezi== Katika [[kalenda ya mwezi]] ni sawa na kipindi kutoka awamu ya [[mwezi (gimba la angani)|mwezi]] mpya angani hadi mwezi mpya unaofuata ni 29.53 siku. Mwezi mpya unaanza sawa na kuonekana kwa mwezi mpya jinsi ilivyo katika [[kalenda ya Kiislamu]]. ==Kalenda ya jua== Kwa [[kalenda ya jua]] muda wa mwezi unakaribia tu muda kati ya awamu za mwezi. Katika [[kalenda ya Gregori]] miezi ina kati ya siku 28 hadi 31. Lakini vipindi hivi havina uhusiano tena na hali halisi ya awamu za mwezi wa angani mwenyewe. "Mwezi" ni lugha tu haimaanishi gimba la angani tena. ==Majina ya miezi== Kwa [[Kiswahili]] miezi inatofautiana kwa namba; mwezi wa kwanza, wa pili, wa tatu ... hadi mwezi wa kumi na mbili. Pamoja na njia kuna majina ya [[Kilatini]] iliyofika kwenye Kiswahili kupitia lugha za [[wakoloni]] yaani [[Kijerumani]] na [[Kiingereza]]. ===Majina ya miezi ya asili ya Kilatini=== # Januari, siku 31 # Februari, siku 28* # Machi, siku 31 # Aprili, siku 30 # Mei, siku 31 # Juni, siku 30 # Julai, siku 31, # Agosti, siku 31 # Septemba, siku 30 # Oktoba, siku 31 # Novemba, siku 30 # Disemba, siku 31 * Februari huongezeka siku moja kufikia 29 katika miaka mirefu kufuatana na utaratibu wa [[kalenda ya Gregori]]. ===Majina ya Kiarabu ya miezi (Kalenda ya Kiislamu)=== Miezi ya kalenda ya Kiislamu ni kama ifuatayo: # [[Muharram|Muharram ul Haram]] (kifupi Muharram) &#1605;&#1581;&#1585;&#1617;&#1605; # [[Safar]] &#1589;&#1601;&#1585; # [[Rabi`-ul-Awwal]] (Rabi' I) &#1585;&#1576;&#1610;&#1593; &#1575;&#1604;&#1571;&#1608;&#1604; # [[Rabi`-ul-Akhir]] ( Rabi` al-THaany) (Rabi' II) &#1585;&#1576;&#1610;&#1593; &#1575;&#1604;&#1570;&#1582;&#1585; &#1571;&#1608; &#1585;&#1576;&#1610;&#1593; &#1575;&#1604;&#1579;&#1575;&#1606;&#1610; # [[Jumaada-ul-Awwal]] (Jumaada I) &#1580;&#1605;&#1575;&#1583;&#1609; &#1575;&#1604;&#1571;&#1608;&#1604; # [[Jumaada-ul-Akhir]] (Jumaada al-THaany) (Jumaada II) &#1580;&#1605;&#1575;&#1583;&#1609; &#1575;&#1604;&#1570;&#1582;&#1585; &#1571;&#1608; &#1580;&#1605;&#1575;&#1583;&#1609; &#1575;&#1604;&#1579;&#1575;&#1606;&#1610; # [[Rajab]] &#1585;&#1580;&#1576; # [[Sha'aban]] &#1588;&#1593;&#1576;&#1575;&#1606; # [[Ramadan (mwezi)|Ramadan]] &#1585;&#1605;&#1590;&#1575;&#1606; # [[Shawwal]] &#1588;&#1608;&#1617;&#1575;&#1604; # [[Zil Khad]] &#1584;&#1608; &#1575;&#1604;&#1602;&#1593;&#1583;&#1577; (or Thw al-Qi`dah) # [[Zil Hijjah]] &#1584;&#1608; &#1575;&#1604;&#1581;&#1580;&#1577; (au Thw al-Hijjah) Miezi hii haina wakati maalumu katika kalenda ya jua yenye miezi Januari - Disemba inabadilika kila mwaka. [[Category:kalenda]] [[Category:wakati]] [[ang:Mōnaþ]] [[bs:Mjesec (period)]] [[ca:Mes]] [[cs:Měsíc (kalendářní)]] [[cv:Уйăх]] [[da:Måned]] [[de:Monat]] [[en:Month]] [[eo:Monato]] [[es:Mes]] [[eu:Hilabete]] [[fa:ماه (سال)]] [[fi:Kuukausi]] [[fr:Mois]] [[fy:Moanne (tiid)]] [[he:חודש]] [[hi:मास]] [[hr:Mjesec (period)]] [[hu:Hónap]] [[ia:Mense]] [[id:Bulan (waktu)]] [[io:Monato]] [[is:Mánuður]] [[it:Mese]] [[ja:月 (暦)]] [[ka:თვე]] [[kw:Mis]] [[la:Mensis]] [[lt:Mėnuo]] [[lv:Mēnesis]] [[mi:Marama (maramataka)]] [[nl:Maand]] [[nn:Månad]] [[no:Måned]] [[pl:Miesiąc]] [[pt:Mês]] [[ru:Месяц]] [[simple:Month]] [[sk:Mesiac (časová jednotka)]] [[sl:Mesec]] [[sq:Muaji]] [[sr:Месеци]] [[sv:Månad]] [[ta:மாதம்]] [[tl:Buwan (panahon)]] [[tpi:Mun (bilong yia)]] [[tr:Ay (zaman)]] [[zh:月]] 2558 8676 2006-04-23T10:45:12Z Kipala 107 Nimeondoa majina ya Kiingereza ya miezi - si kilatini wala Kiswahili. Sijui yana kazi gani?? --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 10:45, 23 Aprili 2006 (UTC) 2559 10514 2006-06-02T21:51:18Z Kipala 107 '''Kalenda''' ni utaratibu wa kupanga [[wakati]]. Hupatikana kama orodha ya vipindi vya wakati kama vile [[siku]], [[juma]], [[mwezi]] na [[mwaka]]. Kalenda mbalimbali zimejua pia vipindi vya miaka kadhaa. Kalenda inayotumika zaidi leo kimataifa ni [[kalenda ya Gregori]] iliyo muhimu kwa uchumi na biashara. Kuna pia nchi zinazotumia hasa kalenda zao za kitaifa au kalenda mbalimbali sambamba. Hasa maisha ya kidini hupangwa kufuatana na kalenda maalumu. Kihistoria palikuwako na kalenda nyingi. ==Migawanyo asilia ya wakati== ===Mchana na usiku=== Kwa watu wengu duniani mabadiliko wa mchana na usiku ni utaratibu wa kwanza unaogawa wakati. Mchana na usiku pamoja inahesabiwa kama siku moja. Lakini kuna njia tofauti jinsi gani kuanza hesabu hiyo: asubuhi (mwanzo wa mchana) au jioni (mwanzo wa usiku) zilikuwa njia za kawaida za kuhesabu siku mpya. Tangu kupatikana kwa saa zinaonyesha masaa hata gizani saa sita usiki (katikati ya usiku) imeangaliwa kuwa mwanzo wa siku mpya. ===Awamu za mwezi=== Awamu za mwezi huonekana vizuri kwa kila mtu. Kwa sababu hii awamu hizi zilikuwa mbinu unaoeleweka rahisi kupanga siku kwa vipindi. Kipindi kutoka mwezi mpya hadi mwezi mpya ni kipimo kinachopatikana katika kila nchi. ===Majira kama msingi wa hesabu ya mwaka=== Majira au badiliko la vipindi vinavyorudi vya joto na baridi au vya ukame na mvua zilikuwa utaratibu mwingine ulioonekana kwa watu. Ila tu hesabu hii ilitegemea na mazingira na hali ya hewa katika eneo fulani. Hasa katika nchi ambako majira yanatofautiana vikali na kufuata utaratibu wa kurudia hata mimea na wanyama hufuata mwendo wa majira. Katika mazingira kama hii imewezekana kutofautisha matokeo katika maisha kufuatana na idadi ya vipindi vya baridi au vya joto au vya mvua vilivyopita tangu tokeo fulani. Mabadiliko ya mimea hutegemea mwendo wa jua na idadi ya mwanga pamoja na joto linalopatikana katika sehemu mbalimbali za dunia. Katika nchi karibu na ikweta tofauti hizi mara nyingi si kali sana na majira hazionekani vizuri isipokuwa majira ya mvua na ukame. Katika nchi hizi kalenda za kale mara nyingi zilitegemea nyota hasa [[Zuhura]] (Ng'andu) na mahali angani inapoonekana asubuhi au jioni kwa wakati fulani. ===Kilimo na mwanzo wa Kalenda=== Inaaminika ya kwamba tangu kuanza kilimo watu wameanza pia kushika kumbukumbu ya wakati. Katika nchi nyingi kupanda na kuvuna kunategemea mwendo wa majira yanayorudia. Kazi ya pamoja inahitaji mpangilio na lugha ya pamoja. Hapa ni mwanzo wa kalenda. ==Tazama pia== # [[Kalenda ya Gregori]] # [[Kalenda ya Juliasi]] # [[Kalenda ya Kiislamu]] {{mbegu}} [[Category:Kalenda]] [[ang:Gerímbóc]] [[ast:Repurtoriu]] [[be:Каляндар]] [[bg:Календар]] [[bn:পঞ্জিকা (ক্যালেন্ডার)]] [[ca:Calendari]] [[cs:Měsíc (kalendářní)]] [[da:Kalender]] [[de:Kalender]] [[el:Ημερολόγιο]] [[en:Calendar]] [[eo:Kalendaro]] [[es:Calendario]] [[et:Kalender]] [[fa:گاهشماری]] [[fr:Calendrier]] [[fy:Kalinder]] [[hu:Naptár]] [[ia:Calendario]] [[it:Calendario]] [[ja:暦]] [[lt:Kalendorius]] [[mi:Maramataka]] [[nl:Kalender]] [[no:Kalender]] [[pl:Kalendarz]] [[pt:Calendário]] [[ru:Календарь]] [[sl:Koledar]] [[sv:Kalender]] [[uk:Календар]] [[vi:Lịch]] [[zh:历法]] 2560 11010 2006-06-20T17:08:16Z Kipala 107 {{Infobox Country | native_name = &#1580;&#1605;&#1607;&#1608;&#1585;&#1610;&#1577; &#1575;&#1604;&#1587;&#1608;&#1583;&#1575;&#1606; <br>''Jumhuriyat as-Sudan'' | conventional_long_name = Republic of the Sudan | common_name = Sudan | image_flag = Flag of Sudan.svg | image_coat = Sudan coa.png | national_motto = Al-Nasr Lana ([[Kiarabu]]: Ushindi ni Wetu) | image_map = SudanWorldMap.png| national_anthem = نحن جند للہ جند الوطن [[Nahnu Jund Allah Jund Al-watan]] ("Sisi ni Jeshi ya Mungu na Nchi yetu") | official_languages = [[Kiarabu]] | capital = [[Khartoum]] | latd=15|latm=00|latNS=N|longd=30|longm=00|longEW=E| government_type = <!--[[Authoritarian]] [[regime]]--> | leader_titles = Rais | leader_names = [[Umar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir|Omar al-Bashir]] | largest_city = [[Omdurman]] | area = 2,505,813 | areami² = 967,495<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] -->| area_rank = 10th | area_magnitude = 1 E12 | percent_water = 5% | population_estimate = 36,992,490<!--UNCDB 2006 est.-->| population_estimate_year = Julai 2006 | population_estimate_rank = 33rd | population_census = 24,940,683 | population_census_year = 1993 | population_density = 14 | population_densitymi² = 36 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] -->| population_density_rank = 195 | GDP_PPP_year = 2005| GDP_PPP = 68,629 | GDP_PPP_rank = 61 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = 2,046 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 126 | HDI_year = 2003 | HDI = 0.512 | HDI_rank = 141st | HDI_category = <font color="#FFCC00">medium</font> | sovereignty_type = [[Uhuru]] | established_events = &nbsp;- Tarehe | established_dates = Kutoka [[Misri]] na [[Uingereza]] <br> [[Januari 1]], [[1956]] | currency = Dinar| currency_code = SDD | time_zone = [[Moscow Time|MSK]] | utc_offset = +3 | time_zone_DST = not observed | utc_offset_DST = +3 | cctld = [[.sd]] | calling_code = 249 | footnotes = }} [[Image:Su-map.png|thumb|right|280px|Ramani ya Sudan na Khartoum]] '''Jamhuri ya Sudan''', ama '''Sudan''' ni nchi kubwa zaidi [[Afrika]] kulingana na Eneo. Nchi hii kijiografia, sehemu yake ni [[Afrika ya Kikaskazini]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Khartoum]]. Imepakana na [[Misri]] kaskazini, [[Bahari ya Shamu]] kaskazini-mashariki, [[Eritrea]] na [[Ethiopia]] mashariki, [[Kenya]] na [[Uganda]] kusini-mashariki, [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] na [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] kusini-magharibi, [[Chadi]] nayo magharibi, na [[Libya]] kaskazini-magharibi. [[Image:Sudan n3.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Sanamu ya Mfalme wa Wanubi, Sudan]] [[Image:John Garang.jpg|thumb|150px]left|Aliyekuwa makamu wa Rais [[John Garang]], ambaye aliyeongoza wanamgambo wa Sudan ya Kusini]] ==Eneo za Sudan== [[Image:Sudan political map 2000.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Ramani ya siasa za Sudan]] Sudan imegawa kwa [[Majimbo]] 26 ambazo zaitwa ''([[wilaya]]t)'', Majimbo haya yamegawa kwa [[Wilaya]] 133. [[Majimbo ya Sudan|Majimbo]] majimbo haya ni: [[Al Jazirah, Sudan|Al Jazirah]], [[Al Qadarif (Jimbo)|Al Qadarif]], [[Bahr al Jabal]], [[Bluu Nile, Sudan|Bluu Nile (El bahr el azraq)]], [[Mashariki Equatoria]], [[Junqali]], [[Kassala (Jimbo)|Kassala]], [[Khartoum (Jimbo)|Khartoum]], [[Ziwa, Sudan|Ziwa]], [[Kaskazini Bahr al Ghazal]], [[Kaskazini Darfur]], [[Kaskazini Kurdufan]], [[Kaskazini, Sudan|Kaskazini]], [[Bahari ya Shamu, Sudan|Bahari ya Shamu]], [[Mto Nile, Sudan|Mto Nile]], [[Sennar (Jimbo)|Sennar]], [[Kusini Darfur]], [[Kusini Kurdufan]], [[Umoja, Sudan|Umoja]], [[Nile ya Kijuu]], [[Warab]], [[Bahr al Ghazal ya Kimagharibi]], [[Magharibi Darfur]], [[Magharibi Equatoria]], [[Magharibi Kurdufan]], na [[Nile nyeupe, Sudan|nile nyeupe (bahr el jebel]]. Wilaya: Ona [[Wilaya za Sudan]] ===Madaraka, Kujigawa, na Vita=== [[Sudan ya Kusini]] ni Eneo yenye madaraka kati ya Majimbo na Serikali ya taifa. [[Darfur]] ni eneo yeneye majimbo matatu ambaye imethulumiwa na vita viakisasa, [[vita vya Darfur]]. Na pia kuna wanamgambo upande wa mashariki [[Umbele wa mashariki (Sudan)|Umbele wa Mashariki]]. ==Jiografia== [[Image:Africa Mt Dair.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Mlima wa Dair eneo ya kati, Sudan]] [[Image:Sudd swamp.jpg|thumb|280px|right|bwawa kusini Sudan]] Sudan iko upande wa [[Afrika]] ya kaskazini, imepakana na [[bahari ya Shamu]], kati ya [[Misri]] na [[Eritrea]]. Imetamalikiwa zaidi na mto wa [[Nile]] na mikono ya Nile. Kwa eneo ya [[mraba kilomita]] 2,505,810 ama (967,499&nbsp;[[mraba maili|sq&nbsp;mi]]), ni nchi kubwa zaidi kwa bara Afrika na ya kumi kwa ukubwa Duniani. Ardhi yenyewe ni kiwara, lakini kuna milima upande wa mashariki na magharibi. Hali ya anga ni ya mwangaza kusini, na mikuranga kaskazini. Mvua yapatikana mwezi wa Aprili na Oktoba. Kudhoofika kwa mazingira hasa ni kwa sababu ya [[mmomonyoko]] wa udongo na utapakazi wa [[jangwa]]. ''Ona pia:'' [[Orodha ya miji Sudan]] ==Uchumi== [[Image:Khartoum Traffic.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Khartoum, Mji mkuu wa sudan]] ==Watu na Kabila== {{Tako la Kifungu|Watu wa Sudan|Taratibu za kikao Sudan}} [[Image:Sudanese Arabs.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Waarabu wa Sudan]] Sudan&#8217; sensa za mwaka wa 1993 , Umma uliesabika milioni 26. Hakuna [[sensa]] nyingine kafanywa kutoka mwaka huo kwa sababu ya Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe. [[Umma]] hasa wakadiriwa na kitabu cha wadadisi wa marekani kuwa milioni 39 mwaka wa 2004. Umma wa miji kama Khartoum (na pia Khartoum, Omdurman, na Khartoum ya kaskazini) wa ongezeka zaidi, umma kwa miji hii ya kadiriwa miliono 6-7 na wengine wahamiaji milioni 2 ambao wamethulumiwa na vita vya kusini sudan , magharibi, mashariki na pia wengine kwasababu ya ukame. Sudan ina aina mbili za utamaduni—Waafrika waliyo na Uarabu na Waafrika, Waafrika wasio Waarabu—na maelfu ya kabila na migao ya kabila, lugha tafauti tafauti kwa makundi au kabila, ambazo – migawanyiko hii uleta siasa za utengo na ubaguzi. Majimbo ya Kaskazini hasa ndio kubwa nchini Sudan, na pia Miji mikubwa hiko kwa majimbo haya. Zaidi ya milioni 22 wanaoishi kwa majimbo haya na eneo hizi za kaskazini ni Waislamu-Waarabu na wanao ongea kiarabu lakini wengi pia huongea lugha za mama hasa kama Ki-nubi, Ki-beja, Ki-fur, Ki-nuban, Ki-ingessana, kwa kikundi hiki kunawale wavutia zaidi kama: Wa-Kababish kutoka kaskazini Kordofan, Watu hawa wanaolea ngamiaa; Ga&#8217;alin (&#1575;&#1604;&#1580;&#1593;&#1604;&#1610;&#1606;), Rubatab (&#1575;&#1604;&#1585;&#1576;&#1575;&#1591;&#1575;&#1576;), [[Manasir]] (&#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1606;&#1575;&#1589;&#1610;&#1585;) and Shaiqiyah (&#1575;&#1604;&#1588;&#1575;&#1610;&#1602;&#1610;&#1617;&#1577;) makabila ambao kikao chao ni karibu na mito ni kama; Baggara wa [[Kurdufan]] na [[Darfur]]; Wakiham [[Beja]] eneo ya bahari la sham na Wanubi wa kaskazini Nile, ambao wengine kahamishwa karibu na mto Atbara. Eneo ya Shokrya kwa Wa-butana, Wa-bataheen wame pakana na Wa-ga’alin na Wa-shorya, upande wa kusini-magharibi eneo ya Butana.in the south west of Butana. Pia kuna Wa-rufaa, Wa-halaween na kabila nyingi zingine eneo ya Gazeera na kwa ufuo wa Bluu Nile na eneo ya Dindir. Hata pia Wa-nubi kusini mwa Eneo yaKurdufan na Wa-fur upande wa magharibi.. ===Watu wa Sudan=== *[[Ja'alein]] *[[Shigia]] *[[Rubatab]] *[[Shokrya]] *[[Ababda]] *[[Azande]] *[[Baggara |Baggara peoples ]] *[[Beja people|Beja tribe]] *[[Dinka tribe]] *[[Fur people]] *[[Mahas]] *[[Manasir|Manasir tribe]] *[[Masalit]] *[[Nuba| Nuba peoples]] *[[Nuer tribe]] *[[Rashaida]] *[[Zaghawa]] (zaidi, eneo ambazo zime chapika) *[[Acholi]] ''mashariki'' *[[Ayuak]] ''mashariki ya kati'' *[[Barit]] ''[[Mji wa Juba]]'' *[[Didiga]] ''mashariki'' *[[Kakua]] ''kusini-mashariki'' *[[Latuga]] ''mashariki'' *[[Madi]] ''mashariki'' *[[Shililuk]] ''mashariki'' *[[Toposa]] ''mashariki'' *Nyingine zaidi ==Utamaduni== *[[Utamaduni wa Sudan ya kusini]] *[[Muziki wa Sudan]] *[[Orotha ya waandishi waafrika (kwa nchi)#Sudan|Orotha ya waandishi kutoka Sudan]] *[[Uislamu Sudan]] Dini kubwa zaidi ya wakristu ni [[Kanisa ya Katoliki ya Roma]], kanisa ya [[Episcopali]] Kanisa ya Sudan, kanisa ya Wa[[Presbiterian]] Sudan na [[Kanisa ya wamininu kubti]] ya Sudan. ==Elimu== {{Tako la Kifungu|Elimu Sudan}} Vyuo Vikuu vya Sudan: *[[Akademia ya Sayansi ya Utabibu (Sudan)|Akademia ya Sayansi ya Utabibu]] *[[Chuo Kikuu cha Wanawake cha Ahfad]] *[[Chuo cha Sayansi na Teknolojia cha Bayan]] *[[Chuo cha Watu wa Compyuta]] *[[Chuo Kikuu cha Omdurman Ahlia]] *[[Chuo Kikuu cha Gezira]] *[[Chuo kikuu cha Khartoum]] **[[Senta ya Utafiti, Mycetoma]] *[[Chuo Kikuu cha Sudan cha Sayannsi na Teknolojia]] ==Ona pia== *[[Orotha ya Miji Sudan|Miji Sudan]] *[[Elimu Sudan]] *[[Vita vya Darfur]] *[[Ukoo wa Sudan]] *[[Haki za Kibinadamu Sudan]] *[[Janjaweed]] *[[Kush]] *[[Vijana wa Sudan Waliopotea]] (Docu-cinema) *[[Bwawa ya Merowe|Mradi wa Bwawa ya Merowe]] *[[Jeshi ya Sudan]] *[[Eneo ya Nubia]] *[[Waziri Mkuu wa Sudan]] *[[Wahamiaji wa Sudan Nchini Misri]] *[[Misheni ya Muungano wa Kimataifa Sudan]] *Walii Mlezi: [[Josephine Bakhita]] ==Vifungu Kiwazowazo== * [[Chama cha Wana-Skauti Sudan]] ==Viungo via Nnje== '''Maarifa ya Kawaida''' *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/820864]. (stm BBC habari za taratibu za - ''Sudan'' *[http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/su.html CIA World Factbook - ''Sudan'']-(kutoka kitabu cha wadadisi wa Marekani). *[http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/search.tkl?q=sudan&search_crit=subject&search=Search&date1=Anytime&date2=Anytime&type=form Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding Sudan] –(Kutoka taarifa za baraza ya Marekani) *[http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Sudan Open Directory Project - ''Sudan''] directory category-(kutoka mwelekezo wa Sudan) * [http://www.state.gov/p/af/ci/su/… (Idara ya mambo ya kigeni ya marekani- ''Sudan''] ya husu maandiko zingatizi kuhusu, usomi wa nchi na habari kuu za nchi. <!—Tafadhali usiweke maadishi au kifungu kuhusu biashara hapa, kwa mfano; vitabu vya Sudan --> <!—Ukiweka maadishi hayo, waweza KUFUNGIWA kuhariri Wikipedia! --> '''Serikali''' *[http://www.sudan.gov.sd/english.htm (Serikali ya Sudan)] makala rasmi *{{ar}} [http://www.sudan-parliament.org/ Majlis Watani] makala rasmio ya bunge . '''Habari''' *[http://allafrica.com/sudan/ AllAfrica.com - ''Sudan''] Viungo via Habari. *[http://www.fmreview.org/sudan.htm Forced Migration Review Sudan issue] taratibu za kutua amani *[http://www.guardian.co.uk/sudan/0,14658,1235601,00.html Guardian Unlimited - ''Special Report: Sudan''] *[http://www.suna-sd.net/Index_EN.htm Sudan News Agency (SUNA)] and [http://www.sunasms.com SunaSMS] government sites *[http://news.yahoo.com/fc/world/sudan Yahoo! News Full Coverage - ''Sudan''] news headline links *[http://www.sudantribune.com/sommaire.php3 Sudan Tribune] France-based (in English) '''Photos''' *[http://www.nichollsphotography.com/newsudan.htm New Faces of Sudan] (Sura mpay ya sudan) *[http://www.nichollsphotography.com/earlysudan.htm More photos] '''Utalii''' *{{wikitravel}} '''Nyingine''' *[http://www.sudan.net/ Sudan.net] portal *[http://www.sudaneseonline.com/ Sudaneseonline.com] portal *[http://www.sudani.com/ Sudani.com Portal] *[http://www.iabolish.com/slavery_today/country_reports/sd.html Slavery in Sudan] {{Afrika}} [[Category:Afrika, Mataifa Wanachama wa muungano ]] [[Category:Ligi ya Waarabu]] [[Category:Afrika ya Kaskazini]] [[Category:Nchi za Kiarabu]] [[Category:Amani na dhamana]] [[Category:Sudan| ]] [[Category:Serikali ya Udikteta]] [[af:Soedan]] [[am:ሱዳን]] [[an:Sudán]] [[ang:Sudan]] [[ar:السودان]] [[ast:Sudán]] [[bg:Судан]] [[bs:Sudan]] [[ca:Sudan]] [[cs:Súdán]] [[cy:Sudan]] [[da:Sudan]] [[de:Sudan]] [[en:Sudan]] [[eo:Sudano]] [[es:Sudán]] [[et:Sudaan]] [[eu:Sudan]] [[fa:سودان]] [[fi:Sudan]] [[fr:Soudan]] [[gd:Sudan]] [[gl:Sudán - السودان]] [[he:סודאן]] [[hi:सूडान]] [[hr:Sudan]] [[ht:Soudan]] [[hu:Szudán]] [[id:Sudan]] [[io:Sudan]] [[is:Súdan]] [[it:Sudan]] [[ja:スーダン]] [[ko:수단]] [[ku:Sudan]] [[kw:Soudan]] [[lt:Sudanas]] [[lv:Sudāna]] [[mk:Судан]] [[ms:Sudan]] [[nds:Sudan]] [[nl:Soedan]] [[nn:Sudan]] [[no:Sudan]] [[oc:Sodan]] [[pl:Sudan (państwo)]] [[pt:Sudão]] [[rm:Sudan]] [[ro:Sudan]] [[ru:Судан]] [[sh:Sudan]] [[simple:Sudan]] [[sk:Sudán]] [[sl:Sudan]] [[sq:Sudani]] [[sr:Судан]] [[sv:Sudan]] [[th:ประเทศซูดาน]] [[tl:Sudan]] [[tr:Sudan]] [[ug:سۇدان]] [[uk:Судан]] [[vi:Sudan]] [[zh:苏丹共和国]] [[zh-min-nan:Sudan]] 2561 8725 2006-04-25T09:04:13Z Matt Crypto 20 [[en:Zimbabwe]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width=50 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big><big>&#4611;&#4877;&#4652; &#4772;&#4653;&#4725;&#4651;<br>''Jamhuri ya Zimbabwe'' <br>''Republic of Zimbabwe'' </big></big> |- | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan=2 | {| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" | align="center" width="130px" | [[Image: Flag of Zimbabwe.svg |125px|Flag of Zimbabwe]] | align="center" width="130px" | [[Image: Zimbabwe coa.png | 110px|Coat of Arms of Zimbabwe]] |- | align="center" width="130px" | ([[Bendera ya Zimbabwe|Kinaganaga]]) | align="center" width="130px" | ([[Coat of Arms of Zimbabwe|Kinaganaga]]) |} |- | align="center" colspan=2 | <small>''[[Hadabu ya Taifa]] Unity, Freedom, Work ([[Lugha ya Kiingereza|Kiingereza]]: Umoja, Uhuru, Kazi) " | ''</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | [[image: ZimbabweWorldMap.png |Location of Zimbabwe]] |- | '''[[Lugha ya Taifa]]''' | [[Lugha ya Kiingereza|Kiingereza]] |- | '''[[Mji Mkuu]]''' | [[Harare]] |- |- | '''[[Mji Mkubwa]]''' | [[Harare]] |- | '''[[Rais wa Zimbabwe|Rais]]''' | [[Robert Mugabe]] |- | '''[[Eneo]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Jumla<br/>&nbsp;-Maji<br />&nbsp;-Eneo ya kadiriwa | 390,580 [[mraba kilomita|km&sup2;]] <br /> 1%<br />[[Orotha ya nchi kulingana na eneo|Kadiriwa 59 duni]] |- | '''[[Umma]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Kadiriwa <br />&nbsp;- Sensa,<br />&nbsp;- Umma kugawa na Eneo (kilomita) | 12,576,742 [[Orotha ya Nchi kulingana na Umma|Kadiriwa 66 duni]] <br/> (2003) <br />; 32/[[mraba kilomita|km&sup2;]] <br />; [[Orotha ya nchi kulingana na eneo kwa umma| duni] |- | '''[[Chumo cha uchumi]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Jumla<br />&nbsp;- kwa kipimo cha umma | $24.99 billion ([[Orotha ya nchi GDP (kidogo)|( ) kadir]]) <br />$2,100 ([[Orotha ya nchi kulingana na GDP kwa umma|( )]]) |- | '''[[Uhuru]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Kadirifu<br />&nbsp;- Barabara | (kama, Rhodesia) [[Novemba 11, 1965]] <br>(kama Zimbabwe) [[Aprili 18, 1980]] |- | '''[[Fedha]]''' | [[Dola|Dola, Zimbabwe (Z$)]]| |- | '''[[Saa za Eneo]]''' | [[Masaa za kimataifa|UTC]] +2 |- | '''[[Wimbo wa Taifa]]''' | <small>''Simdzai mreza wedu weZimbabwe (kishona)<br>kalibusiswe Iliswe leZimbabwe (kidembele) <br> ("Ibarikiwe nchi ya Zimbabwe"| ''</small> |- | '''[[mtandao wa interneti|Intaneti TLD]]''' | [[.zw]] |- | '''[[Orotha za nchi- kodi za simu|kodi za simu]]''' | 263 |} '''Jamhuri ya Zimbabwe''' (iliojulikana kama '''[[Rhodesia]]''') ni nchi bara upande wa kusini kwa [[Bara]] la [[Afrika]], kati ya mto [[Zambezi]] na mto [[Mto Limpopo|Limpopo]]. Imepakana na [[Africa ya Kusini]] upande wa kusini, [[Botswana]] magharibi, [[Zambia]] kaskazini-mashariki, na upande wa mashariki imepakana na [[Musumbiji]]. Jina ''Zimbabwe'' latoka kutoka jina "dzimba dzamabwe" kumaanisha "nyumba ya mawe" kwa lugha ya [[Kishona]]. Nyumba hii ya mawe, ilioitwa Zimbabwe ambayo imehifadhiwa kama eneo ya kihistoria, ilikua [[Milki ya Mwenemtaba]] ambaye ufalme wake uliongoza eneo hii miaka ya kale. [[Image:Zimbabwe.geohive.gif|thumb|420px|right|[[Eneo nchini|Mikoa].]] == Eneo == ''Tako la Kifungu: [[Mikoa ya Zimbabwe]], [[Wilaya za Zimbabwe]]'' Zimbabwe imegawa kwa [[Mikoa]] 8 na miji mbili zikiwa na cheo cha Mikoa. Imegawa zaidi kwa [[Wilaya]] 59 na munisipaa 1,200. [[Mikoa ya Zimbabwe|Mikoa]] ni [[Bulawayo]] (mji), [[Harare]] (mji), [[Manicaland]], [[Mashonaland ya kati]], [[Mashonaland ya Mashariki]], [[Mashonaland magharibi]], [[Mkoa wa Masvingo|Masvingo]], [[Matabeleland ya kaskazini]], [[Matabeleland kusini]], na [[Eneo ya Kati, Zimbabwe|Eneo ya Kati (midlands)]]. Wilaya: ona [[Wilaya za Zimbabwe]] Munisipali: ona [[Munisipa za Zimbabwe]] [[Image:ZimBridalVeiFallsJM.jpg|thumb|right|250px|maporomoko ya maji (Bridal Vei), paa za mashariki]] [[Image:ZimShopJM.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Duka, Paa za mashariki, 1989]] == Utamaduni == ''Tako la Kifungu: [[Utamaduni wa Zimbabwe]]'' *[[Miziki ya Zimbabwe]] *[[Orotha ya waandishi wakiafrika (kwa nchi)#Zimbabwe (iliojulikana kama Rhodesia)|Orotha ya waandishi wa Zimbabwe]] *[[Reps Theatre]] - local theatre company *[[Over the Edge (Zimbabwe)|Over the Edge]] - local theatre company *[[Miziki ya Shona]] == Tako kiwasowaso == *[[Mawasiliano Zimbabwe]] Mawasiliano ya Simu, mitambo yake yaendeshwa na (Tel-One0, kampuni ya serikali. Kuna kampuni 3 za (simu za mkononi): [[Econet Wireless]], [[Net*One]] na [[Telecel]]. *[[Mambo ya kigeni Zimbabwe]] *[[Utekelezaji wa Arthi, Zimbabwe]] *[[Orotha ya miji Zimbabwe]] miji minne Zimbabwe **[[Bulawayo]] ''mji wa pili kwa ukubwa'' **[[Harare]] ''mji mkuu'' **[[Masvingo]] **[[Mutare]] *[[Jeshi ya Zimbabwe]] *[[Jina za eneo Zimbabwe]] *[[Wana Habari bila mpaka]] Orotha ya uhuru kwa waadishi habari 2004: ranki 155 kwa nchi 167 . *[[Usafirishaji Zimbabwe]] *[[The Interpreter kiswa(mfasiri)]], Cinema ya mwakaa 2005 ambayo ya onyesha kiongozi chuku wa nchi Afrika, ambaye ya muadhiri [[Robert Mugabe]], akitafuta kuepuka [[mahakama ya kimataifat]] ilioamrishwa na [[baraza ya kimataifa ya kuhifadhi amani]] ili kumuhukumu kwa [[Hatia za kibinadamu]]. *[[chama cha wana skauti wa Zimbabwe]] ==Uchambuzi== <!--<references/>--> ==Viungo via nnje== ===Serikali=== *[http://www.parlzim.gov.zw/ Parliament of Zimbabwe] kifungu rasmi *[http://www.gta.gov.zw/ Zimbabwe Government Online] kifungu rasmi cha serikali[http://www.zim.gov.zw/ mirror site] ===Habari=== * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/africa/2000/zimbabwe/default.stm/ Ardhi na siasa]-BBC usanifu wa utekelezaji wa arthi. * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4188702.stm] Zimbabwe destruction: (hadithi ya mtu mmoja) * [http://www.newzimbabwe.com/ New Zimbabwe] UK-Based independent daily newspaper * [http://allafrica.com/zimbabwe/ AllAfrica.com - ''Zimbabwe''] news headline links * [http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/77/ IFEX - Zimbabwe] press freedom violations * [http://www.zimmirror.co.zw/ The Sunday Mirror] weekly newspaper * [http://www.theindependent.co.zw/ Zimbabwe Independent] weekly newspaper * [http://www.thezimbabwean.co.uk/ The Zimbabwean] UK-based independent weekly newspaper (gazeti ya wiingereza) * [http://www.zimbabweherald.com/ The Herald] State-owned daily newspaper * [http://www.zimbabwesituation.com/ Zimbabwe Situation] A comprehensive collection of news stories concerning Zimbabwe from different sources * [http://www.haikona.com/category/southern-africa/zimbabwe/ Haikona! Zimbabwe News Blog] Taarifa ya habari Zimbabwe ===Wanamgambo=== *[http://www.sokwanele.com Sokwanele] *[http://www.zvakwana.org Zvakwana] ===Mielekezo=== *[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/africa/cuvl/Zimbabwe.html (Chuo kikuu cha kolombia - ''Zimbabwe''] maelekezo ya WWW-VL * [http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Zimbabwe/ Open Directory Project - ''Zimbabwe''] maelekezo *[http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/zim.html Stanford University - Afrika kusini mwa Sahara: ''Zimbabwe''] maelekezo * [http://dir.yahoo.com/Regional/Countries/Zimbabwe/ Yahoo! - ''Zimbabwe''] maelekezo ===Utalii=== *{{wikisafiri}} *[http://www.anytravels.com/africa/zimbabwe/ Travel Overview of Zimbabwe] *[http://www.joinafrica.com/countries1/Zimbabwe/people.htm Facts about Zimbabwe] ===Nyingine=== * [http://www.amnesty.ca/zimbabwe/ Amnesty International (Zimbabwe)] * [http://www.dariro.co.zw/ Dariro (makala ya kutafuta vifungu vya Zimbabwe)] * [http://zimbab.net/ Chronology Foundations Of Zimbabwe] * [http://www.itsbho.com itsbho.com Leading Zimbabwean entertainment website] * [http://www.rsf.fr/article.php3?id_article=6390&var_recherche=Zimbabwe RSF report on Zimbabwe from 2003] * [http://www.writers.co.zw Writers of Zimbabwe – (makala ya muadishi kwa waadishi wa Zimbabwe)] * [http://www.hrforumzim.com/ Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum]-(haki za kibinadamu) * [http://www.zimbabwe.8m.com/ ZIMBABWE] (viungo via taarifa) * [http://www.theihs.org/article.php/1015.html/ "Dead Capital" in Zimbabwe] * [http://www.zimbabwesituation.com/ 5 year archive of Zimbabwe news updated daily] * [http://zimcrisis.rhonet.org/ Zimbabwe Crisis] Habari za kuazua zilizo chapishwa wakati wa kura mnamo 2000. * [http://www.zimfest.org/ ZimFest] Miziki ya Zimbabwe kila mwaka, Marekani kaskazini. * [http://www.zimbabweb.com Zimbabweb] lango la taarifa Zimbabwe * [http://www.zwnews.com/ zwnews] Lango la habari Zimbabwe * [http://www.cato.org/pubs/edb/edb4.html/ Economic Development Bulletin] (Maelezo ya maedeleo ya uchumi) kupoteza haki ya mali Zimbabwe na udhoofu wa uchumi. * [http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj25n3/cj25n3-12.pdf Cato Journal] Kifungu cha kuanguka kwa nchi ya Zimbabwe * [http://www.cgdev.org/content/publications/detail/2918/ Center for Global Development] (senta ya maedeleo ya dunia) garama na mwanzo wa misukosuko Zimbabwe. {{Afrika}} [[Category:Muungano wa Nchi za Afrika]] [[Category:Nchi ambazo ni mazingira ya bara]] [[Category:Jamii ya maedeleo ya Afrika Kusini]] [[Category:Zimbabwe| ]] [[Category:Nchi zinazo ongea Kiingereza]] [[af:Zimbabwe]] [[am:ዚምባብዌ]] [[ar:زمبابوي]] [[an:Zimbabue]] [[bn:জিম্বাবুয়ে]] [[zh-min-nan:Zimbabwe]] [[bs:Zimbabve]] [[bg:Зимбабве]] [[ca:Zimbabwe]] [[cs:Zimbabwe]] [[cy:Zimbabwe]] [[da:Zimbabwe]] [[de:Simbabwe]] [[en:Zimbabwe]] [[et:Zimbabwe]] [[es:Zimbabwe]] [[eo:Zimbabvo]] [[eu:Zinbabue]] [[fa:زیمبابوه]] [[fr:Zimbabwe]] [[gd:Zimbabwe]] [[gl:Cimbabue - Zimbabwe]] [[ko:짐바브웨]] [[hr:Zimbabve]] [[io:Zimbabwe]] [[id:Zimbabwe]] [[is:Simbabve]] [[it:Zimbabwe]] [[he:זימבבואה]] [[ks:जिम्बाबवे]] [[kw:Simbabwe]] [[la:Zimbabuia]] [[lv:Zimbabve]] [[lt:Zimbabvė]] [[hu:Zimbabwe]] [[mk:Зимбабве]] [[ms:Zimbabwe]] [[nl:Zimbabwe]] [[ja:ジンバブエ]] [[no:Zimbabwe]] [[nn:Zimbabwe]] [[oc:Zimbabwe]] [[nds:Simbabwe]] [[pl:Zimbabwe]] [[pt:Zimbabwe]] [[ro:Zimbabwe]] [[ru:Зимбабве]] [[sa:जिम्बाबवे]] [[sq:Zimbabveja]] [[scn:Zimbabbui]] [[simple:Zimbabwe]] [[sk:Zimbabwe]] [[sl:Zimbabve]] [[sr:Зимбабве]] [[sh:Zimbabve]] [[fi:Zimbabwe]] [[sv:Zimbabwe]] [[tl:Zimbabwe]] [[ta:ஜிம்பாப்வே]] [[tr:Zimbabve]] [[uk:Зімбабве]] [[zh:辛巴威]] 2563 8737 2006-04-25T16:22:00Z Matt Crypto 20 [[Image:Kilindi.GIF|thumb|right|175px|Wilaya ya Kilindi katika Mkoa wa Tanga]] '''Kilindi''' ni kati ya [[wilaya]] 7 za [[Mkoa wa Tanga]] katika [[Tanzania]]. Imepakana na wilaya ya [[Handeni]] upande wa mashariki, [[Mkoa wa Kilimanjaro]] upande wa magharibi-kaskazini na [[Mkoa wa Morogoro]] upande wa kusini. Mwaka 2002 ilikuwa na wakazi 144,359.[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/census/census/districts/kilindi.htm] ==Tarafa== Wilaya ya Kilindi ina tarafa 15: * Jaila * Kikunde * Kilindi * Kimbe * Kisangasa * Kwediboma * Lwande * Masagalu * Mkindi * Msanja * Mvungwe * Negero * Pagwi * Saunyi * Songe ==Viungu vya nje== * {{en}} [http://www.tanzania.go.tz/census/census/districts/kilindi.htm Kilindi District Homepage for the 2002 Tanzania National Census] {{mbegu}} [[Category:Wilaya za Mkoa wa Tanga]] {{Mikoa ya Tanzania}} [[en:Kilindi]] 2565 8760 2006-04-25T22:34:42Z Matt Crypto 20 [[Image:Handeni.GIF|thumb|right|180px|Wilaya ya Handeni katika mkoa wa Tanga]] '''Handeni''' ni kati ya wilaya saba ya [[Mkoa wa Tanga]] katika [[Tanzania]]. Imepakana na wilaya ya [[Kilindi]] upande wa magharibi, wilaya ya [[Korogwe]] na [[Mkoa wa Kilimanjaro]] upande wa kaskazini, wilaya ya [[Pangani]] upande wa mashariki na [[Mkoa wa Pwani]] kwa kusini. Mwaka 2002 ilikuwa na wakazi 249,572. [http://www.tanzania.go.tz/census/census/districts/handeni.htm] ==Tarafa== Wilaya ya Handeni ina tarafa 19 kama zifuatazo: {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} * Chanika * Kabuku * Kang'ata * Kiva * Komkonga * Kwaluguru * Kwamatuku * Kwamkonje * Kwamsisi * Kwasunga {{col-2}} * Kwedizinga * Mazingara * Mgambo * Misima * Mkata * Ndolwa * Segera * Sindeni * Vibaoni {{col-end}} ==Viungo vya nje== * {{en}} [http://www.tanzania.go.tz/census/census/districts/handeni.htm Handeni District Homepage for the 2002 Tanzania National Census] [[Category:Wilaya za Mkoa wa Tanga]] {{mbegu}} [[en:Handeni]] 2566 8739 2006-04-25T16:22:41Z Matt Crypto 20 {{languageicon|ar|Kiarabu}} 2567 8742 2006-04-25T16:45:50Z Matt Crypto 20 {{Information| |Description= Coat of arms of Sudan. [http://flagspot.net/images/s/sd).gif Source] * 20:47, 9 February 2005 [[:en:User:Wikiacc|Wikiacc]] 183x216 (15272 bytes) ''<nowiki>(Coat of arms of Sudan. {{coatofarms}})</nowiki>'' |Source=Originall {{Information| |Description= Coat of arms of Sudan. [http://flagspot.net/images/s/sd).gif Source] * 20:47, 9 February 2005 [[:en:User:Wikiacc|Wikiacc]] 183x216 (15272 bytes) ''<nowiki>(Coat of arms of Sudan. {{coatofarms}})</nowiki>'' |Source=Originally from [http://en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia]; description page is (was) [[:en:Image:Sudan coa.png|here]] |Date=Commons upload by [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 16:45, 25 Aprili 2006 (UTC) |Author=User [[:en:User:Wikiacc|Wikiacc]] on [http://en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia] |Permission={{FOTWpic}} {{coatofarms}} }} 2568 8747 2006-04-25T16:58:16Z Matt Crypto 20 {{Infobox Country | native_name = Republic of Zimbabwe | conventional_long_name = Jamhuri ya Zimbabwe | common_name = Zimbabwe | image_flag = Flag of Zimbabwe.svg | image_coat = Zimbabwe coa.png | national_motto = Unity, Freedom, Work (''Umoja, Uhuru na Kazi'')| image_map = LocationZimbabwe.png| national_anthem = Simudzai Mureza Wedu weZimbabwe (Kishona) or Kalibusiswe Ilizwe leZimbabwe (Kindebele) | official_languages = [[Kiingereza]] | capital = [[Harare]] | latd=17|latm=50|latNS=S|longd=31|longm=03|longEW=E| government_type = <!--[[Authoritarian]] [[regime]]--> | leader_titles = Rais | leader_names = [[Robert Mugabe]] | largest_city = [[Harare]] | area = 390,850 | areami² = | area_rank = 59 | area_magnitude = | percent_water = 1% | population_estimate = 12,576,742 population_estimate_year = 2003 | population_estimate_rank = 33rd | population_census = 24,940,683 | population_census_year = 1993 | population_density = 14 | population_densitymi² = 36 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] -->| population_density_rank = 195 | GDP_PPP_year = 2005| GDP_PPP = 68,629 | GDP_PPP_rank = 61 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = 2,046 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 126 | HDI_year = 2003 | HDI = 0.512 | HDI_rank = 141st | HDI_category = <font color="#FFCC00">medium</font> | sovereignty_type = [[Uhuru]] | established_events = &nbsp;- Tarehe | established_dates = Kutoka [[Misri]] na [[Uingereza]] <br> [[Januari 1]], [[1956]] | currency = Dinar| currency_code = SDD | time_zone = [[Moscow Time|MSK]] | utc_offset = +3 | time_zone_DST = not observed | utc_offset_DST = +3 | cctld = [[.sd]] | calling_code = 249 | footnotes = }} 2569 10193 2006-05-27T12:50:10Z Kipala 107 Rungwe umehamishwa hapa Rungwe (wilaya): RUNGWE 8MLIMA9 '''Wilaya ya Rungwe''' ni kati ya wilaya 8 za [[Mkoa wa Mbeya]] katika [[Tanzania]]. Imepakana na [[Mbeya Vijijini|Wilaya ya Mbeya vijijini]] upande wa kaskazini, Mkoa wa Iringa upande wa mashariki, [[Kyela|Wilaya ya Kyela]] upande wa kusini-mashariki, [[Ileje|Wilaya ya Ileje]] kwa kusini-magharibi na [[Mbeya mjini]] kwa magharibi. Makao makuu ya wilaya yako [[Tukuyu]]. Mwaka 2002 wilaya ilikuwa na wakazi 307,270.[http://www.tanzania.go.tz/census/census/districts/rungwe.htm] Rungwe ni hasa eneo la [[Wanyakyusa]] ikishika sehemu kubwa ya eneo la [[Unyakyusa]]. Jina la wilaya limetokana na kituo cha misioni ya [[Moravian]] cha [[Rungwe (misioni)|Rungwe]] kilichopo kwenye mitelemko ya [[Rungwe (mlima)|mlima wa Rungwe]] takriban 20 km kutoka Tukuyu. Kati ya mazao ya sokoni kuna mashamba makubwa ya [[chai]]. Rungwe inapokea mvua nyingi iko kati ya maeneo yenye rutba sana katika Tanzania. Barabara kuu kutoka [[Daressalaam]] - [[Iringa]] - [[Mbeya]] kwenda [[Malawi]] inapita eneo la wilaya. ==Tarafa== Wilaya ya Rungwe ina tarafa 30: {{col-begin}} {{col-3}} * Bagamoyo * Bujela * Bulyaga * Ikuti * Ilima * Isange * Isongole * Itete * Kabula * Kambasegela {{col-3}} * Kandete * Katumba * Kinyala * Kisegese * Kisiba * Kisondela * Kiwira * Kyimo * Lufingo * Lupata {{col-3}} * Luteba * Lwangwa * Malindo * Masoko * Masukulu * Mpombo * Mpuguso * Nkunga * Rufiryo * Suma {{col-end}} ==Sources== * {{en}} [http://www.tanzania.go.tz/census/census/districts/rungwe.htm Rungwe District Homepage for the 2002 Tanzania National Census] * [http://www.tanzania.go.tz/govdirf.html Tanzanian Government Directory Database] [[Category:Wilaya za Mkoa wa Mbeya]] [[en:Rungwe]] 2570 8754 2006-04-25T22:29:58Z Matt Crypto 20 {| class="{{{class|}}}" style="background-color: {{{bgColor|transparent}}}; width: {{{width|100%}}}" 2571 8755 2006-04-25T22:30:15Z Matt Crypto 20 <p></p> |} 2572 8756 2006-04-25T22:30:39Z Matt Crypto 20 <p></p> | width="50%" align="{{{align|left}}}" valign="{{{valign|top}}}" | 2573 8758 2006-04-25T22:32:20Z Matt Crypto 20 <p></p> | width="33.33%" align="{{{align|left}}}" valign="{{{valign|top}}}"| 2574 8766 2006-04-26T05:43:40Z Jose77 156 Sahihi Yesu Kanisa umehamishwa hapa True Jesus Church: The Swahili title was incorrect. #REDIRECT [[True Jesus Church]] 2575 8768 2006-04-26T05:43:41Z Jose77 156 Talk:Sahihi Yesu Kanisa umehamishwa hapa Talk:True Jesus Church: The Swahili title was incorrect. #REDIRECT [[Talk:True Jesus Church]] 2576 8774 2006-04-26T06:04:09Z Jose77 156 [[en:User:Jose77]] 2577 8781 2006-04-26T06:59:11Z Matt Crypto 20 <div class="messagebox">'''Tunazingatia kufuta makala hii. Ona majadiliano [[Wikipedia:Makala kwa ufutaji#{{PAGENAME}}|hapa]].'''</div> 2578 8805 2006-04-26T16:12:46Z Matt Crypto 20 {{Information| |Description= == Summary == Copyright Holder: Issa Michuzi Source: http://issamichuzi.blogspot.com/ holder Permits Images to be used for Wikipedia Articles. * 05:36, 29 December 2005 [[:en:User:Omoo|Omoo]] 1024x768 (92437 bytes) ''<nowiki>(Issa Michuzi http://issamichuzi.blogspot.com/)</nowiki>'' |Source=Originally from [http://en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia]; description page is (was) [[:en:Image:DSC09767.jpg|here]] |Date=26 Aprili 2006 (UTC) |Author=User [[:en:User:Omoo|Omoo]] on [http://en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia] |Permission={{CopyrightedFreeUse}} }} 2579 8803 2006-04-26T16:07:28Z Matt Crypto 20 :''Ukitafuta mji wa New Zealand uone [[Kurow]].'' [[Image:KurówPoland.png|thumb|Mahali pa Kurow katika Poland]] '''Kurów''' ni kijiji katika [[Poland]] ya Kusini-Mashariki kwa mto wa Kurowka chenye wakazi 2811 (2005). Iko katikati ya miji ya Pulawy na [[Lublin]] katika wilaya ya Lublin. Katika karne ya 15. BK kijiji kilipewa cheo cha mji chini ya sheria ya mji ya [[Magdeburg]]. Katika karne ya 16 BK ikawa kati ya miji ya Poland iliyopokea [[Uprotestanti]]. Wakati wa migawanyiko ya Poland ikawa mwanzoni chini ya [[Austria,]] baadaye chini ya [[Urusi]]. Tangu 1918 imekuwa tena sehemu ya dola la Poland iliyoanzishwa upya. [[Wojciech Jaruzelski]] aliyekuwa kwanza waziri mkuu, halafu rais wa Poland kati ya 1981 hadi 1990 aöizaliwa Kurow. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Poland]] [[af:Kurów]] [[als:Kurau]] [[am:ኩሩቭ]] [[ang:Kurów]] [[ar:كوروف]] [[an:Kurów]] [[arc:ܟܘܼܪܘܿܘ]] [[ast:Kurów]] [[bg:Куров]] [[zh-min-nan:Kurów-chhī]] [[be:Кураў]] [[bs:Kurov]] [[ca:Kurów]] [[ceb:Kurów]] [[cv:Куров]] [[co:Kurów]] [[cs:Kurów]] [[cy:Kurów]] [[da:Kurów]] [[de:Kurów]] [[et:Kurów]] [[el:Κουρόβ]] [[en:Kurów]] [[es:Kurów]] [[eo:Kurów]] [[eu:Kurow]] [[fa:روستای کورو (لهستان)]] [[fr:Kurów]] [[fy:Kurów]] [[fur:Kurów]] [[ga:Kurów]] [[gv:Kurów]] [[gl:Curóv - Kurów]] [[got:𐌺𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍅]] [[ko:쿠루프]] [[hy:Կուռով]] [[hi:कुरोव]] [[hr:Kurów]] [[io:Kurów]] [[ilo:Kurów]] [[id:Kurów]] [[ia:Kurów]] [[is:Kurów]] [[it:Kurów]] [[he:קורוב]] [[jv:Kurów]] [[ka:კუროვი]] [[csb:Kurów]] [[kw:Kurów]] [[ku:Kurów]] [[lad:Kurów]] [[la:Curovia]] [[lv:Kurova]] [[lt:Kuruvas]] [[lb:Kurów]] [[li:Kurów]] [[lmo:Kurów]] [[hu:Kurów]] [[mk:Куров (село)]] [[mg:Kurów]] [[ml:ക്യുറോ]] [[mt:Kurów]] [[mi:Kurów]] [[mr:कुरो, पोलंड]] [[ms:Kurów]] [[mo:Курув]] [[na:Kurów]] [[nap:Kurów]] [[nl:Kurów]] [[nds:Kurów]] [[ja:クルフ]] [[no:Kurów]] [[nn:Kurów]] [[oc:Kurów]] [[os:Курув]] [[pl:Kurów (powiat puławski)]] [[pt:Kurów]] [[ro:Kurów]] [[ru:Куров]] [[sco:Kurów]] [[sq:Kurów]] [[sh:Kurov]] [[scn:Kurów]] [[simple:Kurów]] [[sk:Kurów]] [[sl:Kurów]] [[sr:Куров (повјат пулавски)]] [[su:Kurów]] [[fi:Kurów]] [[sv:Kurów]] [[tl:Kurów]] [[tt:Kurów]] [[te:కురోవ్]] [[th:กูรูฟ]] [[vi:Kurów]] [[tr:Kurów]] [[udm:Курув]] [[uk:Курів]] [[vec:Kurów]] [[vo:Kurów]] [[war:Kurów]] [[yi:קוראָב]] [[zh:库鲁夫市]] [[fiu-vro:Kurów]] 2580 11244 2006-06-24T11:28:32Z Kipala 107 {{Infobox Country | native_name = ''República de Angola'' | conventional_long_name = Jamhuri ya Angola | common_name = Angola | image_flag = Flag of Angola.svg | image_coat = Angola coa.png | national_motto = ''Virtus Unita Fortior'', kumaanisha "Kuunganisha maadili kunaongeza nguvu" | image_map = LocationAngola.png | national_anthem = [[Angola Avante]]!<br><small>([[Lugha ya Kireno|Kireno]]: [[Angola Avante|Angola songa mbele!]]) | official_languages = [[Kireno cha Angola|Kireno]] | capital = [[Luanda]] | latd=8|latm=50|latNS=S|longd=13|longm=20|longEW=E| government_type = [[Vyama vingi]] [[demokrasia]] | leader_titles = [[Raise wa Angola|Kiongozi wa Nchi]] <br> [[Waziri mkuu wa Angola|Kiongozi wa Serikali]]| leader_names = [[José Eduardo dos Santos]] <br> [[Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos|Fernando da Piedade <br> Dias dos Santos]]| largest_city = [[Luanda]] | area = 1,246,700 | areami² = 481,354 | <!--Do not remove --> area_rank = 22nd | area_magnitude = 1 E12 | percent_water = - | population_estimate = 10,978,552 | population_estimate_year = 2004 | population_estimate_rank = 71st | population_census = ''haiko'' | population_census_year = ? | population_density = 8.6 | population_densitymi² = 22.3 | <!--Do not remove --> population_density_rank = 213 | GDP_PPP_year = 2003 | GDP_PPP = 31,364<sup>1</sup> | GDP_PPP_rank = 83 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = 2,319 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 120 | HDI_year = 2003 | HDI = 0.445 | HDI_rank = 160th | HDI_category = <font color="#E0584E">low</font> | sovereignty_type = [[Uhuru]] | established_events = Kutoka [[Ureno]] | established_dates = [[Novemba 11]] [[1975]] | currency = [[Kwanza]] | currency_code = AOA | time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | time_zone_DST = - | utc_offset_DST = +1 | cctld = [[.ao]] | calling_code = 244 | footnotes = <!-- <sup>1</sup> Taratibu hizi zimetolewa kutoka, wataalam wakimataifa wanao kadiri mambohaya kwa ustadi kulingana na tarakimu sa hapo mbele.--> }} '''Angola''' Ni nchi kusini ya kati ya bara [[Afrika]] inayopakana na [[Namibia]], [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]],na [[Zambia]], na pia upande wa magharibi kuna pwani defu ya [[Bahari Atlantiki]]. Mkoa wa [[Cabinda (mkoa)|Cabinda]] umezungukwa na kupakana na [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]]. Angola yenyewe ni nchi tajiri kwa madini, mafuta na almasi ndiyo muhimu zaidi. Lakini nchi ni maskini kutokana na vita ya miaka 29; kwanza vita ya kupigania uhuru dhidi ya [[Ureno]] iliyofuatwa na vita ya wenyewe hadi 2002. Nchi yenyewe hasa ni [[demokrasia]] na yajulikana kama '''Jamhuri ya Angola''' ([[Lugha ya Kireno|Kireno]]: ''República de Angola'', [[kwa kutamka.]] [[IPA]]: /{{IPA|ʁɛ.'pu.βli.kɐ dɨ ɐ̃.'ɣɔ.lɐ}}/). ==Asili na historia ya jina Angola== Jina '''Angola''' yatokana na lugha ya [[lugha ya bantu|Bantu]] neno N’gola, ambayo ilikuwa jina ya kiongozi wa [[ufalme wa Kwimbundo]] [[karne ya 16]], ambapo wakoloni Wareno walianza ukoloni eneo hii. ==Siasa== ''Hadabu ya nchi Angola ni Virtus Unita Fortior, kumaanisha "umoja tupe nguvu" ==Eneo za angola == [[Image:Angola Provinces numbered 300px.png|right|200px|Ramani ya Angola na Mikoa iliohesabiwa]] ''Tako la Kifungu: [[Mikoa ya Angola]], [[Munisipaa za Angola]]'' Angola imegawa kwa mikoa 18 (''províncias'') na munisipaa 158 (''municípios''). <BR> [[Mikoa ya Angola|Mikoa]] ni: {| border=0 |- valign="top" | *<small>1</small> [[Bengo (mkoa)|Bengo]] *<small>2</small> [[Mkoa wa Benguela|Benguela]] *<small>3</small> [[Bié (mkoa)|Bié]] *<small>4</small> [[Cabinda (mkoa)|Cabinda]] *<small>5</small> [[Cuando Cubango]] *<small>6</small> [[Cuanza Norte]] | *<small>7</small> [[Cuanza Sul]] *<small>8</small> [[Cunene (mkoa)|Cunene]] *<small>9</small> [[Mkoa wa Huambo|Huambo]] *<small>10</small> [[Mkoa wa Huila|Huila]] *<small>11</small> [[Mko wa Luanda|Luanda]] *<small>12</small> [[Lunda Norte]] | *<small>13</small> [[Lunda Sul]] *<small>14</small> [[Mkoa wa Malanje|Malanje]] *<small>15</small> [[Moxico (mkoa)|Moxico]] *<small>16</small> [[Mkoa wa Namibe|Namibe]] *<small>17</small> [[Mkoa wa Uige|Uige]] *<small>18</small> [[Mkoa wa Zaire|Zaire]] |} Munisipaa: ona [[Munisipaa za Angola]] ==Jiografia== [[Image:Angola map.png|thumb|300px|Ramani ya Angola]] ''Tako la kifungu: [[Jiografia ya Angola]]'' ===Mikoa inayozungukwa na Eneo=== [[Image:LuandaJuin2005-1-br.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Luanda]], mji mkuu wa angola]] ==Ona pia== *[[Orotha ya Nchi zilizo Uhuru]] ===Stampu=== * [[Orodha ya makosa kwa stampu za wakoloni wareno Angola 1912]] * [[Orodha ya makosa kwa stampu za wakoloni wareno Angola 1914]] * [[Orodha ya makosa kwa stampu za wakoloni wareno Angola 1921]] * [[Orodha ya ndege kwa stampu za Angola]] * [[Orodha ya watu kwa stampu za Angola]] * [[Orodha ya waliozaliwa angola kwa stampu]] * [[Orodha ya samaki kwa stampu]] ===Kifungu wazowazo === * [[mawasiliano Angola]] * [[Mambo ya kingeni Angola]] * [[Orotha ya kampuni za Angola]] * [[Jeshi ya Angola]] * [[kundi ya Sonangol]] * [[Usafirishaji Angola]] * [[Wanamziki Angola]] * [[Orotha ya waadishi Waafrika (kwa nchi)#Angola|Orotha ya waadishi kutoka Angola]] * [[Associação de Escuteros de Angola]] ==Uchambuzi== *''maadishi mengi kutoka kifungu hichi yametoka kutoka [[CIA World Factbook|kitabu cha wadadisi wa marekani]] cha mwaka 2000 na 2003 na pia kutoka kifungu cha idara ya mambo ya nnje, marekani.'' ==Viungo via nnje== {{lango}} {{zinazohusika|Angola}} ===Serikali=== *[http://www.angola.org/ Republic of Angola]lango rasmi la serikali *[http://www.parlamento.ao/ National Assembly of Angola] makala rasmi(kwa kireno) *[http://www.angola.org/ balozi wa angola Washington DC ===Habari=== *[http://allafrica.com/angola/ allAfrica - Angola] - viungo via habari *[http://www.angolapress-angop.ao/ Angola Press] -idara ya Taarifa na habari ya Angola (kwa kireno, kifaransa na kingereza) *[http://www.angonoticias.com/ Angonoticias] (kwa kireno) -lango la habari linalosifa angola *[http://mangole.hypermart.net Mangole] (kwa kireno) - ya habari nchini angola na pia maelekezo ya makala kwa compyuta. *[http://www.jornaldeangola.com/ Jornal de Angola] (kwa kireno) - Gazeti yenye sifa Angola ===Maoni=== * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1063073.stm BBC - Country profile: ''Angola''] * [http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ao.html CIA World Factbook - ''Angola''] * [http://www.state.gov/p/af/ci/ao/ US State Department - ''Angola''] includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reports ===Radio & Muziki=== * [http://www.Kizomba.ORG/ Site Official de Kizomba] * [http://www.CanalAngola.NET/ Radio Canal Angola ONLINE] ===maelekezo=== *[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/africa/cuvl/Angola.html Columbia University Libraries - ''Angola''] directory category of the WWW-VL *[http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Angola/ Open Directory Project - ''Angola''] directory category *[http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/angola.html Stanford University - Africa South of the Sahara: ''Angola''] directory category ===utalii=== *{{wikisafiri}} ===mambo mengine=== * [http://www.flashpoints.info/countries-conflicts/Angola-web/angola_briefing.html Angola Conflict Briefing] {{CPLP}} {{Afrika}} [[Category:Muungano wa Afrika]] [[Category:Angola| ]] [[Category:CPLP nchi wanachama]] [[Category:Nchi zilizokua koloni za Wareno]] [[af:Angola]] [[am:አንጎላ]] [[ar:أنغولا]] [[an:Angola]] [[ast:Angola]] [[bg:Ангола]] [[zh-min-nan:Angola]] [[bn:এঙ্গোলা]] [[bs:Angola]] [[ca:Angola]] [[cs:Angola]] [[da:Angola]] [[de:Angola]] [[en:Angola]] [[et:Angola]] [[el:Αγκόλα]] [[es:Angola]] [[eo:Angolo]] [[eu:Angola]] [[fr:Angola]] [[gd:Angola]] [[gl:Angola]] [[ko:앙골라]] [[ht:Angola]] [[hr:Angola]] [[io:Angola]] [[id:Angola]] [[ia:Angola]] [[is:Angóla]] [[it:Angola]] [[he:אנגולה]] [[jv:Angola]] [[kw:Angola]] [[ku:Angola]] [[la:Angolia]] [[lv:Angola]] [[lt:Angola]] [[lb:Angola]] [[li:Angola]] [[hu:Angola]] [[mk:Ангола]] [[mg:Angola]] [[ms:Angola]] [[na:Angola]] [[nl:Angola]] [[nds:Angola]] [[ja:アンゴラ]] [[no:Angola]] [[nn:Angola]] [[oc:Angòla]] [[ps:آنګولا]] [[pl:Angola]] [[pt:Angola]] [[ro:Angola]] [[ru:Ангола]] [[se:Angola]] [[sa:अंगोला]] [[sq:Angola]] [[sh:Angola]] [[scn:Angola]] [[simple:Angola]] [[sk:Angola]] [[sl:Angola]] [[sr:Ангола]] [[fi:Angola]] [[sv:Angola]] [[tl:Angola]] [[vi:Angola]] [[th:ประเทศแองโกลา]] [[tr:Angola]] [[uk:Ангола]] [[zh:安哥拉]] 2581 10950 2006-06-18T20:16:29Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[ca:Xíling kenyà]] [[Image:Kenyan 20 Shilling Note.jpg|thumb|320px|Shilingi 20]] [[Image:KSh10b.JPG|thumb|150px|sarafu ya KSh 10]] '''Shilingi ya Kenya''' ('''KES''' au '''Ksh''') ni [[fedha]] za [[Kenya]]. Shilingi moja imegawanywa kwenye senti mia moja. Kuna [[sarafu]] za shilingi 1, 5, 10, 20 na 40. Sarafu za senti zipo za zamani za senti 1, 5, 10, 20 na 50 lakini hazinunui kitu tena. [[Noti]] ziko za shilingi 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 na 1000. * Shilingi 1 = Senti 100 Majina ya zamani: * Thumuni 1 = Senti 50 * Ndururu 1 = Senti 5 {{mbegu}} [[Category:Fedha]] [[Category:Kenya]] [[ca:Xíling kenyà]] [[de:Kenia-Schilling]] [[en:Kenyan shilling]] [[fr:Shilling kenyan]] [[hu:Kenyai shilling]] [[nl:Keniaanse shilling]] 2582 11134 2006-06-22T20:24:41Z Malangali 178 [[Image:Equator sign kenya.jpg|thumb|]] '''Ikweta''' ni mstari unaogawa dunia katika sehemu mbili (kaskazini na kusini) kwenye umbali sawa kati ya [[ncha]] ya kaskazini na ya kusini. Baina ya nchi za [[Afrika]] ni Somalia, [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]], [[Gaboni]] na [[Sao Tome na Principe]] ambazo ziko kwenye mstari wa ikweta. Katika Amerika ikweta inapita Ekwado (jina limetokana na neno la ikweta kwa Kihispania), Kolombia na Brazili. Katika Asia ikweta inapita funguvisiwa ya Indonesia. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Jiografia]] [[als:Äquator]] [[ar:خط الاستواء]] [[ast:Llínea del Ecuador]] [[bg:Екватор]] [[bn:নিরক্ষরেখা]] [[br:Keheder]] [[bs:Ekvator]] [[ca:Línia equatorial]] [[cs:Rovník]] [[cy:Cyhydedd]] [[da:Geografisk ækvator]] [[de:Äquator]] [[en:Equator]] [[eo:Ekvatoro]] [[es:Línea ecuatorial]] [[et:Ekvaator]] [[eu:Ekuatore]] [[fi:Päiväntasaaja]] [[fr:Équateur (ligne équinoxiale)]] [[fy:Evener]] [[gl:Ecuador terrestre]] [[he:קו המשווה]] [[hu:Egyenlítő]] [[id:Khatulistiwa]] [[io:Equatoro]] [[is:Miðbaugur]] [[it:Equatore]] [[ja:赤道]] [[lt:Pusiaujas]] [[ms:Garisan Khatulistiwa]] [[nl:Evenaar]] [[nn:Ekvator]] [[no:Ekvator]] [[pl:Równik]] [[pt:Equador (Geografia)]] [[ru:Экватор]] [[sh:Ekvator]] [[simple:Equator]] [[sk:Rovník]] [[sl:Ekvator]] [[sr:Екватор]] [[sv:Ekvatorn]] [[th:เส้นศูนย์สูตร]] [[tl:Ekwador]] [[tr:Ekvator]] [[ug:ئېكۋاتور]] [[uk:Екватор]] [[vi:Xích đạo]] [[zh:赤道]] [[zh-min-nan:Chhiah-tō]] 2583 8807 2006-04-26T16:16:44Z Matt Crypto 20 <!-- Free Use --> {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="4" style="margin: 0 auto; border: 1px solid #CC9; background-color: #F1F1DE; text-align: center;" |- | style="font-size: 300%; color: green;" | '''&copy;''' | style="font-size: 90%;" align="center" | This image is '''[[Wikipedia:Copyrights|copyrighted]].''' The copyright holder allows anyone to use it '''for any purpose'''.<includeonly><span class="hiddenStructure plainlinks" id="fixCopyrightedFreeUse"> [[{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=edit&fixcopyrightedfreeuse=1}} '''fix''']]</span></includeonly> |} 2584 8809 2006-04-26T16:17:37Z Matt Crypto 20 Shilingi ya Kenya KES umehamishwa hapa Shilingi ya Kenya #REDIRECT [[Shilingi ya Kenya]] 2585 8853 2006-04-26T20:25:22Z Matt Crypto 20 {{GFDL-self}} {{GFDL-self}} 2586 8852 2006-04-26T20:24:47Z Matt Crypto 20 {{GFDL-self}} 2587 11501 2006-06-29T16:24:02Z Kipala 107 ongeza kiungo en:Cameroon {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width=50 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big><big>&#4611;&#4877;&#4652; &#4772;&#4653;&#4725;&#4651;<br>''Jamhuri ya Kamerun'' <br>''République du Cameroun'' </big></big> |- | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan=2 | {| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" | align="center" width="130px" | [[Image: Flag of Cameroon.svg |125px|Flag of Cameroon]] | align="center" width="130px" | [[Image: Cameroon coa.png | 110px|Coat of Arms of Cameroon]] |- | align="center" width="130px" | ([[Bendera ya Kamerun|Kinaganaga]]) | align="center" width="130px" | ([[Coat of Arms of Cameroon|Kinaganaga]]) |} |- | align="center" colspan=2 | <small>''[[Hadabu ya Taifa]] Paix, Travail, Patrie<br>([[Lugha ya Kifaransa|Kifaransa]]: Amani, Kazi, Nchi ya Baba | ''</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | [[image: LocationCameroon.png |Location of Cameroon]] |- | '''[[Lugha ya Taifa]]''' | [[Lugha ya Kifaransa|Kifaransa]], [[Lugha ya Kingereza|Kingereza]] |- | '''[[Mji Mkuu]]''' | [[Yaoundé]] |- |'''[[latd= 3|latm=52 |latkas,kus= N|longd=11 |longm=31|longmag,mas=Mas]]''' |- | '''[[Mji Mkubwa]]''' | [[Douala]] |- | '''[[Raise wa Kamerun]] <br> [[Waziri mkuu wa Kamerun]]''' | [[Paul Biya]]<br>[[Ephraïm Inoni]] |- | '''[[Eneo]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Jumla<br/>&nbsp;-Maji<br />&nbsp;-Eneo ya kadiriwa | 475,440 [[mraba kilomita|km&sup2;]] <br /> 1.3%<br />[[Orotha ya nchi kulingana na eneo|Kadiriwa 52 duni]] |- | '''[[Umma]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Kadiriwa <br />&nbsp;- Sensa,<br />&nbsp;- Umma kugawa na Eneo (kilomita) | 16,380,005 [[Orotha ya Nchi kulingana na Umma|Kadiriwa 59 duni]] <br/> sensa (2003) <br />; 34/[[mraba kilomita|km&sup2;]] ([[Orotha ya nchi kulingana na eneo kwa umma| 138 duni]) |- | '''[[Chumo cha uchumi]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Jumla<br />&nbsp;- kwa kipimo cha umma | $32.35 Billioni ([[Orotha ya nchi GDP (kidogo)|(91 ) kadir]]) <br />$2,176 [[Orotha ya nchi kulingana na GDP kwa umma|140 duni]] |- | '''[[Uhuru]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Kadirifu<br />&nbsp;- Barabara | Kutoka [[Ufaransa]], [[Wingereza]] <br> [[January 1]], [[1960]]< |- | '''[[Fedha]]''' | [[CFA frank (XFA)]] |- | '''[[Saa za Eneo]]''' | [[Masaa za kimataifa|UTC]] +1 |- | '''[[Wimbo wa Taifa]]''' | <small>''[[Chant de Ralliement]] wimbo wa faraja | ''</small> |- | '''[[mtandao wa interneti|Intaneti TLD]]''' | [[.cm]] |- | '''[[Orotha za nchi- kodi za simu|kodi za simu]]''' | 237 |} '''Jamhuri ya Kamerun''' ni Jamhuri ya umoja katika [[Afrika]] ya Magharibi. Imepakana na [[Nigeria]], [[Chadi]], [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]], [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]], [[Gabon]], [[Guinea ya Ikweta]] na [[Guba ya Guinea]]. Kamerun ilikuwa koloni ya [[Ujerumani]] hadi [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia]]. Baada ya [[Ujerumani]] kushindwa vita nchi ikagawiwa kati ya [[Uingereza]] na [[Ufaransa]] chini ya mamlaka ya [[Shirikisho la Mataifa]] kama [[eneo la kukabidhiwa]]. Mwaka wa [[1960]], [[Wafaransa|Ufaransa]] waliacha [[Kamerun]] ikawa nchi huru, na kuungana na eneo la Kamerun ya Uingereza mwaka [[1961]] kuunga kwa ''Shirikisho la Jamhuri ya Kamerun''. Na baadaye kubadilisha jina kwa''Jamhuri ya Maungano ya Kamerun'' mwaka wa [[1972]], na tena ''Jamhuri ya Kamerun'' ama ''République du Cameroun'' mwaka wa [[1984]] (na lugha rasmi na lugha ya taifa ni [[Lugha ya Kingereza|Kingereza]] na [[Lugha ya Kifaransa|Kifaransa]]). Ukilinganisha na nchi zingine za Kiafrka, Kamerun ina msimamo umoja wa kisiasa na ukao ambayo imeruhusu maedeleo ya [[Ukulima]], na [[Reri]], na pia mitambo mikubwa ya [[Viwanda vya Mafuta]] au Petroliam. ==Historia== ''Tako la Kifungu: [[Historia ya Cameroon]]'' ==Siasa== [[Image:Paul biya and colin powell.jpg|thumb|left|Rais wa Kamerun [[Paul Biya]] (kulia)]] {{Tako|Siasa za Kamerun}} ==Eneo za Kiserikali== ''Tako la Kifungu: [[Mikoa ya Kamerun]], [[Idara za Kamerun]]'' Kamerun imegawa kwa mikoa 10 na pia kwa [[wilaya]] 58 ambazo zaitwa (''départements''). [[Mikoa ya Kamerun|Mikoa]] ina: [[Mkoa wa Adamawa , Kamerun|Mkoa wa Adamawa]], [[Mkoa wa Kati, Kamerun|Mkoa wa kati]], [[Mkoa wa Mashariki, Cameroon|Mkoa wa mashariki]], [[Mkoa wa kaskazini Zaidi, kamerun|Mkoa wa kaskazini Zaidi]], [[Mkoa wa Littoral, Kamerun|Mkoa wa Littoral]], [[Mkoa wa Kaskazini, Kamerun|Mkoa wa Kaskazini]], [[Mkoa wa kaska-Magharibi, Kamerun|Mkoa wa Kaska-magharibi]], [[Mkoa wa Magharibi, kamerun|Mkoa wa Magharibi]], [[Mkoa wa Kuskini, kamerun|Mkoa wa Kusini]], na [[Mkoa wa Kusini-Magharibi, Kamerun|Mkoa wa Kusini-magharibi]]. Wilaya zinazoitwta (''départements''): Ona [[Wilaya za Cameroon]] ==Jiografia== {{Tako|Jiografia ya Cameroon}} [[Image:Mount Cameroon craters.jpg|thumb|left|Mpare kwa [[Kamerun (mlima)|mlima Kamerun]]]] ===Eneo=== ===Mito=== ===Madini=== ''[[Image:Mount Cameroon from Tiko.jpg|thumb|Tiko, Mkoa wa Kusini-Magharibi]] ==Uchumi== {{Tako|Uchumi wa Cameroon}} Bishara ya vifaa Afrika.[[Image:Tole-tea-back.jpg|thumb|left|140px|Majani chai inayotoka Kamerun]] ==Watu== [[Image:Centre Province Yaoundé 002.JPG|thumb|[[Yaoundé]], Mji mkuu wa Kamerun (2003)]] [[Image:Maison obus.jpg|thumb|picha, kaskazini kamerun]] [[Image:Bamun sultan palace.jpg|thumb|mahali pa sultan wa [[Bamun]] watu kwa [[Foumban]], Mkoa wa Magharibi]] ''Tako la Kifungu: [[Watu wa Kamerun]]'' ==Utamaduni== ''Main article: [[Culture of Cameroon]]'' ''See also:'' [[Music of Cameroon]], [[Cuisine of Cameroon]], [[List of African writers (by country)#Cameroon|List of writers from Cameroon]] ==Elimu== ''Tako la Kifungu: [[Elimu Cameroon]]'' == Shauri kiwazowazo == [[Image:Njem house in Cameroon.jpg|thumb|[[Njem]] Nyumba Kamerun]] * [[Kanisa ya Katoliki, Kamerun]] * [[Mawasiliano Kamerun]] * [[Mambo ya kigeni, Kamerun]] * [[Orotha ya shauri za kamerun]] * [[orotha ya miji Kamerun]] * [[Jeshi ya kamerun]] * [[usafirishaji Kamerun]] * [[Chama cha Wanaskauti Kamerun]] ==Viungo via nnje== [[Image:Maka woman going to fields.jpg|thumb|[[Maka]] Mwanamke akienda shamba]] [[Image:Tikar family.jpg|thumb|a [[Tikar]] familia, Kaskazini magharibi]] {{Viungo vingine|Kamerun}} '''Elimu''' *[http://www.vkii.org (Chama cha Wakamerun cha wanainjinia na wana sayansi za compyuta) '''Serikali''' *[http://www.prc.cm/ (Urais wa Nchi ya Kamerun] Makala rasmi ya serikali *[http://www.cm.refer.org/assnat-cm/ (bunge ya kamerun] makala rasmi '''Habari''' *[http://allafrica.com/cameroon/ allAfrica - Cameroon] viungo via habari *[http://www.crtv.cm/ CRTV - Cameroon Radio Television] ya serikali *[http://www.postnewsline.com/ The Post] – Ngazeti yenye sifa, inayochapwa hiko Buea *[http://www.wagne.net/messager/ Le Messager] Ngazeti ya kibinafsi (kwa kifaransa) *[http://www.siantou.com/ Radio Siantou] Rado (kwa kifaransa na kingereza) '''uchambuzi''' *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1042937.stm BBC News - ''Country Profile: Cameroon''] *[http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/cm.html (Kitabu cha wadadisi wam marekani) - ''Cameroon''] '''Kabila na Ukoo''' * [http://www.pygmies.info/ Baka Pygmies of Cameroon] Utamaduni na miziki ya watu wa Kamerun * [http://www.maurocampagnoli.com/ Anthropological researches in Cameroon] Fieldwork among Cameroonian populations * [http://www.bamileke.com/ The Bamileke people of Cameroon] *[http://www.bakweri.org/ The Bakweri Watu wa Kamerun iliokuwa koloni ya wingereza.] '''Directories''' *[http://www.cmclick.com CMCLICK Online! Cameroon Portal - ''Cameroon''] Cameroon Internet Community. Cameroon Business Directory. Cameroon Information. Cameroon Culture. *[http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Cameroon/ Open Directory Project - ''Cameroon''] directory category *[http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/camer.html Stanford University - Africa South of the Sahara: ''Cameroon''] Maelezo kuhusu Afrika, kusini mwa Sahara. *[http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Country_Specific/Cameroon.html University of Pennsylvania - African Studies Center: ''Cameroon''] directory category *[http://dir.yahoo.com/Regional/Countries/Cameroon/ Yahoo! - ''Cameroon''] uelekezo, kamerun '''Utalii''' *{{wikisafiri}} *[http://www.kamerun-tourismus.de/index_e.html Cameroon tourism] Picha kuhusu utalii kamerun *[http://www.cameroonincolour.com Cameroon In Colour] (Picha za Kamerun.makala za picha za kamerun). Images of Cameroon. Cameroon Photos. {{Afrika}} [[Category:Muungano wa Afrika]] [[Category:kamerun| ]] [[Category:Amani na Uhifadhi]] [[af:Kameroen]] [[am:ካሜሩን]] [[ar:كاميرون]] [[an:Camerún]] [[bn:ক্যামেরুন]] [[zh-min-nan:Cameroon]] [[bs:Kamerun]] [[bg:Камерун]] [[ca:Camerun]] [[cs:Kamerun]] [[da:Cameroun]] [[de:Kamerun]] [[en:Cameroon]] [[et:Kamerun]] [[el:Καμερούν]] [[es:Camerún]] [[eo:Kameruno]] [[eu:Kamerun]] [[fr:Cameroun]] [[gl:Camerún - Cameroun]] [[ko:카메룬]] [[hr:Kamerun]] [[io:Kamerun]] [[id:Kamerun]] [[is:Kamerún]] [[it:Camerun]] [[he:קמרון]] [[kw:Kameroun]] [[ku:Kamerûn]] [[lv:Kamerūna]] [[lt:Kamerūnas]] [[hu:Kamerun]] [[mk:Камерун]] [[ms:Cameroon]] [[na:Camerun]] [[nl:Kameroen]] [[ja:カメルーン]] [[no:Kamerun]] [[nn:Kamerun]] [[oc:Cameron]] [[ps:کېمرون]] [[nds:Kamerun]] [[pl:Kamerun]] [[pt:Camarões]] [[ro:Camerun]] [[ru:Камерун]] [[sa:केमेरून]] [[sq:Kameruni]] [[simple:Cameroon]] [[sk:Kamerun]] [[sl:Kamerun]] [[sr:Камерун]] [[sh:Kamerun]] [[fi:Kamerun]] [[sv:Kamerun]] [[tl:Cameroon]] [[tr:Kamerun]] [[uk:Камерун]] [[vi:Cameroon]] [[zh:喀麦隆]] 2588 8827 2006-04-26T18:50:53Z Matt Crypto 20 kutoka [[en:Template:GFDL-self]] <div class="boilerplate" style="margin:0.5em auto;width:80%;background-color:#f7f8ff;border:2px solid #8888aa; padding:4px;font-size:85%;min-height:64px;vertical-align:center; color: #000" id="imageLicense"> <div style="float:left" id="imageLicenseIcon">[[Image:Heckert GNU white.svg|64px|GFDL]]</div> <div style="text-align:center;margin-left:68px" id="imageLicenseText"> I, the creator of this work, hereby grant the permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the '''[[Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]]''', Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.<br/>Subject to [[Wikipedia:general disclaimer|disclaimers]]. </div> </div> 2589 8828 2006-04-26T18:51:22Z Matt Crypto 20 {{[[Template:{{{1}}}|{{{1}}}]]}} 2590 8866 2006-04-26T21:35:10Z Matt Crypto 20 : Haya, sina neno. ~~~~ Matt, nimeweka "mji" badala ya kijiji; kwa sasa weneyewe wanaandika kijiji lakini iliwahi kuwa na cheo cha mji tayari kihistoria. Pia majengo yanayoonyesha si ya kijiji. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 19:05, 26 Aprili 2006 (UTC) : Haya, sina neno. [[User:Matt Crypto|Matt Crypto]] 21:35, 26 Aprili 2006 (UTC) 2591 8850 2006-04-26T20:23:03Z Matt Crypto 20 [[Image:KSh10b.JPG|thumb|150px|Sarafu ya Kenya]] [[Image:ClaudiusII(CNG).jpg|thumb|Sarafu ya Tetradrachme (21mm, 8.4g) kutoka [[Iskenderia]]/[[Misri]] ya mwaka 268/9 inayomwonyesha [[Kaisari]] Mroma Claudius II.]] '''Sarafu''' ni kipande cha metali iliyotolewa na serikali ya nchi kama namna ya [[pesa]]. Mara nyingi sarafu ina umbo la [[duara]] kama kisahani. Kuna pia sarafu za pembe tatu, pembe nne au pembe zaidi. Zamani sarafu ilikuwa umbo la kawaida ya pesa lakini siku hizi sehemu kubwa ya [[fedha]] inatolewa kama [[noti]] yaani kama [[karatasi]]. Karibu popote duniani sarafu hutumika kwa ajili ya pesa ndogo tu. Isipokuwa sarafu za dhahabu zinatolewa kwa idadi ndogo hasa kwa ajili ya watu wanaopenda kukusanya aina mbalimbali za sarafu zenye thamani ingawa hazitumiki kama pesa ya kulipia. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Fedha]] [[an:Moneda]] [[zh-min-nan:Gîn-kak-á]] [[bg:Монета]] [[ca:Moneda]] [[da:Mønt]] [[de:Münze]] [[el:&#925;&#972;&#956;&#953;&#963;&#956;&#945;]] [[en:Coin]] [[eo:Monero]] [[fr:Monnaie]] [[it:Moneta]] [[lv:Mon&#275;ta]] [[nl:Munt]] [[ja:&#30828;&#36008;]] [[no:Mynt]] [[pl:Moneta]] [[ru:&#1052;&#1086;&#1085;&#1077;&#1090;&#1072;]] [[ro:Moned&#259;]] [[simple:Coin]] [[sl:Kovanec]] [[fi:Kolikko]] [[sv:Mynt]] [[zh:硬币]] 2592 8855 2006-04-26T20:31:07Z Matt Crypto 20 '''Gimba la angani''' ni jina kwa ajili ya magimba yanayopatikana katika [[anga]] ya [[ulimwengu]]. Kati ya vitu hivi huhesabiwa: * [[Jua]] * [[Sayari]] * [[mwezi|Miezi]] * [[Kimondo|Vimondo]] * [[Nyotamkia]] * [[Nyota]] * [[Galaksi]] * [[Nebula]] * [[Wingu (angani)|Mawingu]] Haya yote ni magimba asilia. Vitu angani vilivyotengenezwa na binadamu ni [[vyombo vya angani]] ingawa kuna swali kama mabaki kutokana na vyombyo vya angani vilivyovunjika au takataka kutokana safari za angani yanastahili kuitwa kwa neno hili. Elimu ya magimba ya angani ni [[falaki]]. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Falaki]] [[als:Himmelskörper]] [[bg:Астрономически обект]] [[de:Astronomisches Objekt]] [[en:Astronomical object]] [[eo:Astro]] [[es:Objeto astronómico]] [[fi:Taivaankappale]] [[fr:Objet céleste]] [[it:Oggetto celeste]] [[lb:Himmelskierper]] [[sk:Astronomický objekt]] [[sl:Astronomsko telo]] [[zh:天体]] 2593 8857 2006-04-26T20:35:41Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Triangulum.nebula.full.jpg|thumb|picha ya [[NGC 604|Nebula NGC 604]] katika galaksi M33 iliyoko na umbali wa [[mwaka wa nuru|miaka ya nuru]] milioni 2.7 kutoka dunia yetu. Hili ni eneo ambako nyota mpya zinazaliwa]] '''Nebula''' ni neno kwa ajili ya kieneo ng'avu na cheupecheupe kinachoonekana angani ama kwa macho au kwa [[darubini]]. Zamani hata [[galaksi]] ziliweza kuitwa "nebula". Galaksi ya [[Andromeda]] iliyokuwa galaksi ya kwanza iliyotambuliwa angani bado inaweza kuitwa "Andromeda Nebula". Siku hizi neno linataja wingu kubwa linalong'aa. Mada yake inaweza kuwa [[gesi]] ya moto, vumbi na [[Utegili (fisikia)|utegili]]. Gesi ya moto na utegili zinang'aa pekee yao; vumbi inaweza kuakisia nuru ya [[nyota]] za karibu. Mara nyingi nebula ni mahali pa kuzaliwa au kutokea kwa nyota mpya. Wakati mwingine wingu ni mabaki tu ya nyota ya [[nova]] yaani nyota iliyokufa katika mlipuko mkubwa. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Falaki]] [[bg:Мъглявина]] [[ca:Nebulosa planetària]] [[da:Stjernetåge]] [[de:Nebel (Astronomie)]] [[en:Nebula]] [[eo:Nebulozo]] [[fr:Nébuleuse]] [[hr:nebula]] [[gu:નિહારિકા]] [[io:Nebuloso]] [[it:Nebulosa]] [[ja:星雲]] [[la:Nebula (Astronomia)]] [[nl:Nevels en gaswolken]] [[pl:Mgławica]] [[ro:Nebuloasă]] [[ru:Туманность]] [[sk:Hmlovina]] [[sl:meglica]] [[sv:Nebulosa]] [[th:เนบิวลา]] [[fi:Kaasusumu]] [[he:ערפילית]] [[zh:星云]] 2594 8856 2006-04-26T20:35:10Z Kipala 107 '''Utegili''' ni neno la kumaanisha * [[Utegili (damu)]] ni yale majimaji yanayobaki kwenye [[damu]] baada ya kuondolewa kwa [[seli za damu]] kwenye damu ya [[vetebrata]] * [[Utegili (seli)]] ni majimaji ndani ya seli za mwili * [[Utegili (fisikia)]] ni hali ya mada kama gesi ya joto sana inaachana na elektroni {{maana}} 2595 8862 2006-04-26T21:03:57Z Kipala 107 '''Utegili''' katika lugha ya [[fisikia]] ni hali ya [[mada]] kama [[gesi]] ya kuionika. Ikiwa gesi ni ya joto kali sana [[elektroni]] zake zinaanza kuachana na [[atomi]] zao. Tabia ya hali hii ni tofauti na hali ya gesi yenyewe. Elektroni zisizoshikwa na atomi pamoja atomi hizo katika hali ya [[ioni]] zote zinajibu kwa [[uga wa sumakuumeme]]. Asilimia kubwa ya mada ulimwenguni iko katika hali ya utegili kwa sababu imo ndani ya [[nyota]] za angani. Kwa ajili ya matumizi ya mitamboni hali ya utegili yaani ya kuionika husababishwa pia kwa [[leza]] au kwa [[uga wa sumakuumeme]]. [[Category:Fisikia]] {{mbegu}} [[ar:فيزياء البلازما]] [[bg:Плазма]] [[ca:Plasma (Estat de la matèria)]] [[da:Plasma]] [[el:Φυσική Πλάσματος]] [[en:Plasma (physics)]] [[es:Plasma (estado de la materia)]] [[fi:Plasma]] [[fr:Physique des plasmas]] [[he:פלסמה (מצב צבירה)]] [[ia:Plasma]] [[id:Fisika plasma]] [[it:Plasma (fisica)]] [[ja:プラズマ]] [[lt:Plazma]] [[no:Plasma]] [[pl:Plazma]] [[pt:Plasma]] [[ru:Плазма (агрегатное состояние)]] [[sl:Plazma]] [[sr:Плазма]] [[sv:Plasma]] [[zh:等离子体]] 2596 11465 2006-06-28T18:53:11Z Kipala 107 [[Image:GulfofMexico3D.png|thumb|150px|Ghuba ya Mexiko ikionyesha [[Marekani]] kaskazini, [[Mexiko]] upande wa magharibi na kusini, kisiwa cha [[Kuba]] upande wa mashariki]] [[Image:Red Sea.png|thumb|150px|Eneo la Bahari ya Shamu ("Red Sea")]] '''Ghuba''' ni hori kubwa ya bahari inayopakana na nchi kavu pande mbili au tatu. Mara nyingi ghuba hutokea kutokana na misogeo ya ganda la dunia inayosababisha maji kujaa nafasi iliyojitokeza. Ghuba zinazojulikana ni kama vile [[Ghuba ya Guinea]], [[Ghuba ya Uajemi]], [[Ghuba ya Mexiko]] au [[Bahari ya Shamu]]. [[Category:Bahari]] {{mbegu}} [[af:Landhoofde en baaie]] [[bg:Залив]] [[da:Bugt]] [[en:Headlands and bays]] [[eo:Golfo]] [[es:Golfo]] [[fr:Baie (géographie)]] [[gl:Golfo]] [[he:מפרץ]] [[io:Bayo]] [[it:Golfo]] [[ja:湾]] [[ko:만]] [[pl:Zatoka]] [[pt:Baía]] [[ro:Golf]] [[zh:峡湾]] 2597 8880 2006-04-26T23:10:16Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Juri Gagarin 3.jpg|thumb|275px|Yuri Gagarin katika Vostok 1]] '''Yuri Alexeyevich Gagarin''' ([[Kirusi]] ''Юрий Алексеевич Гагарин''), * 9.03. [[1934]] huko [[Klushino]] karibu na [[Smolensk]], [[Urusi]]; † 27.03. [[1968]] alikuwa mwanadamu wa kwanza aliyefika angani. Alimwoa Valentina Goryachova akawa na mabinti wawili naye. Akajiunga na Jeshi la Anga la Urusi mwaka 1955. Mwaka 1960 aliteuliwa katika kikosi cha kwanza cha marubani walioandaliwa kurushwa kwa anga la nje akateuliwa kuwa mtu wa kwanza wa kutoka duniani. Tarehe 12.04. [[1961]] akarushwa na chombo cha angani [[Vostok]] 1 akizunguka dunia lote mara moja katika muda wa dakika 108. Akashuka [[Siberia]]. Akapandishwa cheo na kuwa mkuu wa kituo cha kuandaa wanaanga Warusi. Mwaka [[1968]] alikufa katika ajali ya ndege alipofanya mazoezi ya urubani akazikwa kwenye makaburi ya heshima huko [[Moscow]]. [[ar:يوري جاجارين]] [[bg:Юрий Гагарин]] [[ca:Iuri Gagarin]] [[cs:Jurij Gagarin]] [[da:Jurij Gagarin]] [[el:Γιούρι Γκαγκάριν]] [[en:Yuri Gagarin]] [[eo:Jurij Gagarin]] [[es:Yuri Gagarin]] [[et:Juri Gagarin]] [[fa:یوری گاگارین]] [[fi:Juri Gagarin]] [[fr:Youri Gagarine]] [[he:יורי גגארין]] [[hr:Jurij Gagarin]] [[hu:Jurij Alekszejevics Gagarin]] [[id:Yuri Gagarin]] [[it:Jurij Gagarin]] [[ja:ユーリイ・ガガーリン]] [[ka:გაგარინი, იური]] [[ko:유리 가가린]] [[lt:Jurijus Gagarinas]] [[nl:Joeri Gagarin]] [[no:Jurij Gagarin]] [[pl:Jurij Gagarin]] [[pt:Iuri Alieksieievitch Gagarin]] [[ru:Гагарин, Юрий Алексеевич]] [[scn:Yuri Gagarin]] [[simple:Yuri Gagarin]] [[sk:Jurij Alexejevič Gagarin]] [[sl:Jurij Aleksejevič Gagarin]] [[sr:Јуриј Алексејевич Гагарин]] [[sv:Jurij Gagarin]] [[th:ยูริ กาการิน]] [[tr:Yuri Gagarin]] [[uk:Гагарін Юрій Олексійович]] [[vi:Yuri Gagarin]] [[zh:尤里·加加林]] 2598 8887 2006-04-27T07:20:09Z Matt Crypto 20 [[Category:Sayansi]] [[Category:Sayansi]] 2599 8900 2006-04-27T09:58:30Z Matt Crypto 20 Wikiwiki umehamishwa hapa Wiki: Jina la kawaida la lugha nyingi ni "Wiki" tu #REDIRECT [[Wiki]] 2600 9057 2006-04-29T22:03:15Z Kipala 107 {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width=50 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big><big>&#4611;&#4877;&#4652; &#4772;&#4653;&#4725;&#4651;<br>''Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati'' <br>''République Centrafricaine<br>Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka'' </big></big> |- | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan=2 | {| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" | align="center" width="130px" | [[Image: Flag of the Central African Republic.svg |125px|Flag of central Africa Republic]] | align="center" width="130px" | [[Image: centralaf22.PNG | 110px|Coat of Arms of Central Afrca Republic]] |- | align="center" width="130px" | ([[Bendera ya Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati|Kinaganaga]]) | align="center" width="130px" | ([[Coat of Arms of Central Africa Republic|Kinaganaga]]) |} |- | align="center" colspan=2 | <small>''[[Hadabu ya Taifa]] Unité, Dignité, Travail<br>([[Lugha ya Kifaransa|Kifaransa]]: Umoja, Heshima, Kazi ''</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | [[image: LocationCentralAfricanRepublic.png |Location of Central Africa Republic]] |- | '''[[Lugha ya Taifa]]''' | [[Lugha ya Kifaransa|Kifaransa]] |- | '''[[Mji Mkuu]]''' | [[Bangui]] |- | '''[[Mji Mkubwa]]''' | [[Bangui]] |- | '''[[Rais wa Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati|Raise]] <br> [[Waziri mkuu wa Jamhuri ya afrika ya kati|Waziri mkuu]]''' | [[François Bozizé]]<br>[[Elie Doté]] |- | '''[[Eneo]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Jumla<br/>&nbsp;-Maji<br />&nbsp;-Eneo ya kadiriwa | 622,984 [[mraba kilomita|km&sup2;]] <br /> 0%<br /> [[Orotha ya nchi kulingana na eneo|Kadiriwa 42 duni]] |- | '''[[Umma]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Kadiriwa <br />&nbsp;- Sensa,<br />&nbsp;- Umma kugawa na Eneo (kilomita) | 3,683,538 [[Orotha ya Nchi kulingana na Umma|Kadiriwa 124 duni]] <br/> sensa (2003) <br />; 5.8/[[mraba kilomita|km&sup2;]] ([[Orotha ya nchi kulingana na eneo kwa umma| 15 duni]) |- | '''[[Chumo cha uchumi]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Jumla<br />&nbsp;- kwa kipimo cha umma | $ 4.53 Billioni [[Orotha ya nchi kwa chumo cha uchumi|(156 ) kadir]] <br />$ 1,107 [[Orotha ya nchi kulingana na chumo cha uchumi kwa umma|172 duni]] |- | '''[[Uhuru]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Kadirifu<br />&nbsp;- Barabara | Kutoka [[Ufaransa]] <br> >[[Augosti 13]], [[1960]] |- | '''[[Fedha]]''' | [[CFA frank (XFA)]] |- | '''[[Saa za Eneo]]''' | [[Masaa za kimataifa|UTC]] +1 |- | '''[[Wimbo wa Taifa]]''' | <small>''Wimbo wa [[La Renaissance]]" (Sango Aina "E Zingo")''</small> |- | '''[[mtandao wa interneti|Intaneti TLD]]''' | [[.cf]] |- | '''[[Orotha za nchi- kodi za simu|kodi za simu]]''' | 236 |} '''Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati''' ([[Lugha ya Kifaransa|Kifaransa]]: ''République Centrafricaine'' [[IPA|{{IPA|/ʀepyblik sɑ̃tʀafʀikɛn/}}]] ama ''Centrafrique'' {{IPA|/sɑ̃tʀafʀik/}}) ni nchi [[Bara]] bila pwani [[Kati ya afrika]]. Imepakana na [[Chadi]] kaskazini, [[Sudan]] mashariki, [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] na [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] upande wa kusini na [[Kamerun]] upande wa Magharibi. Nchi hii, hasa ina shikilia eneo tapakaa [[Sudani-Guinea savanna]], na pia jangwa la [[Sahara]] eneo ya kaskazini na eneo ya msitu wa ikwete kusini. Theluthi mbili za eneo ya nchi hii zimetapakaa kwa Mabia ya mto [[Ubangi]] unao tiririka kusini kwa [[Mto Kongo]], na theluthi ya eneo katapakaa kwa mabia ya mto [[Shari]], unao tiririka kusini kwa [[Ziwa Chadi]]. Kwa sababu ya Utapakazi wa eneo kwa mabia ya mto Ubangi na mto Shari, Wafaransa wakati wa ukoloni waliita nchi hii [[Ubangi-Shari]], ama [[Oubangui-Chari]] kwa kifaransa. Ilipokua koloni ya Ufaransa, Ubangi-Shari ziliwekewa mamlaka ya madaraka kama eneo ya [[Jamii ya Wafaransa]] mwaka wa 1958 lakini baadaye kupata Uhuru Agosti 1960. Kwa miaka mlongo tatu kutioka Uhuru, ‘Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati’ ilitawalwa na serikali za nguvu zilizo nyakua mamlaka bila demokrasia, lakini mwaka wa 1993, Kura za Demokrasia za kwanza zilifanywa na kumchagua [[Ange-Félix Patassé]] kuwa Rais. Lakini Rais Patassé alipenduliwa na Jenerali [[François Bozizé]] mwaka wa 2003. Jenerali Bozizé alishinda kura za kidemokrasia manamo Mai 2005 na kuiongoza nchi mbaka wa sasa. == Historia == {{tako|Historia ya Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati}} ===Historia ya Kale=== ===Kuthahiri Afrika ya kati=== ===Ukoloni wa Ufaransa=== ===Uhuru=== == Siasa == {{Tako|Siasa za Jamhuri ya Afrika ya kati}} {{Siasa za Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati}} == Eneo == ''Tako la kifungu: [[Mikoa ya Jamhuri ya afrika ya kati]] Jamhuri ya afrika ya kati imegawa kwa eneo 14, zinazoitwa (''préfectures''), na pia eneo mbili za uchumi (''préfectures economique'') na eneo moja yenye madaraka ya ujamaa [[ujamaa|commune]]. Na mikoa hii nayo imegawa zaidi kwa wilaya 71 zinazoitwa (''sous-préfectures''). [[Mikoa ya Jamhuri ya afrika ya kati|mikoa]] ni: [[Bamingui-Bangoran]], [[Basse-Kotto]], [[Haute-Kotto]], [[Haut-Mbomou]], [[Kémo]], [[Lobaye]], [[Mambéré-Kadéï]], [[Mbomou]], [[Nana-Mambéré]], [[Ombella-M'Poko]], [[Ouaka]], [[Ouham]], [[Ouham-Pendé]], na [[Vakaga]]; eneo za uchumi ni [[Nana-Grébizi]] na [[Sangha-Mbaéré]]; na eneo ya Ujamaa ni [[Bangui]]. == Jiografia == {{Tako|Jiografia ya Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati}} [[Image:central african republic sm04.png|thumb|left|Ramani ya Jamhuru ya Afrika ya Kati]] == Uchumi == {{tako|Uchumi wa Jamhuri ya afrika ya kati}} == Watu == {{Tako|Watu wa Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati}} == Utamaduni== {{tako|Utamaduni wa Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati }} ''ona pia'': *[[Orotha ya Waadishi wa afrika (kwa nchi)#Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati|Orotha ya waadishi kutoka Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] *[[Music ]] *[[Siku kuu za Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] ==Shauri kiwazowazo== * [[Mawasiliano ya Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] * [[Mambo ya Kigeni ya Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] * [[Jeshi ya Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] * [[Usafirishaji, Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] * [[Orotha ya watu kwa stampu za Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] * [[Fédération des Eclaireurs Scouts Centrafricains]] == Viungo vi nnje== {{zinazohusika| Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati }} ===Habari=== *[http://allafrica.com/centralafricanrepublic/ allAfrica - '' Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati ''] kiungo cha taarifa ya habari ===uchambuzi=== *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1067518.stm BBC News - ''Country Profile: Central African Republic''] *[http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ct.html CIA World Factbook - ''Central African Republic''] ===maelekezo=== *[http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Central_African_Republic Open Directory Project - ''Central African Republic''] directory category *[http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/centralafr.html chuokikuu cha Stanford – Afrika kusini mwa sahara: ''Central African Republic''] directory category *[http://www.kodro.net/ The Index on Africa - '' Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati ''] directory category *[http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Country_Specific/CAR.html chuo kikuu cha Pennsylvania – Masomo ya afrikar: '' Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati ''] maelekezo *[http://dir.yahoo.com/Regional/Countries/Central_African_Republic/ Yahoo! - '' Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati ''] maelekezo ===kabila na ukoo=== * [http://www.pygmies.info/ African Pygmies] Utamaduni na muziki wa watu wa Jamhuri ya Afrika, picha na ulezaji wa ukoo. ===Utalii=== *{{wikisafiri}} {{Afrika}} [[Category:Muungano wa afrika]] [[Category: Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati |*]] [[Category:Nchi bara]] [[af:Sentraal-Afrikaanse Republiek]] [[am:የመካከለኛው አፍሪካ ሪፑብሊክ]] [[ar:جمهورية أفريقيا الوسطى]] [[an:Republica Zentroafricana]] [[bn:মধ্য আফ্রিকা]] [[zh-min-nan:Tiong-hui Kiōng-hô-kok]] [[bs:Centralna Afrička Republika]] [[bg:Централноафриканска република]] [[ca:República Centreafricana]] [[cs:Středoafrická republika]] [[da:Centralafrikanske Republik]] [[de:Zentralafrikanische Republik]] [[et:Kesk-Aafrika Vabariik]] [[el:Δημοκρατία Κεντρικής Αφρικής]] [[es:República Centroafricana]] [[eo:Centr-Afrika Respubliko]] [[fa:آفریقای مرکزی]] [[fr:République centrafricaine]] [[gl:República Centroafricana - République Centroafricaine]] [[ko:중앙아프리카 공화국]] [[hr:Srednjoafrička Republika]] [[io:Centrafrika]] [[id:Republik Afrika Tengah]] [[is:Mið-Afríkulýðveldið]] [[it:Repubblica Centrafricana]] [[he:הרפובליקה המרכז אפריקאית]] [[jv:Republik Afrika Tengah]] [[kw:Sentrafrika]] [[lv:Centrālāfrika]] [[lt:Centrinės Afrikos Respublika]] [[li:Centraal Afrika]] [[hu:Közép-afrikai Köztársaság]] [[mk:Централноафриканска република]] [[ms:Republik Afrika Tengah]] [[nl:Centraal-Afrikaanse Republiek]] [[ja:中央アフリカ]] [[no:Den sentralafrikanske republikk]] [[nn:Den sentralafrikanske republikken]] [[oc:Centrafrica]] [[ps:د افريقا منځنی جمهوريت]] [[nds:Zentraalafrikaansche Republiek]] [[pl:Republika Środkowoafrykańska]] [[pt:República Centro-Africana]] [[ro:Republica Centrafricană]] [[ru:Центрально-Африканская Республика]] [[sa:केन्द्रीय अफ्रीका गणराज्य]] [[sq:Afrika Qendrore]] [[simple:Central African Republic]] [[sk:Stredoafrická republika]] [[sl:Srednjeafriška republika]] [[sr:Централноафричка Република]] [[sh:Srednjoafrička Republika]] [[fi:Keski-Afrikan tasavalta]] [[sv:Centralafrikanska republiken]] [[tl:Central African Republic]] [[th:สาธารณรัฐแอฟริกากลาง]] [[tr:Orta Afrika Cumhuriyeti]] [[uk:Центрально-Африканська Республіка]] [[vi:Cộng hoà Trung Phi]] [[zh:中非共和國]] 2601 11014 2006-06-20T17:12:35Z Kipala 107 {{Infobox_Country| native_name = الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية<br>''Al-Jumhurīyah al-Jazā’irīyah<br>ad-Dīmuqrāṭīyah ash-Sha’bīyah''| conventional_long_name = Jamhuri ya kidemokrasia ya watu wa Algeria | common_name = Algeria | image_flag = Flag of Algeria.svg | image_coat = Algeria coa.png | image_map = AlgeriaWorldMap.png | national_motto = [[Kiarabu]]: من الشعب و للشعب <br>(<small>[[IPA]] [[transliteration]]: aθ-θawratu mina-ʃ-ʃaʕbi wa-li-ʃ-ʃaʕb <br> ([[Translation]]: "Mapinduzi ya watu kwa ajili ya watu")| national_anthem = ''[[Kassaman|Kassaman <small>(qasaman bin-nāzilāt il-māḥiqāt)]]''<br>(<small>[[Arabic language|Arabic]]: ''[[Kassaman|Twayamini kwa radi inayoharibu]]'') | official_languages = [[Kiarabu]] | capital = [[Algiers]] <ref name=cia>[http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ag.html CIA World Factbook Algeria] (accessed [[04 April]], 2006)</ref>| latd=36|latm=42|latNS=N|longd=3|longm=13|longEW=E| largest_city = [[Algiers]] | government_type= Demokrasia [[Jamhuri]] | leader_titles = [[Rais wa Algeria|Rais]]<br>[[Waziri Mkuu wa Algeria|Waziri Mkuu]] | leader_names = [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]]<br>[[Ahmed Ouyahia]] | area_rank = 11th | area_magnitude = 1 E12 | area = 2,381,740 | areami² = 919,595 | <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> percent_water = kidogo sana | population_estimate = 32,531,853 <ref name=cia/>| population_estimate_year = 2005 | population_estimate_rank = ya 36 | population_census= | population_census_year= | population_density = 13 | population_densitymi² = 33.6 |<!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> population_density_rank= ya 168| GDP_PPP_year= 2004 | GDP_PPP = $217,224,000,000 | GDP_PPP_rank = 38th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $6,799 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ya 85 | HDI_year = 2003 | HDI = 0.722 | HDI_rank = 103rd | HDI_category = <font color="#FFCC00">medium</font> | sovereignty_type = [[Uhuru]]| established_events = Tarehe | established_dates = kutoka [[Ufaransa]]<br>[[Julai 5]], [[1962]] <ref name=eia>[http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/algeria.html Algeria County analysis] Energy Information Administration (accessed [[04 April]], 2006) </ref> | currency = [[Dinari ya Algeria]] | currency_code = DZD | time_zone= [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset= +1 | time_zone_DST= [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset_DST= (hawajali) | cctld= [[.dz]] | calling_code = 213 | footnotes = }} '''Algeria''' ([[Kiarabu]]: الجزائر al-Jazā’ir ) au kwa jina rasmi Jamhuri ya kidemokrasia ya watu wa Algeria ni nchi ya [[Afrika ya Kaskazini]]-Magharibi. Imepakana na [[Mediteranea]], [[Moroko]], [[Sahara ya Magharibi]], [[Mauretania]], [[Mali]], [[Niger]], [[Libya]] na [[Tunisia]]. [[Image:Ag-map.png|thumb|255px|left|Ramani ya Algeria]] Algeria ni nchi kubwa ya [[Afrika]] baada ya [[Sudan]] na [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Sehemu kubwa ya eneo lake iko katika [[jangwa]] la [[Sahara]]. Jina la nchi limetokana na mji mkuu inayoitwa kwa jina lilelile "al-jaza-ir" kama nchi ya leo kwa lugha ya Kiarabu. Kwa historia,lugha, utamaduni na historia Algeria ni sehemu ya dunia ya Kiarabu. Nchi imebaki pia na idadi kubwa (25-30%) ya wakazi wa taifa la [[Waberber]] ambao kihistoria ni wenyeji asilia. Mawe ya maghofu ya miji ya kale bado wanaonyesha uhusiano wake na [[Dola la Roma]] iliyoitawala kwa karne. Historia ya karibuni imeacha nyayo zake zinazoonekana katika athira kubwa ya lugha na utamaduni wa [[Kifaransa]] kutokana na ukoloni wa [[Ufaransa]] kati ya 1830 na 1962. Kwa sasa Algeria inajenga upya umoja wa kitaifa baada ya vita kali ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe iliyoishia mwaka 2002. {{Afrika}} {{mbegu}} [[Category:Algeria]] [[Category:Nchi za Kiarabu]] [[Category:Nchi za Kiberber]] [[af:Algerië]] [[am:አልጄሪያ]] [[an:Alcheria]] [[ar:الجزائر]] [[ast:Arxelia]] [[bn:আলজেরিয়া]] [[bs:Alžir]] [[ca:Algèria]] [[cs:Alžírsko]] [[cy:Algeria]] [[da:Algeriet]] [[de:Algerien]] [[dv:ޖަޒާއިރ]] [[el:Αλγερία]] [[en:Algeria]] [[eo:Alĝerio]] [[es:Argelia]] [[et:Alžeeria]] [[fa:الجزایر]] [[fi:Algeria]] [[fr:Algérie]] [[gl:Alxeria - الجزائر]] [[ha:Aljeriya]] [[haw:ʻAlekelia]] [[he:אלג'יריה]] [[hi:अल्जीरिया]] [[ht:Aljeri]] [[ia:Algeria]] [[id:Aljazair]] [[io:Aljeria]] [[is:Alsír]] [[it:Algeria]] [[ja:アルジェリア]] [[ko:알제리]] [[kw:Aljeri]] [[la:Algeria]] [[li:Algerieë]] [[lt:Alžyras]] [[lv:Alžīrija]] [[mk:Алжир]] [[ms:Algeria]] [[na:Algeria]] [[nds:Algerien]] [[nl:Algerije]] [[nn:Algerie]] [[no:Algerie]] [[pl:Algieria]] [[pt:Argélia]] [[rm:Algeria]] [[ro:Algeria]] [[ru:Алжир]] [[sa:अल्जीरिया]] [[scn:Algiria]] [[simple:Algeria]] [[sk:Alžírsko]] [[sl:Alžirija]] [[so:Aljeeriya]] [[sq:Algjeria]] [[sr:Алжир]] [[sv:Algeriet]] [[tg:Алҷазоир]] [[th:ประเทศแอลจีเรีย]] [[tl:Algeria]] [[tr:Cezayir]] [[ur:الجزائر]] [[vi:Algérie]] [[wa:Aldjereye]] [[yi:אַלזשיר]] [[zh:阿尔及利亚]] [[zh-min-nan:Algeria]] 2602 11610 2006-07-01T12:21:11Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[fa:ملیلیه]] Modifying: [[tl:Lungsod ng Melilla]] [[Image:Melilla mji.PNG|thumb|right|300px|Ramani ya mji wa Melilla]] '''Melilla''' (tamka: me-li-ya; Kiarabu: '''مليلية''' meliliya; Rasmi: Ciudad Autónoma de Melilla = Mji wa kujitawala wa Mellila) ni mji wa [[Hispania]] ndani ya eneo la [[Moroko]] kwenye pwani la [[Mediteranea]]. Umbali na Hispania bara ni takriban 170 km kuvuka bahari. Mji ulio karibu upande wa Moroko ni Nador mwenye umbali wa 15 km. Pamoja na mji wa [[Ceuta]] ni kisiasa sehemu ya Hispania na [[Umoja wa Ulaya]], kijiografia ni sehemu ya [[Afrika]]. Moroko inadai ni sehemu ya eneo lake la kitaifa. Melilla ina wakazi 65,500 (mwaka 2005) katika eneo la 20 km². Zamani wakazi waio wengi walikuwa [[Wakatoliki]] wa asili ya Hispania pamoja na [[Wayahudi]] na [[Waislamu]] [[Waarabu]] au [[Waberber]] wenye asili ya Moroko. Miaka ya nyuma idadi ya Waislamu imeongezeka ambao wengi wao wanapendelea kujiita Waberber kuliko Waarabu; Wayahudi wamepungua sana. Inasemekana ya kwamba wakazi karibu wote wanajiangalia kuwa Wahispania kama ni Wakatoliki au Waislamu. Uchumi unategemea [[uvuvi]] pamoja na biashara ya mpakani. Pesa rasmi ni [[Euro]]. ==Historia== Historia yake ilianza zaidi ya miaka 2000 iliyopita ikaundwa kwa jina la Rusadir. Ikawa sehemu ya [[Dola la Roma]] katika jimbo la [[Mauretania Tingitana]]. Eneo lake lilipiganiwa kuanzia mwaka 429 [[BK]] kati ya wavamiaji [[Wavandali]] na [[Bizanti]]. Karibu kabla ya mwaka 700 BK Waarabu Waislamu walivamia eneo la pwani al Moroko wakielekea Hispania. Mji ulipata jina la Meliliya ukabaki chini ya utawala wa kiislamu hadi mwaka 1497 ulipotekwa na Wahispania. Wahispania walifaulu kubaki na mji katika vita mbalimbali za karne zilizofuata. Mwaka 1936 vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe ya Hispania ilianza Melilla kwa uasi wa wanajeshi dhidi ya serikali ya Jamhuri ya Hispania. [[Category:Miji ya Hispania]] {{Afrika}} [[an:Melilla]] [[ar:مليلية]] [[ast:Melilla]] [[ca:Melilla]] [[cs:Melilla]] [[da:Melilla]] [[de:Melilla]] [[en:Melilla]] [[eo:Melilo]] [[es:Melilla]] [[et:Melilla]] [[eu:Melilla]] [[fa:ملیلیه]] [[fi:Melilla]] [[fr:Melilla]] [[gl:Melilla]] [[he:מלייה]] [[hr:Melilla]] [[hu:Melilla]] [[ia:Melilla]] [[id:Melilla]] [[is:Melilla]] [[it:Melilla]] [[ja:メリリャ]] [[ka:მელილია]] [[ko:멜리야]] [[kw:Melilla]] [[la:Melilla]] [[lad:Meliya]] [[lb:Melilla]] [[nl:Melilla]] [[no:Melilla]] [[pl:Melilla]] [[pt:Melilla]] [[ro:Melilla]] [[ru:Мелилья]] [[simple:Melilla]] [[sk:Melilla]] [[sr:Корисник:Славен Косановић/Мелиља]] [[sv:Melilla]] [[tl:Lungsod ng Melilla]] [[zh:梅利利亚]] [[zh-min-nan:Melilla]] 2603 8957 2006-04-28T08:31:42Z Matt Crypto 20 Kutokana na [http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafika:Melilla.png picha hii] na [[:pl:Wikipedysta:Aotearoa]]. {{GFDL}} Kwa sw.wikipedia na [[User:Kipala]] [[pl:Grafika:Melilla.png]] 2604 8964 2006-04-28T16:16:02Z Kipala 107 Nimefuta "Hapo zamani jiji hili lilijulikana kwa jina la [[Mzizima]]" - jiji haliwahi kuitwa Mzizima. Mzizmia ilikuwa kijiji katika eneo Daressalaam ilipoanzishwa na Sultani wa Zanzibar. Swali hili liingine katika makala ya mji, si ya mkoa. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 16:16, 28 Aprili 2006 (UTC) 2605 8966 2006-04-28T16:28:55Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Ukristo]] 2606 11190 2006-06-23T18:48:21Z Kipala 107 {{Infobox Country | native_name = ''República de Guinea Ecuatorial'' | conventional_long_name = Jamhuri ya Guinea ya Ikweta | common_name = Guinea ya Ikweta | image_flag =Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg | image_coat =Equatorial Guinea coa.png | national_motto = Unidad, Paz, Justicia<br>([[Lugha ya Kihispania|Kihispania]]: Umoja, Amani, Haki)</small> | image_map = LocationEquatorialGuinea.png | national_anthem = ''[[Caminemos pisando la senda]]''<br><small>([[Lugha ya Kihispana|Kihispana]]: acha tu kanyange njia | official_languages = [[Lugha ya Kihispania|Kihispania]] | capital = [[Malabo]] | government_type = | leader_titles = [[Rais]] <br> [[Waziri mkuu]]| leader_names = [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]]<br>[[Miguel Abia Biteo Boricó]]| largest_city = [[Malabo]] | area = 28,051| areami² = 10,828 | <!--Do not remove --> area_rank = 141 | area_magnitude = 1 E10| percent_water = - | population_estimate = 535,881| population_estimate_year = Julai 2005 | population_estimate_rank = 160 | population_census = ''haiko'' | population_census_year = ? | population_density = 19.1 | population_densitymi² = 49.5 | <!--Do not remove --> population_density_rank = 157 | GDP_PPP_year = 2005 | GDP_PPP = $18,785 million <sup>1</sup> | GDP_PPP_rank = 112 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $16,507 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 42 | HDI_year = 2003 | HDI = 0.655 | HDI_rank = 121 | HDI_category = <font color="#FFCC00">medium</font>| sovereignty_type = [[Uhuru]] | established_events = Kutoka [[Uhispania]] | established_dates = [[October 12]], [[1968]]| currency = [[CFA franc]]| currency_code = XAF | time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | time_zone_DST = - | utc_offset_DST = +1 | cctld = [[.gq]] | calling_code = 240 [[Río Muni]] footnotes = }} '''Jamhuri ya Guinea ya Ikweta''' ni nchi magharibi -[[Kati Afrika]], ni nchi mojawapo ndogo kwa bara la [[Afrika]]. Imepakana na [[Kamerun]] upande wa kaskazini, [[Gabon]] kusini na mashariki, na [[Guba la Guinea]] magharibi, ambapo kisiwa cha [[São Tomé na Príncipe]] chapatikana kusini-magharibi mwa Guinea ya ikweta. Ilikuwa [[koloni]] ya [[Uhispania]] ambapo iliitwa [[Guinea ya Uhispania]], na eneo zake ambazo zajulikana (kwa bara kama [[Río Muni]]) za husu eneo kadhaa visiwa, na pia kisiwa kama [[Bioko]] ambapo mji mkuu humo, [[Malabo]] (ambayo iliitwa, Santa Isabela). Jina la nchi hii latokana na kuwa ya kwamba imo karibu na [[Ikweta]] na pia karibu na Guba la Guinea. Ni nchi pekee Afrika ambapo lugha ya [[Lugha ya Kihispania|Kihispania]] ndio lugha rasmi na ya Taifa, hasa ukiwacha maeneo ya [[Uhispania|Hispania]] iliozungukwa na bara, [[Ceuta]] na [[Melilla]] na nchi-Isiotambuliwa-kimataifa [[Jamhuri ya Sahara ya Kidemokrasia ya Kiarabu]]. ==Historia== ''Tako la Kifungu: [[Historia ya Guinea ya Ikweta]]'' ==Siasa== ''Tako la kifungu: [[Siasa za Guinea ya Ikweta]]'' ==Uchumi== ''Tako la kifungu: [[Uchumi wa Guinea ya Ikweta]]'' ==Mikoa== [[Image:Equatorial Guinea provinces numbered.png|thumb|Mikoa ya Guinea ya Ikweta]] ''Tako la kifungu: [[Mikoa ya Guinea ya Ikweta ]]'' Guinea ya ikwete imegawa kwa [[mikoa]] 7: #[[Mkoa wa Annobón]] (mji mkuu wa mkoa: [[San Antonio de Palé]]) #[[mkoa wa Bioko Norte]] ([[Malabo]]) #[[Mkoa wa Bioko Sur]] ([[Luba, Guinea ya Ikweta|Luba]]) #[[Mkoa wa Centro Sur]] ([[Evinayong]]) #[[Mkoa wa Kié-Ntem]] ([[Ebebiyín]]) #[[Mkoa wa Litoral (Guinea ya Ikweta)|mkoa wa Litoral]] ([[Bata, Guinea ya ikweta|Bata]]) #[[Mkoa wa Wele-Nzas]] ([[Mongomo]]) ==Jiografia== [[Image:Limbe view with Bioko.jpg|thumb|[[Bioko]] (Guinea ya ikweta) yaonekana kutoka Kamerun]] ''Tako la: [[Jiografia ya jamhuri ya Ikweta]]'' ==Watu== [[Image:Fang in Equatorial Guinea.jpg|thumb|Fang children]] ''Tako la kifungu: [[Watu wa Guinea ya ikweta]]'' ==Utamaduni== ''Tako la Kifangu: [[Utamaduni wa Guinea ya Ikweta]]'' ==Vituo via Habari== . ==Shauri kiwazowazo== *[[Mawasiliano Guinea ya Ikweta]] *[[Eric Moussambani]] *[[Mambo ya Guinea ya Ikweta]] *[[Orotha ya watu wanaosifa guinea ya Ikweta]] *[[Jeshi ya Guinea ya Ikweta]] *[[Chama cha Skauti Guinea ya Ikweta]] *[[Ussafirishaji Guinea ya Ikweta]] ==Uchambuzi== <references/> *[[Max Liniger-Goumaz]], ''Udogo siyo urembo : Hadithi ya Guinea ya ikweta'' (French 1986, translated 1989) ISBN 0-389-20861-2 *[[Ibrahim K. Sundiata]], ''Equatorial Guinea: Colonialism, State Terror, and the Search for Stability'' (1990, Boulder: Westview Press) ISBN 0-8133-0429-6 {{factbook}} ==Viungi via nnje== {{mahusiano|Guinea ya Ikweta}} * [http://guinea-equatorial.com/ (makala maalum ya serikali ya Guinea ya Ikweta] * [http://www.ceiba-guinea-ecuatorial.org/( makala ya Elimu Guinea ya ikweta0] * [http://www.guinea-ecuatorial.org/index.php (makala ya wanasiasa wa upinzani)] ===Habari=== *[http://allafrica.com/equatorialguinea/ allAfrica - ''Equatorial Guinea''] taarifa ya habari ===Uchambuzi na Maelekezo=== *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1023151.stm BBC News Country Profile - ''Guinea ya ikweta''] *[http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ek.html CIA World Factbook - ''Equatorial Guinea''] *[http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Equatorial_Guinea/ Open Directory Project - ''Equatorial Guinea''] maelekezo *[http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/eqg.html Stanford University – Afrika kusini mwa Sahara: ''Guinea ya ikweta''] Maelekezo *[http://www.afrika.no/index/Countries/Equatorial_Guinea/ Guinea ya ikweta, Afrika - ''Ikweta-Guinea''] *[http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Country_Specific/Eq_Guinea.html Chuo kikuu cha Pennsylvania - African Studies Center: ''Ikweta-Guinea''] Maelekezo *[http://dir.yahoo.com/Regional/Countries/Equatorial_Guinea/ Yahoo! - ''Guinea ya ikweta''] maelekezo ===Ukoo na Kabila=== * [http://www.pygmies.info/ African Pygmies] (Utamaduni na mziki wa watu wa Guinea ya ikwete / picha na ukoo.) ===utalii=== *{{wikitravel}} ===uchumi=== *[http://www.fairfinancewatch.org/africa.html#obiang Sahuri za benki, Guinea ya ikweta, from the Fair Finance Watch] *[http://www.ecaligiuri.com/inversionenguinea.pdf# (Uhifadhi wa biashara, guinea ya ikweta) nchini Hispania] {{Afrika}} [[Category:Muungano wa Afrika]] [[Category:Guinea ya Ikweta| ]] [[af:Ekwatoriaal-Guinee]] [[ar:غينيا الاستوائية]] [[an:Guinea Ecuatorial]] [[id:Guinea Khatulistiwa]] [[zh-min-nan:Chhiah-tō Guinea]] [[bs:Ekvatorijalna Gvineja]] [[bg:Екваториална Гвинея]] [[ca:Guinea Equatorial]] [[cs:Rovníková Guinea]] [[da:Ækvatorialguinea]] [[de:Äquatorialguinea]] [[et:Ekvatoriaal-Guinea]] [[el:Ισημερινή Γουινέα]] [[es:Guinea Ecuatorial]] [[eo:Ekvatora Gvineo]] [[fr:Guinée équatoriale]] [[gl:Guinea Ecuatorial]] [[ko:적도 기니]] [[hr:Ekvatorska Gvineja]] [[io:Equatorala Guinea]] [[is:Miðbaugs-Gínea]] [[it:Guinea Equatoriale]] [[he:גינאה המשוונית]] [[kw:Gyni Ekwadoriel]] [[lv:Ekvatoriālā Gvineja]] [[lt:Pusiaujo Gvinėja]] [[li:Equatoriaal Guinee]] [[hu:Egyenlítői-Guinea]] [[mk:Екваторска Гвинеја]] [[ms:Guinea Khatulistiwa]] [[nl:Equatoriaal-Guinea]] [[ja:赤道ギニア]] [[no:Ekvatorial-Guinea]] [[nn:Ekvatorial-Guinea]] [[oc:Guinèa Eqüatoriala]] [[ps:اېکواټوريال ګوينا]] [[nds:Äquatoriaal-Guinea]] [[pl:Gwinea Równikowa]] [[pt:Guiné Equatorial]] [[ro:Guineea Ecuatorială]] [[ru:Экваториальная Гвинея]] [[sq:Guineja Ekuatoriale]] [[simple:Equatorial Guinea]] [[sk:Rovníková Guinea]] [[sl:Ekvatorialna Gvineja]] [[sr:Екваторијална Гвинеја]] [[sh:Ekvatorska Gvineja]] [[fi:Päiväntasaajan Guinea]] [[sv:Ekvatorialguinea]] [[tl:Equatorial Guinea]] [[tr:Ekvator Ginesi]] [[uk:Екваторіальна Гвінея]] [[vi:Guinea Xích Đạo]] [[zh:赤道几内亚]] 2607 9652 2006-05-14T17:39:31Z Kipala 107 '''Tana''' ni neno linaloweza kumaanisha: * [[Tana (ziwa)]] katika Ethiopia * [[Tana (mto)|Mto wa Tana]] (Kenya) katika [[Kenya]] * [[Wilaya ya Mto wa Tana]], Kenya * [[Tana (mto - Norway)|Mto wa Tana ([[Norway]])]] * [[Tana (Norway)]] ni mji * [[Tana (barafuto)]], [[Alaska]] * Tana, kifupi cha [[Antananarivo]], mji mkuu wa [[Madagaska]] {{maana}} [[de:Tana]] [[en:Tana (disambiguation)]] 2608 10634 2006-06-06T23:33:34Z Kipala 107 {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" style="float:right; empty-cells:show; width:300px; margin-left:1em; margin-bottom:0,5em; background:#EBE085;" !colspan="2" | Picha |-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller" | [[Image:Lake_tana.jpg|thumb|300px|Ziwa la Tana, picha kutoka angani, 1991]] |- ! colspan="2" align=center | '''Ziwa la Tana''' |-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | width="50%" |Jina: ||width="50%" |Ziwa la Tana |-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | Mahali: || Nyanda za juu za [[Ethiopia]], ([[Afrika ya Mashariki]]) |-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | Eneo la maji: || 2.156 km² |-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | Kina ya chini: || 14 m |-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | Mito inayoingia: || [[Rib]] na [[Gumara]] |-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | Mito inayotoka: || [[Abbai]] ([[Nile ya buluu]]) |-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | Uwiano wa maji juu ya [[UB]]: || 1.788 m |-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | Miji mikubwa ufukoni: || [[Bahir Dar]] |-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |} '''Ziwa la Tana''' ni ziwa kubwa la [[Ethiopia]] na asili ya [[Nile ya Buluu]]. Beseni yake iko taktiban 370 km kaskazini-magharbibi ya [[Addis Ababa]] katika nyanda za juu za Ethiopia. [[Image:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Ziwa la Tana]] Umbo la ziwa limebadilika katika karne iliyopita kutokana na [[mashapo]]. Kamusi ya mwaka 1888 ilitaja kina ya mita 100, lakini leo ni mita 14 pekee. Eneo la ziwa hubadilika na majira ya mvua au ukame yaani kuwa na maji mengi au kidogo. Mito mingi inaingia ziwani ikiwa mikubwa kati yao ni mito ya Rib na Gumara. Mto wa [[Abbai]] (jina la Kiethiopia la [[Nile ya buluu]]) unatoka katika ziwa. Eneo la Ziwa la Tana ni kitovu cha kihistoria cha Ethiopia ya Kikristo. Katika visiwa vidogo ziwani kuna makanisa na [[monasteri]] 20 zilizojengwa tangu karne ya 14 [[BK]]. [[Category:Maziwa ya Ethiopia]] [[ca:Llac Tana]] [[da:Tanasøen]] [[de:Tanasee]] [[en:Lake Tana]] [[es:Lago Tana]] [[fr:Lac Tana]] [[it:Lago Tana]] [[ja:タナ湖]] [[nl:Tanameer]] [[sl:Jezero Tana]] 2609 8985 2006-04-28T21:49:48Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Tana (ziwa)]] 2610 10241 2006-05-28T23:30:52Z Messedrocker 158 [[:en:User:Messedrocker]] 2612 10450 2006-06-01T21:12:03Z Kipala 107 {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" style="float:right; empty-cells:show; width:40%; margin-left:1em; margin-bottom:0,5em; background:#CEDAF2;" !colspan="2" | Maporomoko ya Tis Isat kwenye mto wa Abbai (Nile ya buluu) |-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller" | [[Image:Blue Nile Falls Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|300px|Maporomoko ya "Tis Isat" karibu na [[Bahar Dar]]/ [[Ziwa Tana]] ]] |- !colspan="2" | Mto wa Abbai (Nile ya buluu) |-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |Jina: || Abbai (ndani ya Ethiopia) |-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |Mahali: || Nyanda za juu za [[Ethiopia]] |-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |Urefu: || 800 km ndani ya Ethiopia |-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |[[Chanzo (Mto)|Chanzo]]: || [[Ziwa Tana]] |-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |Kimo cha chanzo: || 1.800 juu ya [[UB]] |-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |[[Mdomo (Mto)|Mdomo]]: || inaendelea kama [[Nile ya buluu]] |-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |Kimo cha mdomo: || |-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |Tofauti ya kimo: || |-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |Tawimito ya kulia: || |-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |Tawimito ya kushoto: || |-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |Mijo mikubwa mtoni: || |-bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |Je inafaa kama njia ya maji? || |} '''Abbai''' (''Mto mkubwa'', pia '''Abay''' au '''Abai''') ni mto mkubwa kabisa katika [[Ethiopia]]. Ndiyo sehemu ya juu ya [[Nile ya Buluu]] na [[tawimto]] mkubwa kabisa wa [[mto Nile]]. Baada ya kutoka Ethiopia na kuingia [[Sudan]] inaitwa kwa ([[Kiarabu]]: النيل الأزرق; '''an-nīl al-azraq'''). [[Image:Nile ya buluu.png|thumb|left|250px|Mwendo wa Abbai na Nile ya Buluu]] Ina chanzo chake kwenye kimo cha mita 1800 juu ya [[UB]] inapotoka katika [[Ziwa Tana]] katika nyanda za juu za Ethiopia. Kwanza inaelekea kusini-mashariki lakini inabadilika mwelekeo kwenda magharibi halafu kaskazini. Waethiopia wengi wanasemekana kuitazama kama mto mtakatifu. [[Category:Mito ya Ethiopia]] [[de:Abbai]] [[en:Abay River]] [[ru:Аббай]] 2613 8995 2006-04-28T23:05:20Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Tana (ziwa)]] 2615 9215 2006-05-02T20:40:04Z 172.176.153.14 [[Image:Libyen-sandwueste1.jpg|thumb|300px|Matuta ya mchanga katika Sahara ya Libya]] [[Image:Pinnacles pano 2005-08-26.jpg|thumb|300px|Nguzo za mwamba katika Jangwa la Australia]] '''Jangwa''' ni eneo pakavu penye [[mvua]] au [[usimbishaji]] kwa ujumla chini ya 250 [[mm]] kwa mwaka. Kutokana na ukavu kuna mimea chache tu pia wanyama wachache. Wanyama walioko hufanya shughuli zao hasa wakati wa usiku. Wakati mwingine maeneo huitwa jangwa ambayo ni makavu kutokana na baridi kali. ==Majangwa makubwa duniani== *Majangwa makubwa 10 ya dunia: {| {{jedwalimaridadi}} width="350px" |----- ! style="background-color:gold; color:black;" | Jina la jangwa ! style="background-color:gold; color:black;" | Eneo (km²) |----- | align="left" | Sahara (Afrika) || align="center" | 9 000 000 |----- | align="left" | Jangwa la Uarabuni || align="center" | 1 300 000 |----- | align="left" | Jangwa la Gobi (Uchina / Mongolia - Asia) | align="center" | 1 125 000 |----- | align="left" | Jangwa la Kalahari (Afrika ya Kusini) | align="center" | 580 000 |----- | align="left" | Jangwa Kuu la Australia | align="center" | 414 000 |----- | align="left" | Karakum (Asia) | align="center" | 350 000 |----- | align="left" | Taklamakan (Asia) || align="center" | 344 000 |----- | align="left" | Jangwa Namib (Namibia - Afrika) || align="center" | 310 000 |----- | align="left" | Thar (Asia) || align="center" | 260 000 |----- |} ==Aina za maeneo makavu: jangwa na mibuga== Maeneo makavu yanaweza kutofautishwa kuwa [[yabisi sana]] ('''''en''': extremely arid'') pasipo na usimbishaji kwa muda wa miezi 12 mfululizo (maana yake hakuna mvua kila mwaka), [[yabisi]] ('''''en''': arid'') pasipo na usimbishaji zaidi ya 250 mm kwa mwaka, '''nusu yabisi''' ('''''en''':semiarid'') penye usimbishaji kati ya 250 and 500 mm kwa mwaka. Maeneo yabisi sana na maeneo yabisi ni jangwa. Maeneo nusu yabisi pana manyasi huitwa [[mbuga]]. ===Athari ya uvukizaji=== Kiasi cha usimbishaji peke yake hakitoshi kila mahali kutofautisha maeneo makavu. 200 mm za mvua katika eneo la joto zitasababisha eneo kuonekana kama jangwa kabisa kwa sababu kiasi kikubwa cha maji yale kidogo yanayoneshewa hupotea kutokana na [[uvukizaji]]. Kuna mifano ya kwamba eneo penye kiasi kilekile cha 200 mm halionekani kuwa jangwa tayari kwa sababu kutokana na halijoto na mawingu (hata yasiponyesha mvua) kiasi kidogo cha maji yanavukiza. Kama uvukizaji unapita kiasi cha mvua hata eneo penye mvua zaidi ya 250 mm inaonekana kama jangwa. ===Aina za jangwa=== Mara nyingi jangwa hutofautishwa kutokana na uso lake: *'''Jangwa la [[mchanga]]''' &mdash; uso lake huonyesha hasa mchanga. Mchanga umetokea kutokana na [[mmomonyoko]] wa [[changarawe]] na [[kokoto]] kama mawe haya ni hasa ya [[shondo]]. Punje ndogo za mchanga husukumwa na upepo na kutokea kama [[tuta la mchanga|matuta makubwa ya mchanga]]. Jangwa la mchanga ni mahali pagumu mno kwa maisha ya kila aina. Mfano bora ni jangwa la [[Rub al-Khali]] katika [[Uarabuni Saudi]]. [[Sahara]] ina pia sehemu za jangwa la mchanga. *'''Jangwa la [[changarawe]]''' &mdash; uso lake huonyesha hasa changarawe. Changarawe imetokea kutokana na mmomonyoko wa mawe au miamba - punje ndogo zaidi zimeshapulizwa mbali na upepo. Hii ni sababu ya majangwa mengi kuwa na maeneo ya mchanga na changarawe yanayobadilishana. Changarawe hupatikana pia pale ambako zamani [[barafuto]] zilisaga mawe na kuzisukuma mbele ya [[barafu]] zao pale zilizobaki. Ni ajabu kutafakari ya kwamba sehemu fulani ilikuwa ya barafuto tukisimama leo mahali penye joto kali lakini mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa yalileta baridi au joto kila sehemu ya dunia yetu katika mamilioni ya miaka iliyopita. *'''Jangwa la [[mawe]]''' &mdash; uso lake huonyesha miamba na mawe makubwa. Maana yake hapo udongo wote mwenye rutba na mchanga vimeshapulizwa mbali na mwamba umebaki. Athira za joto na baridi zinaweza kupasua mwamba. Mmomonyoko wa upepo hutokea. *'''Jangwa la [[chumvi]]''' &mdash; mara nyingi penye beseni yabisi za mashapo bila njia ambako maji ya mvua (au mto) yanaweza kutoka. Maji yote huvukiza na kuacha chumvi yake katika udongo. Kiasi cha chumvi kinaendelea kuongezeka polepole katika udongo wa beseni hizi. ==Maji== Jangwa ni eneo kavu lakini maji hutokea. ===Maji ya chini=== Mara nyingi kuna maji chini ya ardhi. Pale ambako maji haya si chini mno mimea inaweza kuyafikia kwa mizizi yao. Mahali kadhaa chemchemi hutokea. Sehemu kama hizi zinaonekana kama [[oasisi]] penye miti, wakati mwingine hata na bwawa. Mahali pengine wakazi wa jangwa wamechimba kisima kirefu pasipo na mimea kinachosaidia maji ya watu na wanyama hasa wa misafara. ===Maji ya mvua=== Mvua ikionyesha unaweza kutokea kwa wingi. Maji yake hukusanyika katika mabonde na kutokea kama mto wa muda. Kuna mifano mingi ya wasafiri jangwani waliokufa kwa sababu walipiga kambi katika bonde penye kivuli lakini walizama kwa sababu mto mkali ulijitokeza kwa ghafla kutokana na mvua ulionyesha katika umbali mkubwa. Sehemu nyingine mvua husababisha kutokea kwa mbwawa hata maziwa kwa muda. ===Mito inayopita jangwa=== Mito kadhaa kama [[Nile]] ina maji ya kutosha ili ivuke neo la jangwa. Inawezesha maisha ya mimea, wanyama na watu katika mabonde yao. Mito mingine inakwisha jangwani kwa sababu maji yote hupotea na kuvukiza. Mfano wake ni [[delta]] ya mto wa [[Okavango]] unaokwisha katika jangwa la [[Kalahari]] huko [[Botswana]]. Delta hii ni eneo la mimea na wanyama wengi katikati ya jangwa. Mto wa [[Ewaso Nyiro]] katika [[Kenya]] ya kaskazini kwa kawaida hukwisha katika nchi yabisi za [[Usamburu]]. Lakini kila baada ya miaka makumi kadhaa baada ya mvua kubwa sana inaendelea kuvuka jangwa la [[Somalia]] ya kusini na kufikia [[Bahari Hindi]] jinsi ilvyotokea wakati wa [[El-Nino]] 1998. <!-- ==Mimea jangwani== --> <!-- ==Wanyama jangwani== --> {{mbegu}} [[Category:Majangwa|*]] [[Category:Jiografia]] [[ar:صحراء]] [[bg:Пустиня]] [[bs:Pustinja]] [[ca:Desert]] [[cs:Poušť]] [[cy:Anialwch]] [[da:Ørken]] [[de:Wüste]] [[en:Desert]] [[et:Kõrb]] [[es:Desierto]] [[eo:Dezerto]] [[fa:بیابان]] [[fr:Désert]] [[fy:Woastyn]] [[ga:Fásach]] [[gl:Deserto]] [[ko:사막]] [[hr:Pustinja]] [[io:Dezerto]] [[is:Eyðimörk]] [[it:Deserto]] [[he:מדבר]] [[la:Desertus]] [[lt:Dykuma]] [[lb:Wüst]] [[hu:Sivatag]] [[mk:Пустина]] [[nl:Woestijn]] [[ja:砂漠]] [[no:Ørken]] [[pl:Pustynia]] [[pt:Deserto]] [[ro:Deşert]] [[ru:Пустыня]] [[sh:Pustinja]] [[simple:Desert]] [[sk:Púšť]] [[sl:Puščava]] [[sr:Пустиња]] [[fi:Aavikko]] [[sv:Öken]] [[ta:பாலைவனம்]] [[vi:Sa mạc]] [[tr:Çöl]] [[uk:Пустеля]] [[zh:沙漠]] 2616 10260 2006-05-29T18:31:06Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Regnbyge.jpg|240px|thumb|right|[[Dhoruba]] ya mvua]] '''Usimbishaji''' ni maji yanayonyesha kutoka hewa ardhini. Maji haya ni pamoja na [[mvua]], [[theluji]], [[mvua mawe]] na [[umande]]. Usimbishaji unaanza pale ambako [[hewa]] lenye joto na [[mvuke]] hupanda juu. Juu zaidi halijoto yake inapungua na mvuke ndani ya hewa unaanza kutonesha na kuwa matone ya maji. Kila [[wingu]] hufanywa na matone mengi madogo yanayoendelea kuelea hewani pamoja. Upepo inakoroga matone yale madogo mpaka yanagongana na kuunganika hivyo kukua. Kama matone ni makubwa ya kutosha yanaanza kuanguka chini kama mvua, theluji au mvua mawe. Hali inategemea halijoto katika mawingu na hewani pale matone yanapotelemka. Kiasi cha usimbishaji ni muhimu kwa ajili ya tabia za hali ya hewa katika nchi au eneo fulani. ==Kufanya mvua kwa mitambo== Watu wameanza kufanya mvua kwa kukamua mawingu. Hapa punje ndogo za iodidi ya fedha zinatupwa mawinguni kwa njia ya [[ndege]] au ma[[kombora]] zinazokuwa viini vya kutonesha mvuke na kusababisha matone kukua hadi mvua kunyesha. Teknolojia hii inatumika katika maeneo makavu. Yanatumika pia katika maeneo ya kilimo ili kuzuia mvua mawe isiharibu mavuno. [[Image:Usimbishaji wa maji.png|thumb|800px|[[Dura ya maji]] duniani]] [[Category:Metorolojia]] [[bg:Валеж]] [[cs:Srážky]] [[da:Nedbør]] [[de:Niederschlag]] [[en:Precipitation (meteorology)]] [[es:Precipitación]] [[eo:Precipitaĵo]] [[fr:Précipitation]] [[he:משקעים]] [[ja:降水]] [[nl:Neerslag (atmosfeer)]] [[no:Nedbør]] [[nn:Nedbør]] [[pl:Opad atmosferyczny]] [[pt:Precipitação (meteorologia)]] [[simple:Precipitation]] [[fi:Sadanta]] [[sv:Nederbörd]] [[uk:Атмосферні опади]] [[zh:降水]] [[sl: padavine]] 2617 9020 2006-04-29T12:12:53Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Jiografia]] 2618 9025 2006-04-29T12:49:55Z Kipala 107 '''Uvukizaji''' katika [[fizikia]] ni mwendo wa [[uwoevu]] (majimaji) kuwa [[gesi]]. Kama [[molekuli]] katika uowevu zinapashwa moto mwendo wao unaongezeka. Zinagonganagongana na kuwa mbali zaidi hadi kuwa gesi. Katika [[metorolojia]] uvukizaji ni hasa mwendo wa maji kuwa mvuke na gesi. Mwendo huu ni nguvu muhimu sana katika [[dura ya maji]] duniani. Maji ya baharini au unyevu nchini yanapashwa moto hasa na mishale ya jua kuwa mvuke unaopanda juu kuwa mawingu. [[Category:Fisikia]] [[Category:Metorolojia]] {{mbegu}} [[cs:Vypařování]] [[da:Evaporation]] [[de:Verdampfen]] [[et:Aurumine]] [[en:evaporation]] [[es:Evaporación]] [[fr:Évaporation]] [[he:התאיידות]] [[it:Evaporazione]] [[lt:Garavimas]] [[nl:Verdamping]] [[ja:蒸発]] [[nn:fordamping]] [[pl:Parowanie]] [[pt:Evaporação]] [[simple:Evaporation]] [[sl:Izhlapevanje]] [[fi:Haihtuminen]] [[sv:Avdunstning]] [[zh:蒸发]] 2619 9027 2006-04-29T14:08:17Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Afrika]] 2620 11015 2006-06-20T17:13:54Z Kipala 107 {{Infobox_Country| native_name = &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1605;&#1604;&#1603;&#1577; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1594;&#1585;&#1576;&#1610;&#1577;<br>''Al Mamlakah al Maghribīyah'' | conventional_long_name = Ufalme wa Moroko | common_name = Moroko | image_flag = Flag of Morocco.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Morocco.png | image_map = LocationMorocco.png | national_motto = &#1575;&#1604;&#1604;&#1607;&#1548; &#1575;&#1604;&#1608;&#1591;&#1606;&#1548;&#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1604;&#1603;<br>(Allāh, al Waţan, al Malik = Mungu, Taifa, Mfalme)| national_anthem = [[Wimbo la Sharifa]] | official_languages = [[Kiarabu]] | capital = [[Rabat]] | latd=34|latm=02|latNS=Kas|longd=6|longm=51|longEW=Magh| largest_city = [[Casablanca]] | government_type= [[Ufalme wa kikatiba]] | leader_titles = [[Mfalme wa Moroko|Mfalme]]<br>[[Waziri Mkuu wa Morocco|Waziri Mkuu]] | leader_names = [[Mohammad VI wa Moroko|Mohammad VI]] <br> [[Driss Jettou]] | area_rank = ya 56 | area_magnitude = 1_E10 | area=446,550 | areami²= 172,414 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] -->| percent_water = Kidogo sana | population_estimate = 32,725,847 | population_estimate_year = July 2005 | population_estimate_rank = ya 36 | population_census=| population_census_year=| population_density = 66.8 | population_densitymi² =173.0 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] -->| population_density_rank=96| GDP_PPP_year= 2005 | GDP_PPP = $139.5 billion<!--cia.gov --> | GDP_PPP_rank = ya 38 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $4,300 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ya 145 | HDI_year = 2003 | HDI = 0.631 | HDI_rank = 124th | HDI_category = <font color="#FFCC00">medium</font> | sovereignty_type = [[Uhuru]]| established_events =- Kutoka [[Ufaransa]]<br>- Kutoka [[Hispania]]| established_dates =<br>[[Machi 2]], [[1956]]<br> [[Aprili 7]], [[1956]] | currency = [[Dirham ya Moroko|Dirham]] | currency_code = MAD | time_zone= [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] | utc_offset= +0 | time_zone_DST= [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] | utc_offset_DST= +0 | cctld= .ma | calling_code = 212 | footnotes = Namba zote bila Sahara ya Magharibi }} [[Image:Mo-map.png|thumb|left|250px|Ramani ya Moroko - mpaka wa kusini haueleweki kimataifa]] '''Moroko''' (Ufalme wa Moroko ([[Kiarabu]]: المملكة المغربية al-mamlaka al-maghribiya "ufalme wa magharibi") ni nchi ya [[Afrika ya Kaskazini]]-Magharibi. Jina la "Moroko" limetokana na mji mkuu wa kale [[Marakesh]]. Imepakana na [[bahari]] za [[Atlantiki]] na [[Mediteranea]]; barani na [[Algeria]] na [[Mauretania]]. Maeneo ya [[Hispania|Kihispania]] ya [[Ceuta]] na [[Melilla]] ni ndani ya eneo la Moroko kwenye pwani la Mediteranea. Mpaka wa kusini haueleweki vizuri kwa sababu Moroko inadai ya kwamba [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] ni sehemu ya eneo lake hali isiyokubaliwa na jumuiya ya kimataifa tangu Moroko ilivamia Sahara ya Kusini mwaka 1975. ==Jiografia== Eneo la Moroko ni 446,550 km². Sehemu kubwa ni [[jangwa]] la [[Sahara]]. Watu walio wengi huishi kwenye sehemu za rutba karibu na pwani. Kuna milima inayofunika maeneo makubwa. Milima ya [[Rif]] inaongozana na pwani la Mediteranea yenye mwelekeo kutoka kaskazini-magharibi kwenda kazkazini-mashariki. Milima ya [[Atlas]] iko katikati ya nchi kutoka kusini-magharibi kwenda kaskazini-mashariki. ==Wakazi== Mnamo 60 % (Januari 2005) za wakazi milioni 32.7 huishi mjini. Kiasili wakazi wengi ni [[Waberber]] na [[Waarabu]], pamoja watu wa asili ya [[Andalusia]] (Hispania) na wa [[Afrika]] kusini ya Sahara. Waberber ndio wenyeji asilia. Kaskazini ya nchi ambayo kitovu chake ni [[Fes]] ina zaidi tabia ya Kiarabu, kusini ambayo kitovu chake ni Marakesh zaidi ya Kiberber. Walio wengi sana (99%) ni [[Waislamu]] [[Wasunni]], wengine [[Wayahudi]] na [[Wakristo]]. Wayahudi waliwahi kuwa wengi kidogo lakini idadi yao imepungua katika miaka ya nyuma kutokana na uhamiaji hata kama hali yao katika taifa ni nzuri kulingana na nchi nyingine za Kiarabu. Wakristo karibu wote ni wa asili ya Kiulaya. ===Miji mikubwa=== Mji mkuu ni [[Rabat]] mwenye wakazi milioni 1.2. Mji mkubwa ni [[Casablanca]] (Kiarabu: الدار البيضاء dar al-baiDa = nyumba nyeupe). Miji yote miwili mikubwa ni miji ya badari. [[Image:Marokko_von_Spanien-5.jpg|thumbnail|left|Pwani la Moroko jinsi inavyoonekana kutoka [[Hispania]] kupitia mlango wa bahari wa [[Gibraltar]]]] Miji mitano mikubwa ni kama ifuatayo (namba za sensa ya 2004): *1. Casablanca: wakazi 2.933.684 *2. Rabat: wakazi 1.622.860 *3. Fès: wakazi 946.815 *4. Marakesh: wakazi 823.154 *5. Agadir: wakazi 678.596 ===Lugha=== Lugha rasmi ya nchi ni [[Kiarabu]]. Waberber wengi hasa kaskazini waliacha lugha yao na kutumia Kiarabu alkini walileta maneno yao katika lahaja ya Kiarabu cha Kimaroko. ==Historia== Makala: [[Historia ya Moroko]] ===Moroko ya Kale=== Habari za kimaandishi ya kwanza ni kutoka karne za kwanza [[KK]]. [[Wafinisia]] walijenga miji yao pwani lakini eneo la ndani ilikuwa nchi ya [[Waberber]] waliounda [[ufalme wa Mauretania]] ya Kale. Kaskazini ya nchi ikawa jimbo la Kiroma la "[[Mauretania Tingitana]]". Ikaona baadaye uvamizi wa [[Wavandali]]. ===Uvamizi wa Kiarabu=== Karne ya saba ilileta uvamizi wa [[Waarabu]] walioteka nchi na kusababisha Waberber kuwa Waislamu polepole. Wakati wa milki ya khalifa ya Kiabasiya [[Idris ibn Abdallah]] (788-791) alikusanya makabila ya Waberber na kuunda milki ya kujitegemea. Hii ilikuwa mwanzo wa Maroko kuwa milki ya Kiislamu ya kujitawala. ===Murabitun na Muwahidun=== Wafalme wa Wamurabitun (Almoravi)(1073-1147) na Wamuwahidun (Almohad) (1147-1269) walieneza utawala wao hadi Afrika ya Magharibi na juu ya sehemu kubwa ya [[Andalusia]] ([[Hispania]]), hata hadi mipaka ya [[Misri]]. Athira ya milki ya Moroko ilipungua baadaye hadi Hispania yote imerudishwa kwa watawala wakristo mwaka 1492; pia utawala kusini ya [[Sahara]] haukuendelea. [[Wareno]] wa Wahispania waliendelea kuteka miji kwenye pwani za Moroko. Utawala wa Hispania juu ya [[Ceuta]] na [[Melilla]] ni mabaki ya nyakati zile. ===Waalawi (1666 hadi leo)=== Katika karne ya 17 familia ya Waalawi walishika mamlaka wakaendelea nayo hadi leo. Waliweza kutunza uhuru wa nchi hadi mwanzo wa karne ya 20 BK. Lakini mwanzo wa karne ya 20 [[Ufaransa]] na Hispania walimlazimisha mfalme [[Mulay Abdelaziz]] kukubali mkataba uliofanya Moroko kuwa kama [[koloni]] chini ya nchi hizo mbili. [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]] ilidhoofisha Ufaransa pamoja na kuingia kwa wanajeshi Waamerika na Waingereza na ahadi zao za kuleta uhuru tokeo lililohamasisha wazalendo wa Maroko kupigania upya uhuru wa nchi. Baada ya vita Wafaransa walijaribu kukandamiza mwendo huo wakamwondoa Sultani [[Mohammed V]] nchini 1953. Ghasia ikaongezeka, Sultani Muhammad V akarudi nchi ikapewa uhuri mwaka 1956. Utawala wa mwanake [[Hassan II]] kuanzia mwaka 1961 uliitwa "miaka ya risasi" kwa sababu mfalme alikataa kukubali utaratibu wa kidemokrasia. Uchaguzi zilikuwa za uwongo wapinzani wakatupwa jela au kuuawa. Hassan II alishinda majaribio mbalimbali za kumpindua. Siasa ya kushikamana na [[Marekani]] ilimsaidia mfalme kimataifa lakini baada ya mwisho wa "[[vita baridi]]" alilazimishwa na Wamarekani kulegea utawala wake. Mtoto wake [[Muhamad VI]] akawa mfalme kijana 1999 akaanza matengenezo ya kisiasa ya wazi zaidi. [[Category:Moroko]] [[Category:Nchi za Kiarabu]] [[Category:Nchi za Kiberber]] [[Category:Afrika ya Kaskazini]] {{Afrika}} [[af:Marokko]] [[am:ሞሮኮ]] [[ang:Morocco]] [[ar:المغرب]] [[an:Marruecos]] [[ast:Marruecos]] [[zh-min-nan:Morocco]] [[bs:Maroko]] [[bg:Мароко]] [[ca:Marroc]] [[cs:Maroko]] [[cy:Moroco]] [[da:Marokko]] [[de:Marokko]] [[et:Maroko]] [[el:Μαρόκο]] [[es:Marruecos]] [[eo:Maroko]] [[eu:Maroko]] [[fa:مراکش]] [[fr:Maroc]] [[gd:Maroc]] [[gl:Marrocos - المغرب]] [[ko:모로코]] [[hr:Maroko]] [[io:Maroko]] [[id:Maroko]] [[is:Marokkó]] [[it:Marocco]] [[he:מרוקו]] [[ka:მაროკო]] [[ks:मोराको]] [[kw:Marokk]] [[la:Marocum]] [[lv:Maroka]] [[lb:Marokko]] [[lt:Marokas]] [[li:Marokko]] [[hu:Marokkó]] [[mk:Мароко]] [[ms:Maghribi]] [[nl:Marokko]] [[ja:モロッコ]] [[no:Marokko]] [[nn:Marokko]] [[oc:Marròc]] [[nds:Marokko]] [[pl:Maroko]] [[pt:Marrocos]] [[ro:Maroc]] [[ru:Марокко]] [[sa:मोराको]] [[sq:Maroku]] [[scn:Maroccu]] [[simple:Morocco]] [[sk:Maroko]] [[sl:Maroko]] [[sr:Мароко]] [[sh:Maroko]] [[fi:Marokko]] [[sv:Marocko]] [[tl:Morocco]] [[th:ประเทศโมร็อกโก]] [[tr:Fas]] [[uk:Марокко]] [[vi:Maroc]] [[wa:Marok]] [[zh:摩洛哥]] Moulay Abdelaziz 2621 11435 2006-06-27T17:03:21Z Kipala 107 '''Historia ya [[Moroko]]''' ==Moroko ya kale== Habari za kwanza za kimaandishi ni kuhusi [[Wafinisia]] waliounda miji yao kwenye pwani za Mediteranea pia za Moroko ya leo. Walikuta Waberber walioendelea kutawala sehemu za ndani. Kuanzia karne ya pili [[KK]] ulijotokeza ufalme wa Kiberber wa Mauretania (usichanganye na nchi ya kisasa [[Mauretania]]) uliounganisha sehemu kubwa ya Moroko ya kaskazini. Wamauretania wa kale walishirikiana na [[Dola la Roma]] hadi kuwa jimbo la dola hili. Eneo la Moroko ya Kiroma liliitwa "[[Mauretania Tingitana]]". Wakati wa kudhoofika kwa Dola la Roma kuanzia mwaka 400 [[BK]] eneo la kaskazini lilivamiwa na Wavandali. ==Uvamizi wa Kiarabu== Kuanzia karne ya saba [[BK]] Waarabu walifika wakateka Afrika ya Kaskazini yote. Katika karne zilizofuata Waberber waliokuwa Wayahudi, Wakristo au wafuasi wa dini za kiasili wakawa Waislamu. Mwanzoni Moroko ilikuwa sehemu ya [[milki ya khalifa]] ya [[Waomawiyya]] waliotawala Dameski. Baada ya kupinduliwa kwa Waomawiyya na [[Waabasiya]] wa Baghdad mkimbizi Mwarabu [[Idris ibn Abdallah]] (788-791) alikusanya makabila ya Waberber na kuunda milki ya kujitegemea. Hii ilikuwa mwanzo wa Maroko kuwa milki ya Kiislamu ya kujitawala. ==Watawala wa kienyeji== Vipindi vya historia husebabiwa kufuatana na familia zilizofuatana za wafalme Waarabu au Waberber. [[Image:Almoravid-empire-01.svg|thumb|300px|Eneo la utawala wa Wamurabitun]] Moroko ilitawaliwa na familia za (miaka BK) * Waidrisi (780-974) * Wamaghrawa (987-1070) * Wamurabitun (Almoravi)(1073-1147) * Wamuwahidun (Almohad) (1147-1269) * Wamarini (1258-1420) * Wawattasi (1420-1547) * Wasaadi (1554-1659) * Waalawi (1666 hadi leo) ==Murabitun na Muwahidun== Wakati wa Wamurabitun utawala wao ulipanuka kusini hadi [[Mauretania]], [[Senegal]] na [[Mali]] ya leo. Kaskazini walitawala sehemu kubwa ya [[Hispania ya Kiislamu]]. Wamuwahidun waliendelea kupanuka kuelekea Misri lakini baadaye walidhoofika wakapaswa kuwaachia Wahispania Wakristo sehemu za Andalusia. Athira ya milki ya Moroko iliendelea kupungua hadi Hispania yote imerudishwa kwa watawala wakristo mwaka 1492; pia utawala kusini ya Sahara haukuendelea. Wareno wa Wahispania waliendelea kuteka miji kwenye pwani za Moroko. Utawala wa Hispania juu ya [[Ceuta]] na [[Melilla]] ni mabaki ya nyakati zile. ==Waalawi (1666 hadi leo)== Katika karne ya 17 familia ya Waalawi walishika mamlaka wakaendelea nayo hadi leo. Waliweza kutunza uhuru wa nchi hadi mwanzo wa karne ya 20 BK. Lakini mwanzo wa karne ya 20 [[Ufaransa]] na Hispania walimlazimisha mfalme Moulay Abdelaziz kukubali mkataba uliofanya Moroko kuwa kama koloni chini ya nchi hizo mbili. [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]] ilidhoofisha Ufaransa pamoja na kuingia kwa wanajeshi Waamerika na Waingereza na ahadi zao za kuleta uhuru tokeo lililohamasisha wazalendo wa Maroko kupigania upya uhuru wa nchi. Baada ya vita Wafaransa walijaribu kukandamiza mwendo huo wakamwondoa Sultani Mohammed V nchini 1953. Ghasia ikaongezeka, Sultani Muhammad V akarudi nchi ikapewa uhuri mwaka 1956. Utawala wa mwanake [[Hassan II]] kuanzia mwaka 1961 uliitwa "miaka ya risasi" kwa sababu mfalme alikataa kukubali utaratibu wa kidemokrasia. Uchaguzi zilikuwa za uwongo wapinzani wakatupwa jela au kuuawa. Hassan II alishinda majaribio mbalimbali za kumpindua. Siasa ya kushikamana na Marekani ilimsaidia mfalme kimataifa lakini baada ya mwisho wa "[[vita baridi]]" alilazimishwa na Wamarekani kulegea utawala wake. Mtoto wake [[Muhamad VI]] akawa mfalme kijana 1999 akaanza matengenezo ya kisiasa ya wazi zaidi. [[Category:Historia ya Moroko]] [[ar:تاريخ المغرب]] [[de:Geschichte Marokkos]] [[en:History of Morocco]] [[es:Historia de Marruecos]] [[fr:Histoire du Maroc]] [[pl:Historia Maroka]] [[pt:História de Marrocos]] [[sr:Историја Марока]] [[sv:Marockos historia]] [[zh:摩洛哥历史]] 2622 9040 2006-04-29T20:01:33Z Kipala 107 Makala: Historia ya Moroko umehamishwa hapa Historia ya Moroko: kosa wakati wa kuunda kiungo #REDIRECT [[Historia ya Moroko]] 2624 9103 2006-05-01T11:13:14Z Matt Crypto 20 sasa Commons [[Image:Kruus ja veerised 2005.jpg|thumb|250px|Changarawe kando la mtoni]] '''Changarawe''' ni mawe madogo. Kama ukubwa wa kila kijiwe ni chini ya 2 [[mm]] ndipo [[mchanga]]. Kama ni kubwa zaidi kuliko 60-75 mm (kawaida hutofautiana kati ya nchi na nchi) si changarawe tena ni [[jiwe]]. Changarawe imetokea kutokana na [[mmomonyoko]] wa mawe au [[mwamba]]. Idadi kubwa ya changarawe hutokana na mmomonyoko katika mito. Njia nyingine ni mmomonyoko wa [[barafuto]]. Changarawe inapatikana pia kama miamba au mawe makubwa yanaanguka mlimani na kupasuka. Changarawe ni jambo muhimu katika ujenzi. Kama kokoto inatumika chini ya barabara au kuchanganywa na simiti kwa ajili ya misingi ya majengo. [[Category:Jiografia]] [[da:Grus]] [[de:Kies]] [[et:Kruus]] [[he:חצץ]] [[lt:Žvyras]] [[nl:Gravel]] [[ja:礫]] [[no:Grus]] [[nn:Grus]] [[pl:Żwir]] [[ru:Гравий]] [[sv:Grus]] 2626 9112 2006-05-01T13:29:28Z Matt Crypto 20 [[Image:DuneAtDarsz BalticSea.jpg|thumb|250px|Tuta la mchanga kwenye pwani la [[Baltiki]] linaloshikwa na manyasi]] [[Image:Sossusvlei01.png|thumb|right|250px|Tuta la mchanga huko Sossusvlei, [[Namibia]]]] [[Image:Dunes.jpg|thumb|250px|Matuta ya mchanga kwenye [[Sahara]], [[Algeria]]]] '''Tuta la mchanga''' ni kilima cha [[mchanga]] kilichojengwa na [[upepo]] kwa kupuliza na kusukuma punje za mchanga. Kama halishikwi na mimea inaweza kuhamahama. Matuta ya mchanga hutokea penye mchanga usiofunikwa na udongo au mimea ya kutosha. Mifano ni: *''Kando la bahari:'' mahali pengi ufukoni ni kawaida kuwa na mstari mmoja au miwili ya matuta ya mchanga kando la maji. *''Jangwani:'' penye [[jangwa]] la mchanga maeneo makubwa yanaweza kutokea kama matuta ya mchanga. Matuta ya mchanga ni hatari kwa ajili ya binadamu kwa sababu yanaweza kufunika mashamba, nyumba hata kijiji kizima. Kama upepo ni mkali yanaweza kuhama mita makumi kila nafasi ya dhoruba. Kuna majaribio mengi ya kusimamisha matuta yasihame. Njia mojawapo ni kupanda manyasi katika maeneo penye mvua wa kutosha. Hii ni kazi inayohitaji uangilifu. Lazima kurudia kupanda pale ambako majani yamekufa. Lazima kuzuia wanyama na watu wasikanyage kati ya manyasi haya. Mradi wa kuhifadhi mazingira ya [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] unasaidia miradi ya aina hii kote duniani. [[Category:Jiografia]] [[bg:Дюна]] [[ca:Duna]] [[cs:Písečná duna]] [[da:Klit]] [[de:Düne]] [[en:Dune]] [[et:Luide]] [[es:Duna]] [[eo:Duno]] [[fa:ریگ روان]] [[fr:Dune]] [[gl:Duna]] [[it:Duna]] [[he:חולית (דיונה)]] [[lt:Kopa]] [[mk:Дина]] [[nl:Duin (geografie)]] [[ja:砂丘]] [[no:Sanddyne]] [[nn:Sanddyne]] [[pl:Wydma]] [[pt:Duna]] [[ru:Дюна (песчаный холм)]] [[fi:Dyyni]] [[sv:Sanddyn]] 2627 10778 2006-06-13T03:39:54Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Sahara satellite.jpg|thumb|250px|Sahara jinsi inavyoonekana kutoka angani]] [[Image:Libyen-oase1.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Oasisi]] katika Sahara (Libya)]] [[Image:Sahara desert.jpg|thumb|250px|[[tuta la mchanga|Matuta ya mchanga]] katika Sahara]] [[Image:Irrigation in the Heart of the Sahara.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Kumwagilia mashamba katikati ya Sahara]] '''Sahara''' ni [[jangwa]] kubwa katika [[Afrika ya Kaskazini]] na [[Afrika ya Magharibi]] pia ni jangwa kubwa kabisa duniani. Ina eneo la 9,065,000 km² sawa na eneo la [[Marekani]] au karibu sawa na eneo lote ya [[Ulaya]]. Jina lake ni neno la kiarabu (صحراء sahra' ) linalomaananisha "jangwa". Wataalamu wa [[jiografia]] huamini ya kwamba haikuwepo wakati wote. Kutokana na utafiti wa dalili katika udongo na mawe yake eneo la Sahara katika [[milenia]] zilizopita lilikuwa na mfululizo wa vipindi vya ukame na vipindi vya mvua. ==Eneo== Sahara iko kaskazini ya Afrika. Imepakana na nchi za Moroko, Algeria, Tunesia na Libya upande wa kaskazini. Upande wa kusini ni nchi za kanda la [[Sahel]]. Upande wa magharibi Sahara inaaza kwenye pwani la [[Atlantiki]] ikielekea hadi pwani la [[Bahari ya Shamu]] kwa 5000 km. [[Oasisi]] wa mto wa [[Nile]] inakata eneo lake. Nchi zenye sehemu kubwa ya maeneo yao katika Sahara ni hizi: [[Misri]], [[Libya]], [[Mali]], [[Niger]], [[Chad]], [[Sudan]], [[Mauretania]], [[Sahara ya Magharibi]], [[Moroko]], [[Algeria]] und [[Tunisia]]. ==Jiografia== [[Hali ya hewa]] ni la [[joto]] na [[yabisi]]. Halijoti ni kati ya +58 °C wakati wa mchana ikishuka usiku hadi +13 °C (mlimani hadi -10 °C). Wastani ya mvua katika Sahara ni 45.5 mm kwa mwaka lakini kuna miaka bila mvua wowote. Kuna milima mikubwa kama milima ya [[Ahaggar]], [[Tibesti]] na [[Aïr]]. Mlima mrefu ni Emi Koussi (3415 m) kwenye milima ya Tibesti katika [[Chad]]. ==Jiolojia== Sahari haikuwa jangwa wakati wote. Michoro ya watu wa zamani inaonekana katika milima ya Tibesti na Air inayoonesha watu wavindaji na wanayama kama [[viboko]] na [[mamba]] wanaohitaji maji mengi. Wataalamu wamegundua kutokana na utafiti wa mawe na udongo ya kwamba eneo la Sahara ilikuwa na vipindi vikavu na vipindi vya mvua mwingi. Mnamo miaka 7000 iliyopita Sahara ilikuwa eneo nusu yabisi penye maji katika mito mirefu. Labda inawezekana kuilinganisha na Kenya ya Kaskazini ya leo. Watu walivinda na kufuga wanyama. Mnamo miaka 5000 iliyopita Sahara ilikauka kufikia hali yabisi kama leo. Lakini maji ya mvua ya nyakati zile bado yapo chini ya ardhi. Misri na Libya ina miradi mikubwa kutumia maji yale kwa pampu na kuanza kilimo jangwani kabisa. [[Category:Majangwa]] [[Category:Afrika]] [[an:Disierto d'o Sajara]] [[ar:صحراء كبرى]] [[bg:Сахара]] [[ca:Sàhara]] [[cy:Sahara]] [[cs:Sahara]] [[da:Sahara]] [[de:Sahara]] [[en:Sahara]] [[et:Sahara]] [[es:Desierto del Sahara]] [[eo:Saharo]] [[fr:Désert du Sahara]] [[ga:An Sahára]] [[gl:Deserto do Sáhara]] [[ko:사하라 사막]] [[io:Sahara]] [[id:Sahara]] [[is:Sahara]] [[it:Deserto del Sahara]] [[he:מדבר סהרה]] [[hu:Szahara sivatag]] [[lt:Sachara]] [[lv:Sahāras tuksnesis]] [[mk:Сахара]] [[nl:Sahara]] [[ja:サハラ砂漠]] [[pih:Sahara]] [[pl:Sahara]] [[pt:Deserto do Saara]] [[ro:Deşertul Sahara]] [[ru:Пустыня Сахара]] [[scn:Sahara]] [[simple:Sahara Desert]] [[sl:Sahara]] [[sr:Сахара]] [[fi:Sahara]] [[sv:Sahara]] [[ta:சஹாரா]] [[th:ทะเลทรายซาฮารา]] [[wa:Sara]] [[zh:撒哈拉沙漠]] 2628 9910 2006-05-22T07:00:44Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[zh:西谏早站]] [[Image:Nishiisahaya.jpg|230px|thumb|Nishi Isahaya kituo]] '''Nishi Isahaya kituo'''(西諫早駅,にしいさはやえき) ni kituo cha Ujapani. {{mbegu}} [[en:Nishi-Isahaya Station]] [[ja:西諫早駅]] [[zh:西谏早站]] 2629 9317 2006-05-05T16:02:33Z Oliver Stegen 160 {{boxboxtop|Lugha}} {{user sw-1}} {{boxboxbottom}} Naitwa Oliver Stegen, nimetoka Ujerumani lakini nimekaa Tanzania tangu mwaka wa 1996. Nafanya kazi kama mshauri wa kiisimu, na lengo langu ni kukuza matumizi ya lugha za Tanzania. Kwa hiyo nitajitahidi kusaidia ujenzi wa Wikipedia ya Kiswahili. :[Bahati mbaya kuanzia leo sitakuwa na njia rahisi ya kuingia mtandaoni mpaka mwezi wa Julai. --[[User:Oliver Stegen|Oliver Stegen]] 16:02, 5 May 2006 (UTC)] 2630 9092 2006-05-01T08:39:51Z Matt Crypto 20 [[Category:Jiografia]] [[Category:Jiografia]] 2631 11114 2006-06-21T13:27:28Z Oliver Stegen 160 Karibu sana! [[User:Matt Cr--[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 10:29, 27 May 2006 (UTC)ypto|Matt Crypto]] 11:07, 1 May 2006 (UTC) :Asante kwa kunikaribisha. Tena asante kwa kuendeleza na kuboresha makala yangu kuhusu Mwinyi. [[User:Oliver Stegen|Oliver Stegen]] 22:07, 1 Mei 2006 (GMT) ::Naunga mkono karibu hiyo!! Karibu sana! --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 21:58, 1 May 2006 (UTC) :::Jamani - ajabu! Umewezaje kupakia makala 70 katika muda wa saa moja???? Hongera. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 21:03, 22 May 2006 (UTC) :TABASAMU KUBWA! Sikuweza kuingia mtandao kwa wiki mbili. Kwa hiyo niliendelea kutafsiri tu. Sasa nanakilisha makala zangu tu. Ndiyo maana! Na asante kwa hongera! --[[User:Oliver Stegen|Oliver Stegen]] 21:07, 22 May 2006 (UTC) :Sasa, kwa leo nimemaliza. Na msifikiri ningeweza kuendelea na mwendo huo. Itanichukua angalao wiki chache tena. Haya, tukazane! --[[User:Oliver Stegen|Oliver Stegen]] 21:20, 22 May 2006 (UTC) ==Tuzo Nobel== Nimejaribu kubadilisha orodha yako kwa kuwapanga wenye tuzo kwa fani zao. Haikuwa vigumu naongeza orodha hizi. Je ungepata nafasi ukiendelea kama unaweza kuongeza "Category:Tuzo Nobel ya Fizikia (/Kenia/ na kadhalika..)" --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 12:11, 24 May 2006 (UTC) ::Oliver, salamu. Naona unaendelea kulima shamba la Nobel. Umeona ya kwamba nimebadilisha orodha ya "Fasihi". Labda ni njia nyepesi ukitumia mfano wa http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry halafu kuiweka katika hali "edit", kuinakili katika programu yako ya kuandika, na kusahihisha kwa njia ya "tafuta - badilisha". Nahisi ya kwamba kazi ni ndogo kuliko kuongeza kila jina tena katika orodha nilizotengeneza awali. Pia utakuwa umeshapata majina yote (isipokuwa kusahihisha majina ya Kiarabu n.k. nilivyofanya na Nagib Mahfuz). Kwa bahati mbaya sina muda karibuni. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 10:29, 27 May 2006 (UTC) :::Niongeze: Masahihisho ya orodha la Kiingereza kwa Kemia / Fizikia si rahisi kama fasihi lakini kusahihisha nchi si kitu sana kwa sababu ni nchi chache. Nguzo ya sababu ama tuache mwanzoni kwa Kiingereza na kuitafsiri polepole au kuifuta. '''Karibu tena!''' Nimeanza kusikia upweke kwenye sw:wikipedia tena siku zinazokuja sitakuwa na muda mwingi. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 13:23, 21 Juni 2006 (UTC) :Asante! Nimepata nafasi wakati ninapokaa hapa Dodoma kwa siku chache. Lakini kuanzia wiki ijayo nitatoweka tena kwa wiki kadhaa. --[[User:Oliver Stegen|Oliver Stegen]] 13:27, 21 Juni 2006 (UTC) 2632 9110 2006-05-01T13:15:51Z Matt Crypto 20 Nishi Isahaya kituo umehamishwa hapa Kituo cha Nishi Isahaya #REDIRECT [[Kituo cha Nishi Isahaya]] 2633 9162 2006-05-02T03:01:44Z Yosef 144 {{Infobox Country| native_name = ''République Gabonaise'' | conventional_long_name = Jamhuri ya Gabon | common_name = Gabon | image_flag = Flag of Gabon.svg | image_coat = Flag coa.png | national_motto = Union, Travail, Justice<br><small>([[Lugha ya Kifaransa|Kifaransa]]: Umoja, Kazi, Haki)</small> | image_map = LocationGabon.png | national_anthem = ''[[La Concorde]]''<br><small>([[Lugha ya Kifaransa|Kifaransa]]:</small> | official_languages = [[Lugha ya Kifaransa|Kifaransa]] | capital = [[Libreville]]| government_type = [[Jamhuri]] | leader_titles = [[Raise wa Gabon|Raise]]<br>[[Waziri Mkuu wa Gabon|Waziri Mkuu]]| leader_names = [[Omar Bongo]]<br>[[Jean Eyeghe Ndong]]| largest_city = [[Libreville]] | area =267,667 | areami² = 103,319 | area_rank = 74 | area_magnitude = 1 E11 | percent_water = - | population_estimate = 1,389,201 | population_estimate_year = Julai 2005 | population_estimate_rank = 152 | population_census = ''haiko'' | population_census_year = ? | population_density = 5.2 | population_densitymi² = 13.4 | population_density_rank = 183 | GDP_PPP_year = 2005 | GDP_PPP = $8.031 Billioni <sup>1</sup> | GDP_PPP_rank = 112 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $5,800 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 84 | HDI_year = 2003 | HDI = 0.635 | HDI_rank = 123 | HDI_category =<span style="color:#fc0">medium</span> | sovereignty_type = [[Uhuru]] | established_events = Kutoka [[Ufaransa]] | established_dates = [[August 17]] [[1960]]| currency = [[CFA franc]]| currency_code = XAF | time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | cctld = [[.ga]] | calling_code = 241 [[Río Muni]]| footnotes = }} '''Jamhuri ya Gabon''' au '''Gabon''', ni nchi [[Afrika]] magharibi ya kati. Ime pakana na [[Guinea ya Ikweta]], [[Kamerun]], [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] na [[Guba ya Guinea]]. Gabon kutoka kushinda uhuru kutoka [[Ufaransa]] mnamo [[Agosti 17]], [[1960]], Jamhuri hii imeongozwa na Rais wa wili, [[Autokrat]]; Aliyeshikilia [[Omar Bongo|El Hadj Omar Bongo]] amekua kwa uongozi kutoka mwaka wa [[1967]] na hivi leo (2006) yeye ndiye kiongozi Afrika aliyeshikilia uongozi kwa mda mrefu. Gabon ilianza demokrasia ya vyama vingi na katiba ya kidemokrasia mwaka wa [[1990]]- ambayo inaruhusu ukweli wa uchaguzi na utekelezaji wa idara za serikali. Nchi hii ina, umma mdogo, madini na mali kwa wingi, na wahifadhi biashara kutoka nchi za kigeni wameweza kufanya Gabon iwe nchi moja eneo hii ya Afrika yenye maedeleo na neema. == Historia == {{Tako|Historia ya Gabon}} == Siasa == {{Tako|Siasa za Gabon}} [[Image:Bongo and Bush.jpg|thumb|kushoto| Raise [[Omar Bongo]] Ondimba wa Gabon (kushoto) wakiwa Washington, USA]] == Eneo za Gabon == {{Tako la Kifungu|[[Mikoa ya Gabon]] na [[Wilaya za Gabon]]}} Gabon imegawa kwa [[Mikoa]] 9 na [[wilaya]] 37 ambazo (''départements''). [[Mikoa ya Gabon|Mikoa]] ni: [[Mkoa wa Estuaire|Estuaire]], [[Haut-Ogooué]], [[Moyen-Ogooué]], [[Ngounié]], [[Mkoa wa Nyanga|Nyanga]], [[Ogooué-Ivindo]], [[Ogooué-Lolo]], [[Ogooué-Maritime]], na [[Woleu-Ntem]]. {{Uchambuzi|[[Wilaya za Gabon]]}} == Jiografia == {{Tako|Jiografia ya Gabon}} [[Image:Chancery.jpg|thumb|Nyumba ya baraza, [[Libreville]]]] == Uchumi == {{Tako|Uchumi wa Gabon}} [[Image:Gabon sm04.png|thumb|right|270px|Ramani ya Gabon]]Gabon ni nchi yenye neema sana kuliko nchi jirani, [[Uchumi]] wake hasa chummo cha uchumi kwa umma ni mara nne ya nchi za [[Afrika kusini mwa sahara]]. Hii hasa ni kwa sababu ya utolezi wa [[Mafuta]] ambayo imeleta utajiri na mali, lakini usabazi wa mali hii ya mafuta bado umedhoofika. Gabon ilikua moja kwa [[Muungano wa Nchi Zinazouza Mafuta (OPEC)]] kutoka mwaka wa 1975 mbaka 1995. Karne ya 1990, [[Udhoofu wa Pesa]] [[CFA frank]] iliwacha Gabon kwa shida ya kulipa [[deni za kimataifa]]; [[Ufaransa]] na [[Wakopeshi wa Kimataifa (IMF)]] wamewapa Gabon mkopo na usaidizi kwa uelewano kwamba Gabon itageuza Uchumi wake barabara. == Watu na Ukoo == {{Tako|Ukoo wa Gabon}} Karibu wa Gabono wote ni wa Ukoo wa [[Bantu]]. Gabon hasaa ina kabila 40 ambazo zina utamaduni na lugha tafauti. [[Beti-Pahuin#Fang|Wafang]] wakiwa ndio kabila kubwa zaidi nchini Gabo, wengine ni [[Wamyene]], [[Wabandjabi]], [[Waeshira]], [[Wabapounou]], na [[Waokande]]. Lugha ya [[Lugha ya Kifaransa|Kifaransa]], ndiye [[Lugha rasmi]] ya Taifa ambayo hutumika kwa mawasiliano. [[Wafaransa]] 10,000 waishi Gabon, na Ufaransa ya athari mabo ya kigeni utamaduni na biashara nchini Gabon. Yasemekana mambo ya mazingira kafanya umma wa Gabon kuto panda kwa sensa kati ya karne [[1900]] na [[1940]]. Ni nchi ambayo ina Umma mdogo zaidi Afrika, na upungufu wa wafanya kazi ni moja wapo ya mambo inayofanya hasa uchumi kuto vuma zaidi. Umma hasa kwa ujumla yasemekana ni kama watu milioni moja (1) lakini mambo haya yamebaki bila kuwazuliwa. == Utamaduni == {{Tako|Utamaduni wa Gabon}} * [[Bwiti]] * [[Kabila za Gabon]] * [[Orotha ya Waadishi Waafrika (kwa nchi)#Gabon|Orotha ya Waadishi wakutoka Gabon] * [[Muziki wa Gabon]] ==Shauri kiwazowazo== * [[Mawasiliano Gabon]] * [[Mambo ya Kigeni ya Gabon]] * [[Orotha ya Ushauri wa Gabon]] * [[Orotha ya kampuni za Gabon]] * [[Jeshi ya Gabon]] * [[Stampu za barua na historia ya Gabon]] * [[Usafirisaji Gabon]] * [[Fédération Gabonaise du Scoutisme]] ==wangaalizi== * David E. Gardinier and Douglas A. Yates, [http://www.scarecrowpress.com/ISBN/0810849186 Historia elekezo ya Gabon, tolezi ya 3.] (The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2006) * [[David E. Gardinier]], ''Kamusi ya Historia ya Gabon'', tolezi ya 2. (The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1994) – kazi inayohusu maelezo biografia ya vifaa 1,453 * James F. Barnes, ''Gabon: Beyond the Colonial Legacy'' (Boulder: Westview, 1992) ==viungo via nnje== {{uhusiano|Gabon}} ===serikali=== *[http://www.legabon.org Le Gabon : makala rasmi ya Jamhuri ya Gabon] *[http://www.assemblee.ga/ Assemblée Nationale du Gabon] makala rasmi. *[http://gabon.embassyhomepage.com/ Gabonese Embassy in London] arithio za serikali *[http://www.senat.ga/ Le Sénat de la République Gabonaise] makala rasmi (kwa kifaransa) ===Habari=== * [http://allafrica.com/gabon/ AllAfrica.com - ''Gabon''] viungo via taarifa ya habari ===Uchambuzi=== *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1023203.stm BBC News Country Profile - ''Gabon''] * [http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/gb.html (kitabu cha wa dadisi wa Amerika - ''Gabon''] ===Ukoo na kabila=== * [http://www.pygmies.info/ Baka watu wafupi wa kamerun na gabon] Utamaduni na wakazi wa kwanza Gabon ===Maelekezo=== * [http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Gabon/ Open Directory Project - ''Gabon''] maelekezo *[http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/gabon.html( chuo kikuu cha Stanford – Afrika kusini mwa sahara: ''Gabon''] maelekezo *[http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Country_Specific/Gabon.html(chuo kikuu cha Pennsylvania – Ustadi wa-Afrika: ''Gabon''] maelekezo * [http://dir.yahoo.com/Regional/Countries/Gabon/ Yahoo! - ''Gabon''] directory category ===Utalii=== *{{wikisafiri}} {{Afrika}} [[Category:Muungano wa Afrika]] [[Category:Amani na uhifadhi]] [[Category:Gabon| ]] [[af:Gaboen]] [[am:ጋቦን]] [[ar:الغابون]] [[zh-min-nan:Gabon]] [[bn:গ্যাবন]] [[bs:Gabon]] [[ca:Gabon]] [[cs:Gabon]] [[cy:Gabon]] [[da:Gabon]] [[de:Gabun]] [[et:Gabon]] [[es:Gabón]] [[eo:Gabono]] [[eu:Gabon]] [[fr:Gabon]] [[gl:Gabón - Gabon]] [[ko:가봉]] [[hr:Gabon]] [[io:Gabon]] [[id:Gabon]] [[is:Gabon]] [[it:Gabon]] [[he:גבון]] [[lv:Gabona]] [[lt:Gabonas]] [[li:Gabon]] [[hu:Gabon]] [[kw:Gabon]] [[ms:Gabon]] [[nl:Gabon]] [[nds:Gabun]] [[ja:ガボン]] [[no:Gabon]] [[nn:Gabon]] [[oc:Categoria:Gabon]] [[pl:Gabon]] [[pt:Gabão]] [[ro:Gabon]] [[ru:Габон]] [[sa:गाबोन]] [[simple:Gabon]] [[sq:Gaboni]] [[sk:Gabon]] [[sl:Gabon]] [[sr:Габон]] [[fi:Gabon]] [[sv:Gabon]] [[tl:Gabon]] [[th:ประเทศกาบอง]] [[tpi:Gabon]] [[tr:Gabon]] [[uk:Габон]] [[vi:Gabon]] [[yi:גאַבאָן]] [[zh:加蓬]] 2634 9159 2006-05-01T23:26:30Z Oliver Stegen 160 Maana ya '''utendi''' ni aina ya [[ushairi]], tena ni [[tanzu]] mojawapo ya [[fasihi simulizi]]. Kwa kawaida, utendi husimulia maisha na matendo ya mhusika [[shujaa]] au wa [[kisasili|visasili]]. Kule [[Ulaya]], kuna tendi kama ''wimbo wa [[Troya]]'', ''wimbo wa [[Odisei]]'' na wimbo wa kabila la ''[[Nibelungi]]''; tena kule [[Uhindi]] k.m. kuna ''wimbo wa [[Mahabharata]]''. Hizo zote mara nyingi hudondolewa kama mifano ya utendi. Siku hizi hata [[riwaya]] au filamu, hasa kama ni ndefu sana pamoja na wahusika wengi au nyakati nyingi, huitwa utendi. [[Category:Fasihi]] 2635 10767 2006-06-12T11:44:25Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[fr:Ali Hassan Mwinyi]] '''Ali Hassan Mwinyi''' (amezaliwa 8 Mei 1925) alikuwa Rais wa Pili wa Tanzania kuanzia 1985 hadi 1995. Aliyemtangulia ni [[Mwalimu Julius Nyerere]], na aliyemfuata ni [[Benjamin Mkapa]]. Kabla hajachaguliwa kuwa Rais, Mwinyi alikuwa Waziri wa Mambo ya Ndani na Makamu Rais. Pia alikuwa mwenyekiti wa [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi]] (CCM) kuanzia 1990 hadi 1996. Mwinyi alizaliwa kwenye kisiwa cha [[Unguja]] (Zanzibar). Wakati wa urais wa Mwinyi, sera za [[Ujamaa]] zilianza kugeuzwa. Badala yake sera za [[soko huru]] zilianzishwa, masharti ya kuingiza bidhaa kutoka nchi za nje yalipunguzwa na uanzishaji wa biashara ya watu binafsi ulihamasishwa. Mwaka wa 1991, uanzishaji wa vyama vingi uliruhusiwa. Sera za soko huru za Mwinyi zimeendelezwa chini ya Rais Benjamin Mkapa. Mwinyi mwenyewe, baada ya kustaafu, hakujiingiza katika mambo ya siasa tena. Anaendelea kuishi huko [[Dar es Salaam]]. [[Category:Marais wa Tanzania|Mwinyi, Ali Hassan]] [[de:Ali Hassan Mwinyi]] [[en:Ali Hassan Mwinyi]] [[fr:Ali Hassan Mwinyi]] [[ja:アリ・ハッサン・ムウィニ]] 2636 9140 2006-05-01T21:49:38Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Hamed bin Mohammed el Murjebi]] 2637 9198 2006-05-02T14:56:57Z Kipala 107 Mji wa '''Kondoa''' ni mji mkuu wa Wilaya ya Kondoa, wilaya mojawapo ya [[Mkoa wa Dodoma]]. Mji ulianza kama kituo cha biashara katika karne ya 19. Msikiti wa kwanza ulijengwa mwaka wa 1885. Mwaka wa 1910, kanisa la kwanza lilijengwa. Ndani ya wilaya ya Kondoa kuna vijiji zaidi ya 180. Makabila makuu ni [[Warangi]], [[Wasandawe]], [[Waburunge]] na [[Wasi]]. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Miji ya Tanzania]] 2638 9144 2006-05-01T21:55:35Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Tippu_Tip.jpg|right|Hamed bin Mohammed el Marjebi (Tippu Tip)]] '''Hamed bin Mohammed el Murjebi''' ([[1837]] - [[1905]]) amejulikana zaidi kwa jina la '''Tippu Tip'''. Alikuwa mfanyabiashara mashuhuri katika [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] na Kati wakati wa karne ya 19. Babake alikuwa mfanyabiashara Mwarabu Muhammed bin Juma, mamake aliitwa Nyaso. Hamed aliingia katika shughuli za biashara tangu umri wa miaka 12 akafaulu katika [[biashara ya misafara]] kati ya [[Zanzibar]] na [[Kongo]]. Alipanga misafara ya ma[[hamali]] waelfu akipeleka bidhaa kutoka [[Bagamoyo]] kupitia [[Tabora]] hadi [[Ujiji]] kwa [[Ziwa Tanganyika]] na ndani ya [[Kongo]]. Bidhaa alizobeba alitumia kujipatia pembe za ndovu na watumwa; watumwa walisaidia kubeba [[pembe za ndovu]] njia ya kurudi hadi pwani. Hemed alitajirika sana. Athira yake ilipanuka katika Kongo ya Mashariki hadi alitawala eneo kubwa sana. Hemed akapata jina huko [[Ulaya]] kwa sababu alikutana na wasafiri na wapelelezi Wazungu kama [[David Livingstone]], [[Veney Cameron]], [[Henry Morton Stanley]], [[Eduard Schnitzer]] (Emin Pascha), [[Hermann von Wissmann]] na [[Wilhelm Junker]] ambao mara nyingi walipata misaada muhimu kutoka kwake. [[Wabelgiji]] walipoanza kujenga ukoloni wao Kongo walimkuta kama mtawala wa Kongo ya Mashariki wakapatana naye na kumpa cheo cha gavana ya Mkoa wa Chutes Stanley ("maporomoko ya Stanley", leo [[Kisangani]]) mwaka 1887 alichoshika kwa miaka michache. Mabadiliko ya ukoloni yaliharibu biashara yake akarudi Zanzibar 1890/91 alipobaki bila misafari mipya hadi kifo chake mwaka 1905. Jina lake linajulikana kama mfano kwa mabaya ya [[biashara ya watumwa]] iliyoharibu maeneo makubwa huko Kongo kabla ya mwanzo wa ukoloni. Yeye mwenyewe aliona watumwa ni sehemu tu ya biashara yake akitajirika hasa na biashara ya pembe za ndovu. Hamed bin Mohammed el Marjebi amejipatia nafasi katika historia ya Afrika ya Mashariki kwa kuandika [[tawasifu]] au kumbukumbu ya maisha yake yeye mwenyewe. Katika lugha ya [[Kiswahili]] ni mfano wa kwanza wa tawasifu. Pia ni mfano wa pekee wa kumbukumbu ya kimaandishi ya matokeo ya siku zile zisizoandikwa na Mzungu lakini ny mwenyeji. ==Marejeo== Maisha ya Hamed bin Mohammed el Murjebi yaani Tippu Tip kwa maneno yake mwenyewe, kimefasiriwa na W.H. Whitely (toleo la Kiswahili - Kiingereza), East Africa Literature Bureau 1974 [[en:Tippu Tib]] [[de:Tippu-Tip]] [[fr:Tippo Tip]] [[sv:Tippu Tip]] 2639 9157 2006-05-01T23:24:04Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Wachaga''' ni kabila moja la [[Tanzania]] ambalo huongea [[lugha za Kibantu|lugha ya Kibantu]]. Idadi yao imekadiriwa kuwa takriban milioni mbili. Wanaishi kwenye miinamo ya Mlima wa [[Kilimanjaro]] na ya Mlima wa [[Meru]], tena wanakaa katika maeneo ya [[Moshi]]. Wachaga walikuwa baadhi ya makabila ya kwanza hapa Tanzania kupokea dini ya [[Ukristo]]; kwa hiyo walipata elimu na huduma ya afya mapema. Siku hizi Wachaga wengi wameelimika vizuri, nao ni matajiri. Utajiri wao pia umechangiwa na hali ya hewa inayofaa kwa kilimo pamoja na mfumo wa umwagiliaji na uwekaji mbolea. Wachaga wanaotesha kahawa kama zao la biashara, na chakula kuu chao ni matoke. Kwa jumla, Wachaga wamejitahidi sana katika kilimo na biashara. [[Category:Watu]] 2640 9156 2006-05-01T23:21:29Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Niger-Congo.png|right|350px|thumb|Ramani hii inaonyesha enezi la lugha za Kibantu (rangi ya manjano nzito) kulingana na lugha nyingine za Niger-Congo (rangi ya manjano kali).]] '''Lugha za Kibantu''' ni kundi la lugha ambalo liko tawi moja la [[lugha za Niger-Congo]]. Lugha za Kibantu huzungumzwa katika nchi za [[Kamerun]], [[Nigeria]], [[Gabon]], [[Guinea ya Ikweta]], [[Kongo]] zote mbili, [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], [[Uganda]], [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], [[Angola]], [[Zambia]], [[Malawi]], [[Msumbiji]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], na [[Afrika ya Kusini]]. Enezi hilo linaonyesha kwamba kundi la lugha za Kibantu ni kubwa kabisa barani mwa [[Afrika]], na idadi ya wasemaji Wabantu ni takriban milioni 310. Neno la '''Bantu''', maana yake ni ''watu'' katika lugha nyingi za Kibantu. Shina lake ni ''-ntu'', na [[kiambishi awali]] cha ''ba-'' kinaonyesha [[uwingi]]. Kwa sababu hiyo, mtaalamu [[Wilhelm Heinrich Immanuel Bleek]] (aliyeishi 1827 hadi 1875) alitumia neno la '''Bantu''' kwa kurejea kundi la lugha hizo. Bleek alilinganisha [[sarufi]] za lugha mbalimbali za Kibantu, na baadaye [[Carl Meinhof]] alimfuata katika utafiti huo. Kuna mamia ya lugha za Kibantu; wataalamu wengine wanahesabu 300, wengine wanahesabu 600. Mtaalamu [[Malcolm Guthrie]] aliziainisha kulingana na maeneo ya kijiografia. Kila eneo limepata herufi yake&mdash;A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, L, M, N, P, R na S&mdash;na ndani ya kila eneo kuna tarakimu tena. Pia, Guthrie alichunguza [[lugha ya nasaba]] ambayo ni chanzo cha lugha zote za Kibantu. [[Category:Lugha]] [[ast:Llingües del grupu bantú]] [[da:Kategori:Bantusprog]] [[de:Bantusprachen]] [[en:Bantu languages]] [[et:Bantu keeled]] [[es:Lenguas bantúes]] [[fa:زبان‌های بانتو]] [[fr:Langues bantoues]] [[kg:Bandinga ya kibantu]] [[sw:Kibantu, lugha]] [[lt:Bantų kalbos]] [[nl:Bantoetalen]] [[no:Bantuspråk]] [[nn:Bantuspråk]] [[pl:Języki bantu]] [[pt:Línguas bantus]] [[sr:Банту (језик)]] [[fi:Bantukielet]] [[sv:Bantuspråk]] 2641 9154 2006-05-01T22:56:16Z Oliver Stegen 160 Salaam, naomba angalia [[Kibantu, lugha]] - labda kuna kitu (historia ya uenezi??) kinachoweza kuingia katika makala yako mapya. Matt: baada ya kuunganisha makala heri kufuta maandishi ya makala yangu lakini tuiache kama ukurasa wa "Redirect" kwa sababu kuna tayari viungo kwa kurasa za lugha mbalimbali... --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 22:34, 1 May 2006 (UTC) :Samahani. Niliangalia lakini sikufaulu kugundua makala yako. Nitajitahidi kuwa makini zaidi mara ijayo ... --[[User:Oliver Stegen|Oliver Stegen]] 22:42, 1 Mei 2006 (UTC) ::Si kitu. Kinachosaidia ukikumbuka kuweka viungo kwa malugha mengine kila safari; inapunguza kazi ya Matt (anayenyoshanyosha makala baadaye..) pia inakuonyesha ya kwamba kuna kiungo cha Kiswahili tayari - kama kipo utaona kiungo cha sw mwishoni ... Hivyo jinsi nilivyotambua mimi, sijakumbuka tena ya kwamba nilikuwa nimeshaandika kitu kidogo. Lakini mielekeo ya makala ni tofauti kidogo, kwa hiyo napendekeza chukua kile unachopenda kutoka makala nyingine halafu futa maandishi mengine uweke "#REDIRECT [[Lugha za Kibantu]]" --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 22:50, 1 May 2006 (UTC) :Pole sana lakini sijaelewa (ich bin kein Computer-Freak oder Programmierer). Kwa sasa nitafuata orodha yako ya "makala za msingi" na kuzitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya Kiingereza. Nitaanza kesho tena. Kwa leo nasema 'Usiku mwema'! [[User:Oliver Stegen|Oliver Stegen]] 22:56, 1 May 2006 (UTC) 2642 9166 2006-05-02T03:50:47Z Yosef 144 ==Yosef== Karibu: Mimi naitwa yosef, na ninapenda Kiswahili. Kiswahili kitukuzwe, kweni ni lugha ya Taifa. Kiswahili ni lugha ambayo imesambakaa sana Afrika. Kutoka guba la aden, somalia hadi visiwa via komoro, kuvuka musumbiji, malawi, kongo na uganda. Mzunguko huo waonyesha usambakaa wa kiswahili hata kabla ukoloni ufike Afrika, Miaka karne elfu kadhaa za kuendeleza kiswahili sio mbaya. 2643 9169 2006-05-02T05:19:41Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Gabon]] 2644 10958 2006-06-18T22:59:53Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[et:Abuja]] [[Image:Locator Map Abuja-Nigeria.png|right|thumbnails|250px|Mahali pa Abuja kule Nigeria]] '''Abuja''' ni [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Nigeria]]. Idadi ya wakazi wake imekadiriwa kuwa watu 178,462 [http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&geo=-158&srt=npan&col=aohdq&pt=c&va=x]. Mwaka wa 1976, serikali ya Nigeria iliamua kuanzisha mji mkuu mpya badala ya [[Lagos]]. Wakachagua mahali katikati ya nchi, na mipango ya ujenzi ikaundwa chini ya makampuni matatu ya Marekani: PRC Corporation; Wallace, McHarg, Roberts na Todd; na Archisystems. Mipango hiyo ikabadilishwa baadaye na [[Kenzo Tange]], msanifu majengo maarufu wa Japani. Abuja ikatangazwa kuwa mji mkuu wa Nigeria rasmi tarehe 12 Desemba 1991. Iko mahali pa 9, 10, Kaskazini na 7, 10, Mashariki. [http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html] Balozi za nchi nyingi zikahamishwa Abuja kutoka Lagos. ==Historia== Sifa muhimu ya Abuja ni Mlima wa Aso ambao ni mwamba ulio na urefu wa mita 400. Upande wa kusini wa mlima huo, kuna Ikulu ya Rais, Bunge la Nigeria, Mahakama Makuu na sehemu nyingi za mji. Majengo maarufu mengine ni Msikiti wa Taifa (''Nigerian National Mosque'') na Kanisa Kuu la Madhehebu (''National Ecumenical Centre Cathedral''). Kuna kiwanja cha ndege cha kimataifa (''Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport''), karibu na Mlima wa Zuma. Sehemu nyingine za mji hazijajengwa ilivyopangwa, na majengo mengi yanaendelea kujengwa. Mji wa Abuja unagombea kuwa mahali pa Michezo ya Jumuiya ya Madola kwa mwaka wa 2014 (''2014 Commonwealth Games''). ==Marejeo ya nje== * [http://www.fct.gov.ng/ Official site of Nigeria's Federal Capital Territory (FCT) and City of Abuja] * [http://omcea.be/195304,abuja,nigeria,capitol/ Makala ya WorldPress inayohusu mabadiliko kwenye Abuja] *[http://www.fct.gov.ng/NR/rdonlyres/CA6FA9F5-EF96-4F79-84DB-3E654C67388C/0/release_on_commonwealth_game_2014.pdf/ Abuja Bid Announcement] * [http://www.geocities.com/seelagos1/ Picha kutoka Abuja] * [http://www.proav.de/photopages/abuja// Picha za Abuja] [[Category:Miji ya Nigeria]] [[Category: Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[ca:Abuja]] [[cs:Abuja]] [[da:Abuja]] [[de:Abuja]] [[en:Abuja]] [[eo:Abuĝo]] [[es:Abuya]] [[et:Abuja]] [[fi:Abuja]] [[fr:Abuja]] [[he:אבוג'ה]] [[id:Abuja]] [[io:Abuja]] [[it:Abuja]] [[ja:アブジャ]] [[ko:아부자]] [[lt:Abudža]] [[nl:Abuja]] [[nn:Abuja]] [[no:Abuja]] [[os:Абуджа]] [[pl:Abudża]] [[pt:Abuja]] [[ru:Абуджа]] [[sk:Abuja]] [[sv:Abuja]] [[uk:Абуджа]] [[zh:阿布贾]] 2645 10937 2006-06-18T14:06:00Z Kipala 107 [[Image:IndonesiaJakarta.png|280px|Ramani ya Indonesia inayoonyesha mahali pa Jakarta]] '''Jakarta''' (zamani iliitwa '''Batavia''') ni [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Indonesia]]. Iko kwenye kisiwa cha [[Java]], na mahali pake ni 6, 11, Kusini, na 106, 50, Mashariki. Ukubwa wa eneo lake ni 661.52 km&sup2;. Idadi ya wakazi wake imekadiriwa kuwa 8,792,000 (mwaka wa 2004). [[Category:Miji ya Indonesia]] [[Category:Miji Mikuu Asia]] {{mbegu}} 2646 9181 2006-05-02T11:05:38Z Oliver Stegen 160 Nimeshindwa kuweka mshale pamoja na jina la Jakarta kwenye ramani ilivyoonyeshwa kwenye ukurasa wa Kiingereza en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta. Kuna mtu ambaye angeweza kuziweka sawa? Asante! [[User:Oliver Stegen|Oliver Stegen]] 11:05, 2 May 2006 (UTC) 2647 11487 2006-06-29T09:59:22Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[fa:ویندهوک]] <big>'''Windhoek, Namibia'''</big> [[Image:Windhoek-Skyline.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Kitovu cha mji wa Windhoek]] '''Windhoek''' ni [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Namibia]], na iko mahali pa [http://kvaleberg.com/extensions/mapsources/index.php?params=22_56_S_17_09_E_ 22.56 S 17.09 E]. Idadi ya wakazi wake ni takriban 230,000. Mji huo ni kituo muhimu kwa biashara ya ngozi za kondoo. Zamani ulikuwa makao makuu ya mtemi wa kabila la [[Nama]] aliyewashinda kabila la [[Waherero]] wakati wa karne ya 19. Mwaka wa 1885, nchi ilivamiwa na wakoloni kutoka [[Ujerumani]], na mji wa Windhoek ukawa makao makuu ya serikali ya ukoloni mwaka wa 1892. Wakati wa [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia]] nchi ilivamiwa na majeshi ya Makaburu kutoka [[Afrika ya Kusini]] ambao wametawala nchi ya Namibia hadi mwaka wa 1990. Namibia ilipopata uhuru, mji wa Windhoek ukawa mji mkuu wa Jamhuri ya Namibia. [[Category: Miji ya Namibia]] [[Category: Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[Category: Namibia]] [[af:Windhoek]] [[ar:ويندهوك]] [[bg:Виндхук]] [[da:Windhoek]] [[de:Windhuk]] [[en:Windhoek]] [[es:Windhoek]] [[fa:ویندهوک]] [[fi:Windhoek]] [[fr:Windhoek]] [[he:וינדהוק]] [[id:Windhoek]] [[io:Windhoek]] [[it:Windhoek]] [[ja:ウィントフック]] [[ko:빈트후크]] [[lb:Windhoek]] [[mk:Виндхук]] [[nl:Windhoek]] [[no:Windhoek]] [[pl:Windhuk]] [[pt:Windhoek]] [[ro:Windhoek]] [[ru:Виндхук]] [[sk:Windhoek]] [[sl:Windhoek]] [[sr:Виндхук]] [[sv:Windhoek]] [[zh:温得和克]] 2648 9189 2006-05-02T13:25:46Z Ndesanjo 73 '''Koigi Wamwere''' ni mwanasiasa, mwanaharakati, na mwandishi toka nchini [[Kenya]]. Koigi alizaliwa mwaka 1949 huko [[Bahati]], wilaya ya [[Nakuru]]. Koigi anajulikana kwa upinzani wake dhidi ya serikali za [[Jomo Kenyatta]] na [[Daniel arap Moi]]. Koigi aliwekwa kizuizini na watawala hawa na baadaye alikimbilia uhamishoni nchini [[Norway]]miaka ya 80. Baada ya kurudi Kenya miaka ya 90, Koigi alikamatwa na kushtakiwa kwa madai ya kuhusika na uhaini na uporaji kwa kutumia silaha. Kutokana na kampeni kubwa ya kimataifa dhidi ya kesi hiyo ambayo ilichukuliwa kuwa na nia ya kumyamazisha, serikali ya Kenya ilimwachia huru. Koigi ni mwandishi wa vitabu na makala kadhaa. Vitabu vyake ni A Woman Reborn, Justice on Trial, na I Refuse to Die. Hivi sasa Koigi ni mbunge wa jimbo la [[Subukia]] na waziri msaidizi wa Habari katika serikali ya [[Mwai Kibaki]]. Koigi, ambaye huko nyuma alikuwa na nywele msokoto (dreadlocks), alinyoa nyewela zake baada ya kuangushwa kwa serikali ya chama cha [[KANU]] kutimiza ahadi yake kuwa atanyoa nywele baada ya ushindi dhidi ya chama hicho kupatikana. 2649 9190 2006-05-02T13:44:08Z Kipala 107 Oliver, nimebadilisha picha kidogo (usipopenda basi rudisha hali ya awali) ili nikuonyeshe mambo machache ilhali wewe ni mgeni: a) ukinakili picha na ukitaka maandishi yaonekane pamoja na picha: basi hakikisha ya kwamba |thumb| iko mara baada ya jina la picha yenyewe >> Image:Windhoek-Skyline.jpg|thumb|. Amri hii inasababisha mraba uonekane pamoja na nafasi ya maandishi.Maelezo ni mwisho kabisa. Nimeweka sasa "|Kitovu cha mji wa Windhoek" b) angalia unataka mwelekeo gani: left - center - right c) kuweka viungo : ukifungua makala tuseme ya Kiingereza - boyeza edit (kama ukitaka kuazima picha na kunakili mstari wake) - nenda mwishoni kabisa - utaona orodha ya viungo: [[af:Windhoek]] [[ar:ويندهوك]] [[da:Windhoek]][[de:Windhuk]] na kadhalika. sasa unanakili viungo vya lugha nyingine na kupachika katika makala yako mwisho kabisa. Unaweza kuongeza shughuli mbili: a) mara umeshafungua Kiingereza/edit basi weka mstari mpya baada ya "k" na ingiza kiungo chako kipya yaani "sw:Windhoek" halafu weka [[ ]] b) katika makala yako Kiingereza haimo (kwa sababu umenakili pale) kwa hiyo unafanya mstari mpya kwenye "e" na kuingiza "en:Windhoek" halafu [[ ]] Naona si vigumu hata usipojisikia mtaalamu wa mitambo nimeshaone unajifunza haraka sana - kwa maswali mengine mimi humwuliza Matt Crypto au Marcos. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 13:44, 2 May 2006 (UTC) 2650 11246 2006-06-24T12:20:02Z Ndesanjo 73 [[Image:ZM-Lusaka.png|right|thumb|225px|Mahali pa Lusaka katika nchi ya Zambia]] '''Lusaka''' ni [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Zambia]]. Jiji la Lusaka liko Kusini ya Kati ya Zambia, na mahali pake ni 15&deg;25' Kusini, 28&deg;17' Mashariki [http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html]. Iko futi 4200 (au mita 1400) juu ya [[UB]]. Idadi ya wakazi wake imekadiriwa kuwa watu 1,391,000 (mwaka wa 2000). Mji wa Lusaka ulianzishwa mwaka wa 1905 na wakoloni Wazungu kwenye mahali pa kijiji ambacho mwenyekiti wake aliitwa Lusaaka. Kwa vile Lusaka iko katikati ya nchi, mwaka wa 1935 wakoloni Waingereza walihamishia mji mkuu wao wa [[Rhodesia ya Kaskazini]] huko kutoka mji wa [[Livingstone, Zambia|Livingstone]]. Baada ya kupata uhuru, Lusaka ikaendelea kama mji mkuu wa Zambia hadi hivi sasa. Lusaka hufikika kupitia kiwanja cha ndege cha kimataifa (''Lusaka International Airport''), au kupitia garimoshi kwenye njia ya reli inayoelekea kutoka mji wa Livingstone kwenda mji wa [[Kitwe]]. ==Marejeo ya nje== * [http://www.zambiatourism.com/travel/cities/lusaka.htm Zambia Tourism page on Lusaka] * [http://www.zambiatourism.com/travel/maps/lusakacity.htm Ramani ya Lusaka] [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[Category:Miji ya Zambia]] [[de:Lusaka]] [[en:Lusaka]] [[es:Lusaka]] [[eo:Lusako]] [[fr:Lusaka]] [[ko:루사카]] [[io:Lusaka]] [[id:Lusaka]] [[is:Lúsaka]] [[it:Lusaka]] [[he:לוסקה]] [[sw:Lusaka]] [[lt:Lusaka]] [[nl:Lusaka]] [[ja:ルサカ]] [[no:Lusaka]] [[pl:Lusaka]] [[pt:Lusaka]] [[ru:Лусака]] [[sk:Lusaka]] [[fi:Lusaka]] [[sv:Lusaka]] [[zh:路沙卡]] 2651 9666 2006-05-14T22:28:01Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Dodoma (mji)]] 2652 9205 2006-05-02T15:36:12Z Kipala 107 Jiji la Zanzibar umehamishwa hapa Zanzibar (Jiji): Ufuatano wa a-b-c katika orodha kama Category miji ya TZ #REDIRECT [[Zanzibar (Jiji)]] 2653 9207 2006-05-02T15:36:12Z Kipala 107 Talk:Jiji la Zanzibar umehamishwa hapa Talk:Zanzibar (Jiji): Ufuatano wa a-b-c katika orodha kama Category miji ya TZ #REDIRECT [[Talk:Zanzibar (Jiji)]] 2654 9213 2006-05-02T18:06:03Z Yosef 144 /* Uchambuzi */ {{Infobox Country| native_name = ''República Democrática de São Tomé e Príncipe '' | conventional_long_name = Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Sao Tome na Principe | common_name = Sao tome na Principe | image_flag = Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg | image_coat = saoprinarms22.PNG | national_motto = <small> Hija hifadhiwa </small> | image_map = LocationSaoTomeAndPrincipe.png | national_anthem = ''[[Independência total]]''<br><small>([[Lugha ya Kireno|Kireno]] Uhuru kamili:</small> | official_languages = [[Lugha ya Kireno|Kireno]] | capital = [[São Tomé, São Tomé and Príncipe|São Tomé]]| government_type = [[Jamhuri]] | leader_titles = [[Raise wa Sao Tome na Principe|Raise]]<br>[[Waziri Mkuu wa Sao Tome na Prencipe|Waziri Mkuu]]| leader_names = [[Fradique de Menezes]] <br> [[Tomé Vera Cruz]]| largest_city = [[São Tomé, São Tomé and Príncipe|São Tomé]]| area =964 | areami² = 372 | area_rank = 169 | area_magnitude = | percent_water = 0% (kisiwa) | population_estimate = 169,000 | population_estimate_year = 2005 | population_estimate_rank = 173 | population_census = ''haiko'' | population_census_year = ? | population_density = 171 | population_densitymi² = 454 | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_year = 200 | GDP_PPP = $0.214 Billioni <sup>1</sup> | GDP_PPP_rank = 218 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,266 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 205 | HDI_year = 2003 | HDI = 0.604 | HDI_rank = 126 | HDI_category =<font color="#E0584E">medium</font> | sovereignty_type = [[Uhuru]] | established_events = &nbsp;- Date | established_dates = Kutoka [[Ureno]] <br> [[Julai 12]], [[1975]] | currency = [[São Tomé and Príncipe Dobra|Dobra]] | currency_code = STD | time_zone = [[Saa zilizo pagwa zadunia]] | utc_offset = +0 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | cctld = [[.st]] | calling_code = 239 | footnotes = }} '''[[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia]] ya São Tomé na Príncipe''' ni [[nchi kisiwa]] kidogo is kwa [[Guba ya Guinea]]. Yenyewe ina visiwa viwili: [[kisiwa cha São Tomé|São Tomé]] na [[kisiwa cha Príncipe|Príncipe]] kutamka kwa [[Lugha ya Kiswahili|kiswahili]]; ''Pi' /ri / n / si/ pe'' Ambapo visiwa hivi viwili vimetawanyika kilomita 140 na karibu kilomita 250 na 225 kutoka pwani ya [[Gabon]] kusini-mashariki. Visiwa vyote viwili ni mojawapo ya Miamba na [[milima]] na mabonde ya [[volkeno]] zilizowacha uzozo kale. São Tomé, kisiwa kilicho kusini zaidi hasaa kiko kwa [[Ikweta]]. kisiwa hichi kimenakili jina kutokana [[Tomas (Mtume)|Walii Tomas]] kwa sababu [[Wareno kwa karne ya Uvumbuzi|Wavumbuzi wa reno]] waliigunduwa kisiwa hichi siku kuu ya walii Tomas. ==Historia== {{Tako|Historia ya São Tomé na Príncipe}} == Siasa == ''Tako laKifungu: [[Siasa za São Tomé na Príncipe]]'' == Mikoa == [[Image:SaoTomePrincipe48081.jpeg|thumb|mahali pa Baraza]] ''Tako la kifungu: [[Mikoa ya São Tomé na Príncipe]]'' São Tomé na Príncipe imegawa kwa [[Mikoa]] 2: [[Príncipe]], [[São Tomé]]. Mikoa hii zaidi ikagawa kwa wilaya saba [[Wilaya za São Tomé na Príncipe|Wilaya]], sita ziko São Tomé na moja iko Príncipe. '''jua:''' Príncipe ina serikali madaraka kutoka [[Aprili 29]], [[1995]] == Jiografia == [[Image:Tp-map.png|thumb|Ramani ya São Tomé and Príncipe]] ''Tako la Kifungu: [[Jiografia ya São Tomé na Príncipe]]'' == Uchumi == ''Tako la Kifungu: [[Uchumi wa São Tomé na Príncipe]]'' == Watu na ukoo == ''Tako la Kifungu: [[Watu na Ukoo wa São Tomé na Príncipe]]'' == Utamaduni == ''Tako la Kifungu: [[Utamaduni wa São Tomé na Príncipe]]'' *[[Muziki wa São Tomé na Príncipe]] *[[Orotha ya Waadishi waafrika (kwa nchi)#São Tomé na Príncipe|orotha ya waadishi wa São Tomé na Príncipe]] == Shauri kiwazowazo == * [[Mawasiliano São Tomé na Príncipe]] * [[Mambo ya kigeni ya São Tomé na Príncipe]] * [[Siku kuu za São Tomé na Príncipe]] * [[orotha ya uchaguzi São Tomé and Príncipe|Uchaguzi São Tomé na Príncipe]] * [[Orotha ya Mawaziri wa mabo ya kigeni wa São Tomé na Príncipe|Waziri wa Mambo ya Kigeni wa São Tomé and Príncipe]] * [[Orotha ya Kampuni za São Tomé na Príncipe]] * [[Jeshi ya São Tomé na Príncipe]] * [[Usafirishaji São Tomé na Príncipe]] * [[Uskauti São Tomé e Príncipe]] == Viungo via nnnje == {{mashikilizi|São Tomé na Príncipe}} {{wikikamusi}} ===Serikali=== *[http://www.presidencia.st/ Presidência da República Democrática de São Tomé e Príncipe] - Jamhuri ya kidemokrasia ya São Tomé na Príncipe (makala rasmi, Ureno) *[http://www.anstp.st/ Assembleia Nacional de São Tomé e Príncipe] -Baraza la Taifa ya São Tomé na Príncipe (makala rasmi, kireno) *[http://www.ine.st/ Instituto Nacional de Estatística] - Chuo cha Taifa cha statistikia (kireno) *[http://saotome-principe.tripod.com/index.html São Tomé and Príncipe Government & Political Resources Page] ===Habari=== *[http://allafrica.com/saotomeandprincipe/ allAfrica - ''São Tomé na Príncipe''] ===Uchambuzi=== *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1064541.stm BBC News - Country Profile: Sao Tome na Principe] *[http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/tp.html (kitabu cha wadadisi wa Marekani) - Sao Tome na Principe] *[http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Sao_Tome_na_Principe/ kufungua muundo wa maelekezo - Sao Tome na Principe] maelekezo ===Utalii=== *{{wikitravel}} Agensia ya Usafiri (wenyeji) Navetur-Equatour [http://www.navetur-equatour.st/] ===Mazingira=== *[http://www.ggcg.st Wahifadhi mazingira guba la Guinea] ===Mambo mengine=== * Article on recent politics: [http://www.globeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20030716.wsaotome0716/BNStory/International/][http://www.guardian.co.uk/worldlatest/story/0,1280,-2913788,00.html] {{CPLP}} {{Afrika}} [[Category:São Tomé na Príncipe| ]] [[Category:Muungano wa Afrika]] [[Category:CPLP Wanachama]] [[Category:Ukoloni wa Wareno]] [[Category:Nchi kisiwa|Sao Tome na Principe]] [[af:São Tomé en Principe]] [[ar:ساو تومي وبرينسيبي]] [[an:San Tomé y Prenzipe]] [[zh-min-nan:Sèng Tomé kap Príncipe]] [[bs:Sao Tome i Principe]] [[bg:Сао Томе и Принсипи]] [[ca:São Tomé i Príncipe]] [[cs:Svatý Tomáš a Princův ostrov]] [[da:Sao Tome og Principe]] [[de:São Tomé und Príncipe]] [[et:São Tomé ja Príncipe]] [[es:Santo Tomé y Príncipe]] [[eo:Sao-Tomeo kaj Principeo]] [[fr:Sao Tomé-et-Principe]] [[gl:San Tomé e Príncipe - São Tomé e Príncipe]] [[ko:상투메 프린시페]] [[hr:Sveti Toma i Princip]] [[io:Sao Tome e Principe]] [[id:Sao Tome dan Principe]] [[is:Saó Tóme og Prinsípe]] [[it:São Tomé e Príncipe]] [[he:סאו טומה ופרינסיפה]] [[kw:São Tomé ha Príncipe]] [[la:Insulae Sancti Tomae et Principis]] [[lv:Santome un Prinsipi]] [[lt:San Tomė ir Prinsipė]] [[hu:São Tomé és Príncipe]] [[mk:Сао Томе и Принсипе]] [[ms:São Tomé dan Príncipe]] [[nl:Sao Tomé en Principe]] [[ja:サントメ・プリンシペ]] [[no:São Tomé og Príncipe]] [[nn:São Tomé og Príncipe]] [[oc:Sao Tomé e Principe]] [[nds:São Tomé un Príncipe]] [[pl:Wyspy Świętego Tomasza i Książęca]] [[pt:São Tomé e Príncipe]] [[ro:São Tomé şi Príncipe]] [[ru:Сан-Томе и Принсипи]] [[sq:Sao Tome dhe Principe]] [[simple:São Tomé and Príncipe]] [[sk:Svätý Tomáš (štát)]] [[sl:Sao Tome in Principe]] [[sr:Сао Томе и Принципе]] [[sh:Sveti Toma i Princip]] [[fi:São Tomé ja Príncipe]] [[sv:São Tomé och Príncipe]] [[tl:São Tomé at Príncipe]] [[tet:Saun Tomé no Prínsipe]] [[th:ประเทศเซาตูเมและปรินซิปี]] [[vi:São Tomé và Príncipe]] [[tr:Sao Tome ve Principe]] [[uk:Сан-Томе і Принсипі]] [[zh:圣多美普林西比]] 2655 10538 2006-06-03T22:11:22Z ChriKo 35 Sanduku la uainishaji {{Uainishaji | rangi = pink | jina = Kunguru | picha = Brown-necked_raven.jpg | upana_wa_picha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = [[Kunguru Shingo-kahawia]] | himaya = [[Animalia]] (Wanyama) | faila = [[Chordate|Chordata]] (Wanyama wenye ugwe wa neva mgongoni) | ngeli = [[Bird|Aves]] (Ndege) | oda = [[Passerine|Passeriformes]] (Ndege wimbaji) | familia = [[Corvidae]] (Ndege walio na mnasaba na kunguru) | jenasi = [[Corvus]] (Kunguru) | bingwa_wa_jenasi = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758 | spishi = Angalia katiba }} '''Kunguru''' ni [[ndege]] wa [[jenasi]] ''Corvus'' ndani ya [[familia]] [[Corvidae]] ambao ni wakubwa na weusi pengine na rangi ya weupe, majivu au kahawia. Hula nusura kila kitu: wanyama na ndege wadogo, [[mdudu|wadudu]], mizoga, [[tunda|matunda]], [[nafaka]] k.y.k. Hujenga matago yao juu ya miti au majabali. [[Spishi]] nyingine hujenga matago kwa makundi. ==Spishi za Afrika== * ''C. albicollis'', [[Kunguru Kisogo-cheupe]] (White-naped Raven) * ''C. albus'', [[Kunguru Rangi-mbili]] (Pied Crow) * ''C. capensis'', [[Kunguru Mwangapwani]] (Cape Rook or Cape Crow) * ''C. crassirostris'', [[Kunguru Domo-nene]] (Thick-billed Raven) * ''C. edithae'', [[Kunguru Somali]] (Somali Crow or Dwarf Raven) * ''C. rhipidurus'', [[Kunguru Mkia-mpana]] (Fan-tailed Raven) * ''C. ruficollis'', [[Kunguru Shingo-kahawia]] (Brown-necked Raven) * ''C. splendens'', [[Kunguru Bara-Hindi]] (Indian House Crow) ==Spishi za mabara mengine== * ''Corvus antipodum'' (New Zealand Raven) ** ''Corvus antipodum antipodum'' (North Island Raven) '''imekwisha sasa''' ** ''Corvus antipodum pycrafti'' (South Island Raven) '''imekwisha sasa''' * ''C. bennetti'' (Little Crow) * ''C. brachyrhynchos'' (American Crow) * ''C. caurinus'' (Northwestern Crow) * ''C. cornix'' (Hooded Crow) * ''C. corax'' (Common Raven) * ''C. corone'' (Carrion Crow) * ''C. coronoides'' (Australian Raven) * ''C. cryptoleucus'' (Chihuahuan Raven) * ''C. dauricus'' (Daurian Jackdaw) * ''C. frugilegus'' (Rook) * ''C. hawaiiensis'' (formerly ''C. tropicus'') (Hawaiian Crow or '''<!-- sic! apostrophe belongs here, it represents a glottal stop -->'Alala''') * ''C. imparatus'' (Tamaulipas Crow) * ''C. jamaicensis'' (Jamaican Crow) * ''C. macrorhynchos'' (Jungle Crow) * ''C. mellori'' (Little Raven) * ''C. monedula'' (Jackdaw) * ''C. moneduloides'' (New Caledonian crow) * ''Corvus moriorum'' (Chatham Islands Raven) '''imekwisha sasa''' * ''C. nasicus'' (Cuban Crow) * ''C. leucognaphalus'' (White-necked Crow) * ''C. orru'' (Torresian Crow) * ''C. ossifragus'' (Fish Crow) * ''C. palmarum'' (Palm Crow) * ''C. sinaloae'' (Sinaloan Crow) * ''C. tasmanicus'' (Forest Raven) ** ''C. t. boreus'' (Relict Raven) * ''C. torquatus'' (Collared Crow) * ''C. tristis'' (Grey Crow) * ''C. woodfordi'' (White-billed Crow) [[Category:Ndege]] [[pdc:Grabb]] [[de:Raben und Krähen]] [[en:Crow]] [[eo:Korvo]] [[es:Cuervo]] [[fa:کلاغ]] [[fr:Corvus]] [[he:עורב]] [[io:Kornilo]] [[ja:カラス]] [[ms:burung Gagak]] [[nl:kraaien]] [[pt:Corvo (ave)]] [[ru:Ворон (род)]] [[sv:Kråkor]] [[ta:காகம்]] [[zh:乌鸦]] 2656 9217 2006-05-02T22:53:31Z 172.176.153.14 {{Infobox_Country |native_name = <br>Republique du Mali |conventional_long_name = Jamhuri ya Mali |common_name = Mali |image_flag = Flag of Mali.svg |image_coat = Mali coa.png |image_map = LocationMali.png |national_motto = Taifa moja, Lengo moja, Imani moja (Kifaransa: Un peuple, un but, une foi) |national_anthem = Pour l'Afrique et pour toi, Mali (Kwa Afrika na kwako Mali) |official_languages = [[Kifaransa]] |capital = [[Bamako]] |latd=12 |latm=39 |latNS=N |longd=8 |longm=0 |longEW=W |largest_city = [[Bamako]] |government_type = [[Jamhuri ya ]] |leader_titles = [[List of Presidents of Mali|Rais]]<br>[[Heads of Government of Mali|Waziri Mkuu]] |leader_names = [[Amadou Toumani Touré]]<br>[[Ousmane Issoufi Maïga]] |area_rank = ya 24 |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |area= 1,240,278 <!--U.S. state dept state.gov --> |areami²= 474,764 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |percent_water = 1.6% |population_estimate = 12,291,529 <!--cia --> |population_estimate_rank = ya 67 |population_estimate_year = Julai 2005 |population_census = |population_census_year = |population_density = 9 |population_densitymi² = 26 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |population_density_rank = ya 174 |GDP_PPP = $11.83 billion <!--cia --> |GDP_PPP_rank = ya 135 |GDP_PPP_year= 2005 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,000 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 211th |sovereignty_type = [[History of Mali|Uhuru]] |established_events = Tarehe |established_dates = kutoka [[Ufaransa]]<br>[[Septemba 22]], [[1960]] |HDI = 0.333 |HDI_rank = 174th |HDI_year = 2003 |HDI_category = <font color="#E0584E">low</font> |currency = [[CFA franc]] |currency_code = XOF |country_code = MLI |time_zone = |utc_offset = 0 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = +1 |cctld = [[.ml]] |calling_code = 223 |footnotes = }} [[Image:Ml-map.png|thumb|left|250px|Ramani ya Mali]] '''Mali''' (République du Mali = Jamhuri ya Mali) ni nchi ya [[Afrika ya Magharibi]]. Imepakana na [[Algeria]], [[Mauretania]], [[Niger]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Cote d'Ivoire]] na [[Senegal]]. Haina pwani la [[bahari]]. Sehemu ya juu ni mlima wa Hombori Tondo (1155 m) iliyoko katikati ya nchi. Kaskazini sehemu kubwa la eneo la Mali ni [[jangwa]] la [[Sahara]]. Wakazi walio wengi huishi kusini karibu na mito ya [[Senegal (mto)|Senegal]] na [[Niger (mto)|Niger]]. ==Jiografia== Theluthi mbili za eneo la Niger ni jangwa. Maneneo mengine ni ya [[Sahel]] na [[Sudan (kanda la kijiografia)|kanda la Sudan]]. Sehemu za kusini ni hasa tambarare za bonde la mto Niger. [[Hali ya hewa]] ni tofauti kulingana na eneo. Kuna kanda tatu: * Kanda la jangwani kaskazini - [[usimbishaji]] chini ya 100 mm, yabisi na yabisi sana. Hapa wanaishi wafugaji pekee. * Kanda la Sahel: mbuga nusu yabisi inayobadilika kuwa savana kusini penye mvua zaid. Pana kilimo kando la mto Niger. * Kanda la Sudan lina usimbishaji wa 1400 mm kwa mwaka. Lina savana ilhali miti inaongezeka hadi kufika hali ya misitu kabisa katika kusini. Kuna malighafi kama vile dhahabu, urani, fosfati, kaolini, chumvi na chokaa. ==Wakazi, lugha, dini== Katika maeneo makubwa ya kaskazini wanaishi makabila ya [[Waberber]] hasa [[Mauri]] na [[Tuareg]] ambao ni wahamiaji. Ndio 10% ya wakazi wa nchi wakikalia asilimia kubwa ya eneo. Kikundi kikubwa ndio [[Wabambara]] (30%) katika eneo la [[mji mkuu]] [[Bamako]], halafu wako [[Wamalinké]], [[Wapeuls]], [[Wadogon]], [[Wasonghai]] na wengine. ===Lugha=== Kutokana na ukoloni [[Kifaransa]] kimekuwa lugha rasmi. [[Kibambara]] kinaeleweka na takriban 60% za wakazi. === Dini=== [[Uislamu]] ni [[dini]] kubwa nchini ya 85-90 % za wakazi. Wakristo Wakatoliki na Waprotestant ni labda 4%, wengine wanafuata dini asilia. Ibada na desturi asilia zinapatikana pia katika mazingira ya Waislamu. ==Historia ya Mali== Mali ina historia ndefu ambayo ni historia ya pamoja ya nchi za kanda la Sahel na kanda la Sudan. Zamani za [[Wafinisia]] na za [[Waroma]] palikuwa na mawasiliano ya biashara na nchi za [[Mediteranea]] kupitia wanafayabiashara Waberber walioelewa njia za Sahara. Uvamizi wa [[Wavandali]] katika Afrika ya Kaskazini ulivuruga mawasiliano haya. [[Image:Empire ghana.png|thumb|right|Dola la Ghana]] Baada ya uvamizi wa Waarabu na uenezaji wa Uislamu biashara ilianza upya. Ndio Waberber Waislamu walioingiza dini mpya hata kusini ya Sahara. Katika eneo la Mali ya leo pamoja nchi jirani ni hasa madola matatu makubwa yaliyotawala upande wa kusini wa njia za biashara iliyovuka Sahara. ===Dola la Ghana=== Dola la kwanza ilikuwa Dola la Ghana. Kuanzia karne ya 8 [[BK]] hadi mwaka 1076 lilitawala biashara ya dhahabu, pembe za ndovu na chumvi. Mji mkuu ulikuwa Kumbi Sale yenye wakazi 30,000 katika Mauretania ya leo. Taarifa za wanahistoria Waarabu zimeonyesha ufalme tajiri. Utamatuni wake haukuwa kiislamu bali kiafrika asilia. Mwisho wake ulianza wakati jeshi la [[Wamurabitun]] kutoka [[Moroko]] lilivuka jangwa na kuvamia Kumbi Sale. ===Dola la Mali=== [[Image:MALI empire map.PNG|thumb|Eneo la Dola la Mali]] Mali ilianza kama ufalme mdogo wa Wamalinke kando la Ghana. Wakati wa karne ya 13 ilianza kupanuka chini ya mfalme [[Sundiata Keita]]. Sundiata alipokea Uislamu mwenyewe mnamo 1240 BK na wafalme baada yake waliendela kuwa Waislamu. Mfalme wa Mali aliyejulikana zaidi ndiye [[Mansa Kankan Musa I]] (1312–37). 1324-25 alihiji kwenda [[Makka]]. Alisafiri na dhahabu nyingi sana. Huku Misri alitoa zawadi kiasi cha kuharibu thamani ya dhahabu kwa miaka 12 iliyofuata. Wakati ule mji wa Timbuktu ulikuwa kitovu cha biashara na elimu iliyojulikana kote katika dunia ya kiislamu hata Ulaya. Katika karne ya 14 BK uwezo na utawala wa Mali ilipungua na Songhai ilichukua nafasi yake. ===Dola la Songhai=== [[Image:SONGHAI empire map.PNG|thumb|Eneo la Dola la Songhai ]] Asili ya Wasonghai ilikuwa Nigeria ya Kaskazini ya leo. Walipanusha utawala wao kuelöekea magharibi wakapokeas Uislamu wakati wa uvamizi wa Almurabitun. Mnamo 1250 walikuwa chini ya Mali lakini katika karne ya 14 walijipatia uhuru tena wakaanza kushika maeneo ya Mali yenyewe. Kelele ya nguvu yake ilikua wakati wa mfalme [[Askia Mohammad I]] katika karne ya 16 walipotawala eneo kubwa kutoka [[Kano]] (Nigeria) hadi pwani la [[Atlantiki]]. Utawala wao uliporomoka baada ya mashumbulizi kutoka [[Moroko]] 1591. Wakati ule mataifa ya Ulaya yameshaanza kufika kwenye mwambao wa Afrika ya Magharibi wakifungua biashara ya moja kwa moja na Ulaya. Umuhimu wa biahsara ya kuvuka Sahara ulipungua vikali pamoja na faida iliyopatikana kwa watawala katika maeneo ya Sahel. ===Kipindi cha madola madogo na [[jihadi]]=== Kilichofuata kilikuwa kipindi cha madola madogo. Viongozi Waislamu walijaribu mara kadhaa kujenga utawala juuy a eneo lote. Anyejulikana zaidi alikuwa [[Alhaj Omar]] alipiga vita katika jina la dini ya Kiislamu dhidi ya Bambara waliofuata utamaduni na dini za asilia. Mtoto wake Alhaj Omar aliyeitwa Ahmadu alijaribu kuendeleza jihadi yake. Lakini wakati ule Wafaransa walianza kupanuka katika Afrika ya Magharibi wakamshinda. Mali ikawa koloni ya [[Ufaransa]] kuanzia mwaka 1895. Ilikuwa sehemu ya [[Afrika ya Magharibi ya Kifaransa]], kuanzia 1920 ya [[Sudan ya Kifaransa]]. [[Image:View over Bamako - 20th February 2005.jpg|thumb|left|Mji wa [[Bamako]]]] ===Uhuru=== 1960 Mali pamoja na Senegal zilipata uhuru kama "Shirikisho la Mali".Baada ya Senegal kuacha umoja huu Jamhuri ya Mali chini ya rais ya kwanza [[Modibo Keïta]] ikawa nchi ya kujitegemea. Keita alipinduliwa 1968 na wanajeshi akishtakiwa ameharibu uchumi na kijitajirisha. Kiongozi mpya Moussa Traoré alitawala kama diketa ya kijeshi, baadaya kwa msada wa katiba ya chama kimoja. Mabadiliko yaliyotokea kote Afrika tangu mwisho wa [[Ukomunisti]] kuanzia miaka ya 1990 yalisababisha kupinduliwa kwa Tarore katika Machi 1991 na kamati ya kijeshi iliyoongozwa na Amadou Toumani Touré. Katiba mpya ya 1992 iliunda kipindi cha kura huru alimoshinda Amadou. {{Afrika}} [[af:Mali]] [[am:ማሊ]] [[ar:مالي]] [[an:Mali]] [[bg:Мали]] [[bm:Mali]] [[zh-min-nan:Mali]] [[bs:Mali]] [[ca:Mali]] [[cs:Mali]] [[da:Mali]] [[de:Mali]] [[et:Mali]] [[es:Malí]] [[eo:Malio]] [[eu:Mali]] [[fa:مالی]] [[fr:Mali]] [[ff:Maali]] [[gl:Malí - Mali]] [[ko:말리]] [[hr:Mali]] [[io:Mali]] [[id:Mali]] [[is:Malí]] [[it:Mali]] [[he:מאלי]] [[ks:Mālī]] [[kw:Mali]] [[lv:Mali]] [[lt:Malis]] [[li:Mali]] [[hu:Mali]] [[mk:Мали]] [[ms:Mali]] [[nl:Mali]] [[nds:Mali]] [[ja:マリ共和国]] [[no:Mali]] [[nn:Mali]] [[oc:Mali]] [[pl:Mali]] [[pt:Mali]] [[ro:Mali]] [[ru:Мали]] [[sa:माली]] [[sq:Mali]] [[sh:Mali]] [[simple:Mali]] [[sk:Mali]] [[sl:Mali]] [[sr:Мали]] [[fi:Mali]] [[sv:Mali]] [[th:ประเทศมาลี]] [[tl:Mali]] [[vi:Mali]] [[tk:Mali]] [[tr:Mali]] [[uk:Малі]] [[zh:马里]] 2657 11813 2006-07-03T04:48:08Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[ast:Pitágoras]] Pithagoras (mwaka 580 mpaka mwaka 500 KK, hivi, Kigiriki: Πυθαγόρας), alikuwa mhesabu na mwanafalsafa Mwionia (Mgiriki), aliyeanzisha chama chenye siri kuhusu dini na sayansi kilichoitwa Pithagoreans, na kinachojulikana hasa kwa uhakiki “Pythagorean” ambao ulipewa jina lake. Huitwa “baba ya manamba,” Pithagoras alichangia hasa kwenye uwalimu wa falsafa na dini wakati wa mwisho wa karne ya sita KK. Kwa sababu hekaya na mafumbo yanaficha kazi yake zaidi kuliko wengine walioishi kabla ya Sokrates, huwezi kuwa na uhakika kuhusu maisha na mafunzo yake. Pithagoras na wanafunzi wake waliamini kwamba kila kitu kinahusika hesabu, na walidhani kwamba inawezekana kutabiri na kupima kila kitu kwenye vielelezo au mizunguko yenye mahadhi. [[ar:فيثاغورث]] [[ast:Pitágoras]] [[bg:Питагор]] [[bn:পিথাগোরাস]] [[bs:Pitagora]] [[ca:Pitàgores]] [[cs:Pythagoras]] [[cy:Pythagoras]] [[da:Pythagoras]] [[de:Pythagoras von Samos]] [[el:Πυθαγόρας ο Σάμιος]] [[en:Pythagoras]] [[eo:Pitagoro]] [[es:Pitágoras]] [[et:Pythagoras]] [[eu:Pythagoras]] [[fa:فیثاغورث]] [[fi:Pythagoras]] [[fr:Pythagore]] [[gl:Pitágoras]] [[he:פיתגורס]] [[hr:Pitagora]] [[hu:Püthagorasz]] [[id:Pythagoras]] [[io:Pitagoro]] [[is:Pýþagóras]] [[it:Pitagora]] [[ja:ピュタゴラス]] [[jv:Pythagoras]] [[ka:პითაგორა]] [[ko:피타고라스]] [[la:Pythagoras]] [[lb:Pythagoras vu Samos]] [[lt:Pitagoras]] [[lv:Pitagors]] [[mk:Питагора]] [[ms:Pythagoras]] [[nl:Pythagoras]] [[nn:Pythagoras]] [[no:Pythagoras]] [[pl:Pitagoras]] [[pt:Pitágoras]] [[ro:Pitagora]] [[ru:Пифагор Самосский]] [[scn:Pitàgura]] [[simple:Pythagoras]] [[sk:Pytagoras]] [[sl:Pitagora]] [[sq:Pitagora]] [[sr:Питагора]] [[sv:Pythagoras]] [[th:พีทาโกรัส]] [[tl:Pythagoras]] [[tr:Pisagor]] [[uk:Піфагор]] [[vi:Pytago]] [[yi:פיטאגאראס]] [[zh:毕达哥拉斯]] 2658 11783 2006-07-02T03:14:04Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[sh:Aleksandar Veliki]] Aleksander Mashuhuri (kwa Kigiriki Μέγας Αλέξανδρος, inayoandikwa kwa alfabeti yetu Megas Aleksandros) (Julai 356 KK – 11 Juni, 323 KK), Mfalme wa Masedonia (336 – 323KK), anajulikana kama mmoja wa amiri jeshi waliofanikiwa kupita wote wengine katika historia ya dunia. Alishinda karibu na kila sehemu ya dunia iliyojuliwa na Wagiriki wa zamani kabla hakufariki. Aleksander pia anajuliwa katika kitabu cha kizoroastria cha kipindi cha kati ya Uajemi kilichoitwa Arda Wiraz Nāmag kama “Aleksander aliyelaaniwa” kwa sababu alishinda milki ya Uajemi na aliangamiza mji mkuu wake ulioitwa Persepolis. Lakini katika habari za baadaye za Uajemi, mpaka Irani ya siku hizi, anaitwa Eskandar na hata alishangiliwa wakati Ukuta Mkuu wa Sadd-e Eskandar ulijengwa wakati wa Ufalme wa Parthia. [mtajo unahitajiwa] Pia anajuliwa katika desturi za Mashariki ya Kati kama Dhul-Qarnayn kwa Kiarabu na Dul-Qarnayim kwa Kiyahudi na Kiaramea (mtu mwenye pembe mbili), huenda kwa sababu picha kwenye sarafu kutoka wakati wa utawala wake ulimwonyesha kama alikuwa anazo pembe mbili za kondoo dume za mungu Ammon wa Misri. Jina lake kwa Kihindi ni Sikandar, neno ambalo ni sawa na “mtaalamu” au “mstadi.” [[af:Alexander die Grote]] [[ar:الإسكندر الكبير]] [[ast:Aleixandre'l Grande]] [[be:Аляксандар Македонскі]] [[bg:Александър Македонски]] [[bs:Aleksandar Veliki]] [[ca:Alexandre el Gran]] [[cs:Alexandr Veliký]] [[da:Alexander den Store]] [[de:Alexander der Große]] [[el:Αλέξανδρος ο Μέγας]] [[en:Alexander the Great]] [[eo:Aleksandro la Granda]] [[es:Alejandro Magno]] [[et:Aleksander Suur]] [[eu:Alexandro Handia]] [[fa:اسکندر مقدونی]] [[fi:Aleksanteri Suuri]] [[fr:Alexandre le Grand]] [[fy:Aleksander de Grutte]] [[ga:Alastar Mór]] [[gl:Alexandre o Grande]] [[he:אלכסנדר הגדול]] [[hr:Aleksandar Veliki]] [[hu:Nagy Sándor]] [[id:Alexander Agung]] [[is:Alexander mikli]] [[it:Alessandro Magno]] [[ja:アレクサンドロス3世]] [[ko:알렉산드로스 대왕]] [[ku:Eskenderê Mezin]] [[la:Alexander Magnus]] [[li:Alexander de Groete]] [[lt:Aleksandras Didysis]] [[lv:Aleksandrs Lielais]] [[mk:Александар III Македонски]] [[ms:Iskandar Agung]] [[nl:Alexander de Grote]] [[no:Aleksander den store]] [[pl:Aleksander Macedoński]] [[pt:Alexandre, o Grande]] [[ro:Alexandru cel Mare]] [[ru:Александр Македонский]] [[scn:Lissandru lu Granni]] [[sh:Aleksandar Veliki]] [[simple:Alexander the Great]] [[sk:Alexander Veľký]] [[sl:Aleksander Veliki]] [[sq:Leka i Madh]] [[sr:Александар Македонски]] [[sv:Alexander den store]] [[tl:Alexander ang Dakila]] [[tr:Büyük İskender]] [[tt:İskändär]] [[uk:Олександр Македонський]] [[ur:سکندر اعظم]] [[zh:亚历山大大帝]] 2659 9842 2006-05-21T03:30:47Z YurikBot 117 robot Modifying: [[zh:沃尔夫冈·阿马多伊斯·莫扎特]] '''Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart''' (aliyebatizwa Joannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart; 27 Januari, 1756 – 5 Disemba, 1791) ni mwandishi wa [[muziki]] muhimu na kupendwa kwa muda mrefu, wa muziki ya klasiki ya [[Ulaya]]. Mazao yake makubwa sana yanazingatia nyimbo ambazo hutambuliwa kuwa vilele vya miuziki ya sinfoni, vikundi vidogo, piano, opera, na kwaya. Nyimbo nyingi zake ni sehemu ya kawaida ya maonyesho ya muziki, na ni maarufu kama kazi bora ya mtindo wa klasiki. [[af:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[an:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[ar:فولفغانغ أماديوس موتسارت]] [[ast:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[bg:Волфганг Амадеус Моцарт]] [[bs:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[ca:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[cs:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[cy:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[da:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[de:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[el:Βόλφγκανγκ Αμαντέους Μότσαρτ]] [[en:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[eo:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[es:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[et:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[eu:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[fa:ولفگانگ آمادئوس موتزارت]] [[fi:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[fr:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[fy:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[ga:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[gd:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[gl:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[he:וולפגנג אמדאוס מוצרט]] [[hi:मोटज़ार्ट]] [[hr:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[hu:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[id:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[ilo:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[io:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[is:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[it:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[ja:ヴォルフガング・アマデウス・モーツァルト]] [[jbo:vulfygan.amade,us.motsart]] [[jv:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[kn:ವುಲ್ಫ್‌ಗ್ಯಾಂಗ್ ಅಮೆಡಿಯುಸ್ ಮೊಟ್ಜಾರ್ಟ್]] [[ko:볼프강 아마데우스 모차르트]] [[ku:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[kw:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[la:Wolfgangus Amadeus Mozart]] [[lb:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[li:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[lt:Volfgangas Amadėjus Mocartas]] [[lv:Volfgangs Amadejs Mocarts]] [[mk:Волфганг Амадеус Моцарт]] [[ms:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[nah:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[nds:Mozart]] [[nl:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[nn:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[no:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[oc:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[pl:Wolfgang Amadeusz Mozart]] [[pt:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[ro:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[ru:Моцарт, Вольфганг Амадей]] [[scn:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[sco:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[sh:Volfgang Amadeus Mocart]] [[simple:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[sk:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[sl:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[sq:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[sr:Волфганг Амадеус Моцарт]] [[sv:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[ta:வொல்ஃப்கேங்க் அமதியுஸ் மோட்ஸார்ட்]] [[th:โวล์ฟกัง อะมาเดอุส โมซาร์ท]] [[tl:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[tr:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[uk:Моцарт Вольфґанґ Амадей]] [[vi:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] [[zh:沃尔夫冈·阿马多伊斯·莫扎特]] 2660 9871 2006-05-21T16:04:41Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[ar:سقراط]], [[wa:Socrate]] '''Sokrates''' (kwa [[Kigiriki]] ''Σωκράτης'', 470 – 399 KK) alikuwa [[Ugiriki|Mgiriki]] (mtu wa [[Athens]]), [[falsafa|mwanafalsafa]]. Anthony Gottlieb alimwita shahidi na mtakatifu wa falsafa (Monk & Raphael, 2000). Nje ya falsafa, anajulikana hasa kwa kifo chake. Alifariki kwa ajili ya kumeza sumu kutoka mti wa “hemlok” baada ya kupatikana na hatia katika mahakama ya watu wa Athens. Ilidaiwa kwamba mafunzo yake yaliingilia kwenye dini ya mji na yalipotosha vijana wake. Angalau alipewa nafasi kutoroka hukumu yake na kwenda uhamishoni, Sokrates alichagua kunywa sumu hiyo kwa sababu alikuwa amekubali kwa hiari yake afuate sheria za Athens, na akaamini kwamba angalikwepa hukumu yake angaliuaibisha mkataba huo. Maarifa mengi kuhusu Sokrates yametokea mazungumzo yaliyoandikwa na Plato, mwanafunzi na mwanafalsafa, miandiko ya Zenephon, mtu wa rika lake, Aristofanes, na Aristotle. Kuna matatizo katika miandiko yote, halafu haiwezekani kutegemea na chanzo kimoja tu, lakini ukitazama mambo yanayofanana baina ya miandiko, na kutoangalia mambo yanayofikiriwa kuongezwa na mwandishi, Sokrates mwenyewe kweli ataonekana. [[ar:سقراط]] [[ba:Сократ]] [[bg:Сократ]] [[bn:সক্রেটিস]] [[bs:Sokrat]] [[ca:Sòcrates]] [[cs:Sókratés]] [[da:Sokrates]] [[de:Sokrates]] [[el:Σωκράτης]] [[en:Socrates]] [[eo:Sokrato]] [[es:Sócrates]] [[et:Sokrates]] [[eu:Sokrates]] [[fa:سقراط]] [[fi:Sokrates]] [[fr:Socrate]] [[ga:Sócraitéas]] [[he:סוקרטס]] [[hr:Sokrat]] [[hu:Szókratész]] [[ia:Socrates]] [[id:Socrates]] [[is:Sókrates]] [[it:Socrate]] [[ja:ソクラテス]] [[ka:სოკრატე]] [[ko:소크라테스]] [[la:Socrates]] [[lt:Sokratas]] [[mk:Сократ]] [[ms:Socrates]] [[nds:Sokrates]] [[nl:Socrates]] [[nn:Sokrates]] [[no:Sokrates]] [[pl:Sokrates]] [[ps:سقراط]] [[pt:Sócrates]] [[ro:Socrate]] [[ru:Сократ]] [[simple:Socrates]] [[sk:Sokrates]] [[sl:Sokrat]] [[sr:Сократ]] [[sv:Sokrates]] [[ta:சாக்கிரட்டீஸ்]] [[th:โสกราตีส]] [[tr:Sokrates]] [[uk:Сократ]] [[vi:Socrates]] [[wa:Socrate]] [[zh:苏格拉底]] 2661 11223 2006-06-24T04:45:59Z YurikBot 117 robot Modifying: [[no:Dsjengis-Khan]] [[Image:Genghis Khan.jpg|thumb|300px|Chingis Khan (picha ya karne ya 14 [[BK]])]] [[Image:Dola la Chingis-Khan (1206-1227).PNG|300px|thumb|left|Dola la Chingis-Khan wakati wa kifo chake 1227 BK; mipaka ya nchi za kisasa]] '''Genghis Khan''' -tamka: Chingis Khan- (* takriban 1162 – + 18 Agosti, 1227) alizaliwa kama Temujin akawa mfalme mkuu wa Mongolia maarufu katika dunia nzima. Kwao wengi, Genghis Khan ni sawa na ushindi katili na ya kinyama. Wamongolia siku hizi wanamwona kama Baba yao wa Taifa. Alitumia miaka mingi kuunganisha na kueneza makabila mengi ambayo yalikuwa wakazi wa eneo ambalo sasa linaitwa Mongolia. Baadhi ya wanahistoria wanasema kwamba alikuwa na kichwa kizuri cha kijeshi kuliko karibu watu wote wengine katika historia ya dunia. Alianzisha ufalme wa Mongolia ambao wengi wanasema ulikuwa eneo kubwa lililounganishwa ambalo halijawahi kupitwa duniani, kutoka mwaka 1206 mpaka kifo chake mwanzoni mwa kipindi cha baridi 1227. [[af:Genghis Khan]] [[ar:جنكيز خان]] [[bg:Чингис хан]] [[bs:Džingis Kan]] [[ca:Genguis Khan]] [[cs:Čingischán]] [[da:Djengis Khan]] [[de:Dschingis Khan]] [[en:Genghis Khan]] [[eo:Ĝingis-Ĥano]] [[es:Gengis Kan]] [[et:Tšingis-khaan]] [[eu:Genghis Khan]] [[fa:چنگیزخان]] [[fi:Tšingis-kaani]] [[fr:Gengis Khan]] [[fy:Genghis Khan]] [[gl:Genghis Khan]] [[he:ג'ינגיס חאן]] [[hr:Džingis kan]] [[hu:Dzsingisz kán]] [[id:Genghis Khan]] [[it:Gengis Khan]] [[ja:チンギス・ハーン]] [[jbo:tcingis xan]] [[ko:칭기즈 칸]] [[ky:Чыңгыз Хан]] [[lb:Dschingis Khan]] [[lt:Čingischanas]] [[mn:Чингис хаан]] [[ms:Genghis Khan]] [[nl:Dzjengis Khan]] [[no:Dsjengis-Khan]] [[os:Чингисхан]] [[pl:Czyngis-chan]] [[pt:Genghis Khan]] [[ru:Чингисхан]] [[scn:Genghis Khan]] [[sh:Džingis Kan]] [[simple:Genghis Khan]] [[sk:Džingischán]] [[sl:Džingiskan]] [[sr:Џингис Кан]] [[sv:Djingis khan]] [[th:เจงกีสข่าน]] [[tl:Genghis Khan]] [[tr:Cengiz Han]] [[tt:Çıñğız xan]] [[ug:چىڭگىزخان]] [[vi:Thành Cát Tư Hãn]] [[zh:成吉思汗]] 2662 10244 2006-05-29T10:03:57Z Kipala 107 [[:en:User talk:Messedrocker]] Great that you are onboard at sw.wiki! To involve people who know Swahili is a good idea. We are still so small that we need a lot of hands. I read the other day about this "a laptop for each child" initiative. If it ever takes off sw.wiki will be in huge demand - if it is in place. Now this question: you built that bot. Can it be used to interlink wikis? We have grown quite a bit during the last weeks and the question of linking to other language versions comes up. I forget it sometimes myself, some of our coeditors do forget. I have no idea how your bot works - could you help?? --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 09:56, 29 May 2006 (UTC) Oh, and there is another possible bot-job. Oliver has done an awful lot of nobel lauretates. They all worked hard enough to deserve this tag: [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]]. Can your bot do that? Same for inserting additional categories ? --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 10:03, 29 May 2006 (UTC) 2663 9224 2006-05-03T00:40:44Z 172.176.153.14 Nimeshangaa: kwa nini jina hili kwa herufi za Kirusi??? Hajawahi kuandika jina lake hivyo. Ameshambulia mataifa mengi waliokuwa na maandishi mbalimbali. (Halafu: jina lake kwa Kirusi ni Чингисхан tu - katika wikipedia ya Kiingereza wamenakili mengine kutoka wikipedia ya Kirusi ambayo si Kirusi bali Kimongolia nk. kwa herufi za Kirusi) 2664 9232 2006-05-03T07:44:38Z Kipala 107 kutokana na de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:Reich_Dschingis-Khans_%281206-1227%29.PNG kutokana na de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:Reich_Dschingis-Khans_%281206-1227%29.PNG 2665 9891 2006-05-21T16:57:31Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Locator map of Canary.png|thumb|right|Visiwa vya Kanari na Hispania]] '''Visiwa vya Kanari''' (Kihispania: Islas Canarias) ni [[funguvisiwa]] ya [[Afrika]] ya Kaskazini katika bahari ya [[Atlantiki]]. Kisiasa ni sehemu ya ufalme wa [[Hispania]]. Viko baharini 150 km upande wa magharibi ya [[Moroko]]. Umbali na Hispania ni masaa mawili kwa ndege. ==Utawala== [[Image:Canarias-rotulado.png|center|thumb|450px|left|Mapa de las Islas Canarias.]] Kisiasa visiwa ni kati ya maeneo ya kujitawala ndani ya ufalme wa Hispania. Visiwa vikubwa ni saba: El Hierro, La Gomera, La Palma na Tenerife ambavyo ni mkoa wa Santa Cruz de Tenerife, halafu Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura na Lanzarote ambavyo ni mkoa wa Las Palmas, tena visiwa vidogo sita vya Alegranza, Kisiwa cha Lobos, La Graciosa, Montaña Clara, Roque del Este na Roque del Oeste, vyote vya Las Palmas. Miji mikuu ni [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]] na [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]]. Makao ya mkuu wa serikali ya eneo huhamahama kati ya miji hii miwili kila baada ya miaka minne. ==Wakazi== Jumla ya wakazi kufuatana na sensa ya mwaka 2005 ni 1,968,280. Mkoa wa Las Palmas una wakazi 1.011.928 katika tarafa 33, mkoa wa Santa Cruz de Tenerife una watu 956.352 katika tarafa 52. Miji mikubwa ni Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (wakazi 378.628), Santa Cruz de Tenerife (wakazi 221.567), San Cristóbal de la Laguna (wakazi 141.627) na Telde (wakazi 96.547). Idadi ya wakazi wa visiwa ni kama ifuatayo: * Tenerife - 838.877 * Gran Canaria - 802.247 * Lanzarote - 123.039 * Fuerteventura - 86.642 * La Palma - 85.252 * La Gomera - 21.746 * El Hierro - 10.477 ==Historia== Visiwa vya Kanari vilitembelewa zamani na wasafiri [[Wafinisia]], [[Wagiriki]] na [[Waroma]], baadaye na [[Waarabu]]. Katika Ulaya visiwa vilisahauliwa hadi mnamo mwaka 1400. Viisiwa vilikaliwa na wazalendo walioitwa [[Guancha]] na Wahispania walipofika Kanari. Hakuna uhakika kuhusu asili yao. Wataalamu wengine hufikiri walikuwa [[Waberber]]. Wengine husema walikuwa wafungwa walioachiwa huru visiwani wakati wa Dola la Roma. Wakati wa kufika kwa Wahispania kuanzia mwaka 1400 walikuwa na utamaduni bila chuma wanasemekana hawakujua usafiri wa bahari. Katika muda wa karne moja Wahispania walivamia visiwa na kukandamiza utamaduni wa wenyeji. Lugha yao imekwisha kabisa ingawa kuna bado majina ya mahali visiwani kutokana na lugha ya Kiguancha. Baada ya Wahispania kufika Amerika Las Palmas ilikuwa bandari muhimu ya safari za Atlantiki. [[Image:Watalii Fuerteventura.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Watalii mwambanoni Fuerteventura]] ==Uchumi== Kutokana na uzuri wa nchi na hali ya hewa ambayo ni poa mwaka wote [[utalii]] imekuwa nguzo ya uchumi wa visiwa vya Kanari pamoja na kilimo cha mazao ya sokoni yanoyopelekwa Ulaya, hasa ndizi na tumbaku. {{Afrika}} [[Category: Hispania]] [[Category: Visiwa vya Afrika]] [[Category:Visiwa vya Atlantiki]] 2666 9251 2006-05-03T10:01:36Z Oliver Stegen 160 Nimegundua kwamba nchi ya '''Ginekweta''' (ilivyoandikwa kwenye ukurasa huu) imeingizwa kama '''Guinea ya Ikweta''' (tena ni makala nzuri). Sasa sina uhakika, tubadilishe jina la nchi hapa, au weka #REDIRECT, au tufanye nini? [[User:Oliver Stegen|Oliver Stegen]] 08:53, 3 May 2006 (UTC) :Tena ni mimi - kwa sababu vilevile kwa '''Sao Tome na Principe''' kuna makala chini ya '''São Tomé e Príncipe''', na kwa '''Kameruni''' kuna makala chini ya '''Kamerun'''. (Na labda kuna mengine ambayo sijayagundua.) Je, kuna orodha ya majina ya nchi kwa lugha ya Kiswahili ambayo tuifuate? [[User:Oliver Stegen|Oliver Stegen]] 08:58, 3 May 2006 (UTC) ::Unauliza swali nzuri. Kuna tatizo. Nimetengeneza templeti kwa kutumia orodha ya nchi iliyotengenezwa na sijui nani. Kati yetu sisi wachache kuna wengine wanopendelea kuandika majina jinsi wanavyotamka wenyewe. Tumeshajadiliana tayari matatizo ya tahijia tuemona tufuate kamusi za [[TUKI]] kwa kawaida. (Kwa mfano: majina ya sayari hata TUKI wanakosa ninayvoona mimi). Mimi naweza kurejea kamusi mbalimbali za TUKI. ::Kuhusu majina ya jiografia nina tatizo ya kwamba TUKI hawana majina mengi ya kijiografia (vilevile kihistoria) katika kamusi zao. Tufanye nini? Nasikia kuna orodha ya TUKI lakini sijaipata kama kijitabu. ::Mapendekezo yafuatayo: Kwa sasa twende ama na majina ya Kiswahili sahihi (kama yapo: Shelisheli n.k.) au majina ya wenyewe. Au kama ni rahisi kwa kuchanganya, kwa mfano Guinea ya Ikweta. Halafu tuunde "REDIRECT" za kutosha. (Kodivaa RED Cote d'Ivoire; Swaziland RED Uswazi n.k.). Watumiaji wengi wa wikipedia yetu hawajui umbo lipi la neno litakuwa sawa. ::Swali la herufi zisizopatikana kwa Kiswahili: Sipendi kuzitumia katika jina la makala, Matt anazipenda. Si kitu, tunaweza kuweka Redirect kwa njia yoyote. ::Je, uko wewe TZ mwenyewe wakati huu? Kama unaweza kupata vitabu vinyoonyesha ramani (atlasi) uwe mhariri wetu. Ingawa ningesema uwe na vitabu angalau viwili tofauti kwa sababu imani yangu katika ubora wa uhariri wa vitabyu vya shule TZ si kubwa sana. ::Nimebadilisha sasa templeti. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 09:33, 3 May 2006 (UTC) :Sasa hivi nipo Chuo Kikuu cha Edinburgh. Nitakapokuwa nimerudi Tanzania wiki ijayo bahati mbaya sitakuwa na nafasi ya kutumia mtandao mara kwa mara. Lakini nitahamia Ujerumani mwezi wa Julai. Baada ya hapo nitakuwa 'active' tena. [[User:Oliver Stegen|Oliver Stegen]] 10:01, 3 May 2006 (UTC) 2667 9242 2006-05-03T09:00:22Z Kipala 107 Kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Canarias_Puerto_del_Rosario.jpg Kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Canarias_Puerto_del_Rosario.jpg 2668 10879 2006-06-17T19:11:23Z Kipala 107 {{Infobox_Country |native_name = République du Bénin |conventional_long_name = Jamhuri ya Benin |common_name = Benin |image_flag =Flag of Benin.svg |image_coat =Coat_of_arms_of_Benin.png |image_map = LocationBenin.png |national_motto =Fraternité, Justice, Travail<br>([[Kifaransa]]: Ushirikiano, Haki, Kazi) |national_anthem =[[L'Aube Nouvelle]] |official_languages =[[Kifaransa]] |capital =[[Porto Novo]], [[Cotonou]]<sup>1</sup> |latd= 6|latm=28 |latNS=N |longd=2 |longm=36 |longEW=E |largest_city = [[Cotonou]] |government_type =<small>Jamhuri ya kidemokrasia <br>yenye vyama vingi</small> |leader_titles =<br>[[Rais]] |leader_names =[[Yayi Boni]] |area_rank = 101st |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |area=112,620 |areami²= 43,483 |percent_water =1.8 |population_estimate =7,862,944 <sup>2</sup> |population_estimate_rank = 89th |population_estimate_year = July 2006 |population_census = |population_census_year = |population_density =69.8 |population_densitymi² = 180.8 |population_density_rank =102nd <sup>3</sup> |GDP_PPP = $8.669 billion<!--CIA--> |GDP_PPP_rank =146th |GDP_PPP_year= 2005 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,100 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 206th |sovereignty_type = [[Uhuru]] |established_events = kutoka Ufaransa |established_dates = 1 Agosti 1960 |HDI = 0.431 |HDI_rank =162nd |HDI_year =2003 |HDI_category = <font color="#E0584E">low</font> |currency =[[CFA franc]] |currency_code =XOF |country_code = |time_zone = |utc_offset =+ 1 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |cctld = [[.bj]] |calling_code =229 |footnotes = 1.) Mji wa Cotonou ni makao makuu ya serikali.<br>2.) <small>Angalizo: Makadirio kwa nchi hiyo yamehesabu pia maafa ya ziada yaliyosababishwa na UKIMWI. Hii ingeweza kusababisha takwimu tofauti na itarajiwayo</small><br>3.) Mwaka wa makadirio ni 2005. }} '''Jamhuri ya Benin''' ni nchi kwenye Afrika ya Magharibi. Zamani iliitwa Dahomey. Inapakana na Bahari ya [[Atlantiki]] upande wa Kusini, nchi ya [[Togo]] upande wa Magharibi, nchi ya [[Nigeria]] upande wa Mashariki na nchi za [[Burkina Faso]] na [[Niger]] upande wa Kaskazini. Haihusiani na [[Mji wa Benin]] (''Benin City'') wala na [[Ufalme wa Benin]]. == Historia == {{Main|Historia ya Benin}} [[Image:La Fête à Abomey(1908). - Danse de fêticheuses de Fon.jpg|thumb|left|Sherehe na ngoma kule [[Abomey]], 1908]] Ufalme wa [[Dahomey]] ulianzishwa katika nchi ya kisasa ya Benin. Katika karne ya 17, ufalme huo uliotawaliwa na ''oba'' (ni cheo cha mfalme wake) ulienea sehemu kubwa ya Afrika ya Magharibi. Kulikuwa na utajiri mkubwa kwa sababu ya biashara na Wazungu, hasa [[Wareno]] na [[Waholanzi]] waliofika kuanzia mwisha wa karne ya 15. Pwani ya Benin ilijulikana kama ''Pwani ya Watumwa''. Biashara ya watumwa iliendelea kwa karne tatu mpaka mwaka wa 1885. Kuanzia karne ya 18, ufalme wa Dahomey ulidhoofika mpaka [[Ufaransa]] uliweza kuuvamia mwaka wa 1892. Dahomey ikawa chini ya ukoloni wa Ufaransa kuanzia mwaka wa 1899, na walipata uhuru 1 Agosti, 1960. Mpaka mwaka wa 1972 makundi mbalimbali walipigania vita, mpaka Wakomunisti walianza kutawala na kiongozi wao [[Mathieu Kérékou]]. Nchi ilipewa jina lipya, yaani '''Jamhuri ya Benin''', mwaka wa 1975. Tangu miaka ya 80 ya karne ya 20, nchi ilifuata mfumo wa soko huru. Kérékou alikuwa Rais hadi 1991, halafu tena 1996-2006. Katika uchaguzi wa Machi 2006, [[Yayi Boni]] alipata urais aliouanza 6 Aprili 2006. == Siasa == {{main|Siasa ya Benin}} {{Siasa ya Benin}} Bunge la Benin lina viti 83. Huchaguliwa kila mwaka wa nne. Rais ni mkuu wa serikali na wa nchi, naye huchaguliwa kila mwaka wa tano. Mgombea urais asiwe na umri wa miaka zaidi ya sabini. == Utawala == {{main|Utawala wa Benin}} Kuna majimbo 12, nayo ni: *[[Alibori Department|Alibori]] *[[Atakora Department|Atakora]] *[[Atlantique Department|Atlantique]] *[[Borgou Department|Borgou]] *[[Collines Department|Collines]] *[[Donga Department|Donga]] *[[Kouffo Department|Kouffo]] *[[Littoral Department|Littoral]] *[[Mono Department|Mono]] *[[Ouémé Department|Ouémé]] *[[Plateau Department|Plateau]] *[[Zou Department|Zou]] == Jiografia == {{Main|Jiografia ya Benin}} [[Image:Benin map.png|200px|thumb|Ramani ya Benin|right| ]] Nchi ya Benin iko kati ya [[Mto wa Niger]] upande wa Kaskazini na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] upande wa Kusini. Haina milima mirefu. Idadi kubwa ya watu wanaishi katika tambarare za Kusini ambapo miji mikubwa ya Benin iko, pamoja na miji ya [[Porto Novo]] na [[Cotonou]]. Sehemu za Kaskazini ni kavu hasa. Nchi ya Benin inapata majira mawili ya mvua, Aprili-Julai na Septemba-Novemba. Pia kuanzia mwezi wa Desemba, kuna upepo ulioitwa [[harmattan]], nao huleta vumbi na baridi wakati wa usiku. == Uchumi == {{Main|Uchumi wa Benin}} Uchumi wa Benin hauna nguvu sana, na hutegemea hasa kilimo, mazao ya [[pamba]] na biashara ndogondogo. == Demografia == [[Image:Benin 20050824 6.jpg|thumb|picha kutoka kijiji cha Benin]] Kuna makabila mbalimbali ambo wanaongea lugha tofauti sana, k.m. [[Kihausa]], lugha za [[Kisonghay]], lugha za [[Kimande]] na lugha za [[Kifulani]]. Kabila kubwa kabisa ni Wafon. ==Marejeo== *Adam, Kolawolé Sikirou and Michel Boko (1983), ''le Bénin.'' SODIMAS, Cotonou and EDICEF, Paris. ===Marejeo ya nje=== *[http://www.gouv.bj/ Benin Government Portal] official site *[http://www.beninembassyus.org/ The Republic of Benin Embassy to the United States of America] government information and links *[http://allafrica.com/benin/ allAfrica - Benin] news headline links *[http://www.laraignee.org/ L'Araignee] (in French) *[http://www.africatime.com/Benin/index.asp/ Allafrica news - Benin] *[http://www.benininfo.com/ benininfo ] (news in french) *[http://www.sonagnon.net/ sonagnon.net] (news in french) *[http://www.quotidienlematinal.com/ quotidien le martinal] *[http://www.lc2international.tv/ LC2 international TV] (Live TV ) *[http://www.latribunedelacapitale.com ] (news in french) *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1064527.stm BBC News] - Country Study: ''Benin'' *[http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/bn.html CIA World Factbook - ''Benin''] *[http://www.mbendi.co.za/land/af/be/p0005.htm MBendi - Information for Africa] *[http://www.state.gov/p/af/ci/bn/ US State Department - ''Benin''] includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reports *[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/africa/cuvl/Benin.html Columbia University Libraries - ''Benin''] directory category of the WWW-VL *[http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Benin/ Open Directory Project - ''Benin''] directory category *[http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/benin.html Stanford University - Africa South of the Sahara: ''Benin''] directory category *[http://dir.yahoo.com/Regional/Countries/Benin/ Yahoo! - ''Benin''] directory category *[http://www.lyzdigital.com/ IT consulting und certification] (in French) [[Category:Benin]] {{Afrika}} [[af:Benin]] [[ar:بنين]] [[an:Benín]] [[bn:বেনিন]] [[zh-min-nan:Bénin]] [[bs:Benin]] [[br:Benin]] [[bg:Бенин]] [[ca:Benín]] [[cs:Benin]] [[da:Benin]] [[de:Benin]] [[en:Benin]] [[et:Benin]] [[el:Μπενίν]] [[es:Benín]] [[eo:Benino]] [[eu:Benin]] [[fa:بنین]] [[fr:Bénin]] [[gd:Benin]] [[gl:República de Benín - République du Bénin]] [[ko:베냉]] [[hr:Benin]] [[io:Benin]] [[id:Benin]] [[is:Benín]] [[it:Benin]] [[he:בנין]] [[ht:Benen]] [[sw:Benin]] [[kw:Benin]] [[la:Beninum]] [[lv:Benina]] [[lt:Beninas]] [[li:Benin]] [[hu:Benin]] [[mk:Бенин]] [[ms:Benin]] [[na:Benin]] [[nl:Benin]] [[ja:ベナン]] [[no:Benin]] [[nn:Benin]] [[oc:Benin]] [[nds:Benin]] [[pl:Benin]] [[pt:Benim]] [[ro:Benin]] [[ru:Бенин]] [[sq:Benini]] [[scn:Benin]] [[simple:Benin]] [[sk:Benin]] [[sl:Benin]] [[sr:Бенин]] [[sh:Benin]] [[fi:Benin]] [[sv:Benin]] [[tl:Benin]] [[tr:Benin]] [[uk:Бенін]] [[vi:Bénin]] [[zh:贝宁]] 2669 9254 2006-05-03T14:35:08Z Kipala 107 kutokana na de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:Atlantik-Karte.png kutokana na de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:Atlantik-Karte.png 2670 11462 2006-06-28T18:50:59Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Atlantiki.PNG|thumb|250px|Bahari ya Atlantiki na bahari zake za kando]] '''Atlantiki''' ni [[bahari]] kubwa inayotenganisha [[Amerika]] kwa magharibi na [[Afrika]] na [[Ulaya]] upande wa mashariki. Eneo lake ni 106.200.000 km² au sehemu ya tano ya uso wa dunia pamoja na [[bahari ya pembeni|bahari za pembeni]] kama bahari ya [[Baltiki]] na [[Mediteranea]]. Hivyo ni bahari kubwa ya pili duniani baada ya [[Pasifiki]]. Bila bahari hizi za pembeni eneo lake ni 82,400,000 km². Beseni yake ina umbo kama "S". Kina ya wastani ni mita 3,332; kina kikubwa katika mfereji wa [[Puerto Rico]] kinafikia mita 8,605. Upana wa bahari ni kati ya 2,648 km kati ya [[Brazil]] na [[Liberia]] hadi 4830 km kati ya [[Marekani]] na Afrika ya Kaskazini. Kuna [[ghuba]] nyingi pamoja na [[bahari ya pembeni|bahari za pembeni]]. Katikati ya beseni kuna milima chini ya bahari yenye kimo cha mita 3000 juu ya uwiano wa kawaida. Atlantiki inabadilishana maji yake na Pasifiki na [[Bahari Hindi]] hasa kusini ya mabara ya Afrika na [[Amerika ya Kusini]]. ===Mikondo ya bahari=== Mikondo ya Atlantiki inatawala [[hali ya hewa]] katika nchi zinazoongozana bahari. Kati ya mikondo hizi ni [[mkondo wa ghuba]] la [[Mexiko]] kutoka eneo la [[visiwa vya Karibi]] ukivuka Atlantiki na kubeba maji ya moto (ambayo bado ni vuguvugu kiasi wakati wa baridi) hadi pwani la Ulaya. Mkondo huu umesababisha ya kwamba sehemu kubwa ya Ulaya ina hali ya hewa ya wastani bila joto au baridi kali mno na mvua nyingi hivyo kuhakikisha rutba ya bara. Mabandari ya Ulaya hubaki bila barafu hadi kaskazini kabisa. Vilevile mkondo baridi kutoka Antaktika hubeba maji baridi kwa pwani za Afrika ya Kusini-Magharibi na kusababisha kutokea kwa jangwa la [[Namibia]]. Kwa ujumla mikondo katika Atlantiki ya kaskazini hufuata mwendo wa saa, mikondo ya Atlantiki ya kusini huzunguka kinyume cha mwendo wa saa. [[Image:Atlantic bathymetry.jpg|thumb|300px|Jiografia ya Atlantiki, ramani inaonyesha kimo na kina chini ya maji]] ===Bahari za pembeni=== {| border="1" ! width="250" | Mahali ! width="200" | Jina ! width="100" | Eneo |- | align="center" | kati ya [[Skandinavia]] na [[Greenland]] | align="center" | [[Bahari ya Kaskazini ya Ulaya]] | align="right" | 1.380.000 km² |- | align="center" | kati ya [[Ujerumani]], [[Denmark]], [[Norway]] na [[Uingereza]] | align="center" | [[Bahari ya Kaskazini]] | align="right" | 575.000 km² |- | align="center" | kati ya Skandinavia na Ulaya bara | align="center" | [[Bahari ya Baltiki]] | align="right" | 413.000 km² |- | align="center" | kati ya Ulaya na Afrika | align="center" | [[Mediteranea]] | align="right" | 2.596.000 km² |- | align="center" | kati ya [[Uturuki]] na [[Urusi]] | align="center" | [[Bahari Nyeusi]] | align="right" | 424.000 km² |- | align="center" | kati ya [[Marekani]], [[Amerika ya Kusini]], [[Amerika ya Kati]] na [[Visiwa vya Karibi]] ([[Kuba]], [[Haiti]]) | align="center" | [[Bahari ya Karibi na Ghuba ya Mexiko]] | align="right" | 4.354.000 km² |- | align="center" | ndani ya [[Kanada]] | align="center" | [[Ghuba ya Hudson]] | align="right" | 1.230.000 km² |- | align="center" | kati ya [[Labrador]] (Kanada) na Greenland | align="center" | [[Bahari ya Labrador]] | align="right" | xx km² |- |} ===Visiwa na funguvisiwa za Atlantiki=== Visiwa vikubwa ni: Greenland, Iceland, Uingereza, Ireland, Kuba, Newfoundland Funguvisiwa muhimu ni: visiwa vya Faroe, visiwa vya Azori, visiwa vya Madeira, visiwa vya Kanari, visiwa vya Cabo Verde, visiwa vya Karibi (pamoja na Kuba), visiwa vya Britania Kuu (pamoja na Uingereza na Ireland), visiwa vya Bermuda na vingine. [[Category:Atlantiki]] [[Category:Bahari]] [[af:Atlantiese Oseaan]] [[als:Atlantik]] [[an:Ozián Atlantico]] [[ar:محيط أطلسي]] [[ast:Océanu Atlánticu]] [[be:Атлянтычны акіян]] [[bg:Атлантически океан]] [[bn:আটলান্টিক মহাসমুদ্র]] [[br:Meurvor Atlantel]] [[bs:Atlantski okean]] [[ca:Oceà Atlàntic]] [[cs:Atlantský oceán]] [[cv:Атлантика океанĕ]] [[cy:Cefnfor Iwerydd]] [[da:Atlanterhavet]] [[de:Atlantischer Ozean]] [[el:Ατλαντικός Ωκεανός]] [[en:Atlantic Ocean]] [[eo:Atlantika Oceano]] [[es:Océano Atlántico]] [[et:Atlandi ookean]] [[eu:Ozeano Atlantikoa]] [[fa:اقیانوس اطلس]] [[fi:Atlantin valtameri]] [[fr:Océan Atlantique]] [[fy:Atlantyske Oseaan]] [[ga:An tAigéan Atlantach]] [[gl:Océano Atlántico]] [[he:האוקיינוס האטלנטי]] [[hr:Atlantski ocean]] [[hu:Atlanti-óceán]] [[id:Samudra Atlantik]] [[io:Oceano Atlantiko]] [[is:Atlantshaf]] [[it:Oceano Atlantico]] [[ja:大西洋]] [[ka:ატლანტის ოკეანე]] [[ko:대서양]] [[kw:Keynvor Iwerydh]] [[la:Oceanus Atlanticus]] [[li:Atlantische Oceaan]] [[lt:Atlanto vandenynas]] [[mk:Атлантски Океан]] [[mn:Атлантын далай]] [[nds:Atlantik]] [[nl:Atlantische Oceaan]] [[nn:Atlanterhavet]] [[no:Atlanterhavet]] [[pl:Ocean Atlantycki]] [[pt:Oceano Atlântico]] [[ro:Oceanul Atlantic]] [[ru:Атлантический океан]] [[scn:Ocèanu Atlànticu]] [[sh:Atlantik]] [[simple:Atlantic Ocean]] [[sk:Atlantický oceán]] [[sl:Atlantski ocean]] [[sq:Oqeani Atlantik]] [[sr:Атлантски океан]] [[sv:Atlanten]] [[ta:அட்லாண்டிக் பெருங்கடல்]] [[th:มหาสมุทรแอตแลนติก]] [[tl:Karagatang Atlantiko]] [[tr:Atlas Okyanusu]] [[ug:ئاتلانتىك ئوكيان]] [[uk:Атлантичний океан]] [[ur:بحر اوقیانوس]] [[vi:Đại Tây Dương]] [[wa:Oceyan Atlantike]] [[zh:大西洋]] [[zh-min-nan:Tāi-se-iûⁿ]] 2671 9257 2006-05-03T15:46:35Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Atlantiki]] 2672 9258 2006-05-03T15:47:34Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Atlantiki]] 2673 9262 2006-05-03T16:50:35Z Kipala 107 '''Bahari''' ni eneo kubwa penye maji ya chumvi. Katika Kiswahili cha kila siku neno hutumikwa pia kwa kutaja magimba madogo zaidi ya maji kama ziwa. Kwa maana ya kijiografia bahari ni hasa bahari kuu ya [[dunia]] yaani maeneo makubwa ya maji ya chumvi ambayo ni kama gimba moja. Bahari kuu ya dunia inafunika 71 % za uso wa dunia. Katika matumizi ya kawaida ya neno bahari ni pia eneo la pekee ambayo ni sehemu ya bahari kuu inayogawiwa na mabara katika pande tau kubwa: [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]], [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] na [[Bahari Hindi]]. Wataalamu mara nyingi huhesabu maeneo karibu na [[ncha ya kaskazini]] na [[ncha ya kusini]] ya dunia kama bahari kubwa ya nne na ya tano yaani [[Bahari ya Aktika]] na [[Bahari ya Antaktika]]. Tena neno "bahari" linataja maeneo ambayo ni [[bahari ya pembeni|bahari za pembeni]] za bahari tatu kubwa kama vile [[Mediteranea]], [[Baltiki]]. Bahari ni muhimu sana kwa ajili ya maisha na [[hali ya hewa]] duniani. Bahari inashika 96.5% za maji yote ya dunia. Maji ya bahari ina 3.5% za chumvi ndani yake. Kwa matumizi ya kibindadamu hata kwa matumizi ya mimea na wanyama wa nchi kavu haifai. Lakini bahari ni pia asili ya mvua yote kwa sababu mawingu hutokea hasa juu ya bahari. Katika mwendo wa [[uvukizaji]] chumvi inabaki na mvuke inapaa bila chumvi ndani yake kuwa mawingu na kurudi katika mwendo wa [[usimbishaji]]. Usimbishaji unaleta maji yanayojaza mito na maziwa hata akiba za maji chini ya ardhi. Tangu zamani bahari ni njia kuu za mawasiliano ya kimataifa. Hadi leo asilimia 92% ya mizigo yote hubebwa kwa meli baharini kati ya mabandari. [[Category:Bahari]] [[an:Ozián]] [[bg:Световен океан]] [[bn:মহাসমুদ্র]] [[ca:Oceà]] [[cs:Oceán]] [[da:Verdenshave]] [[en:Ocean]] [[eo:Oceano]] [[es:Océano]] [[et:Ookean]] [[eu:Ozeano]] [[fr:Océan]] [[gl:Océano]] [[he:אוקיינוס]] [[hr:Ocean]] [[id:Samudra]] [[io:Oceano]] [[it:Oceano (geografia)]] [[ja:大洋]] [[ko:대양]] [[la:Oceanus]] [[lt:Vandenynas]] [[ms:Lautan]] [[nl:Oceaan]] [[nn:Hav]] [[no:Hav]] [[pl:Ocean]] [[pt:Oceano]] [[ro:Ocean]] [[ru:Океан]] [[sq:Oqeani]] [[simple:Ocean]] [[sk:Oceán]] [[sl:Ocean]] [[sr:Океан]] [[sv:Världshav]] [[th:มหาสมุทร]] [[tl:Karagatan]] [[uk:Океан]] [[zh:海洋]] [[zh-min-nan:Hái-iûⁿ]] 2674 9272 2006-05-03T18:29:59Z Kipala 107 '''Mita''' ni kipimo cha urefu kimekuwa kipimo cha kimataifa. Neno limetokana na Kigiriki μέτρον/métron = kipimo, pia chombo cha kupimia. Kutokana na maana hiyo "mita" inataja pia mitambo ya kupima maji, umeme na kadhalika. Hapo matumizi ya Kiswahili kinafanana na Kiingereza "meter". [[Image:Platinum-Iridium meter bar.jpg|right|frame|''Mita ya kimataifa'', Reli ya metali ya platini iliyokuwa mfano halisi wa mita hadi 1960. ([[NIST]])]] ==Mita ya asili== Mita imeundwa kama kipimo wakati wa [[mapinduzi ya Kifaransa]] mwaka 1793. Nia ilikuwa kumaliza vipimo vya kale kutokana na viungo vya mwili kama hatua, mkono, mguu na kadhalika. Vipimo hivi asilia vilitofautiana kila mahali; [[Ujerumani]] ilikuwa na na futi zaidi ya kumi katika mikoa na majimbo mbalimbali. "Mita" imeamuliwa ni sehemu moja kati ya sehemu milioni 40 za [[meridiani]] ya [[Paris]] (mstari kutoka [[ikweta]] hadi [[ncha ya kaskazini]] unaopita mji wa Paris). Mita ya asili ilichongwa kama reli ya [[shaba]] baadaye ya [[platini]] ambayo ni metali ngumu sana. Nchi zote duniani hutumia vipimo vya mita hata kama nchi mbalimbali bado hutumia vipimo vya asilia kufuatana na utamaduni wao. Kwa mfano nchi za mapokeo ya Kiingereza hupenda inchi na futi. Matumizi ya vipimo ya kale katika maisha ya kila siku si kizuizi kupeleka watu angani. Warusi bado wanapenda kipimo cha "verst" (mita 1066,8), Waamerika huhesabu "yard" (mita 0,9144) lakini wote walifaulu kurusha makombora angani - isipokuwa kwa kutumia vipimo vya mita. ==Elezo ya mita leo== Tangu 1960 mita imepataniwa ni umbali wa njia inayotembelewa na nuru katika anga pasipo na hewa katika muda wa [[sekonde]] 1/299,792,458. ==Sehemu ndogo na wingi za mita== {| class="wikitable" ! Kiasi ! Jina ! Kifupi ! ! Kiasi ! Jina ! Kifupi |- |10<sup>0</sup> | '''mita''' | m |&nbsp; |&nbsp; |&nbsp; |- |10<sup>–1</sup> | desimita | dm | |10<sup>1</sup> | dekamita | dam |- |10<sup>–2</sup> | '''sentimita''' | cm | |10<sup>2</sup> | hektomita | hm |- |10<sup>–3</sup> | '''millimita''' | mm | |10<sup>3</sup> | '''kilomita''' | km |- |10<sup>–6</sup> | mikromita | µm | |10<sup>6</sup> | megamita | Mm |- |10<sup>–9</sup> | nanomita | nm | |10<sup>9</sup> | gigamita | Gm |- |10<sup>–12</sup> |pikomita | pm | |10<sup>12</sup> | teramita | Tm |- |10<sup>–15</sup> | femtomita | fm | |10<sup>15</sup> | petamita | Pm |- |10<sup>–18</sup> | attomita | am | |10<sup>18</sup> | examita | Em |- |10<sup>–21</sup> | zeptomita | zm | |10<sup>21</sup> | zettamita | Zm |- |10<sup>–24</sup> | yoktomita | ym | |10<sup>24</sup> | yottamita | Ym |} ===Vipimo vya kawaida:=== Kilomita (km) : Kilomita moja ni mita 1000 Sentimita (cm): Sentimita ni sehemu ya mia ya mita; mita ina sentimita 100. Millimita (mm): Millimita ni sehemu ya kumi ya sentimita moja; sentimita ina millimita kumi, mita ina millimita elfu moja. [[Category: Vipimo]] [[Category: Fisikia]] [[af:Meter]] [[als:Meter]] [[ar:متر]] [[ast:Metru]] [[bg:Метър]] [[ca:Metre]] [[cs:Metr]] [[da:Meter]] [[de:Meter]] [[el:Μέτρο (μονάδα μήκους)]] [[en:Metre]] [[eo:Metro]] [[es:Metro]] [[et:Meeter]] [[eu:Metro]] [[fi:Metri]] [[fr:Mètre]] [[gl:Metro]] [[he:מטר]] [[hr:Metar]] [[hu:Méter]] [[ia:Metro]] [[id:Meter]] [[is:Metri]] [[it:Metro]] [[ja:メートル]] [[ko:미터]] [[la:Metrum]] [[lb:Meter]] [[lv:Metrs]] [[ms:Meter]] [[nl:Meter]] [[nn:Meter]] [[no:Meter]] [[pl:Metr]] [[pt:Metro]] [[ro:Metru]] [[ru:Метр]] [[sco:Metre]] [[simple:Metre]] [[sk:Meter]] [[sl:Meter]] [[sq:Metri]] [[sr:Метар]] [[su:Méter]] [[sv:Meter]] [[ta:மீட்டர்]] [[th:เมตร]] [[tr:Metre]] [[uk:Метр]] [[vi:Mét]] [[zh:米 (单位)]] 2675 9265 2006-05-03T18:03:16Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[mita]] 2676 9266 2006-05-03T18:03:34Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[mita]] 2677 9267 2006-05-03T18:03:57Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[mita]] 2678 11377 2006-06-26T12:52:09Z 85.16.97.98 '''Mita ya mraba''' (m²) ni kipimo cha [[eneo]] kinachotumika zaidi kimataifa; eneo lenye [[upana]] na [[urefu]] wa [[mita]] moja Msingi wake ni kipimo cha urefu cha [[mita]] (m). 1 m² ni sawa na: * eneo la mraba yenye urefu wa mita moja kila upande * 0.000 001 [[kilomita za mraba]] (km²) * 10,000 sentimita za mraba (cm²) * 0.000 1 [[hektari]] (ha) * 0.000 247 105 381 [[ekari]] * 10.763 911 futi za mraba * 1,550.003 1 inchi za mraba [[Category:Vipimo vya eneo]] [[ast:Metru cuadráu]] [[bg:Квадратен метър]] [[cs:Metr čtvereční]] [[da:Kvadratmeter]] [[de:Quadratmeter]] [[en:Square metre]] [[eo:Kvadrata metro]] [[es:Metro cuadrado]] [[eu:Metro koadro]] [[fi:Neliömetri]] [[fr:Mètre carré]] [[he:מטר מרובע]] [[hu:Négyzetméter]] [[is:Fermetri]] [[it:Metro quadro]] [[ja:平方メートル]] [[ko:제곱미터]] [[la:Metrum quadratum]] [[li:Veerkante maeter]] [[nl:Vierkante meter]] [[nn:Kvadratmeter]] [[no:Kvadratmeter]] [[pt:Metro quadrado]] [[ru:Квадратный метр]] [[sk:Štvorcový meter]] [[sl:Kvadratni meter]] [[sv:Kvadratmeter]] [[vi:Mét vuông]] [[zh:平方米]] [[zh-min-nan:Pêng-hong-kong-chhioh]] 2679 9278 2006-05-03T20:28:00Z Kipala 107 Kilomita za mraba umehamishwa hapa Kilomita ya mraba: Kilomita ya mraba #REDIRECT [[Kilomita ya mraba]] 2680 9279 2006-05-03T20:30:05Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[mita ya mraba]] 2681 9281 2006-05-03T20:31:43Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[mita]] 2682 9285 2006-05-04T01:04:50Z Oliver Stegen 160 {{Infobox_Biography |subject_name='''Johann Sebastian Bach''' |image_name=JSBach.jpg |image_caption=Picha ya Bach iliyochorwa na [[Johann Friedrich Agricola|Haussmann]] mwaka wa 1748. |dead=dead |date_of_birth=[[March 21]] ([[Old Style and New Style dates|O.S.]]), [[1685]] |place_of_birth=[[Eisenach]], [[Thuringia]], [[Ujerumani]] |date_of_death=[[July 28]] ([[Old Style and New Style dates|N.S.]]), [[1750]] |place_of_death=[[Leipzig]], [[Saxony]], [[Ujerumani]]}} {{redirect|Bach}} '''Johann Sebastian Bach''' (aliishi [[Ujerumani]] 21 Machi 1685 hadi 28 Julai 1750) alikuwa mtungaji wa muziki na mpiga [[kinanda]]. Alitunga [[muziki]] za aina zote, iliyotumika kidini na kidunia. Alitunga muziki kwa [[kwaya]], chombo kimoja cha muziki, na kundi la wanamuziki (''okestra''). Ingawa hakuunda mifumo mipya ya muziki, alitajirisha mitindo ya muziki kule Ujerumani; tena alitohoa mitindo ya muziki ya Kiitaliano na ya Kifaransa. [[Image:CU3title.jpg|thumb|right|275px|Kichwa cha sehemu ya tatu ya mazoezi kwa kinanda (''Clavier-Übung'') yaliyotolewa chapa kabla Bach hajafa]] == Marejeo == ===Utaalamu wa kisasa=== * Butt J (ed), ''The Cambridge companion to Bach'', Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1997 (ISBN 0521587808) : A collection of writings on the historical context (society, beliefs and world view), profiles of his music, and influence and reception. * David HT, Mendel A (eds), revised and expanded by C Wolff, ''The new Bach reader'', 2nd ed, New York, Norton, 1999 (ISBN 0393319563) : A significant repository of documentary evidence, including contemporary documents, some by Bach himself. This book includes an English translation of the biography of Bach, by the early 19th-century German musicologist [[Johann Nikolaus Forkel|Forkel]]. * [[Christoph Wolff|Wolff C]], ''Johann Sebastian Bach: the learned musician'', New York, Norton, 2001 (ISBN 0393322564) : A comprehensive and engaging account of Bach's life. * Williams P, ''The life of Bach'', Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2004 (ISBN 0521533740) : A shorter expose of the composer's life, using his obituary as the starting point; a valuable complement to Wolff's biography. * Stauffer G, ''J. S. Bach as organist: his instruments, music, and performance practices'', Indiana University Press, 1999 (ISBN 025321386X) (paperback reprint of hardcover, 1986, ISBN 0253331811) * Boyd, Malcolm. ''Bach'', Oxford University Press; 3rd ed. (2000) ISBN 0195142225 ===Utaalamu wa zamani=== * [[Albert Schweitzer|Schweitzer A]], ''J. S. Bach'', 2 vol, Dover, 1966, translated by Ernest Newman (ISBN 0486216314) (reprint of New York, Macmillan, 1955-1958) * Spitta P, ''Johann Sebastian Bach, his work and influence on the music of Germany, 1685-1750'', London, Novello, 1884-85 : An early, groundbreaking, three-volume study of Bach's life and music. * [[Johann Nikolaus Forkel|Forkel, Johann Nicolaus]]; ''On Johann Sebastian Bach's Life, Genius, and Works'', (1802), translated by A. C. F. Kollmann (1820) ===Masomo mengine=== * Rasmussen, Michelle (August, 2001) [http://www.schillerinstitute.org/music/m_rasmus_801.html "Bach, Mozart, and the 'Musical Midwife'"], ''The New Federalist'' * [[Douglas Hofstadter|Hofstadter D]], ''[[Gödel, Escher, Bach]]: an eternal golden braid'' :Explores cognition, formal methods, logic and mathematics—particularly [[Gödel's incompleteness theorem]]—in the music of Bach, the art of [[MC Escher]] and other sources. ==Marejeo ya nje== {{commons|Johann Sebastian Bach}} {{wikisourcelang|de|Johann Sebastian Bach|Johann Sebastian Bach}} ===Marejeo ya jumla=== * [http://www.bach-leipzig.de/ Bach-Leipzig.de], Bach-Archiv Leipzig * [http://www.jsbach.org/ JSBach.org], by [[Jan Hanford]] - extensive information on Bach and his works; huge and growing database of user-contributed recordings and reviews * [http://web.archive.org/web/20040523223221/http://www.bachfaq.org J.S. Bach FAQ] (from the [[Internet Archive]]), by Bernard Greenberg - answers many common questions about Bach * [http://www.jsbach.net/ JSBach.net], maintained by David J. Grossman - includes a catalog of works, images, MIDI files, and audio * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/bach/ J.S. Bach on Radio 3] - extensive resources on Bach, on occasion of BBC Radio 3's complete airing of Bach's works in Dec 2005 * [http://www.mu.qub.ac.uk/~tomita/bachbib/ J.S. Bach bibliography], by Yo Tomita of Queen's Belfast - especially useful to scholars * [http://www.bach-cantatas.com/ Bach-Cantatas.com], by Aryeh Oron - information on the cantatas as well as other works * [http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~tas3/bachindex.html Canons and Fugues], by Timothy A. Smith - various information on these contrapuntal works * [http://www.carolinaclassical.com/bach/index.html Carolina Classical: J.S. Bach] - detailed biography with PDF scores of selected cantatas * [http://www.mckeeth.org/wikilinks/bach1911.html 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica entry on J.S. Bach], provided by Jim McKeeth ===Maandishi ya muziki=== * [http://www.imslp.org/index.php?title=Category:Bach%2C_Johann_Sebastian IMSLP]'s ongoing project to sort and make freely avalible all of Bach's works from the [[Bach Gesellschaft]] Ausgabe. * [http://www.pianopublicdomain.com/index.php?dir=library/Bach Piano Sheet Music of Bach] including Fugues, Preludes, and more in PDF. * [http://alan.melvin.com/ Arrangements of music by Bach for guitar] ===Kurekodiwa kwa muziki=== * [http://www.pianosociety.com/index.php?id=10 Piano Society: J.S. Bach] - A biography and various free recordings in MP3 format. * [http://cylinders.library.ucsb.edu/search.php?query=bach&queryType=%40attr+1%3D1 Bach cylinder recordings], from the [[Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project]] at the [[University of California, Santa Barbara]] Library. * [http://www.skwik.com/wiki/index.php?title=Bach Skwik.com downloads] - [[Toccata and Fugue in D minor]] and more * [http://homepages.pathfinder.gr/asp1961/music/bach.html Music for piano (midi)] * {{musicbrainz artist|id=24f1766e-9635-4d58-a4d4-9413f9f98a4c|name=Johann Sebastian Bach}} ===Mada maalumu=== * [http://athome.harvard.edu/dh/wolff.html Bach manuscripts] - video lectures by [[Christoph Wolff]] on the Bach family's hidden manuscripts archive * [http://www.npj.com/thefaceofbach/index.html Faces of Bach] - Site discussing the portraits of J.S.Bach. * [http://bach.tuning.googlepages.com/ Bach Tuning] * [http://bachtuning.jencka.com/essay.htm An article on Bach's tuning script from his manuscript of The Well Tempered Clavier] * [http://www.bohemianopera.com/bachmovies.htm J.S. Bach's work in films] ===Makundi ya wanamuziki wanaocheza muziki ya Bach=== *[http://www.bachcollegium.org/ Bach Collegium - Fort Wayne] Utlizing early instruments and techniques *[http://www.bachconsort.org/ Washington Bach Consort] *[http://www.americanbachsociety.org/ The American Bach Society] *[https://bachorg-vws0100.safepackets.com/index.html The Bach Choir of Bethlehem] *[http://bachfest.uoregon.edu/ Oregon Bach Festival] [[Category:Watungaji wa muziki|Bach, Johann Sebastian]] [[Category:Wapiga kinanda|Bach, Johann Sebastian]] <!--Other languages--> [[af:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[ar:يوهان سباستيان باخ]] [[an:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[ast:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[ay:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[bg:Йохан Себастиан Бах]] [[bn:জোহান সেবাস্টিয়ান বাখ]] [[bs:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[ca:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[cv:Бах Иоганн Себастьян]] [[cs:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[cy:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[da:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[de:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[en:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[et:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[el:Γιόχαν Σεμπάστιαν Μπαχ]] [[es:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[eo:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[eu:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[fa:یوهان سباستین باخ]] [[fr:Jean-Sébastien Bach]] [[fy:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[ga:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[gd:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[gl:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[ko:요한 제바스티안 바흐]] [[hr:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[io:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[id:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[is:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[it:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[he:יוהן סבסטיאן באך]] [[jv:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[ka:ბახი, იოჰან სებასტიან]] [[sw:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[la:Iohannes Sebastianus Bach]] [[lv:Johans Sebastians Bahs]] [[lt:Johanas Sebastianas Bachas]] [[lb:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[li:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[jbo:.io'an sebasti,an bax]] [[hu:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[mk:Јохан Себастијан Бах]] [[mt:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[ms:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[nah:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[nl:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[nds:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[ja:ヨハン・ゼバスティアン・バッハ]] [[no:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[nn:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[pl:Jan Sebastian Bach]] [[pt:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[ro:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[ru:Бах, Иоганн Себастьян]] [[sco:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[sq:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[sh:Johan Sebastijan Bah]] [[scn:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[simple:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[sk:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[sl:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[sr:Јохан Себастијан Бах]] [[su:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[fi:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[sv:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[tl:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[th:โยฮันน์ เซบาสเทียน บาค]] [[vi:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[tr:Johann Sebastian Bach]] [[uk:Бах Йоганн Себастьян]] [[zh:约翰·塞巴斯蒂安·巴赫]] [[zh-yue:巴哈]] 2683 9287 2006-05-04T01:19:47Z Oliver Stegen 160 Sijui kama ni shida kuswahilisha majina ya nchi kwa vile nyingi zinaanza na 'U'. Kwa sasa nimebadilisha hayo tu ambayo ni wazi, tena zile ambazo zimeshaingiziwa makala. [[User:Oliver Stegen|Oliver Stegen]] 01:19, 4 May 2006 (UTC) 2684 11269 2006-06-24T22:55:07Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[eo:Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu]], [[pl:Hymn Kenii]] '''Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu''' [[Jamhuri ya Kenya]]. == History == == Kiswahili == :'''1''' :Ee Mungu nguvu yetu :Ilete baraka kwetu :Haki iwe ngao na mlinzi :Natukae na undugu :Amani na uhuru :Raha tupate na ustawi. :'''2''' :Amkeni ndugu zetu :Tufanye sote bidii :Nasi tujitoe kwa nguvu :Nchi yetu ya Kenya :Tunayoipenda :Tuwe tayari kuilinda. :'''3''' :Natujenge taifa letu :Ee ndio wajibu wetu :Kenya istahili heshima :Tuungane mikono :Pamoja kazini :Kila siku tuwe na shukrani. == Links == *[http://www.navyband.navy.mil/anthems/ANTHEMS/KENYA.mp3 Kenya Anthem(MP3)] [[Category:Kenya]] [[de:Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu]] [[en:Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu]] [[eo:Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu]] [[es:Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu]] [[fi:Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu]] [[fr:Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu]] [[ja:ケニアの国歌]] [[ko:케냐의 국가]] [[nl:Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu]] [[nn:Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu]] [[pl:Hymn Kenii]] [[pt:Hino nacional do Quénia]] [[ro:Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu]] [[sv:Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu]] 2685 9292 2006-05-04T15:49:11Z 203.232.53.101 #REDIRECT [[Kenya]] 2686 9297 2006-05-05T08:46:56Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Dahomey''' ilikuwa jina la jamhuri ya [[Benin]] hadi 1975 lakini hasa jina la ufalme wa [[Afrika ya Magharibi]] katika eneo la Benin ya kusini ya leo. ==Mwanzo wa Ufalme wa Dahomey== Dahomey ilianzishwa na [[Waaja]] baada ya uhaamisho wao kutoka [[Togo]] kuja Benin ya leo. Jina la mfalme wa kwanza ni [[Do Aklin]] aliyekuwa mmoja wa wana watatu wa mfalme wa [[Ardra]] waliogawanya ufalme kati yao mnamo 1625 [[BK]]. Do Aklin aliunda mji wa [[Abomey]] ikawa [[mji mkuu]] wa Dahomey. Jina la Dahomey linasemekana kuwa limetokana na neno la Kifon la "dan" lenye maana ya "nyoka" - dokezo la ibada ya nyoka katika kusini ya nchi. Waaja wa Abomey walichanganya na wenyeji wakawa kabila jipya la [[Wafon]] au Wadahomey. Waliratibu ufalme wao kwa kuupa serikali ya mfalme mwenye nguvu wakaunda jeshi la kudumu. Hasa mfalme Wegbadja aliweka utaratibu kwa vizazi vilivyofuata: mfalme alikuwa mtawala mkuu, mkoani au majimboni hapana watawala wa kineo bali watumishi wake tu. Ardhi yote ilitazamiwa kuwa mali ya mfalme mwenyewe, mafundishho yaliyohakikisha malipo ya kodi kutoka kwa wakulima waliokubali ya kwamba nchi waliyoilima ilikuwa mali ya mfalme. Mamlaka ya mfalme yalihakikisha nguvu ya Dahomey katika mazingira yake. Jeshi la kudumu lilimpatia chombo muhimu. Ndani ya jeshi hili kulikuwako kikosi kimoja cha pekee ambacho kilikuwa kikosi cha wanawake. Wasafiri wa [[Ulaya]] walikiita kikosi hiki "Waamazoni" kutokana na askari za kike katika masimulizi ya Wagiriki wa Kale. Wegbadja na wafuasi wake walikaza pia umuhimu wa ibada za pamoja. Wafalme wenyewe na mizimu yao walipewa nafasi muhimu. Sadaka zilienda na kila nafasi, hasa sadaka kwa mizimu wa wafalme. ==Dahomey na biashara ya watumwa== Ufalme uliongezeka nguvu ya kiuchumi kutokana na biashara ya watumwa. Kupaa kwa nguvu ya Dahomey kulikwenda sambamba na kuenea kwa wafanyabiashara Wazungu kwenye pwani za Afrika ya Magharibi walionunua [[watumwa]] kwa ajili ya safari ya [[Marekani]] wakiuza silaha na bidhaa kutoka Ulaya. [[image:Dahomey-amazoner.jpg|right|thumb|275px|Askari wa kike wa Mfalme wa Dahomey ("Amazoni")]] Katika karne tatu za historia yake Dahomey ilikuwa kati ya wafanyabiashara wakuu wa watumwa. Jeshi la Dahomey lilikuwa na bunduki zilizonunuliwa na Wazungu wakiwauzia watumwa; silaha hizi zilitumika kwa ajili ya vita dhidi ya majirani na kujipatia wafungwa waliouzwa kama watumwa. Mapato kutoka biashara hiyo yaliwezesha wafalme wa Dahomey kununua silaha mpya. ==Wafalme wa Dahomey== *???? - [[1620]]: [[Gangnihessou]] *[[1620]]-[[1645]]: [[Dakodonou]] *[[1645]]-[[1685]]: [[Wegbadja]] *[[1685]]-[[1708]]: [[Wessou Akaba|Akaba]] *[[1708]]-[[1732]]: [[Agadja]] *[[1732]]-[[1774]]: [[Tegbessou]] *[[1774]]-[[1789]]: [[Kplinga]] *[[1789]]-[[1797]]: [[Agonglo]] *[[1797]]-[[1818]]: [[Adandozan]] *[[1818]]-[[1856]]: [[Guézo]] *[[1856]]-[[1889]]: [[Glélé]] *[[1889]]-[[1894]]: [[Gbéhanzin]] {{mbegu}} [[br:Dahomey]] [[de:Dahomey (Königreich)]] [[en:Dahomey]] [[et:Dahomee]] [[fa:داهومی]] [[fr:Dahomey]] [[he:דהומיי]] [[hu:Dahomey]] [[is:Dahómey]] [[ja:ダホメ王国]] [[pl:Dahomej]] [[pt:Daomé]] [[ro:Dahomey]] [[tl:Dahomey]] 2687 9306 2006-05-05T13:19:34Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Bibi Titi Mohammed''' ni mmoja wa wanawake wa kwanza kushika nafasi za ubunge na uwaziri nchini [[Tanzania]]na pia ni kati ya wanawake wa kwanza kujiunga na harakati za kugombea uhuru wa [[Tanganyika]]. Mwaka 1969 Bibi Titi Mohammed alikamatwa na mwaka uliofuata alifikishwa mahakamani kwa kosa la kula njama ya kutaka kupindua serikali. Katika kesi hiyo, Bibi Titi alikuwa ni mwanamke pekee katika washtakiwa 7. Baada ya kesi hiyo kusikilizwa alipatikana na hatia na kuhumiwa kifungo cha maisha. Hata hivyo, mwaka 1972 alisamehewa na rais. 2688 9307 2006-05-05T13:21:08Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Sheikh Abeid Amani Karume''' ni rais wa kwanza wa [[Zanzibar]]. Karume alipata nafasi ya kuiongoza Zanzibar baada ya mapinduzi yaliyoondoa utawala wa Sultani wa [[Oman]] Januari, 1964. Baada ya miezi mitatu, Zanzibar na [[Tanganyika]] ziliungana na [[Tanzania|Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania]] ikazaliwa. Karume alikuwa ni makamu wa kwanza wa rais wa Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania. {{mbegu}} 2689 9619 2006-05-14T11:11:05Z Kipala 107 Talk:Mlima Kilimanjaro umehamishwa hapa Talk:Kilimanjaro (mlima): tuwe na muundo moja Nimeshangaa kusoma urefu wa Kilimanjaro uwe mita 5963. Kwa kweli, vitabu vingi vinasema ni mita 5895. Hata hivyo nimesikia kwamba wataalamu wamepima tena wakafika kwenye kipimo cha mita 5892 tu. Je tuweke idadi gani? [[User:Oliver Stegen|Oliver Stegen]] 13:24, 5 May 2006 (UTC) :Kwa kawaida namba hizi zote zimepatkana kwa kunakili kutoka makala nyingine mtandaoni. Ukiona namba zako zinaonekana vizuri zaidi basi sahihisha. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 15:07, 5 May 2006 (UTC) ::Nimehakikisha na Wikipedia kwa Kiingereza nikabadilisha kuwa mita 5,895 (na futi 19,340). --[[User:Oliver Stegen|Oliver Stegen]] 15:57, 5 May 2006 (UTC) 2690 9314 2006-05-05T15:51:06Z Oliver Stegen 160 Mbona CCM wanasherehekea uanzishaji wa chama chao tarehe 7 Julai (Saba Saba) kama kilianzishwa tarehe 5? Kuna mtu anayeweza kuhakikisha nini ni tarehe ya kweli? [[User:Oliver Stegen|Oliver Stegen]] 13:29, 5 May 2006 (UTC) ::7.7. ni tarehe ya kuanzishwa kwa [[TANU]]. Mkutano wa 1977 ulichounda CCM ulifanyiwa pia mwezi wa Julai. Nikikumbuka vema (lakini sina uhakika) walikuwa na mkutano wao, wakafanya azimio la kuungana tar. 5.7. ("kuzaliwa") lakini waliitangaza tar 7. ili washikamana na 7.7. Lakini hii ni kumbukumbu tu. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 15:19, 5 May 2006 (UTC) :Asante kwa maelezo! [[User:Oliver Stegen|Oliver Stegen]] 15:51, 5 May 2006 (UTC) 2693 9333 2006-05-06T16:25:07Z Kipala 107 [[Image:SnowflakesWilsonBentley.jpg|thumb|left|Maumbile ya fuweli za theluji]] [[Image:Verschneite_Landschaft.jpg|Nchi iliyofunikwa na theluji|thumb]] [[Image:Schnee_und_Pflanzen.jpg|Mimea inayotokea wakati wa theluji kuyeyuka|thumb]] '''Theluji''' ni aina ya pekee ya [[barafu]] ya maji. Inapatikana kama [[usimbishaji]] unaotelemka kwa maumbile ya barafu ya fuwelia. [[Fuweli]] za theluji ni ndogo; muundo wa fuweli inaonekana kwa macho matupu kama fuweli ni kubwa. Vipande vyake ni vyembamba sana hivyo theluji hutelemka nyepesi si kama vipande vizito vya [[mua mawe]]. Theluji haipatikana kwa halijoto juu ya 0 [[C°]]. Katika Afrika inaweza kutokea tu kwenye milima mirefu kama [[Kilimanjaro]] na [[Mlima Kenya]]. ==Asili ya Theluji== Theluji hutokea kama mvuke wa maji mawinguni unafikia halijoto chini ya -10 C°. Maji mawinguni yanaweza kukaa kiowevu (majimaji) hata chini ya 0 C° kwa muda. Matone yake madogo sana yanaanza kushikana na punje ndogo za vumbi hewani na kuganda. Fuweli ndogo (chini ya 0,1 [[mm]]) hutokea. Kadiri zinavyokua na kuwa nzito zinaanza kushuka. Njiani mvuke baridi inshikana na fuweli zinazoendelea kukua. Maumbile yanatokea ya kufanana na picha ya nyota. ==Aina za theluji== Watu katika nchi baridi wamezoea kutofautisha aina mbalimbali za theluji. Lugha nyingi zina maneno ya pekee kwa ajili ya aina tofauti za theluji. Theluji inatokea: * kavu na nyepesi au bichi na nzito * kama mchanganyiko wa theluji na mvua ikiwa theluji imeanza kuyeyuka wakati wa kunyesha kutokana na kupitia kanda la hewa isiyo baridi * kufunikwa na ganda la barafu kama imeshakaa chini kwa siku kadhaa na jua liliwaka na kuyeyusha theluji ya juu kidogo. Theluji hii inaganda tena na kuwa barafu juu ya theluji ya chini. <gallery> Image:Schnee1.jpg|Fuweli yenye umbo la nyota Image:Schnee3.jpg|Fuweli kama sahani yenye pembe sita Image:Schnee2.jpg|Fuweli yenye umbo la mchanganyiko wa nyota na sahani </gallery> [[Category:Metorolojia]] [[an:Nieu]] [[bg:Сняг]] [[ca:Neu]] [[cs:Sníh]] [[da:Sne]] [[el:Χιόνι]] [[en:Snow]] [[eo:Neĝo]] [[es:Nieve]] [[fa:برف]] [[fi:Lumi]] [[fr:Neige]] [[fy:Snie]] [[gl:Neve]] [[he:שלג]] [[hr:Snijeg]] [[io:Nivo]] [[is:Snjór]] [[it:Neve]] [[ja:雪]] [[ko:눈 (날씨)]] [[ku:Berf]] [[lt:Sniegas]] [[lv:Sniegs]] [[nl:Sneeuw]] [[nn:Snø]] [[no:Snø]] [[pl:Śnieg]] [[pt:Neve]] [[ro:Zăpadă]] [[ru:Снег]] [[simple:Snow]] [[sl:Sneg]] [[sr:Снег]] [[sv:Snö]] [[th:หิมะ]] [[tr:Kar]] [[uk:Сніг]] [[zh:雪]] 2694 9327 2006-05-06T01:34:37Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Klassenzimmer1930.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Darasa]] la kijerumani, takriban mwaka wa 1930.]] '''Elimu''' ni mojawapo ya [[sayansi jamii]]. Inagusa vipengele vya [[kufundisha]], [[kujifunza]], [[ujuzi]] maalumu, [[wazo|mawazo]] na [[ustadi]]. Walimu wanatumia mbinu mbalimbali kwa ajili ya kufundisha [[mtalaa]]. Mambo hayo yanaelezwa katika majarida na vitabu vingi vya mada za elimu. Fasihi hiyo inataja aina tofauti za utekelezaji wa mafunzo unaotumia masomo, michezo, [[mtihani|mitihani]], mipango ya wakati, [[hamasa]], mitambo mbalimbali kama kompyuta na kadhalika. Hata hivyo, kipengele muhimu kabisa ni uhusiano kati ya wanafunzi na tabia ya mwalimu. Sifa za uhusiano huo zinaweza kuwahamasisha wanafunzi wajifunze kwelikweli. Walimu bora wanawasiliana utathmini mwema, uzoefu na [[busara]] jinsi wanafunzi watavutiwa. Walimu wakiweza kufahamu wanafunzi kwa ndani, kuondoa dhuluma na ubaguzi, kuunda hali ya kufundishika na kutambua uwezekano uliopo, watawawezesha wanafunzi wawe na matarajio makubwa zaidi kwao wenyewe na kwa jamii kwa jumla. Lengo la elimu ni kuwasaidia wanafunzi wawe wanajamii wanaofaa katika jamii inayoendelea. Kila kizazi wajifunze utamaduni wao (angalia [[uendeshaji umma]]) ili wakomae na kutambua wajibu wao pamoja na mahitaji katika jamii ya ulimwengu inayozidi kutofautika. == Jumla == Imetambulika na kukubaliwa na wengi kwamba elimu inaanza mtu azaliwapo na kuendelea wakati wa maisha yake yote. Wengine wanaamini kuwa elimu inaanza hata mapema zaidi kama wazazi wanaomwimbia au kumsomea mtoto tumboni wakitumai la kwamba mawasiliano hayo yatamsaidia katika maendeleo yake. Mara nyingi watu wanamaanisha elimu rasmi tu lakini kila aina ya uzoefu unaojenga ufahamu ni sehemu ya elimu yetu, iwe darasani, iwe katika maisha ya kila siku. Kila mtu hupata elimu isiyo rasmi kutoka vyanzo mbalimbali. Elimu ya mtu inasaidiwa sana na familia yake, na siku hizi vyombo vya habari vinaiathiri pia. == Istilahi == Neno la ''elimu'' ni [[neno kopo]] kutoka [[Kiarabu]]. == Falsafa ya elimu == Lengo la falsafa ya elimu ni kutafiti na kuelewa madhumuni, asili, kanuni na mifano kamilifu ya elimu. Mada nyingine ni [[ufahamu]] wenyewe, asili ya akili, shida za mamlaka ya mwalimu, uhusiano kati ya elimu na jamii na kadhalika. Tangu wakati wa [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau|Rousseau]] falsafa ya elimu imehusishwa na nadharia za [[saikolojia]] na maendeleo ya binadamu. Kusudi la msingi la elimu ni lifuatalo: Mafanikio ya jamii yoyote yanategemea kuwaelimisha vijana wawe raia [[kuwajibika|wanaowajibika]], wanaofikiria na walio na ujasiri wa kuendesha umma. Ni jukumu lenye changamoto linalohitaji ufahamu wa ndani wa [[maadili]], nadharia ya siasa, ujumi na uchumi. Pia lazima kuelewa tabia na haki za watoto, kwao wenyewe na katika jamii. === Asili ya ufahamu === Kwa kawaida, lengo la elimu ni kupasha mtu [[ufahamu]]. Elimu ya ufahamu pia huitwa epistemolojia. Somo hilo linachunguza asili ya ufahamu na uhusiano wake na [[ukweli]] na [[wazo|mawazo]]. Ni lazima kwa wanafunzi kuunganisha maarifa mapya na maarifa ambayo wameshayajua ili kujifunza na kuelewa. Katika ukuaji wa ufahamu elimu inagusa mada kama [[maarifa]], [[ujuzi]], [[busara]] na [[utambuzi nafsia]]. == Saikolojia ya elimu == Saikolojia ya elimu ni somo la jinsi wanadamu wanavyojifunza. Pia huchunguza kufaa kwa elimu katika mazingira fulani, saikolojia ya kufundisha, na saikolojia za asasi za kielimu. == Masomo ya kitaalamu == Masomo ya kitaalamu ni matawi ya ufahamu ambayo hufundishwa kwenye chuo kikuu. Mifano ya masomo hayo ni sayansi asili, sayansi umbile, hisabati, sayansi jamii, na sayansi tumizi. Kila somo lina masomo mengine ndani yake, k.m. ndani ya sayansi umbile kuna fizikia na kemia, au ndani ya sayansi jamii kuna saikolojia, siasa na kadhalika. == Elimu rasmi == Elimu rasmi inatokea ikiwa kuna [[mtalaa]] ulioundwa kwa ajili ya kuwaelimisha watu. == Historia == Mwaka wa 1994, [[Dieter Lenzen]], mwenyekiti wa [[Freie Universität Berlin|Chuo Kikuu Huru cha Berlin]], alisema kwamba "elimu ilianza ama mamilioni ya miaka yaliyopita ama mwisho mwa mwaka wa [[1770]]". Lenzen alitaka kuonyesha kuwa elimu kama sayansi jamii haiwezekani kutengwa na mapokezi ya kielimu yaliyotangulia. Uprofesa wa [[ufundishaji]] wa kwanza ulianzishwa mwaka wa 1770 kwenye [[Chuo Kikuu cha Halle]], [[Ujerumani]]. Kwa ajili ya maendeleo ya jamii ni lazima kwa watu wazima kuwaelimisha watoto wao. Katika jamii isiyo na uandishi, watu walikuwa hupasha ufahamu kwa mdomo na kwa mifano. Baadaye, maandiko (yawe ishara, yawe herufi) yamesaidia kudumisha ujuzi. Baada ya kupanua ujuzi wa jamii zaidi ya ustadi wa msingi kama mawasiliano, biashara, kuhifadhi vyakula na kadhalika, ufundishaji na elimu rasmi zilikuwa hufuata. Ufundishaji wa aina hiyo ulikuwepo kule Misri kati ya miaka 3000 na 500 [[KK]]. === Ulaya === Katika nchi za [[Ulaya]] elimu iliathiriwa na mashirika ya dini: [[padre|Mapadre]] na [[mtawa|watawa]] walitambua umuhimu wa kupasha ufahamu, nao walianzisha shule. Vyuo vikuu vingi vya Ulaya vimeanzishwa na [[Kanisa la kikatoliki]]. Wakati wa Uongofu (''Enlightenment'') uhusiano kati ya elimu na dini ulisahauliwa. [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] alifanya utafiti katika maendeleo ya akili ya mtoto. Mwaka wa 1773, Muungano wa Poland na Lithuania waliunda [[Tume ya Elimu ya Taifa]] (kwa Kipoland: ''Komisja Edukacji Narodowej'', kwa Kilithuania: ''Nacionaline Edukacine Komisija'') inayohesabika kama [[Wizara ya Elimu]] ya kwanza katika historia ya binadamu. === Uchina === Katika nchi ya [[Uchina]], elimu ilianza na maandiko ya serikali, siyo ya kidini. Kwa ajili ya kuwaelimisha wafanyakazi wao, Mfalme Mkuu wa Uchina alianzisha mfumo wa mitihani ya kitaifa kati ya mwaka wa 206 [[KK]] na wa 220 [[BK]]. Mfumo huo uliendelea mpaka mwaka wa 1911 ulipobadilishwa kufuata mfumo wa elimu kutoka Ulaya. === Japani === Katika nchi ya [[Japani]], elimu ilianza na dini ya [[Ubudha]]. === Uhindi === Nchi ya [[Uhindi]] ina historia ndefu ya elimu rasmi. Mfumo wa [[Gurukul]] wa elimu ni mojawapo wa mifumo ya kwanza duniani. Wanafunzi walipata mafunzo katika [[dini ya Kihindu]], [[falsafa]], maandiko ya [[Kisanskriti]], upigaji vita, [[siasa]], [[uganga wa Ayurveda]] na historia. === Elimu duniani kwa kisasa === Katika miaka iliyopita hali ya kutokujua kusoma wala kuandika imepungua sana. Kwa mfano idadi ya watu wasiokwenda shuleni ilipungua kutoka asilimia 36 katika mwaka wa 1960 kwenda asilimia 25 katika mwaka wa 2000. == Marejeo == *[http://gsociology.icaap.org/report/socsum.html Brief review of world socio-demographic trends] shows world illiteracy trends. * Dubois, H.F.W., Padovano G. & Stew, G. (2006) Improving international nurse training: an American–Italian case study. International Nursing Review 53(2): 110–116. * Lucas, J. L., Blazek, M. A., & Raley, A. B. (2005). The lack of representation of educational psychology and school psychology in introductory psychology textbooks. ''Educational Psychology, 25'', 347-351. == Viungo vya nje == * [http://tools.wikimedia.de/~daniel/WikiSense/CategoryTree.php?&wikilang=en&wikifam=.wikipedia.org&m=a&art=on&userlang=en&cat=Education Wikipedia Education category tree] * [http://moodle.ed.uiuc.edu/wiked WikEd] is a Wiki set up specificially for educators and education research. * [http://www.infed.org/ The Encyclopedia of Informal Education] * [http://tip.psychology.org/ The Theory Into Practice Database] [[Category:Sayansi tumizi]] [[Category:Elimu]] [[Category:Sayansi jamii]] [[Category:Jamii]] [[an:Educazión]] [[ar:تعليم]] [[ast:Educación]] [[bg:Образование]] [[bn:শিক্ষা]] [[bs:Obrazovanje]] [[ca:Educació]] [[ceb:Edukasyon]] [[cs:Vzdělání]] [[cy:Addysg]] [[da:Uddannelse]] [[de:Bildung]] [[en:Education]] [[eo:Eduko]] [[es:Educación]] [[fa:آموزش]] [[fr:Éducation]] [[ga:Oideachas]] [[he:חינוך]] [[ia:Education]] [[id:Pendidikan]] [[it:Educazione]] [[iu:ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᖅᑐᓕᕆᓂᖅ]] [[ja:教育]] [[sw:Elimu]] [[ko:교육]] [[lb:Educatioun]] [[li:Ongerwies]] [[lt:Švietimas]] [[mk:Образование]] [[ms:Pendidikan]] [[nl:Onderwijs]] [[no:Utdannelse]] [[pl:Edukacja]] [[pt:Educação]] [[ro:Educaţie]] [[ru:Образование]] [[simple:Education]] [[sl:Izobraževanje]] [[sr:Образовање]] [[th:การศึกษา]] [[tl:Edukasyon]] [[tr:Eğitim]] [[uk:Освіта]] [[vi:Giáo dục]] [[vo:Dugäl]] [[zh:教育]] 2695 9329 2006-05-06T07:33:46Z 80.247.146.107 Katika mwaka mmoja, Abunuasi aliamua kuwa mfugaji mbuzi. alinunua mbuzi na akanza kufuga na huku akiwa na tamaa ya kumuongezea kipato chake pindi tu mbuzi huyo atapoanza kuzaa watoto, naye atawafuga hadi wawe wengi na kuwa tajiri mji mzima kwa mbuzi wake hao. Siku moja Abunuasi akipokuwa anampeleka malishoni mbuzi wake njiani alikikuta kiatu kimoja kizuri sana kati kati ya njia. alisimama na akakingalia na kilimpendeza na alisema "kiatu hiki ni kizuri lakini mbona kipo kimoja tu" alitafuta kiatu chengine pembezoni mwa ile njia hakukiona . akaona hakina kukichukua kwani hawezi kuvaa kiatu kimoja. Abunuasi akachukuwa mbuzi wake na akakiwacha kile kiatu pale pale. alipesonga mbele kidogo akakikuta kiatu chengine kama kile ambacho kilikuwa ni cha mguu mwengine wa kile cha mwanzo. Abunuasi alishangaa na akaona bora angelikichukua kile cha mwanzo na kwa sasa vingelikuwa tayari visha timiza pea moja. ndipo alipoamua kumfunga mbuzi wake pembeni ya njia na akakiweka kiatu kile pale pale alipomfunga mbuzi ili arudi akakichukuwe kiatu kile cha mwanzo. aliporudi pale kilipokuwepo kiatu cha mwanzo hakukikuta tena kiatu kile, alijaribu kukitafuta lakini hakukiona. basi akaona kuwa ametokeaq mtu amekiokota . akarudi haraka alipomfunga mbuzi wake. nako pia hakumkuta mbuzi wala kile kiatu kimoja . ikawa amemkosa mbuzi na pia viatu hakuvikuta, Abunuasi ndoto zake zote za uatajiri ziliruka na akabaki na umasikini wake kwa ubaya wa tamaa zake. 2696 9330 2006-05-06T10:03:04Z 216.252.155.51 kama ingewezekana kiswahili kitumike kama lugha mojawapo kuu za dunia kama ilivyo kiingereza na kifaransa kwa sababu mara nyingi waswahili wanajitahidi kujifunza kiingereza ili waelewe matukio mbalimbali tanayotokea duniani thabit mikidadi dar es salaam 2697 11226 2006-06-24T07:22:52Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[de:Panafrikanisches Parlament]] [[Image:panafricanparliament.jpg|thumb|300px|Jengo la Bunge la Umoja wa Afrika]] '''Bunge la Umoja wa Afrika''' ni mkutano wa wakilishi wa nchi wanachama za [[Umoja wa Afrika]]. Wabunge wake 265 hawapiganiwi kura na raia bali wanateuliwa na [[bunge]] za nchi wanachama. Kwa sasa kazi ya bunge ni kushauriana haina mamlaka za kutunga sheria. Makao ya bunge ndipo mji wa [[Midrand]] ([[Afrika Kusini]], sasa kwa muda katika jengo la Gallagher Estate katikati ya [[Johannesburg]] na [[Pretoria]]. Afrika Kusini inalipa gharama za makao na za ofisi ya bunge. Mkutano wa kwanza ulitokea Machi 2004. Mwenyekiti wa Bunge ni [[Gertrude Mongella]] kutoka [[Tanzania]]. Ana makamu wanne kutoka kanda nne za afrika ndio: * F. Jose Dias Van-Du’Nem kutoka [[Angola]] (Afrika ya Kusini) * Mohammed Lutfi Farhat kutoka [[Libya]] (Afrika ya Kaskazini) * Loum N. Neloumsei Elise kutoka [[Chad]] (Afrika ya Kati) * Theophile Nata kutoka [[Benin]] (Afrika ya Magharibi) [[cs:Panafrický parlament]] [[de:Panafrikanisches Parlament]] [[en:Pan-African Parliament]] [[fr:Parlement panafricain]] [[ro:Parlamentul Panafrican]] [[sv:Panafrikanska parlamentet]] 2698 9334 2006-05-06T19:23:13Z Barcex 163 I'm at [[w:es:Usuario:Barcex]] 2699 9336 2006-05-07T10:01:17Z Kipala 107 kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament 2700 9356 2006-05-08T11:54:18Z 196.46.0.6 + en [[Image:Mtikila PNG.PNG|right|thumb|300px|Christopher Mtikila akiwahutubia wasikilizaji wake]] '''Mchungaji Christopher Mtikila''' ni kiongozi wa chama cha upinzania [[Tanzania]] cha [[Democratic Party]] (DP). Mtikila alizaliwa [[Iringa]], kusini mwa Tanzania, mwaka 1950. Pamoja na shughuli za siasa, Mchungaji Mtikila ni mwanzilishi na mkuu wa kanisa la kipentekoste la [[Full Salvation Church]]. Mchungaji Mtikila anajihusisha pia na harakati za haki za binadamu kwa kupitia kitengo cha haki za binadamu cha kanisa hilo kiitwacho [[Liberty Desk]]. Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 90, mchungaji Mtikila alijipatia umaarufu mkubwa katika siasa za Tanzania kutokana na uwezo wake mkubwa wa kuongea, upinzani wake dhidi ya muundo wa muungano kati ya [[Tanganyika]] na [[Zanzibar]], madai yake kuhusu uhujumu wa uchumi unaofanywa na wahindi (ambao anawaita Magabacholi), na kesi mbalimbali za kikatiba alizokuwa akifungua katika mahakama za Tanzania. Kwa muda mrefu chama chake cha DP hakikuweza kupata usajili wa kudumu kutokana na kukataa kwake kutambua Zanzibar. Alikuwa akisisitiza kuwa chama chake ni cha Tanganyika na sio Tanzania. Hata hivyo Mtikila amebadili msimamo wake katika miaka ya karibuni kwa kukubali kutafuta wanachama toka Zanzibar (kama sheria ya uchaguzi inayotaka) na hivyo chama chake kuweza kupata usajili wa kudumu. Mtikila alikuwa ni kati ya wagombea 10 wa nafasi ya urais katika uchaguzi mkuu wa mwaka 2005. Katika uchaguzi huo alipata kura asilimia 0.27. Kesi za kikatiba ambazo amewahi kufungua ni pamoja kesi ya kutaka wagombea binafsi kuruhusiwa katika uchaguzi Tanzania, wananchi wa [[Tanzania Bara]] kuruhusiwa kwenda Zanzibar bila pasipoti, na vyama vya siasa kuruhusiwa kufanya mikutano bila kuomba kibali toka kwa [[Mkuu wa Wilaya]] na polisi. Mtikila alifungwa kwa mwaka mmoja mwaka 1999 baada ya kupatikana na hatia ya kutoa maneno ya kashfa dhidi ya aliyekuwa katibu mkuu wa [[CCM]], marehemu Horace Kolimba. Mwaka 2004 alihukumiwa kifungo kilichosimamishwa cha miezi sita kwa kutoa maneno ya kashfa dhidi ya mkuu wa polisi wa wilaya ya [[Ilala]]. ==Viuongo vya nje== *[http://www.elaw.org/resources/text.asp?id=167 Rev.Christopher Mtikila Vs. The Attorney General, Civil Case No. 5 of 1993, High Court of Tanzania] [[en:Christopher Mtikila]] 2701 9345 2006-05-07T19:31:30Z Taichi 164 {{Babel-4|es|en-2|ja-1|sw-0}} Hi I'm '''Taichi'''. I don't speak swahili; for any message please go [[:es:Usuario Discusión:Taichi|here]]. [[es:Usuario:Taichi]] 2702 9350 2006-05-08T07:57:51Z Kipala 107 Christopher mtikila umehamishwa hapa Christopher Mtikila #REDIRECT [[Christopher Mtikila]] 2703 9351 2006-05-08T07:59:57Z Kipala 107 kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Mtikila.jpg kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Mtikila.jpg 2704 9357 2006-05-08T12:24:51Z 84.143.239.28 [[Image:Mg-k_Eisfall.jpg|220px|thumb|Maporomoko ya mto mdogo yaliyoganda mlimani]] Barafu ni maji yaliyoganda. Maji huganda yakishikwa na baridi na kufikia 0°C. Barafu inaeleweka ni maji ya mgando. Hata kiowevu kingine kinaweza kushika baridi na kuganda kuwa barafu ila kama maziwa inaganda tunayaita "barafu ya maziwa". [[Image:Eisberge.jpg|220px|thumb|left|Vipande vikubwa vya barafu katika [[Atlantiki]] ya Kaskazini]] Inapatikana katika hali na ukubwa mbalimbali. Kama ni ndogo ni fuweli kadhaa tu; kubwa zaidi ni vipande vya mvua mawe. Barafu inaweza kuwa ganda kubwa na nene sana kama lile linalofunika bara ya Antaktika. Barafu ina kazi muhimu katika hali ya hewa duniani. Hasa maganda ya barafu kwenye ncha za dunia yanatunza sehemu kubwa ya maji matamu yaliyopo. Maji hupanuka yakiganda. Hivyo barafu yake inahitaji nafasi kubwa kuliko maji ya kiowevo kiasi cha 9%. Mfano wake ni chupa cha soda katika friji kinaweza kupasuka. Sababu yake ni maji ndani ya soda inahitaji nafasi kubwa kuliko soda ya majimaji hivyo kupasua chupa chenyewe. Kutokana na hali hiyohiyo barafu ni nyepesi kuliko maji hivyo hubaki juu ya maji. Vipande vya barafu vikubwa baharini vinaweza kuharibu hata meli kubwa jinsi ilivyoonyesha mfano wa meli [[Titanic]]. Kwenye mtelemko wa milima barafu yanaweza kutambaa kama mto ikiitwa [[barafuto]]. [[Category:Metorolojia]] {{mbegu}} 2705 9363 2006-05-08T17:33:15Z Kipala 107 Zanzibar umehamishwa hapa Zanzibar (maana): Katika orodha za jamii n.k. ni afadhali jina likionyesha kama ni makala ya maana au sivyo #REDIRECT [[Zanzibar (maana)]] 2706 9368 2006-05-08T18:59:12Z LUCPOL 165 [[Image:Crystal 128 ksmiletris.png|50px]] [[pl:Wikipedysta:LUCPOL]] [[en:User:LUCPOL]] [[ru:Участник:LUCPOL]] 2707 9369 2006-05-08T19:07:22Z Kipala 107 kutokana na de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:MODIS1000023_md.jpg kutokana na de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:MODIS1000023_md.jpg 2708 9370 2006-05-08T19:09:45Z Kipala 107 kutokana na de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:MODIS1000023_md.jpg kutokana na de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:MODIS1000023_md.jpg 2709 9371 2006-05-08T21:37:42Z Kipala 107 kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Saddle-billed-storks-in-Okawango-delta.jpg kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Saddle-billed-storks-in-Okawango-delta.jpg 2710 9373 2006-05-08T21:46:53Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Delta ya Nile.PNG|thumb|right|300px|Delta ya [[Mto Nile]] inavyoonekana kutoka angani - picha ya [[NASA]]]] '''Delta''' ni jina kwa ajili ya mdomo wa [[mto]] ukiwa na umbo la la kufanana herufi ya [[Kigiriki]] Δ (=delta) sawa na pembetatu. ==Kutokea kwa delta ya mto== Umbo hili hutokea kama maji ya mto yanabeba matope, mchanga na [[mashapo]] mengine hadi mdomo wake baharini. Maji ya mto yakiingia baharini hupungua mwendo wake pia nguvu ya kubeba yaliyomo ndani yake. Mashapo yanashuka chini: kwanza sehemu zake nzito nzito kama changarawe, halafu mchanga, halafu udongo. Mashapo haya yanalazwa ganda baada ya ganda na kuimarika hadi kuonekana juu ya uwiano wa maji. Sehemu hizi za mashapo yaliyoimarika zinakuwa kama kizuizi kinacholazimisha mto kugawa mwendo wake. Kwa njia hii mikono mbalimbali inatokea. Mimea inaanza kukua kwenye nchi mpya ikiwa mizizi yao inashika na kuimarisha nchi hii. Mto unaendelea kupeleka mishapo yake mdomoni na kujenga delta yake ndani ya bahari jinsi inavyoonekana kwenye mto Nile ambako delta imetoka nje ya mstari wa pwani. Ikiwa bahari ina tofauti kubwa kati ya [[maji kujaa na kupwa]] mdomoni wa mto tena bahari haina kina kubwa hutokea mlango wa mto mwenye umbo la V (kama faneli) kwa sababu mwendo wa maji kujaa na kupwa unazuia kutelemka na kuimarika kwa mashapo. ==Mito mikubwa yenye mdomo wa delta== Pamoja na mto Nile kuna mito mingi mikubwa yenye mdomo wa delta: *[[ mto Niger]] katika [[Nigeria]] * [[mto Zambezi]] katika [[Msumbiji]] * [[Amerika]] kuna delta za [[Amazonas]] ([[Brazil]]) na [[Mississippi]] ([[Marekani]]) * [[Asia]] ina delta kubwa za [[Tigris-Euphrates]] ([[Irak]]), [[Indus]] ([[Pakistan]]), [[Ganga]]/[[Brahmaputra]] ([[India]] na [[Bangladesh]]), [[Krishna-Godavari]] na Kaveri ([[India]]), [[Ayeyarwady]] ([[Myanmar]]), Mekong (Vietnam) na [[Yangtse]] ([[Uchina]]). * [[Ulaya]] kuna delta kubwa za [[Rhine]] ([[Uholanzi]]), [[Rhone]] ([[Ufaransa]]), [[Danubi]] ([[Romania]]), [[Ebro]] ([[Hispania]]), [[Volga]] na [[Lena]] ([[Urusi]]) ==Delta ya barani== [[Image:--Korongo Domo-ngazi-- kwenye delta ya Okavango.PNG|thumb|200px|right|[[Korongo Domo-ngazi]] wawili kwenye mkono moja wa delta ya barani ya Okavango]] Wakati mwingine delta inatokea barani pasipo na bahari. Kuna hasa aina mbili: ama mto unakwisha barani (hasa kama ni jangwa) au mto unaendelea. Huko [[Mali]] kuna delta ya barani ya mto Niger; mto unajigawa kwa mikono mbalimbali katika eneo kubwa la maziwa na maeneo ya matopematope. Mto wa [[Okavango]] unakwisha kwenye delta yake katika jangwa la [[Kalahari]] ([[Botswana]]). Delta hii ni eneo lenye mimea na wanyama wengi katikati ya jangwa kubwa. Delta inavuta watalii wengi kila mwaka. [[Category:Jiografia]] [[Category:Mito]] [[da:Floddelta]] [[de:Flussdelta]] [[en:River delta]] [[eo:Riverdelto]] [[et:Suue]] [[fi:Suisto]] [[fr:Delta (fleuve)]] [[he:דלתה]] [[ja:三角州]] [[ka:დელტა]] [[ko:삼각주]] [[nl:Rivierdelta]] [[pl:Delta rzeki]] [[pt:Delta]] [[ru:Дельта реки]] [[sv:Floddelta]] 2711 10287 2006-05-29T22:24:20Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Botswana map.png|right|thumb|300px|Ramani ya Botswana]] '''Botswana'''ni nchi ya [[Afrika]] ya Kusini. Jina rasmi ni '''Jamhuri ya Botswana'''. [[Mji mkuu]] ya Botswana ni [[Gaborone]]. ==Jiografia== Botswana haina pwani la [[bahari]] yoyote. Imepakana na [[Zimbabwe]], [[Afrika Kusini]] na [[Namibia]]. Kuna pia feri ya moja kwa moja kati ya Botswana na [[Zambia]] kuvuka [[mto Zambezi]]. [[Jangwa]] la [[Kalahari]] linafunika theluthi mbili za eneo la Botswana. Eneo nyingine muhimu ni [[delta]] ya [[Okavango|mto Okavango]]. Delta ya Okavango ni delta ya barani kubwa kabisa duniani, maana yake mdomo wa mto si [[bahari]]ni bali kwenye nchi kavu, maji yakiishia jangwani. ==Utamaduni== Watu wa Botswana hujiita "Batswana'''. Kuna wakazi takriban milioni 1.6. Kwa sababu nchi ni kubwa songamano la watu ni watu 2.7 kwa km² pekee. Idadi hiyo ndogo imetokana na sehemu kubwa la jangwa. Lugha inayotumika na wakazi walio wengi ni ''Setswana'' (Kitswana) pamoja na [[Kiingereza]]. Botswana imekuwa [[demokrasia]] ya miaka mingi ikiwa viongozi huchaguliwa katika kura ya wananchi wote. [[Rais]] wa jamhuri ndiye [[Festus Mogae]]. ==Uchumi== [[Uchumi]] wa Botswana imekuwa imara tangu miaka mingi na hali ya maisha imeongezeka kila mwaka tangu uhuru . Utajiri wa nchi ni hasa [[migodi]] ya [[almasi]], pamoja na machimbi ya metali kama vile [[shaba]] na [[minerali]] kama vile [[chumvi]]. Watalii wanaongeza pato la taifa hasa kwa sababu ya uzuri wa [[delta ya Okavango]]. Pesa ya Botswana huitwa ''Pula'' (yaani mvua). Ina ''thebe'' (="ngao") 100. {{Afrika}} [[Category:nchi]] [[af:Botswana]] [[am:ቦትስዋና]] [[ar:بوتسوانا]] [[an:Botsuana]] [[bn:বোত্সওয়ানা]] [[zh-min-nan:Botswana]] [[bs:Bocvana]] [[bg:Ботсвана]] [[ca:Botswana]] [[cs:Botswana]] [[da:Botswana]] [[de:Botsuana]] [[et:Botswana]] [[el:Μποτσουάνα]] [[en:Botswana]] [[es:Botswana]] [[eo:Bocvano]] [[eu:Botswana]] [[fr:Botswana]] [[gl:República de Botsuana - Republic of Botswana]] [[ko:보츠와나]] [[hi:बोत्सवाना]] [[hr:Bocvana]] [[io:Botswana]] [[id:Botswana]] [[ia:Botswana]] [[is:Botsvana]] [[it:Botswana]] [[he:בוטסואנה]] [[ks:बोत्सवाना]] [[kw:Botswana]] [[ht:Botswana]] [[ku:Botswana]] [[la:Botsuana]] [[lv:Botsvāna]] [[lt:Botsvana]] [[hu:Botswana]] [[mk:Боцвана]] [[ms:Botswana]] [[na:Botswana]] [[nl:Botswana]] [[ja:ボツワナ]] [[no:Botswana]] [[nn:Botswana]] [[oc:Botswana]] [[ps:بوټسوانا]] [[nds:Botswana]] [[pl:Botswana]] [[pt:Botswana]] [[ro:Botswana]] [[ru:Ботсвана]] [[sa:बोत्सवाना]] [[tn:Botswana]] [[sq:Botsuana]] [[sk:Botswana]] [[sl:Bocvana]] [[sr:Боцвана]] [[sh:Bocvana]] [[fi:Botswana]] [[sv:Botswana]] [[tl:Botswana]] [[vi:Botswana]] [[tr:Botsvana Cumhuriyeti]] [[uk:Ботсвана]] [[zh:波札那]] 2712 9379 2006-05-09T10:32:49Z Jose77 156 <div align="center" class="usermessage">[[Image:Internet-group-chat.svg|left|25px]] '''<span class="plainlinks">For a quicker reply, please leave your messages [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=User_talk:Jose77&action=edit&section=new Here]</div> 2713 9380 2006-05-09T11:05:10Z Kipala 107 '''Bendera''' ni kitambaa chenye rangi mbalimbali mara nyingi chenye umbo la pembenne, pia la mraba au pembetatu. Ina kazi ya kitambulisho au alama ya mawasiliano. [[Image:Flag of Nepal.svg|thumb|<small>Bendera ya [[Nepal]] isiyo na umbo la kawaida]] ==Bendera kama kitambulisho== Mara nyingi bendera ni alama ya kitambulisho cha taifa au jumuiya nyingine. Nchi inweka bendera yake kwa kuonyesha: hapa eneo letu linaanza; au: leo tunaonyesha bendera kwa sababu ni sikukuu ya taifa. Serikali zinaweza kuweka bendera mbele ya majengo rasmi ikonyesha: hapa ndipo jengo rasmi kama kituo cha polisi, shule, nyumba ya wizara na kadhalika. Mji una bendera ukiitumia kama serikali ya nchi katika eneo lake. Klabu ya [[soka]] inaweza kuwa na bendera. Bendera ya klabu inaonyeshwa na wafuasi wake uwanjani kwa kusidi la kuwaonyesha wachezaji kuwa wenzao wako. ==Bendera vitani== Bendera zilikuwa kati ya alama muhimu vitani. Vikosi mbalimbali vilikuwa na bendera zao zilizowasaidia wanajeshi kutambua jeshi lao liko sehemu gani kama walitengwa na wenzao wengine katika mapigano ya watu maelfu. [[Image:Alpha flag.svg|thumb|120px|<small>Bendera ya Alpha (A)]] [[Image:Bravo flag.svg|thumb|120px|<small>Bendera ya Bravo (B)]] ==Bendera kama alama ya mawasiliano== Matumizi ya kale kabisa ya mabendera ni kuwasilisha habari. Matumizi haya yanahitaji uelewano kuhusu maana ya rangi zinazoonyeshwa. Rangi mbalimbali pamoja zinaweza kumaanisha maneno, herufi au amri. Bendera zenye rangi hizi zinaonekana kwa umbali wa wastani unaotegemea ukubwa wa bendera. Utaratibu huu uliwahi kutumika kati ya meli baharini tangu karne nyingi. Hadi leo meli zinatumia mawasiliano ya bendera hata siku hizi za simu na redio. Lakini bendera zinasaidia kama mitambo imeharibika au kama meli mbili zinakutana zisizojua marudio ya redio ya meli nyingine. Matumizi haya ni kawaida pia katika michezo fulani, kwa mfano mshika bendera kwenye soka au alama ya mwanzo mbioni. [[am:ሰንደቅዓላማ]] [[bg:Знаме]] [[ca:Bandera]] [[cs:Vlajka]] [[da:Flag]] [[de:Flagge]] [[en:Flag]] [[et:Lipp]] [[es:Bandera]] [[eo:Flago]] [[fr:Drapeau]] [[it:Bandiera]] [[he:דגל]] [[nl:Vlag]] [[ja:&#26071;]] [[no:Flagg]] [[pl:Flaga]] [[pt:Bandeira]] [[ru:Флаг]] [[sl:Zastava]] [[sv:Flagga]] [[fi:Lippu]] [[tr:Bayrak]] [[uk:Прапор]] [[fiu-vro:Lipuq]] [[wa:Drapea]] 2714 9390 2006-05-09T19:43:17Z Kipala 107 {{Infobox_Country |native_name = ''Muso oa Lesotho'' |conventional_long_name = Miliki ya Lesotho |common_name = Lesotho |image_flag = Flag of Lesotho.svg |image_coat = Lesotho coa.png |image_map = LocationLesotho.png |national_motto = Khotso, Pula, Nala<br>([[Kisotho]]: Amani, Nyesha, Baraka) |national_anthem =[[Lesotho Fatse La Bontata Rona]] |official_languages =[[Lugha ya kiingereza|Kiingereza]] |capital =[[Maseru]] |latd=29 |latm=18 |latNS=S |longd=27 |longm=28 |longEW=E |largest_city =[[Maseru]] |government_type = |leader_titles =[[Orotha ya Wafalme wa Lesotho|Miliki]]<br>[[Waziri Mkuu wa Lesotho|Waziri mkuu]] |leader_names =[[Letsie Watatu wa Lesotho|Letsie Watatu]]<br>[[Pakalitha Mosisili]] |area_rank =137th |area_magnitude =1 E10 |area=30,355 |areami²=11,717 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |percent_water =Negligible |population_estimate =1,867,035 <sup>1</sup> |population_estimate_rank =146 |population_estimate_year =Julai 2005 |population_census =1,861,959 |population_census_year =2004 |population_density =61.5 |population_densitymi² = 159.3 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |population_density_rank = 109 |GDP_PPP = $6.123 bilioni<!--cia.gov--> |GDP_PPP_rank =153 |GDP_PPP_year=2005 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $3,300 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =158 |sovereignty_type =[[Independence]] |established_events =kutoka [[Wiingereza]] |established_dates =[[Octoba 4]], [[1966]] |HDI =0.497 |HDI_rank =149 |HDI_year =2003 |HDI_category =<font color="#E0584E">low</font> |currency =Ma[[loti]] |currency_code =LSL |country_code = |time_zone = |utc_offset =+2 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |cctld = [[.ls]] |calling_code =266 |footnotes = 1.) <small> Jua: Kwamba ukadiri wa umma hasa umechukua jawabu ya watu wanaoaga dunia kwa sababu ya Ukimwi; hii yenyewe imeleta maisha pungufu, kuaga dunia kwa watoto wanaozaliwa na jumla ukuzi wa umma kupungua na mabadiliko ya usabaa wa umma kwa rika, kadiri ya wanawake na wanaumme kama kungiavyo tarajiwa.</small> }} '''Ufalme wa Lesotho''', au '''Lesotho''', ni [[nchi]] ya [[Afrika ya Kusini]]. Ni nchi bara ambayo imezungukwa na [[Afrika Kusini|Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kusini]]. Ilijulikana kama nchi ya [[Basuto]] (Basutoland), ni nchi mwanachama wa [[Umoja wa Mataifa]]. Jina Lesotho ya maanisha ni eneo ya watu ambao waongea lugha ya [[Kisesotho|Kisotho]]. ==Historia== ''Tako la Kifungu: [[Historia ya Lesotho]]'' ==Siasa== ''Tako la kifungu: [[Siasa za Lesotho]]'' . [[Image:Lesotho.geohive.gif|thumb|350px|right|[[kugawa kwa nchi|Mikoa]].]] ==Wilaya== ''Tako la kifungu: [[Wilaya ya Lesotho]]'' Kwa usimamizi wa serikali, Lesotho imegawa kwa [[Wilaya]] 10, kilamoja ikiongozwa na Karani wa wilaya. Kila wilaya ina mji unaoitwa [[mji wa kambi (camptown)]]. {| border=0 | *<small>1</small> [[Wilaya ya Berea|Berea]] *<small>2</small> [[Wilaya ya Butha-Buthe|Butha-Buthe]] *<small>3</small> [[Wilaya ya Leribe|Leribe]] *<small>4</small> [[Wilaya ya Mafeteng|Mafeteng]] *<small>5</small> [[Wilaya ya Maseru|Maseru]] <td> *<small>6</small> [[Wilaya ya Mohale's Hoek|Mohale's Hoek]] *<small>7</small> [[Wilaya ya Mokhotlong|Mokhotlong]] *<small>8</small> [[Wilaya ya Qacha's Nek|Qacha's Nek]] *<small>9</small> [[Wilaya ya Quthing|Quthing]] *<small>10</small> [[Wilaya ya Thaba-Tseka|Thaba-Tseka]] | |} ==Jiografia== {{Tako|Jiografia ya Lesotho}} Ukweli wa Kijiografia ambao wajulikana zaidi kuhusu Lesotho, ni kwamba ni nchi iliozungukwa na [[Afrika ya kusini]], na ni nchi pekee uhuru duniani ambayo iko juu ukwea mita zaidi ya 1,000 (3,300&nbsp;[[futi (kipindi cha kupima)|ft]]). Eneo chini zaid ni mita 1,400 (4,593&nbsp;ft), na zaid ya asilimia 80% ya nchi iko kwa ukwea mita 1,800 (5,900&nbsp;ft).[[Image:Lesotho_map.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Ramani ya Lesotho]] ==Uchumi== ''Tako la Kifungu: [[Uchumi wa Lesotho]]'' [[Image:Landscape in the Mountain Kingdom.jpg|thumb|Malealea, mandhari ya Lesotho]] [[Image:Lesotho Makhaleng.jpg|thumb|left|River Makhaleng mabonde kwa milima ya Lesotho]] [[Image:Lucy in the sky.jpg|thumb|nyumba nchini Lesotho]] [[Image:Malealea.jpg|thumb|Malealea; mbali magharibi wa Lesotho]] ==Ukimwi na Virusi vya Ukimwi== ==Wafanya kazi== ==Ulinzi== ==Mambo ya kigeni== [[Image:Lesotho-Gorge.jpg|thumb|A gorge in Lesotho]] [[Image:Lesotho Snow.jpg|thumb|Snow on a Lesotho road]] ==Watu na Ukoo== ''Tako la kifungu: [[Watu wa Lesotho]]'' ==Utamaduni== *[[Muziki wa Lesotho]] *[[Orotha ya waandishi waafrika (kwa nchi)#Lesotho|Orotha ya Waandishi kutoka Lesotho]] ==Shauri kiwazowazo== * [[Mawasiliano Lesotho]] * [[mambo ya Kigeni Lesotho]] * [[Orotha ya kampuni za Basotho]] * [[Jeshi ya Lesotho]] * [[Chuo kikuu cha Lesotho]] * [[Chuo kikuu cha Lesotho shule ya Kimataifa]] * [[Usafirishaji Lesotho]] * [[Wana skauti waLesotho]] * [http://www.centralbank.org.ls/ Central Bank Of Lesotho] Benki kuu ya Lesotho ==Viungo via Nnje== {{lango}} {{viungo vinavyo husika|Lesotho}} ===Serikali=== *[http://www.lesotho.gov.ls/ Lesotho Government Online] makala maalum ya serikali ===habari=== *[http://allafrica.com/lesotho/ allAfrica - ''Lesotho''] taarifa ya habari ya Lesotho *[http://www.haikona.com/category/southern-africa/lesotho/ Haikona! Lesotho Daily News Blog]makala ya uandishi wa interneti ===Uchambuzi=== *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1063291.stm BBC News - ''Country Profile: Lesotho''](kuhusu Lesotho) *[http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/lt.html CIA World Factbook - ''Lesotho''](kitabu cha wadadisi wa marekani) *[http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Lesotho Open Directory Project - ''Lesotho''] (Maelekezo ya Lesotho) * [http://www.state.gov/p/af/ci/lt/ US State Department - ''Lesotho''] (hii makala ya husu ustadi wa Lesotho na idara ya mabo ya kigeni ya Marekani) ===Utalii=== *{{wikisafari}} {{Afrika}} [[Category:Muungano wa Afrika]] [[Category:Nchi zilizobara]] [[Category:Lesotho| ]] [[Category:Baraza, Amani na Uhifadhi]] [[Category:English speaking countries]] [[af:Lesotho]] [[am:ሌሶቶ]] [[ang:Lesotho]] [[ar:ليسوتو]] [[an:Lesoto]] [[zh-min-nan:Lesotho]] [[bs:Lesoto]] [[bg:Лесото]] [[ca:Lesotho]] [[cs:Lesotho]] [[da:Lesotho]] [[de:Lesotho]] [[et:Lesotho]] [[el:Λεσότο]] [[es:Lesoto]] [[eo:Lesoto]] [[eu:Lesotho]] [[fr:Lesotho]] [[gd:Lesotho]] [[gl:Lesoto - Lesotho]] [[ko:레소토]] [[hr:Lesoto]] [[io:Lesoto]] [[id:Lesotho]] [[is:Lesótó]] [[it:Lesotho]] [[he:לסוטו]] [[kw:Lesotho]] [[la:Lesothum]] [[lv:Lesoto]] [[lt:Lesotas]] [[hu:Lesotho]] [[mk:Лесото]] [[ms:Lesotho]] [[nl:Lesotho]] [[ja:レソト]] [[no:Lesotho]] [[nn:Lesotho]] [[oc:Lesoto]] [[nds:Lesotho]] [[pl:Lesotho]] [[pt:Lesoto]] [[ro:Lesotho]] [[ru:Лесото]] [[sq:Lesoto]] [[simple:Lesotho]] [[sk:Lesotho]] [[sl:Lesoto]] [[sr:Лесото]] [[sh:Lesoto]] [[fi:Lesotho]] [[sv:Lesotho]] [[tl:Lesotho]] [[th:ประเทศเลโซโท]] [[vi:Lesotho]] [[tr:Lesoto]] [[uk:Лесото]] [[zh:莱索托]] 2715 9392 2006-05-09T21:36:08Z Kipala 107 2716 9393 2006-05-09T21:42:33Z Kipala 107 kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Palaisgeneva.jpg kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Palaisgeneva.jpg 2717 9394 2006-05-09T21:44:07Z Kipala 107 kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:1920assemb.jpg kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:1920assemb.jpg 2718 9395 2006-05-09T21:46:02Z Kipala 107 kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:League_of_nations_symbol.gif kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:League_of_nations_symbol.gif 2719 9398 2006-05-09T22:07:04Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Palaisgeneva.PNG|thumb|right|370px|''[[Nyumba ya Matifa]]'' huko [[Geneva]], [[Uswisi]] ilijengwa 1929 - 1938 kama makao makuu ya Shirikisho la Mataifa. Leo ni makao makuu ya [[UM]] katika [[Ulaya]].]] '''Shirikisho la Mataifa''' lilikuwa umoja wa madola ya dunia 63 kati ya 1920 na 1946 [[BK]]. Umoja huu ulianzishwa na mataifa washindi wa [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia]]. Katika miaka 1920-1930 mataifa mengine yalijiunga nao. Shirikisho la Mataifa lilikwisha 1946 baada ya kuundwa kwa [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] iliochukua nafasi yake. ==Mwanzo wake== Wazo la kuwa na shirikisho la mataifa lilitolewa mara ya kwanza na [[mwanafalsafa]] Mjerumani [[Immanuel Kant]] mnamo mwaka 1795. Wazo la Kant lilirudiwa na wanafalsafa mbalimbali. Wakati wa vita kuu ya kwanza rais wa Marekani [[Woodrow Wilson]] alipendekeza hatua za kuanzisha shirikisho hili kwa kusudi la kuzuia vita za wakati ujao baada ya mwisho wa vita ile. Katiba ya shirikisho la mataifa ilikuwa sehemu ya [[mkataba wa Versailles]] mwaka 1919. Nchi washindi au [[mataifa ya ushirikiano]] zilijiunga na umoja huo mpya. Baada ya kukubaliwa na nchi za kutosha shirikisho lilianza rasmi tarehe 10.01.1920. Katiba ilikuwa na madhumuni kama yafuatavo: * fitina zote kati ya nchi zitasuluhishwa kwa njia ya amani kwa azimio ya kamati au [[mahakama ya kimataifa]] * nchi wanachama zote zitaungana dhidi ya nchi yoyote itakayoanzisha vita mpya au kukataa azimio la mahakama ya kimataifa * nchi zinapatana kupunguza jeshi zao na idadi ya silaha zilizopo * mkutano mkuu wa wawakalishi wa nchi zote wanachama itakuwa bunge la shirikisho * kamati kuu au halmashauri ya nchi wanachama nne (baadaye sita)na nafasi nne (baadaye 9) za nchi zinazobadilishana kwa zamu * ofisi kuu inayoongozwa na Katibu Mkuu * mahakama ya kimataifa inaundwa ya kutoa azimio katika matatizo kati ya madola ==Mafanikio== Shirikisho lilikuwa awali umoja wa mataifa washindi wa vita. Baadaye hata nchi zisizishiriki katika vita na nchi zilizoshindwa kama [[Ujerumani]] zilikubaliwa. Idadi ya wanachama ilipanda hadi kufikia 63. [[Image:League of nations symbol.gif|thumb|right|Nembo la Shirikisho la Mataifa 1939 - 1941]] Kati ya mafanikio ni haya: * Fitina ya Aland kati ya [[Sweden]] na [[Finland]] * Fitina kati ya [[Albania]] na [[Yugoslavia]] kuhusu mipaka ya Albania * Fitina mbalimbali kuhusu mipaka ya Ujerumani na [[Poland]], [[Lithuania]] na [[Ufaransa]] * Fitina kuhusu mashambulio ya [[Ugiriki]] dhidi ya [[Bulgaria]] 1925 * Fitina kati ya Uturuki, [[Irak]] na [[Uingereza]] 1926 juu ya [[Mosul]] * Malalamiko kuhusu utumwa katika nchi ya [[Liberia]] 1930 * Mapatano ya kimataifa kuhusu wanawake kufanyiwa biashara ya umalaya, [[biashara ya madawa ya kulevya]] na kitambulisho cha wakimbizi Shirikisho la mataifa liliunda pia utaratibu wa utawala wa maeneo yaliyokuwa chini ya Uturuki na Ujerumani hadi 1919. ==Kazi ya Shirikisho la Mataifa katika Afrika== [[Liberia]] na [[Afrika Kusini]] zilikuwa wanachama tangu mwanzo, [[Ethiopia]] ilipokelewa mwaka 1923. Katika Afrika shirikisho liliunda utaratibu mpya kwa ajili ya koloni za Ujerumani yaani [[Tanganyika]], [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], [[Togo]], [[Kamerun]] na [[Namibia]]. Ujerumani haukubaliwa kuwa nazo tena kwa sababu ya kuwatendea wenyeji Waafrika vibaya. Hata kama sababu hiyo ilikuwa tamko la washindi wa vita waliotaka kujigawia wenyewe koloni hizi ilhali wenyewe waliwahi kuwatendea watu vibaya katika koloni zao msingi muhimu uliwekwa uliozaa matunda baadaye: yaani hata serikali ya kikoloni inatakiwa kuheshimu haki za binadamu. Halafu koloni za Ujerumani hazikukabidhiwa tu kwa Uingereza (Tanganyika, sehemu za Kamerun na Togo), Ufaransa (sehemu kubwa za Kamerun na Togo), Ubelgiji (Rwanda, Burundi) na Afrika Kusini (Namibia) hivi lakini kama [[maeneo ya kukabidhiwa]] chini ya uangalizi wa Shirikisho la Mataifa. Utaratibu huu ulikuwa muhimu baadaye wakati wa uhuru. Namibia ilikuwa sehemu ya Afrika Kusini chini ya sheria za nchi ile lakini jumuiya ya kimataifa haikukubali kwa sababu Namibia ilikuwa kati ya maeneo ya kukabidhiwa - mwishoni Afrika Kusini iliiacha Namibia iwe huru mwaka 1990 miaka 44 baada ya mwisho wa shirikisho lenyewe. [[Image:Selassiegeneva.PNG|frame|Mfalme [[Haile Selassie]] wa [[Ethiopia]] akishtaki Italia kwa sababu ya uvamizi wa nchi yake 1935 mbele ya Mkutano Mkuu wa Shirikisho la Mataifa]] ==Matatizo== Tatizo kubwa tangu mwanzo ilikuwa ya kwamba [[Marekani]] haukuthebitisha unachama wake. Rais Wilson aliyeandaa kuundwa kwa shirikisho alikuwa amekasirisha wabunge wake nyumbani hivyo Senati ya Marekani iliendelea kukataa uanachama ya Marekani. Matatizo mengine yaliyosababisha kushindwa kwa shirikisho la mataifa yalitokana hasa na udhaifu mkubwa wa kukosa jeshi lake. Tangu mwanzo shirikisho lilitegemea nguvu ya nchi wanachama kama nchi ilivunja mapatano na kukataa kuitikia maazimio ya shirikisho. Kuanzia mnamo mwaka 1930 mataifa wanachama makubwa yalianza kuvunja vibaya sheria za shirikisho lakini hatua kali hazikuchukuliwa dhidi yao. Shirikisho lilishindwa kuzuia vita na mashambulio dhidi ya nchi wanachama wake. Kati ya matukio muhimu yaliyoharibu sifa za shirikisho ni: * Mapigano ya [[Mukden]] 1931 ([[Japan]] kushambulia [[Uchina]], kuvamia [[Manchuria]]) * Vita ya [[Chaco]] kati ya [[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]] 1932 - 1935 * [[Vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe Hispania]] iliyoingiliwa kati na [[Italia]], Ujerumani na [[Urusi]] * Italia kuvamia Ethiopia 1935 , ikitumia silaha marufuku kama gesi * Kuongezeka kwa jeshi la Ujerumani kupitia kiwango kilichokubaliwa 1919 Nchi mbalimbali zilitoka katika Shirikisho la Mataifa baada ya kupingwa mkutanoni kama vile Italia, Japan na Ujerumani. Azimio la mwisho lenye maana kidogo yalikuwa kufukuza Urusi katika shirikisha baada ya uvamizi wake katika Finland mwaka 1939. ==Mwisho== Septemba 1939 Ujerumani ilivamia Poland. Baada ya siku chache ilionekana ya kwamba vita kuu ya pili imeanza - Shirikisho la Mataifa lilishindwa katika dhumuni lake la kuzuia marudio ya Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia. Washindi wa vita kuu ya pili waliamua kuanzisha chombo kipya. Umoja wa Mataifa uliundwa 1945 ukachukua nafasi yake. Vitengo kadhaa za shirikisho viliendela vikihamia kwa UM kwa mfano Shirika ya Kazi ya Kimataifa ([[ILO]]). Mwaka 1946 mkutano mkuu uliamua mumaliza shirikisho. Mali yale ilikabidhiwa kwa UM. [[af:Volkebond]] [[ar:عصبة الأمم]] [[ast:Sociedá de Naciones]] [[bg:Общество на народите]] [[ca:Societat de Nacions]] [[cs:Společnost národů]] [[da:Folkeforbundet]] [[de:Völkerbund]] [[en:League of Nations]] [[et:Rahvasteliit]] [[el:Κοινωνία των Εθνών]] [[es:Sociedad de Naciones]] [[eo:Ligo de Nacioj]] [[fa:جامعه ملل]] [[fr:Société des Nations]] [[ko:국제 연맹]] [[io:Ligo dil nacioni]] [[id:Liga Bangsa-Bangsa]] [[it:Società delle Nazioni]] [[he:חבר הלאומים]] [[lv:Nāciju Līga]] [[lt:Tautų Sąjunga]] [[hu:Népszövetség]] [[ms:Liga Bangsa-bangsa]] [[nl:Volkenbond]] [[ja:国際連盟]] [[no:Folkeforbundet]] [[pl:Liga Narodów]] [[pt:Sociedade das Nações]] [[ro:Liga Naţiunilor]] [[ru:Лига Наций]] [[sk:Spoločnosť národov]] [[sl:Društvo narodov]] [[fi:Kansainliitto]] [[sv:Nationernas förbund]] [[vi:Hội Quốc Liên]] [[uk:Ліга Націй]] [[zh:國際聯盟]] 2720 9399 2006-05-09T22:08:47Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] 2721 9400 2006-05-09T22:25:35Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Roma]] 2722 9402 2006-05-09T22:33:43Z Kipala 107 Majina ya kihistoria: linganisha na majina ya Tanzania na Ujerumani ! --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 22:33, 9 May 2006 (UTC) 2723 9879 2006-05-21T16:49:48Z Kipala 107 {| align=right |- | [[Image:DiegoGarcia1.png|thumb|250px|right|Location map of Diego Garcia]] |- | [[Image:diegogarcia.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Kisiwa cha Diego Garcia kwa macho ya ndege]] |- |} '''Diego Garcia''' ni kisiwa cha [[Uingereza|Kiingereza]] katika [[Bahari Hindi]]. Ni sehemu ya [[funguvisiwa]] [[Chagos]]. Ni kituo kikubwa cha kijeshi cha Marekani katika Bahari Hindi. Kati ya 1850 na 1965 kisiwa kilikuwa sehemu ya eneo la [[Mauritius]]. Mwaka 1971 Uingereza ilikodi Diego Gracia kwa jeshi la Marekani. Waamerika walitaka kuwa na kituo cha kijeshi katika mashindano yao na Urusi. Katika miaka miwili iliyofuata wenyeji wote wa funguvisiwa waliondolewa visiwani leo vyote ni chini ya jeshi la Marekani. Waliohamishwa na watoto wao wanaishi leo huko Mauritius, Shelisheli na Uingereza. Wengi wao wanapigania haki ya kurudi. Mahakama ya Uingereza iliwaruhusu mwaka 2000 warudi tena lakini serikali imekataa mwaka 2004. Diego Garcia ilikuwa kituo muhimu katika vita za Marekani huko Afghanistan na Irak. Ndege za kijeshi za aina B-52 zinatoka hapa pamoja na ndege za kubeba petroli. Marekani ina pia kituo cha meli za kijeshi kisiwani. [[Category:Visiwa vya Afrika]] [[Category:Eneo la ng'ambo la Uingereza]] [[Category:Visiwa vya Bahari ya Hindi]] {{Afrika}} [[en:Diego Garcia]] [[es:Diego García]] [[fr:Diego Garcia]] [[he:דייגו גרסיה]] [[it:Diego Garcia]] [[ja:ディエゴガルシア島]] [[nl:Diego Garcia]] [[no:Diego Garcia]] [[sv:Diego Garcia]] 2724 9731 2006-05-16T20:24:55Z Kipala 107 :''Kwa mahali kwingine ambapo kuna watu na vitu zina jina sawa, [[Moroni]]'' [[Image:KM-Grande Comore-Moroni.png|thumb|right|175px|Ramani, Moroni kwa kisiwa kikubwa cha komoro]] '''Moroni''' ([[Kiarabu]]: '''&#1605;&#1608;&#1585;&#1608;&#1606;&#1610;''') ni mji mkubwa wa [[Komoro]] na kutoka mwaka wa [[1962]] ni [[mji mkuu]] wa Komoro. Mwaka wa [[1990]], mji huu ulikuwa na watu 23,400 wakazi. Mji mwenyewe umo magharibi mwa [[Grande Comore]] (Ngazidja). ''Kiwanja cha kimataifa cha ndege, Moroni Hahaya'' chatumika kutua Moroni, kodi ya ([[kiwanja cha ndege IATA]]: '''HAH'''). Pia kuna bandari ya jahazi zinazotumika kwenda bara [[Afrika]] na visiwa vingine via komoro na pia [[Madagaska]] na visiwa vya [[bahari Hindi]]. Moroni yenyewe iko kwa {{coor dm|11|45|kusini|43|12|mashariki|(23,400)_region:KM}}. [[Category:Miji Komoro]] [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[ar:موروني]] [[da:Moroni]] [[de:Moroni (Komoren)]] [[es:Moroni (Comoras)]] [[fr:Moroni (Comores)]] [[ko:모로니 (코모로)]] [[io:Moroni]] [[id:Moroni, Komoro]] [[it:Moroni (Comore)]] [[he:מורוני]] [[lt:Moronis]] [[nl:Moroni (Comoren)]] [[ja:モロニ]] [[no:Moroni]] [[pl:Moroni (miasto)]] [[pt:Moroni]] [[ru:Морони]] [[sk:Moroni]] [[fi:Moroni]] [[sv:Moroni]] 2725 9411 2006-05-10T18:54:57Z Kipala 107 kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:KM-Grande_Comore-Moroni.png kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:KM-Grande_Comore-Moroni.png 2726 9414 2006-05-10T18:57:49Z Kipala 107 Moroni, Comoros umehamishwa hapa Moroni (Komoro): ilingane na makala iliyopo tayariy a Komoro, tena "Comoros" ni Kiingereza #REDIRECT [[Moroni (Komoro)]] 2727 10251 2006-05-29T15:51:36Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Oldoinyolengai.jpg|thumb|400px|Ol Doinyo Lengai wakati wa mlipuko wake wa 1966]] Ol Doinyo Lengai (Kimaasai "mlima wa Mungu") ni [[mlima]] wa [[volkeno]] katika [[Tanzania]] ya Kaskazini. Iko takriban 120 km kaskazini-magharibi ya [[Arusha]]. Iko 25 km kusini ya Ziwa la Magadi (Tanzania - "Lake Natron"). Jina la mlima ni [[Kimaasai]] lamaanisha "mlima wa Mungu". Mlima una kimo cha 2690 [[m]] juu ya [[UB]]. Ni volkeno ya pekee duniani kutokana na aina ya lava yake inayotoka hali ya kiowevu (majimaji) lakini si moto sana (mnamo 500° - 600°C). Ol Doinyo Lengai ilipuka tena katika Machi 2006. [[Category:Tanzania]] [[Category:Milima ya Afrika]] [[Category:Volkeno za Afrika]] [[de:Ol Doinyo Lengai]] [[en:Ol Doinyo Lengai]] [[et:Ol Doinyo Lengai]] [[lt:Ol Doinyo Lengai]] 2728 9424 2006-05-10T22:05:46Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Jiografia]] [[be:Катэгорыя:Вульканы]] [[bg:Категория:Вулкани]] [[ca:Categoria:Volcans]] [[da:Kategori:Vulkaner]] [[de:Kategorie:Vulkan]] [[en:Category:Volcanoes]] [[eo:Kategorio:Vulkanoj]] [[es:Categoría:Volcanes]] [[et:Kategooria:Vulkaanid]] [[fi:Luokka:Tulivuoret]] [[fr:Catégorie:Volcan]] [[hr:Kategorija:Vulkani]] [[is:Flokkur:Eldstöðvar]] [[it:Categoria:Vulcani]] [[ja:Category:火山]] [[ko:분류:화산]] [[la:Category:Montes Igniferi]] [[lb:Category:Vulkaner]] [[mt:Category:Vulkani]] [[nl:Categorie:Vulkaan]] [[no:Kategori:Vulkaner]] [[pl:Kategoria:Wulkany]] [[pt:Categoria:Vulcões]] [[ru:Категория:Вулканы]] [[simple:Category:Volcanoes]] [[sl:Category:Ognjeniki]] [[sv:Kategori:Vulkaner]] [[tr:Kategori:Yanardağlar]] [[uk:Категорія:Вулкани]] [[zh:Category:火山]] 2729 9427 2006-05-11T00:50:18Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[mita]] 2730 9428 2006-05-11T08:13:47Z Jose77 156 2731 9433 2006-05-11T11:48:32Z Kipala 107 Herufi za Kiarabu ni maandishi ya lugha ya Kiarabu. Nje ya Kiarabu lugha mbalimbali zinaandikwa kwa herufi za kiarabu hasa lugha za nchi penye Waislamu wengi. Kati ya lugha hizi ni [[Kiajemi]], [[Kikurdi]], [[Kimalay]] na [[Urdu]]. Kihistoria hata Kiswahili na Kituruki ziliwahi kuandikwa kwa herufi za Kiarabu. Kuna herufi 28 za Kiarabu zinazoandikwa kutoka upande wa kulia kwenda kushoto. Herufi zote isipokuwa sita zinaunganishwa wakati wa kuandika. Kutokana na tabia hiyo kila herufi inaweza kuonekana kwa umbo tofautitofauti kiasi kutegemeana na mahali pake mwanzoni, katikati au mwishoni mwa neno. Kwa kawaida maandishi ya Kiarabu ni ya vokali tu bila konsonanti. Vokali zikiandikwa zinaonekana kama mistari au nukta chini au juu ya herufi zinazoanzisha sillabi. ==Herufi kuu== {|border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 123%;" |----- |colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | '''Umbo la herufi''' |rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''Jina''' |rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''Soma kama''' |rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''<small>[[Alama ya matamshi ya kimaitifa]]''' |----- ! <small>peke yake ! <small>mwanzoni ! <small>katikati ! <small>mwishoni |----- align="center" | [[ﺀ]] || colspan="3" | أ, إ, ؤ, ئ<br /> || hamza | ’ ‚ || [ʔ] |----- align="center" | ﺍ || colspan="2" | — || ﺎ || alif || ā | <small>[aː]</small> |----- align="center" | ﺏ || ﺑ || ﺒ || ﺐ || bāʾ || b || [b] |----- align="center" | ﺕ || ﺗ || ﺘ || ﺖ || tāʾ || t || [t] |----- align="center" | ﺙ || ﺛ || ﺜ || ﺚ || ṯāʾ || th || [θ] |----- align="center" | ﺝ || ﺟ || ﺠ || ﺞ || ǧīm || / j || [ʤ] |----- align="center" | ﺡ || ﺣ || ﺤ || ﺢ || ḥāʾ || ḥ || [ħ] |----- align="center" | ﺥ || ﺧ || ﺨ || ﺦ || ḫāʾ || / ẖ / kh || [x] |----- align="center" | ﺩ || colspan="2" | — || ﺪ || dāl || d | [d] |----- align="center" | ﺫ || colspan="2" | — || ﺬ || ḏāl || ḏ / dh | [ð] |----- align="center" | ﺭ || colspan="2" | — || ﺮ || rāʾ || r | [r] |----- align="center" | ﺯ || colspan="2" | — || ﺰ || zāy || z | [z] |----- align="center" | ﺱ || ﺳ || ﺴ || ﺲ || sīn || s || [s] |----- align="center" | ﺵ || ﺷ || ﺸ || ﺶ || šīn || š / sh || [ʃ] |----- align="center" | ﺹ || ﺻ || ﺼ || ﺺ || ṣād || ṣ || [sˁ] |----- align="center" | ﺽ || ﺿ || ﻀ || ﺾ || ḍād || ḍ || [dˁ], [ðˤ] |----- align="center" | ﻁ || ﻃ || ﻄ || ﻂ || ṭāʾ || ṭ || [tˁ] |----- align="center" | ﻅ || ﻇ || ﻈ || ﻆ || ẓāʾ || ẓ || [zˁ], [ðˁ] |----- align="center" | ﻉ || ﻋ || ﻌ || ﻊ || ʿayn || ʿ / ‘ || [ʔˤ] |----- align="center" | ﻍ || ﻏ || ﻐ || ﻎ || ġayn || ġ / gh || [ɣ] |----- align="center" | ﻑ || ﻓ || ﻔ || ﻒ || fāʾ || f || [f] |----- align="center" | ﻕ || ﻗ || ﻘ || ﻖ || qāf || q / ḳ || [q] |----- align="center" | ﻙ || ﻛ || ﻜ || ﻚ || kāf || k || [k] |----- align="center" | ﻝ || ﻟ || ﻠ || ﻞ || lām || l || [l] |----- align="center" | ﻡ || ﻣ || ﻤ || ﻢ || mīm || m || [m] |----- align="center" | ﻥ || ﻧ || ﻨ || ﻦ || nūn || n || [n] |----- align="center" | ﻩ || ﻫ || ﻬ || ﻪ || hāʾ || h || [h] |----- align="center" | ﻭ || colspan="2" | — || ﻮ || wāw || w | [w] |----- align="center" | ﻱ || ﻳ || ﻴ || ﻲ || yāʾ || y || [j] |} [[als:Arabisches Alphabet]] [[ar:عربية (كتابة)]] [[ast:Alfabetu árabe]] [[bg:Арабска азбука]] [[ca:Alfabet àrab]] [[cs:Arabské písmo]] [[en:Arabic alphabet]] [[eo:Araba alfabeto]] [[es:Alfabeto árabe]] [[fa:خط عربی]] [[fr:Alphabet arabe]] [[gl:Alfabeto árabe]] [[he:אלפבית ערבי]] [[hu:Arab írás]] [[ja:アラビア文字]] [[nl:Arabisch alfabet]] [[nn:Det arabiske alfabetet]] [[no:Arabisk alfabet]] [[pl:Alfabet arabski]] [[pt:Alfabeto árabe]] [[ro:Alfabetul arab]] [[ru:Арабский алфавит]] [[sl:Arabska abeceda]] [[sv:Arabiska alfabetet]] [[tt:Ğäräp älifbası]] [[zh:阿拉伯字母]] 2732 9442 2006-05-11T13:07:33Z 172.181.244.79 #REDIRECT [[Ol Doinyo Lengai]] 2733 9443 2006-05-11T13:08:20Z 172.181.244.79 #REDIRECT [[Ol Doinyo Lengai]] 2734 9448 2006-05-11T16:20:09Z Kipala 107 Kutokana na fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Tyndale.jpeg Kutokana na fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Tyndale.jpeg 2735 9449 2006-05-11T16:20:48Z Kipala 107 kutokana na fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:The_Gospell_off_Sancte_Jhon_-_The_fyrst_chapter.jpeg kutokana na fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:The_Gospell_off_Sancte_Jhon_-_The_fyrst_chapter.jpeg 2736 9453 2006-05-11T19:12:40Z Kipala 107 kutokana na de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:Indischer_Ozean.png kutokana na de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:Indischer_Ozean.png 2737 9468 2006-05-11T21:23:21Z Kipala 107 '''Bagamoyo''' ni mji mwambanoni wa [[Bahari Hindi]] katika [[Tanzania]] takriban 75 km kaskazini ya [[Dar es Salaam]] na km 45 magharibi ya kisiwa cha [[Unguja]]. Bagamoyo iko kati ya miji ya kale kabisa ya Waswahili katika Tanzania. Maghofu ya Kaole (msikiti na makaburi ya karne ya 13 [[BK]]) yako karibu na Bagamoyo yakionyesha umuhimu wa utamaduni wa Kiislamu katika eneo hili. Lakini hakuna uhakika kuhusu historia ya Bagamoyo ya kale isipikuwa ya kwamba mnamo karne ya 18 mji haukuwa muhimu. Wakazi walio wengi wakati ule walikuwa wavuwi na wakulima, palikuwa na biashara kiasi cha samaki na chumvi. Mwisho wa karne ile familia za Waarabu kutoka [[Oman]] walihamia Bagamoyo wakipanusha biashara yake. Mji ukawa kituo muhimu zaidi kwenye pwani; [[biashara ya misafara]] mikubwa ya karne ya 19 kwenda barani hadi [[Kongo]] ilianza na kurudi hapa. Hasa kuhamia kwa makao ya [[Sultani wa Oman]] kuja [[Zanzibar]] kuliongeza umuhimu wa mwambao karibu na Unguja. Wafanyabiashara wa Zanzibar walikusanya bidhaa zao huko Unguja wakavuka bahari na kuajiri mahamali. Wakarudi miezi au miaka kadhaa baadaye wakileta pembe za ndovu na watumwa. Kwa njia hiyo Bagamoyo ilijulikana kama bandari kuu ya [[biashara ya watumwa]] kwenye pwani la Afrika ya Mashariki katika karne ya 19. Watumwa wakasafirishwa kwa jahazi au dhau hadi Unguja wakiuzwa huko sokoni. [[Mapadre wa Roho Mtakatifu]] walijenga kituo chao cha kwanza katika Afrika ya Mashariki huko Bagamoyo wakiona umuhimu wa mji kama mlango wa bara. Aprili 1888 Sultani wa Zanzibar alikodisha eneo la pwani kwa [[Kampuni ya Kijerumani ya Afrika ya Mashariki]] walioanzisha makao makuu yao Bagamoyo. Ukali wa kampuni ulisababisha katika muda wa wiki chache ghasia ya wenyeji wa pwani iliyokandamizwa na wanajeshi wa Ujerumani. Mwaka 1890 serikali ya Ujerumani ilichukua madaraka ya utawala badala ya kampuni halafu mji mkuu ukahamishwa Daressalaam. Umuhimu wa Bagamoyo ilianza kupungua tena kwa sababu meli kubwa zilitumia bandari ya Daressalaam badala ya Bagamoyo. Leo hii Bagamoyo ni mji mdogo. Majengo yake ya kihistoria yako katika hali mbaya. Wakazi walio wengi wanaishi katika sehemu jipya la Magomeni na soko jipya. Majaribio ya hifadhi la urithi wa kihistoria hayakufaulu miaka mingi. Bagamoyo ina chuo cha kitaifa ni [[Chuo cha Sanaa cha Bagamoyo]]. Tangu 2002 barabara ya lami imepatikana na kuleta matumaini ya kuongezeka kwa utalii. Kuna ombi la kuingiza Bagamoyo katika orodha ya UNESCO ya [[Urithi wa Dunia]] (World Heritage). [[Category:Miji ya Tanzania]] [[Category:Waswahili]] [[de:Bagamoyo]] [[en:Bagamoyo]] [[fi:Bagamoyo]] [[fr:Bagamoyo]] [[gl:Bagamoyo]] 2738 9481 2006-05-12T14:36:47Z Kipala 107 Mji Jibuti umehamishwa hapa Jibuti (mji): Tufuate muundo wa namna moja - kwa orodha jina liwe mbele [[Image:DjiboutiCity-Djibouti.png|right|175px|ramani ya jibuti, mji jibuti]] '''Mji jibuti''' ({{lang-ar|جيبوتي}}) ni [[mji mkuu]] na mji mkubwa [[Jibuti]]. Mji huu ulianzishwa kama [[bandari]] mwaka wa [[1888]] na[[wafaransa]], mji wenyewe ni [[mbenu]] inayogawa [[Guba ya Aden]] kutoka [[Guba ya Tadjoura]]. Yenyewe iko 11&deg;36' kaskazini, 43&deg;10' Mashariki (11.60, 43.1667). Mji huu ulianzishwa mwaka wa [[1888]], na mji wenyewe ukawa mji mkuu mwaka wa [[1891]], ukiandamwa na [[Tadjourah]]. Msafiri mmoja mwaandishi alieleza kwamba mji Jibuti kama mji ulionashida ya kujitambulisha, "alisema ya kwamba mji huu nikama mji wa wahamiaji, ni mji wa Kiafrika uliotengenezwa kama setla ya Waeuropa na pia kama mji wa kifaransam [[kwa bahari ya shamu]]. Mji jibuti unawatu 400,000 , kati Mji jibuti unapagwa kwa makazi iliokuwa ya Waeuropa na makazi iliokuwa ya Wafrika. Kaskazini mashariki kuna bandari inayotumika kwa biashara za kimataifa, [[uvuvi wa samaki]] na [[feri]] inayoenda [[Obock]] na [[Tadjoura]]. Hulka za Mji wa jibuti ni [[mapwa]] kwa pwani ya magharibi na [[Soko kubwa la kati (mji Jibuti)|Soko la kati Mji jibuti]], na [[uwanja]] wa taifa, [[Jumba ya Rais]] na [[Msikiti Hamouli]]. Gari la moshi uenda hadi [[Addis Ababa]], na pia mji huu, watua ndege hushukia [[Uwanja wa Dege wa jibuti-Ambouli] == Viungo via nnje == * [http://maps.google.com/maps? ll=11.558304,43.145714&spn=0.166014,0.234180&t=k&hl=en Satellite picture by Google Maps](ramani na picha za makala ya google (kiswa* g/u/g/u/l) [[Category:Miji Jibuti]] [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[de:Dschibuti (Stadt)]] [[es:Yibuti (ciudad)]] [[eo:Ĝibuto]] [[fa:جیبوتی (شهر)]] [[fr:Djibouti (ville)]] [[ko:지부티 (수도)]] [[it:Gibuti (città)]] [[he:ג'יבוטי (עיר)]] [[lt:Džibutis (miestas)]] [[nl:Djibouti (stad)]] [[ja:ジブチ市]] [[no:Djibouti (by)]] [[pl:Dżibuti (miasto)]] [[sk:Džibuti]] [[sl:Džibuti (mesto)]] [[fi:Djibouti (kaupunki)]] [[sv:Djibouti (stad)]] 2739 9475 2006-05-12T05:56:43Z Yosef 144 Djibouti City umehamishwa hapa Mji Jibuti: Djibouti city is not swahili. It's english. #REDIRECT [[Mji Jibuti]] 2740 11212 2006-06-23T22:04:50Z Kipala 107 '''Asmara''' ni [[Mji mkuu]] na makazi makubwa nchini [[Eritrea]], watu 579,000 waishi mji huu. [[viwanda via nguo]] na nguo ya kuvaa, uchinji wa nyama, [[pombe]], [[viatu]], na [[seramiki]] ni moja wapo ya vifaa vinavio toka mji wa Asmara. Asmara yenyewe kwa kijiografia iko 15&deg;20' kaskazini, 38&deg;55' mashariki (15.333, 38.91667). Pia mji huu uliitwa '''Asmera'''. ==Historia== Asmara ilianza kutoka vijiji vinne [[karne ya kumi na mbili]] kama [[Eneo ya biashara]] na baadaye kama mji wa [[Ras Alula]]. Ilitawalwa kwa ukoloni na [[Waitaliano]] mwaka wa [[1889]] na kuwa Mji Mkuu [[1897]]. Mika ya juu 1930 Waitaliano waligeuza mji kwa mijengo mipia, bumani mpia na jenzi mpia; Asmara iliitwa na Waitaliano "Piccola Roma" ama (Roma kidogo). Siku hizi mijengo kuu Asmara ni ya Kiitaliano, na maduka bado yanajina za kiitaliano mfano - ("Bar Vittoria", "Pasticceria moderna", "Casa del formaggio", "Ferramenta"). [[Image:Asmara-architecture.jpg|thumb|Sanaa ya mwaka 1930, ambayo ya onyesha mtindo wa deco ya onekana kwa mbenki ya dunia.]] Siku ya vita vya uhuru wa Eritrean kutoka Ethiopia, Uwanja wa ndege wa Asmara ulikuwa mhimu sana, Waithiopia walitumia uwanja huo kupata silaha kutoka ng'ambo. Mji wa mwisho kuanguka kwa [[Jeshi ya ukombozi wa Eritrea]] kwa [[vita via kukomboa Eritrea]], Ilitekwa mwaka wa [[1990]] na kusalimishwa na [[Jeshi ya Ethiopian]] bila vita manamo [[Mai 24]], [[1991]]. ==Hulka== Mji wenyewe una [[(Miziumu) kumbusho]] na inajulikana kwa ukumbusho wa jenzi za [[karne ya ishirini]], pia [[sanaa ya Deco]] [[sinema Impero]], [[Ujenzi wa Kubisti|Kubisti]] [[Pensheni Afrika]], [[Waaminina Eritrea kanisa ya Tewahdo|Kathidral ya waminina]]na pia [[Nyumba ya Opera]], [[ujenzi wa umbele]] [[mjengo wa Fiat Tagliero]], [[mjengo wa neo-Romanesque]] [[Kanisa ya katoliki ya roma Asmara|kathidral ya katoliki] na [[ujenzi wa kupendeza]]. Asmara pia ni nyumbani kwa [[Chuo kikuu cha Asmara]] na [[gome]] ya [[karne ya kumi na tisa]]. Kituo cha ndege, [[Uwanja wa Kimataifa wa Asmara]], kimeungana pia na bandari ya [[Massawa]] kwa [[Reri ya Eritrea]]. Asmara is also the [[episcopal see|see]] of the archbishop of the [[Eritrean Orthodox Church]], which became [[autocephalous]] in [[1993]]. The archbishop was elevated in [[1998]] to the rank of [[Patriarchate]] of Eritrea, at par with the [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church]]. ==Uchambuzi== * Edward Denison, Guang Yu Ren, Naigzy Gebremedhin and Guang Yu Ren - ''Asmara: Africa's Secret Modernist City'' (2003) ISBN 1858942098 (Siri ya Afrika Mji wa kisasa) == Viungo via nnje == *[http://www.asmera.nl/asmara.htm History of Asmara] (makala mazuri ya eritrea kwa interneti) *[http://www.holmeinafrica.com HolmeInAfrica] wawili wa VSO wajitoi waliishi mwaka mmoja Asmara, Eritrea [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[Category:Miji ya Eritrea]] [[ar:أسمرة]] [[bg:Асмара]] [[ca:Asmara]] [[de:Asmara]] [[es:Asmara]] [[eo:Asmara]] [[fr:Asmara]] [[ko:아스마라]] [[id:Asmara, Eritrea]] [[it:Asmara]] [[he:אסמרה]] [[lt:Asmara]] [[nl:Asmara]] [[ja:アスマラ]] [[pl:Asmara]] [[pt:Asmara]] [[ru:Асмэра]] [[sk:Asmara]] [[fi:Asmara]] [[sv:Asmara]] [[tr:Asmara]] [[uk:Асмара]] [[zh:阿斯瑪拉]] 2741 9479 2006-05-12T11:52:06Z Mzungu 168 <p>Mungu ibariki Afrika<br> Wabariki viongozi wake<br> Hekima, Umoja na Amani<br> Hizi ni ngao zetu<br> Afrika na watu wake<br> <p>KIITIKIO:<br> Ibariki Afrika<br> Ibariki Afrika<br> Tubariki watoto wa Afrika<br> <p>Mungu ibariki Tanzania<br> Dumisha Uhuru na Umoja<br> Wake kwa Waume na Watoto<br> Mungu ibariki Tanzania na watu wake<br> <p>KIITIKIO:<br> Ibariki Tanzania<br> Ibariki Tanzania<br> Tubariki watoto wa Tanzania<br> 2742 9482 2006-05-12T14:36:47Z Kipala 107 Mji Jibuti umehamishwa hapa Jibuti (mji): Tufuate muundo wa namna moja - kwa orodha jina liwe mbele #REDIRECT [[Jibuti (mji)]] 2743 9487 2006-05-12T18:30:05Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Daressalaam]] 2744 9488 2006-05-12T18:32:18Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Bara Arabu]] 2745 9489 2006-05-12T18:34:49Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Afrika]] 2746 10156 2006-05-26T12:49:55Z ChriKo 35 Habari zako? Ukiwa mtaalamu wetu wa viumbe hai - labda jaribu hii: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4759535.stm --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 19:07, 12 May 2006 (UTC) Asante, nimefuraha kuona hii, ni ya ajabu. [[User:ChriKo|ChriKo]] 12:49, 26 May 2006 (UTC) 2747 9499 2006-05-12T21:24:29Z Kipala 107 kutokana na de.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Helena kutokana na de.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Helena 2748 9500 2006-05-12T21:24:53Z Kipala 107 kutokana na de.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Helena kutokana na de.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Helena 2749 9505 2006-05-12T21:57:24Z Kipala 107 {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; empty-cells:show; width:330px; margin-left:0.5em;" |----- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | align="center"|[[Image:Flag of Saint Helena.svg|thumb|125px|none|Bendera ya St. Helena]] | align="center"|[[Image:Saint Helena coa.gif|thumb|125px|none|Nembo ya St. Helena]] |---- | [[Lugha rasmi]] || [[Kiingereza]] |---- | [[Mji Mkuu]] || [[Jamestown (St. Helena)|Jamestown]] |---- | [[Serikali]] || [[Eneo la ng'ambo la Uingereza]] |---- | [[Mkuu wa Dola]] || [[Elisabeth II. (Commonwealth)|Elisabeth II.]] |---- | [[Gavana]] || [[Michael Clancy]] |---- | Eneo (pamoja na visiwa vya pembeni)|| 414 [[km²]] |---- | Idadi ya Wakazi || 7460 (Julai 2005) |---- | Wakazi/[[km²]] || 18 |---- | [[Pesa]] || [[Pauni ya St. Helena]] |---- | [[Saa za eneo]] || [[UTC]] |---- | [[Wimbo la Taifa]] || ''[[God Save the Queen]]'' |---- | colspan="2" align="center"| |---- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[Image:St Helena Atlantik.png|Thumb|St. Helena na visiwa vya jirani katika Atlantiki]] |} [[Image:St Helena-Pos.png|thumb|200px|left|Mahali pa St. Helena mbele ya Afrika)]] [[Saint Helena]] (Kiingereza: Mtakatifu Helena) ni kisiwa mbele ya [[Afrika]] ya Magharibi katika [[Atlantiki]] ya kusini chenye eneo la 122 [[km²]]. Umbali na [[Angola]] ni 1.868 [[km]], ni 3.290 km hadi [[Brazil]] (Amerika ya Kusini). Kisiwa chenye asili ya [[volkeno|kivolkeno]] kimo ndani ya beseni ya Angola ya bahari Atlantiki hivyo huhesabiwa kuwa kisiwa cha Afrika. Ni [[eneo la ng'ambo la Uingereza]] na makao makuu ya kundi la visiwa vidogo pamoja na kisiwa cha [[Asuncion]] na funguvisiwa ya [[Tristan da Cunha]]. ==Historia ya Wakazi== Wakazi 7.460 (Julai 2005) ni wa asili ya Kiulaya, Kiafrika na Kichina. Wote wana uraia wa Uingereza wakitumia ligha ya [[Kiingereza]]. Kihistoria Saint Helena haikuwahi kuwa na wakazi kabla ya kufika kwa Wareno mwaka 1502 [[BK]] waliojenga nyumba za kwanza bila kuacha wakazi wa kudumu. Katika miaka iliyofuata palikuwa na mavutano kati ya Wareno, Waholanzi na Waingereza. Tangu 1673 [[Kampuni ya Kiingereza ya India ya Mashariki]] ilitawala kisiwa kama kituo cha safari za [[merikebu ya matanga]] kubwa kati ya Uningereza, [[Afrika ya Kusini]] na [[India]]. Kampuni ilianzisha mji wa Jamestown na mashamba makubwa ya mboga kwa ajili ya mabaharia waliopita. Kwa ajili ya watumwa Waafrika walipelekwa Saint Helena, baada ya mwisho wa utumwa katika karne ya 19 pia wafanyakazi Wachina. [[Image:16_Napoleons_exole_St_Helena_June1970.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Longwood House, St Helena: nyumba alimoishi Napoleon wakati wa kufungwa kisiwani]] ==Napoleon== Jina la Saint Helena lilijulikana kote duniani kutokana na kuwa mahali pa kufungwa kwa Kaisari [[Napoleon I.]] wa [[Ufaransa]]. Napoleon alikuwa kiongozi aliyeogopwa sana na kutawala sehemu kubwa ya Ulaya kwa miaka kadhaa mwanzoni wa karne ya 19. Baada ya kushindwa mwaka 1814 alitakiwa kubaki kwenye kisiwa cha [[Elba]] (Italia) alipotoroka tena na kuanza vita upya. Baada ya kushindwa mara ya pili huko [[Waterloo]] Waingereza walimpeleka mahali pa mbali iwezekanavyo ndipo St. Helena mwaka 1815. Hapo aliishi katika hali ya kufungwa akiwa na nyumba yake na watumishi wake lakini alipaswa kuongozana kisiwani na maafisa Waingereza waliomfuata kila alikoenda. Kwa ujumla Waingereza walipeleka St. Helena wanajeshi 2,000 pamoja na mabaharia wa kijeshi 500 ili wamlinde Napoleon wakiogopa majaribio ya Wafaransa kumwondoa na kumrudisha katika hali ya uhuru. Napoleon alikufa mwaka 1821 akazikwa kisiwani lakini mwili wake ulihamishwa baadaye kwenda Ufaransa alikopewa kaburi la heshimi Paris mjini. Ufaransa ilinunua baadaye nyumba alimoishi kutoka Uingereza ni mahali pa kumbukumbu pa kitaifa pa Ufaransa hadi leo. ==Hali ya St. Helena leo== Kisiwa kinafikiwa kwa meli tu haina kiwanja cha ndege kubwa. Lakini hakuna meli za tanga tena zinazohitaji kusimama St. Helena na kuchukua maji pamoja na chakula. Hivyo hali ya uchumi ni duni. Kuna uvuwi kidogo na utalii unaotegemea kumbukumbu ya Napoleon. Kuna meli moja tu ya kuhudumia St. Helena na visiwa vingine inafika taktiban mara mbili kwa mwezi. Muda wa safari kati ya St. Helena na Namibia au Afrika Kusini ni siku 4 au 5. Kwa ujumla kisiwa kinategemea misaada ya serikali ya Uingereza. Mji mkuu ni [[Jamestown]] mwenye wakazi 900. [[Category:Eneo la ng'ambo la Uingereza]] [[Category:Visiwa vya Atlantiki]] [[Category:Visiwa vya Afrika]] {{Afrika}} [[af:Sint Helena]] [[bg:Света Елена]] [[ca:Santa Helena]] [[da:Sankt Helena]] [[en:Saint Helena]] [[eo:Saint Helena]] [[es:Santa Helena]] [[fi:Saint Helena]] [[fr:Île Sainte-Hélène]] [[he:סנט הלנה]] [[hr:Sveta Helena]] [[hu:Szent Ilona]] [[id:Saint Helena]] [[io:St Helena]] [[is:Sankti Helena]] [[it:Sant'Elena (isola)]] [[ja:セントヘレナ]] [[ko:세인트헬레나]] [[la:Insulae Sanctae Helenae]] [[lmo:Sant'Elena]] [[lt:Šv. Elenos sala]] [[nds:Saint Helena]] [[nl:Sint-Helena (eiland)]] [[no:Saint Helena]] [[pl:Święta Helena (kolonia)]] [[pt:Santa Helena]] [[ro:Sfânta Elena]] [[ru:Остров Святой Елены]] [[sk:Svätá Helena]] [[sl:Sveta Helena]] [[sv:Sankt Helena]] [[tr:Saint Helena]] [[zh:圣赫勒拿岛]] [[zh-min-nan:Sèng Helena]] 2750 9504 2006-05-12T21:46:28Z Kipala 107 Kisiwa cha St. Helena umehamishwa hapa Saint Helena: nimesahihisha jina la makala #REDIRECT [[Saint Helena]] 2751 9907 2006-05-22T05:02:41Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[fi:Jamestown (Saint Helena)]], [[pl:Jamestown (Święta Helena)]] [[Image:02 Last view of Jamestown St Helena June1970.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Jamestown]] '''Jamestown''' (wakazi 900) ni bandari na mji mkuu wa kisiwa na [[eneo la ng'ambo la Uingereza]] la [[Saint Helena]] katika [[bahari]] ya [[Atlantiki]]. Mji ulianzishwa na [[Kampuni ya Kiingereza ya India ya Mashariki]] mwaka 1659. Miaka ya nyuma bandari ya Jamestown ilikuwa kituo muhimu cha safari za [[merikebu ya matanga]] kubwa. Wafanyabiashara walipeleka dhahabu yao hadi St. Helena kwa sababu kisiwa kilikuwa na sifa ya kuwa mahali pa usalama kwa kutunza dhahabu. Haya yote imepungua hadi kupotea kabisa. Leo hii kuna meli tu ya [[RMS St Helena]] inayofika takriban mara 2 kwa mwezi ikitumia siku 4-5 kwa ajili ya safari hadi Afrika Kusini. Idadi ya wakazi wa Jamestown imeendelea kupungua. Mji mwenyewe ni hasa barabara moja yenye nyumba za aina ya ujenzi wa kikoloni cha Kiingereza. [[Category:Saint Helena]] [[de:Jamestown (St. Helena)]] [[en:Jamestown, Saint Helena]] [[es:Jamestown (Santa Helena)]] [[fi:Jamestown (Saint Helena)]] [[io:Jamestown]] [[pl:Jamestown (Święta Helena)]] [[pt:Jamestown (Santa Helena)]] [[sv:Jamestown]] 2752 9510 2006-05-12T22:35:56Z Kipala 107 kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific 2753 11615 2006-07-01T14:35:31Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[be:Ціхі акіян]] [[Image:Pacificocean.PNG|thumb|right|300px|Bahari ya Pasifiki duniani]] '''Pasifiki''' ni [[bahari]] kubwa kabisa duniani. Iko kati ya [[Amerika]] kwa upande wa mashariki na [[Asia]] / [[Australia]] upanda wa magharibi. Eneo lake ni karibu nusu ya uso wa dunia. Eneo lake ni milioni 179.7 [[km²]] ambayo si bahari kubwa tu lakini eneo kubwa kuliko nchi kavu yote duniani. Kina ya wastani ni [[mita]] 4,028; kina kikubwa katika [[mfereji wa Mariana]] kinafikia mita 11,034. [[Image:Pacific Ocean surface 1.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Pasifi inayoonekana kutoka angani; Australia iko upande wa kushoto chini]] Kuna visiwa zaidi ya 25,000 katika Pasifiki vingi ni vidogo sana. Bahari za pembeni ziko hasa upande wa Asia / Australia. Kati ya hizo ni: Bahari ya Calebes, ya Uchina ya Kusini, Bahari ya Japan. Jina la Pasifiki (Kilatini: yenye amani yaani kimya) limetokana na Wazungu wa kwanza waliovuka bahari hii mwaka 1520 [[BK]] kutoka [[Amerika ya Kusini]] hadi [[Ufilipino]] wakiikuta ni bahari kitulivu. Lakini Pasifiki inaweza kuwa na [[dhoruba]] kali sana. Ni eneo penye [[tetemeko la ardhi|matetemeko ya ardhi]] mengi yanayosababisha mawimbi haribifu ya [[tsunami]] ya kumaliza miji na vijiji ufukoni. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Bahari]] [[an:Ozián Pazifico]] [[ar:المحيط الهادي]] [[ast:Océanu Pacíficu]] [[be:Ціхі акіян]] [[bg:Тихи океан]] [[bn:প্রশান্ত মহাসাগর]] [[ca:Oceà Pacífic]] [[cs:Tichý oceán]] [[cv:Лăпкă океан]] [[cy:Y Cefnfor Tawel]] [[da:Stillehavet]] [[de:Pazifischer Ozean]] [[el:Ειρηνικός Ωκεανός]] [[en:Pacific Ocean]] [[eo:Pacifika Oceano]] [[es:Océano Pacífico]] [[et:Vaikne ookean]] [[eu:Ozeano Barea]] [[fa:اقیانوس آرام]] [[fi:Tyynimeri]] [[fr:Océan Pacifique]] [[ga:An tAigéan Ciúin]] [[gl:Océano Pacífico]] [[he:האוקיינוס השקט]] [[hr:Tihi ocean]] [[id:Samudra Pasifik]] [[ilo:Taaw Pacifico]] [[io:Oceano Pacifiko]] [[is:Kyrrahaf]] [[it:Oceano Pacifico]] [[ja:太平洋]] [[ka:წყნარი ოკეანე]] [[ko:태평양]] [[kw:Keynvor Hebask]] [[la:Oceanus Pacificus]] [[lt:Ramusis vandenynas]] [[lv:Klusais okeāns]] [[mk:Тихи Океан]] [[nds:Pazifische Ozeaan]] [[nl:Grote Oceaan]] [[nn:Stillehavet]] [[no:Stillehavet]] [[pl:Ocean Spokojny]] [[pt:Oceano Pacífico]] [[ro:Oceanul Pacific]] [[ru:Тихий океан]] [[simple:Pacific Ocean]] [[sk:Tichý oceán]] [[sl:Tihi ocean]] [[sq:Oqeani Pacifik]] [[sr:Велики тихи океан]] [[sv:Stilla havet]] [[ta:பசிபிக் பெருங்கடல்]] [[th:มหาสมุทรแปซิฟิก]] [[tl:Karagatang Pasipiko]] [[tpi:Pasifik]] [[tr:Pasifik Okyanusu]] [[ug:تىنچ ئوكيان]] [[uk:Тихий океан]] [[vi:Thái Bình Dương]] [[wa:Oceyan Pacifike]] [[zh:太平洋]] [[zh-min-nan:Thài-pêng-iûⁿ]] [[zh-yue:太平洋]] 2754 10537 2006-06-03T22:06:12Z ChriKo 35 Sanduku la uainishaji {{Uainishaji | rangi = pink | jina = Kibarabara | picha = Cinnamon-breasted_Bunting.jpg | upana_wa_picha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = [[Kibarabara Tumbo-marungi]] | himaya = [[Animalia]] (Wanyama) | faila = [[Chordate|Chordata]] (Wanyama wenye ugwe wa neva mgongoni) | ngeli = [[Bird|Aves]] (Ndege) | oda = [[Passerine|Passeriformes]] (Ndege wimbaji) | familia = [[Emberizidae]] (Ndege walio na mnasaba na vibarabara) | jenasi = [[Emberiza]] (Vibarabara) | bingwa_wa_jenasi = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758 | spishi = Angalia katiba }} '''Vibarabara''' ni ndege wadogo wa [[jenasi]] ''Emberiza'' ndani ya [[familia]] [[Emberizidae]]. Wana domo fupi na nene lifaalo kula mibegu. Vibarabara wanatokea Ulaya, Asia na Afrika. ==Spishi za Afrika== * ''Emberiza affinis'', [[Kibarabara Tumbo-njano]] (Brown-rumped Bunting) * ''Emberiza cabanisi'', [[Kibarabara wa Cabanis]] (Cabanis's Bunting) * ''Emberiza caesia'', [[Kibarabara Kidari-kijivu]] (Cretzschmar's Bunting) * ''Emberiza capensis'', [[Kibarabara Kusi]] (Cape Bunting) * ''Emberiza cia'', [[Kibarabara-Mawe]] (Rock Bunting) * ''Emberiza flaviventris'', [[Kibarabara Kidari-njano]] (Golden-breasted Bunting) * ''Emberiza hortulana'', [[Kibarabara Kichwa-kijivu]] (Ortolan Bunting) * ''Emberiza impetuani'', [[Kibarabara Kipozamataza]] (Lark-like Bunting) * ''Emberiza poliopleura'', [[Kibarabara Somali]] (Somali Bunting) * ''Emberiza socotrana'', [[Kibarabara wa Socotra]] (Socotra Bunting) * ''Emberiza striolata'', [[Kibarabara-Kaya]] (House Bunting) * ''Emberiza tahapisi'', [[Kibarabara Tumbo-marungi]] (Cinnamon-breasted Bunting) ==Spishi za Ulaya na Asia== * ''Emberiza aureola'' (Yellow-breasted Bunting) * ''Emberiza bruniceps'' (Red-headed Bunting) * ''Emberiza buchanani'' (Grey-hooded Bunting) * ''Emberiza calandra'' (Corn Bunting) * ''Emberiza chrysophrys'' (Yellow-browed Bunting) * ''Emberiza cineracea'' (Cinereous Bunting) * ''Emberiza cioides'' (Meadow Bunting) * ''Emberiza cirlus'' (Cirl Bunting) * ''Emberiza citrinella'', (Yellowhammer) * ''Emberiza elegans'' (Yellow-throated Bunting) * ''Emberiza fucata'' (Chestnut-eared Bunting) * ''Emberiza godlewskii'' (Godlewski's Bunting) * ''Emberiza jankowskii'' (Rufous-backed Bunting) * ''Emberiza koslowi'' (Tibetan Bunting) * ''Emberiza leucocephalos'', (Pine Bunting) * ''Emberiza melanocephala'' (Black-headed Bunting) * ''Emberiza pallasi'' (Pallas' Reed Bunting) * ''Emberiza pusilla'' (Little Bunting) * ''Emberiza rustica'' (Rustic Bunting) * ''Emberiza rutila'' (Chestnut Bunting) * ''Emberiza schoeniclus'' (Reed Bunting) * ''Emberiza spodocephala'' (Black-faced Bunting) * ''Emberiza stewarti'' (Chestnut-breasted Bunting) * ''Emberiza sulphurata'' (Yellow Bunting) * ''Emberiza tristrami'' (Tristram's Bunting) * ''Emberiza variabilis'' (Grey Bunting) * ''Emberiza yessoensis'' (Ochre-rumped Bunting) [[Category:Ndege]] [[da:Værlinger]] [[de:Ammern]] [[en:Bunting (bird)]] [[eo:Emberizedoj]] [[fr:Emberizinae]] [[lt:Startiniai]] [[nl:Gorzen, tangaren en verwanten]] [[pt:Emberizidae]] [[sv:Fältsparvar]] [[uk:Вівсянка]] 2755 9555 2006-05-13T19:13:59Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Wi-map.png|thumb|300px|Ramani ya Sahara ya Magharibi]] [[Image:LocationWesternSahara.png|thumb|Mahali pa Sahara ya Magharibi]] '''Sahara ya Magharibi''' ni eneo kwenye mwambao wa Afrika ya Kaskazini-Magharibi. Imepakana na [[Moroko]] upande wa Kaskazini, [[Algeria]] upande wa mashariki na [[Mauretania]] upande wa kusini, halafu [[Bahari Atlantiki]] upande wa magharibi. Ilitangazwa nchi huru mwaka 1976 kama '''[[Jamhuri ya Sahara ya Kidemokrasia ya Kiarabu]]''' lakini inatawaliwa na Moroko kama mikoa yake ya kusini. Nchi nyingi za dunia pamoja na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] na [[Umoja wa Afrika]] hazikubali ni sehemu ya Moroko. Nchi 53 zilikubali Jamhuri. Hali halisi sehemu kubwa ya ardhi yake inatawaliwa na Moroko inayodai ni sehemu ya eneo lake la kitaifa. Sehemu kubwa ya wananchi asilia wako nje ya eneo kama wakimbizi katika makambi makubwa [[Algeria]]. ==Historia== ===Kabla ya ukoloni=== Sahara ya Magharibi haikuwahi kuwa na dola la pekee katika historia yake. Wakazi wake walikuwa makabila ya [[Waberber]] waliochanganyika na [[Waarabu]] tangu uvamizi wa Kiislamu. Wakazi walikuwa wachache kwa sababu eneo lote ni jangwa. Kuna kilimo kidogo tu katika [[oasisi]]. Ni eneo la asili la [[Wamurabitun]] waliojenga utawala juu ya Moroko, Hispania na sehemu kubwa ya Afrika ya Kaskazini hadi mipaka ya Misri na Senegal mnamo karne ya 11 [[BK]]. ===Koloni ya Hispania=== 1884 [[Hispania]] ilichukua utawala wa maeneo ya pwani na kutangaza koloni yake iliyokuwa "[[Sahara ya Hispania]]". Ilivutwa hasa na malighafi za [[fosfeti]]. Tangu 1973 harakati ya kupambania uhuru ya [[Polisario]] ilipigana na jeshi la Wahispania. Wakati uleule dikteta ya Hispania [[Francisco Franco]] aligonjeka kabla ya kifo chake. Serikali yake ilianza majadiliano na POLISARIO kuhusu uhuru lakini majirani ya Moroko na Mauretania walidai ya kwamba koloni ya Hispania ingestahili kuwa sehemu ya maeneo yao. Maroko iliomba usaidizi wa Mahakama ya Kimataifa yalioamua tar. 16.10.1975 ya kwamba hakuna haki za Moroko juu ya Sahara ya Magharibi na azimio lolote kuhusu hali ya eneo linapaswa kuamuliwa na wenyeji wenyewe. Wakati huohuo tume la [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] lilitembelea Sahara ya Magharibi likatoa taarifa ya kwamba wananchi wlitaka uhuru. Mfalme [[Hassan II]] wa Moroko aliongeza shindikizo Novemba 1976 kwa kutuma wananchi Wamoroko 350.000 wasio na silaha mpakani waliovuka mpaka kidogo wakati wanajeshi Wahispania hawakufyatulia risasi. Baada ya kifo cha Franco siku chache baadaye Wahispania waliamua kuondoka katika matatizo haya. Walifanya mapatano na Maroko na Mauretania bila kushauriana na wananchi wenyewe ili Maroko ichukue sehemu ya kaskazini na Mauretania sehemu ya kusini ya koloni. Disemba 1975 Wahispania waliondoka. Wanajeshi Wamaroko walingia na Polisario ilitangaza [[Jamhuri ya Sahara ya Kidemokrasia ya Kiarabu]] mwanzo wa 1976. ===Polisario ilipigania uhuru=== Hii ilikuwa mwanzo wa vita ya miaka mingi. Polisario ilishambulia wavamizi waliokuwa na nguvu tofauti: jeshi hafifu la Mauretania na jeshi lenye nguvu na silaha za kisasa la Moroko. Idadi kubwa ya wananchi walikimbia wakapewa makambi katika Algeria ya kusini walipoweza kujitawala. Algeria ilikubali Jamhuri ya Sahara na kuwaruhusu Polisario kutumia makambi kama vituo vya kijeshi dhidi ya Moroko. Polisarion ilifaulu kushinda jeshi la Mauretania hata walishambulia mji mkuu wa [[Nuakshott]]. Waarabu wengi wa Mauretania waliunga mkono na wenzao wa Sahara ya Magharibi. 1979 Mauretania iliondoka kabisa katika Sahara ya Magharibi. Lakini sasa Wamoroko waliingia na kuteka eneo lote. [[Image:Western sahara walls moroccan.gif|thumb|left|300px|Maeneo ya Sahara ya Magharibi ya kuzungukwa na ukuta wa Moroko; njano ni eneo nje ya utawala wa Moroko]] Vita ilikuwa vigumu kwa sababu Polisario haikuwa na uwezo wa kushinda jeshi lenye silaha za kisasa kabisa lakini Wamoroko walishindwa vilevile kuwazuia Polisario wasiingie mara kwa mara na kupita makambi ya jeshi la Moroko na kushambulia vituo vyao kwa vikundi vidogo. Moroko ilianza kujenga ukuta na vizuizi jangwani kwa urefu wa 2,720 km inayoacha sehemu ndogo ya jagnwa mkononi wa Polisario na sehemu penye vijiji na miji mkonono wa Moroko. ===Eneo lililogawiwa=== Vita imepunzika tangu 1991 kufuatana na mapatano kati ya Moroko, Polisario na Umoja wa Mataifa. Kura ya wananchi kuhusu swali la Uhuru ilipataniwa. Kura hii ilitakiwa kufanyiwa 1992 lakini imeshindikana hadi leo kwa sababu Moroko na Polisario hawakubaliani ni nani mwenye haki ya kupiga kura. Polisario ilikataa wakazi wengi waliohamia kutoka Moroko wasipige kura; Moroko ilitia wasiwasi ya kwamba wakazi wengi wa makambi huko algeria si wenyeji asilia ya Sahara ya Magharibi hivyo wasipige kura. Maroko imeendelea kupeleka raia zake ili wajenge nyumba katika Sahara ya Magharibi. Idadi yao imeshapita idadi ya wenyeji asilia waliobaki ndani ya maeneo chini ya Moroko. {{Afrika}} [[af:Wes-Sahara]] [[ar:الصحراء الغربية]] [[an:Sajara Ozidental]] [[ast:Sáhara Occidental]] [[zh-min-nan:Sai Sahara]] [[bs:Zapadna Sahara]] [[bg:Западна Сахара]] [[ca:Sàhara Occidental]] [[cs:Západní Sahara]] [[cy:Gorllewin Sahara]] [[da:Vestsahara]] [[de:Westsahara]] [[en:Western Sahara]] [[et:Lääne-Sahara]] [[es:Sahara Occidental]] [[eo:Okcidenta Saharo]] [[eu:Mendebaldeko Sahara]] [[fr:Sahara occidental]] [[ko:서사하라]] [[hr:Zapadna Sahara]] [[id:Sahara Barat]] [[is:Vestur-Sahara]] [[it:Sahara Occidentale]] [[he:סהרה המערבית]] [[lt:Vakarų Sachara]] [[lv:Rietumsahāra]] [[hu:Nyugat-Szahara]] [[mk:Западна Сахара]] [[ms:Sahara Barat]] [[nl:Westelijke Sahara]] [[ja:西サハラ]] [[no:Vest-Sahara]] [[nn:Vest-Sahara]] [[pl:Sahara Zachodnia]] [[pt:Saara Ocidental]] [[ro:Sahara Occidentală]] [[ru:Западная Сахара]] [[simple:Western Sahara]] [[sk:Západná Sahara]] [[sl:Zahodna Sahara]] [[sr:Западна Сахара]] [[sh:Zapadna Sahara]] [[fi:Länsi-Sahara]] [[sv:Västsahara]] [[tl:Western Sahara]] [[tr:Batı Sahra]] [[wa:Sara Coûtchantrece]] [[zh:西撒哈拉]] 2756 9519 2006-05-13T08:42:49Z Kipala 107 '''Polisario''' ni harakati ya wenyeji asilia ya [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] inayopigania uhuru wa nchi yao. "Polisario" ni kifupi cha jina la Kihispania Frente '''Po'''pular de '''Li'''beración de '''Sa'''guía el Hamra y '''Río''' de Oro ("Harakati ya watu kwa aijili ya Uhuru wa [[Saguia el Hamra]] na [[Rio de Oro]]") ([[Kiarabu:]]: الجبهة الشعبية لتحرير الساقية الحمراء ووادي الذهب ''al-jabHa ash-sha'biya litaHrir as-saaqiya al-Hamra wa wadi ad-dhaHab") Kiongozi wa Polisario ni Katibu Mkuu [[Mohamed Abdelaziz]] aliyechaguliwa 1976. Ndiye pia mkuu wa jeshi la ukombozi wa Sahara lenye askari wa kiume na kike takriban 6000-7000. Anawajibika kama kiongozi wa chama mbele ya Kamati Kuu na Mkutano Mkuu unaofanyika kila baada ya miaka minne. Mkutano una wawakilishi waliochaguliwa katika makambi ya wakimbizi na wajumbe kutoka shirika za wanawake, vijana na wafanyakazi pia ktuoka vikosi vya jeshi. Kamati Kuu ina wajumbe 44; 12 kati ya hawa ni wajumbe wa siri kutoka Sahara ya Magharibi iliyoko chini ya utawala wa Maroko. Polisario ilianza vita dhidi ya wakoloni Wahispania mwaka 1973 baada ya [[Hispania]] kuua viongozi wengi waliotafuta uhuru kwa njia za amani bila silaha. Wahispania waliondoka Sahara ya Magharibi mwaka 1975 lakini[[ Mauretania]] na [[Moroko]] walivamia nchi. Polisario ilifaulu dhidi ya Wamauretania lakini ilishindwa kuwaondoa Wamoroko. Ilipigana na jeshi la Moroko kati ya 1976 na 1991. Polisario inatawala makambi ya wakimbizi katika Sahara ndani ya [[Algeria]] pamoja na kanda la jangwa nje ya ukuta uliojengwa na Maroko katika Sahara ya Magharibi. Wakazi wa makambi ni wakimbizi 100.000 walioondoka wakati wa vita; pamoja na watoto wao wamekuwa watu 155,000. Kura ya wananchi katika Sahara ya Magharibi na makambi ya wakimbizi ilipataniwa mwaka 1990 kati ya Polisario na Maroko lakini haikufanyiwa hadi leo. [[Category:Sahara ya Magharibi]] [[ar:جبهة البوليزاريو]] [[ca:Front Polisario]] [[de:POLISARIO]] [[en:Polisario Front]] [[es:Frente Polisario]] [[fi:Polisario]] [[fr:Polisario]] [[gl:Fronte Polisaria]] [[it:Fronte Polisario]] [[ja:ポリサリオ戦線]] [[nl:Polisario]] [[sv:Polisario]] 2757 9523 2006-05-13T09:29:00Z Kipala 107 {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"|+<big>'''الجمهورية العربية الصحراوية الديمقراطية'''</big><br><small>(Al-Jumhūrīyya al-`Arabīyya as-Saharāwīyya ad-Dīmuqrātīyya)</small><br><big>'''República Árabe Saharaui Democrática<br> Jamhuri ya Sahara ya Kidemokrasia ya Kiarabu '''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" | align="center" width="140px" | [[Image:Flag_of_Western_Sahara.png|140px|Bendera ya Sahara ya Magharibi]] | align="center" width="140px" height="145px" | [[Image:Coat_of_arms_of_Western_Sahara.png|Nembo ya Sahara ya Magharibi]] |- |} |- | align=center style="vertical-align: top;" colspan=2 | <small>''Wito: Uhuru, Demokrasia, Umoja''</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background: #ffffff;" | [[image:LocationWesternSahara.png]] |- | '''[[Lugha rasmi]]''' | [[Ḥassānīya]] [[Kiarabu]] na [[Kihispania]] |- | '''[[Mji mkuu]] na mji mkubwa''' | [[Laâyoune]] – (kwa maandishi ya Kimoroko: (El Aaiún, al-'uyūn)) |- | '''[[Rais]]''' ([[serikali ya nje]]) | [[Mohamed Abdelaziz]] |- | '''[[Waziri mkuu]]''' ([[serikali ya nje]]) | [[Abdelkader Taleb Oumar]] |- |'''[[Eneo]]'''<br> - jumla <br> - % maji | <br> 266,000 [[km²]] <br> --- |- | '''[[Wakazi]]'''<br> - Jumla<br> - Wakazi/km² | <br> 267,405 (Julai [[2004]] kadirio)<br> 1/km² |- | '''[[Uhuru]]'''<br> - Imetangazwa<br> - Imetawaliwa | Kutoka [[Hispania]]<br> 27.02.1976<br> na [[Moroko]] |- | '''[[Pesa]]''' | [[Dirham ya Moroko]] [[Dirham]] (MAD) |- | '''[[Wakati]]''' | [[UTC]] 0 |- | '''[[Wimbo la Taifa]]''' | Yābaniy Es-Saharā ([http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c4/Yabaniy_es-sahara_western_sahara_anthem.mid listen]) |- |} [[Image:Western_sahara_walls_moroccan.gif|thumb|left|250px|Sahara ya Magharibi - Eneo chini ya serikali ya Jahuri ya Sahara ina rangi ya njano]] '''Jamhuri ya Sahara ya Kidemokrasia ya Kiarabu''' ni jina la dola ambalo liko hasa nje ya eneo lake la [[Sahara ya Magharibi]]. Serikali yake inatawala kanda la mashariki ya nchi nje ya ukuta wa kimaroko na makambi ya wakimzi 155,000 ndani ya Algeria. Jamhuri ilitangazwa na [[Polisario]] mwaka 1976 baada ya kuodoka kwa [[Hispania]] katika koloni yake ya awali. Lakini sehmu kubwa ya eneo ilivamiwa na Maroko. Serikali iko mkononi mwa Polisario. Rais ya Jamhuri ni Katibu Mkuu wa Polisario [[Mohamed Abdelaziz]]. Nchi 53 zimekubali Jamhuri. {{mbegu}} {{Afrika}} [[ar:الجمهورية العربية الصحراوية الديمقراطية]] [[en: Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] [[es:República Árabe Saharaui Democrática]] [[gl:República Árabe Saharauí Democrática]] [[sv:Sahariska Arabiska Demokratiska Republiken]] 2758 9524 2006-05-13T09:43:45Z Kipala 107 kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Mohamed_Abdelaziz_of_Western_Sahara.jpg kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Mohamed_Abdelaziz_of_Western_Sahara.jpg 2759 9527 2006-05-13T09:45:42Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Mohamed_Abdelaziz_of_Western_Sahara.jpg|left|frame|Mohamed Abdelaziz, picha ya mwaka 2000]] '''Mohammed Abdelaziz''' ni katibu mkuu wa [[Polisario]] na rais wa [[Jamhuri ya Sahara ya Kidemokrasia ya Kiarabu]] inayodai kuwa dola la [[Sahara ya Magharibi]]. Alikuwa kati ya viongozi wa kwanza wa Polisario iliyopigania uhuru wa Sahara ya Magharibi. Alichaguliwa kuwa Katibu Mkuu wa Polisario mwaka 1976 halafu pia rais wa serikali ya Jamhuri ya Sahara. Anaishi katika kambi la wakimbizi la [[Tindouf]] ([[Algeria]]). Mohammed Abdelaziz kama kiongozi alikubali njia ya mazungumzo na diplomasia. Alihakikisha ya kwamba vita ya Polisario ilikuwa "vita" safi bila kutumia mbinu za ugaidi. Ana wapinzani wake wanaopendelea kurudi vitani dhidi ya Moroko. Amehakikisha [[Category:Sahara ya Magharibi]] [[Category:Viongozi wa Afrika]] [[en:Mohammed Abdelaziz]] [[es:Mohamed Abdelaziz]] [[id:Mohamed Abdelaziz]] [[pl:Mohamed Abdelaziz]] [[sv:Mohamed Abdelaziz]] 2760 9529 2006-05-13T12:29:31Z Kipala 107 Kisiwa cha Pemba umehamishwa hapa Pemba (kisiwa): tuwe na namna moja: jina lenyewe kwanza, elezo baadaye katika mabano #REDIRECT [[Pemba (kisiwa)]] 2761 9536 2006-05-13T12:40:10Z Kipala 107 Kisiwa cha Mafia umehamishwa hapa Mafia (kisiwa) #REDIRECT [[Mafia (kisiwa)]] 2762 10284 2006-05-29T22:21:00Z 66.167.17.146 {{Infobox_Country |native_name = Republic of Namibia |common_name =Namibia |image_flag =Flag of Namibia.svg |image_coat =Namibia_coa.png |image_map =LocationNamibia.png |national_motto =Unity, Liberty, Justice |national_anthem =[[Namibia, Land of the Brave (''Namibia, nchi ya mashujaa'')]] |official_languages =[[Kiingereza]]¹ |capital =[[Windhoek]] |latd=22 |latm=33 |latNS=S |longd=17 |longm=15 |longEW=E |largest_city =[[Windhoek]] |government_type =Jamhuri |leader_titles =[[Rais wa Namibia|Rais]]<br>[[Waziri Mkuu wa Namibia|Waziri Mkuu]] |leader_names =[[Hifikepunye Pohamba]]<br>[[Nahas Angula]] |area_rank = ya 33 |area_magnitude =1 E11 |area=825,418 |areami²=318,696 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |percent_water =kidogo sana |population_estimate =2,030,692² |population_estimate_rank =ya 147 |population_estimate_year =Julai 2005 |population_census =1,820,916 |population_census_year =2002 |population_density =2.5 |population_densitymi² =6.5 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |population_density_rank = ya 192 |GDP_PPP = $15.78 billioni <!--cia.gov--> |GDP_PPP_rank = ya 127 |GDP_PPP_year= 2005 |GDP_PPP_per_capita =$7,800 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ya 103 |sovereignty_type = [[Uhuru]] |established_events = <small>Kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]]</small> |established_dates = 21.03.1991 |HDI = 0.627 |HDI_rank = ya 125 |HDI_year = 2003 |HDI_category = <font color="#FFCC00">medium</font> |currency = [[Namibian dollar]] |currency_code =NAD |country_code = |time_zone = |utc_offset = +1 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |cctld = [[.na]] |calling_code = 264 |footnotes = 1) [[Kijerumani]] and [[Kiafrikaans]] zilikuwa lugha rasmi pamoja Kiingereza hadi uhuru mwaka [[1990]]. Wakazi wengi hutumia Kiafrikaans kama [[lugha ya pili]]. [[Oshiwambo]] ni [[lugha ya kwanza]] wa nusu ya wakazi. Kijerumani ni lugha ya kwanza wa 32% za wakazi wenye asili ya kiulaya lakini kiingereza ni lugha ya kwanza wa 7% pekee<!--cia.gov-->.<br> }} '''Namibia''' ni nchi ya [[Afrika ya Kusini]] kwenye pwani la [[Atlantiki]]. Imepakana na [[Angola]], [[Zambia]], [[Zimbabwe]] [[Botswana]] na [[Afrika Kusini]]. Imepata uhuru wake kutoka Afrika Kusini mwaka 1990. Mji mkuu ni [[Windhoek]]. Sehemu kubwa ya nchi ni kavu sana hata [[jangwa]]. [[Category:Namibia| ]] {{mbegu}} {{Afrika}} [[af:Namibië]] [[am:ናሚቢያ]] [[ang:Namibia]] [[ar:ناميبيا]] [[an:Namibia]] [[ast:Namibia]] [[zh-min-nan:Namibia]] [[bs:Namibija]] [[bg:Намибия]] [[ca:Namíbia]] [[cs:Namibie]] [[cy:Namibia]] [[da:Namibia]] [[de:Namibia]] [[en:Namibia]] [[et:Namiibia]] [[el:Ναμίμπια]] [[es:Namibia]] [[eo:Namibio]] [[eu:Namibia]] [[fa:نامیبیا]] [[fr:Namibie]] [[gl:Namibia]] [[ko:나미비아]] [[hr:Namibija]] [[io:Namibia]] [[id:Namibia]] [[is:Namibía]] [[it:Namibia]] [[he:נמיביה]] [[ks:नमीबिया]] [[kw:Namibi]] [[la:Namibia]] [[lv:Namībija]] [[lb:Namibien]] [[lt:Namibija]] [[ln:Namibia]] [[hu:Namíbia]] [[mk:Намибија]] [[mr:नामिबिया]] [[ms:Namibia]] [[nl:Namibië]] [[ja:ナミビア]] [[no:Namibia]] [[nn:Namibia]] [[oc:Namibia]] [[nds:Namibia]] [[pl:Namibia]] [[pt:Namíbia]] [[ro:Namibia]] [[ru:Намибия]] [[sa:नमीबिया]] [[sq:Namibia]] [[simple:Namibia]] [[sk:Namíbia]] [[sl:Namibija]] [[sr:Намибија]] [[sh:Namibija]] [[fi:Namibia]] [[sv:Namibia]] [[tl:Namibia]] [[tr:Namibya]] [[uk:Намібія]] [[vi:Namibia]] [[zh:纳米比亚]] 2763 9551 2006-05-13T18:50:16Z Kipala 107 {{Infobox Country| <!-- If editing infobox, please update [[Template:Country infobox data Central African Republic]] also --> native_name = ''République Centrafricaine<br>Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka''| conventional_long_name = Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati| common_name = Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati| image_flag = Flag of the Central African Republic.svg| image_coat = centralaf22.PNG| image_map = LocationCentralAfricanRepublic.png| national_motto = Unité, Dignité, Travail<br>([[Kifaransa]]: Umoja, Heshima, Kazi)| national_anthem = Kifransa: "[[La Renaissance]]" (Kisango: "E Zingo")| official_languages = [[Kifaransa]] | capital = [[Bangui]] | latd=4|latm=22|latNS=N|longd=18|longm=35|longEW=E| largest_city = [[Bangui]] | government_type = [[Jamhuri]] | leader_titles = [[Rais|Rais]]<br>[[Waziri Mkuu|Waziri Mkuu]]| leader_names = [[François Bozizé]]<br>[[Élie Doté]]| area = 622,984| areami² = 240,535.5 |<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> area_rank=ya 42| area_magnitude=1 E11| percent_water=0| population_estimate = 3,683,538| population_estimate_year=2003| population_estimate_rank=ya 124| population_density = 5.8| population_densitymi² = 15.0 |<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> population_density_rank = ya 181 | population_census = 3,032,926| population_census_year = 2003| GDP_PPP = $4.53 billioni| GDP_PPP_year = 2005| GDP_PPP_rank = ya 156| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,107| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ya 172| HDI_year = 2003 | HDI = 0.355 | HDI_rank = ya 171 | HDI_category = <font color="#E0584E">low</font> | sovereignty_type = [[Uhuru]]| established_events = kutoka Ufaransa| established_dates=<br> 13.08.1960| currency = [[Franc CFA]]&sup1;| currency_code=XAF| time_zone = [[CUT]] | utc_offset=+1 | time_zone_DST = ''--'' | utc_offset_DST =+1 | cctld = [[.cf]] | calling_code = 236| footnotes = }} [[Image:central african republic sm04.png|thumb|300px|left|Map of the Central African Republic]] '''Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati''' ni nchi ya Afrika ya Kati. Haina pwani na bahari yoyote. Imepakana na [[Chad]] upande wa kaskazini, [[Sudan]] upande wa mashariki, Jamhuri zote mbili za [[Kongo]] kwa kusini na [[Kamerun]] upande wa magharibi. Mji mkuu ni Bangui. {{mbegu}} {{Afrika}} 2764 11815 2006-07-03T12:24:28Z 84.143.73.153 {{Infobox_Country| |native_name = الجمهورية الإسلامية الموريتانية<br>''Al-Ǧumhūriyyah al-Islāmiyyah al-Mūrītāniyyah<br>République Islamique de Mauritanie'' |conventional_long_name = Jamhuri ya Kiislamu ya Mauritania |common_name = Mauritania |image_flag = Flag of Mauritania.svg |image_coat = maurarms22.PNG |image_map = LocationMauritania.png |national_motto = [[Kiarabu]]: شرف إخاء عدل; <br>[[Kifaransa]]: Honneur, Fraternité, Justice <br>(''Heshima, Undugu, Haki'') |national_anthem = كن للاله ناصرا وأنكر المناكر<br> (Uwe msaidizi wa Mungu) |official_languages = [[Kiarabu]] |capital = [[Nouakchott]] |latd=18 |latm=09 |latNS=N |longd=15 |longm=58 |longEW=W |largest_city = [[Nouakchott]] |government_type = [[Serikali ya kijeshi]] |leader_titles = Rais <br> [[Waziri Mkuu]] |leader_names = [[Ely Ould Mohamed Vall]]<ref>Named kiongozi wa muda wa [[Halmashauri ya jeshi ya Haki na demokrasia]]</ref> <br>•[[Sidi Mohamed Ould Boubacar]] |area_rank = ya 28 |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |area = 1,030,700 |areami²= 397,850 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |percent_water = kidogo sana |population_estimate = 3,086,859 |population_estimate_year = 2005 |population_estimate_rank = 129 |population_census = 1,864,236 [http://www.arab.de/arabinfo/maurita.htm] |population_census_year = 1988 |population_density = 2 |population_densitymi² =7.8 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |population_density_rank = ya 187 |GDP_PPP_year= 2005 |GDP_PPP = $6.185 billioni<!--cia--> |GDP_PPP_rank = ya 123 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2,000 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ya 141 |HDI_year = 2003 |HDI = 0.477 |HDI_rank = ya 152 |HDI_category = <font color="#E0584E">low</font> |sovereignty_type = [[Uhuru]] |established_events = &nbsp;- Date |established_dates = From [[France]] <br>[[November 28]], [[1960]] |currency = [[Mauritanian ouguiya|Ouguiya]] |currency_code = MRO |country_code = mr |time_zone = [[Coordinated Universal Time|GMT]] |utc_offset = +0 |time_zone_DST = ''--'' |utc_offset_DST = +0 |cctld = [[.mr]] |calling_code = 222 }} '''Mauritania''' ni nchi ya [[Afrika]] kaskazini-magharibi. Upande wa magharibi ni pwani la bahari ya [[Atlantiki]], upande wa kusini imepakana na [[Senegal]], upande wa mashariki na [[Mali]] na [[Algeria]], upande wa Kaskazini na [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] inayotawaliwa na [[Moroko]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Nouakchott]]. Jina limeteuliwa kutokana na [[Mauritania (ufalme)|Mauritania ya kale]] iliyokuwa ufalme wa Kiberber kusini ya [[Mediteranea]] katika eneo la Algeria na Moroko ya leo. ==Mikoa ya Mauretania== Mauretania ina mikoa 12 (inaitwa "''wilāyah''"). {| cellpadding="5" border="0" |- style="vertical-align: top;" | # [[Adrar]] ([[Atâr]]) # [[Assaba]] ([[Kifa]]) # [[Brakna]] ([[Aleg]]) # [[Dakhlet Nouâdhibou]] ([[Nouâdhibou]]) # [[Gorgol]] ([[Kaédi]]) # [[Guidimaka]] ([[Sélibabi]]) # [[Hodh ech Chargui]] ([[Néma]]) # [[Hodh el Gharbi]] ([[‘Ayoûn el ‘Atroûs]]) # [[Inchiri]] ([[Akjoujt]]) # [[Nouakchott]] ([[mji mkuu]]) # [[Tagant]] ([[Tidjikja]]) # [[Tiris Zemmour]] ([[Zouérat]]) # [[Trarza]] ([[Rosso]]) | [[Image:Mauritania regions numbered.png|200px|Mauritaania provintside kaart]] |} {{mbegu}} {{Afrika}} [[af:Mauritanië]] [[am:ሞሪታኒያ]] [[ang:Mauritania]] [[ar:موريتانيا]] [[an:Mauritania]] [[id:Mauritania]] [[bg:Мавритания]] [[zh-min-nan:Mauritania]] [[bs:Mauritanija]] [[ca:Mauritània]] [[cs:Mauritánie]] [[da:Mauretanien]] [[de:Mauretanien]] [[en:Mauritania]] [[et:Mauritaania]] [[es:Mauritania]] [[eo:Maŭritanio]] [[eu:Mauritania]] [[fa:موریتانی]] [[fr:Mauritanie]] [[ff:Moritani]] [[gl:Mauritania]] [[ko:모리타니]] [[kw:Moritani]] [[hr:Mauritanija]] [[io:Mauritania]] [[is:Máritanía]] [[it:Mauritania]] [[he:מאוריטניה]] [[la:Mauretania]] [[lv:Mauritānija]] [[lt:Mauritanija]] [[hu:Mauritánia]] [[mk:Мавританија]] [[ms:Mauritania]] [[nl:Mauritanië]] [[nds:Mauretanien]] [[ja:モーリタニア]] [[no:Mauritania]] [[nn:Mauritania]] [[oc:Mauritània]] [[pl:Mauretania]] [[pt:Mauritânia]] [[ro:Mauritania]] [[ru:Мавритания]] [[sq:Mauritania]] [[sh:Mauritanija]] [[scn:Mauritania]] [[simple:Mauritania]] [[sk:Mauritánia]] [[sl:Mavretanija]] [[sr:Мауританија]] [[fi:Mauritania]] [[sv:Mauretanien]] [[tl:Mauritania]] [[th:ประเทศมอริเตเนีย]] [[tr:Moritanya]] [[uk:Мавританія]] [[vi:Mauritanie]] [[wa:Moritanreye]] [[zh:毛里塔尼亚]] 2765 9563 2006-05-13T20:20:16Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Pasifiki]] 2766 9593 2006-05-14T10:54:58Z Kipala 107 Komoro umehamishwa hapa Komori: Komori ni jina kaztika Kiswahili chao wenyewe (Shikomor) #REDIRECT [[Komori]] 2767 10391 2006-05-31T14:29:32Z Kipala 107 Mto unaopita ndani ya nchi moja pekee unafaa kuonekana katika kundi la mito ya nchi ile. Kama mto unapita katika nchi mbalimbali ya Afrika unafaa kuonekana hapa pia. [[Category:Afrika]] [[Category:Mito]] [[bg:Категория:Реки в Африка]] [[ca:Categoria:Rius d'Àfrica]] [[cs:Kategorie:Africké řeky]] [[da:Kategori:Afrikanske vandløb]] [[de:Kategorie:Fluss in Afrika]] [[en:Category:Rivers of Africa]] [[et:Kategooria:Aafrika jõed]] [[es:Categoría:Ríos de África]] [[eo:Kategorio:Riveroj en Afriko]] [[fr:Catégorie:Cours d'eau d'Afrique]] [[ko:분류:아프리카의 강]] [[is:Flokkur:Fljót í Afríku]] [[it:Categoria:Fiumi dell'Africa]] [[mk:Категорија:Реки во Африка]] [[nl:Categorie:Rivier in Afrika]] [[ja:Category:アフリカの河川]] [[no:Kategori:Elver i Afrika]] [[nn:Kategori:Afrikanske elvar]] [[pl:Kategoria:Rzeki Afryki]] [[pt:Categoria:Rios da África]] [[ru:Категория:Реки Африки]] [[sk:Kategória:Africké rieky]] [[sl:Kategorija:Afriške reke]] [[sr:Категорија:Реке Африке]] [[fi:Luokka:Afrikan joet]] [[sv:Kategori:Afrikas floder]] [[uk:Категорія:Ріки Африки]] 2768 9600 2006-05-14T11:00:07Z Kipala 107 Mto wa Pangani umehamishwa hapa Pangani (mto): tuwe na muundo moja - kwanza jina halafu (mto), (mji) n.k. #REDIRECT [[Pangani (mto)]] 2769 9602 2006-05-14T11:00:53Z Kipala 107 Kagera, Mto umehamishwa hapa Kagera (mto): tuwe na muundo moja: kwanza jina, halafu (mto), (mji) n.k. #REDIRECT [[Kagera (mto)]] 2770 9607 2006-05-14T11:05:45Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Maziwa]] [[Category:Afrika]] 2771 9611 2006-05-14T11:08:39Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Milima]] [[Category:Afrika]] 2772 9616 2006-05-14T11:10:35Z Kipala 107 Mlima Kenya umehamishwa hapa Kenya (mlima): tuwe na muundo moja #REDIRECT [[Kenya (mlima)]] 2773 9618 2006-05-14T11:11:05Z Kipala 107 Mlima Kilimanjaro umehamishwa hapa Kilimanjaro (mlima): tuwe na muundo moja #REDIRECT [[Kilimanjaro (mlima)]] 2774 9620 2006-05-14T11:11:05Z Kipala 107 Talk:Mlima Kilimanjaro umehamishwa hapa Talk:Kilimanjaro (mlima): tuwe na muundo moja #REDIRECT [[Talk:Kilimanjaro (mlima)]] 2775 9622 2006-05-14T11:11:47Z Kipala 107 Ziwa Tanganyika umehamishwa hapa Tanganyika (ziwa): tuwe na muundo moja #REDIRECT [[Tanganyika (ziwa)]] 2776 9624 2006-05-14T11:12:16Z Kipala 107 Ziwa Victoria umehamishwa hapa Victoria (ziwa): tuwe na muundo moja #REDIRECT [[Victoria (ziwa)]] 2777 9626 2006-05-14T11:41:06Z Kipala 107 Mji wa Pangani umehamishwa hapa Pangani (mji): tuwe na muundo moja #REDIRECT [[Pangani (mji)]] 2778 9890 2006-05-21T16:57:22Z Kipala 107 {| border=1 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 align=right width=300px | style="background: #f3f3f3;" align="center" colspan=2 | '''Região Autónoma da Madeira''' ''(Jimbo la kujitawala la Madeira)'' |- | align=center colspan=2 | {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 |- | align="center" width="140px" colspan=2 | [[Image:MadeiraFlag.png|150px]] |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style=border-bottom:3px solid gray; style="background: #f3f3f3;" | ''Wito: '''Das ilhas as mais belas e livres''''' ''(Visiwa maridadi na huru kuliko vyote)'' |- | align=center colspan=2 | [[Image:Madeira 71.jpg|280px|Madeira]] |- | align=center colspan=2 | [[Image:LocationMadeira.png]] |- | [[Nchi]] | [[Ureno]] |- | [[Lugha]] | [[Kireno]] |- | [[Mji mkuu]] | [[Funchal]] |- | Miji mingine | [[Porto Santo]], [[Machico]], [[Santa Cruz (Madeira)|Santa Cruz]], [[Câmara de Lobos]], [[Santana (Madeira)|Santana]], [[Caniço]] |- | [[Eneo]] | 794 km² |- | Urefu / upana hadi | 57 km/22 km |- | [[Wakazi]] ([[2003]]) | 265.000 <small>(5.000 [[Porto Santo]]), 2,5 % ya wakazi wote wa Ureno </small> |- | Idadi ya tarafa | 11 |- | Mlima wa juu | [[Pico Ruivo]] (1.862 m) |- | Rais wa serikali ya jimbo | Alberto João Jardim |- | Jimbo la kujitegemea tangu | [[1976]] |- | [[Saa za eneo]] | [[UTC]] |- | Simu ya kimataifa | +351 291 |- | Wimbo | [[A Portuguesa]] (kitaifa)<br />[[Hino da Região Autónoma da Madeira]] (kijimbo) |} '''Madeira''' ni [[funguvisiwa]] ya [[Ureno|kireno]] katika bahari ya [[Atlantiki]] mbele ya pwani la [[Afrika]]. Iko takriban 1000 km kusini ya [[Lisbon]] na 600 km magharibi ya [[Moroko]]. Jina la Madeira lamaanisha "ubao" kwa Kireno. Kisiwa kikubwa kinaitwa Madeira vilevile. Karibu nacho ni kisiwa kidogo cha Porto Santo na visiwa vidogo visivyo na wakazi vya Ilhas Desertas na Ilhas Selvagens. Wakazi karibu wote ni wa asili ya Ureno na wakristo wakatoliki. Mji mkuu ni Funchal. Madeira ina hali ya jimbo la kujitawala ndani ya Ureno. ==Picha za Madeira== <gallery> Image:Market_funchal_hg.jpg|Soko katika mji mkuu Funchal Image:Laurazeen_wood_madeira_hg.jpg|Msitu wa Laurazeen Image:Botanical_garden_madeira_hg.jpg|Bustani wa maonyesho, Funchal Image:Blendys_garden_inferno_ag.jpg|Bustani Image:Tropical_garden_monte_hg.jpg|Bustani ya Azulejos, Monte Image:Natural_pool_porto_moniz.jpg|Bafu ya kiasili, Porto Moniz Image:Sao_lourenzo_madeira_hg.jpg|Visiwa vya mashariki Image:Madeira-flowers_hg.jpg|Kisiwa cha maua Image:Pico-das-Torres.jpg|thumb|Mlima wa [[Pico das Torres]] Image:Madeira Funchal 2004 05 17.jpg|thumb| Funchal]] Image:Madeira Santana.jpg|thumb|Nyumba ya kimila ya mkulima </gallery> {{mbegu}} {{Afrika}} [[Category:Ureno]] [[Category:Visiwa vya Afrika]] [[Category:Visiwa vya Atlantiki]] [[bg:Мадейра (остров)]] [[ca:Arxipèlag de Madeira]] [[da:Madeira (ø)]] [[el:Μαδέρα]] [[en:Madeira Island]] [[eo:Madejro]] [[es:Madeira]] [[et:Madeira]] [[fi:Madeira]] [[fr:Madère]] [[gl:Arquipélago de Madeira]] [[he:איי מדירה]] [[hu:Madeira]] [[id:Madeira]] [[is:Madeiraeyjar]] [[it:Madera]] [[ja:マデイラ諸島]] [[ko:마데이라 제도]] [[nl:Madeira]] [[no:Madeira]] [[pl:Madera]] [[pt:Madeira (Portugal)]] [[ro:Madeira]] [[ru:Мадейра]] [[simple:Madeira Islands]] [[sv:Madeira]] [[uk:Мадейра]] [[zh:馬德拉]] 2779 9631 2006-05-14T12:48:59Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Afrika]] 2780 9636 2006-05-14T15:08:29Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Victoria (ziwa)]] 2781 9637 2006-05-14T15:10:36Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Victoria (ziwa)]] 2782 9639 2006-05-14T15:58:18Z Kipala 107 kutokana na Image:Mi-map.png Mstari mwekundu unaonyesha mpaka usiokubaliwa kati ya Tanzania na Malawi. Tanzania inadai mstari mwekundu, lakini Malawi inadai ziwa lote hadi mwa,bao wa Tanzania. Mpaka hadi ya Msumbiji na Malawi hauna matata. The red line shows the disputed lake border between Malawi and Tanzania. Tanzania claims the red line, Malawi claims the whole lake up to the Tanzanian shore. The border between Malawi and Mozambique is not disputed. 2783 9642 2006-05-14T16:16:59Z Kipala 107 Ziwa Nyasa umehamishwa hapa Nyasa (ziwa): muundo wa kutaja majina yenye maana mbalimbali #REDIRECT [[Nyasa (ziwa)]] 2784 9643 2006-05-14T16:18:49Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Malawi]] 2785 11566 2006-06-30T16:39:07Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Ethiopia-Addis Ababa.png|frame|right|Ramani ya Ethiopia ikionyesha Addis Ababa (ponti nyekundu).]] [[Image:Addisababanasa.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Addis Ababa, inavyo onekana kutoka anga.]] '''Addis Ababa''' (pia '''Addis Abeba'''; [[Kiamhara]] &#4768;&#4850;&#4661; &#4768;&#4704;&#4707;, "Maua mpya"; Kioromo ''Finfinne'') ni [[Mji Mkuu]] wa [[Ethiopia]]. Ni [[Eneo za Ethipia|Mji mkataba]] (''ras gez astedader''), Addis Ababa ina cheo cha Mji na kama Jimbo. Mji wenyewe una watu ukoo 80, wakiongea lugha 80, na jamii za Waislamu na Wachristu. Addis Ababa imekwea 2,500m juu ya [[Usawa wa Bahari]] kwa {{coor d|9.03|N|38.74|E|city(2757729)}}). [http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html] <!-- [[kutoka 2005]], kadiri ya umma ni 2,757,729 [http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1120021314&men=gpro&lng=en&gln=xx&dat=32&geo=-73&srt=npan&col=aohdq&pt=c&va=&geo=356529874], na kwa hivyo Addis Ababa ndio Mji mkubwa. --> Eneo hii ilichaguliwa na Malkia [[Taytu Betul]] na Mji kuanzishwa mwaka wa [[1886]] na bwana yake, Mfalme [[Menelik II wa Ethiopia|Menelik II]], na sasa mji huu una umma milioni nne, na asilimia nane ya ukuzi wa uchumi. Mji huu uko kwa tako la [[Mlima Entoto]], na nimakazi maalum ya [[Chuo Kikuu cha Addis Ababa]]. Chuo Kikuu cha Addis Ababa kilijulikana kama Chuo Kikuu cha Haile Selassie I, kutokana na jina la Mfalme wa mwisho wa Ethiopia, ambaye alitoa jumba ya mfalme (Jumba Guenete Leul) iwe makao maalum ya Chuo Kuu ya Addis ababa mwaka wa 1961. == Historia == Addis Ababa ilianzwa na Mfalme wa Ethiopia [[Menelik wa Pili|Menelik II]]. Menelik, kama mfalme wa [[Shewa]], aligundua mlima Entoto kama kambi nzuri sana ya jeshi ili kumiliki upande wa kusini, na mwaka wa 1879 alitemembea kwa mibomoko ya kale ya mji huu, na kuona kanisa ambayo ujenzi haukuwa umemalizwa, kuthibati kua Waithiopia waliishi kwa mji huu kabla ya vita za [[Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi|Ahmad Gragn]]. Masilahi ya Menelik wa pili iliongezeka, Mke wake alipoanza kazi ya ujezi wa kanisa eneo Entoto, na Menelik kuamri kanisa la pili eneo hiyo. Lakini eneo hiyo haikutua kuwa mji haraka kwa sababu ya ukosefu wa kuni na maji, na makazi hasa ilianzia kwa bonde kusini mwa mlima mwaka wa [[1886]]. Mwanzo, Taytu alijijengea nyumba karibu na "Filwoha" chemchem moto iliyo na madini, ambayo ya julikana na waenyeji [[Waoromo]] kama Finfinne, Malkia Taytu na watumishi Washowan wa kifalme walipenda sana kuoga kwa maji hayo ilionamadini. Washarifu wengine na Watumishi na mali yao, wao pia walikaa sehemu hii, na menelik kuongeza jumba la Mke wake, ili iwe Jumba Rasmi la Miliki ambayo ndio makazi rqasmi ya serikali Addis Ababa mbaka wa leo. Menelik wa pili kaanza Addis Ababa kama Mji Mkuu wa Ethiopia. Moja wapo ya maendeleo Menelik alifanya nikama, kupanda miti ya [[eucalyptus]] kwa mitaa kando ya barabara. Mwaka wa [[1936]], Jeshi la Waitaliano lilitwaa Addis Ababa kwa [[Vita vya Pili vya Waitaliano na Wahebeshi]], na kuifanya Addis Ababa Mji Mkuu [[Italia Ya Afrika Mashariki]]. Addis Ababa iliongozwa na govana [[Magavan Waitaliano wa Addis Ababa]] kutoka mwaka wa 1936 mpaka 1939. Baadaye Waitaliano kwa kupingwa na wazalendo wa Ethiopia, na pia kushidwa vita na Waithiopia kwa usaidizi wa Waiingereza kwa [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia Afrika Mashariki|kampeni ya Afrika Mashariki]] na pia [[ukombozi wa Ethiopia]], Mfalme [[Haile Selassie]] alirudi Addis Ababa mnamo [[Mai 5]], [[1941]] -- Baada ya miaka mitano kamili, na kuanza kazi ya kuendeleza Mji Mkuu, Addis Ababa. Emperor Haile Selassie helped form the [[Organization of African Unity]] in [[1963]], and invited the new organization to maintain its headquarters in the city. The OAU was dissolved in 2002 and replaced by the [[African Union]] (AU), also headquartered in Addis Ababa. The [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] also has its headquarters in Addis Ababa. Addis Ababa was also the site of the [[Oriental Orthodoxy|Council of the Oriental Orthodox Churches]] in [[1965]]. == Ukoo == [[Image:Ethiopia 3.jpg|thumb|right|Zaidi ya asilimia 51% ni wanawake.]] == Uchumi == ==Maelekezo== [[Image:Addis-sheraton.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Addis Ababa Majengo ''Kutoka: whileseated.org'']] ==Usafirishaji== == Uchambuzi == ==Viungo via nnje== {{commons|Category:Addis Abeba|Addis Abeba}} * [http://wikitravel.org/en/Addis_Ababa Addis Ababa on Wikitravel] * [http://www.addisababacity.gov.et/ Addis Ababa City Administration] * [http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/addis_mayor.html Support for Mayor&#8217;s overhaul of Addis Ababa] * [http://www.ethiopar.net/English/basinfo/infoadds.html Addis Ababa City Council] * [http://www.macalester.edu/courses/geog61/kshively/intro.html Introduction to Addis Ababa] [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[Category:Miji ya Ethiopia]] [[Category:Ethiopia]] [[am:አዲስ አበባ]] [[ar:أديس أبابا]] [[bs:Adis Abeba]] [[bg:Адис Абеба]] [[ca:Addis Abeba]] [[cs:Addis Abeba]] [[da:Addis Ababa]] [[de:Addis Abeba]] [[es:Adís Abeba]] [[eo:Adis-Abebo]] [[fa:آدیس آبابا]] [[fr:Addis-Abeba]] [[gl:Adís Abeba - አዲስ ፡ አበባ]] [[ko:아디스아바바]] [[hr:Adis Abeba]] [[io:Addis Ababa]] [[id:Addis Ababa]] [[os:Аддис-Абебæ]] [[it:Addis Abeba]] [[he:אדיס אבבה]] [[la:Addis Abeba]] [[lt:Adis Abeba]] [[hu:Addisz-Abeba]] [[mg:Addis Abeba]] [[nl:Addis Abeba]] [[ja:アディスアベバ]] [[no:Addis Abeba]] [[nn:Addis Ababa]] [[pl:Addis Abeba]] [[pt:Adis Abeba]] [[ru:Аддис-Абеба]] [[sk:Addis Abeba]] [[sl:Adis Abeba]] [[fi:Addis Abeba]] [[sv:Addis Abeba]] [[uk:Аддіс-Абеба]] [[zh:阿迪斯阿貝巴]] 2786 9651 2006-05-14T17:37:29Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Miji mikuu]] [[Category:Afrika]] 2787 9654 2006-05-14T17:41:55Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Dar es Salaam]] 2789 9670 2006-05-14T23:23:30Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Downtown dodoma.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Kitovu cha mji wa Dodoma]] '''[[Dodoma]]''' ni mji wa Tanzania ya kati. Imetangazwa kuwa [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Tanzania]] mwaka 1973. Hali halisi makao ya kikazi ya serikali ya Tanzania yako [[Daressalaam]] pia ikulu halisi ya rais. Lakini [[bunge]] hukutana Dodoma na sehemu za ofisi za [[wizara]] kadhaa zimepelekwa Dodoma. Mji ni pia makao makuu ya Mkoa wa Dodoma na Wilaya ya Dodoma. Eneo la mji liko 1135 [[m]] juu ya [[UB]]. Idadi ya wakazi imekadiriwa kuwa 180.551 mwaka 2005. Kiuchumi ni kitovu cha biashara ya kilimo cha karanga, maharagwe na alizeti, pamoja na mifugo na kuku. ==Mawasiliano== Mawasiliano ni mazuri kwa barabara ya lami kuanzia mji wa Dodoma kwenda [[Morogoro]] - [[Daressalaam]] au Morogoro - [[Iringa]], barabara zingine ni za udongo to pamoja na njia kuu kuelekea Tanzania ya Magharibi - [[Rwanda]] - [[Kongo]]. Pia hali ya barabara ya kale ya "Cape - Cairo" inayovuka Dodoma kutoka kaskazini ([[Arusha]] - [[Kondoa]]) kwenda kusini si nzuri tena. Kuna pia njia ya [[reli ya kati]] kutoka Daressalaam kwenda [[Kigoma]] yenye matatizo ya mara kwa mara. Dodoma ina uwanja wa ndege wa kitaifa . ==Historia== Dodoma ilianzishwa wakati wa [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani|ukoloni wa Kijerumani]] kama kituo kwenye reli ya kati penye karahana ya reli. Tangu 1912 imekuwa makao makuu ya mkoa. 1913 Dodoma ilikuwa na posta, simu, hoteli na maduka 26 (moja ya mzungu, mengine ya Wahindi na Waarabu). Kikosi cha polisi kilikuwa na askari 59. Dodoma imeendelea kuwa mji mdogo mpaka kutangazwa kuwa mji mkuu. Azimio hili lilileta ujenzi na maofisi kadhaa ya serikali. Kwa ujumla uhamisho unaendelea kuchelewa kwa sababu mbalimbali; sababu muhimu ni ya kwamba watumishi wa serikali na wanasiasa walio wengi hawapendi kuondoka katika jiji halisi na kuhamia mji mdogo ambao ni mbali sana na mazingira waliyoyazoea. Menginevyo kuna matatizo ya kifedha ambayo yamesaidia haidi sasa kutangaza nia ya kuhami lakini kubaki palepale. [[Category: Miji ya Tanzania]] [[Category: Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[ar:دودوما]] [[ca:Dodoma]] [[de:Dodoma]] [[en:Dodoma]] [[eo:Dodomao]] [[es:Dodoma]] [[fi:Dodoma]] [[fr:Dodoma]] [[he:דודומה]] [[io:Dodoma]] [[is:Dódóma]] [[ja:ドドマ]] [[nl:Dodoma (stad)]] [[no:Dodoma]] [[pl:Dodoma]] [[pt:Dodoma]] [[ru:Додома]] [[sk:Dodoma]] [[sv:Dodoma]] [[sw:Dodoma]] [[tr:Dodoma]] 2790 9672 2006-05-14T23:32:24Z Kipala 107 '''Arusha''' ni neo la kutaja watu na mahali katika [[Tanzania]] kazkazini-mashariki.: *Kabila la Waarusha *[[Mkoa wa Arusha]] *[[Wilaya ya Arusha]] *[[Arusha|Mji wa Arusha]] ni makao makuu ya mkoa na wilaya, pia makao makuu ya [[Jumuiya ya Afrika ya Mashariki]] 2791 9674 2006-05-14T23:34:15Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Tanzania]] 2792 9690 2006-05-15T18:13:12Z Kipala 107 Kutokana na en - Image:Europe germanic languages.PNG Kutokana na en - Image:Europe germanic languages.PNG 2793 10182 2006-05-27T09:24:25Z Mudux01 169 {{Babel-3|sw|en-4|tr-2}} __NOTOC__ == Mahmoud Amin (mudux) == === Mimi nani ? === Mimi nimhusika mpya katika miradi za [[Wikipedia]]. Mimi ni [[mwananchi]] wa [[Kenya]], muda huu nasomea katika chuo kikuu cha [[Istanbul]]. === Nivipendavo === *Mimi sina maisha bila [[tarakishi]]-([[computer]]) . **Napenda kuandika [[bidhaa pepe]]-(Programs) : Lugha za [[bidhaa pepe]] ninazofahamu: [[java]], [[javascript]], [[fortran]], [[php]], [[actionscript]], na zenginezo *Napenda kutumia bidhaa za [[cisco]]; [[routers]], [[switches]] na kadhalika *Napenda kutumia FC4 ([[Fedora]] core 4) === mawasiliano === * [[Barua pepe]] « '''''No more Spammers''''' » * Nitupie gumzo; [[kong'oli]] hapa '''[[User talk:mudux01|Kurasa la gumzo]]''' 2794 9693 2006-05-15T18:29:26Z Kipala 107 kutokana na nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fil:Spraakfamiliar.png kutokana na nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fil:Spraakfamiliar.png 2795 11126 2006-06-21T15:29:27Z Oliver Stegen 160 == Kong'oli == Neno hili linatumika katika [[Mtandao]], linatumika kuashiria kitendo cha kuvuta [[tovuti]] tofauti kwa kubonyeza panya la [[kitarakishi]] . 2796 10183 2006-05-27T10:16:13Z Kipala 107 ==Karibu Mudux01== Karibu sana na Hos geldiniz! (au kitu kama hiki, sivyo?). Kumbe kuna [[Waswahili]] hata [[Bosphorus]]! --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 18:36, 15 May 2006 (UTC) ==Nishakaribia ndugu kipala== Hoş bulduk! hata mimi nipigwa na butwa kupata mwenzangu anaefahamu mbili tatu za [[Uturuki]]. --[[User:mudux01|mudux01]] ==Vipi Swahili Location Project== Mahmoud, habari gani. Ukiwa mpenzi hasa wa mambo ya kompyuta - vipi ukiandika kuhusu matoleo ya Windows, Office, linux na open office kwa Kiswahili? Pamoja na ile Open Swahili Localization Project (mahalilisho???). Pia -ilhali tulio wengi hapa si Waafrika- kwanini usiandike kitu kidogo juu ya mji ulipozaliwa (au kijiji chako - au: kijiji cha babako) ? http://www.kilinux.udsm.ac.tz/ http://www.openoffice.org/editorial/interview_alberto_escudero.html --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 10:16, 27 May 2006 (UTC) 2797 9714 2006-05-16T10:20:19Z 163.1.209.240 [[Image:Computer-aj_aj_ashton_01.svg|thumb|right|[[Tarakishi]] ya kisasa. Kiingereza-[[personal computer]] (PC).]] '''Tarakishi''' ni [[mashini]] inayotumia [[data]] kwa njia tofauti kutokana na [[maagizo (sayansi za tarakishi)|maagizo]] zilizoandikwa kwenye [[tarakishi bidhaa pepe|bidhaa pepe]] ([[Kiingereza]]- software). Maneno [[Kompyuta]] na [[Ngamizi]] yanaweza kutumika badala ya ''Tarakishi''. {{mbegu}} {{Link FA|vi}} [[af:Rekenaar]] [[ar:حاسوب]] [[ast:Computadora]] [[bg:Компютър]] [[bn:গণকযন্ত্র (কমপিউটার)]] [[br:Urzhiataer]] [[bs:Računar]] [[ca:Ordinador]] [[cs:Počítač]] [[cy:Cyfrifiadur]] [[da:Computer]] [[de:Computer]] [[en:Computer]] [[eo:Komputilo]] [[es:Computadora]] [[et:Arvuti]] [[fa:رایانه]] [[fi:Tietokone]] [[fo:Telda]] [[fr:Ordinateur]] [[fy:Kompjûter]] [[gd:Coimpiutaireachd]] [[gl:Ordenador]] [[he:מחשב]] [[hi:संगणक]] [[hu:Számítógép]] [[ia:Computator]] [[id:Komputer]] [[is:Tölva]] [[it:Computer]] [[iu:ᖃᕋᓴᐅᔭᖅ]] [[ja:コンピュータ]] [[ko:컴퓨터]] [[ku:Kompûter]] [[la:Computatrum]] [[lb:Computer]] [[li:Computer]] [[lo:ຄອມພິວເຕີ]] [[lt:Kompiuteris]] [[lv:Datori]] [[mg:Mpikajy]] [[ml:കംപ്യുട്ടര്]] [[ms:Komputer]] [[my:က္ဝန္‌ပ္ရူတာ]] [[nb:Datamaskin]] [[nds:Reekner]] [[nl:Computer]] [[nn:Datamaskin]] [[nv:Béésh bee ak'e'elchíhí t'áá bí nitsékeesígíí]] [[pl:Komputer]] [[pt:Computador]] [[ro:Computer]] [[ru:Компьютер]] [[simple:Computer]] [[sl:Računalnik]] [[sq:Kompjuteri]] [[sr:Рачунар]] [[sv:Dator]] [[ta:கணினி]] [[te:కంప్యూటరు]] [[th:คอมพิวเตอร์]] [[tr:Bilgisayar]] [[uk:Комп'ютер]] [[ur:شمارندہ]] [[vi:Máy tính]] [[yi:קאָמפּיוטערס]] [[zh:计算机]] [[zh-min-nan:Tiān-náu]] 2798 9711 2006-05-15T21:38:54Z Mudux01 169 /* Tukitukuze kiswahili ipasavo */ Karibu na makala yako ya kwanza - na pole kupata ushauri ambao labda haufurahishi mara moja. Naomba angalia http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Mwanzo#Kiswahili cha Microsoft ! Uko huru kuendelea utakavyo. Tuko wachache kiasi cha kwamba tusivutane kama moja wetu anaandika kwa namna yake - baada ya kupita makala 1000 tuanze kupigana "vita ya wahariri"! Lakini kama orodha ya Microsoft ina umuhimu - basi labda kazi yetu inaweza kuwa bure tusipojali... --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 20:45, 15 May 2006 (UTC) == Tukitukuze kiswahili ipasavo == Nakushukuru Bw. Kipala kwa kumbusho muhimu kama hili. Naelewa barabara umuhimu wa kuwa na uwiyano wa maneno katika lugha. Kwa kweli nimekua nikitafuta makala kama hii kwa muda mrefu sana, nakushukuru tena.--[[User:Mudux01|Mudux01]] 21:38, 15 May 2006 (UTC) 2799 9715 2006-05-16T10:22:50Z 163.1.209.240 #REDIRECT[[Tarakishi]] 2800 9730 2006-05-16T20:24:40Z Kipala 107 [[Image:LibyaTarabulus.png|thumb|Mahali pa Tripoli katika Libya]] <small>''Kwa miji mingine inayoitwa "Tripoli" tazama makala ya maana [[Tripoli]]'' '''Tripoli''' ni mji mkuu wa [[Libya]]. Jina la [[Kiarabu]] ni '''طرابلس''' (''tarāblus'') au '''طرابلس الغربية''' (''tarābulus al-gharbiyya'' - Tripoli ya Magharibi kwa sababu ya Tripoli ya mashariki huko Lebanon) lina asili ya lugha ya [[Kigiriki]] (Τρίπολη) la kumaanisha "miji mitatu". Tripoli ina wakazi 1,150,990 ambayo ni zaidi ya robo moja ya wakazi wote wa Libya ikiendelea kukua haraka. Mji uko ufukoni wa [[Mediteranea]] ikiwa na hali ya hewa ya wastani. Agosti inafika halijoto ya 28,1 sentigredi, Januari ya 12,1° C. Miezi ya baridi kuna mvua, Juni hadi Agosti hakuna mvua kabisa. Tripoli ina bandari kubwa kabisa ya Libya ni pia kitovu cha serikali, biashara na viwanda. Mji wa kale bado imetunzwa ikionyesha mabaki ya historia yake ndefu tangu enzi za Wafinisia, Waroma, Waarabu, Wahispania, Waturuki na Waitalia. ==Picha za Tripoli== <gallery> Image:Tripolilibyanasa.jpg|Tripoli na bandari yake inavyoonekana kutoka angani Image:Tripoli Castle.jpg|Boma la Tripoli (Assaraya al-Hamra) Image:Grand Hotel Tripoli.jpg|Hoteli Al Kabir (Grand Hotel) Image:Modern Tripoli.jpg|Majengo ya kisasa </gallery> [[Category:Libya]] [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[ar:طرابلس (ليبيا)]] [[bg:Триполи]] [[da:Tripoli]] [[de:Tripolis]] [[en:Tripoli]] [[eo:Tripolo (Libio)]] [[es:Trípoli (Libia)]] [[fa:طرابلس]] [[fi:Tripoli]] [[fr:Tripoli (Libye)]] [[gl:Trípoli, Libia - طرابلس]] [[he:טריפולי (לוב)]] [[hr:Tripoli]] [[id:Tripoli]] [[io:Tripoli]] [[it:Tripoli]] [[ja:トリポリ (リビア)]] [[ko:트리폴리 (리비아)]] [[lt:Tripolis]] [[nl:Tripoli (Libië)]] [[os:Триполи]] [[pl:Trypolis (Libia)]] [[pt:Trípoli]] [[ru:Триполи]] [[simple:Tripoli]] [[sk:Tripolis]] [[sr:Триполи]] [[sv:Tripoli]] 2801 9737 2006-05-16T20:29:10Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT:[[Category:Miji_Mikuu_Afrika]] 2802 9741 2006-05-16T22:27:07Z Kipala 107 '''Niger''' ni neno linaloweza kumaanisha: * [[Niger]] nchi ya Afrika ya Magharibi * [[Niger (mto)]] ni mto mkuwa wa Afrika ya magharibi * [[Niger (Nigeria)]] ni dola mojawapo wa Shirikisho la Jamhuri ya [[Nigeria]] * [[Niger (meli)]] ilikuwa jina la meli za kivita za Uingereza * "niger" ni neno la lugha ya Kilatini linalomaanisha "nyeusi" [[en:Niger (disambiguation)]] [[fr:Niger (homonymie)]] [[id:Niger (disambiguasi)]] [[nl:Niger]] [[sl:Niger (razločitev)]] 2803 10884 2006-06-17T19:14:16Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Ng-map.png|thumb|290px|left|thumb|Ramani ya Niger]] ''<small>''Kwa maana nyingine ya neno "Niger" tazama makala ya [[Niger (maana)]]'' {{Infobox_Country |native_name = ''République du Niger'' |conventional_long_name = Jamhuri ya Niger |common_name = Niger |image_flag = Flag of Niger.svg |image_coat = Nigerarms22.PNG |image_map = LocationNiger.png |national_motto = Fraternité, Travail, Progrès <br><small>(Undugu, Kazi, Maendeleo)</small> |national_anthem = [[La Nigerienne]] |official_languages = [[Kifaransa]] |capital = [[Niamey]] |latd=13 |latm=32 |latNS=N |longd=2 |longm=05 |longEW=E |largest_city = [[Niamey]] |government_type = [[Jamhuri]] |leader_titles = [[Rais]]<br>[[Waziri Mkuu]] |leader_names = [[Tandja Mamadou]]<br>[[Hama Amadou]] |area_rank = ya 22 |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |area= 1,267,000 |areami²=489,191 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |percent_water= 0.0002% |population_estimate = 11,665,937 |population_estimate_rank = ya 69 |population_estimate_year = Julai 2005 |population_census = |population_census_year = |population_density = 9 |population_densitymi² =23 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |population_density_rank = ya 175 |GDP_PPP = $10.2 billioni |GDP_PPP_rank = ya 134 |GDP_PPP_year= 2005 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $ 900 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ya 216 |sovereignty_type = [[Uhuru]] |established_events = imetangazwa |established_dates = kutoka [[Ufaransa]]<br>03.08.1960 |HDI = 0.281 |HDI_rank = ya 177 |HDI_year = 2003 |HDI_category = <font color="#E0584E">low</font> |currency = [[Franki ya CFA]] |currency_code = XOF |country_code = NER |time_zone = |utc_offset = +1 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = +2 |cctld = [[.ne]] |calling_code = 227 |footnotes = }} '''Niger''' ni nchi ya [[Afrika]] ya Magharibi. Imepakana na [[Algeria]] na [[Libya]] upande wa kaskazini, [[Mali]] na [[Burkina Faso]] upande wa magharibi, [[Chad]] upande wa mashariki na [[Nigeria]] pamoja na [[Benin]] upande wa kusini. [[Mji mkuu]] ni [[Niamey]] katika kusini ya nchi. Niger haina pwani na bahari yoyote. Ni sehemu ya kanda la [[Sahel]] yaani sehemu kubwa ya nchi ni [[yabisi]], kaskazini yake ni yabisi sana ikiwa [[jangwa]] la [[Sahara]], na nchi ya rutba iko kusini kabisa tu karibu na [[Niger (mto)|mto wa Niger]]. Mipaka imechorwa wakati wa ukoloni wa [[Ufaransa]] ikiunganisha watu wa utamaduni tofauti kama vile [[Tuareg]] wa Sahara, wahamiaji [[Wafulani]] na [[Wakanuri]] wa eneo la Sahel na wakulima wa kusini kama [[Wasonghai]] na [[Wahaussa]] Tofauti hizi kubwa zilileta kipindi cha ugomvi wa makabila uliopoa tena baada ya mwaka 2000. Tatizo kubwa la nchi ni vipindi vya ukame na njaa vinyvyorudia mara kwa mara. Wakazi walikadiriwa kuwa karibu milioni 12 katika mwaka 2005. Idadi kubwa wako kusini. Walio wengi kabisa ni wafuasi wa [[Uislamu]] waliokadiriwa kuwa 94-97% za wananchi; sehemu yao wanasemekana kuchanganya Uislamu na imani asilia. [[Category:Niger]] {{mbegu}} {{Afrika}} [[af:Niger]] [[ar:نيجر]] [[an:Nícher]] [[zh-min-nan:Niger]] [[bs:Niger]] [[bg:Нигер]] [[ca:Níger]] [[cs:Niger]] [[cy:Niger]] [[da:Niger]] [[de:Niger]] [[en:Niger]] [[et:Niger]] [[el:Νίγηρας]] [[es:Níger]] [[eo:Niĝero]] [[eu:Niger]] [[fa:نیجر]] [[fr:Niger]] [[gl:Níxer]] [[ko:니제르]] [[hr:Niger]] [[io:Nijer]] [[id:Niger]] [[os:Нигер (паддзахад)]] [[is:Níger (land)]] [[it:Niger]] [[he:ניז'ר]] [[ks:Nījē]] [[kw:Pow Nijer]] [[la:Niger]] [[lv:Nigēra]] [[lt:Nigeris]] [[hu:Niger]] [[mk:Нигер]] [[ms:Niger]] [[nl:Niger (land)]] [[ja:ニジェール]] [[no:Niger]] [[nn:Niger]] [[oc:Nigèr]] [[nds:Niger]] [[pl:Niger]] [[pt:Níger]] [[ro:Niger]] [[ru:Нигер]] [[sa:नीजे]] [[sq:Nigeri]] [[simple:Niger]] [[sk:Niger]] [[sl:Niger]] [[sr:Нигер]] [[sh:Niger]] [[fi:Niger]] [[sv:Niger]] [[tl:Niger]] [[ta:நைஜர்]] [[th:ประเทศไนเจอร์]] [[tr:Nijer]] [[uk:Нігер]] [[zh:尼日尔]] 2804 9742 2006-05-16T23:52:21Z Kipala 107 [[Image:An abandoned MOGADISHU Street known as the Green Line, Jan 1993.JPEG|thumb|300px|right|Barabara ya Mogadishu inayotenganisha sehemu za kaskazini na kusini za mji pamoja na maeneo ya vikosi tofauti ya wanamgambo]] [[Image:Black Hawk Down Super64 over Mogadishu coast.jpg|thumb|right|Helikopta ya Marekani juu ya bandari ya Mogadishu 1993]] '''Mogadishu''' (maandishi wa Kisomali Muqdisho, wa [[Kiitalia]] Mogadiscio) ni mji mkuu wa [[Somalia]]. Iko ufukoni wa Bahari Hindi ikiwa na wakazi kati ya milioni 1.5 na 3. Idadi kamili haijulikani kutokana na hali ya vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe ya miaka iliyopita. Mohadishu imeundwa mnamo mwaka 900 [[BK]] ikawa mji wa kaskazini kabisa wa utamaduni wa [[Waswahili]] kwenye pwani la [[Afrika ya Mashariki]]. Ilikuwa sehemu ya biashara ya kimataifa ya Waswahili jinsi inavyonekana kutokana na sarafu za kale za [[Uchina]], [[Sri Lanka]] na [[Vietnam]] zilizokutwa na [[Akiolojia|wanaarkiolojia]] katika ardhi yake. Msafiri Mwarabu [[Ibn Battuta]] alitembelea Mogadishu mnamo mwaka 1300 akaona matajiri akataja "watu wanene wengi". Mji ulikuwa na vipindi vya kujitegemea na vipindi vya kutawaliwa na nchi za nje katika historia yake. Mnamo mwaka 1500 [[Wareno]] walikuwa mabwana wake. Tangu katikati ya karne ya 19 BK Mogadishu ilikuwa chini ya sultani wa [[Zanzibar]]. 1892 sultani alikodisha mji kwa [[Italia]] iliyoinunua 1905 kutoka kwake ukawa mji mkuu wa koloni ya Somalia ya Kiitalia. Wakati wa [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]] mji ulivamiwa na Waingereza mwaka 1941 waliourudisha kwa Itala 1954. Tangu uhuru 1960 Mogadishu ikawa mji mkuu wa Somalia. 1990 dikteta Siad Barre alipinduliwa halafu Mogadishu pamoja na nchi yote iliingia katika vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe. Wanajeshi wa [[Marekani]] walijaribu mwaka 1993 kurudisha hali ya usalama kwa niaba ya [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] lakini walikuta upinzani mkali kutoka kwa vikundi vya [[wanamgambo]] Wasomalia. Baada ya kupoteza askari Marekani iliondoka tena. Hali ya vita imeendelea. {{Mbegu}} [[Category:Somalia]] [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[ar:مقديشو]] [[da:Mogadishu]] [[de:Mogadischo]] [[en:Mogadishu]] [[eo:Mogadiŝo]] [[es:Mogadiscio]] [[et:Muqdisho]] [[fi:Mogadishu]] [[fr:Mogadiscio]] [[he:מוגדישו]] [[id:Mogadishu]] [[io:Mogadishu]] [[it:Mogadiscio]] [[ja:モガディシュ]] [[ko:모가디슈]] [[lt:Mogadišas]] [[nl:Mogadishu]] [[no:Mogadishu]] [[pl:Mogadiszu]] [[pt:Mogadíscio]] [[ru:Могадишу]] [[sk:Mogadiisho]] [[so:Muqdisho]] [[sv:Mogadishu]] [[zh:摩加迪休]] 2805 9743 2006-05-16T23:54:10Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] 2806 10544 2006-06-03T22:50:45Z ChriKo 35 Sanduku la uainishaji {{Uainishaji | rangi = pink | jina = Kitenduli | picha = Red-cheeked Cordon-bleu.jpg | upana_wa_picha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = [[Kitenduli shavu-jekundu]] | himaya = [[Mnyama|Animalia]] (Wanyama) | faila = [[Chordata]] (Wanyama wenye ugwe wa neva mgongoni) | ngeli = [[Ndege|Aves]] (Ndege) | oda = [[Passeriformes]] (Ndege wimbaji) | familia = [[Estrildidae]] (Ndege walio na mnasaba na [[mshigi|mishigi]]) | jenasi = [[Uraeginthus]] (Vitenduli na [[tunguhina]]) | bingwa_wa_jenasi = [[Jean Cabanis|Cabanis]], 1851 | spishi = Angalia katiba }} '''Vitenduli''' ni [[ndege]] wadogo wa [[jenasi]] ''Uraeginthus'' ndani ya [[familia]] [[Estrildidae]] ambao wana rangi buluu. Kuna spishi mbili zingine kwa jenasi hii ambazo zinaitwa [[tunguhina]] na zina rangi kahawianyekundu, lakini wataalamu wengine wanaziweka ndani ya jenasi ''Granatina''. Vitenduli zinatokea Afrika chini ya [[Sahara]] tu. Hupenda kuwa karibu na makazi ya watu. Tago lao hutengenezwa na manyasi juu ya mti au ndani ya paa; limefunikika juu na mwingilio kando. ==Spishi== * ''Uraeginthus angolensis'', [[Kitenduli Shavu-buluu]] (Southern Cordon-bleu) * ''Uraeginthus bengalus'', [[Kitenduli Shavu-jekundu]] (Red-cheeked Cordon-bleu) * ''Uraeginthus cyanocephalus'', [[Kitenduli Kichwa-buluu]] (Blue-capped Cordon-bleu) [[Category:Ndege]] [[de:Prachtfinken]] [[en:Cordon-bleu]] [[es:Coliazul]] [[fr:Cordonbleu]] [[nl:Prachtvinken]] 2807 10545 2006-06-03T22:55:36Z ChriKo 35 Sanduku la uainishaji {{Uainishaji | rangi = pink | jina = Tunguhina | picha = Purple grenadier male.jpg | upana_wa_picha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = [[Tunguhina kaskazi]] | himaya = [[Mnyama|Animalia]] (Wanyama) | faila = [[Chordata]] (Wanyama wenye ugwe wa neva mgongoni) | ngeli = [[Ndege|Aves]] (Ndege) | oda = [[Passeriformes]] (Ndege wimbaji) | familia = [[Estrildidae]] (Ndege walio na mnasaba na [[mshigi|mishigi]]) | jenasi = [[Uraeginthus]] (Tunguhina na [[kitenduli|vitenduli]]) | bingwa_wa_jenasi = [[Jean Cabanis|Cabanis]], 1851 | spishi = Angalia katiba }} '''Tunguhina''' ni [[ndege]] wadogo wa [[jenasi]] ''Uraeginthus'' ndani ya [[familia]] [[Estrildidae]] ambao wana rangi kahawianyekundu na viraka buluu au zambarau. Kuna spishi tatu zingine kwa jenasi hii ambazo zinaitwa [[kitenduli|vitenduli]] na zina rangi buluu. Wataalamu wengine wanaweka spishi mbili za tunguhina ndani ya jenasi ''Granatina''. Spishi hizi zinatokea Afrika chini ya [[Sahara]] tu. Tunguhina ni ndege waoga, lakini kwa bustani ya hoteli na nyumba wanazoea watu. Tago lao hutengenezwa na manyasi ndani ya magugu; limefunikika juu na mwingilio kando. ==Spishi== * ''Uraeginthus granatina'', [[Tunguhina Kusi]] (Violet-eared Waxbill) * ''Uraeginthus ianthinogaster'', [[Tunguhina Kaskazi]] (Purple Grenadier) [[Category:Ndege]] [[de:Prachtfinken]] [[en:Estrildid finch]] [[es:Estrilda granadina]] [[fr:Cordonbleu]] [[nl:Prachtvinken]] 2808 9750 2006-05-17T23:11:00Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Victoria (Seychelles).jpg|thumb|300px|right|Mji wa Victoria]] [[Image:BigBenVictoriaSeychelles.JPG|thumb|left|Mbele: mfano mdogo wa mnara wa "Big Ben" wa London katika mji wa Victoria; nyuma jengo la wizara ya sheria]] '''Victoria''' ni mji mkuu wa [[Shelisheli]]. Iko kwenye kisiwa cha [[Mahe]] ikiwa na wakazi 24,702. Ni [[mji mkuu]] mdogo kabisa wa nchi zote za dunia. Bandari ya Victoria ni kitovu cha biashara ya kimataifa cha nchi. [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[Category:Shelisheli]] [[ca:Victòria (Seychelles)]] [[da:Victoria (Seychellerne)]] [[de:Victoria (Seychellen)]] [[en:Victoria, Seychelles]] [[es:Victoria (Seychelles)]] [[fi:Victoria (Seychellit)]] [[id:Victoria, Seychelles]] [[ja:ヴィクトリア (セーシェル)]] [[ko:빅토리아 (세이셸)]] [[lt:Viktorija (Seišeliai)]] [[no:Victoria, Seychellene]] [[pl:Victoria (Seszele)]] [[pt:Victoria (Seychelles)]] [[ru:Виктория (Сейшельские острова)]] [[sh:Victoria (Sejšeli)]] [[sk:Victoria (Seychely)]] [[sv:Victoria, Seychellerna]] 2809 9754 2006-05-18T16:39:04Z Kipala 107 Kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Indian_Ocean_bathymetry_srtm.png Imetengenezwa na user:kipala Kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Indian_Ocean_bathymetry_srtm.png Imetengenezwa na user:kipala 2810 10840 2006-06-15T15:33:39Z 84.189.216.13 {{Infobox_Country |native_name =Republic of Mauritius<br>République de Maurice |common_name = Mauritius |image_flag =Flag of Mauritius.svg |image_coat =Coat of arms of Mauritius.png |image_map =LocationMauritius.png |national_motto =Stella Clavisque Maris Indici<br>([[Kilatini]]: Nyota na ufunguo wa Bahari Hindi) |national_anthem = ''[[Taifa (wimbo)|Taifa]]'' |official_languages =[[Kiingereza]], [[Kifaransa]] |capital =[[Port Louis]] |latd=20 |latm=10 |latNS=S |longd=57 |longm=31 |longEW=E |largest_city =[[Port Louis]] |government_type = [[Jamhuri]] |leader_titles =[[Orodha la maraisi wa Mauritius|Rais]]<br>[[Orodha la mawaziri wakuu wa Mauritius|Waziri Mkuu]] |leader_names =[[Anerood Jugnauth]]<br>[[Navinchandra Ramgoolam]] |area_rank =ya 169 |area_magnitude =1 E9 |area=2,040 |areami²= 787<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |percent_water =0.05 |population_estimate =1,230,602 <!--cia--> |population_estimate_rank = ya 155 |population_estimate_year =Julai 2005 |population_census = |population_census_year = |population_density =603 |population_densitymi² = 1,564<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |population_density_rank =ya 11 |GDP_PPP =$16.36 billion <!--cia.gov--> |GDP_PPP_rank =ya 123 |GDP_PPP_year=2005 |GDP_PPP_per_capita =$13,300 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =ya 70 |sovereignty_type =[[Uhuru]] |established_events = kutoka [[Uingereza]] |established_dates = 12.03.1968 |HDI =0.791 |HDI_rank =ya 65 |HDI_year =2003 |HDI_category =<font color="#FFCC00">medium</font> |currency =[[Mauritian Rupee]] |currency_code = MUR |country_code = |time_zone = |utc_offset =+4 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |cctld =[[.mu]] |calling_code = 230 |footnotes = }} [[Image:Mauritius-CIA WFB Map.png|thumb|150px|left|Ramani ya kisiwa cha Morisi]] '''Morisi''' inaitwa rasmi "Jamhuri ya Morisi" (Kiingereza: ''Republic of Mauritius'', [[Kifaransa]]: ''République de Maurice'') ni nchi ya visiwa katika [[Bahari Hindi]] takriban 900 km mashariki ya [[Madagaska]] na 4000 km kusini-magharibi ya [[Bara Hindi]]. Eneo la jamhuri ni pamoja na kisiwa cha Morisi yenyewe, kisiwa cha [[Rodrigues (kisiwa)|Rodrigues]], visiwa vidgo vya [[Cargados Carajos]] na [[Agalega]]. Hivi vyote ni sehemu ya [[funguvisiwa]] ya [[Maskarena]] pamoja na kisiwa cha kifaransa cha [[Réunion]]. Mji Mkuu wa jamhuri ni [[Port Louis]]. ==Eneo la Jamhuri ya Morisi== Visiwa vya jamhuri vimesambaa katika eneo pana sana: Kisiwa kikuu cha '''Morisi''' ni 1865km² au 91 % za ardhi yote ya jamhuri. Karibu wote wa wakazi milioni 1.2 huishi hapo. Kisiwa cha '''Rodrigues''' kipo 560 km mashariki ya Morisi yenyewe. Eneo lake ni 109 km² kuna wakazi 40.000. [[Image:Makarena.PNG|thumb|left|300px|Visiwa vya Makarena kati ya visiwa vya Kiafrika katika Bahari Hindi]] Visiwa vya '''Cargados Carajos''' (vianitwa pia '''Saint Brandon''') ni visiwa 16 vidogo sana vyenye eneo la 1.3 km² pekee. Viko 300 km kaskazini ya Morosi.Kuna wakazi wachache wavuvi '''Agalega''' ni visiwa viwili yaani Kisiwa cha Kaskazini na Kisiwa cha Kusini takriban 1,122 Km kaskazini ya Morisi yenyewe. Visiwa vina eneo la 70 km². Kuna vijiji vya Vingt Cinq na La Fourche kwenye kisiwa ha kaskazini na kijiji cha Ste Rita kwenye kisiwa cha kusini. Wenyeji wanalima mazao ya mnazi pamoja na mboga wa matumizi wao wenyewe. ==Wakazi== Watu wa Morisi ni mchanganyiko kutokana na historia ya visiwa hivi. Wakazi wa kwanza walikuwa Waholanzi hawakuacha dalili isipokuwa majina ya mahali kwa sababu waliacha visiwa na kuondoka mwaka 1710 baada ya kushindwa kiuchumi. Wafaransa walitawala visiwa kati ya 1715 hadi 1810. Walianzisha miji na mashamba ya miwa. Nje ya walowezi Wafaransa walipeka pia watumwa kutoka Afrika. Mwaka 1767 walikuwepo Wafaransa 3,163 pamoja na watumwa Waafrika 15,000 pia Wahindi 587. [[Uingereza]] ulichukua utawala wa visiwa mwaka 1810 katika vita dhidi [[Napoleon]]. Tangu siku zile Kiingereza kilikuwa lugha rasmi ya serikali lakini wakazi waliendelea kutumia lahaja ya [[Kifaransa]]. Baada ya kuwapatia watumwa uhuru Waingereza walileta Wahindi wengi baadaye pia Wachina kama wafanyakazi kwenye mashamba ya sukari. Leo hii idadi kubwa ya wakazi ni wa asili ya Kihindi. Lakini 80% ya wananchi hutumia aina ya Kifaransa kama lugha ya kwanza. Asilimia 15 hutumia lugha za Kihindi, wengine Kichina na Kiingereza. Karibu nusu ya wakazi hufuata dini ya Uhindu, 35% Ukristo (hasa Wakatoliki), 12% ni Waislamu Wasunni, 3% Washia, 1% Wabuddha. ==Uchumi== Hadi leo kilimo cha miwa (sukari) ni mgongo wa uti wa uchumi wa Morisi. Nchi iliendelea na serikali zilizochaguliwa bila kupinduliwa na hali hii ya utulivu ilisaidia kukua kwa uchumi. Hali ya maisha ni juu kuliko nchi nyingi za Afrika. [[Category:Visiwa vya Afrika]] [[Category:Visiwa vya Bahari ya Hindi]] {{mbegu}} {{Afrika}} [[af:Mauritius]] [[an:Maurizio]] [[ar:موريشيوس]] [[bg:Мавриций]] [[bs:Mauricijus]] [[ca:Maurici]] [[cs:Mauricius]] [[cy:Mauritius]] [[da:Mauritius]] [[de:Mauritius]] [[el:Μαυρίκιος (Δημοκρατία)]] [[en:Mauritius]] [[eo:Maŭricio]] [[es:República de Mauricio]] [[et:Mauritius]] [[fa:موریس]] [[fi:Mauritius]] [[fr:Maurice (pays)]] [[gl:Mauricio - Maurice]] [[he:מאוריציוס]] [[hi:मॉरिशस]] [[hr:Mauricijus]] [[hu:Mauritius]] [[id:Mauritius]] [[io:Mauris]] [[is:Máritíus]] [[it:Mauritius]] [[ja:モーリシャス]] [[ko:모리셔스]] [[kw:Ynys Morrys]] [[lt:Mauricijus]] [[lv:Maurīcija]] [[mk:Маврициус]] [[ms:Mauritius]] [[nds:Mauritius]] [[nl:Mauritius (eiland)]] [[nn:Mauritius]] [[no:Mauritius]] [[oc:Maurici]] [[pl:Mauritius]] [[pt:Maurício]] [[ro:Mauriţius]] [[ru:Маврикий]] [[sa:मारिशस]] [[sh:Mauricijus]] [[simple:Mauritius]] [[sk:Maurícius]] [[sl:Mauritius]] [[sq:Mauritius]] [[sr:Маурицијус]] [[sv:Mauritius]] [[tl:Mauritius]] [[tr:Mauritius]] [[ug:ماۋرىتيىچۇس]] [[uk:Маврикій]] [[vi:Mauritius]] [[zh:毛里求斯]] [[zh-min-nan:Mauritius]] 2811 11127 2006-06-21T15:39:02Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:MG-Antananarivo.png|right|125px|Mahali Antananarivo iko Madagaska]] [[Image:Antananarivo (atamari).jpg|thumb|230px|Antananarivo, Madagaska]] [[Image:Antananarivo Rova-Palast.jpg|thumb|220px|Antananarivo, Madagaska]] '''Antanànarìvo''' (matamushi [An/ta/na/ri/vo], Umma 1,403,449 ([[2001]] sensa), ni [[Mji Mkuu]] wa [[Madagaska]], kwa [[Mkoa wa Antananarivo]]. Pia mji huu wajulikana kwa jina la [[Lugha ya Kifaransa|Kifaransa]] kama '''Tananarive''' ama kwa kifupi ni '''Tana'''. Antanànarivo iko kati ya kisiwa kulingana na usabaa wa kisiwa, lakini ni maili 90 kutoka pwani ya magharibi. Mji mwenyewe una kituo cha amri, kinachojengwa juu ya milima na mabonde marefu yenye miamba na nyembamba. Hii milima na mabonde imesambaa kusini na kaskazini kama 2-&frac12; maili, ikigawa kaskazini kwa njiapanda, na kukwea mahali juu zaidi pakiwa 690 ft. juu ya viwanja dhihirifu za mchele upande wa magharibi, ambazo zenyewe zimo 4060 ft. juu ya [[usawa wa bahari]]. Mji huu ni mji mkubwa nchini Madagaska na ni kituo cha amri ya serikali, mawasiliano, na kituo cha uchumi. Mahali Mji huu uko ni 18&deg;55' Kusini, 47&deg;31' Magharibi (-18.916667, 47.516667) [http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html], Maili 135 Magharibi-kusini magharibi ya Tamatave, ni bandari ya kisiwa hiki, ambayo imeungwa kwa reli, na kwa maili 60 kwa pwani kuna jahazi za kusafirisha. Viwanda vyahusu utolezi wa kuunda [[sigara]], na [[nguo]]. Antananarivo ilianza pengine mwaka wa [[1625]]. Kwa muda mrefu machifu wa kijiji cha Hova pekee, waliweza kujipa Uhuru kutoka sehemu nyingine za Madagaska, na kwa hivyo Antananarivo kuwa mji wa maana, na baadaye kuwa mji asili kwa kuongezeka wa wakazi 80,000. Mwaka wa [[1793]] mji huu ulifanywa uwe mji mkuu wa Wafalme wa [[Merina]]. Kushindwa kwa Mfalme [[Radama (wa kwanza)]] iliifanya Antananarivo iwe mji mkuu wa Madagaska yote. Mwaka wa [[1869]] majengo yote kwa mji asili, yalikuwa ya mbao ama nyazi, na hata hivyo mji wenyewe ulikuwa na Jumba za kifalme kubwa, kubwa zaidi ikiwa 120 ft. kwenda juu. Hili jumba lilataji sehemu ya bonde la kati; na jumba hili kubwa zaidi, dari na minara yake imepaa juu, na kwahivyo kuonekana kutoka sehemu zote. Kutoka uwanzo wa mawe na tofali, mji wote umejengwa na sasa kuna majengo ya aina nyingi na ya kuhifadhi, Jumba la Kifalme, Nyumba ambazo zilikuwa za Waziri mkuu na masharifu, makazi ya kifaransa, Kathidro ya Aglikan na Katoliki wa Kiromathe, Kanisa kadhaa za mawe na nyingine za matofali, Chuo, Shule, hospitali, Mahakama ya Sheria na Majengo ya Serikali, na nyumba nyingine za kuishi. Mji huu ulitekwa na [[Ufaransa|Wafaransa]] mwaka wa [[1895]] na kuwekwa kwa koloni ya eneo ya Madagaska. Kutoka ukoloni wa ufaransa barabara njema zilitengenezwa kwa mji, ngazi pana za kupaa kwa eneo ya mabonde zimeunganisha sehemu zile ziko kwa ukwea zaidi na ziwezi kuundwa barabara za kawaida, na sehemu ya kati inayoitwa ''Andohalo'', ni sehemu nzuri sana, ambayo inajia za kutembea na daraja za ukwea ambazo ni shamba za maua na miti. Hifadhi zimewekwa karibu na makazi ya watu, na upandaji wa miti na mashamba ya uhifadhi eneo nyingi za mji zaipatia mji urembo na utulifu. Maji ya patikana kwa chemchem chini ya milima lakini maji mengi yatoka kwa mto Ikopa, ambao mto huo wapitia kando ya Mji kusini na magharibi. Mji wenyewe umelindwa na Vigome viwili ambazo zilijengwa kwa mlima mashariki na kusini-magharibi. Pia kathidro ya Anglikani na katoliki ya kiroma, kuna Kanisa zaidi ya hamsini mjini na eneo za mji, na hata Miskiti za kiislamu. Antananarivo ni nyumbani kwa [[Chuo Kikuu cha Madagascar]] na Chuo cha Ambatobe ([[Collège Rural d'Ambatobe]]). ''Antanànarìvo'' ya maanisha "Mji wa Maelfu" (''arivo''=Elfu). Miaka ya ukoloni na hata miaka iliyofuatia Uhuru wa Madagaska, Antananarivo iliitwa '''Tananarive''. == Uchambuzi == * {{1911}} [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[Category:Miji Madagaska]] [[ar:أنتاناناريفو]] [[bg:Антананариво]] [[ca:Antananarivo]] [[da:Antananarivo]] [[de:Antananarivo]] [[es:Antananarivo]] [[eo:Antananarivo]] [[fr:Antananarivo]] [[ko:안타나나리보]] [[io:Antananarivo]] [[id:Antananarivo]] [[is:Antananarívó]] [[it:Antananarivo]] [[he:אנטננריבו]] [[ka:ანტანანარივო]] [[lt:Antananaryvas]] [[hu:Antananarivo]] [[mg:Antananarivo]] [[nl:Antananarivo]] [[ja:アンタナナリボ]] [[no:Antananarivo]] [[nn:Antananarivo]] [[pl:Antananarywa]] [[pt:Antananarivo]] [[ro:Antananarivo]] [[ru:Антананариву]] [[sk:Antananarivo]] [[fi:Antananarivo]] [[sv:Antananarivo]] [[uk:Антананаріво]] [[zh:塔那那利佛]] 2812 9761 2006-05-18T19:27:57Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Port_Louis.jpg|thumbnail|left|250px|Port Louis: Barabara kuu ikielekea ikulu (nyuma)]] [[Port Louis]] ni [[mji mkuu]] wa jamhuri ya [[Morisi]]. Ikiwa na wakazi 170,000 ni mji mkubwa wa taifa hili la visiwani katika [[Bahari Hindi]]. [[Image:Port_Louis_Museum.jpg|thumbnail|200px|Makumbusho ya Port Louis]] [[Image:Mauritius-Port Louis.png|thumb|Mahali pa wilaya ya Port-Louis katika Morisi]] Kiwanja cha kimataifa cha ndege cha Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam kipo 30 km kusini ya mji. Kutoka Port Louis kuna feri kwenda [[Saint Denis]] mji mkuu wa [[Réunion]]. Kuna viwanda vya nguo na vitambaa pia vya kemikali na madawa. Benki ziko nyingi. Kwa jumla Port Louis ni mji wa Afrika ambako wenyeji wana hali ya maisha iliyo juu kushinda miji mingine ya [[Afrika]]. [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[Category:Morisi]] [[da:Port Louis]] [[de:Port Louis (Mauritius)]] [[en:Port Louis]] [[fi:Port Louis]] [[fr:Port-Louis (Maurice)]] [[he:פורט לואיס]] [[io:Port Louis]] [[it:Port Louis]] [[ja:ポートルイス]] [[ko:포트루이스]] [[no:Port Louis]] [[pl:Port Louis]] [[pt:Port Louis]] [[sk:Port Louis (Maurícius)]] [[sr:Порт Луис Маурицијус]] [[sv:Port Louis]] 2813 9760 2006-05-18T19:25:09Z Kipala 107 Morisi (Visiwa vya) umehamishwa hapa Morisi: jina #REDIRECT [[Morisi]] 2814 10828 2006-06-14T18:33:25Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Makarena.PNG|thumb|left|300px|Visiwa vya Makarena kati ya visiwa vya Kiafrika katika Bahari Hindi]] '''Maskarena''' ni [[funguvisiwa]] katika [[Bahari Hindi]] takriban 900 km mashariki ya [[Madagaska]]. Kwa jumla ni visiwa vya dola la [[Morisi]] pamoja na kisiwa cha Kifaransa cha [[Réunion]]. Visiwa muhimu ni Morisi, Réunion, Rodrigues na Cargados Carajos. Asili ya jina ni [[nahodha]] Mreno [[Pedro Mascarenhas]] aliyekuwa Mzungu wa kwanza wa kuzitembelea. Havikuwa na wakazi lakini Mascarenhas alitoa taarifa ya kwamba alikuta mabaki ya meli iliyowahi kuharibika kitambo. Kwa hiyo inaaminika ya kwamba mabaharia [[Waarabu]] labda pia Wahindi waliwahi kufika mara kwa visiwani bila kuanzisha makao ya kudumu. Lakini visiwa vilisaidia wasafiri baharini kupata chakula na maji na kupumzika kabla ya kuendelea na safari zao. [[Category:Visiwa vya Afrika]] [[Category:Visiwa vya Bahari ya Hindi]] [[ca:Illes Mascarenyes]] [[de:Maskarenen]] [[en:Mascarene Islands]] [[fr:Mascareignes]] [[nl:Mascarenen]] [[no:Maskarenene]] [[pl:Maskareny]] [[pt:Ilhas Mascarenhas]] [[ru:Маскаренские острова]] [[sv:Maskarenerna]] 2815 9764 2006-05-18T19:38:31Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Maskarena]] 2816 10551 2006-06-04T12:41:43Z ChriKo 35 Sanduku la uainishaji {{Uainishaji | rangi = pink | jina = Shomoro | picha = Kenya rufous sparrow.jpg | upana_wa_picha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = [[Shomoro mwekundu]] | himaya = [[Mnyama|Animalia]] (Wanyama) | faila = [[Chordata]] (Wanyama wenye ugwe wa neva mgongoni) | ngeli = [[Ndege|Aves]] (Ndege) | oda = [[Passeriformes]] (Ndege wimbaji) | familia = [[Passeridae]] (Ndege walio na mnasaba na shomoro) | jenasi = [[Passer]] (Shomoro na [[jurawa]]) | bingwa_wa_jenasi = [[Brisson]], 1760 | spishi = Angalia katiba }} '''Shomoro''' ni [[ndege]] wadogo wa [[jenasi]] ''Passer'' ndani ya [[familia]] [[Passeridae]] amboa wana rangi ya nyeusi, nyeupe, majivu na kahawia. Ndege hawa huitwa [[korobindo]] pia, lakini jina hili litumiki afadhali kwa kuita ndege wa jenasi ''Petronia''. Shomoro wenye kichwa kijivu huitwa [[jurawa]]. Ndege hawa wana domo fupi na nene lifaalo kula mibegu, lakini hula wadudu wadogo pia hasa wanapokuwa vifaranga. Kwa asili shomoro wanatokea Ulaya, Afrika na Asia, lakini watu wamewaletea Australia na Marekani. ==Spishi za Afrika== * ''Passer castanopterus'', [[Shomoro Somali]] (Somali Sparrow) * ''Passer cordofanicus'', [[Shomoro wa Kordofani]] (Kordofan Rufous Sparrow) * ''Passer diffusus'', [[Shomoro Kusi]] au [[Jurawa Kusi]] (Southern Grey-headed Sparrow) * ''Passer domesticus'', [[Shomoro-kaya]] (House Sparrow) * ''Passer eminibey'', [[Shomoro Kahawiachekundu]] (Chestnut Sparrow) * ''Passer griseus'', [[Shomoro Jurawa]] au [[Jurawa]] (Grey-headed Sparrow) ** ''P. g. swainsonii'', [[Jurawa wa Swainson]] (Swainson's Sparrow) ** ''P. g. gongonensis'', [[Jurawa Domonene]] (Parrot-billed Sparrow) ** ''P. g. suahelicus'', [[Jurawa Swahili]] (Swahili Sparrow) ** ''P. g. ugandae'', [[Jurawa wa Uganda]] (Uganda Sparrow) * ''Passer hispaniolensis'', [[Shomoro wa Hispania]] (Spanish Sparrow) * ''Passer iagoensis'', [[Shomoro wa Cabo Verde]] (Iago Sparrow or Cape Verde Sparrow) * ''Passer insularis'', [[Shomoro wa Socotra]] (Socotra Sparrow) * ''Passer luteus'', [[Shomoro Manjano]] (Sudan Golden Sparrow) * ''Passer melanurus'', [[Shomoro Uso-mweusi]] (Cape Sparrow or Mossie) * ''Passer motitensis'', [[Shomoro Mkubwa]] (Rufous Sparrow) * ''Passer rufocinctus'', [[Shomoro Mwekundu]] (Kenya Rufous Sparrow) * ''Passer shelleyi'', [[Shomoro wa Shelley]] (Shelley's Rufous Sparrow) * ''Passer simplex'', [[Shomoro-jangwa]] (Desert Sparrow) ==Spishi za Ulaya na Asia== * ''Passer ammodendri'' (Saxaul Sparrow) * ''Passer euchlorus'' (Arabian Golden Sparrow) * ''Passer flaveolus'' (Pegu Sparrow or Plain-backed Sparrow) * ''Passer italiae'' (Italian Sparrow) * ''Passer moabiticus'' (Dead Sea Sparrow) * ''Passer montanus'' (Tree Sparrow) * ''Passer pyrrhonotus'' (Sind Sparrow) * ''Passer rutilans'' (Cinnamon Sparrow or Russet Sparrow) * ''Passer zarudnyi'' (Asian Desert Sparrow) [[Category:Ndege]] [[de:Sperlinge]] [[en:Sparrow]] [[fr:Moineau]] [[he:דרור (ציפור)]] [[kw:Golvan]] [[lt:Žvirbliniai]] [[lv:Zvirbulis]] [[nl:Mussen en sneeuwvinken]] [[pt:Pardal]] [[ru:Воробей]] [[tr:serçe]] 2817 10554 2006-06-04T13:04:23Z ChriKo 35 #REDIRECT[[Tikisa]] [[Category:Ndege]] 2818 10882 2006-06-17T19:13:24Z Kipala 107 {{Infobox Country | native_name = Burkina Faso | common_name = Burkina Faso | image_flag = Flag of Burkina Faso.svg | image_coat = Burkinafaso coa.png | national_motto = Unité, Progrès, Justice ([[Kifaransa]]: Umoja, Maendeleo, Haki) | image_map = LocationBurkinaFaso.png | national_anthem = [[Une Seule Nuit]] (Usiku mmoja tu) | official_languages = [[Kifaransa]] | capital = [[Ouagadougou]] (Wagadugu)| latd=13|latm=00|latNS=N|longd=2|longm=00|longEW=W| government_type = [[Jamhuri]] | leader_titles = [[Rais wa Burkina Faso|Rais]] <br> [[Waziri Mkuu wa Burkina Faso| Waziri Mkuu]] | leader_names = [[Blaise Compaoré]] <br> [[Paramanga Ernest Yonli]] | largest_city = [[Ouagadougou]] | area = 274,200 | areami² = 105,869 | <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> area_rank = ya 72 | area_magnitude = 1 E11 | percent_water = 0.1% | population_estimate = 13,925,313 | population_estimate_year = 2005 | population_estimate_rank = ya 63 | population_census = 13,228,460 | population_census_year = 2003 | population_density = 51 | population_densitymi² = 132 | <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> population_density_rank = 119 | GDP_PPP_year = 2005 | GDP_PPP = 16,916¹ | GDP_PPP_rank = 115 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = 1,326 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 170 | HDI_year = 2003 | HDI = 0.317 | HDI_rank = ya 175 | HDI_category = <font color="#E0584E">low</font> | sovereignty_type = [[Uhuru]] | established_events = &nbsp;- Date | established_dates = Kutoka [[Ufaransa]]<br>5.08.1960 currency = [[Franki ya CFA]] | currency_code = XOF | time_zone = [[GMT]] | utc_offset = | time_zone_DST = (hawafuati) | utc_offset_DST = | cctld = [[.bf]] | calling_code = 226 | footnotes = ¹ Namba hizi ni kadirio ya IMF kwa mwaka 2005. }} [[Image:Burkina Faso carte.png|thumb|left|250px|Carte du Burkina Faso]] '''Burkina Faso''' ni nchi ya [[Afrika]] ya magharibi isiyo na pwani la bahari lolote. Imepakana na nchi zifuatazao: [[Mali]] upande wa kaskazini, [[Niger]] upande wa mashariki, [[Benin]], [[Togo]], [[Ghana]] na [[Côte d'Ivoire]] upande wa kusini. Nchi iliwahi kuwa koloni ya [[Ufaransa]]. Tangu uhuru mwaka 1960 hadi 1984 nchi iliitwa "Volta ya Juu" (la Haute-Volta). == Jiografia == === Eneo === Eneo la Burkina Faso liko kwa kimo cha wastani ya 400 m juu ya [[UB]]. Hakuna tofauti kubwa sana. Mlima wa juu ni [[Ténakourou]] katika kusini yenye 749m. Sehemu ya chini ni bonde la mto Pendjari mpakani na Benin. Nchi iko kusini ya pinde la mto [[Niger (mto)|Niger]] === Mito na maziwa === Burkina Faso ina chanzo cha mito asilia ya mto [[Volta]] ambayo ni Mouhoun (pia [[Volta Nyeusi]]), Nakambé (pia [[Volta Nyeupe]]) na Nazinon (pia [[Volta Nyekundu]]). Mouhoun ni mto wa pekee mwenye maji mwaka wote. Sehemu za kazkazini na mashariki za nchi ambazo ni takriban robo ya eneo lake ni beseni ya mto [[Niger (mto)|Niger]]. Tawimito ya Niger (Béli, Gorouol, Goudébo na Dargol) zina maji kwa muda wa miezi 4-6 kila mwaka. Kuna pia maziwa kadhaa hasa [[Tingrela]], [[Bam (ziwa)|Bam]] na [[Dem]]. === Hali ya hewa === Hali ya hewa ni ya kitropiki. Majira ya mvua ni kati ya Mei hadi Septemba. Wakati wa [[kiangazi]] kuna upepo wa [[Harmattan]] unaotoka katika [[jangwa]] la [[Sahara]]. Kuna kanda tatu ya hali ya hewa, kuanzia Sahel katika kaskazini hadi Sudan-Guinea katika kusini penye mvua zaidi. Katika maeneo yabisi ya kaskazini serikali mbalimbali zimejitahidi kupanda miti, jumla ya milioni 23 katika miaka ya 1996-2000. === Wakazi === [[Image:Burkina Faso - Tarfila Farming Group.jpg|thumb|left|330px|Wakulima wa Burkina Faso]] Idadi kubwa sana ya wananchi hukaa mashambani. Lakini miji inmakua haraka. Mji mkuu wa Wagadugu umeshapita idadi ya wakazi milioni moja. Wakazi wa nchi huitwa "Burkinabes" kutokana na jina la Burkina. Miji mingine muhimu ni [[Bobo-Dioulasso]] (wakazi 366,383), [[Koudougou]] (wakazi 89.374), [[Ouahigouya]] (wakazi 62.325) na [[Banfora]] (wakazi 61.762). (namba za Januari 2006) Kikundi kikubwa nchini ni [[Wamossi]] (nusu ya wananchi wote) wakikaa karibu na Wagadugu. Kikundi cha pili ni Wabobo (Wabwa) hasa katika eneo la [[Bobo-Dioulasso]]. Kanda la Sahel katika kaskazini wako Wapeul (Wafulani). Lugha ya Kifaransa ni lugha rasmi. Lugha kuu za mawasiliano ni Kimossi na Kidiula. ==Historia ya Burkina Faso== [[Category:Burkina Faso]] {{Afrika}} [[af:Burkina Faso]] [[am:ቡርኪና ፋሶ]] [[an:Burkina Faso]] [[ar:بوركينا فاسو]] [[bg:Буркина Фасо]] [[bn:বুর্কিনা ফাসো]] [[bs:Burkina Faso]] [[ca:Burkina Faso]] [[cs:Burkina Faso]] [[da:Burkina Faso]] [[de:Burkina Faso]] [[el:Μπουρκίνα Φάσο]] [[en:Burkina Faso]] [[eo:Burkino]] [[es:Burkina Faso]] [[et:Burkina Faso]] [[eu:Burkina Faso]] [[fa:بورکینافاسو]] [[fi:Burkina Faso]] [[fr:Burkina Faso]] [[gd:Burkina Faso]] [[gl:Burquina Faso - Burkina Faso]] [[he:בורקינה פאסו]] [[hr:Burkina Faso]] [[ht:Boukinafaso]] [[hu:Burkina Faso]] [[id:Burkina Faso]] [[io:Burkina Faso]] [[is:Búrkína Fasó]] [[it:Burkina Faso]] [[ja:ブルキナファソ]] [[ko:부르키나파소]] [[ks:बुर्कीना-फासो]] [[kw:Burkina Faso]] [[la:Burcina Faso]] [[li:Burkina Faso]] [[lt:Burkina Fasas]] [[lv:Burkinafaso]] [[mk:Буркина Фасо]] [[ms:Burkina Faso]] [[na:Burkina Faso]] [[nds:Burkina Faso]] [[nl:Burkina Faso]] [[nn:Burkina Faso]] [[no:Burkina Faso]] [[oc:Burkina Faso]] [[pl:Burkina Faso]] [[ps:بورکينا فاسو]] [[pt:Burkina Faso]] [[ro:Burkina Faso]] [[ru:Буркина-Фасо]] [[sa:बुर्कीना-फासो]] [[scn:Burchina Fasu]] [[sh:Burkina Faso]] [[simple:Burkina Faso]] [[sk:Burkina]] [[sl:Burkina Faso]] [[sq:Burkina Faso]] [[sr:Буркина Фасо]] [[sv:Burkina Faso]] [[tl:Burkina Faso]] [[tr:Burkina Faso]] [[uk:Буркіна Фасо]] [[vi:Burkina Faso]] [[zh:布吉納法索]] [[zh-min-nan:Burkina Faso]] 2819 9776 2006-05-19T15:06:45Z Kipala 107 Uwiano wa bahari umehamishwa hapa Usawa bahari wastani: sahihisho #REDIRECT [[Usawa bahari wastani]] 2820 9784 2006-05-19T21:32:25Z Kipala 107 [[Image:ouagadougou_place_nations_unies.JPG|thumb|250px|Barabara katika kitovu cha Wagadugu karibu na uwanja wa Umoja wa Mataifa.]] '''Wagadugu''' (kifaransa '''Ouagadougou''') ni mji mkuu wa [[Burkina Faso]] pia mji mkubwa kabisa wa nchi hiyo. Mwaka 2005 idada ya wakazi ilikuwa milioni 1,2. Mji unakua haraka. Wagadugu iko katika jimbo la Kadiogo. Kuna ofisi za serikali na viwanda kadhaa za za nguo na vyakula. Mji ni pia kitovu cha usafiri na mawasiliano. Kuna kiwanja cha kimataifa cha ndege na njia ya reli kwenda [[Abidjan]] ([[Côte d'Ivoire]]), halafu barabara za kwenda [[Lome]] ([[Togo]]), [[Bamako]] ([[Mali]]), [[Niamey]] ([[Niger]]), [[Accra]] ([[Ghana]]). Wagadugu ina chuo kikuu kilichokuwa chuo cha mwanahistoria maarufu [[Joseph Ki-Zerbo]]. Tamasha la kimataifa la filamu za Afrika (FESPACO) hufanyiwa Wagadugu. Meia ya mji ndiye Simon Compaoré liyechaguliwa 1995. [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[Category: Burkina Faso]] [[ar:واغادوغو]] [[da:Ouagadougou]] [[de:Ouagadougou]] [[en:Ouagadougou]] [[eo:Uagaduguo]] [[es:Uagadugú]] [[fi:Ouagadougou]] [[he:ואגאדוגו]] [[id:Ouagadougou]] [[io:Ouagadougou]] [[is:Ouagadougou]] [[it:Ouagadougou]] [[ja:ワガドゥグー]] [[ko:와가두구]] [[lb:Ouagadougou]] [[lt:Uagadugu]] [[lv:Vagadugu]] [[nl:Ouagadougou]] [[nn:Ouagadougou]] [[no:Ouagadougou]] [[pl:Wagadugu]] [[pt:Ouagadougou]] [[sk:Ouagadougou]] [[sl:Ouagadougou]] [[sv:Ouagadougou]] [[zh:瓦加杜古]] 2821 9785 2006-05-19T21:33:23Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Wagadugu]] 2822 10925 2006-06-18T10:11:23Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[de:Volta (Fluss)]], [[it:Fiume Volta]] [[Image:Volta river black white red.PNG|thumb|left|[[Tawimito]] ya Volta ndiyo Muhun (Volta nyeusi), Nazinon (Volta nyekundu) na Nakambe (Volta nyeupe) pamoja na maungano ya mito katika [[Burkina Faso]] na [[Ghana]]]] {{Mto | jina = Mto wa Volta | picha = VoltaRiverWithAdombeBridge183.JPG | maelezo_ya_picha = Mto Volta kusini ya lambo la [[Akosombo]] | chanzo = maungano ya mito ya Muhun, Nazinon na Nakambe karibu na mji wa Salaga (Ghana). | mlango = [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] | nchi = [[Ghana]] | urefu = 2,574 km pamoja na tawimto wa Muhun (Volta Nyeusi) | kimo = 180 m kwenye maungano ya mito | mkondo = | eneo = }} '''Volta''' ni [[mto]] muhimu wa [[Afrika]] ya Magharibi. Inaanza katika maungano ya [[tawimito]] yake ya [[Muhun]] (Volta nyeusi), [[Nazinon]] (Volta nyekundu) na [[Nakambe]] (Volta nyeupe) karibu na mji wa [[Salaga]] / [[Ghana]]. Katika [[Ghana]] boma la lambo la Akosombo (Ghana) limesababisha kutokea kwa [[Volta (ziwa)|ziwa la Volta]] ambalo ni lambo kubwa kabisa duniani. Baada ya kuondoka katika ziwa hili lisilo asilia Volta inaingia katika [[Ghuba ya Guinea]] ya bahari [[Atlantiki]]. [[Category:mito ya Ghana]] [[Category:mito ya Burkina Faso]] [[da:Volta]] [[de:Volta (Fluss)]] [[en:Volta River]] [[fi:Volta]] [[fr:Volta (fleuve)]] [[is:Volta]] [[it:Fiume Volta]] [[ja:ヴォルタ川]] [[pl:Wolta]] [[sv:Volta (flod)]] 2823 11534 2006-06-30T09:52:50Z 84.143.99.61 {{Infobox_Country |native_name = Republic of The Gambia |common_name = Gambia |image_flag = Flag of The Gambia.svg |image_coat = Coa gambia large.jpg |image_map = LocationGambia.png |national_motto = Progress, Peace, Prosperity (Maendeleo, Amani, Utajiri) |national_anthem = For The Gambia Our Homeland (Kwa Gambia nchi yetu) |official_languages = [[Kiingereza]] |capital = [[Banjul]] |latd=13 |latm=28 |latNS=N |longd=16 |longm=36 |longEW=W |largest_city = [[Serrekunda]] |government_type = Jamhuri |leader_titles = [[Marais wa Gambia|Rais]] |leader_names = [[Yahya Jammeh]] |area_rank = ya 158 |area_magnitude = 1 E10 |area= 10,380 |areami²= 4,007 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |percent_water = 11.5 |population_estimate = 1,593,256 |population_estimate_rank = ya 150 |population_estimate_year = Julai 2005 |population_census = |population_census_year = |population_density = 153.5 |population_densitymi² = 397.6 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |population_density_rank = ya 52 |GDP_PPP = $3.094 billion |GDP_PPP_rank = ya 171 |GDP_PPP_year= 2005 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,900 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ya 186 |sovereignty_type = [[Uhuru]] |established_events = Kutoka [[Uingereza]] |established_dates = 18. 02. 1965 |HDI = 0.470 |HDI_rank = ya 155 |HDI_year = 2003 |HDI_category = <font color="#E0584E">low</font> |currency = [[Dalasi]] |currency_code = GMD |country_code = |time_zone = [[GMT]] |utc_offset = |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |cctld = [[.gm]] |calling_code = 220 |footnotes = }} [[Image:Ga-map.png|350px|thumb|left|Map of The Gambia]] '''Gambia''' (rasmi: '''Republic of The Gambia''') ni nchi ndogo kabisa ya Afrika. Eneo lake limo ndani ya Senegal kwa kufuata mwendo wa mto [[Gambia (mto)|Gambia]]. Kimsingi nchi yote ni kanda mbili za eneo kando la mto; urefu ni takriban 500 [[km]], upana kati ya 10km na 50 km. Nchi imepatikana kutokana na mavutano kati ya [[Uingereza]] na [[Ufaransa]] wakati wa ukoloni. Mwanzoni Uingereza ilitafuta tu njia ya maji kwa ajili ya biashara bila kujali utawala wa nchi. Mapatano kati ya Ufaransa na Uingereza baada ya vita ya [[Napoleon]] yaliimarisha hali hiyo. Wafaransa walichukua eneo lote kubwa la Senegal, na Waingereza lile kanda ndogo ndani ya Senegal. Tangu uhuru wa nchi zote mbili palikuwa na mpango wa kuunganisha nchi zote mbili kwa njia ya shirikisho lakini Gambia ilitoka katika mapatano haya mwaka 1989. ==Wakazi== Wakazi wa nchi ni hasa [[Wamandinka]], halafu Waful na Wawolof, jumla milioni 1.6. {| {{Prettytable}} align="left" style="margin-left:15px;" |- {{Highlight1}} | align="right" | '''Makabila ya Gambia''' |- ! asilimia || Kabila |- | align="right" | 42,3 % || [[Mandinka]] |- | align="right" | 18,2 % || [[Fulbe]] |- | align="right" | 15,7 % || [[Wolof (kabila)|Wolof]] |- | align="right" | 9,5 % || [[Diola]] |- | align="right" | 8,7 % || [[Serahuli]] |- | align="right" | 2,1 % || [[Serer]] |- | align="right" | 1,3 % || [[Manjago]] |- | align="right" | 1,0 % || [[Aku]] |- | align="right" | 0,4 % || [[Bambara (kabila)|Bambara]] |- | align="right" | 0,9 % || wengine |- | align="right" colspan="2" | <small>''Namba za mwaka 1973''</small> |} ==Historia ya Gambia== ==Uchumi wa Gambia== [[Category:Gambia]] {{Afrika}} {{mbegu}} [[af:Gambië]] [[am:ጋምቢያ]] [[an:Gambia]] [[ar:غامبيا]] [[bg:Гамбия]] [[bs:Gambija]] [[ca:Gàmbia]] [[cs:Gambie]] [[da:Gambia]] [[de:Gambia]] [[el:Γκάμπια]] [[en:The Gambia]] [[eo:Gambio]] [[es:Gambia]] [[et:Gambia]] [[eu:Ganbia]] [[fi:Gambia]] [[fr:Gambie]] [[ga:An Ghaimbia]] [[gl:Gambia - The Gambia]] [[he:גמביה]] [[hr:Gambija]] [[hu:Gambia]] [[id:Gambia]] [[io:Gambia]] [[is:Gambía]] [[it:Gambia]] [[ja:ガンビア]] [[ko:감비아]] [[kw:Gambi]] [[la:Gambia]] [[li:Gambia]] [[lt:Gambija]] [[lv:Gambija]] [[mk:Гамбија]] [[ms:Gambia]] [[na:Gambia]] [[nds:Gambia (Land)]] [[nl:Gambia (land)]] [[nn:Gambia]] [[no:Gambia]] [[oc:Gambia]] [[pl:Gambia]] [[ps:ګامبيا]] [[pt:Gâmbia]] [[ro:Gambia]] [[ru:Гамбия]] [[se:Gámbia]] [[sh:Gambija]] [[simple:The Gambia]] [[sk:Gambia (štát)]] [[sl:Gambija]] [[sq:Gambia]] [[sr:Гамбија]] [[sv:Gambia]] [[tl:Gambia]] [[tr:Gambiya]] [[ug:گامبىيە]] [[uk:Гамбія]] [[vi:Gambia]] [[zh:冈比亚]] [[zh-min-nan:Gambia]] 2824 9793 2006-05-20T11:32:26Z Kipala 107 {{Infobox_Country |native_name = ''Muso oa Lesotho'' |conventional_long_name = Ufalme wa Lesotho |common_name = Lesotho |image_flag = Flag of Lesotho.svg |image_coat = Lesotho coa.png |image_map = LocationLesotho.png |national_motto = Khotso, Pula, Nala<br>([[Sotho]]: Amani, Mvua, Utajiri) |national_anthem =[[Lesotho Fatse La Bontata Rona]] |official_languages =[[Kiingereza]] |capital =[[Maseru]] |latd=29 |latm=18 |latNS=S |longd=27 |longm=28 |longEW=E |largest_city =[[Maseru]] |government_type = |leader_titles =[[Mfalme]]<br>[[Waziri Mkuu]] |leader_names =[[Letsie III wa Lesotho|Letsie III]]<br>[[Pakalitha Mosisili]] |area_rank =ya 137 |area_magnitude =1 E10 |area=30,355 |areami²=11,717 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |percent_water =Kidogo sana |population_estimate =1,867,035 ¹ |population_estimate_rank =ya 146 |population_estimate_year =Julai 2005 |population_census =1,861,959 |population_census_year =2004 |population_density =61.5 |population_densitymi² = 159.3 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |population_density_rank = ya 109 |GDP_PPP = $6.123 billion<!--cia.gov--> |GDP_PPP_rank =ya 153 |GDP_PPP_year=2005 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $3,300 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =ya 158 |sovereignty_type =[[Uhuru]] |established_events =Kutoka [[Uingereza]] |established_dates =4. 10. 1966 |HDI =0.497 |HDI_rank =ya 149 |HDI_year =2003 |HDI_category =<font color="#E0584E">low</font> |currency =Ma[[loti]] |currency_code =LSL |country_code = |time_zone = |utc_offset =+2 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |cctld = [[.ls]] |calling_code =266 |footnotes = 1.) <small> Note: makadirio ya idadi ya wakazi yameangalia matokeo ya vifo vingi kutokana na [[UMKIMWI]].</small> }} '''Lesotho''' ni nchi ndogo ya Afrika ya Kusini. Ina wakazi milioni 1.8. Mji mkuu ni [[Maseru]]. Lesotho haina pwani la bahari yoyote. Eneo lake limo ndani ya eneo la [[Afrika Kusini]] pande zote. {{mbegu}} {{Afrika}} 2825 9865 2006-05-21T15:02:37Z Kipala 107 "'''''Esta é a Nossa Pátria Bem Amada'''''" ("'''''Hii ni nchi yetu tunayoipenda'''''") ni wimbo wa kitaifa wa [[Guinea Bisau]]. Ilitungwa na [[Amílcar Cabral]] ikawa wimbo rasmi wakati wa uhuru mwaka 1974. Ilikuwa pia wimbo wa taifa wa [[Cabo Verde]] hadi 1996. ==Maneno ya Kireno== :Sol, suor e o verde e mar, :Séculos de dor e esperança: :Esta é a terra dos nossos avós! :Fruto das nossas mãos, :Da flor do nosso sangue: :Esta é a nossa pátria amada. :KIITIKIO: :Viva a pátria gloriosa! :Floriu nos céus a bandeira da luta. :Avante, contra o jugo estrangeiro! :Nós vamos construir :Na pátria immortal :A paz e o progresso! :Nós vamos construir :Na pátria imortal :A paz e o progresso! paz e o progresso! :Ramos do mesmo tronco, :Olhos na mesma luz: :Esta é a força da nossa união! :Cantem o mar e a terra :A madrugada e o sol :Que a nossa luta fecundou. :KIITIKIO ==Tafsiri== :Jua, jasho na bahari ya kijani, :Karne za maumivu na matumaini; :Hii ni nchi ya babu zetu. :Tunda la mikono yetu :ya ua la damu yetu: :Hii ni nchi yetu tunayoipenda. :KIITIKIO: :Nchi yetu idumu milele! :Bendera ya mapambano yetu :Imepepea angani. :Twende dhidi ya mkatale wa kigeni! :Tutajenga :Amani na maendeleo :Katika nchi yetu inayodumu milele! :Amani na maendeleo :Katika nchi yetu inayodumu milele! :Matawi ya shina moja, :Macho yenye nuru moja, :Hii ni nguvi ya umoja wetu! :Bahari na bara, :Alfajiri na jua huimba pamoja: :Mapambano yetu yamezaa matunda! :KIITIKIO ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.copsrus.com/anthems/gui_bis.mid MIDI File] [[Category:Wimbo wa taifa]] [[Category:Guinea-Bisau]] [[de:Esta é a Nossa Pátria Bem Amada]] [[en:Esta é a Nossa Pátria Bem Amada]] [[es:Esta é a Nossa Pátria Bem Amada]] [[nl:Esta É a Nossa Pátria Amada]] [[pt:Hino nacional da Guiné-Bissau]] [[ro:Esta é a Nossa Pátrai Bem Amada]] [[fi:Esta é a Nossa Pátria Bem Amada]] 2826 11202 2006-06-23T21:22:02Z Kipala 107 {{Infobox_Country |native_name = ''República da Guiné-Bissau'' |conventional_long_name = Jamhuri ya Guinea-Bissau |common_name = Guinea-Bissau |image_flag = Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg |image_coat = Coat of Guinea-Bissau.png |image_map = LocationGuineaBissau.png |national_motto = Unidade, Luta, Progresso<br>([[Kireno]]: Umoja, Mapambano, Maendeleo) |national_anthem = [[Esta é a Nossa Pátria Bem Amada]] (Hii ni nchi yetu tunayoipenda) |official_languages = [[Kireno]] |capital = [[Bisau]] ¹ |latd= 11|latm=52 |latNS=N |longd=15 |longm=36 |longEW=W |largest_city = |government_type = Jamhuri |leader_titles =[[Rais wa Guinea-Bissau|Rais]]<br> [[Wakuu wa serikali ya Guinea-Bissau|Waziri Mkuu]] |leader_names =[[João Bernardo Vieira]]<br>[[Aristides Gomes]] |area_rank = ya 133 |area_magnitude = 1 E9 |area=36,120 |areami²=13,946 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |percent_water = 22.4 |population_estimate = 1,416,027 |population_estimate_rank = ya 151 |population_estimate_year = Julai 2005 |population_census = 1,345,479 |population_census_year = 2002 |population_density =39.2 |population_densitymi² = 101.5 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |population_density_rank = ya 130 |GDP_PPP = $1.101 billioni |GDP_PPP_rank = 191st <!-- cia.gov --> |GDP_PPP_year= 2005 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $800 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ya 220 <!-- cia.gov --> |sovereignty_type = [[Uhuru]] |established_events = kutoka [[Ureno]] |established_dates = &nbsp;- Ilitangazwa<br>24.09.1973<br>&nbsp;- Ilikubaliwa<br> 10.09.1974 |HDI = 0.348 |HDI_rank = ya 172 |HDI_year = 2003 |HDI_category = <font color="#E0584E">low</font> |currency = [[Franki ya CFA]] |currency_code = XAF |country_code = |time_zone = [[GMT]] |utc_offset = +0 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |cctld = [[.gw]] |calling_code = 245 |footnotes = ¹Note: Rais (mstaafu)[[Kumba Ialá]] aliwahi kutangaza mji mkuu utahamishwa kwenda [[Buba]] lakini hakuna dalili za utekelezaji hadi sasa. }} [[Image:Guinea bissau sm03.png|left|Map Of Guinea Bissau]] '''Guinea-Bissau''' ni nchi ndogo katika Afrika ya Magharibi. Iko mwambaoni wa Bahari Atlantiki ikipakana na Senegal upande wa kaskazini na Guinea upande wa kusini. Zamani ilikuwa koloni ya [[Ureno]] wa [[Guinea ya Kireno]] ikaongeza jina la mji mkuu wake kuwa Guinea Bisau kwa kusidi la kuitofautisha na nchi jirani ya Guinea. ==Jiografia== Guinea Bisau ni kati ya nchi ndogo sana za Afrika; takriban 22% ni visiwa na bahari. Sehemu ya bara ni tambarare. [[Funguvisiwa]] ya [[Bissagos]] yenye visiwa 77 iko karibu na pwani. === Miji === Miji mikubwa zaidi ya Guinea Bisau ni: [[Bisau]] wakazi 388.028, [[Bafatá]] wakazi 22.521, [[Gabú]] wakazi 14.430, [[Bissorã]] wakazi 12.688, [[Bolama]] wakazi 10.769 na [[Cacheu]] Einwohner 10.490. == Watu == === Dini === Takriban 50&nbsp;% [[Waislamu]], 40&nbsp;% wafuasi wa [[dini asilia]], 10&nbsp;% [[Wakristo]] === Makabila === Waafrika 99% ([[Balanta]] 30%, [[Fula]] 20%, [[Manjaca]] 14%, [[Mandinka]] 13%, [[Papel]] 7%), Wazungu na hotara chini ya 1% ==Historia== {{Afrika}} [[Category:Guinea Bisau]] [[af:Guinee-Bissau]] [[an:Guinea-Bissau]] [[ar:غينيا بيساو]] [[bg:Гвинея-Бисау]] [[bs:Gvineja-Bisau]] [[ca:Guinea Bissau]] [[cs:Guinea-Bissau]] [[da:Guinea-Bissau]] [[de:Guinea-Bissau]] [[el:Γουινέα-Μπισσάου]] [[en:Guinea-Bissau]] [[eo:Gvineo Bisaŭa]] [[es:Guinea-Bissáu]] [[et:Guinea-Bissau]] [[fi:Guinea-Bissau]] [[fr:Guinée-Bissau]] [[gl:Guinea-Bisau - Guiné-Bissau]] [[he:גינאה ביסאו]] [[hr:Gvineja Bisau]] [[hu:Bissau-Guinea]] [[id:Guinea Bissau]] [[io:Guinea-Bissau]] [[is:Gínea-Bissá]] [[it:Guinea-Bissau]] [[ja:ギニアビサウ]] [[ko:기니비사우]] [[kw:Gyni-Bissaw]] [[lt:Bisau Gvinėja]] [[lv:Gvineja-Bisava]] [[mk:Гвинеја-Бисао]] [[ms:Guinea-Bissau]] [[na:Guinea-Bissau]] [[nds:Guinea-Bissau]] [[nl:Guinee-Bissau]] [[nn:Guinea-Bissau]] [[no:Guinea-Bissau]] [[oc:Guinèa Bissau]] [[pl:Gwinea Bissau]] [[ps:ګوينې بېساو]] [[pt:Guiné-Bissau]] [[ro:Guineea-Bissau]] [[ru:Гвинея-Бисау]] [[sh:Gvineja Bisau]] [[simple:Guinea-Bissau]] [[sk:Guinea-Bissau]] [[sl:Gvineja Bissau]] [[sq:Guineja Bizare]] [[sr:Гвинеја Бисао]] [[sv:Guinea-Bissau]] [[tl:Guinea-Bissau]] [[tr:Gine Bissau]] [[uk:Гвінея-Бісау]] [[vi:Guiné-Bissau]] [[zh:幾內亞比索]] [[zh-min-nan:Guiné-Bissau]] 2827 11790 2006-07-02T10:24:17Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[mk:Бисау]] [[Image:Guinea-Bissau_Bissau.png|thumb|right|200px|Mahali pa Bisau nchini Guinea-Bisau]] '''Bisau''' ni [[mji mkuu]] wa nchi ya [[Guinea Bisau]] ikiwa na wakazi 190,000. Bisau ni mji mkubwa wa nchi na kitovu wa utawala, biashara na viwanda. [[Biasharanje]] inapita bandari ya Bisau hasa ni ubao, karanga, mafuta ya [[mawese]] na mpira. Bissau iko kwa pwani ya Atlantiki kwenye [[delta]] ya [[mto]] [[Geba]]. Mji ulianzishwa na [[Ureno|Wareno]] mwaka 1687 kama boma, bandari na kituo cha biashara. [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[Category:Guinea Bisau]] [[af:Bissau]] [[ca:Bissau]] [[da:Bissau]] [[de:Bissau]] [[en:Bissau]] [[eo:Bisaŭo]] [[fa:بیسائو]] [[fi:Bissau]] [[fr:Bissau]] [[gl:Bisau - Bissau]] [[he:ביסאו]] [[id:Bissau]] [[io:Bissau]] [[it:Bissau]] [[ja:ビサウ]] [[ko:비사우]] [[lt:Bisau]] [[mk:Бисау]] [[nl:Bissau]] [[pl:Bissau]] [[pt:Bissau]] [[ru:Бисау]] [[sk:Bissau]] [[sv:Bissau]] 2828 10410 2006-05-31T16:23:23Z Kipala 107 '''Geba''' ni mto katika Afrika ya Magharibi inayoanza [[Guinea]] ikipita [[Senegal]] na kufufikia [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] katika [[Guinea Bisau]]. Ina urefu wa 540 km. Kabla ya kufika Atlantiki mto unaanza kuwa pana hadi kufikia upana wa 16 km mdomoni kwa mji wa [[Bisau]]. Sehemu pana inafaa meli za tani hadi 2000 kuingia ndani ya bara kwa umbali wa 140 km. [[Category:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Category:Mito ya Senegal]] [[Category:Mito ya Senegal]] [[pt:Geba]] 2829 11498 2006-06-29T16:14:03Z Kipala 107 {{Infobox Country| native_name = República Democrática de São Tomé e Príncipe | conventional_long_name = Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Sao Tome na Principe | common_name = Sao Tome na Principe | image_flag = Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg | image_coat = saoprinarms22.PNG | national_motto = n/a | image_map = LocationSaoTomeAndPrincipe.png | national_anthem = [[Independência total]] (Uhuru Kabisa)| official_languages = [[Kireno]]| capital = [[Sao Tome]] | latd=0|latm=20|latNS=N|longd=6|longm=44|longEW=E| government_type = [[Jamhuri]] | leader_titles = [[Wakuu wa dola wa Sao Tome na Principe|Rais]] <br> [[Wakuu wa serikali wa Sao Tome na Principe|Waziri Mkuu]] | leader_names = [[Fradique de Menezes]] <br> [[Tomé Vera Cruz]] | largest_city = [[Sao Tome]] | area = 964 | areami²=372<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] -->| area_rank = ya 169 | area_magnitude =| percent_water = 0% (visiwa) | population_estimate = 169,000 | population_estimate_year = 2005 | population_estimate_rank = ya 173 | population_census = | population_census_year = | population_density = 171 | population_densitymi² = 454 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] -->| population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_year = 2006 | GDP_PPP = $0.214 billion<!--CIA--> | GDP_PPP_rank = ya 218 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,266 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ya 205 | HDI_year = 2003 | HDI = 0.604 | HDI_rank = ya 126 | HDI_category = <font color="#E0584E">medium</font> | sovereignty_type = [[Uhuru]] | established_events = &nbsp;- Date | established_dates = Kutoka [[Ureno]] <br> 12.07.1975 currency = [[Dobra]] | currency_code = STD | time_zone = [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] | utc_offset = +0 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | cctld = [[.st]] | calling_code = 239 | footnotes =}} '''Sao Tome na Principe''' ni nchi ya visiwa katika [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mbele ya pwani la [[Afrika]] ya Magharibi katika [[Ghuba ya Guinea]]. Ilikuwa koloni ya [[Ureno]] hadi 1975. Eneo lake ni hasa visiwa viwili vikubwa vya São Tomé na Príncipe pamoja na visiwa vidogo kadhaa. Sao Tome na Principe vina umbali wa 140 km kati yao vikiwa takriban 250 na 225 km kutoka pwani la [[Gabon]]. Visiwa vyote ni sehemu ya safu ya milima ya volkeni baharini. Sao Tome iko kwenye mstari wa iweta. Jina la Sao Tome lamaanisha "Mtakatifu Thomas" kwa sababu Wareno walifika mara ya kwanza siku ya Thomas katika kalenda ya kikatoliki. 90 % za wakazi huishi kwenye kisiwa kikubwa cha Sao Tome ambacho kina urefu wa 48 km na upana wa 32 km. Hapa kuna milima ya kufikia 2.024 m juu ya [[UB]] Kisiwa cha pili ni Principe kina urefu wa 16 km na upana wa 6 km. Mlima wake mkubwa unafikia 927 m juu ya UB. [[Image:Tp-map.png|thumb|left|300px|Ramani ya Sao Tome na Pricipe]] ==Miji== Miji mikubwa zaidi ni (namba za 2005): * São Tomé: wakazi 56.1670 * Santo Antonio: wakazi 8.239 * Neves: wakazi 7.392 * Santa Cruz: wakazi 6.969 * Trindade: wakazi 6.636 Pamoja na lugha rasmi ya Kireno wakazi hutumika lugha za krioli zinazochanganya Kireno na lugha za [[Kibantu]] kama vile Saotomense (wasemaji 70.000), Principense (wasemaji 1.500) na Angolar (wasemaji 5.000). 80 % za wakazi ni Wakatoliki, takriban 10 % ni New Apostolic. ==Uchumi== Uchumi wa visiwa ulikuwa hasa mashamba makubwa ya [[kakao]] pamoja na kahawa na mazao ya minazi. Katika miaka ya nyuma akiba za [[mafuta]] ziligunduliwa baharini katika maeneo kati ya Sao Tome na [[Nigeria]]. Mwaka 2001 nchi zote mbili zilipatana kuendelea pamoja na utafiti wa akiba hizi. Kutokana na kazi hizi kuna matumaini ya mapato makubwa wakati ujao. ==Historia== [[Category:Visiwa vya Afrika]] [[Category:Visiwa vya Atlantiki]] {{mbegu}} {{Afrika}} [[af:São Tomé en Principe]] [[an:San Tomé y Prenzipe]] [[ar:ساو تومي وبرينسيبي]] [[bg:Сао Томе и Принсипи]] [[bs:Sao Tome i Principe]] [[ca:São Tomé i Príncipe]] [[cs:Svatý Tomáš a Princův ostrov]] [[da:Sao Tome og Principe]] [[de:São Tomé und Príncipe]] [[en:São Tomé and Príncipe]] [[eo:Sao-Tomeo kaj Principeo]] [[es:Santo Tomé y Príncipe]] [[et:São Tomé ja Príncipe]] [[fi:São Tomé ja Príncipe]] [[fr:Sao Tomé-et-Principe]] [[gl:San Tomé e Príncipe - São Tomé e Príncipe]] [[he:סאו טומה ופרינסיפה]] [[hr:Sveti Toma i Princip]] [[hu:São Tomé és Príncipe]] [[id:Sao Tome dan Principe]] [[io:Sao Tome e Principe]] [[is:Saó Tóme og Prinsípe]] [[it:São Tomé e Príncipe]] [[ja:サントメ・プリンシペ]] [[ko:상투메 프린시페]] [[kw:São Tomé ha Príncipe]] [[la:Insulae Sancti Tomae et Principis]] [[lt:San Tomė ir Prinsipė]] [[lv:Santome un Prinsipi]] [[mk:Сао Томе и Принсипе]] [[ms:São Tomé dan Príncipe]] [[nds:São Tomé un Príncipe]] [[nl:Sao Tomé en Principe]] [[nn:São Tomé og Príncipe]] [[no:São Tomé og Príncipe]] [[oc:Sao Tomé e Principe]] [[pl:Wyspy Świętego Tomasza i Książęca]] [[pt:São Tomé e Príncipe]] [[ro:São Tomé şi Príncipe]] [[ru:Сан-Томе и Принсипи]] [[sh:Sveti Toma i Princip]] [[simple:São Tomé and Príncipe]] [[sk:Svätý Tomáš (štát)]] [[sl:Sao Tome in Principe]] [[sq:Sao Tome dhe Principe]] [[sr:Сао Томе и Принципе]] [[sv:São Tomé och Príncipe]] [[tet:Saun Tomé no Prínsipe]] [[th:ประเทศเซาตูเมและปรินซิปี]] [[tl:São Tomé at Príncipe]] [[tr:Sao Tome ve Principe]] [[uk:Сан-Томе і Принсипі]] [[vi:São Tomé và Príncipe]] [[zh:圣多美普林西比]] [[zh-min-nan:Sèng Tomé kap Príncipe]] 2830 9804 2006-05-20T16:54:08Z Kipala 107 kutokana na de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:Sao-tome-u-principe-karte-politisch-sao-tome.png kutokana na de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:Sao-tome-u-principe-karte-politisch-sao-tome.png 2831 11495 2006-06-29T16:06:12Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Sao-tome-u-principe-karte-politisch-sao-tome.png|400px|thumb|left|Mji wa Sao Tome kwenye kisiwa cha Sao Tome]] [[Image:Sao_tome_se.jpg||thumb|Kanisa kuu]] [[Image:Sao_tome_fort.jpg||thumb|Boma la São Sebastião]] [[Image:Sao_tome_palace.jpg||thumb|Ikulu ya Rais]] '''Sao Tome ''' ni mji mkuu wa nchi ya visiwa ya Afrika ya Magharibi ya [[Sao Tome na Principe]]. Jina limetokana na Kireno cha Mtakatifu Thomas. Mji umeanzishwa na [[Ureno]] mwaka 1485 ukiwa kwenye pwani la kaskazini-mashariki la kisiwa chenye jina lilelile katika [[ghuba ya Guinea]]. Mji ulikuwa na wakazi 53,300 mwaka 2004. Kuna kiwanja cha ndege cha kimataifa na viwanda kadhaa ya matofari, sabuni na vinywaji. Sao Tome ina shule za msingi hadi sekondari, makanisa, hospitali ya pekee nchini, vituo vya TV na redio. [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[Category:Sao Tome na Principe]] [[de:São Tomé]] [[en:São Tomé]] [[eo:Sao-Tomeo]] [[es:Santo Tomé (capital)]] [[fi:São Tomé]] [[fr:São Tomé]] [[hr:São Tomé]] [[io:Sao Tome]] [[it:São Tomé]] [[ja:サントメ]] [[ko:상투메]] [[nl:Sao Tomé (stad)]] [[no:São Tomé]] [[pl:São Tomé]] [[pt:São Tomé (São Tomé e Príncipe)]] [[sk:Svätý Tomáš (mesto)]] [[sr:Сао Томе]] [[sv:São Tomé]] 2832 9808 2006-05-20T17:35:34Z Kipala 107 '''Biladi, Biladi, Biladi''' (Nchi yangu) (بلادي بلادي بلادي) ni wimbo wa taifa wa [[Misri]] tangu 1979. Sauti na maneno vimetungwa [[Sayed Darwish]] ([[1892]]-[[1932]]). === [[Kiarabu]] cha Misri === : Biladi biladi biladi laki hubbi wa fuadi : Biladi biladi biladi laki hubbi wa fuadi : Misr ya umm al bilad inti ghayati wal murad : Wa 'ala kull il 'ibad kam lineelik min ayadi === [[Kiswahili]] === : Nchi yangu, nchi yangu, nchi yangu, moyo wangu imejaa na upendo kwako. : Nchi yangu, nchi yangu, nchi yangu, moyo wangu imejaa na upendo kwako. : Ewe Misri mama wa nchi zote, ndiwe matumaini na hamu yangu : Nani anaweza kutaja baraka zote za Nile yako kwa ajili ya ubinadamu? == Kiungo cha nje == * [http://home.planet.nl/~jschoone/eg.pdf Partitur (PDF)] [[Category:Wimbo wa Taifa]] [[Category:Misri]] [[ar:نشيد وطني مصري]] [[da:Bilady, Bilady, Bilady]] [[en:Bilady, Bilady, Bilady]] [[es:Bilady, Bilady, Bilady]] [[fi:Bilady, Bilady, Bilady]] [[fr:Bilady, Bilady, Bilady]] [[he:המנון מצרים]] [[id:Biladi, Biladi, Biladi]] [[ko:이집트의 국가]] [[ms:Biladi, Biladi, Biladi]] [[nl:Biladi, Biladi, Biladi]] [[pl:Hymn Egiptu]] [[pt:Hino nacional do Egipto]] [[ro:Bilady, Bilady, Bilady]] [[sl:Bilady, Bilady, Bilady]] [[sv:Bilady, Bilady, Bilady]] [[vi:Bilady, Bilady, Bilady]] 2833 9816 2006-05-20T17:41:41Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Bahari]] 2834 9820 2006-05-20T17:46:13Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Saint Helena]] 2835 9864 2006-05-21T15:00:26Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Praia aerialview.jpg|thumb|300px|Praia inavyoonekana kutoka ndege]] '''Praia''' ni mji mkuu wa jamhuri ya [[Cabo Verde]] iko kisiwani [[Santiago (Cabo Verde)|Santiago]]. Praia ina wakazi mnamo 70,000 ni mji mkubwa kabisa pamoja na kuwa kitovu cha kiuchumi cha nchi. Biasharanje inapita katika bandari ya Praia ni hasa kahawa, miwa na matunda. Kuna kiwanja cha ndege cha kimataifa. [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[Category:Cabo Verde]] [[en:Praia]] [[es:Praia (Cabo Verde)]] [[fi:Praia]] [[fr:Praia]] [[he:פראיה]] [[id:Praia, Tanjung Verde]] [[io:Praia]] [[it:Praia]] [[ja:プライア]] [[ko:프라이아]] [[nl:Praia]] [[pl:Praia]] [[pt:Praia (Cabo Verde)]] [[sk:Praia]] [[sv:Praia]] [[zh:培亞]] 2836 9850 2006-05-21T11:34:33Z Kipala 107 '''"Oh Uganda, Land of Beauty"''' ni wimbo wa taifa wa [[Uganda]] tangu 1962. Sauti na maneno vimetungwa na [[George Wilberforce Kakoma]]. == [[Kiingereza]]== :Oh Uganda! may God uphold thee, :We lay our future in thy hand. :United, free, :For liberty :Together we'll always stand. :Oh Uganda! the land of freedom. :Our love and labour we give, :And with neighbours all :At our country's call :In peace and friendship we'll live. :Oh Uganda! the land that feeds us :By sun and fertile soil grown. :For our own dear land, :We'll always stand, :The Pearl of Africa's Crown. ==Tafsiri== :Ewe Uganda Mungu akutunze :Tunaweka kesho yetu mkononi mwako. :Pamoja kama watu huru :Kwa ajili ya uhuru :Tutashikamana daima. :Ewe Uganda, nchi ya uhuru :Tunakutolea upendo na kazi. :Pamoja na majirani wetu :kwa wito wa nchi yetu :twaishi kwa amani na undugu. :Ewe Uganda, nchi inayotulisha :kwa jua na ardhi yenye rutba. :Kwa ajili ya nchi yetu :tutasimama daima :Wewe ni lulu ya taji la Afrika. [[Category:Wimbo wa taifa]] [[Category:Uganda]] [[de:Oh Uganda, Land of Beauty]] [[en:Oh Uganda, Land of Beauty]] [[es:Oh Uganda, Land of Beauty]] [[fr:Oh Uganda, Land of Beauty]] [[he:המנון אוגנדה]] [[nl:Oh Uganda, Land of Beauty]] [[no:Oh Uganda, Land of Beauty]] [[ru:Гимн Уганды]] [[sr:Химна Уганде]] [[fi:Oh Uganda, Land of Beauty]] [[sv:Oh Uganda, Land of Beauty]] 2837 9855 2006-05-21T14:04:24Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Ghana-karte-politisch-greater-accra.png|thumb|right|200px|Mahali pa Accra katika Ghana]] [[Image:Labadi beach.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Labadi Beach]] [[Image:Downtown accra.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Accra mjini]] '''Accra''' ni [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Ghana]] ikiwa na wakazi 1,970,400 (2005). Accra ni kitovu cha uchumi, biashara na mwasiliano ya nchi. Iko ndani ya mkoa wa Accra Kuu. Accra ilianzishwa na [[Waga (kabila)|Waga]] wakati wa karne ya 15 BK kama kituo cha biashara na Wareno. Wareno walijenga boma kwa ajili ya biashara hiyo na Wasweden, Waholanzi, Wafaransa, Waingereza na Wadenmark walifuata. Eneo la Accra ya leo iliendelea kuwa mji kati ya boma tatu za [[Uingereza]] ([[Jamestown (Ghana)|Jamestown]]), [[Denmark]] ([[Osu (Ghana)|Osu]]) na [[Uholanzi]] ([[Ussherstown]]). Maeneo haya matatu leo ni kitovu cha mji wa kisasa. Baada ya Waingereza kushinda [[Waashanti]] Accra ikawa mji mkuu wa koloni ya [[Pwani la dhahabu]]. Mji uliendelea kukua baada ya kujengwa kwa reli na bandari. [[Accra]] ilikuwa pia mwanzo wa upinzani dhidi ya Waingereza ulioanzisha uhuru wa Ghana katika miaka ya 1940. Leo hii Accra imepata mji wa kipacha wa karibu wa [[Tema]] baada ya kuhamishwa kwa viwanda na bandari kwenda Tema inayounganishwa na Accra yenyewe kwa reli na barabara kuu. ==Viungo vya nje== *'''''en''''': [http://www.andycarvin.com/archives/2005/07/accra_taxi_ride.html Accra Taxi Ride] - video inayoonyesha safari ya Taxi katika Accra *'''''en''''': [http://www.moxon.net/ghana/accra.html Mark Moxon, Travel Writer] - Makala kuhusu ziara katika Accra mwaka 2002 (na picha) [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[Category:Ghana]] [[bg:Акра]] [[ca:Accra]] [[da:Accra]] [[de:Accra]] [[es:Accra]] [[eo:Akrao]] [[fr:Accra]] [[gl:Accra]] [[ko:아크라]] [[io:Accra]] [[id:Accra]] [[it:Accra]] [[he:אקרה]] [[lt:Akra]] [[nl:Accra]] [[ja:アクラ]] [[no:Accra]] [[nn:Accra]] [[os:Аккрæ]] [[pl:Akra]] [[pt:Acra]] [[ro:Accra]] [[ru:Аккра]] [[sk:Akkra]] [[sl:Akra]] [[fi:Accra]] [[sv:Accra]] [[tw:Nkran]] [[uk:Аккра]] [[zh:阿克拉]] 2838 9856 2006-05-21T14:14:23Z Kipala 107 kutokana na upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/de/3/34/Ghana-karte-tema.png kutokana na upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/de/3/34/Ghana-karte-tema.png 2839 9857 2006-05-21T14:15:59Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Ghana-tema.png|300px|thumb|Mahali pa Tema katika mkoa wa Accra, Ghana]] '''Tema''' ni mji wa bandari na viwanda katika [[Ghana]] karibu na mji mkuu wa [[Accra]] kwenye mwambao wa [[Atlantiki]]. Ina wakazi 209,000 ([[2005]]). Hadi mwaka 1961 Tema ilikuwa kijiji kidogo cha wavuvi. Tangu mwaka ule bandari kubwa ya Ghana ilijengwa Tema pamoja na viwanda vingi. Imekuwa kitovu cha viwanda nchini. Kuna mawasiliano kwa reli na barabara kuu kati ya Tema na Accra. [[Category:Ghana]] [[en:Tema]] [[nl:Tema]] [[de:Tema]] 2840 9859 2006-05-21T14:23:52Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Mauritania]] 2841 9893 2006-05-21T16:58:08Z Kipala 107 {{Infobox_Country <!-- If editing infobox, please update [[Template:Country infobox data Cape Verde]] also --> |native_name = ''República de Cabo Verde'' |conventional_long_name = Jamhuri ya Cabo Verde |common_name = Cabo Verde |image_flag = Flag of Cape Verde.svg |image_coat = Cape verde coa.png |image_map = LocationCapeVerde.png |national_motto = Unity, Work, Progress ''(Umoja, Kazi, Manedeleo)'' |national_anthem = [[Cântico da Liberdade]] ''(Wimbo wa Uhuru)'' |official_languages = [[Kireno]] (official) na lugha 9 za [[krioli]] |capital = [[Praia (Cabo Verde)|Praia]] |latd=14 |latm=55 |latNS=N |longd=23 |longm=31 |longEW=W |largest_city = [[Praia (Cabo Verde)|Praia]] |government_type = Jamhuri |leader_titles = [[Rais wa Cabo Verde|Rais]]<br>[[Waziri mkuu wa Cabo Verde|Waziri Mkuu]] |leader_names =[[Pedro Pires]]<br>[[José Maria Neves]] |area_rank = ya 165 |area_magnitude = 1 E9 |area= 4,033 |areami²= 1,557 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |percent_water = Kidogo sana |population_estimate = 418,224 <!-- cia.gov --> |population_estimate_rank = ya 164 <!-- cia.gov --> |population_estimate_year = Julai 2005 <!-- cia.gov --> |population_census = 401,343 |population_census_year = 2001 |population_density = 101 |population_densitymi² = 262 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |population_density_rank = ya 71 |GDP_PPP = $2.99 billion <!-- cia.gov --> |GDP_PPP_rank = ya 171 |GDP_PPP_year= 2005 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $5,858 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ya 96 |sovereignty_type = [[Uhuru]] |established_events = kutoka [[Ureno]] |established_dates = imetambuliwa 5.07.1975 |HDI = 0.721 |HDI_rank = ya 105 |HDI_year = 2003 |HDI_category = <font color="#FFCC00">medium</font> |currency = [[Cape Verdean escudo]] |currency_code = CVE |country_code = |time_zone = |utc_offset = -1 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |cctld = [[.cv]] |calling_code = 238 |footnotes = }} [[Image:Cv-map.png|thumb|left|Ramani ya Cabo Verde]] '''Cabo Verde''' ni nchi ya visiwa katika [[Atlantiki]] mbele ya pwani la [[Afrika]] ya Magharibi. Umbali wake na Senegal ni 460 km. Eneo la visiwa vyake 15 ni 4033 km². Mji mkuu ni [[Praia]] katika kisiwa cha [[Santiago (Cabo Verde)|Santiago]]. Funguvisiwa yake ina visiwa 15 katika vikundi viwili: * Visiwa "juu ya upepo" (''Barlavento''): [[Santo Antão (Cabo Verde)|Santo Antão]], [[São Vicente (Cabo Verde)|São Vicente]], [[São Nicolau (Cabo Verde)|São Nicolau]], [[Sal (Cabo Verde)|Sal]], [[Boa Vista (Cabo Verde)|Boa Vista]] na visiwa bila watu vya [[Santa Luzia (Cabo Verde)|Santa Luzia]], Branco und Razo. * Visiwa "chini ya upepo" (''Sotavento''): [[Maio]], [[Santiago (Cabo Verde)|Santiago]], [[Fogo]], [[Brava]] na visiwa bila watu vya [[Ilheus Secos ou do Rombo]]. Miji mikubwa zaidi ni (namba za 2005): [[Praia]] (wakazi 113.364), [[Mindelo]] (wakazi 70.611), [[Santa Maria (Kap Verde)|Santa Maria]] (wakazi 17.231), [[Pedra Badejo]] (wakazi 9.488) und [[São Filipe]] (wakazi 8.189). Hadi kufika kwa Wareno funguvisiwa ya Cabo Verde haikuwa na watu. Wareno walianzisha mashamba ya miwa na kuleta watumwa kutoka bara la Afrika. Cabo Verde ilikuwa pia kituo muhimu cha [[biashara ya watumwa]] kati ya Afrika na Amerika. Wahamiaji kutoka Ulaya walikuwa pamoja na Wayahudi Wareno waliokataliwa kukaa kwao Ureno. Idadi kubwa ya wakazi ni chotara kati ya Waafrika na Wareno. {{mbegu}} {{Afrika}} [[Category:Visiwa vya Afrika]] [[Category:Visiwa vya Atlantiki]] 2842 11488 2006-06-29T10:17:20Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: be, ca, cs, de, en, eo, et, fi, fr, he, ja, ko, nl, nn, no, pl, ru, sk, sl, vi, zh [[Category:Bahari]] [[be:Катэгорыя:Атлянтычны акіян]] [[ca:Categoria:Oceà Atlàntic]] [[cs:Kategorie:Atlantský oceán]] [[de:Kategorie:Atlantischer Ozean]] [[en:Category:Atlantic Ocean]] [[eo:Kategorio:Atlantika oceano]] [[et:Kategooria:Atlandi ookean]] [[fi:Luokka:Atlantin valtameri]] [[fr:Catégorie:Océan Atlantique]] [[he:קטגוריה:האוקיינוס האטלנטי]] [[ja:Category:大西洋]] [[ko:분류:대서양]] [[nl:Categorie:Atlantische Oceaan]] [[nn:Kategori:Atlanterhavet]] [[no:Kategori:Atlanterhavet]] [[pl:Kategoria:Ocean Atlantycki]] [[ru:Категория:Атлантический океан]] [[sk:Kategória:Atlantický oceán]] [[sl:Kategorija:Atlantski ocean]] [[vi:Thể loại:Đại Tây Dương]] [[zh:Category:大西洋]] 2843 9912 2006-05-22T17:07:38Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Lamu katika Kenya.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Mahali pa Lamu katika Kenya]] '''Kisiwa cha Lamu''' ni sehemu ya funguvisiwa ya [[Lamu]] pamoja na visiwa vya [[Pate]] na [[Manda]] karibu na mwambao wa [[Kenya]] katika [[Bahari Hindi]]. Lamu kuna [[Lamu (mji)|mji wa Lamu]] na vijiji vya Shela, Kipangani na Matondoni. Shela imekuwa mahali pa utalii ambako watu wa nje wamejenga nyumba zao. Matondoni bado ni kijiji cha Waswahili watupu wanaojenga jahazi kama zamani. Lamu inafikiwa kwa njia ya barabara ya pwani kutoka [[Malindi]] halafu kwa feri ya Mukowe. Kuna mabasi kadhaa kila siku tangu kuboreshwa kwa barabara kulikupunguza matatizo ya ujambazi njiani. Watalii wengi wanafika kwa njia ya ndege. Kiwanja cha ndege cha kitaifa kipo Manda. ==Historia== Kuhusu historia ya Lamu tazama makala ya [[Lamu (mji)|mji wa Lamu]]. [[Category:Waswahili]] [[Category:Visiwa vya Kenya]] [[Category:Visiwa vya Bahari ya Hindi]] [[de:Lamu]] [[en:Lamu]] [[fr:Lamu (Kenya)]] [[pt:Lamu]] 2844 10033 2006-05-23T21:10:56Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Lamu Pate Map.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Ramani ya kisiwa cha Pate (Kenya)]] '''Pate''' ni kisiwa kikubwa cha funguvisiwa ya [[Lamu]] mbele ya pwani la [[Kenya]] katika [[Bahari Hindi]]. Pate ni kisiwa ambacho ni karibu na [[Somalia]]. Wakati ya maji kujaa Pate inagawanywa katika sehemu mbili kwa mtaro wa bahari karibu na Siyu; wakati wa maji kupwa mtaro huwa ni pakavu. Pate ilikuwa kati ya mahali pa kwanza pa kutembelewa na wafanyabiashara [[Waarabu]], labda kuanzia karne ya 7 [[BK]]. Inawezekana ilikuwa tayari kati ya mahali palipotajwa katika taarifa za kale kuhusu [[Azania]] kama vile [[Periplus ya Bahari ya Eritrea]]. Kisiwa cha Pate kilikuwa mahali pa miji muhimu ya Waswahili [[Pate (mji)|Pate]], [[Siyu]] na [[Faza]] iliyoshindana na mji wa Lamu juu ya kipaumbele katika funguvisiwa. Katika karne ya 19 BK umuhimu wa miji hii ilirudi nyuma. Kisiwa kilikuwa sehemu ya dola la [[Usultani ya Zanzibar]] katika karne ya 19. Siku hizi Faza ni kijiji kikubwa cha Pate penye hospitali ndogo, polisi, nyumba ya wageni, shule ya sekondari na maduka. 2004 palikuwa na gari moja tu kisiwani ni gari la hospitali. [[Category:Visiwa vya Bahari ya Hindi]] [[Category:Visiwa vya Kenya]] [[Category:Waswahili]] [[en:Pate]] [[fr:Île Pate]] 2845 9876 2006-05-21T16:47:51Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Kenya]] [[Category:Visiwa vya Bahari ya Hindi]] [[Category:Visiwa vya Afrika]] 2846 9882 2006-05-21T16:52:30Z Kipala 107 [[Category: Bahari ya Hindi]] 2847 9888 2006-05-21T16:55:43Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Atlantiki]] 2848 9897 2006-05-21T17:58:56Z Kipala 107 :''Kwa mahali kwingine ambapo kuna watu na vitu zina jina sawa, [[Moroni]]'' [[Image:KM-Grande Comore-Moroni.png|thumb|right|175px|Ramani, Moroni kwa kisiwa kikubwa cha komoro]] '''Moroni''' ([[Kiarabu]]: '''&#1605;&#1608;&#1585;&#1608;&#1606;&#1610;''') ni mji mkubwa wa [[Komori]] na kutoka mwaka wa [[1962]] ni [[mji mkuu]] wa Komori. Mwaka wa [[1990]], mji huu ulikuwa na watu 23,400 wakazi. Mji mwenyewe umo magharibi mwa [[Grande Comore]] (Ngazidja). ''Kiwanja cha kimataifa cha ndege, Moroni Hahaya'' chatumika kutua Moroni, kodi ya ([[kiwanja cha ndege IATA]]: '''HAH'''). Pia kuna bandari ya feri zinazotumika kwenda bara [[Afrika]] na visiwa vingine via Komori na pia [[Madagaska]] na visiwa vya [[Bahari Hindi]]. Moroni yenyewe iko kwa {{coor dm|11|45|kusini|43|12|mashariki|(23,400)_region:KM}}. [[Category:Miji Komori]] [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[ar:موروني]] [[da:Moroni]] [[de:Moroni (Komoren)]] [[es:Moroni (Comoras)]] [[fr:Moroni (Comores)]] [[ko:모로니 (코모로)]] [[io:Moroni]] [[id:Moroni, Komoro]] [[it:Moroni (Comore)]] [[he:מורוני]] [[lt:Moronis]] [[nl:Moroni (Comoren)]] [[ja:モロニ]] [[no:Moroni]] [[pl:Moroni (miasto)]] [[pt:Moroni]] [[ru:Морони]] [[sk:Moroni]] [[fi:Moroni]] [[sv:Moroni]] 2849 9914 2006-05-22T19:37:45Z Kipala 107 '''Leonard „Mambo“ Mbotela''' ni mtangazaji mashuhuri wa [[redio]] katika [[Kenya]]. Amejulikana kote nchini kutokana na huduma yake ya zaidi ya miaka 40 tangu 1964. Alikuwa mtangazaji wa habari na michezo hasa soka. Tangu 1966 amekuwa hewani na programu yake „Je, hii ni ungwana?“. Leonard Mbotela alizaliwa huko [[Freretown]], [[Mombasa]] katika familia ya ki[[anglikana]] ya watoto nane. Babake James Mbotela alikuwa kati ya walimu wa kwanza Waafrika katika Kenya, mamake Ida alifanya kazi ya ustawi wa jamii. Leonard alisoma shule ya msingi wa Freretown kati ya 1948 na 1953 halafu Buxton shule ya kati Mombasa 1954 hadi 1958 akaendelea shule ya sekondari ya [[Kitui High School]] 1959 hadi 1963. Alipata nafasi ya kuingia katika ukurufunzi wa [[Sauti ya Kenya]] akishirikiana na [[Simon Ndesanjo]] katika programu ‘Hodi hodi mitaani’. 1964 aliajiriwa kama mtangazaji wa huduma ya [[Kiswahili]]. Mbotela alianzisha programu yake ya ‘Salamu za vijana’ pia akasoma taarifa za habari za huduma ya Kiswahili. Mwaka 1966 alianzisha ‘Je, huu ni ungwana?’ ambayo ni programu ya pekee inayoendelea hadi leo (2006). Alijulikana zaidi nchini kama mtangazaji wa soka kuanzia mwaka 1967. Kati ya programu zake zilizopendwa ni Uhalifu Haulipi, Ongea Lugha Sanifu and Waliosifika. Wakati wa [[uasi wa 1982]] (jaribio la kijeshi la kupindua serikali ya rais [[Moi]]) Mbotela alilazimishwa kusoma habari za waasi kwa sababu sauti yake ilijulikana kote nchini. Katika maisha yake ya kazi alikuwa pia mhusika wa huduma ya „Presidential Press Service“ chini ya Rais Moi kwa miaka saba. Alirudi KBC akastaafu mwaka 1997 akiwa na cheo cha mwangalizi mkuu wa programu za redio. Hata baada ya kustaafu ameendelea kusikika redioni akisoma habari na programu yake „Je hii ni ungwana)“ Mbotela amemwoa Alice Mwikali mwaka 1970 akazaa naye watoto 3 : Ida, Jimmy and George. ==Mfano wa utangazaji wake wa soka== Kadenge na mpira, Kadenge na mpira, anachenga, moja, anachenga mbili, anakuja katikati, anaenda upande huu, anarudi upande mwingine, anakimbia, anatembea, anatambaa, anamvisha kanzu,anapepeta mpira, amemchenga mchezaji wa kwanza, amempita swipa, anamhepa fullback,mtizame, ndiyo huyo,ndiyo huyo, anaenda, anaenda, anaangilia huko, anaangalia kule, anatizama kushoto haoni mtu, anatazima kulia, zii mtu, atafanya nini, sasa mwangalie, anaajiitayarisha, anavuta, anapiga teke, anapiga shoot! anapiga shoot! anapiga shoot! mpira imepita moja kwa moja katikati ya miguu ya golkipa maarufu James Siang'a imeiingia ndani na kupasua neti...wasikilizaji, wananchi, mashabiki, ni....gooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooaaaallllllll!!!! gooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooaaaallllllll!!!! gooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooaaaallllllll!!!! gooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooaaaallllllll!!!! Tatu Bila!! Mayowe!! Kelele! Mashabiki wa Abaluhyia wamefurahi! Mashabiki wa Gor Mahia wamezirai! [[http://demokrasia-kenya.blogspot.com/2005_07_01_demokrasia-kenya_archive.html]] ==Viungo vya nje== '''''en''''' [[http://www.kbc.co.ke/channel.asp?ID=3&cID=7&ccID=85 Makala kuhusu Mbotela kwa KBC]] [[Category:Wakenya mashuhuri]] [[Category:Waswahili]] 2850 9955 2006-05-22T20:35:55Z Kipala 107 '''Mbotela''' ni neno linaloweza kutaja *'''Mbotela (Nairobi)''' ni eneo (kata) katika tarafa ya Makadara ndani ya jiji la [[Nairobi]] *'''Mbotela ni jina la watu''' :*[[Leonard Mbotela]], mtangazaji Mkenya wa redio :*Walter Mbotela, mtaalamu Mkenya wa Kiswahili ("Jifunze Kiswahili") :*James Juma Mbotela, mwanahistoria Mkenya anayefundisha Marekani :*James Mbotela, mwandishi wa kitabu cha "Uhuru wa watumwa" (1934) 2851 9916 2006-05-22T19:53:32Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''William Booth''' (10 Aprili 1829 &ndash; 20 Agosti 1912) alianzisha [[Jeshi la Wokovu]] na kuwa mkurugenzi wake wa kwanza (1878 &ndash; 1912). [[Image:Williambooth.jpg|250px|right|thumbnail|William Booth]] ==Wasifu ya Maisha== ===Utoto na Ujana=== Booth alizaliwa kijiji cha Sneiton, Wilaya ya [[Nottingham]], nchi ya [[Uingereza]]. Alikuwa mmoja wa watoto wanne, lakini mwana wa kiume wa pekee wa [[Samuel Booth]] na [[Mary Moss]]. Baba yake alikuwa tajiri, lakini wakati wa utoto wake William Booth, familia walianza kuwa maskini. Mwaka wa 1842, Samuel Booth ambaye wakati huo alikuwa amefilisika hakuweza kulipa ada za shule kwa William aliyekuwa na umri wa miaka 13. Hivyo William alianza kuwa mwanagenzi wa mweka rahani. Kabla mwaka huo haujaisha, baba yake alifariki. Wakati wa uanagenzi wake William Booth aliingia Ukristo. Alianza kusoma vingi, kujifundisha kuandika na kutoa hotuba, na kuwa mhubiri mlei wa [[Kanisa la Metodisti]]. Alipomaliza uanagenzi wake mwaka wa 1848, alijaribu kupata kazi nyingine kwa vile hakupenda kazi ya mweka rahani. Mwaka wa 1849 alihama kutoka familia yake na kuhamia jiji la [[London]] ambapo alipata kazi katika duka la mweka rahani tena. Pia aliendelea na huduma ya mhubiri mlei lakini hakuridhika na nafasi alizozipata. Kwa hiyo aliacha kazi ya mhubiri mlei na kuanza huduma ya uinjilisti mitaani. Mwaka wa 1851, Booth alijiunga na Kanisa la Wesley, na tarehe 10 Aprili 1852, yaani sikukuu yake ya kuzaliwa ya 23, aliacha kazi ya mweka rahani na kuwa mhubiri kwenye makao makuu yao kule [[Clapham]]. Baada ya wiki tano tu, alimchumbia [[Catherine Booth|Catherine Mumford]]. Mwezi wa Novemba 1852, Booth alialikwa kuwa mchungaji wa kanisa kule [[Spalding]], Wilaya ya [[Lincolnshire]]. ===Ndoa na watoto=== William Booth na Catherine Mumford walifunga ndoa tarehe 16 Juni, 1855 katika kanisa la Stockwell Green kule [[London]]. Walikuwa na watoto wanane wafuatao: *[[Bramwell Booth]] (8 Machi 1856 &ndash; 16 Juni 1929). *[[Ballington Booth]] (28 Julai 1857 &ndash; 15 Octoba 1940). *[[Kate Booth]] (18 Septemba 1858 &ndash; 9 May 1955). *[[Emma Booth]] (8 Januari 1860 &ndash; 28 Octoba 1903). *[[Herbert Booth]] (26 August 1862 &ndash; 25 Septemba 1926). *[[Marie Booth]] (4 Mei 1864 &ndash; 5 Januari 1937). *[[Evangeline Booth]] (25 December 1865 &ndash; 17 Julai 1950). *[[Lucy Booth]] (28 Aprili 1868 &ndash; 18 Julai 1953). ===Huduma yake ya kwanza=== Ingawa Booth alikuwa mwinjilisti hodari, hakufurahia uchungaji. Mkutano wa kila mwaka wa kanisa lake walipoendelea kumpa majukumu ya uchungaji na kumkatalia ombi lake la kufanya uinjilisti tu, alijiuzulu uchungaji wake mwaka wa 1861. Kwa vile dhehebu lake hawakumruhusu kufanya uinjilisti ndani ya makanisa baada ya kujiuzulu kwake, alikuwa mwinjilisti aliyejitegemea. Hata hivyo, teolojia yake haikubadilika. Aliendelea kuhubiri kwamba wasiookoka watateswa milele, kwamba kila mtu anahitaji kutubu, na kwamba Mungu anatuwezesha kuwa watakatifu, yaani tukiishi maisha ya upendo kwa Mungu na wenzetu. Hatimaye, hata watoto wa Booth walishirikisha katika huduma yake. ===Misheni ya Kikristo (‘’The Christian Mission’’)=== Mwaka wa 1865, Booth pamoja na mke wake walianzisha Shirika la Uamshaji la Kikristo (‘’Christian Revival Society’’)) katika eneo la [[East End]] la London. Waliendesha mikutano kila jioni na siku nzima ya Jumapili wakitoa huduma za toba, wokovu na maadili ya kikristo kwa fukara, pamoja na walevi, wahalifu na malaya. Jina la shirika lilibadilishwa baadaye kuwa Misheni ya Kikristo (‘’Christian Mission’’). Booth na wanashirika wake walitenda walichohubiri, yaani waliishi maisha ya kikristo wakijitolea mhanga katika huduma kwa wengine. Kwa mfano, waligawa chakula kwa maskini bila kujali wakidharauliwa kwa ajili ya huduma zao za kikristo. ===Jeshi la Wokovu=== Mwaka wa 1878, jina la shirika lilibadilishwa tena kuwa [[Jeshi la Wokovu]]. Kama majeshi mengine, lilipata bendera yake na nyimbo zake ambazo hufuata sauti za watu wa kawaida zikiunganishwa na maneno ya kikristo. Booth na wanajeshi wengine huvaa sare za jeshi la Mungu kwenye mikutano. Booth alianza kuitwa Jenerali, na watumishi wengine walipewa vyeo vya afisa vilivyofaa. Ingawa walibanwa kifedha, Jeshi la Wokovu na huduma zake zilienea haraka na kuzalia matawi katika nchi nyingine, baadhi yao [[Marekani]], [[Ufaransa]], [[Uswisi]], [[Sweden]], [[Australia]], [[Kanada]], [[Uhindi]], [[Afrika ya Kusini]], [[New Zealand]], [[Jamaika]], na kadhalika. Wakati wa maisha yake, William Booth alianzisha huduma za Jeshi la Wokovu katika nchi 58 akisafiri sana na kuendesha mikutano. Booth alitoa jarida na kuandika vitabu kadhaa. Pia alitunga nyimbo nyingi. Kitabu chake maarufu kabisa ni ''In Darkest England and the Way Out'' kilichotolewa mwaka wa 1890. ===Miaka ya mwisho=== Hatimaye huduma za Jeshi la Wokovu na za William Booth ziliheshimiwa hadharani. Mwishoni mwa maisha yake, Booth alipokelewa na wafalme na maraisi. Hata vyombo vya habari walimwita Jenerali kwa kumheshimu. William Booth aliaga dunia wakati alipokuwa amefikisha umri wa miaka 83. Alizikwa kwenye [[Abney Park Cemetery]] ambapo na mke wake alikuwa amezikwa. Ili kumheshimu Booth, mshairi [[Vachel Lindsay]] aliandika shairi liitwalo ''[http://www.bartleby.com/271/48.html General William Booth Enters Into Heaven]'', na [[Charles Ives]] aliyekuwa jirani wa Booth alitunga sauti kwa shairi hilo. ==Marejeo ya nje== *[http://www1.salvationarmy.org/heritage.nsf/36c107e27b0ba7a98025692e0032abaa/5178afb1662f88a0802568ea00303f9f!OpenDocument SalvationArmy.org Biographical Data on General William Booth] *[http://www1.salvationarmy.org/heritage.nsf/0/0D853BE2151FE0E1802568D4002DE828?openDocument The William Booth Birthplace Museum - Nottingham] [[Category:Viongozi wa Kikristo]] [[da:William Booth]] [[de:William Booth]] [[en:William Booth]] [[fr:William Booth]] [[sw.William Booth]] [[nl:William Booth]] [[no:William Booth]] [[sv:William Booth]] [[vi:William Booth]] 2852 10011 2006-05-22T21:34:32Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Aidan Mtakatifu wa Lindisfarne''' (pia huitwa '''[[Mtume]] wa [[Northumbria]]''') alianzisha kituo cha utawa na kuwa askofu wake wa kwanza kwenye kisiwa cha [[Lindisfarne]] kule [[Uingereza]]. Alifariki kule Northumbria 31 Agosti 651. Anaheshimiwa kufufua [[Ukristo]] katika eneo la Northumbria. Alikuwa ametoka [[Ireland]], na kabla hajaja Northumbria alikuwa mtawa katika kituo cha utawa kwenye kisiwa cha [[Iona]] kule nchi ya [[Scotland]]. Wakati wa enzi ya Warumi, Ukristo ulikuwa umeenea mpaka Uingereza, lakini kwa sababu ya kushindwa kwao Warumi, [[upagani]] ukaanza kurudi upande wa kaskazini wa Uingereza. Oswald, mfalme wa Northumbria, mwaka wa 616 BK alilazimishwa kwenda uhamishoni kule kisiwa cha Iona ambako akabadili kuwa Mkristo na kubatizwa. Mwaka wa 634 Oswald alirudishiwa ufalme wa Northumbria na akaamua kuwaingiza katika Ukristo wananchi wake ambao wengi wao walikuwa wapagani. Ili kutekeleza lengo hilo aliwaomba watawa wa Iona wamtumie [[mmisionari|wamisionari]]. Naye Aidan akafika mwaka wa 635. Aidan alichagua kisiwa cha [[Lindisfarne]] kiwe makao makuu ya [[dayosisi]] yake kwa vile kilikuwa karibu na ngome ya kifalme kule [[Bamburgh]]. Mwanzoni ilikuwa mfalme Oswald mwenyewe aliyewatafsiria Aidan na watawa wake kwa vile walikuwa hawajajifunza Kiingereza. Baada ya kifo chake Oswald mwaka wa 642, Aidan alisaidiwa na mfalme Oswine wa Deira, nao wakawa marafiki wa karibu sana. Aidan alikuwa huwatembelea watu kijiji hadi kijiji, kuongea nao kiadabu na kujaribu katika maongezi hayo wavutwe na Ukristo. Kufuatana na hadithi moja, mfalme alimpa Aidan farasi ili asihitaji kutembea kwa miguu lakini Aidan akatoa farasi tena kama zawadi kwa mtu maskini. Aidan aliweza kuongea na watu walioko na hivyo alifaulu kuwasaidia wananchi wengi wa Northumbria wawe Wakristo. Pia katika kituo chake cha utawa aliwafundisha wavulana kuminawawili, wenyeji wa Northumbria, ili kuhakikisha kwamba kanisa la Uingereza liongozwe na Waingereza wenyewe. Aidan alifuata tawi la Ireland la Ukristo siyo tawi la Roma. Hata hivyo tabia yake na bidii ya katika umisionari zilisababisha na [[Papa]] [[Honorius I]] alimheshimu. Kituo cha utawa cha Lindisfarne kiliendelea kukua na kuanzisha makanisa na vituo vingine. Pia kilikuwa kama hazina ya ujuzi wa kitaalamu. Baadaye, [[Bede Mtakatifu]] aliandika wasifu ya maisha yake Aidan pamoja na miujiza yake yote. Sikukuu yake Aidan Mtakatifu ni tarehe 31 Agosti. ==Marejeo ya nje== *[http://www.irelandseye.com/irish/people/saints/aidan.shtm Irelandseye.com wasifu ya maisha yake Aidan Mtakatifu] *[http://www.lindisfarne.org.uk/general/aidan.htm ''Saint Aidan of Lindisfarne''] ilivyoandikwa na Mch. Kate Tristram *[http://www.britannia.com/bios/saints/aidan.html Britannia wasifu ya maisha yake Aidan Mtakatifu] *[http://www.netacc.net/~mafg/book/v2c3s3.htm Historia ya Kanisa] (katika nyakati za Aidan) ilivyoandikwa na Philip Hughes [[Category:Watakatifu]] [[Category:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Category:Watawa Wakatoliki]] [[Category:Maaskofu wa Lindisfarne]] [[de:Aidan von Lindisfarne]] [[en:Saint Aidan of Lindisfarne]] [[it:Sant'Aidan]] [[uk:Святий Айден]] 2853 9918 2006-05-22T19:56:28Z Oliver Stegen 160 #REDIRECT[[Aidan Mtakatifu]] 2854 9919 2006-05-22T19:57:16Z Oliver Stegen 160 #REDIRECT[[William Booth]] 2855 9920 2006-05-22T19:57:53Z Oliver Stegen 160 #REDIRECT[[Aidan Mtakatifu]] 2856 10917 2006-06-18T09:10:40Z 62.154.201.129 '''Alfred Nobel''' (21 Oktoba 1833 &ndash; 10 Desemba 1896) alikuwa mhandisi na mwenye viwanda wa nchi ya [[Sweden]]. Mwaka wa 1867 aligundua jinsi ya kutengeneza [[baruti]] kali. Pia aliboresha [[utoneshaji]] wa mafuta. Akafaulu kiuchumi akawa mtajiri na wakati uleule mwenye wasiwasi kuhusu matumizi ya baruti aliyogundua kwa sababu aliona matumizi mabaya kwa ajili ya silaha. Katika hati yake ya [[wasia]] alianzisha [[Tuzo ya Nobel]] kwa ajili ya mafanikio ya kisayansi lakini pia kwa ajili ya amani duniani. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Sweden]] [[als:Alfred Nobel]] [[ang:Ælfred Nobel]] [[ar:ألفريد نوبل]] [[be:Альфрэд Нобель]] [[bg:Алфред Нобел]] [[bs:Alfred Nobel]] [[ca:Alfred Nobel]] [[cs:Alfred Nobel]] [[cy:Alfred Nobel]] [[da:Alfred Nobel]] [[de:Alfred Nobel]] [[el:Άλφρεντ Νόμπελ]] [[en:Alfred Nobel]] [[eo:Alfred Nobel]] [[es:Alfred Nobel]] [[et:Alfred Nobel]] [[eu:Alfred Nobel]] [[fa:آلفرد نوبل]] [[fi:Alfred Nobel]] [[fr:Alfred Nobel]] [[fy:Alfred Nobel]] [[ga:Alfred Nobel]] [[gl:Alfred Nobel]] [[he:אלפרד נובל]] [[hr:Alfred Nobel]] [[hu:Alfred Nobel]] [[id:Alfred Nobel]] [[io:Alfred Nobel]] [[it:Alfred Nobel]] [[ja:アルフレッド・ノーベル]] [[ko:알프레드 노벨]] [[lt:Alfredas Nobelis]] [[lv:Alfrēds Nobels]] [[nl:Alfred Bernhard Nobel]] [[nn:Alfred Nobel]] [[no:Alfred Nobel]] [[pl:Alfred Nobel]] [[pt:Alfred Nobel]] [[ro:Alfred Nobel]] [[ru:Нобель, Альфред Бернхард]] [[scn:Alfred Nobel]] [[simple:Alfred Nobel]] [[sk:Alfred Nobel]] [[sl:Alfred Nobel]] [[sq:Alfred Nobel]] [[sr:Алфред Нобел]] [[su:Alfred Nobel]] [[sv:Alfred Nobel]] [[tr:Alfred Nobel]] [[uk:Нобель Альфред Бернард]] [[vi:Alfred Nobel]] [[zh:阿尔弗雷德•诺贝尔]] [[zh-min-nan:Alfred Nobel]] {{mbegu}} 2857 9923 2006-05-22T20:04:28Z Oliver Stegen 160 #REDIRECT[[Alfred Nobel]] 2858 11151 2006-06-22T22:32:24Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] [[Image:Henry Dunant-young.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Henri Dunant, takriban 1860]] '''Henri Dunant''' (8 Mei 1828 &ndash; 30 Oktoba 1910) alikuwa mwandishi na mfadhili wa nchi ya [[Uswisi]]. Mwaka wa 1859 alianzisha [[Chama cha Kimataifa cha Msalaba Mwekundu]]. Pia alisababisha [[Mapatano ya Geneva]]. Mwaka wa 1901, pamoja na [[Frederic Passy]], alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] kwa Amani'''. [[Category:Waandishi]] [[bg:Анри Дюнан]] [[ca:Jean Henri Dunant]] [[da:Henry Dunant]] [[de:Henri Dunant]] [[en:Henry Dunant]] [[es:Henri Dunant]] [[fi:Henri Dunant]] [[fr:Henri Dunant]] [[hr:Henri Dunant]] [[hu:Jean Henri Dunant]] [[it:Jean Henri Dunant]] [[ja:アンリ・デュナン]] [[ko:앙리 뒤낭]] [[lt:Žanas Anri Diunanas]] [[nl:Henri Dunant]] [[no:Henri Dunant]] [[pl:Henri Dunant]] [[pt:Jean Henri Dunant]] [[sk:Jean Henri Dunant]] [[sl:Henri Dunant]] [[sv:Henri Dunant]] [[th:อังรี ดูนังต์]] [[zh:亨利•杜南]] {{mbegu}} 2859 9925 2006-05-22T20:07:57Z Oliver Stegen 160 #REDIRECT[[Henri Dunant]] 2860 10051 2006-05-24T17:36:18Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px|Medali ya Tuzo Nobel]] [[Image:Henri_Becquerel.jpg|thumb|right|200pix|Henri Becquerel]] '''Antoine Henri Becquerel''' (15 Desemba 1852 &ndash; 25 Agosti 1908) alikuwa mwanafizikia kutoka nchi ya [[Ufaransa]]. Mwaka wa 1896 aligundua mionzi [[unururifu|nururishi]]. Mwaka wa 1903, pamoja na [[Pierre na Marie Curie]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Fizikia'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[bn:অঁরি বেকেরেল]] [[ca:Antoine Henri Becquerel]] [[cs:Henri Becquerel]] [[de:Antoine Henri Becquerel]] [[en:Henri Becquerel]] [[eo:Antoine Henri Becquerel]] [[es:Henri Becquerel]] [[fa:هانری بکرل]] [[fi:Henri Becquerel]] [[fr:Henri Becquerel]] [[gl:Henri Becquerel]] [[he:אנרי בקרל]] [[hr:Antoine Henri Becquerel]] [[id:Henri Becquerel]] [[is:Henri Becquerel]] [[it:Antoine Henri Becquerel]] [[ja:アンリ・ベクレル]] [[ko:앙투안 앙리 베크렐]] [[nl:Antoine Henri Becquerel]] [[nn:Henri Becquerel]] [[no:Henri Becquerel]] [[pl:Antoine Henri Becquerel]] [[pt:Antoine Henri Becquerel]] [[sk:Antoine Henri Becquerel]] [[sl:Antoine Henri Becquerel]] [[sv:Henri Becquerel]] [[tr:Henri Becquerel]] [[zh:亨利•贝克勒尔]] {{mbegu}} 2861 10025 2006-05-23T15:31:47Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Robert Koch''' (11 Desemba 1843 &ndash; 27 Mei 1905) alikuwa daktari kutoka nchi ya [[Ujerumani]]. Hasa alichunguza virusi visababishavyo magonjwa mbalimbali. Mwaka wa 1882 aligundua kirusi kinachosababisha [[kifua kikuu]], na mwaka wa 1883 kirusi kinachosababisha [[kipindupindu]]. Mwaka wa 1905 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Tiba'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[af:Robert Koch]] [[ar:روبرت كوخ]] [[bg:Робърт Кох]] [[cs:Robert Koch]] [[da:Robert Koch]] [[de:Robert Koch]] [[en:Robert Koch]] [[eo:Robert Koch]] [[es:Robert Koch]] [[eu:Robert Koch]] [[fi:Robert Koch]] [[fr:Robert Koch]] [[he:רוברט קוך]] [[hr:Robert Koch]] [[id:Robert Koch]] [[it:Robert Koch]] [[ja:ロベルト・コッホ]] [[ka:კოხი, რობერტ]] [[ko:로베르트 코흐]] [[nl:Robert Koch]] [[no:Robert Koch]] [[pl:Robert Koch]] [[pt:Robert Koch]] [[ro:Robert Koch]] [[ru:Кох, Роберт]] [[sk:Robert Koch]] [[sl:Robert Koch]] [[sr:Роберт Кох]] [[sv:Robert Koch]] [[tr:Robert Koch]] [[vi:Robert Koch]] {{mbegu}} 2862 10087 2006-05-25T12:20:14Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Rudyard Kipling''' (30 Desemba 1865 &ndash; 18 Januari 1936) alikuwa mwandishi kutoka nchi ya [[Uingereza]]. Hasa aliandika [[riwaya]] fupi kwa ajili ya kutetea [[ukoloni]]. Mwaka wa 1907 alikuwa mshindi wa [[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Fasihi. [[Category:Waandishi]] [[bg:Ръдиард Киплинг]] [[cs:Rudyard Kipling]] [[cy:Rudyard Kipling]] [[da:Rudyard Kipling]] [[de:Rudyard Kipling]] [[en:Rudyard Kipling]] [[eo:Rudyard Kipling]] [[es:Rudyard Kipling]] [[et:Rudyard Kipling]] [[eu:Rudyard Kipling]] [[fi:Rudyard Kipling]] [[fr:Rudyard Kipling]] [[gd:Rudyard Kipling]] [[he:רודיארד קיפלינג]] [[id:Joseph Rudyard Kipling]] [[is:Rudyard Kipling]] [[it:Rudyard Kipling]] [[ja:ラドヤード・キップリング]] [[lt:Radjardas Kiplingas]] [[nds:Rudyard Kipling]] [[nl:Rudyard Kipling]] [[no:Rudyard Kipling]] [[pl:Rudyard Kipling]] [[pt:Rudyard Kipling]] [[ro:Rudyard Kipling]] [[ru:Киплинг, Редьярд]] [[sco:Rudyard Kipling]] [[simple:Rudyard Kipling]] [[sl:Rudyard Kipling]] [[sv:Rudyard Kipling]] [[tr:Rudyard Kipling]] [[vi:Rudyard Kipling]] {{mbegu}} 2863 10055 2006-05-24T17:41:12Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] [[Image:Gabriel Lippmann.jpg|150px|thumb|Gabriel Lippmann]] '''Gabriel Lippmann''' (16 Agosti 1845 &ndash; 13 Julai 1921) alikuwa mwanafizikia kutoka nchi ya [[Ufaransa]]. Hasa alichunguza taalamu ya kupiga picha kwa rangi. Mwaka wa 1908 alikuwa mshindi wa ‘’’[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Fizikia’’’. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[de:Gabriel Lippmann]] [[en:Gabriel Lippmann]] [[es:Gabriel Lippmann]] [[fr:Gabriel Lippmann]] [[hr:Gabriel Lippmann]] [[id:Gabriel Lippmann]] [[it:Gabriel Lippmann]] [[ja:ガブリエル・リップマン]] [[ko:가브리엘 리프만]] [[lb:Gabriel Lippmann]] [[nl:Gabriel Jonas Lippmann]] [[no:Gabriel Lippmann]] [[pl:Gabriel Lippmann]] [[pt:Gabriel Lippmann]] [[sl:Gabriel Lippmann]] [[sv:Gabriel Lippmann]] {{mbegu}} 2864 9930 2006-05-22T20:15:11Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Albrecht Kossel''' (16 Septemba 1853 &ndash; 5 Julai 1927) alikuwa daktari kutoka nchi ya [[Ujerumani]]. Hasa alichunguza [[protini]]. Mwaka wa 1910 alikuwa mshindi wa ‘’’[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Tiba’’’. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[de:Albrecht Kossel]] [[en:Albrecht Kossel]] [[es:Albrecht Kossel]] [[fr:Albrecht Kossel]] [[ja:アルブレヒト・コッセル]] [[pl:Albrecht Kossel]] [[zh:艾布瑞契•科塞爾]] {{mbegu}} 2865 10088 2006-05-25T12:20:19Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Maurice Maeterlinck''' (29 Agosti 1862 &ndash; 5 Mei 1949) alikuwa mwandishi na mshairi kutoka nchi ya [[Ubelgiji]]. Mwaka wa 1911 alikuwa mshindi wa ‘’’[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Fasihi’’’. [[Category:Waandishi]] [[Category:Washairi]] [[bg:Морис Метерлинк]] [[cs:Maurice Maeterlinck]] [[de:Maurice Maeterlinck]] [[en:Maurice Maeterlinck]] [[es:Maurice Maeterlinck]] [[fi:Maurice Maeterlinck]] [[fr:Maurice Maeterlinck]] [[he:מוריס מטרלינק]] [[hu:Maurice Maeterlinck]] [[it:Maurice Maeterlinck]] [[nl:Maurice Maeterlinck]] [[no:Maurice Maeterlinck]] [[pl:Maurice Maeterlinck]] [[pt:Maurice Maeterlinck]] [[ro:Maurice Maeterlinck]] [[ru:Метерлинк, Морис]] [[sv:Maurice Maeterlinck]] [[uk:Метерлінк Моріс]] {{mbegu}} 2866 9932 2006-05-22T20:17:21Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Alexis Carrel''' (28 Juni 1873 &ndash; 5 Novemba 1944) alikuwa daktari mpasuaji kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Hasa alichunguza mkusanyiko wa vyembe mwilini (tishu) na mbinu za kuuhamisha. Mwaka wa 1912 alikuwa mshindi wa ‘’’[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Tiba’’’. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[de:Alexis Carrel]] [[en:Alexis Carrel]] [[es:Alexis Carrel]] [[fi:Alexis Carrel]] [[fr:Alexis Carrel]] [[id:Alexis Carrel]] [[it:Alexis Carrel]] [[ja:アレクシス・カレル]] [[nl:Alexis Carrel]] [[pl:Alexis Carrel]] [[pt:Alexis Carrel]] [[tr:Alexis Carrel]] {{mbegu}} 2867 9933 2006-05-22T20:18:20Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Elihu Root''' (15 Februari 1845 &ndash; 7 Februari 1937) alikuwa mwanasiasa kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Alikuwa mwanachama wa Chama cha Jamhuri cha Marekani. Kutoka 1905 hadi 1909 alikuwa Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje wa Marekani. Mwaka wa 1912 alikuwa mshindi wa ‘’’[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Amani’’’. [[Category:Wanasiasa]] [[de:Elihu Root]] [[en:Elihu Root]] [[es:Elihu Root]] [[no:Elihu Root]] [[pt:Elihu Root]] {{mbegu}} 2868 10089 2006-05-25T12:22:33Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] [[Image:Tagore3.jpg|thumb|200px|Rabindranath Tagore mwaka 1915]] '''Rabindranath Tagore''' (7 Mei 1861 &ndash; 7 Agosti 1941) alikuwa mwandishi na mwanafalsafa kutoka nchi ya [[Uhindi]]. Tagore ni mwakilishi mkuu wa fasihi ya Kihindi ya kisasa. Pia alitafuta mawasiliano ya kitamaduni na Ulaya na Marekani ambako amesafari mara kadhaa. Mwaka wa 1913 alikuwa mshindi wa ‘’’[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Fasihi’’’. [[Category:Waandishi]] [[bg:Рабиндранат Тагор]] [[bn:রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর]] [[ca:Rabindranath Tagore]] [[cs:Rabíndranáth Thákur]] [[de:Rabindranath Tagore]] [[en:Rabindranath Tagore]] [[eo:Rabindranath Tagore]] [[es:Rabindranath Tagore]] [[fi:Rabindranath Tagore]] [[fr:Rabîndranâth Tagore]] [[he:רבינדרנת טגור]] [[hi:रविन्द्रनाथ टगोर]] [[hu:Rabindranath Tagore]] [[it:Rabindranath Tagore]] [[ja:ラビンドラナート・タゴール]] [[ko:라빈드라나트 타고르]] [[ks:रवीन्द्रनाथ ठाकुर]] [[lt:Rabindranatas Tagorė]] [[nl:Rabindranath Tagore]] [[no:Rabindranath Tagore]] [[pl:Rabindranath Tagore]] [[pt:Rabindranath Tagore]] [[ro:Rabindranath Tagore]] [[ru:Тагор, Рабиндранат]] [[sa:रवीन्द्रनाथ ठाकुर]] [[sk:Rabíndranáth Thákur]] [[sr:Рабиндранат Тагоре]] [[sv:Rabindranath Tagore]] [[ta:இரவீந்திரநாத் தாகூர்]] [[th:รพินทรนาถ ฐากูร]] [[tr:Rabindranath Tagore]] [[uk:Тагор Рабіндранат]] [[vi:Rabindranath Tagore]] [[zh:罗宾德拉纳特•泰戈尔]] [[zh-min-nan:Rabíndranáth Thákur]] {{mbegu}} 2869 10090 2006-05-25T12:26:28Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Romain Rolland''' (29 Januari 1866 &ndash; 30 Desemba 1944) alikuwa mwandishi kutoka nchi ya [[Ufaransa]]. Baadhi ya maandiko yake aliandika wasifu ya maisha ya [[Ludwig van Beethoven]]. Baada ya [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia]] alifuata mawazo ya [[Gandhi]] na ya kikomunisti. Mwaka wa 1915 alikuwa mshindi wa ‘’’[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Fasihi’’’. [[Category:Waandishi]] [[cs:Romain Rolland]] [[de:Romain Rolland]] [[en:Romain Rolland]] [[eo:Romain ROLLAND]] [[es:Romain Rolland]] [[fi:Romain Rolland]] [[fr:Romain Rolland]] [[he:רומן רולן]] [[hu:Romain Rolland]] [[it:Romain Rolland]] [[ja:ロマン・ロラン]] [[lt:Romain Rolland]] [[nl:Romain Rolland]] [[no:Romain Rolland]] [[pl:Romain Rolland]] [[pt:Romain Rolland]] [[ro:Romain Rolland]] [[ru:Роллан, Ромен]] [[sk:Romain Rolland]] [[sv:Romain Rolland]] [[uk:Роллан Ромен]] [[zh:罗曼•罗兰]] {{mbegu}} 2870 10057 2006-05-24T19:19:58Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] [[Image:Johannes_Stark.png|right|frame|Johannes Stark, 1919]] '''Johannes Stark''' (15 Aprili 1874 &ndash; 21 Juni 1957) alikuwa mwanafizikia kutoka nchi ya [[Ujerumani]]. Hasa alichunguza maswali ya umeme. Mwaka wa 1905 aligundua [[athari ya Doppler]] katika mionzi maalumu. Mwaka wa 1919 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Fizikia'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[bs:Johannes Stark]] [[de:Johannes Stark]] [[en:Johannes Stark]] [[es:Johannes Stark]] [[fr:Johannes Stark]] [[hr:Johannes Stark]] [[nl:Johannes Stark]] [[no:Johannes Stark]] [[pl:Johannes Stark]] [[pt:Johannes Stark]] [[sl:Johannes Stark]] [[sv:Johannes Stark]] [[zh:约翰尼斯•斯塔克]] {{mbegu}} 2871 9938 2006-05-22T20:23:19Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Jules Bordet''' (13 Juni 1870 &ndash; 6 Aprili 1961) alikuwa daktari kutoka nchi ya [[Ubelgiji]]. Hasa alichunguza virusi visababishavyo magonjwa mbalimbali. Mwaka wa 1919 alikuwa mshindi wa ‘’’[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Tiba’’’. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[de:Jules Bordet]] [[en:Jules Bordet]] [[es:Jules Bordet]] [[fr:Jules Bordet]] [[id:Jules Jean Baptiste Vincent Bordet]] [[it:Jules Jean Baptiste Vincent Bordet]] [[ja:ジュール・ボルデ]] [[nl:Jules Bordet]] [[pl:Jules Bordet]] [[pt:Jules Jean Baptiste Vincent Bordet]] [[zh:朱勒•博爾德]] {{mbegu}} 2872 10091 2006-05-25T12:27:47Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] [[Image:Carl spitteler 1905.jpg|thumb|right|175px|Carl Spitteler mnamo 1905]] '''Carl Spitteler''' (24 Aprili 1845 &ndash; 29 Desemba 1924) alikuwa mshairi kutoka nchi ya [[Uswisi]]. Hasa aliandika mashairi, riwaya fupi na insha. Mwaka wa 1919 alikuwa mshindi wa ‘’’[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Fasihi’’’. [[Category:Waandishi]] [[Category:Washairi]] [[de:Carl Spitteler]] [[el:Καρλ Σπίτελερ]] [[en:Carl Spitteler]] [[eo:Carl SPITTELER]] [[es:Carl Spitteler]] [[fi:Carl Spitteler]] [[fr:Carl Spitteler]] [[gd:Carl Friedrich Georg Spitteler]] [[he:קרל שפיטלר]] [[no:Carl Spitteler]] [[pl:Carl Spitteler]] [[ro:Carl Spitteler]] [[sv:Carl Spitteler]] {{mbegu}} 2873 9940 2006-05-22T20:24:49Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''August Krogh''' (15 Novemba 1874 &ndash; 13 Septemba 1949) alikuwa daktari na mwanafiziolojia kutoka nchi ya [[Denmark]]. Hasa alichunguza maswali ya uvutaji pumzi. Mwaka wa 1920 alikuwa mshindi wa ‘’’[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Tiba’’’. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[da:August Krogh]] [[de:Schack August Steenberg Krogh]] [[en:August Krogh]] [[es:August Krogh]] [[fr:Schack August Steenberg Krogh]] [[no:August S. Krogh]] [[pl:August Krogh]] [[pt:Schack August Steenberg Krogh]] {{mbegu}} 2874 10092 2006-05-25T12:28:42Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] [[Image:Knut Hamsun.jpeg|right|thumb|180px|Knut Hamsun (akiwa na umri wa miaka 31) mnamo [[1890]]]] '''Knut Hamsun''' (4 Agosti 1859 &ndash; 19 Februari 1952) alikuwa mwandishi kutoka nchi ya [[Norway]]. Hasa aliandika [[mashairi]] na [[riwaya]]. Mwaka wa 1920 alikuwa mshindi wa ‘’’[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Fasihi’’’. [[Category:Waandishi]] [[cs:Knut Hamsun]] [[da:Knut Hamsun]] [[de:Knut Hamsun]] [[en:Knut Hamsun]] [[eo:Knut HAMSUN]] [[es:Knut Hamsun]] [[et:Knut Hamsun]] [[fi:Knut Hamsun]] [[fr:Knut Hamsun]] [[gd:Knut Hamsun]] [[he:קנוט האמסון]] [[hr:Knut Hamsun]] [[ka:ჰამსუნი, კნუტ]] [[lt:Knut Hamsun]] [[lv:Knuts Hamsuns]] [[nl:Knut Hamsun]] [[nn:Knut Hamsun]] [[no:Knut Hamsun]] [[pl:Knut Hamsun]] [[pt:Knut Hamsun]] [[ro:Knut Hamsun]] [[ru:Гамсун, Кнут]] [[sk:Knut Hamsun]] [[sv:Knut Hamsun]] [[tr:Knut Hamsun]] [[zh:克努特•汉姆生]] {{mbegu}} 2875 9942 2006-05-22T20:26:22Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Jacinto Benavente''' (12 Agosti 1866 &ndash; 14 Julai 1954) alikuwa mwandishi kutoka nchi ya [[Hispania]]. Hasa aliandika [[tamthiliya]]. Mwaka wa 1922 alikuwa mshindi wa ‘’’[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Fasihi’’’. [[Category:Waandishi]] [[de:Jacinto Benavente]] [[en:Jacinto Benavente]] [[eo:Jacinto Benavente]] [[es:Jacinto Benavente]] [[fi:Jacinto Benavente]] [[fr:Jacinto Benavente]] [[he:חסינטו בנאבנטה]] [[io:Jacinto Benavente]] [[no:Jacinto Benavente]] [[pl:Jacinto Benavente]] [[pt:Jacinto Benavente]] [[ro:Jacinto Benavente]] [[sv:Jacinto Benavente]] {{mbegu}} 2876 10079 2006-05-24T22:11:20Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] [[Image:Utenforhyttentiljackson.jpg|thumb|200px|Fridtjof Nansen]] '''Fridtjof Nansen''' (10 Oktoba 1861 &ndash; 13 Mei 1930) alikuwa mpelelezi wa maeneo ya [[ncha ya Kaskazini]], mwanazuolojia na mwanasiasa kutoka nchi ya [[Norwei]]. Katika safari yake ya miaka 1888-89 alikuwa mpelelezi wa kwanza kuvuka kisiwa cha [[Greenland]] kutoka Mashariki kwenda Magharibi. Miaka ya 1893-96 alisafiri na meli yake iliyoitwa ‘’’Fram’’’ ndani ya barafu ya [[Bahari ya Ncha ya Kaskazini]]. Miaka ya 1906-08 alikuwa balozi ya Norwei kule [[London]], [[Uingereza]]. Mwaka wa 1922 alikuwa mshindi wa ‘’’[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Amani’’’. [[Category:Wapelelezi]] [[Category:Wanasiasa]] [[bg:Фритьоф Нансен]] [[bs:Fridtjof Nansen]] [[da:Fridtjof Nansen]] [[de:Fridtjof Nansen]] [[en:Fridtjof Nansen]] [[eo:Fridtjof Nansen]] [[es:Fridtjof Nansen]] [[et:Fridtjof Nansen]] [[fi:Fridtjof Nansen]] [[fr:Fridtjof Nansen]] [[he:פריטיוף ננסן]] [[hr:Fridtjof Nansen]] [[hu:Fridtjof Nansen]] [[it:Fridtjof Nansen]] [[ja:フリチョフ・ナンセン]] [[ko:프리티오프 난센]] [[nl:Fridtjof Nansen]] [[nn:Fridtjof Nansen]] [[no:Fridtjof Nansen]] [[pl:Fridtjöf Nansen]] [[pt:Fridtjof Nansen]] [[ro:Fridtjof Nansen]] [[ru:Нансен, Фритьоф]] [[sl:Fridtjof Nansen]] [[sv:Fridtjof Nansen]] {{mbegu}} 2877 9944 2006-05-22T20:28:31Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Willem Einthoven''' (21 Mei 1860 &ndash; 29 Septemba 1927) alikuwa daktari na mwanafiziolojia kutoka nchi ya [[Uholanzi]]. Hasa alichunguza maswali ya umeme wa moyo na kuunda mbinu za kuupima. Mwaka wa 1924 alikuwa mshindi wa ‘’’[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Tiba’’’. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[bg:Вилем Ейнтховен]] [[de:Willem Einthoven]] [[en:Willem Einthoven]] [[es:Willem Einthoven]] [[id:Willem Einthoven]] [[ja:ウィレム・アイントホーフェン]] [[nl:Willem Einthoven]] [[pl:Willem Einthoven]] [[pt:Willem Einthoven]] {{mbegu}} 2878 9945 2006-05-22T20:29:10Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Johannes Fibiger''' (23 Aprili 1867 &ndash; 30 Januari 1928) alikuwa daktari na mwanapatholojia kutoka nchi ya [[Denmark]]. Hasa alichunguza ugonjwa wa [[kansa]]. Mwaka wa 1926 alikuwa mshindi wa ‘’’[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Tiba’’’. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[da:Johannes Fibiger]] [[de:Johannes Fibiger]] [[en:Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger]] [[es:Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger]] [[ja:ヨハネス・フィビゲル]] [[pl:Johannes Fibiger]] [[pt:Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger]] {{mbegu}} 2879 9946 2006-05-22T20:30:04Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Grazia Deledda''' (30 Septemba 1871 &ndash; 15 Agosti 1936) alikuwa mwandishi wa kike kutoka nchi ya [[Italia]]. Hasa aliandika riwaya ambazo wahusika wake wametoka kisiwa cha [[Sardinia]]. Mwaka wa 1926 alikuwa mshindi wa ‘’’[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Fasihi’’’. [[Category:Waandishi]] [[de:Grazia Deledda]] [[en:Grazia Deledda]] [[eo:Grazia DELEDDA]] [[es:Grazia Deledda]] [[fi:Grazia Deledda]] [[fr:Grazia Deledda]] [[he:גרציה דלדה]] [[hr:Grazia Deledda]] [[it:Grazia Deledda]] [[lt:Grazia Deledda]] [[no:Grazia Deledda]] [[pl:Grazia Deledda]] [[pt:Grazia Deledda]] [[ro:Grazia Deledda]] [[sc:Deledda, Grazia]] [[sk:Grazia Deledda]] [[sv:Grazia Deledda]] [[tr:Grazia Deledda]] {{mbegu}} 2880 9947 2006-05-22T20:30:41Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Henri Bergson''' (18 Oktoba 1859 &ndash; 4 Januari 1941) alikuwa mwanafalsafa na mwandishi kutoka nchi ya [[Ufaransa]]. Mwaka wa 1927 alikuwa mshindi wa ‘’’[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Fasihi’’’. [[Category:Waandishi]] [[bs:Henri Bergson]] [[cs:Henri Bergson]] [[da:Henri Bergson]] [[de:Henri Bergson]] [[en:Henri Bergson]] [[es:Henri Bergson]] [[fi:Henri Bergson]] [[fr:Henri Bergson]] [[gd:Henri Bergson]] [[he:אנרי ברגסון]] [[hr:Henri Bergson]] [[io:Henri Bergson]] [[it:Henri Bergson]] [[ja:アンリ・ベルクソン]] [[ko:앙리 베르그송]] [[nl:Henri Bergson]] [[no:Henri Bergson]] [[pl:Henri Bergson]] [[pt:Henri Bergson]] [[ro:Henri Bergson]] [[sk:Henri Bergson]] [[sv:Henri Bergson]] [[tr:Henri Bergson]] [[zh:亨利•柏格森]] {{mbegu}} 2881 9948 2006-05-22T20:31:28Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Charles Nicolle''' (21 Septemba 1866 &ndash; 28 Februari 1936) alikuwa daktari kutoka nchi ya [[Ufaransa]]. Hasa alichunguza virusi visababishavyo magonjwa mbalimbali. Alikuwa wa kwanza kueleza jinsi ya kuenea kwa homa ya madoa madoa. Mwaka wa 1928 alikuwa mshindi wa ‘’’[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Tiba’’’. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[bg:Шарл Никол]] [[de:Charles Jules Henry Nicolle]] [[en:Charles Nicolle]] [[es:Charles Nicolle]] [[fr:Charles Jules Henri Nicolle]] [[pl:Charles Nicolle]] {{mbegu}} 2882 9949 2006-05-22T20:32:11Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Sigrid Undset''' (20 Mei 1882 &ndash; 10 Juni 1949) alikuwa mwandishi wa kike kutoka nchi ya [[Norwei]]. Hasa aliandika riwaya ambazo ndani yake alijishughulikia na matatizo ya wanawake wa kisasa. Mwaka wa 1928 alikuwa mshindi wa ‘’’[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Fasihi’’’. [[Category:Waandishi]] [[bs:Sigrid Undset]] [[da:Sigrid Undset]] [[de:Sigrid Undset]] [[el:Σίγκριντ Ούντσετ]] [[en:Sigrid Undset]] [[eo:Sigrid UNDSET]] [[es:Sigrid Undset]] [[fi:Sigrid Undset]] [[fr:Sigrid Undset]] [[gd:Sigrid Undset]] [[he:סיגריד אונדסט]] [[hr:Sigrid Undset]] [[it:Sigrid Undset]] [[lt:Sigrid Undset]] [[nl:Sigrid Undset]] [[nn:Sigrid Undset]] [[no:Sigrid Undset]] [[pl:Sigrid Undset]] [[pt:Sigrid Undset]] [[ro:Sigrid Undset]] [[sv:Sigrid Undset]] {{mbegu}} 2883 9950 2006-05-22T20:32:59Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Karl Landsteiner''' (14 Juni 1868 &ndash; 26 Juni 1943) alikuwa daktari kutoka nchi ya [[Austria]]. Baadhi ya utafiti mwingi alichunguza virusi visababishavyo magonjwa mbalimbali. Aligundua aina nne za [[damu]] ya mwanadamu. Mwaka wa 1930 alikuwa mshindi wa ‘’’[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Tiba’’’. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[de:Karl Landsteiner]] [[en:Karl Landsteiner]] [[eo:Karl LANDSTEINER]] [[es:Karl Landsteiner]] [[fi:Karl Landsteiner]] [[fr:Karl Landsteiner]] [[id:Karl Landsteiner]] [[ja:カール・ラントシュタイナー]] [[ms:Karl Landsteiner]] [[pl:Karl Landsteiner]] [[pt:Karl Landsteiner]] [[zh:卡尔•兰德施泰纳]] {{mbegu}} 2884 9951 2006-05-22T20:33:31Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Sinclair Lewis''' (7 Februari 1885 &ndash; 10 Januari 1951) alikuwa mwandishi kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Katika riwaya zake alikosoa jamii ya kimarekani. Mwaka wa 1930 alikuwa mshindi wa ‘’’[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Fasihi’’’. [[Category:Waandishi]] [[bg:Синклер Луис]] [[de:Sinclair Lewis]] [[en:Sinclair Lewis]] [[eo:Sinclair LEWIS]] [[es:Sinclair Lewis]] [[fi:Sinclair Lewis]] [[fr:Sinclair Lewis]] [[gd:Sinclair Lewis]] [[he:סינקלר לואיס]] [[ja:シンクレア・ルイス]] [[nl:Sinclair Lewis]] [[no:Sinclair Lewis]] [[pl:Sinclair Lewis]] [[pt:Sinclair Lewis]] [[ro:Sinclair Lewis]] [[sk:Sinclair Lewis]] [[sr:Синклер Луис]] [[sv:Sinclair Lewis]] {{mbegu}} 2885 9952 2006-05-22T20:34:03Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''John Galsworthy''' (14 Agosti 1867 &ndash; 31 Januari 1933) alikuwa mwandishi kutoka nchi ya [[Uingereza]]. Aliandika hasa riwaya, tamthiliya na insha. Mwaka wa 1932 alikuwa mshindi wa ‘’’[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Fasihi’’’. [[Category:Waandishi]] [[cs:John Galsworthy]] [[de:John Galsworthy]] [[en:John Galsworthy]] [[eo:John Galsworthy]] [[es:John Galsworthy]] [[fi:John Galsworthy]] [[fr:John Galsworthy]] [[he:ג'ון גולסוורתי]] [[it:John Galsworthy]] [[ja:ジョン・ゴールズワージー]] [[nl:John Galsworthy]] [[no:John Galsworthy]] [[pl:John Galsworthy]] [[ro:John Galsworthy]] [[sv:John Galsworthy]] {{mbegu}} 2886 9953 2006-05-22T20:34:45Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Luigi Pirandello''' (28 Juni 1867 &ndash; 10 Desemba 1936) alikuwa mwandishi kutoka nchi ya [[Italia]]. Alijihusisha hasa na [[tamthiliya]] na nadharia yake. Mwaka wa 1934 alikuwa mshindi wa ‘’’[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Fasihi’’’. [[Category:Waandishi]] [[be:Люіджы Пірандэльлё]] [[de:Luigi Pirandello]] [[en:Luigi Pirandello]] [[eo:Luigi PIRANDELLO]] [[es:Luigi Pirandello]] [[fr:Luigi Pirandello]] [[he:לואיג'י פיראנדלו]] [[hr:Luigi Pirandello]] [[hu:Luigi Pirandello]] [[it:Luigi Pirandello]] [[lt:Luigi Pirandello]] [[nl:Luigi Pirandello]] [[no:Luigi Pirandello]] [[pl:Luigi Pirandello]] [[pt:Luigi Pirandello]] [[ro:Luigi Pirandello]] [[scn:Luiggi Pirandellu]] [[sk:Luigi Pirandello]] [[sr:Луиђи Пирандело]] [[sv:Luigi Pirandello]] [[tr:Luigi Pirandello]] {{mbegu}} 2887 9954 2006-05-22T20:35:26Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Arthur Henderson''' (20 Oktoba 1863 &ndash; 13 Septemba 1935) alikuwa mwanasiasa kutoka nchi ya [[Uingereza]]. Alikuwa kiongozi wa Chama cha Wafanyakazi (‘’Labour Party’’) mara tatu: 1908-11, 1914-22, 1931-34. Pia alikuwa Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje wa Uingereza kuanzia 1929 hadi 1931. Mwaka wa 1934 alikuwa mshindi wa ‘’’[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Amani’’’. [[Category:Wanasiasa]] [[de:Arthur Henderson]] [[en:Arthur Henderson]] [[es:Arthur Henderson]] [[nl:Arthur Henderson]] [[pt:Arthur Henderson]] [[sv:Arthur Henderson]] {{mbegu}} 2888 9956 2006-05-22T20:36:32Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''James Chadwick''' (20 Oktoba 1891 &ndash; 23 Julai 1974) alikuwa mwanafizikia kutoka nchi ya [[Uingereza]]. Aligundua na kuchunguza [[nutroni]]. Mwaka wa 1935 alikuwa mshindi wa ‘’’[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Fizikia’’’. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[de:James Chadwick]] [[en:James Chadwick]] [[es:James Chadwick]] [[fa:جیمز چدویک]] [[fi:James Chadwick]] [[fr:James Chadwick]] [[he:ג'יימס צ'דוויק]] [[hr:James Chadwick]] [[hu:James Chadwick]] [[id:James Chadwick]] [[it:James Chadwick]] [[ja:ジェームズ・チャドウィック]] [[nl:James Chadwick]] [[no:James Chadwick]] [[pl:James Chadwick]] [[pt:James Chadwick]] [[ru:Чедвик, Джеймс]] [[sl:James Chadwick]] [[sv:James Chadwick]] [[tr:James Chadwick]] [[zh:詹姆斯•查德威克]] {{mbegu}} 2889 9957 2006-05-22T20:37:09Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Hans Spemann''' (27 Juni 1869 &ndash; 12 Septemba 1941) alikuwa mwanazuolojia na mwanafiziolojia kutoka nchi ya [[Ujerumani]]. Kwa mfano alitafiti maendeleo ya miili ya aina ya chura. Mwaka wa 1935 alikuwa mshindi wa ‘’’[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Tiba’’’. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[de:Hans Spemann]] [[en:Hans Spemann]] [[es:Hans Spemann]] [[ja:ハンス・シュペーマン]] [[pt:Hans Spemann]] {{mbegu}} 2890 9958 2006-05-22T20:38:04Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Carlos Saavedra Lamas''' (1 Novemba 1878 &ndash; 5 Mei 1959) alikuwa mwanasheria na mwanasiasa kutoka nchi ya [[Argentina]]. Alikuwa Waziri ya Mambo ya Nje kuanzia 1932 hadi 1938. Wakati ule alisaidia kukomesha [[Vita ya Chako]]. Mwaka wa 1936 alikuwa mshindi wa ‘’’[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Amani’’’. [[Category:Wanasiasa]] [[de:Carlos Saavedra Lamas]] [[en:Carlos Saavedra Lamas]] [[es:Carlos Saavedra Lamas]] [[it:Carlos Saavedra Lamas]] [[no:Carlos Saavedra Lamas]] [[pt:Carlos Saavedra Lamas]] [[sv:Carlos Saavedra Lamas]] {{mbegu}} 2891 9959 2006-05-22T20:38:46Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Mikael Agricola''' (takriban 1509 &ndash; 9 Aprili 1557) alikuwa mwanateolojia katika nchi ya [[Finland]]. Alikuwa mwanafunzi wa [[Martin Luther]] na [[Philipp Melanchthon]] na baadaye alileta mabadiliko ya kanisa kule Finland. Pia alianzisha fasihi katika lugha ya Kifini na kutafsiri [[Agano Jipya]]. [[Category:Wanateolojia]] [[cs:Mikael Olai Agricola]] [[de:Mikael Agricola]] [[en:Mikael Agricola]] [[et:Mikael Agricola]] [[fi:Mikael Agricola]] [[hu:Mikael Agricola]] [[io:Mikael Agricola]] [[it:Mikael Agricola]] [[sk:Mikael Olai Agricola]] [[sv:Mikael Agricola]] {{mbegu}} 2892 9960 2006-05-22T20:39:28Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Otto Stern''' (17 Februari 1888 &ndash; 17 Agosti 1969) alikuwa mwanafizikia kutoka nchi ya [[Ujerumani]]. Wakati wa utawala wa [[Adolf Hitler]] alihamia Marekani. Hasa alichunguza [[usumaku]] wa atomu. Mwaka wa 1943 alikuwa mshindi wa ‘’’[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Fizikia’’’. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[de:Otto Stern]] [[en:Otto Stern]] [[es:Otto Stern]] [[fr:Otto Stern]] [[id:Otto Stern]] [[ja:オットー・シュテルン]] [[no:Otto Stern]] [[pl:Otto Stern]] [[pt:Otto Stern]] [[sl:Otto Stern]] [[sv:Otto Stern]] {{mbegu}} 2893 9962 2006-05-22T20:40:59Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Herbert Spencer Gasser''' (5 Julai 1888 &ndash; 11 Mei 1963) alikuwa mwanafiziolojia kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Hasa alichunguza na kugundua kazi za [[neva]] mwilini. Mwaka wa 1944, pamoja na [[Joseph Erlanger]] alikuwa mshindi wa ‘’’[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Tiba’’’. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[de:Herbert Spencer Gasser]] [[en:Herbert Spencer Gasser]] [[es:Herbert Spencer Gasser]] [[pt:Herbert Spencer Gasser]] {{mbegu}} 2894 9963 2006-05-22T20:41:37Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Joseph Erlanger''' (5 Januari 1874 &ndash; 5 Desemba 1965) alikuwa daktari na mwanafiziolojia kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Hasa alichunguza elimu ya [[neva]]. Mwaka wa 1944, pamoja na [[Herbert Spencer Gasser]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Tiba'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[de:Joseph Erlanger]] [[en:Joseph Erlanger]] [[pt:Joseph Erlanger]] {{mbegu}} 2895 9964 2006-05-22T20:42:46Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Wolfgang Pauli''' (25 Aprili 1900 &ndash; 15 Desemba 1958) alikuwa mwanafizikia kutoka nchi ya [[Austria]]. Hasa alichunguza nadharia ya [[Albert Einstein]] (‘’Relativity Theory’’) na nadharia ya [[kwanta]]. Mwaka wa 1925 alitangaza [[Kanuni ya Pauli]]. Mwaka wa 1945 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Fizikia'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[ca:Wolfgang Ernst Pauli]] [[de:Wolfgang Pauli]] [[en:Wolfgang Pauli]] [[es:Wolfgang Ernst Pauli]] [[fa:ولفگانگ پائولی]] [[fi:Wolfgang Pauli]] [[fr:Wolfgang Ernst Pauli]] [[hr:Wolfgang Pauli]] [[hu:Wolfgang Pauli]] [[id:Wolfgang Pauli]] [[io:Wolfgang Pauli]] [[it:Wolfgang Pauli]] [[ja:ヴォルフガング・パウリ]] [[nl:Wolfgang Pauli]] [[no:Wolfgang Pauli]] [[pl:Wolfgang Pauli]] [[pt:Wolfgang Pauli]] [[ru:Паули, Вольфганг]] [[sl:Wolfgang Ernst Pauli]] [[sr:Волфганг Паули]] [[sv:Wolfgang Pauli]] [[tr:Wolfgang Pauli]] [[zh:沃尔夫冈•泡利]] {{mbegu}} 2896 9965 2006-05-22T20:43:23Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Kanuni ya Pauli''' ilitangazwa mwaka wa 1925 na [[Wolfgang Pauli]]. Inahusu [[elektroni]] za atomu. Kila elektroni ina tarakimu nne za [[kwanta]]. Kanuni ya Pauli inadai kwamba tarakimu hizo nne haziwezekani kuwa sawa kwa elektroni mbili ndani ya atomu moja. [[Category:Kanuni za Fizikia]] [[Category:Nadharia ya Atomu]] [[de:Pauli-Prinzip]] [[bg:Принцип на Паули]] [[ca:Principi d'exclusió de Pauli]] [[cs:Pauliho vylučovací princip]] [[da:Paulis udelukkelsesprincip]] [[en:Pauli exclusion principle]] [[es:Principio de exclusión de Pauli]] [[fi:Paulin kieltosääntö]] [[fr:Principe d'exclusion de Pauli]] [[he:עקרון האיסור של פאולי]] [[hu:Pauli-elv]] [[it:Principio di esclusione di Pauli]] [[ja:パウリの排他原理]] [[ko:파울리 배타 원리]] [[nl:Uitsluitingsprincipe van Pauli]] [[pl:Reguła Pauliego]] [[pt:Princípio de exclusão de Pauli]] [[ru:Принцип Паули]] [[sl:Paulijevo izključitveno načelo]] [[sr:Паулијев принцип]] [[sv:Paulis uteslutningsprincip]] [[tr:Pauli dışlama prensibi]] [[vi:Nguyên lý loại trừ]] [[zh:泡利不相容原理]] {{mbegu}} 2897 9966 2006-05-22T20:44:23Z Oliver Stegen 160 ‘’’Paulo Diakono’’’ (takriban 720 hadi 797) alikuwa mwanahistoria aliyetoka kabila la [[Walangobardi]]. Kati ya miaka 782 na 787 aliishi ikuluni mwa mfalme [[Karoli Mashuhuri]]. Aliandika historia ya maaskofu wa mji wa [[Metz]], historia ya Walangobardi, na wasifu ya maisha ya Papa [[Gregori I]]. [[Category:Wanahistoria]] [[de:Paulus Diaconus]] [[en:Paul the Deacon]] [[es:Pablo el Diácono]] [[fr:Paul Diacre]] [[it:Paolo Diacono]] [[nl:Paulus Diaconus]] [[pl:Paweł Diakon]] [[sv:Paulus Diaconus]] {{mbegu}} 2898 9967 2006-05-22T20:45:16Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Adolphe Adam''' (24 Julai 1803 &ndash; 3 Mei 1856) alikuwa mtungaji wa muziki kutoka nchi ya [[Ufaransa]]. Hasa alitunga muziki ya [[opera]]. [[Category:Watungaji wa Muziki]] [[bg:Адолф Адам]] [[da:Adolphe-Charles Adam]] [[de:Adolphe Adam]] [[en:Adolphe Adam]] [[es:Adolphe Adam]] [[et:Adolphe Charles Adam]] [[fi:Adolphe Adam]] [[fr:Adolphe Adam]] [[hr:Adolphe Adam]] [[it:Adolphe-Charles Adam]] [[ja:アドルフ・アダン]] [[nl:Adolphe Adam]] [[pl:Adolphe Adam]] [[ro:Adolphe Adam]] [[sl:Adolphe-Charles Adam]] [[sv:Adolphe Adam]] {{mbegu}} 2899 9968 2006-05-22T20:46:00Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Daniel Auber''' (29 Januari 1782 &ndash; 12 Mei 1871) alikuwa mtungaji wa muziki kutoka nchi ya [[Ufaransa]]. Alikuwa mwanafunzi wa [[Luigi Cherubini]]. Hasa alitunga muziki ya [[opera]]. [[Category:Watungaji wa Muziki]] [[da:Daniel François Esprit Auber]] [[de: Daniel-François-Esprit Auber]] [[en:Daniel Auber]] [[es:Daniel-François Auber]] [[fi:Daniel-François-Esprit Auber]] [[fr:Daniel-François-Esprit Auber]] [[gl:Daniel Auber]] [[hr:Daniel-François-Esprit Auber]] [[ja:フランソワ・オーベール]] [[nl:Daniel Auber]] [[pl:Daniel Auber]] [[ro:Daniel-François-Esprit Auber]] {{mbegu}} 2900 9969 2006-05-22T20:46:45Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Bela Bartok''' (25 Machi 1881 &ndash; 26 Septemba 1945) alikuwa mtungaji wa muziki kutoka nchi ya [[Hungary]]. Alichunguza na kukusanya nyimbo za jadi kutoka maeneo yapakanayo na mto wa [[Danube]]. [[Category:Watungaji wa Muziki]] [[bg:Бела Барток]] [[cs:Béla Bartók]] [[da:Béla Bartók]] [[de:Béla Bartók]] [[en:Béla Bartók]] [[eo:Béla Bartók]] [[es:Béla Bartók]] [[fi:Béla Bartók]] [[fr:Béla Bartók]] [[he:בלה בארטוק]] [[hr:Béla Bartók]] [[hu:Bartók Béla]] [[it:Béla Bartók]] [[ja:バルトーク・ベーラ]] [[ko:벨러 버르토크]] [[kw:Béla Bartók]] [[lt:Bela Bartokas]] [[nl:Béla Bartók]] [[no:Béla Bartók]] [[pl:Béla Bartók]] [[ro:Béla Bartók]] [[ru:Барток, Бела]] [[sl:Béla Bartók]] [[sv:Béla Bartók]] [[th:เบลา บาร์ต็อก]] [[tr:Béla Bartók]] [[zh:巴托克•贝拉]] {{mbegu}} 2901 9970 2006-05-22T20:47:20Z Oliver Stegen 160 #REDIRECT[[Bela Bartok]] 2902 9971 2006-05-22T20:47:59Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Alexander Borodin''' (12 Novemba 1833 &ndash; 27 Februari 1887) alikuwa mtungaji wa muziki kutoka nchi ya [[Urusi]]. Baadhi ya muziki nyingi alitunga muziki ya [[simfoni]]. [[Category:Watungaji wa Muziki]] [[bg:Александър Бородин]] [[da:Aleksandr Porfirjevitj Borodin]] [[de:Alexander Porfirjewitsch Borodin]] [[en:Alexander Borodin]] [[es:Alexánder Borodín]] [[fi:Aleksandr Borodin]] [[fr:Alexandre Borodine]] [[he:אלכסנדר בורודין]] [[hr:Aleksandar Borodin]] [[it:Alexandr Borodin]] [[ja:アレクサンドル・ボロディン]] [[ko:알렉산드르 보로딘]] [[lt:Aleksandras Borodinas]] [[nl:Alexander Borodin]] [[no:Aleksandr Borodin]] [[pl:Aleksander Borodin]] [[pt:Aleksandr Borodin]] [[ru:Бородин, Александр Порфирьевич]] [[sr:Александар Бородин]] [[sv:Alexander Borodin]] [[zh:亞歷山大•鮑羅丁]] {{mbegu}} 2903 9972 2006-05-22T20:48:55Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''William wa Ockham''' (takriban 1285 &ndash; 9 Aprili 1349 au 1350) alikuwa mwanateolojia na mwanafalsafa kutoka nchi ya [[Uingereza]]. Alikuwa mmojawapo wa waanzishaji wa [[mantiki]] ya kisasa. Pia alimkosoa Papa. [[Category:Wanateolojia]] [[Category:Wanafalsafa]] [[bs:Vilijam Okam]] [[de:Wilhelm von Ockham]] [[en:William of Ockham]] [[es:Guillermo de Ockham]] [[fa:ویلیام اکام]] [[fi:Wilhelm Ockhamilainen]] [[fr:Guillaume d'Occam]] [[gl:William de Ockham]] [[he:ויליאם איש אוקאם]] [[hr:William Occam]] [[id:William Ockham]] [[it:Guglielmo di Occam]] [[ja:オッカムのウィリアム]] [[ko:오컴의 윌리엄]] [[la:Guillelmus de Ockham]] [[nl:Willem van Ockham]] [[no:William av Ockham]] [[pl:William Ockham]] [[pt:William de Ockham]] [[ro:William Ockham]] [[ru:Оккам, Уильям]] [[sk:William Occam]] [[sv:Wilhelm av Ockham]] [[tr:Ockham'lı William]] {{mbegu}} 2904 9973 2006-05-22T20:49:48Z Oliver Stegen 160 #REDIRECT[[William wa Ockham]] 2905 9974 2006-05-22T20:50:20Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Valentin Weigel''' (1533 &ndash; 10 Juni 1588) alikuwa mwanateolojia wa [[Waprotestanti|Kiprotestanti]] kutoka nchi ya [[Ujerumani]]. Alitunga maandiko mengi yaliyoathiriwa na uchaji wa kutafakari sana habari za Mungu. [[Category:Wanateolojia]] [[de:Valentin Weigel]] {{mbegu}} 2906 10027 2006-05-23T15:33:43Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Alphonse Laveran''' (18 Juni 1845 &ndash; 18 Mei 1922) alikuwa daktari kutoka nchi ya [[Ufaransa]]. Hasa alichunguza virusi visababishavyo magonjwa mbalimbali. Aligundua kirusi kinachosababisha [[malaria]]. Mwaka wa 1907 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Tiba'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[de:Alphonse Laveran]] [[en:Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran]] [[es:Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran]] [[fi:Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran]] [[fr:Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran]] [[id:Alphonse Laveran]] [[no:Alphonse Laveran]] [[pl:Charles Laveran]] [[pt:Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran]] {{mbegu}} 2907 10824 2006-06-14T16:55:41Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[ru:Лоуренс, Эрнест Орландо]] '''Ernest Orlando Lawrence''' (8 Agosti 1901 &ndash; 27 Agosti 1958) alikuwa mwanafizikia kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Hasa alifanya utafiti wa fizikia ya kiini. Mwaka wa 1939 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Fizikia'''. Mwaka wa 1941 alifaulu kutenganisha [[isotopu]] za elementi ya [[urani]]. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] {{mbegu}} [[de:Ernest O. Lawrence]] [[en:Ernest Lawrence]] [[es:Ernest Lawrence]] [[fr:Ernest Orlando Lawrence]] [[hu:Ernest Lawrence]] [[it:Ernest Orlando Lawrence]] [[ja:アーネスト・ローレンス]] [[no:Ernest Lawrence]] [[pl:Ernest Orlando Lawrence]] [[pt:Ernest Orlando Lawrence]] [[ru:Лоуренс, Эрнест Орландо]] [[sl:Ernest Orlando Lawrence]] [[sv:Ernest Lawrence]] 2908 9977 2006-05-22T20:52:57Z Oliver Stegen 160 #REDIRECT[[Ernest Orlando Lawrence]] 2909 10086 2006-05-25T12:20:10Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Frederic Mistral''' (8 Septemba 1830 &ndash; 25 Machi 1914) alikuwa mwandishi kutoka nchi ya [[Ufaransa]]. Hasa alijishughulikia na kufufua lugha ya [[Provence]] inayozungumzwa sehemu za Kusini za Ufaransa. Aliandika mashairi mengi katika lugha hiyo na kutolea kamusi. Mwaka wa 1904 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Fasihi'''. [[Category:Waandishi]] [[bg:Фредерик Мистрал]] [[ca:Frederic Mistral]] [[cs:Frédéric Mistral]] [[de:Frédéric Mistral]] [[en:Frédéric Mistral]] [[eo:Frederic Mistral]] [[es:Frédéric Mistral]] [[fi:Frédéric Mistral]] [[fr:Frédéric Mistral]] [[gl:Frédéric Mistral]] [[he:פרדריק מיסטרל]] [[ja:フレデリック・ミストラル]] [[ko:프레데릭 미스트랄]] [[nl:Frederic Mistral]] [[no:Frédéric Mistral]] [[oc:Frederic Mistral]] [[pl:Frédéric Mistral]] [[pt:Frédéric Mistral]] [[ro:Frédéric Mistral]] [[scn:Frédéric Mistral]] [[sk:Frédéric Mistral]] [[sv:Frédéric Mistral]] [[zh-min-nan:Frédéric Mistral]] {{mbegu}} 2910 9979 2006-05-22T20:53:59Z Oliver Stegen 160 #REDIRECT[[Frederic Mistral]] 2911 9980 2006-05-22T20:54:55Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Gabriela Mistral''' (6 Aprili 1889 &ndash; 10 Januari 1957) alikuwa mwandishi na mshairi wa kike kutoka nchi ya [[Chile]]. Jina lake la kuzaliwa lilikuwa Lucila Godoy Alcayaga. Hasa aliuandikia upendo katika mashairi yake. Mwaka wa 1945 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Fasihi'''. [[Category:Waandishi]] [[Category:Washairi]] [[be:Габрыэла Містраль]] [[bg:Габриела Мистрал]] [[cs:Gabriela Mistral]] [[de:Gabriela Mistral]] [[en:Gabriela Mistral]] [[eo:Gabriela Mistral]] [[es:Gabriela Mistral]] [[fi:Gabriela Mistral]] [[fr:Gabriela Mistral]] [[he:גבריאלה מיסטרל]] [[it:Gabriela Mistral]] [[no:Gabriela Mistral]] [[pl:Gabriela Mistral]] [[pt:Gabriela Mistral]] [[ro:Gabriela Mistral]] [[sk:Gabriela Mistral]] [[sv:Gabriela Mistral]] [[zh:加夫列拉•米斯特拉爾]] {{mbegu}} 2912 9981 2006-05-22T20:55:35Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Camillo Golgi''' (7 Julai 1844 &ndash; 21 Januari 1926) alikuwa daktari kutoka nchi ya [[Italia]]. Hasa alichunguza mfumo wa [[neva]]. Mwaka wa 1906, pamoja na [[Santiago Ramon y Cajal]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Tiba'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[de:Camillo Golgi]] [[en:Camillo Golgi]] [[es:Camillo Golgi]] [[fi:Camillo Golgi]] [[fr:Camillo Golgi]] [[it:Camillo Golgi]] [[nl:Camillo Golgi]] [[no:Camillo Golgi]] [[pl:Camillo Golgi]] [[sv:Camillo Golgi]] {{mbegu}} 2913 10072 2006-05-24T20:19:38Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] [[Image:Philipp Lenard.jpg|framed|Philipp Lenard (mnamo 1905)]] '''Philipp Lenard''' (7 Juni 1862 &ndash; 20 Mei 1947) alikuwa mwanafizikia kutoka nchi ya [[Ujerumani]]. Alitayarisha misingi ya nadharia za [[elektroni]]. Pia aliipinga nadharia ya [[Albert Einstein]] (''Relativity Theory''). Mwaka wa 1905 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Fizikia'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[bg:Филип Ленард]] [[de:Philipp Lenard]] [[en:Philipp Lenard]] [[eo:Philipp Lenard]] [[es:Philipp Lenard]] [[fa:فیلیپ لنارت]] [[fr:Philipp Lenard]] [[hr:Philipp Lenard]] [[hu:Lénárd Fülöp]] [[it:Philipp von Lenard]] [[ja:フィリップ・レーナルト]] [[ko:필리프 레나르트]] [[nl:Philipp Eduard Anton Lenard]] [[no:Philipp von Lenard]] [[pl:Fülöp Lénárd]] [[pt:Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard]] [[sk:Philipp Lenard]] [[sl:Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard]] [[sv:Philipp Lenard]] [[zh:菲利浦•伦纳德]] {{mbegu}} 2914 10026 2006-05-23T15:32:21Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Henri Moissan''' (28 Septemba 1852 &ndash; 20 Februari 1907) alikuwa mwanakemia kutoka nchi ya [[Ufaransa]]. Baadhi ya utafiti mwingi alichunguza elementi ya [[florini]]. Mwaka wa 1906 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Kemia'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[bs:Henri Moissan]] [[de:Henri Moissan]] [[en:Henri Moissan]] [[es:Henri Moissan]] [[fr:Henri Moissan]] [[hr:Henri Moissan]] [[id:Henri Moissan]] [[it:Henri Moissan]] [[nl:Henri Moissan]] [[pl:Henri Moissan]] [[pt:Henri Moissan]] [[sk:Ferdinand Frederick Henri Moissan]] [[sl:Henri Moissan]] [[sv:Henri Moissan]] [[zh:亨利•莫瓦桑]] {{mbegu}} 2915 9986 2006-05-22T20:59:33Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Alfred Werner''' (12 Desemba 1866 &ndash; 15 Novemba 1919) alikuwa mwanakemia kutoka nchi ya [[Uswisi]]. Pamoja na utafiti mwingine alichunguza [[elementi]] ya [[naitrojeni]]. Mwaka wa 1913 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Kemia'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[bg:Алфред Вернер]] [[bs:Alfred Werner]] [[de:Alfred Werner]] [[en:Alfred Werner]] [[es:Alfred Werner]] [[fr:Alfred Werner]] [[hr:Alfred Werner]] [[it:Alfred Werner]] [[ja:アルフレッド・ウェルナー]] [[pl:Alfred Werner]] [[pt:Alfred Werner]] [[sk:Alfred Werner]] [[sv:Alfred Werner]] {{mbegu}} 2916 9985 2006-05-22T20:58:56Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Frederick Soddy''' (2 Septemba 1877 &ndash; 22 Septemba 1956) alikuwa mwanakemia kutoka nchi ya [[Uingereza]]. Hasa alichunguza [[unururifu]]. Aliunda istilahi mpya ya [[isotopu]]. Mwaka wa 1921 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Kemia'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[de:Frederick Soddy]] [[en:Frederick Soddy]] [[es:Frederick Soddy]] [[fr:Frederick Soddy]] [[hu:Frederick Soddy]] [[it:Frederick Soddy]] [[ja:フレデリック・ソディ]] [[pl:Frederick Soddy]] [[pt:Frederick Soddy]] [[sk:Frederick Soddy]] [[tr:Frederick Soddy]] {{mbegu}} 2917 9987 2006-05-22T21:00:15Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Fritz Haber''' (9 Desemba 1868 &ndash; 29 Januari 1934) alikuwa mwanakemia kutoka nchi ya [[Ujerumani]]. Pamoja na utafiti mwingine alichunguza maswali ya [[kemia ya umeme]]. Mwaka wa 1918 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Kemia'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[bg:Фриц Хабер]] [[de:Fritz Haber]] [[en:Fritz Haber]] [[es:Fritz Haber]] [[fr:Fritz Haber]] [[he:פריץ האבר]] [[id:Fritz Haber]] [[it:Fritz Haber]] [[ja:フリッツ・ハーバー]] [[nl:Fritz Haber]] [[nn:Fritz Haber]] [[no:Fritz Haber]] [[pl:Fritz Haber]] [[pt:Fritz Haber]] [[sk:Fritz Haber]] [[sv:Fritz Haber]] [[zh:弗里茨•哈伯]] {{mbegu}} 2918 9988 2006-05-22T21:01:07Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Paul Ehrlich''' (14 Machi 1854 &ndash; 20 Agosti 1915) alikuwa daktari na mwanakemia kutoka nchi ya [[Ujerumani]]. Pamoja na [[Sahachiro Hata]] aligundua dawa ya kutibu [[kaswende]]. Mwaka wa 1908, pamoja na [[Ilya Mechnikov]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Tiba'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[de:Paul Ehrlich]] [[en:Paul Ehrlich]] [[eo:Paul EHRLICH]] [[es:Paul Ehrlich]] [[fi:Paul Ehrlich]] [[fr:Paul Ehrlich]] [[nl:Paul Ehrlich]] [[no:Paul Ehrlich]] [[pl:Paul Ehrlich]] [[sv:Paul Ehrlich]] {{mbegu}} 2919 9989 2006-05-22T21:02:00Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Hermann Emil Fischer''' (9 Oktoba 1852 &ndash; 15 Julai 1919) alikuwa mwanakemia kutoka nchi ya [[Ujerumani]]. Baadhi ya utafiti mwingine aligundua [[usanisi]] wa [[glukosi]] (aina ya sukari). Mwaka wa 1902 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Kemia'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[cs:Hermann Emil Fischer]] [[de:Hermann Emil Fischer]] [[en:Hermann Emil Fischer]] [[es:Hermann Emil Fischer]] [[fi:Hermann Emil Fischer]] [[fr:Hermann Emil Fischer]] [[gd:Hermann Emil Fischer]] [[hr:Hermann Emil Fischer]] [[ja:エミール・フィッシャー]] [[nl:Hermann Emil Fischer]] [[pt:Hermann Emil Fischer]] [[sk:Hermann Emil Fischer]] [[sl:Hermann Emil Fischer]] [[sv:Hermann Emil Fischer]] {{mbegu}} 2920 9990 2006-05-22T21:02:45Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Hans Fischer''' (27 Julai 1881 &ndash; 31 Machi 1945) alikuwa mwanakemia kutoka nchi ya [[Ujerumani]]. Hasa alijihusisha na rangi, k.m. rangi za mimea ([[klorofili]]), za damu na za nyongo. Mwaka wa 1930 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Kemia'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[da:Hans Fischer]] [[de:Hans Fischer (Chemiker)]] [[en:Hans Fischer]] [[es:Hans Fischer]] [[fr:Hans Fischer]] [[gd:Hans Fischer]] [[ja:ハンス・フィッシャー]] [[pt:Hans Fischer]] {{mbegu}} 2921 9991 2006-05-22T21:03:45Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Heinrich Otto Wieland''' (4 Juni 1877 &ndash; 5 Agosti 1957) alikuwa mwanakemia kutoka nchi ya [[Ujerumani]]. Alihariri kumbukumbu za kikemia za [[Justus von Liebig]]. Pia alichunguza mifumo ya kikemia ya sumu za uyoga na asidi ya nyongo. Mwaka wa 1927 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Kemia'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[de:Heinrich Otto Wieland]] [[en:Heinrich Otto Wieland]] [[es:Heinrich Otto Wieland]] [[fr:Heinrich Otto Wieland]] [[ja:ハインリッヒ・ヴィーラント]] [[pt:Heinrich Otto Wieland]] [[sk:Heinrich Otto Wieland]] {{mbegu}} 2922 9993 2006-05-22T21:04:54Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Irving Langmuir''' (31 Januari 1881 &ndash; 18 Agosti 1957) alikuwa mwanafizikia na mwanakemia kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Alifanya utafiti kuhusu taa za gesi, neli za elektroni na vivuta hewa. Mwaka wa 1932 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Kemia'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[de:Irving Langmuir]] [[en:Irving Langmuir]] [[es:Irving Langmuir]] [[fr:Irving Langmuir]] [[it:Irving Langmuir]] [[ja:アーヴィング・ラングミュア]] [[nl:Irving Langmuir]] [[pl:Irving Langmuir]] [[pt:Irving Langmuir]] [[ro:Irving Langmuir]] [[sr:Ирвинг Лангмир]] {{mbegu}} 2923 9995 2006-05-22T21:08:16Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Jean Perrin''' (30 Septemba 1870 &ndash; 17 Aprili 1942) alikuwa mwanafizikia kutoka nchi ya [[Ufaransa]]. Hasa alichunguza mada za [[fizikia]] ya kiini na [[kemia]] ya kifizikia. Mwaka wa 1926 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Fizikia'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[ca:Jean Baptiste Perrin]] [[da:Jean Baptiste Perrin]] [[de:Jean-Baptiste Perrin]] [[en:Jean Baptiste Perrin]] [[es:Jean Perrin]] [[fr:Jean Perrin]] [[ja:ジャン・ペラン]] [[nl:Jean Baptiste Perrin]] [[no:Jean Baptiste Perrin]] [[pl:Jean Baptiste Perrin]] [[pt:Jean Baptiste Perrin]] [[sl:Jean Baptiste Perrin]] [[sr:Жан Батист Перен]] [[sv:Jean Baptiste Perrin]] {{mbegu}} 2924 9996 2006-05-22T21:08:59Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Theodor Svedberg''' (30 Agosti 1884 &ndash; 26 Februari 1971) alikuwa mwanakemia kutoka nchi ya [[Sweden]]. Baadhi ya uchunguzi mwingi aliunda aina ya [[mashinepewa]]. Pia alitafiti mada za [[fizikia ya kiini]]. Mwaka wa 1926 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Kemia'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[de:Theodor Svedberg]] [[en:Theodor Svedberg]] [[es:Theodor Svedberg]] [[fr:Theodor Svedberg]] [[ja:テオドール・スヴェドベリ]] [[no:The Svedberg]] [[pt:Theodor Svedberg]] [[sk:Theodor Svedberg]] [[sv:The Svedberg]] {{mbegu}} 2925 9997 2006-05-22T21:09:48Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Artturi Ilmari Virtanen''' (15 Januari 1895 &ndash; 11 Novemba 1973) alikuwa mwanakemia kutoka nchi ya [[Finland]]. Baadhi ya utafiti mwingi alichunguza [[virusi]] vikaavyo kwenye udongo. Mwaka wa 1945 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Kemia'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[de:Artturi Ilmari Virtanen]] [[en:Artturi Ilmari Virtanen]] [[es:Artturi Ilmari Virtanen]] [[fi:A. I. Virtanen]] [[fr:Artturi Ilmari Virtanen]] [[ja:アルトゥーリ・ヴィルタネン]] [[nl:Artturi Ilmari Virtanen]] [[pt:Artturi Ilmari Virtanen]] [[ro:Artturi Ilmari Virtanen]] [[sv:Artturi Virtanen]] {{mbegu}} 2926 9998 2006-05-22T21:10:36Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Gerhard Domagk''' (30 Oktoba 1895 &ndash; 24 Aprili 1964) alikuwa daktari kutoka nchi ya [[Ujerumani]]. Hasa alichunguza virusi visababishavyo magonjwa mbalimbali, na kuchapa kazi kwa ajili ya tiba ya kikemia kukomesha magonjwa kama [[kifua kikuu]] na [[kansa]]. Mwaka wa 1939 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Tiba'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[de:Gerhard Domagk]] [[en:Gerhard Domagk]] [[es:Gerhard Domagk]] [[it:Gerhard Domagk]] [[ja:ゲルハルト・ドーマク]] [[nl:Gerhard Domagk]] [[pl:Gerhard Domagk]] [[pt:Gerhard Johannes Paul Domagk]] {{mbegu}} 2927 9999 2006-05-22T21:11:27Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Richard Kuhn''' (3 Desemba 1900 &ndash; 1 Agosti 1967) alikuwa mwanakemia kutoka nchi ya [[Ujerumani]]. Hasa alichunguza [[vitamini]]. Mwaka wa 1938 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Kemia'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[de:Richard Kuhn]] [[en:Richard Kuhn]] [[es:Richard Kuhn]] [[fr:Richard Kuhn]] [[he:ריכרד קון]] [[ja:リヒャルト・クーン]] [[ko:리하르트 쿤]] [[pl:Richard Kuhn]] [[pt:Richard Kuhn]] {{mbegu}} 2928 11824 2006-07-03T17:36:16Z 212.49.66.146 '''Patrice Lumumba''' (2 Julai 1925 &ndash; 17 Januari 1961) alikuwa mwanasiasa wa nchi ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Mwaka wa 1958 alikuwa miongoni mwa waanzishaji wa Chama cha Taifa la Kongo (kwa Kifaransa: ''Mouvement National Congolais''). Mwaka wa 1960 alipata kuwa Waziri Mkuu wa kwanza wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo baada ya uhuru. Aliuawa kule [[Katanga]] upande wa kusini wa Kongo. [[Category:Wanasiasa]] [[Category:Viongozi wa Kiafrika]] [[bg:Патрис Лумумба]] [[de:Patrice E. Lumumba]] [[en:Patrice Lumumba]] [[es:Patrice Lumumba]] [[et:Patrice Lumumba]] [[fr:Patrice Lumumba]] [[he:פטריס לומומבה]] [[it:Patrice Lumumba]] [[ja:パトリス・ルムンバ]] [[ln:Patrice Lumumba]] [[nl:Patrice Lumumba]] [[no:Patrice Lumumba]] [[pl:Patrice Lumumba]] [[ru:Лумумба, Патрис Эмери]] [[sv:Patrice Lumumba]] [[wa:Patrice Lumumba]] [[zh:卢蒙巴]] {{mbegu}} 2929 10001 2006-05-22T21:13:00Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''George Gershwin''' (26 Septemba 1898 &ndash; 11 Julai 1937) alikuwa mtungaji wa muziki kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Alitunga nyimbo nyingi zilizoathiriwa na mitindo ya [[Jazz]]. Pia alitunga [[opera]] moja iitwayo [[Porgy na Bess]]. Aliaga dunia mapema baada ya kupatwa na kansa ya ubongo. [[Category:Watungaji wa Muziki]] [[ar:جورج غيرشوين]] [[da:George Gershwin]] [[de:George Gershwin]] [[en:George Gershwin]] [[es:George Gershwin]] [[fi:George Gershwin]] [[fr:George Gershwin]] [[he:ג'ורג' גרשווין]] [[hr:George Gershwin]] [[it:George Gershwin]] [[ja:ジョージ・ガーシュウィン]] [[nl:George Gershwin]] [[no:George Gershwin]] [[pl:George Gershwin]] [[pt:George Gershwin]] [[ro:George Gershwin]] [[simple:George Gershwin]] [[sv:George Gershwin]] [[uk:Гершвін Джордж]] [[zh:乔治•格什温]] {{mbegu}} 2930 10002 2006-05-22T21:13:41Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''William Murdock''' (25 Agosti 1754 &ndash; 15 Novemba 1839) alikuwa mhandisi kutoka nchi ya [[Uingereza]]. Alivumbua na kubuni taa ya gesi. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[en:William Murdock]] {{mbegu}} 2931 10007 2006-05-22T21:28:01Z Oliver Stegen 160 #REDIRECT[[Mtakatifu Paulo]] 2932 10008 2006-05-22T21:28:44Z Oliver Stegen 160 #REDIRECT[[Mtakatifu Marko]] 2933 10016 2006-05-22T23:03:52Z Kipala 107 '''Florini''' ni dutu sahili na [[halojeni]] [[simetali]]. [[Namba atomia]] yake ni 9. Katika mazingira yetu kawaida iko katika hali ya [[gesi]] yenye rangi njanokijani. Alama yake ya kikemia ni '''F'''. Kwa kawaida hupatikana kama molekuli ya F2. Kati ya [[elementi]] zote [[mmenyuko]] wake wa [[oksidisho]] ni kali sana. Tabia hii inasababisha Florini kuwa sumu kali. Inamenyuka vikali na karibu elementi zote. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Elementi]] [[af:Fluoor]] [[ar:فلور]] [[bs:Fluor]] [[ca:Fluor]] [[cs:Fluor]] [[cy:Fflworin]] [[da:Fluor]] [[el:Φθόριο]] [[en:Fluorine]] [[eo:Fluoro]] [[es:Flúor]] [[et:Fluor]] [[eu:Fluor]] [[fi:Fluori]] [[fr:Fluor]] [[he:פלואור]] [[hu:Fluor]] [[id:Fluor]] [[io:Fluoro]] [[is:Flúor]] [[it:Fluoro]] [[ja:フッ素]] [[ko:플루오린]] [[lt:Fluoras]] [[lv:Fluors]] [[mi:Hau kōwhai]] [[nl:Fluor]] [[nn:Fluor]] [[no:Fluor]] [[pl:Fluor]] [[pt:Flúor]] [[ru:Фтор]] [[sh:Fluor]] [[simple:Fluorine]] [[sk:Fluór]] [[sl:Fluor]] [[sr:Флуор]] [[sv:Fluor]] [[th:ฟลูออรีน]] [[tr:Flor]] [[uk:Фтор]] [[vi:Flo]] [[zh:氟]] [[zh-min-nan:Fluorine]] 2934 11361 2006-06-25T20:28:48Z YurikBot 117 robot Modifying: [[el:Βραβείο Νόμπελ]] [[Image:AlfredNobel.jpg|framed|[[Alfred Nobel]] (1833 - 1896)]] '''Tuzo ya Nobel''' ni tuzo ya fedha kwa ajili ya mafanikio ya pekee katika fani mbalimbali. Ilianzishwa na [[Alfred Nobel]]. Tangu mwaka wa 1901 imetolewa kwa watu waliofaulu katika fani zifuatazo: [[Fizikia]], [[Kemia]], [[Tiba]] (au [[Fiziolojia]]), [[Fasihi]] na [[Amani]]. Tangu mwaka wa 1969, tuzo ya sita imeongezewa kwa [[Uchumi]]. Siku hizi Tuzo ya Nobel ni tuzo ya kimataifa mashuhuri kabisa duniani. Wanaotuzwa hupokea hati, medali ya dhahabu na kiasi cha pesa cha takriban € milioni 1,2 (kinategemea mapato ya riba kutokana na mfuko wa fedha iliyotengwa kwa kusudi hii na Nobel). Maazimio kuhusu tuzo za kila mwaka hutolewa kufuatana na wasia ya Alfred Nobel na kamati zifuatazo: # [[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fizikia]] inateuliwa na Taasisi ya Taaluma ya Sayansi ya [[Sweden]] # [[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Kemia]] inateuliwa na Taasisi ya Taaluma ya Sayansi ya Sweden # [[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba]] inateuliwa na Karolinska Institutet [[Stockholm]] # [[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fasihi]] inateuliwa na Taasisi ya Taaluma ya Sweden kwa lugha na fasihi # [[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Amani]] inateuliwa na kamati ya Nobel ya Norway iliyochaguliwa na Bunge ya [[Norway]] # [[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Elimu ya Uchumi]] inateuliwa na Taasisi ya Taaluma ya Sayansi ya Sweden [[Image:Nobel_prize_medal.jpg|thumb|250px|Medali ya Tuzo ya Nobel]] ===Orodha ya Washindi wa Tuzo ya Nobel=== Watu walioshinda Tuzo ya Nobel ni wafuatao: 1901 – [[Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen]] (Fizikia), [[Jacobus Henricus van’t Hoff]] (Kemia), [[Emil von Behring]] (Tiba), [[Sully Prudhomme]] (Fasihi), [[Henri Dunant]] na [[Frederic Passy]] (Amani); 1902 – [[Hendrik Antoon Lorentz]] na [[Pieter Zeeman]] (Fizikia), [[Hermann Emil Fischer]] (Kemia), [[Ronald Ross]] (Tiba), [[Theodor Mommsen]] (Fasihi), [[Elie Ducommun]] na [[Charles-Albert Gobat]] (Amani); 1903 – [[Antoine Henri Becquerel]] na [[Pierre na Marie Curie]] (Fizikia), [[Svante Arrhenius]] (Kemia), [[Niels Ryberg Finsen]] (Tiba), [[Bjornstjerne Bjornson]] (Fasihi), [[Randal Cremer]] (Amani); 1904 – [[Lord Rayleigh]] (Fizikia), [[William Ramsay]] (Kemia), [[Ivan Pavlov]] (Tiba), [[Frederic Mistral]] na [[Jose Echegaray y Eizaguirre]] (Fasihi), [[Taasisi ya Haki ya Kimataifa]] (Amani); 1905 – [[Philipp Lenard]] (Fizikia), [[Adolf von Baeyer]] (Kemia), [[Robert Koch]] (Tiba), [[Henryk Sienkiewicz]] (Fasihi), [[Bertha von Suttner]] (Amani); 1906 – [[Joseph John Thomson]] (Fizikia), [[Henri Moissan]] (Kemia), [[Camillo Golgi]] na [[Santiago Ramon y Cajal]] (Tiba), [[Giosue Carducci]] (Fasihi), [[Theodore Roosevelt]] (Amani); 1907 – [[Albert Abraham Michelson]] (Fizikia), [[Eduard Buchner]] (Kemia), [[Alphonse Laveran]] (Tiba), [[Rudyard Kipling]] (Fasihi), [[Ernesto Teodoro Moneta]] na [[Louis Renault]] (Amani); 1908 – [[Gabriel Lippmann]] (Fizikia), [[Ernest Rutherford]] (Kemia), [[Paul Ehrlich]] na [[Ilya Mechnikov]] (Tiba), [[Rudolf Eucken]] (Fasihi), [[Klas Pontus Arnoldson]] na [[Fredrik Bajer]] (Amani); 1909 – [[Guglielmo Marconi]] na [[Ferdinand Braun]] (Fizikia), [[Wilhelm Ostwald]] (Kemia), [[Emil Theodor Kocher]] (Tiba), [[Selma Lagerlöf]] (Fasihi), [[Auguste Beernaert]] (Amani); 1910 – [[Johannes Diederik van der Waals]] (Fizikia), [[Otto Wallach]] (Kemia), [[Albrecht Kossel]] (Tiba), [[Paul von Heyse]] (Fasihi), [[Ofisi ya Kimataifa ya Amani]] (Amani); 1911 – [[Wilhelm Wien]] (Fizikia), [[Marie Curie]] (Kemia), [[Allvar Gullstrand]] (Tiba), [[Maurice Maeterlinck]] (Fasihi), [[Tobias Asser]] na [[Alfred Fried]] (Amani); 1912 – [[Nils Dalen]] (Fizikia), [[Victor Grignard]] na [[Paul Sabatier]] (Kemia), [[Alexis Carrel]] (Tiba), [[Gerhard Hauptmann]] (Fasihi), [[Elihu Root]] (Amani); 1913 – [[Heike Kamerlingh Onnes]] (Fizikia), [[Alfred Werner]] (Kemia), [[Charles Richet]] (Tiba), [[Rabindranath Tagore]] (Fasihi), [[H. La Fontaine]] (Amani); 1914 – [[Max von Laue]] (Fizikia), [[Theodore William Richards]] (Kemia), [[Robert Barany]] (Tiba), (hakuna tuzo kwa Fasihi wala Amani); 1915 – [[William Bragg]] na [[Lawrence Bragg]] (Fizikia), [[Richard Willstätter]] (Kemia), [[Romain Rolland]] (Fasihi), (hakuna tuzo kwa Tiba wala Amani); 1916 – [[Verner von Heidenstam]] (Fasihi), (hakuna tuzo nyingine); 1917 – [[Charles Glover Barkla]] (Fizikia), (hakuna tuzo kwa Kemia wala Tiba), [[Karl Adolph Gjellerup]] na [[Henrik Pontoppidan]] (Fasihi), [[Kamati ya Kimataifa ya Msalaba Mwekundu]] (Amani); 1918 – [[Max Planck]] (Fizikia), [[Fritz Haber]] (Kemia), (hakuna tuzo nyingine); 1919 – [[Johannes Stark]] (Fizikia), [[Jules Bordet]] (Kemia), (hakuna tuzo kwa Tiba), [[Carl Spitteler]] (Fasihi), [[WoodrowWilson]] (Amani); 1920 – [[Charles Edouard Guillaume]] (Fizikia), [[Walther Nernst]] (Kemia), [[August Krogh]] (Tiba), [[Knut Hamsun]] (Fasihi), [[Leon Bourgeois]] (Amani); 1921 – [[Albert Einstein]] (Fizikia), [[Frederick Soddy]] (Kemia), (hakuna tuzo kwa Tiba), [[Anatole France]] (Fasihi), [[Karl Hjalmar Branting]] na [[Christian Louis Lange]] (Amani); 1922 – [[Niels Bohr]] (Fizikia), [[Francis William Aston]] (Kemia), [[Archibald Vivian Hill]] na [[Otto Meyerhoff]] (Tiba), [[Jacinto Benavente]] (Fasihi), [[Fridtjof Nansen]] (Amani); 1923 – [[Robert Millikan]] (Fizikia), [[F. Pregel]] (Kemia), [[Frederick Banting]] na [[John Macleod]] (Tiba), [[William Butler Yeats]] (Fasihi), (hakuna tuzo kwa Amani); 1924 – [[Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn]] (Fizikia), [[Willem Einthoven]] (Tiba), [[Wladyslaw Reymont]] (Fasihi), (hakuna tuza kwa Kemia wala Amani); 1925 – [[James Franck]] na [[Gustav Hertz]] (Fizikia), [[Richard Zsigmondy]] (Kemia), (hakuna tuzo kwa Tiba), [[George Bernhard Shaw]] (Fasihi), [[Austen Chamberlain]] na [[Charles Dawes]] (Amani); 1926 – [[Jean Perrin]] (Fizikia), [[Theodor Svedberg]] (Kemia), [[Johannes Fibiger]] (Tiba), [[Grazia Deledda]] (Fasihi), [[Aristide Briand]] na [[Gustav Stresemann]] (Amani); 1927 – [[Arthus Holly Compton]] na [[Charles Wilson]] (Fizikia), [[Heinrich Otto Wieland]] (Kemia), [[Julius Wagner-Jauregg]] (Tiba), [[Henri Bergson]] (Fasihi), [[Ferdinand-Edouard Buisson]] na [[Ludwig Quidde]] (Amani); 1928 – [[Owen Richardson]] (Fizikia), [[Adolf Windaus]] (Kemia), [[Charles Nicolle]] (Tiba), [[Sigrid Undset]] (Fasihi), (hakuna tuzo kwa Amani); 1929 – [[Louis-Victor Broglie]] (Fizikia), [[Arthur Harden]] na [[Hans von Euler-Chelpin]] (Kemia), [[Christiaan Eijkman]] na [[Frederick Hopkins]] (Tiba), [[Thomas Mann]] (Fasihi), [[Frank Kellogg]] (Amani); 1930 – [[Chandrasekhara Raman]] (Fizikia), [[Hans Fischer]] (Kemia), [[Karl Landsteiner]] (Tiba), [[Sinclair Lewis]] (Fasihi), [[Nathan Söderblom]] (Amani); 1931 – (hakuna tuzo kwa Fizikia), [[Carl Bosch]] na [[Friedrich Bergius]] (Kemia), [[Otto Warburg]] (Tiba), [[Erik Axel Karlfeldt]] (Fasihi), [[Nicholas Butler]] na [[Jane Addams]] (Amani); 1932 – [[Werner Heisenberg]] (Fizikia), [[Irving Langmuir]] (Kemia), [[Charles Sherrington]] na [[Edgar Douglas Adrian]] (Tiba), [[John Glasworthy]] (Fasihi), (hakuna tuzo kwa Amani); 1933 – [[Erwin Schrödinger]] na [[Paul Dirac]] (Fizikia), (hakuna tuzo kwa Kemia), [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]] (Tiba), [[Ivan Bunin]] (Fasihi), [[Norman Angell]] (Amani); 1934 – (hakuna tuzo kwa Fizikia), [[Harold Urey]] (Kemia), [[George Minot]], [[William Murphy]] na [[George Whipple]] (Tiba), [[Luigi Pirandello]] (Fasihi), [[Arthur Henderson]] (Amani); 1935 – [[James Chadwick]] (Fizikia), [[Frederic na Irene Joliot-Curie]] (Kemia), [[Hans Spemann]] (Tiba), (hakuna tuzo kwa Fasihi), [[Carl von Ossietzky]] (Amani); 1936 – [[Carl David Anderson]] na [[Victor Francis Hess]] (Fizikia), [[P. Depye]] (Kemia), [[Henry Dale]] na [[Otto Loewi]] (Tiba), [[Eugene O’Neill]] (Fasihi), [[Carlos Saavedra Lamas]] (Amani); 1937 – [[Clinton Davisson]] na [[George Thomson]] (Fizikia), [[Norman Haworth]] na [[Paul Karrer]] (Kemia), [[Albert Szent-Györgyi]] (Tiba), [[Roger Martin du Gard]] (Fasihi), [[Cecil of Clelwood]] (Amani); 1938 – [[Enrico Fermi]] (Fizikia), [[Richard Kuhn]] (Kemia), [[Corneille Heymans]] (Tiba), [[Pearl S. Buck]] (Fasihi), [[Tume ya Nansen kwa Wakimbizi]] (Amani); 1939 – [[Ernest Orlando Lawrence]] (Fizikia), [[Leopold Ruzicka]] na [[Adolf Butenandt]] (Kemia), [[Gerhard Domagk]] (Tiba), [[Frans Eemil Sillanpää]] (Fasihi), (hakuna tuzo kwa Amani); (1940-42 Tuzo ya Nobel haikutolewa kwa sababu ya [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia.]]) 1943 – [[Otto Stern]] (Fizikia), [[Georg von Hevesy]] (Kemia), [[Henrik Dam]] na [[Edward Doisy]] (Tiba), (hakuna tuzo kwa Fasihi wala Amani); 1944 – [[Isidor Rabi]] (Fizikia), [[Otto Hahn]] (Kemia), [[Joseph Erlanger]] na [[Herbert Spencer Gasser]] (Tiba), [[Johannes Jensen]] (Fasihi), [[Kamati ya Kimataifa ya Msalaba Mwekundu]] (Amani); 1945 – [[Wolfgang Pauli]] (Fizikia), [[Artturi Ilmari Virtanen]] (Kemia), [[Alexander Fleming]], [[Ernst Boris Chain]] na [[Howard Walter Florey]] (Tiba), [[Gabriela Mistral]] (Fasihi), [[Cordell Hull]] (Amani); 1946 – [[Percy Bridgman]] (Fizikia), [[James Sumner]], [[John Howard Northrop]] na [[Wendell Stanley]] (Kemia), [[Hermann Muller]] (Tiba), [[Hermann Hesse]] (Fasihi), [[Emily Balch]] na [[John Raleigh Mott]] (Amani); 1947 – [[Edward Appleton]] (Fizikia), [[Robert Robinson]] (Kemia), [[Carl na Gerty Cori]] na [[Bernardo Houssay]] (Tiba), [[Andre Gide]] (Fasihi), [[Jumuiya ya Marafiki]] (‘’Society of Friends’’) (Amani); 1948 – [[Patrick Blackett]] (Fizikia), [[Arne Tiselius]] (Kemia), [[Paul Hermann Müller]] (Tiba), [[T.S. Eliot]] (Fasihi), (hakuna tuzo kwa Amani); 1949 – [[Hideki Yukawa]] (Fizikia), [[William Giauque]] (Kemia), [[Walter Hess]] na [[Antonio Egas Moniz]] (Tiba), [[William Faulkner]] (Fasihi), [[John Boyd-Orr]] (Amani); 1950 – [[Cecil Frank Powell]] (Fizikia), [[Kurt Alder]] na [[Otto Diels]] (Kemia), [[Philip Hench]], [[Edward Kendall]] na [[Tadeus Reichstein]] (Tiba), [[Bertrand Russell]] (Fasihi), [[Ralph Bunche]] (Amani); 1951 – [[John Douglas Cockcroft]] na [[Ernest Walton]] (Fizikia), [[Edwin McMillan]] na [[Glenn Seaborg]] (Kemia), [[Max Theiler]] (Tiba), [[Par Lagerkvist]] (Fasihi), [[Leon Jouhaux]] (Amani); 1952 – [[Felix Bloch]] na [[Edward Purcell]] (Fizikia), [[A.J.P. Martin]] na [[R.L.M. Synge]] (Kemia), [[Selman Waksman]] (Tiba), [[Francois Mauriac]] (Fasihi), [[Albert Schweitzer]] (Amani); 1953 – [[Frits Zernike]] (Fizikia), [[Hermann Staudinger]] (Kemia), [[Hans Krebs]] na [[Fritz Lipmann]] (Tiba), [[Winston Churchill]] (Fasihi), [[George Marshall]] (Amani); 1954 – [[Max Born]] na [[Walther Bothe]] (Fizikia), [[Linus Pauling]] (Kemia), [[John Enders]], [[Frederick Robbins]] na [[Thomas Weller]] (Tiba), [[Ernest Hemingway]] (Fasihi), [[Ofisi ya Kamishna wa Umoja wa Mataifa kwa Wakimbizi]] (Amani); 1955 – [[Willis Lamb]] na [[Polykarp Kusch]] (Fizikia), [[Vincent du Vigneaud]] (Kemia), [[Hugo Theorell]] (Tiba), [[Halldor Laxness]] (Fasihi), (hakuna tuzo kwa Amani); 1956 – [[William Shockley]], [[John Bardeen]] na [[Walter Brattain]] (Fizikia), [[Nikolay Semyonov]] na [[Cyril Hinshelwood]] (Kemia), [[Werner Forssmann]], [[Andre Cournand]] na [[Dickinson Richards]] (Tiba), [[Juan Ramon Jimenez]] (Fasihi), (hakuna tuzo kwa Amani); 1957 – [[Tsung-Dao Lee]] na [[Chen Ning Yang]] (Fizikia), [[Alexander Todd]] (Kemia), [[Daniel Bovet]] (Tiba), [[Albert Camus]] (Fasihi), [[Lester Pearson]] (Amani); 1958 – [[Pavel Cherenkov]], [[Ilya Frank]] na [[Igor Tamm]] (Fizikia), [[Frederick Sanger]] (Kemia), [[George Beadle]], [[Edward Tatum]] na [[Joshua Lederberg]] (Tiba), [[Boris Pasternak]] (Fasihi), Padre [[Dominique Pire]] (Amani); 1959 – [[Emilio Segre]] na [[Owen Chamberlain]] (Fizikia), [[Jaroslav Heyrovsky]] (Kemia), [[Arthur Kornberg]] na [[Severo Ochoa]](Tiba), [[Salvatore Quasimodo]] (Fasihi), [[Philip Noel-Baker]] (Amani); [[Category:Sayansi]] [[af:Nobelprys]] [[ar:جائزة نوبل]] [[ast:Premiu Nobel]] [[be:Нобэлеўская прэмія]] [[bg:Нобелова награда]] [[bs:Nobelova nagrada]] [[ca:Premi Nobel]] [[cs:Nobelova cena]] [[cy:Gwobr Nobel]] [[da:Nobelprisen]] [[de:Nobelpreis]] [[el:Βραβείο Νόμπελ]] [[en:Nobel Prize]] [[eo:Premio Nobel]] [[es:Premios Nobel]] [[et:Nobeli auhind]] [[eu:Nobel Sariak]] [[fi:Nobel-palkinto]] [[fr:Prix Nobel]] [[fy:Nobelpriis]] [[ga:Duais Nobel]] [[gl:Premios Nobel]] [[he:פרס נובל]] [[hi:नोबेल पुरस्कार]] [[hr:Nobelova nagrada]] [[hu:Nobel-díj]] [[id:Penghargaan Nobel]] [[ilo:Premio Nobel]] [[io:Nobel-premio]] [[is:Nóbelsverðlaunin]] [[it:Premio Nobel]] [[ja:ノーベル賞]] [[ka:ნობელის პრემია]] [[ko:노벨상]] [[lb:Nobelpräis]] [[lt:Nobelio premija]] [[lv:Nobela prēmija]] [[mk:Нобелова награда]] [[nds:Nobelpries]] [[nl:Nobelprijs]] [[nn:Nobelprisen]] [[no:Nobelprisen]] [[pl:Nagroda Nobla]] [[pt:Prémio Nobel]] [[ro:Premiul Nobel]] [[ru:Нобелевская премия]] [[scn:Premiu Nobel]] [[sh:Nobelova nagrada]] [[simple:Nobel Prize]] [[sk:Nobelova cena]] [[sl:Nobelova nagrada]] [[sq:Çmimi Nobel]] [[sr:Нобелова награда]] [[sv:Nobelpriset]] [[ta:நோபல் பரிசு]] [[th:รางวัลโนเบล]] [[tr:Nobel Ödülü]] [[uk:Нобелівська премія]] [[vi:Giải thưởng Nobel]] [[zh:诺贝尔奖]] [[zh-min-nan:Nobel Chióng]] [[zh-yue:諾貝爾獎]] 2935 10020 2006-05-23T15:27:38Z Oliver Stegen 160 #REDIRECT[[Hermann Emil Fischer]] 2936 10022 2006-05-23T15:29:16Z Oliver Stegen 160 #REDIRECT[[Antoine Henri Becquerel]] 2937 10023 2006-05-23T15:30:30Z Oliver Stegen 160 #REDIRECT[[Philipp Lenard]] 2938 10028 2006-05-23T15:34:25Z Oliver Stegen 160 #REDIRECT[[Alphonse Laveran]] 2939 10048 2006-05-24T16:27:28Z Marcos 3 '''Mhandisi''' ni mtu anayetumia [[elimu]] ya [[sayansi]] kutatua matatizo ya kiutendaji. [[af:Ingenieurswese]] [[ar:هندسة تطبيقية]] [[ast:Inxeniería]] [[bg:Инженерство]] [[bn:প্রকৌশলবিদ্যা]] [[br:Ijinerezh]] [[ca:Enginyeria]] [[da:Ingeniørfag]] [[de:Ingenieurwissenschaft]] [[en:Engineering]] [[eo:Inĝenierarto]] [[es:Ingeniería]] [[eu:Ingeniaritza]] [[fa:مهندسی]] [[fr:Ingénierie]] [[fur:Inzegnerie]] [[fy:Technyk]] [[gl:Enxeñaría]] [[he:הנדסה]] [[hr:Strojarstvo]] [[hu:Mérnöki tudomány]] [[id:Teknik]] [[io:Injenior-arto]] [[it:Ingegneria]] [[iu:ᑎᑎᕋᐅᔭᖅ]] [[ja:工学]] [[ka:საინჟინრო მეცნიერება]] [[ko:공학]] [[lad:Enjenyeriya]] [[li:Techniek]] [[mk:Инженеринг]] [[ms:Kejuruteraan]] [[nl:Techniek]] [[pl:Inżynieria]] [[pt:Engenharia]] [[ro:Inginerie]] [[sa:अभियांत्रिकी शास्त्रं]] [[scn:Ncignirìa]] [[simple:Engineering]] [[sl:Tehnika]] [[ta:பொறியியல்]] [[th:วิศวกรรมศาสตร์]] [[tl:Inhinyeriya]] [[tr:Mühendislik]] [[uk:Інженерія]] [[zh:工程学]] 2940 11125 2006-06-21T14:05:05Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Fizikia''' hutolewa kila mwaka kufuatana na wasia ya [[Alfred Nobel]] na kamati ya Taasisi ya Taaluma ya Sayansi ya Sweden. Tangu mwaka 1901 tuzo imepokelewa na wataalamu wafuatao: 1901 [[Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen]] 1902 [[Hendrik Antoon Lorentz]] na [[Pieter Zeeman]] 1903 [[Antoine Henri Becquerel]] na [[Pierre na Marie Curie]] 1904 [[Lord Rayleigh]] 1905 [[Philipp Lenard]] 1906 [[Joseph John Thomson]] 1907 [[Albert Abraham Michelson]] 1908 [[Gabriel Lippmann]] 1909 [[Guglielmo Marconi]] na [[Ferdinand Braun]] 1910 [[Johannes Diederik van der Waals]] 1911 [[Wilhelm Wien]] 1912 [[Nils Dalen]] 1913 [[Heike Kamerlingh Onnes]] 1914 [[Max von Laue]] 1915 [[William Bragg]] na [[Lawrence Bragg]] 1916 (hakuna tuzo kwa Fizikia) 1917 [[Charles Glover Barkla]] 1918 [[Max Planck]] 1919 [[Johannes Stark]] 1920 [[Charles Edouard Guillaume]] 1921 [[Albert Einstein]] 1922 [[Niels Bohr]] 1923 [[Robert Millikan]] 1924 [[Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn]] 1925 [[James Franck]] na [[Gustav Hertz]] 1926 [[Jean Perrin]] 1927 [[Arthus Holly Compton]] na [[Charles Wilson]] 1928 [[Owen Richardson]] 1929 [[Louis-Victor Broglie]] 1930 [[Chandrasekhara Raman]] 1931 (hakuna tuzo kwa Fizikia) 1932 [[Werner Heisenberg]] 1933 [[Erwin Schrödinger]] na [[Paul Dirac]] 1934 (hakuna tuzo kwa Fizikia) 1935 [[James Chadwick]] 1936 [[Carl David Anderson]] na [[Victor Francis Hess]] 1937 [[Clinton Davisson]] na [[George Thomson]] 1938 [[Enrico Fermi]] 1939 [[Ernest Orlando Lawrence]] 1940-42 Tuzo ya Nobel haikutolewa kwa sababu ya [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]] 1943 [[Otto Stern]] 1944 [[Isidor Rabi]] 1945 [[Wolfgang Pauli]] 1946 [[Percy Bridgman]] 1947 [[Edward Appleton]] 1948 [[Patrick Blackett]] 1949 [[Hideki Yukawa]] 1950 [[Cecil Frank Powell]] 1950 [[Cecil Frank Powell]] 1951 [[John Douglas Cockcroft]] na [[Ernest Walton]] 1952 [[Felix Bloch]] na [[Edward Purcell]] 1953 [[Frits Zernike]] 1954 [[Max Born]] na [[Walther Bothe]] 1955 [[Willis Lamb]] na [[Polykarp Kusch]] 1956 [[William Shockley]], [[John Bardeen]] na [[Walter Brattain]] 1957 [[Tsung-Dao Lee]] na [[Chen Ning Yang]] 1958 [[Pavel Cherenkov]], [[Ilya Frank]] na [[Igor Tamm]] 1959 [[Emilio Segre]] na [[Owen Chamberlain]] 1960 [[Donald A. Glaser]] 1961 [[Robert Hofstadter]] na [[Rudolf Mössbauer]] 1962 [[Lev Landau]] 1963 [[Eugene Wigner]] na [[Maria Goeppert-Mayer]] 1964 [[Charles Townes]], [[Nikolai Bassow]] na [[Alexander Prochorow]] 1965 [[Richard Feynman]], [[Julian Schwinger]] na [[Shinichiro Tomonaga]] 1966 [[Alfred Kastler]] 1967 [[Hans Bethe]] 1968 [[Luis Alvarez]] 1969 [[Murray Gell-Mann]] 1970 [[Hannes Alfven]] na [[Louis Neel]] 1971 [[Dennis Gabor]] 1972 [[John Bardeen]], [[Leon Cooper]] na [[Robert Schrieffer]] 1973 [[Leo Esaki]], [[Ivar Giaever]] na [[Brian Josephson]] 1974 [[Martin Ryle]] na [[Anthony Hewish]] 1975 [[Aage Bohr]], [[Ben Mottelson]] na [[James Rainwater]] 1976 [[Burton Richter]] na [[Samuel Ting]] 1977 [[Philip Anderson]] na [[Neville Mott]] 1978 [[Pyotr Kapiza]], [[Arno Penzias]] na [[Robert Wilson]] 1979 [[Sheldon Glashow]], [[Abdus Salam]] na [[Steven Weinberg]] 1980 [[James Cronin]] na [[Val Fitch]] 1981 [[Nicolaas Bloembergen]], [[Arthur Schawlow]] na [[Kai Siegbahn]] 1982 [[Kenneth Wilson]] 1983 [[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]] na [[William Fowler]] 1984 [[Carlo Rubbia]] na [[Simon van der Meer]] 1985 [[Klaus von Klitzing]] 1986 [[Ernst Ruska]], [[Gerd Binnig]] na [[Heinrich Rohrer]] 1987 [[Johannes Bednorz]] na [[Karl Alex Muller]] 1988 [[Leon Lederman]], [[Melvin Schwartz]] na [[Jack Steinberger]] 1989 [[Wolfgang Paul]], [[Hans Georg Dehmelt]] na [[Norman Ramsay]] 1990 [[Jerome Friedman]], [[Henry Kendall]] na [[Richard Taylor]] 1991 [[Pierre-Gilles de Gennes]] 1992 [[Georges Charpak]] 1993 [[Russell Hulse]] na [[Joseph Taylor]] 1994 [[Bertram Brockhouse]] na [[Clifford Shull]] 1995 [[Martin Perl]] na [[Frederick Reines]] 1996 [[David Lee]], [[Douglas Osheroff]] na [[Robert Richardson]] 1997 [[Steven Chu]], [[Claude Cohen-Tannoudji]] na [[William Phillips]] 1998 [[Robert Laughlin]], [[Horst Ludwig Störmer]] na [[Daniel Chee Tsui]] 1999 [[Gerardus t' Hooft]] na [[Martinus Veltman]] 2000 [[Schores Alfjorow]], [[Herbert Kroemer]] na [[Jack Kilby]] 2001 [[Eric Cornell]], [[Wolfgang Ketterle]] na [[Carl Wieman]] 2002 [[Raymond Davis]], [[Masatoshi Koshiba]] na [[Riccardo Giacconi]] 2003 [[Alexei Abrikossow]], [[Witali Ginsburg]] na [[Anthony Leggett]] 2004 [[David Gross]], [[David Politzer]] na [[Frank Wilczek]] 2005 [[Roy Glauber]], [[Theodor Hänsch]] na [[John Hall]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel]] [[Category:Wanasayansi - Fizikia]] [[Category:Fisikia]] [[ar:جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء]] [[ast:Premiu Nobel de Física]] [[zh-min-nan:Nobel Bu̍t-lí-ha̍k Chióng]] [[br:Priz Nobel ar fizik]] [[ca:Premi Nobel de Física]] [[cs:Nobelova cena za fyziku]] [[cy:Gwobr Ffiseg Nobel]] [[da:Nobelprisen i fysik]] [[de:Liste der Nobelpreisträger für Physik]] [[en:Nobel Prize in Physics]] [[et:Nobeli füüsikaauhind]] [[es:Premio Nobel de Física]] [[eo:Premio Nobel de Fiziko]] [[eu:Fisikako Nobel saria]] [[fa:جایزه نوبل فیزیک]] [[fr:Prix Nobel de physique]] [[ko:노벨 물리학상]] [[hr:Nobelova nagrada za fiziku]] [[io:Nobel-premiarii en fiziko]] [[id:Penghargaan Nobel dalam Fisika]] [[is:Nóbelsverðlaun í eðlisfræði]] [[it:Premio Nobel per la fisica]] [[hu:Fizikai Nobel-díj]] [[nl:Nobelprijs voor de Natuurkunde]] [[ja:ノーベル物理学賞]] [[no:Nobelprisen i fysikk]] [[pl:Nagroda Nobla w dziedzinie fizyki]] [[pt:Nobel de Física]] [[ro:Premiul Nobel pentru Fizică]] [[ru:Нобелевская премия по физике]] [[scn:Premiu Nobel pâ fìsica]] [[sk:Nobelova cena za fyziku]] [[sl:Nobelova nagrada za fiziko]] [[sr:Нобелова награда за физику]] [[fi:Nobelin fysiikanpalkinto]] [[sv:Nobelpriset i fysik]] [[vi:Giải thưởng Nobel vật lý]] [[th:รายชื่อผู้ได้รับรางวัลโนเบลสาขาฟิสิกส์]] [[tr:Nobel Fizik ödülü]] [[zh:诺贝尔物理学奖]] 2941 11245 2006-06-24T11:41:01Z Ndesanjo 73 '''[[Tuzo ya Nobeli]] ya Kemia''' hutolewa kila mwaka kufuatana na wasia wa [[Alfred Nobel]] na Kamati ya Taasisi ya Taaluma ya Sayansi ya Sweden. Tangu mwaka 1901 tuzo imepokelewa na wataalamu wafuatao: 1901 [[Jacobus Henricus van’t Hoff]] 1902 [[Hermann Emil Fischer]] 1903 [[Svante Arrhenius]] 1904 [[William Ramsay]] 1905 [[Adolf von Baeyer]] 1906 [[Henri Moissan]] 1907 [[Eduard Buchner]] 1908 [[Ernest Rutherford]] 1909 [[Wilhelm Ostwald]] 1910 [[Otto Wallach]] 1911 [[Marie Curie]] 1912 [[Victor Grignard]] na [[Paul Sabatier]] 1913 [[Alfred Werner]] 1914 [[Theodore William Richards]] 1915 [[Richard Willstätter]] 1916 (''hakuna tuzo kwa Kemia'') 1917 (''hakuna tuzo kwa Kemia'') 1918 [[Fritz Haber]] 1919 [[Jules Bordet]] 1920 [[Walther Nernst]] 1921 [[Frederick Soddy]] 1922 [[Francis William Aston]] 1923 [[F. Pregel]] 1924 (''hakuna tuzo kwa Kemia '') 1925 [[Richard Zsigmondy]] 1926 [[Theodor Svedberg]] 1927 [[Heinrich Otto Wieland]] 1928 [[Adolf Windaus]] 1929 [[Arthur Harden]] na [[Hans von Euler-Chelpin]] 1930 [[Hans Fischer]] 1931 [[Carl Bosch]] na [[Friedrich Bergius]] 1932 [[Irving Langmuir]] 1933 (''hakuna tuzo kwa Kemia'') 1934 [[Harold Urey]] 1935 [[Frederic na Irene Joliot-Curie]] 1936 [[P. Depye]] 1937 [[Norman Haworth]] na [[Paul Karrer]] 1938 [[Richard Kuhn]] 1939 [[Leopold Ruzicka]] na [[Adolf Butenandt]] 1940-42 ''Tuzo ya Nobel haikutolewa kwa sababu ya'' [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]]. 1943 [[Georg von Hevesy]] 1944 [[Otto Hahn]] 1945 [[Artturi Ilmari Virtanen]] 1946 [[James Sumner]] [[John Howard Northrop]] na [[Wendell Stanley]] 1947 [[Robert Robinson]] 1948 [[Arne Tiselius]] 1949 [[William Giauque]] 1950 [[Kurt Alder]] na [[Otto Diels]] 1951 [[Edwin McMillan]] na [[Glenn Seaborg]] 1952 [[A.J.P. Martin]] na [[R.L.M. Synge]] 1953 [[Hermann Staudinger]] 1954 [[Linus Pauling]] 1955 [[Vincent du Vigneaud]] 1956 [[Nikolay Semyonov]] na [[Cyril Hinshelwood]] 1957 [[Alexander Todd]] 1958 [[Frederick Sanger]] 1959 [[Jaroslav Heyrovsky]] 1960 [[Willard Libby]] 1961 [[Melvin Calvin]] 1962 [[Max Ferdinand Perutz]] na [[John Kendrew]] 1963 [[Karl Ziegler]] na [[Giulio Natta]] 1964 [[Dorothy Hodgkin]] 1965 [[Robert Woodward]] 1966 [[Robert Mulliken]] 1967 [[Manfred Eigen]], [[Ronald Norrish]] na [[George Porter]] 1968 [[Lars Onsager]] 1969 [[Derek Barton]] na [[Odd Hassel]] 1970 [[Luis Leloir]] 1971 [[Gerhard Herzberg]] 1972 [[Christian Anfinsen]], [[Stanford Moore]] na [[William Stein]] 1973 [[Ernst Otto Fischer]] na [[Geoffrey Wilkinson]] 1974 [[Paul Flory]] 1975 [[John Cornforth]] na [[Vladimir Prelog]] 1976 [[William Lipscomb]] 1977 [[Ilya Prigogine]] 1978 [[Peter Mitchell]] 1979 [[Herbert Brown]] na [[Georg Wittig]] 1980 [[Paul Berg]], [[Walter Gilbert]] na [[Frederick Sanger]] 1981 [[Kenichi Fukui]] na [[Roald Hoffmann]] 1982 [[Aaron Klug]] 1983 [[Henry Taube]] 1984 [[Robert Merrifield]] 1985 [[Herbert Hauptman]] na [[Jerome Karle]] 1986 [[Dudley Herschbach]], [[Yuan Lee]] na [[John Polanyi]] 1987 [[Donald Cram]], [[Jean-Marie Lehn]] na [[Charles Pedersen]] 1988 [[Johann Deisenhofer]], [[Robert Huber]] na [[Hartmut Michel]] 1989 [[Sidney Altman]] na [[Thomas Cech]] 1990 [[Elias Corey]] 1991 [[Richard Ernst]] 1992 [[Rudolph Marcus]] 1993 [[Kary Mullis]] na [[Michael Smith]] 1994 [[George Olah]] 1995 [[Paul Crutzen]], [[Mario Molina]] na [[Sherwood Rowland]] 1996 [[Robert Curl]], [[Harold Kroto]] na [[Richard Smalley]] 1997 [[Paul Boyer]], [[John Walker]] na [[Jens Skou]] 1998 [[Walter Kohn]] na [[John Pople]] 1999 [[Ahmed Zewail]] 2000 [[Alan Heeger]], [[Alan MacDiarmid]] na [[Hideki Shirakawa]] 2001 [[William Knowles]], [[Ryoji Noyori]] na [[Barry Sharpless]] 2002 [[Kurt Wuthrich]], [[John Fenn]] na [[Koichi Tanaka]] 2003 [[Peter Agre]] na [[Roderick MacKinnon]] 2004 [[Aaron Ciechanover]], [[Avram Hershko]] na [[Irwin Rose]] 2005 [[Robert Grubbs]], [[Richard Schrock]] na [[Yves Chauvin]] [[Category:Wanasayansi - Kemia]] [[Category:Kemia]] [[ast:Premiu Nobel de Química]] [[zh-min-nan:Nobel Hòa-ha̍k Chióng]] [[ca:Premi Nobel de Química]] [[cs:Nobelova cena za chemii]] [[cy:Gwobr Cemeg Nobel]] [[da:Nobelprisen i kemi]] [[de:Nobelpreis für Chemie]] [[el:Βραβεία Νόμπελ στη Χημεία]] [[en:Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] [[es:Premio Nobel de Química]] [[eo:Premio Nobel de Kemio]] [[eu:Kimikako Nobel saria]] [[fr:Prix Nobel de chimie]] [[fy:Nobelpriis foar de Skiekunde]] [[gd:Duais Nobel ann an Ceimeagachd]] [[ko:노벨 화학상]] [[he:פרס נובל לכימיה]] [[hr:Nobelova nagrada za kemiju]] [[io:Nobel-premiarii en kemio]] [[id:Penghargaan Nobel dalam Kimia]] [[is:Nóbelsverðlaun í efnafræði]] [[it:Premio Nobel per la chimica]] [[hu:Kémiai Nobel-díj]] [[nl:Nobelprijs voor de Scheikunde]] [[ja:ノーベル化学賞]] [[no:Nobelprisen i kjemi]] [[pl:Nagroda Nobla w dziedzinie chemii]] [[pt:Nobel de Química]] [[ro:Premiul Nobel pentru Chimie]] [[ru:Нобелевская премия по химии]] [[scn:Premiu Nobel pâ chimica]] [[sk:Nobelova cena za chémiu]] [[sl:Nobelova nagrada za kemijo]] [[sr:Нобелова награда за хемију]] [[su:Hadiah Nobel Kimia]] [[fi:Nobelin kemianpalkinto]] [[sv:Nobelpriset i kemi]] [[tr:Nobel Kimya Ödülleri]] [[zh:诺贝尔化学奖]] 2942 11324 2006-06-25T17:27:53Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Tiba au Fiziolojia''' hutolewa kila mwaka kufuatana na wasia ya [[Alfred Nobel]] na kamati ya Taasisi ya Taaluma ya Sayansi ya Sweden. Tangu mwaka 1901 tuzo imepokelewa na wataalamu wafuatao: 1901 [[Emil von Behring]] 1902 [[Ronald Ross]] 1903 [[Niels Ryberg Finsen]] 1904 [[Ivan Pavlov]] 1905 [[Robert Koch]] 1906 [[Camillo Golgi]] na [[Santiago Ramon y Cajal]] 1907 [[Alphonse Laveran]] 1908 [[Paul Ehrlich]] na [[Ilya Mechnikov]] 1909 [[Emil Theodor Kocher]] 1910 [[Albrecht Kossel]] 1911 [[Allvar Gullstrand]] 1912 [[Alexis Carrel]] 1913 [[Charles Richet]] 1914 [[Robert Barany]] 1915-18 (''hakuna tuzo kwa Tiba'') 1919 [[Jules Bordet]] 1920 [[August Krogh]] 1921 (''hakuna tuzo kwa Tiba'') 1922 [[Archibald Vivian Hill]] na [[Otto Meyerhoff]] 1923 [[Frederick Banting]] na [[John Macleod]] 1924 [[Willem Einthoven]] 1925 (''hakuna tuzo kwa Tiba'') 1926 [[Johannes Fibiger]] 1927 [[Julius Wagner-Jauregg]] 1928 [[Charles Nicolle]] 1929 [[Christiaan Eijkman]] na [[Frederick Hopkins]] 1930 [[Karl Landsteiner]] 1931 [[Otto Warburg]] 1932 [[Charles Sherrington]] na [[Edgar Douglas Adrian]] 1933 [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]] 1934 [[George Minot]], [[William Murphy]] na [[George Whipple]] 1935 [[Hans Spemann]] 1936 [[Henry Dale]] na [[Otto Loewi]] 1937 [[Albert Szent-Györgyi]] 1938 [[Corneille Heymans]] 1939 [[Gerhard Domagk]] 1940-42 ''Tuzo ya Nobel haikutolewa kwa sababu ya'' [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]]. 1943 [[Henrik Dam]] na [[Edward Doisy]] 1944 [[Joseph Erlanger]] na [[Herbert Spencer Gasser]] 1945 [[Alexander Fleming]], [[Ernst Boris Chain]] na [[Howard Walter Florey]] 1946 [[Hermann Muller]] 1947 [[Carl na Gerty Cori]] na [[Bernardo Houssay]] 1948 [[Paul Hermann Müller]] 1949 [[Walter Hess]] na [[Antonio Egas Moniz]] 1950 [[Philip Hench]], [[Edward Kendall]] na [[Tadeus Reichstein]] 1951 [[Max Theiler]] 1952 [[Selman Waksman]] 1953 [[Hans Krebs]] na [[Fritz Lipmann]] 1954 [[John Enders]], [[Frederick Robbins]] na [[Thomas Weller]] 1955 [[Hugo Theorell]] 1956 [[Werner Forssmann]], [[Andre Cournand]] na [[Dickinson Richards]] 1957 [[Daniel Bovet]] 1958 [[George Beadle]], [[Edward Tatum]] na [[Joshua Lederberg]] 1959 [[Arthur Kornberg]] na [[Severo Ochoa]] 1960 [[Frank Burnet]] na [[Peter Medawar]] 1961 [[Georg von Bekesy]] 1962 [[Francis Crick]], [[James Dewey Watson]] na [[Maurice Wilkins]] 1963 [[John Eccles]], [[Alan Hodgkin]] na [[Andrew Huxley]] 1964 [[Konrad Bloch]] na [[Feodor Lynen]] 1965 [[Francois Jacob]], [[Andre Lwoff]] na [[Jacques Monod]] 1966 [[Peyton Rous]] na [[Charles Huggins]] 1967 [[Ragnar Granit]], [[Haldan Hartline]] na [[George Wald]] 1968 [[Robert Holley]], [[Har Khorana]] na [[Marshall Nirenberg]] 1969 [[Max Delbruck]], [[Alfred Hershey]] na [[Salvador Luria]] 1970 [[Bernard Katz]], [[Ulf von Euler]] na [[Julius Axelrod]] 1971 [[Earl Sutherland]] 1972 [[Gerald Edelman]] na [[Rodney Porter]] 1973 [[Karl von Frisch]], [[Konrad Lorenz]] na [[Nikolaas Tinbergen]] 1974 [[Albert Claude]], [[Christian de Duve]] na [[George Palade]] 1975 [[David Baltimore]], [[Renato Dulbecco]] na [[Howard Temin]] 1976 [[Baruch Blumberg]] na [[Carleton Gajdusek]] 1977 [[Roger Guillemin]], [[Andrew Schally]] na [[Rosalyn Yalow]] 1978 [[Werner Arber]], [[Daniel Nathans]] na [[Hamilton Smith]] 1979 [[Allan Cormack]] na [[Godfrey Hounsfield]] 1980 [[Baruj Benacerraf]], [[Jean Dausset]] na [[George Snell]] 1981 [[Roger Sperry]], [[David Hubel]] na [[Torsten Wiesel]] 1982 [[Sune Bergström]], [[Bengt Samuelsson]] na [[John Vane]] 1983 [[Barbara McClintock]] 1984 [[Niels Jerne]], [[Georges Köhler]] na [[Cesar Milstein]] 1985 [[Michael Brown]] na [[Joseph Goldstein]] 1986 [[Stanley Cohen]] na [[Rita Levi-Montalcini]] 1987 [[Susumu Tonegawa]] 1988 [[James Black]], [[Gertrude Elion]] na [[George Hitchings]] 1989 [[Michael Bishop]] na [[Harold Varmus]] 1990 [[Joseph Murray]] na [[Donnall Thomas]] 1991 [[Erwin Neher]] na [[Bert Sakmann]] 1992 [[Edmond Fischer]] na [[Edwin Krebs]] 1993 [[Richard Roberts]] na [[Phillip Sharp]] 1994 [[Alfred Gilman]] na [[Martin Rodbell]] 1995 [[Edward Lewis]], [[Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard]] na [[Eric Wieschaus]] 1996 [[Peter Doherty]] na [[Rolf Zinkernagel]] 1997 [[Stanley Prusiner]] 1998 [[Robert Furchgott]], [[Louis Ignarro]] na [[Ferid Murad]] 1999 [[Günter Blobel]] 2000 [[Arvid Carlsson]], [[Paul Greengard]] na [[Eric Kandel]] 2001 [[Leland Hartwell]], [[Timothy Hunt]] na [[Paul Nurse]] 2002 [[Sydney Brenner]], [[Robert Horvitz]] na [[John Sulston]] 2003 [[Paul Lauterbur]] na [[Peter Mansfield]] 2004 [[Linda Buck]] na [[Richard Axel]] 2005 [[Barry Marshall]] na [[Robin Warren]] [[Category:Wanasayansi - Tiba]] [[Category:Tiba]] [[ast:Premiu Nobel de Medicina]] [[zh-min-nan:Nobel Seng-lí-ha̍k I-ha̍k Chióng]] [[bs:Nobelova nagrada za fiziologiju ili medicinu]] [[br:Priz Nobel ar vezegiezh]] [[bg:Нобелова награда за физиология и медицина]] [[ca:Premi Nobel de Medicina o Fisiologia]] [[cs:Nobelova cena za fyziologii a lékařství]] [[cy:Gwobr Nobel mewn Ffisioleg neu Feddygaeth]] [[da:Nobelprisen i fysiologi eller medicin]] [[de:Liste der Nobelpreisträger für Physiologie oder Medizin]] [[en:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] [[et:Nobeli füsioloogia- või meditsiiniauhind]] [[es:Premio Nobel de Fisiología o Medicina]] [[eo:Premio Nobel de Fiziologio aŭ Medicino]] [[eu:Medikuntzako Nobel Saria]] [[fr:Prix Nobel de physiologie ou médecine]] [[gl:Nobel de Medicina]] [[ko:노벨 생리학·의학상]] [[hr:Nobelova nagrada za fiziologiju ili medicinu]] [[io:Nobel-premiarii en medicino e fiziologio]] [[id:Penghargaan Nobel dalam Fisiologi atau Kedokteran]] [[is:Nóbelsverðlaun í læknisfræði]] [[it:Premio Nobel per la medicina]] [[he:פרס נובל לפיזיולוגיה ורפואה]] [[lt:Nobelio medicinos premija]] [[hu:Fiziológiai és orvostudományi Nobel-díj]] [[nl:Nobelprijs voor de Fysiologie of Geneeskunde]] [[ja:ノーベル生理学・医学賞]] [[no:Nobelprisen i medisin]] [[pl:Nagroda Nobla w dziedzinie fizjologii lub medycyny]] [[pt:Nobel de Medicina]] [[ro:Premiul Nobel pentru Medicină]] [[ru:Нобелевская премия по физиологии и медицине]] [[simple:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] [[sk:Zoznam nositeľov Nobelovej ceny za fyziológiu alebo medicínu]] [[sl:Nobelova nagrada za fiziologijo in medicino]] [[sr:Нобелова награда за физиологију или медицину]] [[fi:Nobelin lääketieteen palkinto]] [[sv:Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin]] [[vi:Những người đoạt giải Nobel Y học]] [[tr:Nobel Tıp ve Fizyoloji Ödülü sahipleri]] [[uk:Нобелівська премія з медицини та фізіології]] [[zh:诺贝尔生理学或医学奖]] 2943 10173 2006-05-26T18:51:48Z Kipala 107 '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Fasihi''' inatolewa na Taasisi ya Taaluma ya Sweden kwa lugha na fasihi. Tangu mwaka 1901 tuzo imepokelewa na waandishi wafuatao: {| class="wikitable" width=95% |- bgcolor="#cccccc" !Mwaka !Jina !Nchi ! Lugha |- | [[1901]] | [[Sully Prudhomme]] | [[Ufaransa]] | [[Kifaransa |Kifaransa]] |- | [[1902]] | [[Theodor Mommsen]] | [[Ujerumani]] | [[Kijerumani |Kijerumani]] |- | [[1903]] | [[Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson]] | [[Norway]] | [[Kinorway |Kinorway]] |- | rowspan="2" | [[1904]] | [[Frédéric Mistral]] | [[Ufaransa]] | [[Occitan |Occitan]] |- | [[José Echegaray y Eizaguirre]] | [[Hispania]] | [[Kihispania |Kihispania]] |- | [[1905]] | [[Henryk Sienkiewicz]] | [[Poland]] | [[Kipoland |Kipoland]] |- | [[1906]] | [[Giosuè Carducci]] | [[Italia]] | [[Kiitalia |Kiitalia]] |- | [[1907]] | [[Rudyard Kipling]] | [[Uingereza]] | [[Kiingereza |Kiingereza]] |- | [[1908]] | [[Rudolf Christoph Eucken]] | [[Ujerumani]] | [[Kijerumani |Kijerumani]] |- | [[1909]] | [[Selma Lagerlöf]] | [[Sweden]] | [[Kisweden |Kisweden]] |- | [[1910]] | [[Paul Heyse]] | [[Ujerumani]] | [[Kijerumani |Kijerumani]] |- | [[1911]] | [[Maurice Maeterlinck|Count Maurice Maeterlinck]] | [[Ubelgiji]] | [[Kifaransa |Kifaransa]] |- | [[1912]] | [[Gerhart Hauptmann]] | [[Ujerumani]] | [[Kijerumani |Kijerumani]] |- | [[1913]] | [[Rabindranath Tagore]] | [[India]] | [[Bengali |Bengali]] |- | [[1915]] | [[Romain Rolland]] | [[Ufaransa]] | [[Kifaransa |Kifaransa]] |- | [[1916]] | [[Verner von Heidenstam]] | [[Sweden]] | [[Kisweden |Kisweden]] |- | rowspan="2" | [[1917]] | [[Karl Adolph Gjellerup]] | [[Denmark]] | [[Kidenmark |Kidenmark]] |- | [[Henrik Pontoppidan]] | [[Denmark]] | [[Kidenmark |Kidenmark]] |- | [[1919]] | [[Carl Spitteler]] | [[Uswisi]] | [[Kijerumani |Kijerumani]] |- | [[1920]] | [[Knut Hamsun]] | [[Norway]] | [[Kinorway |Kinorway]] |- | [[1921]] | [[Anatole France]] | [[Ufaransa]] | [[Kifaransa |Kifaransa]] |- | [[1922]] | [[Jacinto Benavente]] | [[Hispania]] | [[Kihispania |Kihispania]] |- | [[1923]] | [[William Butler Yeats]] | [[Ireland]] | [[Kiingereza |Kiingereza]] |- | [[1924]] | [[Władysław Reymont]] | [[Poland]] | [[Kipoland |Kipoland]] |- | [[1925]] | [[George Bernard Shaw|G. Bernard Shaw]] | [[Ireland]] | [[Kiingereza |Kiingereza]] |- | [[1926]] | [[Grazia Deledda]] | [[Italia]] | [[Kiitalia |Kiitalia]] |- | [[1927]] | [[Henri Bergson]] | [[Ufaransa]] | [[Kifaransa |Kifaransa]] |- | [[1928]] | [[Sigrid Undset]] | [[Norway]] | [[Kinorway |Kinorway]] |- | [[1929]] | [[Thomas Mann]] | [[Ujerumani]] | [[Kijerumani |Kijerumani]] |- | [[1930]] | [[Sinclair Lewis]] | [[Marekani]] | [[Kiingereza |Kiingereza]] |- | [[1931]] | [[Erik Axel Karlfeldt]] | [[Sweden]] | [[Kisweden |Kisweden]] |- | [[1932]] | [[John Galsworthy]] | [[Uingereza]] | [[Kiingereza |Kiingereza]] |- | [[1933]] | [[Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin]] | [[Urusi]] (in exile) | [[Kirusi |Kirusi]] |- | [[1934]] | [[Luigi Pirandello]] | [[Italia]] | [[Kiitalia |Kiitalia]] |- | [[1936]] | [[Eugene O'Neill]] | [[Marekani]] | [[Kiingereza |Kiingereza]] |- | [[1937]] | [[Roger Martin du Gard]] | [[Ufaransa]] | [[Kifaransa |Kifaransa]] |- | [[1938]] | [[Pearl S. Buck]] | [[Marekani]] | [[Kiingereza |Kiingereza]] |- | [[1939]] | [[Frans Eemil Sillanpää]] | [[Finland]] | [[Finnish |Finnish]] |- | [[1944]] | [[Johannes Vilhelm Jensen]] | [[Denmark]] | [[Kidenmark |Kidenmark]] |- | [[1945]] | [[Gabriela Mistral]] | [[Chile]] | [[Kihispania |Kihispania]] |- | [[1946]] | [[Hermann Hesse]] | [[Uswisi]] | [[Kijerumani |Kijerumani]] |- | [[1947]] | [[André Gide]] | [[Ufaransa]] | [[Kifaransa |Kifaransa]] |- | [[1948]] | [[T. S. Eliot]] | [[Marekani]]/[[Uingereza]] | [[Kiingereza |Kiingereza]] |- | [[1949]] | [[William Faulkner]] | [[Marekani]] | [[Kiingereza |Kiingereza]] |- | [[1950]] | [[Bertrand Russell]] | [[Uingereza]] | [[Kiingereza |Kiingereza]] |- | [[1951]] | [[Pär Lagerkvist]] | [[Sweden]] | [[Kisweden |Kisweden]] |- | [[1952]] | [[François Mauriac]] | [[Ufaransa]] | [[Kifaransa |Kifaransa]] |- | [[1953]] | [[Winston Churchill|Sir Winston Churchill]] | [[Uingereza]] | [[Kiingereza |Kiingereza]] |- | [[1954]] | [[Ernest Hemingway]] | [[Marekani]] | [[Kiingereza |Kiingereza]] |- | [[1955]] | [[Halldór Laxness]] | [[Iceland]] | [[Kiiceland |Kiiceland]] |- | [[1956]] | [[Juan Ramón Jiménez]] | [[Hispania]] | [[Kihispania |Kihispania]] |- | [[1957]] | [[Albert Camus]] | [[Ufaransa]] | [[Kifaransa |Kifaransa]] |- | [[1958]] | [[Boris Leonidovich Pasternak|Boris Pasternak]] (alikataa tuzo)<small>^{[http://nobelprize.org/literature/laureates/1958/press.html]</small>} | [[Urusi]] | [[Kirusi |Kirusi]] |- | [[1959]] | [[Salvatore Quasimodo]] | [[Italia]] | [[Kiitalia |Kiitalia]] |- | [[1960]] | [[Saint-John Perse]] | [[Ufaransa]] | [[Kifaransa |Kifaransa]] |- | [[1961]] | [[Ivo Andric]] | [[Yugoslavia]] | [[Kiserbi - Kikroatia]] |- | [[1962]] | [[John Steinbeck]] | [[Marekani]] | [[Kiingereza |Kiingereza]] |- | [[1963]] | [[Giorgos Seferis]] | [[Ugiriki]] | [[Kigiriki |Kigiriki]] |- | [[1964]] | [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] (alikataa tuzo)<small>^{[http://nobelprize.org/literature/laureates/1964/press.html]</small>} | [[Ufaransa]] | [[Kifaransa |Kifaransa]] |- | [[1965]] | [[Michail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov|Michail Sholokhov]] | [[Urusi]] | [[Kirusi |Kirusi]] |- | rowspan="2" | [[1966]] | [[Shmuel Yosef Agnon]] | [[Israel]] | [[Kiebrania |Kiebrania]] |- | [[Nelly Sachs]] | [[Ujerumani]]/[[Sweden]] | [[Kijerumani |Kijerumani]] |- | [[1967]] | [[Miguel Ángel Asturias]] | [[Guatemala]] | [[Kihispania |Kihispania]] |- | [[1968]] | [[Yasunari Kawabata]] | [[Japan]] | [[Kijapan |Kijapan]] |- | [[1969]] | [[Samuel Beckett]] | [[Ireland]] | [[Kiingereza |Kiingereza]]/[[Kifaransa ( )|Kifaransa]] |- | [[1970]] | [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]] | [[Urusi]] | [[Kirusi |Kirusi]] |- | [[1971]] | [[Pablo Neruda]] | [[Chile]] | [[Kihispania |Kihispania]] |- | [[1972]] | [[Heinrich Böll]] | [[Ujerumani]] ([[West Ujerumani|West]]) | [[Kijerumani |Kijerumani]] |- | [[1973]] | [[Patrick White]] | [[Australia]] | [[Kiingereza |Kiingereza]] |- | rowspan="2" | [[1974]] | [[Eyvind Johnson]] | [[Sweden]] | [[Kisweden |Kisweden]] |- | [[Harry Martinson]] | [[Sweden]] | [[Kisweden |Kisweden]] |- | [[1975]] | [[Eugenio Montale]] | [[Italia]] | [[Kiitalia |Kiitalia]] |- | [[1976]] | [[Saul Bellow]] | [[Kanada]]/[[Marekani]] | [[Kiingereza |Kiingereza]] |- | [[1977]] | [[Vicente Aleixandre]] | [[Hispania]] | [[Kihispania |Kihispania]] |- | [[1978]] | [[Isaac Bashevis Singer]] | [[Poland]]/[[Marekani]] | [[Yiddish |Yiddish]] |- | [[1979]] | [[Odysseas Elytis]] | [[Ugiriki]] | [[Kigiriki |Kigiriki]] |- | [[1980]] | [[Czeslaw Milosz|Czesław Miłosz]] | [[Poland]]/[[Marekani]] | [[Kipoland |Kipoland]] |- | [[1981]] | [[Elias Canetti]] | [[Uingereza]] | [[Kijerumani |Kijerumani]] |- | [[1982]] | [[Gabriel García Márquez]] | [[Colombia]] | [[Kihispania |Kihispania]] |- | [[1983]] | [[William Golding]] | [[Uingereza]] | [[Kiingereza |Kiingereza]] |- | [[1984]] | [[Jaroslav Seifert]] | [[Uceki]] | [[Kiceki ( )|Kiceki]] |- | [[1985]] | [[Claude Simon]] | [[Ufaransa]] | [[Kifaransa |Kifaransa]] |- | [[1986]] | [[Akinwande Oluwole Soyinka]] | [[Nigeria]] | [[Kiingereza |Kiingereza]] |- | [[1987]] | [[Joseph Brodsky]] | [[Urusi]]/[[Marekani]] | [[Kirusi |Kirusi]]/[[Kiingereza |Kiingereza]] |- | [[1988]] | [[Nagib Mahfuz]] | [[Misri]] | [[Kiarabu |Kiarabu]] |- | [[1989]] | [[Camilo José Cela]] | [[Hispania]] | [[Kihispania |Kihispania]] |- | [[1990]] | [[Octavio Paz]] | [[Mexico]] | [[Kihispania |Kihispania]] |- | [[1991]] | [[Nadine Gordimer]] | [[Afrika Kusini]] | [[Kiingereza |Kiingereza]] |- | [[1992]] | [[Derek Walcott]] | [[St. Lucia]] | [[Kiingereza |Kiingereza]] |- | [[1993]] | [[Toni Morrison]] | [[Marekani]] | [[Kiingereza |Kiingereza]] |- | [[1994]] | [[Kenzaburo Oe]] | [[Japan]] | [[Kijapan |Kijapan]] |- | [[1995]] | [[Seamus Heaney]] | [[Ireland]] | [[Kiingereza |Kiingereza]] |- | [[1996]] | [[Wislawa Szymborska|Wisława Szymborska]] | [[Poland]] | [[Kipoland |Kipoland]] |- | [[1997]] | [[Dario Fo]] | [[Italia]] | [[Kiitalia ( )|Kiitalia]] |- | [[1998]] | [[José Saramago]] | [[Ureno]] | [[Kireno |Kireno]] |- | [[1999]] | [[Günter Grass]] | [[Ujerumani]] | [[Kijerumani |Kijerumani]] |- | [[2000]] | [[Gao Xingjian]] | [[Uchina]]/[[Ufaransa]] | [[Kichina |Kichina]] |- | [[2001]] | [[Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul]] | [[Trinidad and Tobago]]/[[Uingereza]] | [[Kiingereza |Kiingereza]] |- | [[2002]] | [[Imre Kertész]] | [[Hungaria]] | [[Kihungaria |Kihungaria]] |- | [[2003]] | [[J. M. Coetzee|John Maxwell Coetzee]] | [[Afrika Kusini]] | [[Kiingereza |Kiingereza]] |- | [[2004]] | [[Elfriede Jelinek]] | [[Austria]] | [[Kijerumani |Kijerumani]] |- | [[2005]] | [[Harold Pinter]] | [[Uingereza]] | [[Kiingereza |Kiingereza]] |} [[Category:Waandishi - Fasihi]] [[Category:Fasihi]] [[af:Nobelprys vir Letterkunde]] [[ast:Premiu Nobel de Lliteratura]] [[bg:Нобелова награда за литература]] [[zh-min-nan:Nobel Bûn-ha̍k Chióng]] [[bs:Nobelova nagrada za književnost]] [[br:Priz Nobel al lennegezh]] [[ca:Premi Nobel de Literatura]] [[cs:Nobelova cena za literaturu]] [[cy:Gwobr Llenyddiaeth Nobel]] [[da:Nobelprisen i litteratur]] [[de:Nobelpreis für Literatur]] [[en:Nobel Prize in Literature]] [[et:Nobeli kirjandusauhind]] [[el:Βραβεία Νόμπελ Λογοτεχνίας]] [[es:Premio Nobel de Literatura]] [[eo:Premio Nobel de Literaturo]] [[eu:Literaturako Nobel Saria]] [[fr:Prix Nobel de littérature]] [[fy:Nobelpriis foar de Literatuer]] [[gd:Duais Nobel ann an Litreachas]] [[gl:Premio Nobel de Literatura]] [[ko:노벨 문학상]] [[hr:Nobelova nagrada za književnost]] [[io:Nobel-premiarii en literaturo]] [[ilo:Premio Nobel iti Literatura]] [[id:Penghargaan Nobel dalam Sastra]] [[ia:Premio Nobel pro Litteratura]] [[is:Nóbelsverðlaun í bókmenntum]] [[it:Premio Nobel per la letteratura]] [[he:פרס נובל לספרות]] [[ka:ნობელის პრემიის ლაურეატები ლიტერატურის დარგში]] [[hu:Irodalmi Nobel-díj]] [[nl:Nobelprijs voor de Literatuur]] [[ja:ノーベル文学賞]] [[no:Nobelprisen i litteratur]] [[nn:Nobelprisen i litteratur]] [[pl:Nagroda Nobla w dziedzinie literatury]] [[pt:Nobel de Literatura]] [[ro:Premiul Nobel pentru Literatură]] [[ru:Нобелевская премия по литературе]] [[scn:Vincitura dû Nobel pâ littiratura (crunulòggicu)]] [[sl:Nobelova nagrada za književnost]] [[sr:Нобелова награда за књижевност]] [[fi:Nobelin kirjallisuuspalkinto]] [[sv:Nobelpriset i litteratur]] [[th:รายชื่อผู้ได้รับรางวัลโนเบลสาขาวรรณกรรม]] [[uk:Нобелівська премія з літератури]] [[zh:诺贝尔文学奖]] 2944 11333 2006-06-25T17:53:10Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Amani''' inatolewa na kamati ya Nobel ya Norway iliyochaguliwa na Bunge ya Norway kufuatana na wasia ya [[Alfred Nobel]]. Tangu mwaka 1901 tuzo imepokelewa na watu wafuatao au taasisi zifuatazo: 1901 [[Henri Dunant]] na [[Frederic Passy]] 1902 [[Elie Ducommun]] na [[Charles-Albert Gobat]] 1903 [[Randal Cremer]] 1904 [[Taasisi ya Haki ya Kimataifa]] 1905 [[Bertha von Suttner]] 1906 [[Theodore Roosevelt]] 1907 [[Ernesto Teodoro Moneta]] na [[Louis Renault]] 1908 [[Klas Pontus Arnoldson]] na [[Fredrik Bajer]] 1909 [[Auguste Beernaert]] 1910 [[Ofisi ya Kimataifa ya Amani]] 1911 [[Tobias Asser]] na [[Alfred Fried]] 1912 [[Elihu Root]] 1913 [[H. La Fontaine]] 1914-16 (''hakuna tuzo ya Amani'') 1917 [[Kamati ya Kimataifa ya Msalaba Mwekundu]] 1918 (''hakuna tuzo ya Amani'') 1919 [[Woodrow Wilson]] 1920 [[Leon Bourgeois]] 1921 [[Karl Hjalmar Branting]] na [[Christian Louis Lange]] 1922 [[Fridtjof Nansen]] 1923 (''hakuna tuzo ya Amani'') 1924 (''hakuna tuzo ya Amani'') 1925 [[Austen Chamberlain]] na [[Charles Dawes]] 1926 [[Aristide Briand]] na [[Gustav Stresemann]] 1927 [[Ferdinand-Edouard Buisson]] na [[Ludwig Quidde]] 1928 (''hakuna tuzo ya Amani'') 1929 [[Frank Kellogg]] 1930 [[Nathan Söderblom]] 1931 [[Nicholas Butler]] na [[Jane Addams]] 1932 (''hakuna tuzo ya Amani'') 1933 [[Norman Angell]] 1934 [[Arthur Henderson]] 1935 [[Carl von Ossietzky]] 1936 [[Carlos Saavedra Lamas]] 1937 [[Cecil of Clelwood]] 1938 [[Tume ya Nansen kwa Wakimbizi]] 1939-43 ''Tuzo ya Nobel haikutolewa kwa sababu ya'' [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]]. 1944 [[Kamati ya Kimataifa ya Msalaba Mwekundu]] 1945 [[Cordell Hull]] 1946 [[Emily Balch]] na [[John Raleigh Mott]] 1947 [[Jumuiya ya Marafiki]] (‘’Society of Friends’’) 1948 (''hakuna tuzo ya Amani'') 1949 [[John Boyd-Orr]] 1950 [[Ralph Bunche]] 1951 [[Leon Jouhaux]] 1952 [[Albert Schweitzer]] 1953 [[George Marshall]] 1954 [[Ofisi ya Kamishna wa Umoja wa Mataifa kwa Wakimbizi]] 1955 (''hakuna tuzo ya Amani'') 1956 (''hakuna tuzo ya Amani'') 1957 [[Lester Pearson]] 1958 Padre [[Dominique Pire]] 1959 [[Philip Noel-Baker]] 1960 [[Albert Lutuli]] 1961 [[Dag Hammarskjöld]] 1962 [[Linus Pauling]] 1963 [[Kamati ya Kimataifa ya Msalaba Mwekundu]] 1964 [[Martin Luther King]] 1965 [[UNICEF]] 1966 (''hakuna tuzo ya Amani'') 1967 (''hakuna tuzo ya Amani'') 1968 [[Rene Cassin]] 1969 [[Shirika la Kimataifa la Kazi]] (''I.L.O.'') 1970 [[Norman Borlaug]] 1971 [[Willy Brandt]] 1972 (''hakuna tuzo ya Amani'') 1973 [[Henry Kissinger]] na [[Le Duc Tho]] 1974 [[Sean MacBride]] na [[Eisaku Sato]] 1975 [[Andrei Sakharov]] 1976 [[Betty Williams]] na [[Mairead Corrigan]] 1977 [[Amnesty International]] 1978 [[Anwar Al-Sadat]] na [[Menachem Begin]] 1979 [[Mama Teresa]] 1980 [[Adolfo Esquivel]] 1981 [[Ofisi ya Kamishna wa Umoja wa Mataifa kwa Wakimbizi]] 1982 [[Alva Myrdal]] na [[Alfonso Gobles]] 1983 [[Lech Walesa]] 1984 Askofu [[Desmond Tutu]] 1985 Shirika la [[Madaktari wa Kimataifa kwa Kuzuia Vita ya Nyuklia]] 1986 [[Elie Wiesel]] 1987 [[Oscar Sanchez]] 1988 [[Majeshi ya Kukinga Amani]] ya [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] 1989 [[Tenzin Gyatso]] 1990 [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] 1991 [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] 1992 [[Rigoberta Menchu]] 1993 [[Nelson Mandela]] na [[Frederik Willem de Klerk]] 1994 [[Yasser Arafat]], [[Shimon Peres]] na [[Yitzhak Rabin]] 1995 [[Joseph Rotblat]] 1996 [[Carlos Ximenes Belo]] na [[Jose Ramon Horta]] 1997 [[Jody Williams]] 1998 [[John Hume]] na [[David Trimble]] 1999 Shirika la [[Médecins sans Frontières]] 2000 [[Kim Dae Jung]] 2001 [[Kofi Annan]] na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] 2002 [[Jimmy Carter]] 2003 [[Shirin Ebadi]] 2004 [[Wangari Maathai]] 2005 [[Mohamed ElBaradei]] [[Category:Wanasiasa - Amani]] [[Category:Siasa]] [[af:Nobelprys vir Vrede]] [[ast:Premiu Nobel de la Paz]] [[bg:Нобелова награда за мир]] [[bs:Nobelova nagrada za mir]] [[zh-min-nan:Nobel Hô-pêng Chióng]] [[ca:Premi Nobel de la Pau]] [[cs:Nobelova cena za mír]] [[cy:Gwobr Heddwch Nobel]] [[da:Nobels fredspris]] [[de:Friedensnobelpreis]] [[en:Nobel Peace Prize]] [[es:Premio Nobel de la Paz]] [[eo:Premio Nobel de Paco]] [[eu:Bakearen Nobel saria]] [[fr:Prix Nobel de la paix]] [[fy:Nobelpriis foar de Frede]] [[ko:노벨 평화상]] [[hr:Nobelova nagrada za mir]] [[io:Nobel-premiarii en pacala laboro]] [[id:Penghargaan Perdamaian Nobel]] [[ilo:Premio Nobel iti Kappia]] [[is:Friðarverðlaun Nóbels]] [[it:Premio Nobel per la pace]] [[he:פרס נובל לשלום]] [[lb:Friddensnobelpräis]] [[nl:Nobelprijs voor de Vrede]] [[ja:ノーベル平和賞]] [[no:Nobels fredspris]] [[pl:Pokojowa Nagroda Nobla]] [[pt:Prémio Nobel da Paz]] [[ro:Premiul Nobel Pentru Pace]] [[ru:Нобелевская премия мира]] [[scn:Premiu Nobel pâ paci]] [[sl:Nobelova nagrada za mir]] [[sr:Нобелова награда за мир]] [[fi:Nobelin rauhanpalkinto]] [[sv:Nobels fredspris]] [[tr:Nobel Barış Ödülü]] [[zh:诺贝尔和平奖]] 2945 10050 2006-05-24T17:35:38Z Kipala 107 Kutokana na da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billede:NobelPrizeMedal.jpg imebadilishwa na user:kipala Kutokana na da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billede:NobelPrizeMedal.jpg imebadilishwa na user:kipala 2946 10058 2006-05-24T19:29:49Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Malawi-Lilongwe.png|right|115px|Mahali Lilongwe iko kwa ramani ya Malawi]] '''Lilongwe''', umma kadiriwa 597,619 ([[2003]] sensa), ni [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Malawi]]. Yenyewe iko kusini magharibi mwa nchi, magharibi mwa [[Mto Malawi]] karibu na mpaka wa Malawi na [[Msumbiji]] na [[Zambia]]. Lilongwe mahali pake ni {{coor dm|13|59|S|33|47|E}} (-13.98333, 33.78333). [http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html] ==Historia== Mji huu ulianza kama kijiji kwa ufuo wa Mto Malawi na kuwa Kituo cha amri ya wakoloni Waingereza kwa mwanzo wa karne 1900. Yasemekana kwamba, Lilongwe ilisaidia sana kama kituo cha serikali ya wakoloni kwa sababu Lilongwe ilikuwa kwa ruti ya kusini na kaskazini ambayo iliwezesha utawala wa Rhodesia ya kaskazini inayojulikana sasa kama [[Zambia]]. Mji wa Lilongwe baadaye ukawa mji wa pili kwa ukubwa Malawi. Mwaka wa 1974, Mji mkuu wa nchi ulihamishwa kutoka Zomba (mji ambao sasa ni wa tatu kwa ukubwa nchini Malawi), hadi kwa mji namba mbili kwa ukubwa, Lilongwe. ==Wilaya== Mji wenyewe una wilaya nyingi ambazo zajulikana kama eneo, mbila kati ya mji kuwa eneo iliopewa namba. Eneo zenyewe hazijapewa namba kulingana vile eneo zimepakana. Maeneo yaliyojulikana: *Eneo 1: Mji wa Wakale (Kati) *Eneo 2: Mji wa Wakale (Kaskazini mwa A1) - Karibu na Mji wakati *Eneo 3: Mji wa Wakale (Magharibi mwa A1) - Ufuo wa Magharibi, Mto Lilongwe *Eneo 4: Mji wa Wakale (Mashariki mwa A2) - Ufuo wa Magharibi, Mto Lilongwe ==Usafiri== Kuna mabasi na motokaa za abiria zinazosafirisha watu kwa miji ya kale, katikati ya Mji wenyewe na pia Kiwanja cha denge. Mataksi yapatikana rahisi kutoka kwa na taksi kwa jia inayoitwa Presidential Way, kaskazini mwa maduka za soko zilizokati ya Mji. ==Jumla== Lilongwe inao- [[Wakazi Wakigeni]] na kwa hivyo waweza kupata chakula zakutoka ng'ambo kwa maduka. Kuna chuo cha ukulima mjini Lilongwe. Wakati wa Mvua hasa ni Oktoba na Aprili. Wakati wa ukame ni kuanza Aprili hadi Oktoba. Kati ya muda huu wa ukame, Juni na Julai ni kuna baridi na Agosti kukizidi na upepo na vumbi. ==Viwanda== Viwanda hasa ni kama za tumbako, chai, sukari, utolezi wa vyumo vilivyo siagwa, simiti na vyakula. Ukulima ni kama wa tumbako, miwa, mipamba, chai, mahindi, viazi, mikota, mihogo, mituta, na pia kwa wanyama ni kama ng'ombe, mbuzi. Mashamba ya ukulima ni kama 34% za nchi. Vifaa vinavyouzwa kwa nchi za kigeni ni tumbako, chai, sukari, pamba, kahawa, chungu na mbao. Vifaa vinavyonunuliwa kutoka nchi za kigeni ni vyakula, mafuta, vifaa vilivyoundwa, vifaa vya utumizi na vifaa vya usafirishaji. Madini na mali ni kama simiti, madini ya yuranimu ambayo hayajachimbwa, makaa ya miamba, madini ya shabu au alumini. Mambo ya mazingira; ukataji wa miti; mmomonyoko wa udongo; ujanaba wa maji, maji ya siwa (ya choo), takataka za viwanda; samaki kupunguka kwa kuaribu eneo za yai za samaki. [[Category:Miji ya Malawi]] [[Category:Miji mikuu ya Africa]] [[ny:Lilongwe]] [[de:Lilongwe]] [[es:Lilongüe]] [[eo:Lilongwe]] [[fr:Lilongwe]] [[ko:릴롱궤]] [[io:Lilongwe]] [[is:Lilongwe]] [[it:Lilongwe]] [[he:לילונגווה]] [[lt:Lilongvė]] [[nl:Lilongwe]] [[ja:リロングウェ]] [[no:Lilongwe]] [[nn:Lilongwe]] [[os:Лилонгве]] [[pl:Lilongwe]] [[pt:Lilongwe]] [[ru:Лилонгве]] [[sk:Lilongwe]] [[fi:Lilongwe]] [[sv:Lilongwe]] 2947 10070 2006-05-24T20:14:00Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Hendrik Antoon Lorentz''' (18 Julai 1853 &ndash; 4 Februari 1928) alikuwa mwanafizikia kutoka nchi ya [[Uholanzi]]. Alitafiti nadharia ya [[elektroni]]. Pia alichunguza nadharia ya [[Albert Einstein]] (''Relativity Theory'') na ya [[kwanta]]. Mwaka wa 1902, pamoja na [[Pieter Zeeman]] alikuwa mshindi wa [[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fizikia]]. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fizikia]] {{mbegu}} [[bg:Хендрик Лоренц]] [[ca:Hendrik Lorentz]] [[de:Hendrik Lorentz]] [[en:Hendrik Lorentz]] [[es:Hendrik Antoon Lorentz]] [[fi:Hendrik Lorentz]] [[fr:Hendrik Antoon Lorentz]] [[gl:Hendrik Lorentz]] [[hr:Hendrik Antoon Lorentz]] [[is:Hendrik Antoon Lorentz]] [[it:Hendrik Lorentz]] [[ja:ヘンドリック・ローレンツ]] [[ko:헨드릭 안톤 로런츠]] [[nl:Hendrik Lorentz]] [[no:Hendrik Antoon Lorentz]] [[pl:Hendrik Antoon Lorentz]] [[pt:Hendrik Lorentz]] [[ru:Лоренц, Хендрик Антон]] [[sl:Hendrik Antoon Lorentz]] [[sr:Хендрик Антун Лоренц]] [[sv:Hendrik Lorentz]] [[zh:亨得里克·洛仑兹]] 2948 10068 2006-05-24T20:11:12Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Albert Abraham Michelson''' (19 Desemba 1852 &ndash; 9 Mei 1931) alikuwa mwanafizikia kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Tafiti zake ziliweka msingi kwa nadharia ya [[Albert Einstein]] (''Relativity Theory''). Pia aliboresha vipimo vya [[mwendo wa nuru]]. Mwaka wa 1907 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fizikia]]'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fizikia]] {{mbegu}} [[da:Albert Abraham Michelson]] [[de:Albert Abraham Michelson]] [[en:Albert Abraham Michelson]] [[es:Albert Abraham Michelson]] [[fr:Albert Abraham Michelson]] [[he:אלברט אברהם מיכלסון]] [[hr:Albert Abraham Michelson]] [[id:Albert Abraham Michelson]] [[it:Albert Abraham Michelson]] [[ja:アルバート・マイケルソン]] [[ko:앨버트 마이켈슨]] [[nl:Albert Michelson]] [[no:Albert Abraham Michelson]] [[pl:Albert Abraham Michelson]] [[pt:Albert Abraham Michelson]] [[sl:Albert Abraham Michelson]] [[sv:Albert Abraham Michelson]] [[zh:阿尔伯特·亚伯拉罕·迈克尔逊]] 2949 10067 2006-05-24T20:09:15Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Guglielmo Marconi''' (25 Aprili 1874 &ndash; 20 Julai 1937) alikuwa mwanafizikia kutoka nchi ya [[Italia]]. Baadhi ya uchunguzi mwingi, alivumbua njia ya mawasiliano bila waya. Mwaka wa 1909, pamoja na [[Ferdinand Braun]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fizikia]]'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fizikia]] {{mbegu}} [[ar:غوليلمو ماركوني]] [[ast:Guglielmo Marconi]] [[ca:Guglielmo Marconi]] [[cs:Guglielmo Marconi]] [[de:Guglielmo Marconi]] [[en:Guglielmo Marconi]] [[es:Guillermo Marconi]] [[fa:گولیلمو مارکونی]] [[fi:Guglielmo Marconi]] [[fr:Guglielmo Marconi]] [[ga:Guglielmo Marconi]] [[he:גוליילמו מרקוני]] [[hr:Guglielmo Marconi]] [[id:Guglielmo Marconi]] [[it:Guglielmo Marconi]] [[ja:グリエルモ・マルコーニ]] [[ko:굴리엘모 마르코니]] [[nl:Guglielmo Marconi]] [[nn:Guglielmo Marconi]] [[no:Guglielmo Marconi]] [[pl:Guglielmo Marconi]] [[pt:Guglielmo Marconi]] [[ro:Guglielmo Marconi]] [[sk:Guglielmo Marconi]] [[sl:Guglielmo Marconi]] [[sv:Guglielmo Marconi]] [[th:กูกลีเอลโม มาร์โคนี]] [[tr:Guglielmo Marconi]] [[zh:古列尔莫·马可尼]] 2950 10066 2006-05-24T20:07:18Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Heike Kamerlingh Onnes''' (21 Septemba 1853 &ndash; 21 Februari 1926) alikuwa mwanafizikia kutoka nchi ya [[Uholanzi]]. Alichunguza [[elementi]] katika hali ya baridi sana. Pia alifaulu kuoesha elementi ya [[heliamu]]. Mwaka wa 1913 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fizikia]]'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fizikia]] {{mbegu}} [[de:Heike Kamerlingh Onnes]] [[en:Heike Kamerlingh Onnes]] [[es:Heike Kamerlingh Onnes]] [[fr:Heike Kamerlingh Onnes]] [[hr:Heike Kamerlingh Onnes]] [[ja:ヘイケ・カメルリング・オネス]] [[nl:Heike Kamerlingh Onnes]] [[no:Heike Kamerlingh Onnes]] [[pl:Heike Kamerlingh-Onnes]] [[pt:Heike Kamerlingh Onnes]] [[sl:Heike Kamerlingh Onnes]] 2951 10065 2006-05-24T20:05:37Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Max von Laue''' (9 Oktoba 1879 &ndash; 24 Aprili 1960) alikuwa mwanafizikia kutoka nchi ya [[Ujerumani]]. Pamoja na utafiti mwingine alichunguza [[mionzi ya eksirei]]. Mwaka wa 1914 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fizikia]]'''. Tangu mwaka wa 1950 alikuwa mkurugenzi wa [[Taasisi ya Max Planck]] kwa [[kemia ya kifizikia]] kule [[Berlin]]. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fizikia]] {{mbegu}} [[de:Max von Laue]] [[en:Max von Laue]] [[es:Max von Laue]] [[fr:Max von Laue]] [[he:מקס פון לאווה]] [[hr:Max von Laue]] [[ja:マックス・フォン・ラウエ]] [[nl:Max von Laue]] [[no:Max von Laue]] [[pl:Max von Laue]] [[pt:Max von Laue]] [[sl:Max von Laue]] [[zh:马克思·冯·劳厄]] 2952 10069 2006-05-24T20:12:04Z Oliver Stegen 160 #REDIRECT[[Albert Abraham Michelson]] 2953 10071 2006-05-24T20:15:43Z Oliver Stegen 160 #REDIRECT[[Hendrik Antoon Lorentz]] 2954 10083 2006-05-25T06:43:20Z Oliver Stegen 160 #REDIRECT[[Henri Dunant]] 2955 10747 2006-06-11T09:48:57Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: af, als, be, el, eu, fiu-vro, ku, lb, na, nds-nl, oc, roa-rup, sq, st, tr, ug, war Modifying: ia {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width=80 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big><big>'''Koninkrijk der Nederlanden'''</big></big><br> Ufalme wa Nchi za Chini |- | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan=2 | {| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" | align="center" width="150px" | [[Image:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|125px|Bendera la Uholanzi]] | align="center" width="150px" | [[Image:Nl-arms.gif|110px|Nembo ya Uholanzi]] |- | align="center" width="150px" | [[Flag of the Netherlands|Bendera]] | align="center" width="150px" | [[Coat of Arms of the Netherlands|Nembo]] |} |- | align="center" colspan=2 | <small>''[[ Hadabu ya Taifa]]: Je maintiendrai <br> ([[Lugha ya Kifaransa|Kifaransa]])<br> Kiswahili, Nitastahimili ''</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | [[image:LocationNetherlands.png|300px|Mahali pa Uholanzi]] |- | '''[[Lugha za Taifa]]'''<br> | [[Lugha ya Kiholanzi|Kiholanzi]]<br> kwa mkoa wa Friesland: [[Lugha ya Kifrisi|Kifrisi]] |- | '''[[Mji Mkuu]]''' | [[Amsterdam]] |- | '''[[Ukao wa Serikali]]''' | [[The Hague]] (Den Haag) |- | '''[[Malkia wa Uholanzi|Malkia]]''' | [[Beatrix van Oranje Nassau]] |- | '''[[Waziri Mkuu]] ''' | [[Jan Peter Balkenende]] |- | '''[[Eneo]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Jumla <br />&nbsp;- % Maji | <br /> 41,526 [[kilomita ya mraba|km²]] <br /> 18.41 |- | '''[[Umma]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Jumla <br />&nbsp;- msongamano]] | <br /> 16,407,476 (Julai 2005)<br /> 395/km² |- | '''[[GDP]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Jumla<br />&nbsp;- kwa kipimo cha umma<br /> | <br /> $625 bilioni <br /> $ 30,500 |- | '''[[Uhuru]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Tangazwa<br />&nbsp;- Kiriwa | Kutoka [[Hispania]]<br />&nbsp; [[Julai 26]], [[1581]] <br />&nbsp; [[Januari 30]], [[1648]] |- | '''[[Fedha]]''' | [[Euro]] € EUR |- | '''[[Saa za Eneo]]''' | [[Masaa za kimataifa|UTC]] +1 |- | '''[[Wimbo wa Taifa]]''' | ''Wilhelmus'' |- | '''[[Kiwango cha juu cha kuangalia mtandao|TLD mtandao]]''' | .nl |- | '''[[Orodha za nchi- kodi za simu|Kodi ya simu]]''' | 31 |} '''Uholanzi''' ni [[nchi]] katika [[Ulaya]] wa Magharibi. Imepakana na [[Ujerumani]] upande wa mashariki, [[Ubelgiji]] upande wa kusini na [[Bahari ya Kaskazini]] (North Sea) upande wa magharibi na kaskazini. Uholanzi ni sehemu ya "Ufalme wa Nchi za Chini" (Kingdom of the Netherlands) pamoja na kisima cha [[Aruba]] na Visima vya Karibi vya Uholanzi. Jina la Uholanzi limetokana na “Holland”, eneo la magharibi la nchi hii. Watu wengi hutumia jina hili, lakini wakazi wenyewe wanaiita nchi yao “Nederland” inayomaanisha "nchi ya chini". Kwa kweli, sehemu kubwa ya Uholanzi ni chini ya bahari. Waholanzi wamejenga maboma kuzuia maji yasienee yakifurika. ==Jiografia== <div style="float:right;width:260px;"> </div> Akifika Uholanzi kwa uwanja wa ndege wa Schiphol, msafiri atastaajabu na nchi ya tambarare. Kwa kweli, kuna sehemu zenye vilima, lakini sehemu kubwa zaidi ya Uholanzi ni tambarare. Mahali pa juu kabisa nchini ni Kilima cha Vaals, upande wa kusini wa mkoa wa Limburg, kwa 322 m. Mahali pa chini kabisa ni karibu na Niewerkerk aan de IJssel, mkoa wa Zuid Holland, kwa -6.76 m (mita 6.76 chini ya usawa wa wastani wa bahari). Vipande vikubwa vya nchi vimepatwa kwa maji. Kufanya hii boma linajengwa linalozunguka ziwa au sehemu ya bahari kisha maji yanavutwa kwa bomba. Mahali kati ya boma huitwa “polder”. Mkoa mmoja wote, Flevoland, umepatwa kwa maji ya “Zuiderzee” (Bahari ya Kusini). Kwa sababu ya hii watu husema: “Mungu aliumba dunia lakini Waholanzi waliumba Uholanzi.” Hata sasa sehemu muhimu ya Uholanzi ni maji: 18%. [[Image:Deltawerke-Oosterschelde-Sturmflutwehr Straße.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Boma la Oosterschelde na malango na barabara]] Maboma mengine makubwa yamejengwa upande wa kusini magharibi wa nchi ili ya kuzuia maji yasienee mikoa ya Zeeland na Zuid Holland. Mradi huu huitwa “Deltawerken” au Ujenzi wa Delta. “Oosterscheldekering” au boma la mto wa Oosterschelde ni jengo linaloshangaza. Urefu wake ni 9 km na katikati yake kuna malango makubwa 62 ambayo hujifunga wenyewe kila wakati ambapo maji ya bahari yakifura zaidi ya 3 m. Barabara kuu inapitia juu ya boma hili. ===Mikoa=== [[Image:Netherlands map small.png|thumb|300px|Ramani ya Uholanzi. Nukta nyekundu zinaonyesha miji mikuu ya mikoa na nukta nyeusi zinaonyesha miji mikubwa mingine.]] Uholanzi umegawanyika na mikoa 12. Kila mkoa unatawaliwa na gavana ambaye huitwa “Commissaris van de Koningin” isipokuwa yule wa Limburg ambaye huitwa “Gouverneur”. Mikoa na miji mikuu yao ni : {| border=1 align=left cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 ! Mkoa !! Mji mkuu |- | Groningen || Groningen |- | Friesland || Leeuwarden |- | Drenthe || Assen |- | Overijssel || Zwolle |- | Gelderland || Arnhem |- | Utrecht || Utrecht |- | Flevoland || Lelystad |- | Noord-Holland|| Haarlem |- | Zuid-Holland || Den Haag (The Hague) |- | Zeeland || Middelburg |- | Noord-Brabant || ’s-Hertogenbosch (Den Bosch) |- | Limburg || Maastricht |} <br clear="all"/> [[Image:Satellite image of the Netherlands in May 2000.jpg|thumb|250px|Picha ya Uholanzi iliyopigwa kutoka satellite]] ===Miji mikubwa=== {| border=1 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 ! Mji !! Wakazi |- | Amsterdam || 742,011 |- | Rotterdam || 600,000 |- | Den Haag || 476,000 |- | Utrecht || 281,569 |- | Eindhoven || 209,399 |} ===Mito=== Mito mikubwa kadhaa inaingia Uholanzi na kutiririka katika Bahari ya Kaskazini. Mto Rijn (Rhine) unaingia kwa Tolkamer upande wa mashiriki, na karibu na Nijmegen Mto Waal unajitenga ambao unachukua 70% ya maji. Mto IJssel unajitenga karibu na Westervoort na kwenda upande wa kaskazini. Mto Maas (Meuse) unaingia Uholanzi upande wa kusini wa Limburg, na karibu na Mook unageuka upande wa magharibi. Mto Schelde unaingia upande wa kusini wa Zeeland. ==Viungo vya nje== ===Historia, jiografia na siasa=== *[http://overheid.nl/guest/sites/ Overheid.nl] - Lango rasmi la serikali ya Uholanzi *[http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1104447749&men=gmap&lng=en&gln=xx&dat=32&geo=-160&srt=npan&col=aohdq Ramani na takwimu] *[http://www.statoids.com/unl.html Mikoa ya Uholanzi] *[http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/cijfers/default.htm CBS] - Takwimu rasmi *[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572410/Netherlands.html Makala ya Encarta kuhusu Uholanzi] *[http://www.government.nl Government.nl] - Tovuti rasmi ya serikali ya Uholanzi *[http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/nl.html CIA - The World Factbook -- Netherlands] *Habari za Uholanzi: [http://www.rnw.nl/ Radio Netherlands] - Redio ya Uholanzi kwa lugha ya Kiingereza ===Kusafiri=== *[http://wikitravel.org/en/Netherlands Kiongozi cha Wikitravel cha kusafiria Uholanzi] *[http://www.world66.com/europe/netherlands World66's guide to the Netherlands] - Kiongozi cha kusafiri kinachoandikwa na watumiaji. *[http://www.traveldir.org/netherlands/ Kiongozi cha kusafiri katika Uholanzi] *[http://www.travel2netherlands.com Picha za Uholanzi] *[http://www.justlanded.com/english/netherlands/ Just Landed Netherlands] - Habari za manufaa kwa kuhamia Uholanzi ===Viungo anuwai=== *[http://www.deltaworks.org Ujenzi wa Delta kwa mtandao] *[http://gallery.funonthenet.in/Places/Holland-Keukenhof-Gardens/ Keukenhof Bustani za Maua] - Picha nzuri mno za bustani za maua katika Uholanzi. *[http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/english/index.jsp Familia ya kifalme ya Uholanzi] *[http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Dutch Kiholanzi kwa wasemao Kiingereza] *[http://www.skyscrapercity.info/200.php?id=4&country=NL&limit=0 Orodha ya majengo marefu 1500 katika Uholanzi] [[Category:Nchi za Ulaya]] {{Umoja wa Ulaya}} {{Template:Ulaya}} [[af:Nederland]] [[als:Niederlande]] [[an:Países Baxos]] [[ang:Niðerland]] [[ar:هولندا]] [[ast:Holanda]] [[be:Нідэрлянды]] [[bg:Холандия]] [[ca:Països Baixos]] [[cs:Nizozemsko]] [[cy:Yr Iseldiroedd]] [[da:Holland]] [[de:Niederlande]] [[el:Ολλανδία]] [[en:Netherlands]] [[eo:Nederlando]] [[es:Países Bajos]] [[et:Holland]] [[eu:Herbehereak]] [[fa:هلند]] [[fi:Alankomaat]] [[fiu-vro:Holland']] [[fr:Pays-Bas]] [[fy:Nederlân]] [[ga:An Ísiltír]] [[gl:Países Baixos - Nederland]] [[got:𐌽𐌹𐌸𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳]] [[he:הולנד]] [[hr:Nizozemska]] [[hu:Hollandia]] [[ia:Pais Basse]] [[id:Belanda]] [[io:Nederlando]] [[is:Holland]] [[it:Paesi Bassi]] [[ja:オランダ]] [[ka:ნიდერლანდი]] [[ko:네덜란드]] [[ku:Holanda]] [[la:Nederlandia]] [[lb:Holland]] [[li:Nederland]] [[lt:Olandija]] [[lv:Nīderlande]] [[mk:Холандија]] [[ms:Belanda]] [[na:Eben Eyong]] [[nah:Ompa Atoyaapan]] [[nds:Nedderlannen]] [[nds-nl:Nederlaand]] [[nl:Nederland]] [[nn:Nederland]] [[no:Nederland]] [[oc:Païses Basses]] [[pl:Holandia]] [[pt:Países Baixos]] [[ro:Ţările de Jos]] [[roa-rup:Olanda]] [[ru:Нидерланды]] [[scn:Olanda]] [[se:Hollánda]] [[simple:Netherlands]] [[sk:Holandsko]] [[sl:Nizozemska]] [[sq:Holanda]] [[sr:Холандија]] [[st:Hôlanê]] [[sv:Nederländerna]] [[th:ประเทศเนเธอร์แลนด์]] [[tl:Netherlands]] [[tr:Hollanda]] [[ug:گوللاندىيە]] [[uk:Нідерланди]] [[vi:Hà Lan]] [[wa:Bas Payis]] [[war:Paises Bajos]] [[zh:荷兰]] [[zh-min-nan:Kē-tē-kok]] 2956 10093 2006-05-25T12:32:46Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Wole Soyinka]] 2957 10097 2006-05-25T13:29:41Z 80.247.146.187 [[Image:Soyinka.jpg|thumb|right|Wole Soyinka]] [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] Akinwande Oluwole au '''"Wole" Soyinka''' ni mwandishi Mnigeria na mshindi Mwafrika wa kwanza wa [[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya fasihi (mwaka wa 1986). Wengi wanamwona ndiye mwandishi bora wa michezo ya kuigiziwa [[Afrika]]. Alizaliwa tar. Julai 13, 1934 kwa wazazi Wayoruba huko Abeokuta, [[Nigeria]]. Alisoma shule ya msingi kwao Abeokuta halafu shule ya sekondari ya Ibadan. Alifuata masomo ya [[fasihi]] Chuo Kikuu huko [[Ibadan]] (1952-1954) na [[Leeds]] ([[Uingereza]]) 1954-1957. Alifundisha fasihi kwenye vyuo vikuu vya [[Lagos]], Ibadan, na [[Ife]]. Soyinka aligongana mara nyingi na serikali za kidikteta za nchi yake akipinga pia udikteta katika nchi mbalimbali kama vile utawala wa [[Mugabe]] huko [[Zimbabwe]]. Katika maandishi yake alilenga mara nyingi kwa "buti inayokandamiza bila kujali rangi ya mguu ndani yake". Hasa wakati wa [[udikteta]] wa jenerali [[Sani Abacha]] (1993-1998) Soyinka alijikuta hatarini. Akaondoka Nigeria akaishi nje alipopata nafasi ya profesa ya fasihi kwenye [[Chuo Kikuu cha Emory]] ([[Atlanta]] - [[Marekani]]). Baada ya mwisho wa utawala wa kijeshi mwaka 1999 Soyinka alikubali nafasi kwenye chuo kikuu cha Ife kwa masharti ya kwamba mwanajeshi mstaafu hatakuwa kamwe chansela wa chuo kikuu kile. Mwaka 2005 Soyinka ni profesa kwenye chuo kikuu cha Nevada, Marekani. Wole Soyinka amemwoa mke wake Laide akazaa naye watoto wanne. Aliwahi kuwa na watoto wawili kabla ya kuoa. [[Category:Waandishi wa Afrika]] [[Category:Nigeria]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fasihi]] [[ar:وولي سوينكا]] [[bg:Воле Соинка]] [[de:Wole Soyinka]] [[en:Wole Soyinka]] [[eo:Wole Soyinka]] [[es:Wole Soyinka]] [[fi:Wole Soyinka]] [[fr:Wole Soyinka]] [[gd:Wole Soyinka]] [[ja:ウォーレ・ショインカ]] [[no:Wole Soyinka]] [[pl:Wole Soyinka]] [[pt:Wole Soyinka]] [[sv:Wole Soyinka]] 2958 10096 2006-05-25T13:00:44Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Wole Soyinka]] 2959 10098 2006-05-25T13:40:19Z Oliver Stegen 160 #REDIRECT[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] 2960 10100 2006-05-25T14:05:12Z Diagraph01 80 * If you hasten, please write to my [[:ja:利用者‐会話:Diagraph01|ja.wp's discussion page]] in English or Japanese language :) ---- 2961 11550 2006-06-30T13:00:37Z ChriKo 35 Hongera ya makala ya Uholanzi. Kuna msaada mmoja: sanduku la habari za nchi - njia rahisi ni kuinakili kutoka en.wikipedia (nakili katika hali ya "edit" ) na kuibandika tu kwa sw.wiki. Halafu ukibonyeza "Mandhari ya mabadilisho" utaona ya kwamba sehemu kubwa ni Kiswahili tayari. Unatafsiri maneno machache tu. Matt ameandaa templeti hii, mimi naona ni msaada mkubwa - --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 19:20, 25 May 2006 (UTC) Kweli, ni rahisi sana. [[User:ChriKo|ChriKo]] 12:53, 26 May 2006 (UTC) ==Okapi== Nimetunga makala nilipoona habari za BBC [[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5066408.stm]]. Naomba uangelie jinsi nilivyojaza sanduku ya uainishaji kama ni sawa. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 15:17, 10 Juni 2006 (UTC) ==Mwarobaini== Salaam, nimejaribu kutunga sanduku la uainishaji kwa makala ya [[Mwarobaini]] - naomba uangalie na kusahihisha. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 13:18, 25 Juni 2006 (UTC) Ukipata nafasi - naomba angalia pia [[Biolojia]]; nilikuwa nimechoka mito na miji halafu ilikuwa kama pengo kwenye ukurasa wa Mwanzo. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 16:14, 25 Juni 2006 (UTC) (Pole, nimesafiri, niko Senegal sasa. Nikirudi nitaangalia kurasa hizi. [[User:ChriKo|ChriKo]] 13:00, 30 Juni 2006 (UTC)) 2962 10103 2006-05-25T19:37:22Z Kipala 107 <br clear="all" /> {| id="toc" style="margin: 0;background:#ffffff;" width="100%" align="center" ! align="left" style="background:#ccccff;" width="200" align="center" |Nchi za [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] ! align="right" rowspan="1" width="5%"| [[Image:European flag.svg|70px|Bendera ya Umoja wa Ulaya]] |- | colspan=2 align="center" style="font-size: 85%" | [[Austria]] | [[Cyprus]] | [[Denmark]] | [[Estonia]] | [[Finland]] | [[Hungaria]] | [[Ireland]] | [[Italia]] | [[Latvia]] | [[Lithuania]] | [[Luxemburg]] | [[Malta]] | [[Poland]] | [[Slovakia]] | [[Slovenia]] | [[Hispania]] | [[Sweden]] | [[Ubelgiji]] | [[Uceki]] | [[Ufaransa]] | [[Ugiriki]] | [[Uholanzi]] | [[Uingereza]]| [[Ujerumani]] | [[Ureno]] <br>Nchi zinazoandaa uanachama: [[Bulgaria]] | [[Romania]] 2963 10116 2006-05-25T20:11:44Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Charles Edouard Guillaume''' (15 Februari 1861 &ndash; 13 Juni 1938) alikuwa mwanafizikia kutoka nchi ya [[Uswisi]] aliyeishi [[Ufaransa]]. Hasa alichunguza vipimo vya muda. Mwaka wa 1920 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fizikia]]'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fizikia]] {{mbegu}} [[de:Charles Edouard Guillaume]] [[en:Charles Edouard Guillaume]] [[es:Charles Edouard Guillaume]] [[fr:Charles Edouard Guillaume]] [[hr:Charles Edouard Guillaume]] [[ja:シャルル・エドワール・ギョーム]] [[nl:Charles-Edouard Guillaume]] [[no:Charles Edouard Guillaume]] [[pl:Charles Edouard Guillaume]] [[pt:Charles Edouard Guillaume]] [[ru:Гийом, Шарль Эдуар]] [[sl:Charles-Edouard Guillaume]] [[sv:Charles Edouard Guillaume]] 2964 10107 2006-05-25T19:53:30Z Oliver Stegen 160 #REDIRECT[[Charles Edouard Guillaume]] 2965 10114 2006-05-25T20:09:43Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Robert Millikan''' (22 Machi 1868 &ndash; 19 Desemba 1953) alikuwa mwanafizikia kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Baadhi ya uchunguzi mwingine alijishughulikia na vipimo vya umeme wa [[elementi]]. Mwaka wa 1923 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fizikia]]'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fizikia]] {{mbegu}} [[en:Robert Millikan]] [[es:Robert Andrews Millikan]] [[fr:Robert Andrews Millikan]] [[hr:Robert Andrews Millikan]] [[it:Robert Millikan]] [[ja:ロバート・ミリカン]] [[nl:Robert Millikan]] [[no:Robert Andrews Millikan]] [[pl:Robert Millikan]] [[pt:Robert Andrews Millikan]] [[sl:Robert Andrews Millikan]] [[sr:Роберт Миликен]] [[sv:Robert A. Millikan]] [[zh:罗伯特·安德鲁·密立根]] 2966 10109 2006-05-25T19:58:21Z Oliver Stegen 160 #REDIRECT[[Robert Millikan]] 2967 10110 2006-05-25T20:03:50Z 212.72.2.52 نمتنممكنطكطمطك\مكط\\م\كمطك\مطك\مكط\مكط\مكط\مكط\مطك\مطك\مطكمطك\مطكمكطمطكمطكمطكم 2968 10113 2006-05-25T20:08:51Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Gustav Hertz''' (22 Julai 1887 &ndash; 30 Oktoba 1975) alikuwa mwanafizikia kutoka nchi ya [[Ujerumani]]. Hasa alichunguza sifa za [[atomu]]. Pia alivumbua njia fulani ya kutenganisha [[isotopu]]. Mwaka wa 1925, pamoja na [[James Franck]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fizikia]]'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fizikia]] {{mbegu}} [[bs:Gustav Ludwig Hertz]] [[da:Gustav Ludwig Hertz]] [[de:Gustav Ludwig Hertz]] [[en:Gustav Ludwig Hertz]] [[es:Gustav Hertz]] [[eu:Gustav Hertz]] [[fr:Gustav Ludwig Hertz]] [[hr:Gustav Ludwig Hertz]] [[it:Gustav Hertz]] [[ja:グスタフ・ヘルツ]] [[nl:Gustav Ludwig Hertz]] [[no:Gustav Hertz]] [[pl:Gustav Ludwig Hertz]] [[pt:Gustav Ludwig Hertz]] [[sr:Густав Лудвиг Херц]] [[sv:Gustav Hertz]] 2969 10112 2006-05-25T20:07:18Z Oliver Stegen 160 #REDIRECT[[Gustav Hertz]] 2970 10117 2006-05-25T20:20:20Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Werner Heisenberg''' (5 Desemba 1901 &ndash; 1 Februari 1976) alikuwa mwanafizikia kutoka nchi ya [[Ujerumani]]. Alivumbua umekaniki wa [[kwanta]] na kutangaza [[Kanuni ya Heisenberg ya Utovu wa Hakika]]. Pia alifanya utafiti wa msingi kuhusu fizikia ya kiini. Mwaka wa 1932 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fizikia]]'''. Mpaka mwaka wa 1970 alikuwa mkurugenzi wa [[Taasisi ya Max Planck]] kwa [[Fizikia ya Nyota]]. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fizikia]] {{mbegu}} [[ar:هايزنبرغ]] [[bn:ওয়ার্নার হাইজেনবার্গ]] [[bg:Вернер Хайзенберг]] [[ca:Werner Heisenberg]] [[da:Werner Heisenberg]] [[de:Werner Heisenberg]] [[en:Werner Heisenberg]] [[es:Werner Heisenberg]] [[fa:ورنر کارل هایزنبرگ]] [[fr:Werner Heisenberg]] [[ko:베르너 하이젠베르크]] [[hr:Werner Heisenberg]] [[id:Werner Heisenberg]] [[it:Werner Heisenberg]] [[he:ורנר הייזנברג]] [[ka:ჰაიზენბერგი, ვერნერ]] [[lv:Verners Heizenbergs]] [[hu:Werner Heisenberg]] [[nl:Werner Heisenberg]] [[ja:ヴェルナー・ハイゼンベルク]] [[no:Werner Heisenberg]] [[nds:Werner Heisenberg]] [[pl:Werner Karl Heisenberg]] [[pt:Werner Karl Heisenberg]] [[ro:Werner Heisenberg]] [[ru:Гейзенберг, Вернер Карл]] [[scn:Werner Heisenberg]] [[sl:Werner Karl Heisenberg]] [[sr:Вернер Хајзенберг]] [[fi:Werner Heisenberg]] [[sv:Werner Heisenberg]] [[vi:Werner Heisenberg]] [[tr:Werner Heisenberg]] [[zh:沃纳·海森堡]] 2971 10355 2006-05-31T05:09:35Z YurikBot 117 robot Modifying: [[en:Uncertainty principle]] '''Kanuni ya Heisenberg ya Utovu wa Hakika''' (au '''Kanuni ya Utovu wa Hakika''' kwa kifupi) ni kanuni muhimu katika fizikia ya [[kwanta]]. Inasema kwamba haiwezekani kupima sifa mbili zinazotegemeana za kipande kimoja cha [[elementi]] kwa uhakika kabisa. Baadhi ya sifa hizo kuna [[mahali]] na [[mwendo]]. Maana yake kwa mfano, haiwezekani kupima kabisa mahali na mwendo wa [[elektroni]] moja wakati huohuo. Kanuni hii ilivumbuliwa na [[Werner Heisenberg]] mwaka wa 1927. [[Category:Kanuni za Kifizikia]] [[Category:Fizikia ya Kwanta]] [[bg:Съотношение на неопределеност на Хайзенберг]] [[ca:Principi d'incertesa d'Heisenberg]] [[de:Heisenbergsche Unschärferelation]] [[el:Αρχή της απροσδιοριστίας]] [[en:Uncertainty principle]] [[es:Principio de indeterminación de Heisenberg]] [[fi:Heisenbergin epätarkkuusperiaate]] [[fr:Principe d'incertitude]] [[he:עקרון אי הוודאות]] [[hu:Határozatlansági reláció]] [[id:Prinsip Ketidakpastian Heisenberg]] [[it:Principio di indeterminazione di Heisenberg]] [[ja:不確定性原理]] [[ko:불확정성 원리]] [[nl:Onzekerheidsrelatie van Heisenberg]] [[no:Uskarphetsrelasjon]] [[pl:Zasada nieoznaczoności]] [[pt:Princípio da incerteza de Heisenberg]] [[ru:Принцип неопределённости Гейзенберга]] [[sk:Princíp neurčitosti]] [[sl:Načelo nedoločenosti]] [[sv:Osäkerhetsprincip]] [[tr:Belirsizlik ilkesi]] [[vi:Nguyên lý bất định]] [[zh:不确定性原理]] 2972 10120 2006-05-25T20:40:24Z Oliver Stegen 160 #REDIRECT[[Kanuni ya Heisenberg ya Utovu wa Hakika]] 2973 10125 2006-05-25T22:51:52Z Kipala 107 <br clear="all" /> {| id="toc" style="margin: 0;background:#ffffff;" width="100%" align="center" ! align="left" style="background:#ccccff;" width="200" align="center" |Nchi na maeneo ya [[Ulaya]] |- | colspan=2 align="center" style="font-size: 95%" | [[Albania]] | [[Andorra]] | [[Armenia]]² | [[Austria]] | [[Azerbaijan]]¹ | [[Belarus]] | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | [[Bulgaria]] | [[Kroatia]] | [[Cyprus]]² | [[Denmark]] | [[Estonia]] | [[Finland]] | [[Ufaransa]] | [[Georgia (nchi)|Georgia]]¹ | [[Hungaria]] | [[Iceland]] | [[Ireland (Jamhuri)|Ireland]] | [[Italia]] | [[Kazakhstan]]¹ | [[Latvia]] | [[Liechtenstein]] | [[Lithuania]] | [[Luxemburg]] | [[Masedonia]] | [[Malta]] | [[Moldova]] | [[Monako]] | [[Norway]] | [[Poland]] | [[Romania]] | [[San Marino]] | [[Serbia na Montenegro]]³ | [[Slovakia]] | [[Slovenia]] | [[Hispania]] | [[Sweden]] | [[Ubelgiji]] | [[Uceki]] | [[Ugiriki]] | [[Ujerumani]] | [[Uholanzi]] | [[Ureno]] | [[Urusi]]¹ | [[Uswisi]] | [[Uturuki]]¹ | [[Ukraine]] | [[Uingereza]] | [[Vatikan]] <p> '''Maeneo ya Ulaya yaliyo chini ya nchi nyingine:''' [[Akrotiri na Dhekelia]]² | [[Visiwa vya Faroe]] | [[Gibraltar]] | [[Guernsey]] | [[Jan Mayen]] | [[Jersey]] | [[Isle of Man]] | [[Svalbard]] </p> <p> '''Nchi za Ulaya zisizokubaliwa na umma wa kimataifa:''' [[Abkhazia]] | [[Nagorno-Karabakh]]² | [[Ossetia ya Kusini]] | [[Transnistria]] | [[Jamhuri ya Kituruki ya Cyprus ya Kaskazini]]² </p> <p style="font-size:85%;">Maelezo: (1) [[nchi ya kimabara]] katika [[Asia]] na Ulaya; (2) nchi katika eneo la [[Asia ya Magharibi]] ([[:Image:United Nations geographical subregions.png|kufuatana na kanda za UM]]) lakini kiutamaduni huhesabiwa kuwa sehemu ya [[Ulaya]]; (3) Inaelekea kugawiwa kuwa nchi mbili za [[Serbia]] na [[Montenegro]] 2974 10867 2006-06-17T09:35:12Z Kipala 107 '''Bold text''' == Idadi za Wasemaji wa Kiswahili== Ukarasa huu unasema eti kuna wasemaji wa lugha ya kwanza zaidi ya milioni ishirini na wasemaji wa lugha ya pili zaidi ya milioni sabini! Idadi hizi zinapatikana kweli? Sidhani. Ukiangalia [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili makala haya kwa Kiingereza] unapata milioni tano kwa wasemaji wa lugha ya kwanza na baina ya milioni thelathini na milioni hamsini kwa wasemaji wa lugha ya pili. Ukiwa na habari yo yote inayothibitisha hizi idadi, tafadhali tuambie! - [[User:65.30.186.123|65.30.186.123]] 20:46, 16 Juni 2006 (UTC) ::Swali ni nzuri; wakati wa kutunga nilifuata ukurasa sujui upi. Nimejaribu kufuatilia swali lako na ugumu jinsi ilivyo mara nyingi ni ya kwamba makala kwenye mtandao ama hayataji marejeo au marejeo haya ni vitabu ambavyo haviwezi kusomwa kwa mtandao. Ninapenda kuonyesha ninachoona nikijaribu makadirio yangu hata kama mimi si mtaalamu. ::* Kwenye kurasa ya majidiliano ya wikipedia ya Kiingereza swali linaulizwa pia na watungaji wanajibu: sina uhakika. ::*'''Lugha ya kwanza:''' Nikijaribu kulinganisha yale yanayopatikana mtandaoni naona yafuatayo: ::* Ukurasa wa wataalamu wa lugha wa ethnologue [[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=swh]] wanataja idadi ndogo sana ya watu 772,642 wanaotumia Kiswahili kama lugha ya kwanza - ambayo mimi naona haifai kabisa. ::* Hata kadirio ya milioni tano nahisi ni chini mno. ::* Napiga kadirio langu: Tanzania wakazi milioni 38; nusu yao takriban chini ya miaka 18 yaani vijana milioni 19. Takriban 20% wakazi wa miji > watoto na vijana milioni 3,8. Ninahisi ya kwamba wengi sana kati yao watamjibu Mama kwa Kiswahili hata kama Mama anawaambia kitu kwa Kichagga, Kisukuma n.k. Asilimia ngapi? Sidhani ya kwamba mtu anajua kweli. 80-90%? Lakini mjini si vijana chini ya miaka 18 tu. Ningehisi hata idadi kubwa ya kikundi cha Watanzania mjini hadi umri wa miaka 30 hivi watafanya vilevile. Jumla yake hadi hapa 4-5 milioni? Hii ni bila watu wenye umri wa wastani mjini walioacha lugha za nyumbani na kuhamia Kiswahili. Tena wangapi? ::* Nje ya mjini sina uhakika. Vijijini kabisa kuna maeneo ambako watu husema kilugha tu, sivyo? Lakini kuna pia vijiji hivi ambako makabila yamechanganya sana; hapo wageni wameanza kutumia lugha ya wenyeji; huko wenyeji wameanza kutumia lugha ya wageni, lakini kuna pia sehemu ambako wote wameshaanza kitambo kuwasiliana kwa Kiswahili hivyo sehemu ya watoto na vijana wamekua wakitumia Kiswahili hasa. Tukumbuke hata vijijini nusu ya wote ni chini ya miaka 18. Sasa wangapi wamehamia Kiswahili?? 10% au zaidi ya watu mashambani? Pale nilikoishi ningeona hata zaidi lakini siwezi kusema kitaifa. Basi niseme 10% - tena 3,8 milioni. Labda si wengi hivi. ::* Kenya vipi? Asilimia ni ndogo kuliko Tanzania lakini mjini kote niliwasikia watoto wakisema zaidi Kiswahili kuliko lugha ambayo sielewi. Tuseme watoto na vijana milioni 3 walioko mjini - wangapi wanasema Kiswahili hasa? Labda robo? Pamoja na watu pwani nakadiria milioni 1 wasemaji wa Kiswahili ligha ya kwanza Kenya. :: Kongo ya mashariki na Uganda wa Kaskazini sijafika siwezi kusema. ::'''Kwa jumla''': Hizi milioni 20 ni juu lazima tusahihishe. Milioni 5 za wiki ya Kiingerezea ni duni. Lazima tuseme "hakuna uhakika" - na nitaongeza: labda 8-10 Mil. ::'''Lugha ya pili:''': yafuatayo ni kadirio langu. Kama mtu ana sababu ya kutaja asilimia tofauti ya wasemaji aseme tu! ::{| class="toccolours" border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 style="text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse;" |+align=bottom style="text-align:left;"| |- bgcolor=#ccccff ! Nchi ! Wakazi wote milioni ! % wasemaji wa Kiswahili kama lugha ya pili ! milioni |- | Tanzania | align="center" | 38 | align="center" | 95 | align="center" | 36.1 |- | Kenya | align="center" | 34 | align="center" | 70 | align="center" | 23.8 |- | Uganda | align="center" | 28 | align="center" | 30 | align="center" | 8.4 |- | Kongo | align="center" | 60 | align="center" | 20 | align="center" | 12 |- | '''NCHI NNE''' | align="center" | -- | align="center" | -- | align="center" | '''80,3''' |- |} ::Naona tutumia haya hadi mtaalamu wa kweli amepatikana. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 09:35, 17 Juni 2006 (UTC) 2975 10132 2006-05-26T10:45:31Z Kipala 107 {{Infobox_Country |native_name = ''Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino'' |conventional_long_name = Jamhuri ya kuheshimiwa ya San Marino |common_name = San Marino |image_flag = Flag of San Marino.svg |image_coat = Smarino.jpg |image_map = LocationSanMarino.png |national_motto = [[Latin]]: ''Libertas''<br>("Uhuru") |national_anthem = ''[[Inno Nazionale della Repubblica]]'' (sauti pekee bila maneno) |official_languages = [[Kiitalia]] |capital = [[San Marino (San Marino)|San Marino]] |latd=43 |latm=56 |latNS=N |longd=12 |longm=27 |longEW=E |largest_city = [[Serravalle, San Marino|Serravalle]] |government_type = Jamhuri |leader_titles = [[Orodha ya watawala wakuu San Marino|Watawala wakuu]](Capitani Reggenti) |leader_names = [[Gianfranco Terenzi]]<br> na [[Loris Francini]] |area_rank = 190th |area_magnitude = 1 E 7 |area=61 |areami²= 23.5<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |percent_water = kidogo sana |population_estimate = 30,002 |population_estimate_rank = ya 190|population_estimate_year = Januari 2006 |population_census =|population_census_year = |population_density = 481 |population_densitymi² = 1,225 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |population_density_rank = ya 13 |GDP_PPP_year = 2001 |GDP_PPP = $904 millioni |GDP_PPP_rank = ya 195 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $34,600 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ya 12 |sovereignty_type = Uhuru |established_events = imeundwa |established_dates = [[Septemba 3]], [[301]] |HDI = NA |HDI_rank = NA |HDI_year = 2003 |HDI_category = <font color=gray>unranked</font> |currency = [[Euro]] (&euro;) |currency_code = EUR |country_code = sm |time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]] |utc_offset = +1 |time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] |utc_offset_DST = +2 |cctld = [[.sm]] |calling_code = 378 (0549 kutoka [[Italia]]) }} '''San Marino''' ni kati ya nchi ndogo kabisa duniani. Eneo lake limo ndani ya [[Italia]]. San Marino inatajwa kuwa jamhuri yenye umri mkubwa duniani. Ilianzishwa na Wakristo waliokimbia mateso chini ya Kaisari Mroma Diokletiano wakitafuta mkimbilio mlimani. San Marino ina miji 9. Eneo lake liko kati ya mikoa ya Italia ya [[Rimini]] na [[Pesaro na Urbino]] karibu na mwambao wa [[Adria]]. Eneo lote la 61 km² ni la milima. ==Siasa== San Marino imetunza utaratibu wa serikali inayofanana na muundo wa [[jamhuri ya Roma]] ya kale. Serikali inaongozwa na Watwala wawili (Capitani Reggenti) wanaochaguliwa kwa muda wa miezi sita kama zamani konsuli ya Kiroma. Bunge inaitwa Halmashauri Kuu (Consiglio Grande e Generale) ikichaguliwa kila baada ya miaka mitano. Halmashauri inateua pia kamati ya 12 (Consiglio dei XII) inayotekeleza kazi ya mahakama. Wananchi wote hukutana mara mbili kwa mwaka kama mkutano mkubwa wa "Arengo" wakiamua juu ya matamko na mapendekezo kwa serikali. [[Image:San_marino_panorama_1.jpg|none|thumb|700px|Mtazamo kutoka San Marino hadi bahari ya Adria]] {{mbegu}} {{Ulaya}} [[ar:سان مارينو]] [[an:San Marino]] [[ast:San Marino]] [[bg:Сан Марино]] [[zh-min-nan:San Marino]] [[bs:San Marino]] [[ca:San Marino]] [[cs:San Marino]] [[cy:San Marino]] [[da:San Marino]] [[de:San Marino]] [[en:San Marino]] [[et:San Marino]] [[el:Άγιος Μαρίνος]] [[es:San Marino]] [[eo:San-Marino]] [[eu:San Marino]] [[fr:Saint-Marin]] [[fy:San Marino]] [[ga:San Mairíne]] [[gl:San Mariño - San Marino]] [[ko:산마리노]] [[hr:San Marino]] [[io:San Marino]] [[id:San Marino]] [[is:San Marínó]] [[it:San Marino]] [[he:סן מרינו]] [[kw:San Marino]] [[lv:Sanmarīno]] [[lt:San Marinas]] [[li:San Marino]] [[hu:San Marino]] [[mk:Сан Марино]] [[ms:San Marino]] [[nl:San Marino]] [[nds:San Marino]] [[ja:サンマリノ]] [[la:Res publica Sancti Marini]] [[no:San Marino]] [[nn:San Marino]] [[oc:Categoria:Sant Marino]] [[pl:San Marino]] [[pt:San Marino]] [[ro:San Marino]] [[ru:Сан-Марино]] [[sa:सान मरीनो]] [[sq:San Marino]] [[simple:San Marino]] [[sk:San Maríno (štát)]] [[sl:San Marino]] [[sr:Сан Марино]] [[fi:San Marino]] [[sv:San Marino]] [[tl:San Marino]] [[th:ประเทศซานมารีโน]] [[vi:San Marino]] [[tr:San Marino]] [[uk:Сан-Марино]] [[vec:Repùblica de San Marin]] [[zh:聖馬利諾]] 2976 10142 2006-05-26T11:45:05Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Sully Prudhomme''' (16 Machi 1839 &ndash; 7 Septemba 1907) alikuwa mwandishi na mshairi kutoka nchi ya [[Ufaransa]]. Jina lake la kuzaliwa lilikuwa René-François-Armand Prudhomme. Mashairi yake yanaonyesha sifa za [[ujumi]]. Mwaka wa 1901 alikuwa mshindi wa kwanza wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] kwa Fasihi'''. [[Category:Waandishi]] [[Category:Washairi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fasihi]] {{mbegu}} [[bg:Рене Сюли Прюдом]] [[da:Sully Prudhomme]] [[de:Sully Prudhomme]] [[el:Συλί Προυντόμ]] [[en:Sully Prudhomme]] [[eo:Sully PRUDHOMME]] [[es:Sully Prudhomme]] [[fi:Sully Prudhomme]] [[fr:Sully Prudhomme]] [[he:סילי פרידום]] [[hr:Sully Prudhomme]] [[id:Sully Prudhomme]] [[it:Sully Prudhomme]] [[lt:Sully Prudhomme]] [[no:Sully Prudhomme]] [[pl:Sully Prudhomme]] [[pt:Sully Prudhomme]] [[ro:Sully Prudhomme]] [[ru:Сюлли-Прюдом]] [[sv:Sully Prudhomme]] [[th:ซุลญี พรูดอม]] [[tr:Sully Prudhomme]] 2977 10136 2006-05-26T11:30:18Z Oliver Stegen 160 #REDIRECT[[Sully Prudhomme]] 2978 10137 2006-05-26T11:32:38Z Kipala 107 kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:ToniMorrison.jpg kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:ToniMorrison.jpg 2979 10184 2006-05-27T10:19:32Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] [[Image:ToniMorrison.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Toni Morrison]] '''Toni Morrison''' ni mwandishi wa kike nchini [[Marekani]] na mshindi wa [[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya fasihi ya mwaka 1993. Alizaliwa kwa jina la Chloe Anthony Wofford tarehe 18 Februari 1931 huko Lorain, [[Ohio]] kama mtoto wa pili wa familia ya Waamerika weusi. Wazazi wake walikuwa wafanyakazi. Alipenda kusoma vitabu tangu utoto. 1949 akajiunga na chuo kikuu cha Howard (chuo kwa Waamerika weusi katika mji mkuu [[Washington D.C.]]) akimaliza kwa BA katika Kiingereza. Wakati ule aliacha jina lake la Chloe akatumia "Toni" kama kifupi cha "Anthony". Mwaka 1955 alipata MA katika chuo kikuu cha Cornell. Alianza kufundisha fasihi kwenye chuo kikuu cha Texas Kusini mjini Houston, tangu 1957 tena Howard. Aliolewa na Howard Morrison akazaa watoto wawili. Baada ya talaka mwaka 1964 alianza kazi ya uhariri wa vitabu kwa wachapishaji wa Random House. Alihariri vitabu vingi vya waandishi weusi. Mwaka 1970 alitoa kitabu chake cha kwanza "The Bluest Eye" (Jicho la buluu). Kitabu cha kwanza kilichofaulu kuuzwa vema kilikuwa "Song of Solomon" (Wimbo ya Suleimani) mwaka 1977. Tangu 1989 amefundisha kama profesa katika chuo kikuu cha Princeton. 1993 alipokea Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fasihi. Kati ya riwaya zake ni: *The Bluest Eye, 1970 *Sula, 1973 *Song of Solomon, 1977 *Tar Baby, 1981, *Beloved, 1987 *Jazz, 1992 *Paradise, 1998 *Love, 2003 [[Category:Waandishi Marekani]] [[Category: Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fasihi]] [[bg:Тони Морисън]] [[cs:Toni Morrisonová]] [[da:Toni Morrison]] [[en:Toni Morrison]] [[eo:Toni MORRISON]] [[es:Toni Morrison]] [[fi:Toni Morrison]] [[fr:Toni Morrison]] [[gd:Toni Morrison]] [[he:טוני מוריסון]] [[is:Toni Morrison]] [[it:Toni Morrison]] [[ja:トニ・モリソン]] [[nl:Toni Morrison]] [[no:Toni Morrison]] [[pl:Toni Morrison]] [[pt:Toni Morrison]] [[sv:Toni Morrison]] 2980 10143 2006-05-26T11:45:42Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Theodor Mommsen''' (30 Novemba 1817 &ndash; 1 Novemba 1903) alikuwa mwanahistoria na mwandishi kutoka nchi ya [[Ujerumani]]. Anafahamika hasa kwa kitabu chake ''Historia ya Roma'' (kwa Kijerumani: ''Römische Geschichte''). Mwaka wa 1902 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fasihi]]'''. [[Category:Wanahistoria]] [[Category:Waandishi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fasihi]] {{mbegu}} [[bg:Теодор Момзен]] [[da:Theodor Mommsen]] [[en:Theodor Mommsen]] [[eo:Theodor MOMMSEN]] [[es:Theodor Mommsen]] [[fi:Theodor Mommsen]] [[fr:Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen]] [[gd:Theodor Mommsen]] [[he:תיאודור מומזן]] [[hr:Theodor Mommsen]] [[io:Theodor Mommsen]] [[it:Theodor Mommsen]] [[ja:テオドール・モムゼン]] [[lt:Theodor Mommsen]] [[nl:Theodor Mommsen]] [[no:Theodor Mommsen]] [[pl:Theodor Mommsen]] [[pt:Theodor Mommsen]] [[ro:Theodor Mommsen]] [[ru:Моммзен, Теодор]] [[sk:Theodor Mommsen]] [[sr:Теодор Момсен]] [[sv:Theodor Mommsen]] [[th:เธโอดอร์ มอมเซน]] 2981 10141 2006-05-26T11:43:31Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Henryk Sienkiewicz''' (5 Mei 1846 &ndash; 15 Novemba 1916) alikuwa mwandishi kutoka nchi ya [[Poland]]. [[riwaya|Riwaya]] zake zilikuwa hupendwa sana na watu wengi. Mwaka wa 1905 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fasihi]]'''. [[Category:Waandishi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fasihi]] {{mbegu}} [[bg:Хенрик Сенкевич]] [[cs:Henryk Sienkiewicz]] [[da:Henryk Sienkiewicz]] [[de:Henryk Sienkiewicz]] [[el:Χένρικ Σιενκιέβιτς]] [[en:Henryk Sienkiewicz]] [[eo:Henryk SIENKIEWICZ]] [[es:Henryk Sienkiewicz]] [[fi:Henryk Sienkiewicz]] [[fr:Henryk Sienkiewicz]] [[gd:Henryk Sienkiewicz]] [[he:הנריק סנקביץ']] [[hr:Henryk Sienkiewicz]] [[hu:Henryk Sienkiewicz]] [[is:Henryk Sienkiewicz]] [[it:Henryk Sienkiewicz]] [[ja:ヘンリク・シェンキェヴィチ]] [[lt:Henryk Sienkiewicz]] [[nl:Henryk Sienkiewicz]] [[no:Henryk Sienkiewicz]] [[pl:Henryk Sienkiewicz]] [[ro:Henryk Sienkiewicz]] [[ru:Сенкевич, Генрик]] [[sk:Henryk Sienkiewicz]] [[sl:Henryk Sienkiewicz]] [[sv:Henryk Sienkiewicz]] 2982 10144 2006-05-26T11:47:12Z Oliver Stegen 160 #REDIRECT[[Giosue Carducci]] 2983 10145 2006-05-26T11:51:55Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Giosuè Carducci''' (27 Julai 1835 &ndash; 16 Februari 1907) alikuwa mwandishi na mshairi kutoka nchi ya [[Italia]]. Mwaka wa 1906 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fasihi]]'''. [[Category:Washairi]] [[Category:Waandishi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fasihi]] {{mbegu}} [[bg:Джозуе Кардучи]] [[en:Giosuè Carducci]] [[eo:Giosuè Carducci]] [[es:Giosuè Carducci]] [[fi:Giosuè Carducci]] [[fr:Giosuè Carducci]] [[he:ג'וזוא קרדוצ'י]] [[hr:Giosuè Carducci]] [[it:Giosuè Carducci]] [[nl:Giosuè Carducci]] [[no:Giosuè Carducci]] [[pl:Giosuè Carducci]] [[pt:Giosuè Carducci]] [[ro:Giosuè Carducci]] [[ru:Кардуччи, Джозуэ]] [[sk:Giosuè Carducci]] [[sv:Giosuè Carducci]] 2984 10146 2006-05-26T11:57:59Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Rudolf Christoph Eucken''' (5 Januari 1846 &ndash; 14 Septemba 1926) alikuwa mwanafalsafa na mwandishi kutoka nchi ya [[Ujerumani]]. Alitafsiri vitabu vya [[Aristoteli]] na kuandika vitabu kuhusu [[maadili]] na [[dini]]. Mwaka wa 1908 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fasihi]]'''. [[Category:Wanafalsafa]] [[Category:Waandishi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fasihi]] {{mbegu}} [[bg:Рудолф Ойкен]] [[de:Rudolf Eucken]] [[en:Rudolf Christoph Eucken]] [[es:Rudolf Christoph Eucken]] [[fi:Rudolf Eucken]] [[fr:Rudolf Christoph Eucken]] [[he:רודולף אאוקן]] [[hr:Rudolf Eucken]] [[io:Rudolf Eucken]] [[lt:Rudolf Christoph Eucken]] [[no:Rudolf Christoph Eucken]] [[pl:Rudolf Eucken]] [[ro:Rudolf Eucken]] [[sk:Rudolf Eucken]] [[sv:Rudolf Eucken]] 2985 10147 2006-05-26T11:59:11Z Oliver Stegen 160 #REDIRECT[[Rudolf Christoph Eucken]] 2986 10148 2006-05-26T12:00:29Z Oliver Stegen 160 #REDIRECT[[Selma Lagerlof]] 2987 10149 2006-05-26T12:04:10Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Selma Lagerlöf''' (20 Novemba 1858 &ndash; 16 Machi 1940) alikuwa mwandishi wa kike kutoka nchi ya [[Sweden]]. Aliandika hasa [[riwaya]]. Mwaka wa 1909 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fasihi]]''' akiwa mwanamke wa kwanza kupokea tuzo hiyo. [[Category:Waandishi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fasihi]] {{mbegu}} [[bg:Селма Лагерльоф]] [[da:Selma Lagerlöf]] [[de:Selma Lagerlöf]] [[en:Selma Lagerlöf]] [[eo:Selma LAGERLÖF]] [[es:Selma Lagerlöf]] [[et:Selma Lagerlöf]] [[fi:Selma Lagerlöf]] [[fr:Selma Lagerlöf]] [[he:סלמה לגרלף]] [[hr:Selma Lagerlöf]] [[it:Selma Lagerlöf]] [[ja:セルマ・ラーゲルレーヴ]] [[lt:Selma Lagerlöf]] [[nl:Selma Lagerlöf]] [[nn:Selma Lagerlöf]] [[no:Selma Lagerlöf]] [[pl:Selma Lagerlöf]] [[pt:Selma Lagerlöf]] [[ro:Selma Lagerlöf]] [[ru:Лагерлёф, Сельма]] [[sv:Selma Lagerlöf]] [[th:เซลมา ลอเกร์เลิฟ]] [[zh:塞尔玛·拉格洛夫]] 2988 10151 2006-05-26T12:18:11Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Svante Arrhenius''' (19 Februari 1859 &ndash; 2 Oktoba 1927) alikuwa mwanakemia kutoka nchi ya [[Sweden]]. Baadhi ya utafiti mwingine alichunguza uchanganuaji dutu kwa nguvu za umeme ([[elektrolisisi]]). Mwaka wa 1903 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Kemia]]'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Kemia]] {{mbegu}} [[bg:Сванте Август Арениус]] [[de:Svante Arrhenius]] [[en:Svante Arrhenius]] [[es:Svante August Arrhenius]] [[fa:سوانت آرنیوس]] [[fi:Svante Arrhenius]] [[fr:Svante August Arrhenius]] [[gd:Svante Arrhenius]] [[gl:Svante Arrhenius]] [[hr:Svante August Arrhenius]] [[id:Svante August Arrhenius]] [[it:Svante Arrhenius]] [[ja:スヴァンテ・アレニウス]] [[nl:Svante Arrhenius]] [[no:Svante Arrhenius]] [[pl:Svante Arrhenius]] [[pt:Svante Arrhenius]] [[ro:Svante Arrhenius]] [[ru:Аррениус, Сванте Август]] [[sk:Svante August Arrhenius]] [[sl:Svante August Arrhenius]] [[sv:Svante Arrhenius]] [[uk:Арреніус Сванте]] [[zh:阿累尼乌斯]] 2989 10152 2006-05-26T12:19:54Z Oliver Stegen 160 #REDIRECT[[Svante Arrhenius]] 2990 10153 2006-05-26T12:27:40Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''William Ramsay''' (2 Oktoba 1852 &ndash; 23 Julai 1916) alikuwa mwanakemia kutoka nchi ya [[Uingereza]]. Hasa alivumbua na kuchunguza [[elementi]] za gesi, yaani [[neoni]], [[agoni]], [[kriptoni]] na [[xenoni]]. Mwaka wa 1904 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Kemia]]'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Kemia]] {{mbegu}} [[de:William Ramsay]] [[en:William Ramsay]] [[eo:William RAMSAY]] [[es:William Ramsay]] [[fr:William Ramsay]] [[ga:William Ramsay]] [[he:ויליאם רמזי]] [[hr:William Ramsay]] [[ja:ウィリアム・ラムゼー]] [[nl:William Ramsay]] [[pl:William Ramsay]] [[pt:William Ramsay]] [[sk:William Ramsay]] [[sl:William Ramsay]] [[sv:William Ramsay]] 2991 10154 2006-05-26T12:33:57Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Adolf von Baeyer''' (31 Oktoba 1835 &ndash; 20 Agosti 1917) alikuwa mwanakemia kutoka nchi ya [[Ujerumani]]. Mwaka wa 1880 alifaulu [[usanisi|kusanisi]] [[nili]] na kuendelea kuichunguza. Mwaka wa 1905 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Kemia]]'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Kemia]] {{mbegu}} [[bs:Adolf von Baeyer]] [[de:Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer]] [[en:Adolf von Baeyer]] [[es:Adolf von Baeyer]] [[fi:Adolf von Baeyer]] [[fr:Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer]] [[gl:Adolf von Baeyer]] [[hr:Adolf von Baeyer]] [[id:Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer]] [[it:Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf Von Baeyer]] [[ja:アドルフ・フォン・バイヤー]] [[pl:Adolf von Baeyer]] [[pt:Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer]] [[sk:Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf Ritter von Baeyer]] [[sl:Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer]] [[sv:Adolf von Baeyer]] 2992 10155 2006-05-26T12:35:12Z Oliver Stegen 160 #REDIRECT[[Adolf von Baeyer]] 2993 10208 2006-05-27T17:18:23Z Kipala 107 '''Nili''' ni rangi ya buluu iliyoiva. Rangi hiyo hutumika hasa kwa kutia rangi nguo. Inatoka kwa mimea fulani kiasili hasa kwenye mnili (Indigofera tinctoria). Siku hizi, rangi ya nili hutengenezwa mara nyingi kwa [[usanisi]]. [[Category:Rangi]] {{mbegu}} [[de:Indigo]] [[en:Indigo dye]] [[ja:インディゴ染料]] [[lt:Indigas]] [[nl:Indigo (kleurstof)]] 2994 10159 2006-05-26T13:01:56Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Eduard Buchner''' (20 Mei 1860 &ndash; 13 Agosti 1917) alikuwa mwanakemia kutoka nchi ya [[Ujerumani]]. Hasa alichunguza [[kimeng'enya]] cha [[hamira]]. Mwaka wa 1907 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Kemia]]'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Kemia]] {{mbegu}} [[bs:Eduard Buchner]] [[de:Eduard Buchner]] [[en:Eduard Buchner]] [[es:Eduard Buchner]] [[fr:Eduard Buchner]] [[hr:Eduard Buchner]] [[it:Eduard Buchner]] [[ja:エドゥアルト・ブフナー]] [[no:Eduard Buchner]] [[pl:Eduard Buchner]] [[pt:Eduard Buchner]] [[sk:Eduard Buchner]] [[sv:Eduard Buchner]] 2995 10162 2006-05-26T13:13:22Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Hans Buchner''' (16 Desemba 1850 &ndash; 5 Aprili 1902) alikuwa daktari kutoka nchi ya [[Ujerumani]]. Hasa alichunguza [[virusi]] visababishavyo magonjwa na [[damu]] ya binadamu. Alikuwa kaka ya [[Eduard Buchner]] aliyepokea [[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Kemia]] mwaka wa 1907. Asichanganywe na mtungaji muziki Mjerumani wa karne ya 15, [[Hans Buchner (Mtungaji muziki)|Hans Buchner]]. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] {{mbegu}} 2996 10163 2006-05-26T13:15:04Z Oliver Stegen 160 #REDIRECT[[Hans Buchner]] 2997 10165 2006-05-26T13:22:11Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Hans Buchner''' (26 Oktoba 1483 &ndash; Machi 1538) alikuwa mtungaji muziki na mpigakinanda kutoka nchi ya [[Ujerumani]]. Aliandika "Kitabu cha Msingi" (kwa Kijerumani: ''Fundamentbuch''). Humo kitabuni alikusanya muziki kwa kinanda pamoja na maelezo ya upigakinanda. == Viungo vya nje == [[http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/b/buchner_h.shtml]] [[Category:Watungaji muziki]] {{mbegu}} [[de:Hans Buchner]] 2998 10166 2006-05-26T13:30:27Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Ernest Rutherford''' (30 Agosti 1871 &ndash; 19 Oktoba 1937) alikuwa mwanafizikia kutoka nchi ya [[Uingereza]]. Utafiti wake hasa uliweka msingi kwa [[fizikia ya kiini]]. Mwaka wa 1908 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Kemia]]'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Kemia]] {{mbegu}} [[ar:إرنست رذرفورد]] [[bg:Ърнест Ръдърфорд]] [[ca:Ernest Rutherford]] [[cs:Ernest Rutherford]] [[da:Ernest Rutherford]] [[de:Ernest Rutherford]] [[en:Ernest Rutherford]] [[eo:Ernest Rutherford]] [[es:Ernest Rutherford]] [[fa:ارنست رادرفورد]] [[fi:Ernest Rutherford]] [[fr:Ernest Rutherford]] [[he:ארנסט רתרפורד]] [[hr:Ernest Rutherford]] [[hu:Ernest Rutherford]] [[id:Ernest Rutherford]] [[it:Ernest Rutherford]] [[ja:アーネスト・ラザフォード]] [[lt:Ernestas Rezerfordas]] [[nl:Ernest Rutherford]] [[no:Ernest Rutherford]] [[pl:Ernest Rutherford]] [[pt:Ernest Rutherford]] [[ro:Ernest Rutherford]] [[ru:Резерфорд, Эрнест]] [[sco:Ernest Rutherford]] [[sk:Ernest Rutherford]] [[sl:Ernest Rutherford]] [[sr:Ернест Радерфорд]] [[sv:Ernest Rutherford]] [[tr:Ernest Rutherford]] [[zh:欧内斯特·卢瑟福]] 2999 10279 2006-05-29T21:43:22Z Kipala 107 [[Image:VesuvNeapel.jpg|thumb|300px|Volkeno ya Vesuvio nyuma ya jiji la Napoli]] '''Vesuvio''' ni [[volkeno]] nchini [[Italia]]. Iko karibu na mji wa [[Napoli]]. Ni volkeno hai iliyoendelea kuwa na milipuka mara kwa mara tangu mlipuko wake wa kwanza iliyojulikana mwaka 79 BK. Leo hii inaonekana kuwa ni volkeno yenye hatari sana kwa sababu baada ya muda bila milipuko mikubwa mazingira yake yamejaa watu katika eneo la jiji la Napoli takriban milioni tatu. Ilipolipuka mwaka 79 [[BK]] iliharibu miji ya [[Pomepei]] na [[Herkulaneo]] ikaua watu maelfu. Mlipuko huu una maarufu kwa sababu mwandishi [[Dola la Roma|Mroma]] [[Plinio]] aliutazama akaandika taarifa juu yake. Miji miwili iliyofunikwa na majivu ya Vesuvio ilifunuliwa tena katika karne ya 20 imetupa picha nzuri ya maisha ya Kiroma ya kale. [[Category:Italia - milima]] [[Category:Volkeno za Ulaya]] [[ar:فيزوف]] [[be:Везувій]] [[bg:Везувий]] [[cs:Vesuv]] [[da:Vesuv]] [[de:Vesuv]] [[en:Mount Vesuvius]] [[eo:Vezuvio]] [[es:Monte Vesubio]] [[et:Vesuuv]] [[fi:Vesuvius]] [[fr:Vésuve]] [[fur:Vesuvio]] [[gl:Monte Vesubio]] [[he:וזוב]] [[id:Vesuvius]] [[ja:ヴェスヴィオ]] [[la:Vesuvius]] [[lt:Vezuvijus]] [[lv:Vezuvs]] [[mt:Vesuvju]] [[nap:Vesuvio]] [[nl:Vesuvius]] [[no:Vesuv]] [[pl:Wezuwiusz]] [[pt:Vesúvio]] [[ru:Везувий]] [[simple:Vesuvius]] [[sk:Vezuv]] [[sl:Vezuv]] [[sr:Везув]] [[sv:Vesuvius]] [[uk:Везувій]] [[zh:维苏威火山]] 3000 10787 2006-06-13T11:21:01Z 80.228.90.72 '''Hifadhi ya Selous''' ni hifadhi kubwa kuliko zote nchini [[Tanzania]], pia ni kati ya hifadhi kubwa kabisa ya wanyama duniani. Eneo lake ni ya 54,600 km² katika mikoa ya [[Mkoa wa Pwani|Pwani]], [[Mkoa wa Morogoro|Morogoro]], [[Mkoa wa Lindi|Lindi]], [[Mkoa wa Mtwara|Mtwara]] na [[Mkoa wa Ruvuma|Ruvuma]]. Eneo hili ni kubwa kushinda nchi 70 duniani. Tangu 1982 imeingizwa katika orodha ya [[UNESCO]] ya [[Urithi wa Dunia]]. Jina limetokana na Mwingereza Ferederick Selous aliyekuwa mwindaji wakati wa kuanzishwa kwa ukoloni katika Afrika ya Kusini na Mashariki aliyeuawa Tanzania akiwa mwanajeshi wakati wa [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia ]] . Sehemu kubwa ya eneo iko katika hali ya kiasili bili kuvurugika na shughuli za kibindadamu. Kuna [[tembo]], [[kifaru]], [[simba]], [[twiga]], [[kiboko]] na [[mamba]]. == Viungo vya nje == * '''''en:''''' [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/199 Ukurasa wa UNESCO]] [[Category:Mahali pa Urithi wa Dunia katika Afrika]] [[Category:Hifadhi la Taifa Tanzania]] [[de:Selous]] [[en:Selous Game Reserve]] [[it:Riserva del Selous]] 3001 10174 2006-05-26T18:53:00Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Nagib Mahfuz]] 3002 11008 2006-06-20T17:06:19Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] [[Image:naguib.jpg|right|Nagib Mahfuz]] '''Nagib Mahfuz''' ([[Kiarabu]]:''' نجيب محفوظ ''') ni mwandishi nchini [[Misri]] aliyepokea [[Tuzo ya Nobel]] mwaka 1988 akiwa mshindi wa pili kutoka [[Afrika]] aliyepokea tuzo hiyo. Mahfuz alizaliwa [[Disemba 11]] [[1911]]) katika eneo la Gamaliya mjini [[Kairo]]. Baada ya shule ya sekondari alisoma falsafa kwenye chuo kikuu cha Kairo akajiunga na utumishi wa serikali katika wizara ya utamaduni na elimu. Akiwa mtumishi wa serikali alianza kuandika hadithi fupi. Riwaya zake za kwanza kuanzia mwaka 1939 zilihusu maisha ya Misri ya kale wakati wa [[Farao|Mafarao]]. Katika miaka ya 1940 alianza kusimulia habari za Misri ya kisasa. Baada ya "Mtaa wa Midaq" aliendelea na riwaya tatu juu ya maisha ya familia ya Kairo katika vizazi vitatu zilizomleta sifa ya kimataifa. Riwaya yake ya 1959 "Watoto wa mtaa wetu" ilisababisha umgomvi na wataalamu waislamu waliodai inakashifu imani. Riwaya inatoa mfano wa historia ya binadamu wakiwemo watu wanaofanana na Adamu, Musa, Yesu na Mohamad. Kitabu kilitolewa kimilango katika gazeti, lakini upinzani wa wataalamu Waislamu uliwalazimisha wahariri kusimamisha riwaya. Hadi leo haikuchapishwa kwa lugha ya Kiarabu katika nchi ya Misri ingawa inapatikana kwa Kiingereza pia toleo la Kiarabu kutoka Lebanon inapatikana kwa siri. Mwaka 1989 shehe Mmisri [[Omar Abdul-Rahman]] alitamka mbele ya wanahabari ya kwamba heri Mahfuz angeadhibiwa wakati ule. Tamko hili lilisababisha jaribio la Waislamu wakali la kumwua Mahfuz. Hadi leo anaishi chini ya ulinzi wa Polisi. [[Category:Waandishi wa Afrika]] [[Category:Waandishi wa Misri]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fasihi]] [[ar:نجيب محفوظ]] [[bg:Нагиб Махфуз]] [[da:Naguib Mahfouz]] [[de:Nagib Mahfuz]] [[en:Naguib Mahfouz]] [[et:Nagib Mahfuz]] [[es:Naguib Mahfuz]] [[fr:Naguib Mahfouz]] [[he:נגיב מחפוז]] [[hr:Naguib Mahfouz]] [[no:Naguib Mahfouz]] [[pl:Nadżib Mahfuz]] [[pt:Naguib Mahfouz]] [[fi:Naguib Mahfouz]] [[sv:Naguib Mahfouz]] [[zh:纳吉布·马哈富兹]] 3003 10177 2006-05-27T07:11:22Z Kipala 107 kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Nyiragongo_lava_lake.jpg kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Nyiragongo_lava_lake.jpg 3004 10178 2006-05-27T07:26:42Z Kipala 107 '''Lava''' ni mwamba katika hali ya kiowevu kutokana na joto kali. Chini ya uso wa [[dunia]] mwamba joto wa kuyeyuka huitwa "[[magma]]" badala ya lava. Lava inatoka nje kwa kawaida penye [[volkeno]] wakati wa mlipuko. Ikipoa inakuwa [[mwamba]] imara. Wakati wa kutoka hali yake ni kiowevu yenye halijoto kati ya 600[[°C]] hadi 1200°C. Katika hali hii inasambaa nje ya shimo la [[kasoko]]. Mwendo wake hutegemea na mnato wake yaani kama hali yake ni zaidi majimaji au ujiuji. Kadiri inavyoenea mbali na kasoko inapoa na kuwa mwamba. <gallery> Image:Stromboli Eruption.jpg|Mlipuko wa volkeno ya [[Stromboli]] ([[Italia]])- kile chekundu kwenye picha ni lava. Image:Aa med.jpg|Mto wa lava kwenye volkeno ya [[Kilauea]] ([[Hawaii]]) Image:PahoehoeLava.jpg|Lava ikipoa inaweza kuonekana hivyo. Image:Nyiragongo lava lake.jpg|Ziwa la lava ndani ya [[kasoko]] ya mlima [[Nyiragongo]] huko [[Goma]] (Kongo) Image:Kalapana_house_destroyed_by_lava.jpg|Mto wa lava inavyoharibu nyumba huko Hawaii mwaka 1990 </gallery> [[Category:Volkeno]] [[Category:Jiolojia]] [[ar:حمم بركانية]] [[bg:Лава]] [[ca:Lava]] [[cs:Láva]] [[da:Lava]] [[de:Lava]] [[et:Laava]] [[en:Lava]] [[es:Lava]] [[eo:Lafo]] [[fa:گدازه]] [[fr:Lave]] [[fur:Lave]] [[gl:Lava]] [[id:Lava]] [[it:Lava]] [[he:לבה]] [[la:Lava]] [[lb:Lava]] [[lt:Lava]] [[hu:Láva]] [[nl:Lava]] [[ja:溶岩]] [[no:Lava]] [[pl:Lawa]] [[pt:Lava]] [[sk:Láva]] [[sr:Лава]] [[fi:Laava]] [[sv:Lava]] [[zh:熔岩]] 3005 10519 2006-06-03T07:58:48Z Kipala 107 [[Kasoko]] ni shimo kwenye ardhi kutokana na mlipuko au mshtuko wa kugongwa na gimba. Kasoko hutokea kutokana na * mlipuko wa bomu iliyolipuka ndani ya ardhi au juu ya uso wa ardhi * mgongano wa gimba kubwa ardhini kwa mfano [[meteoridi]] * [[Kasoko ya volkeno]]: shimo ambako [[lava]] inatoka nje Kasoko kubwa zaidi duniani zilisababishwa na meteoridi zilizogonga dunia yetu. Kasoko kubwa iliyojulikana hadi 2006 ilikuwa kasoko ya [[Vredefort]] nchini ([[Afrika Kusini]]) yenye umbo la yai ya urefu wa 320 km na upana wa 180 km. Mwaka 2006 wataalamu waligundua kasoko kubwa zaidi yenye kipenyo cha 500 km huko [[Antarktika]] katika picha zilizopigwa angani. Iko chini ya barafu ya Antarktika katika eneo la Wilkes Land inatajwa kwa kifupi cha WLIC (kiing.: Wilkes Land impact crater). Kasoko ya WLIC inaaminiwa imesababishwa na meteoridi yenye kipenyo cha takriban 5 km. <gallery> Image:mooncrater.jpg|Kasoko mwezini kutokana na mgongano wa meteroridi.jpg Image:Meteor.jpg|Kasoko huko [[Arizona]] ([[Marekani]]) kutokana na mgongano wa meteroridi Image:NTS test preparation2.jpg|Kasoko kutokana na milipuko ya bomu za kinyuklia chini ya ardhi kwenye eneo la jaribio la Marekani huko [[Nevada]] </gallery> {{maana}} [[Category:Jiografia]] [[cs:Kráter]] [[da:Krater]] [[de:Krater]] [[en:crater]] [[eo:Kratero]] [[ko:구덩이]] [[hr:Krater (razdvojba)]] [[it:Cratere]] [[he:מכתש]] [[la:Crater]] [[nl:Krater]] [[pl:Krater]] [[ru:Кратер (значения)]] [[sk:Kráter]] 3006 10290 2006-05-30T08:25:13Z 80.228.94.253 [[Image:sthelens3.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Mlipuko wa [[Mount St. Helens]] (Marekani) mwaka 1980]] '''Mlipuko wa volkeno''' hutokea kama lava na gesi zinatoka vikali kwa nguvu. [[Volkeno]] hupatikana pale ambako vipande vya ganda la dunia vinaachana au kusukumana. Kuna pengo ambako [[magma]] joto kutoka ndani ya dunia inapanda juu kufika usoni. Mara nyingi volkeno hutoa [[lava]] yake mara kwa mara. Hii inawezekana kama njia ya [[kasoko]] yake ni wazi. Aina hii ya volkeno inaweza kuachana na nguvu yake mara kwa mara. Haielekei kuwa na mlipuko kali sana isipokuwa maji yanaingia katika chumba cha magma ''(soma chini)''. Kama volkeno imelala kwa muda mrefu njia ya kasoko yake inafungwa kwa sababu lava ndani yake imeganda kuwa mwamba imara. Ikitokea ya kwamba joto la chini linaongezeka tena magma inaanza kupanda juu lakini haiwezi kutoka nje. Inakwama chini ya volkeno na shindikizo ndani yake inaongezeka. Kama shindikizo inazidi husababisha mlipuko na kutoka ghafla kwa lava na gesi nyingi mara moja. Ukali unaongezeka kama maji ya chini ya ardhi inaingia katika chumba cha magma chini ya volkeno. Milipuko mikubwa ya aina hii iliwahi kurusha mlima wote hewani kwa mfano mlima wa [[Krakatau]] mwaka 1883 [[BK]]. Mlima mwenye urefu wa mita 813 juu ya [[UB]] ulipotea kabisa pamoja na kisiwa chake. Ukitokea baharini mlipuko unaweza kusababisha mawimbi makubwa ya [[tsunami]] yanayofyeka mwambao. Hatari nyingine ya milipuko ni kiasi kikubwa cha gesi na majivu. Gesi na majivu yenye halijoto hadi 800 °C zinaweza kusambaa haraka sana zikiteketeza kila kitu njiani. Pia gesi zinazotoka zinaweza kuwa za sumu. Wakati wa mlipuko wa [[Vesuvio]] watu wengi wa [[Pompei]] waliuawa na gesi pamoja na majivu. Milipuko inaweza kutokea sambamba na [[tetemeko la ardhi]]. [[Category:Volkeno]] [[de:Vulkanausbruch]] [[en:Eruption]] [[et:Vulkaanipurse]] [[ja:噴火]] [[pl:Erupcja wulkanu]] 3007 10185 2006-05-27T10:20:40Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Fasihi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel]] 3008 11512 2006-06-29T20:03:12Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Mount Cameroon craters.jpg|right|360px|Kasoko za Mlima Kamerun]] '''Kamerun''' ni [[volkeno]] hai na [[mlima]] mkubwa nchini [[Kamerun]] mwenye kimo cha 4095 m juu ya [[UB]]. Majina mengine ni Fako (jina la kelele ya juu) au Mongo ma Ndemi ("Mlima Mkubwa"). Mlima uko karibi na [[Ghuba ya Guinea]] ya [[Atlantiki]] na mji wa bandari [[Douala]]. [[mlipuko wa volkeno|Milipuko]] imeripotiwa katika miaka 1650, 1807, 1825, 1838, 1852, 1865, 1866, 1871, 1909, 1922, 1925, 1954, 1959, 1982 na 1999 [[BK]]. Kuna uwezekano ya kwamba tayari mbaharia [[Hanno (mbaharia)|Hanno]] wa [[Karthago]] alimaanisha mlima wa Kamerun alipoeleza habari za mlima wa "Gari la Miungu" uliotema moto kwa mwisho wa safari yake ya Afrika ya Magharibi mnamo mwaka 570 [[KK]]. [[Category:Volkeno za Afrika]] [[Category:Milima ya Afrika]] [[Category:Kamerun]] [[de:Kamerunberg]] [[en:Mount Cameroon]] [[fr:Mont Cameroun]] [[pt:Monte Camarões]] [[sl:Kamerun (gora)]] 3009 10194 2006-05-27T12:50:10Z Kipala 107 Rungwe umehamishwa hapa Rungwe (wilaya): RUNGWE 8MLIMA9 #REDIRECT [[Rungwe (wilaya)]] 3010 10195 2006-05-27T13:23:29Z Kipala 107 kutokana na de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:Kipengere.jpg kutokana na de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:Kipengere.jpg 3011 11039 2006-06-21T05:17:16Z YurikBot 117 robot Modifying: [[de:Mount Rungwe]], [[en:Mount Rungwe]] [[Image:Kipengere.jpg|thumb|400px|Mlima wa Rungwe katika [[Nyanda za Juu za Kusini]] za [[Tanzania]]]] '''Mlima wa Rungwe''' ni [[volkeno]] iliyozimika ya [[Tanzania]] kusini magharibi ikikadiriwa ya kwamba [[mlipuko wa volkeno|mlipuko]] wake wa mwisho ulitokea mnamo miaka 2000 hadi 5000 iliyopita. Ukiwa na kimo cha 2960 [[m]] ni mlima mkubwa wa [[Tanzania]] ya Kusini. Mlima unasimama juu ya ncha ya kaskazini ya [[Ziwa Nyasa]]. Upande wa kusini-mashariki wa mlima hupokea [[usimbishaji]] wa 3,000 [[mm]] kwa mwaka ambao ni juu kabisa katika Tanzania. Mazingira ya mlima ni nchi yenye rutba na kilimo. Rungwe ni eneo la [[Wanyakyusa]]. Jina la mlima limekuwa pia jina la wilaya ya [[Rungwe (wilaya)|Rungwe]]. [[Category:Milima ya Afrika]] [[Category:Volkeno za Afrika]]] [[Category:Tanzania]] [[de:Mount Rungwe]] [[en:Mount Rungwe]] [[es:Monte Rungwe]] 3012 10204 2006-05-27T15:41:30Z Kipala 107 '''Kaldera''' ni shimo kubwa ya mviringo iliyotokea wakati [[volkeno]] inaporomoka ndani yake baada ya mlipuko. Kaldera hutokea kama [[chumba cha magma]] chini ya volkeno kimetoa nje yaliyomo yake yote na kuacha uwazi mkubwa (nafasi) ardhini. Mlima juu yake unaporomoka ndani ya nafasi hiyo na kuacha shimo juu yake: kaldera. Neno la kaldera lina asili ya Kihispania kumaanisha "sufuria" au "bakuli". Kaldera ikijaa maji huwa ziwa kubwa la kasoko. Kaldera inaweza kupatikana ndani ya kelele cha mlima. Kama kuporomoka kulitokea vikali sana mara nyingi mlima mwenyewe ulipotea ukaacha tu dalili za ukingo wake. Kaldera mkubwa kabisa duniani yenye ukingo usiovunjika au kukatika ni [[Ngorongoro]] ([[Tanzania]]) yenye [[kipenyo]] wa 27 [[km]]. Kaldera inaweza kuonekana kama [[kasoko ya volkeno]] lakini historia yake ni tofauti. [[Image:Ngorongoro.jpg|thumb|700px|Kaldera ya Ngorongoro penye hifadhi za wanyamapori]] [[Image:Santorini_caldera_panorama.jpg|700px|thumb|venter|Kaldera ya [[Santorini]] ([[Ugiriki]]) imefunikwa na bahari ya [[Mediteranea]]. Mabaki ya ukingo yanaonekana kama mviringo wa visiwa]] [[Category:Volkeno]] [[bg:Калдера]] [[cs:Kaldera]] [[de:Caldera (Krater)]] [[en:Caldera]] [[et:Kaldeera]] [[fr:Caldeira]] [[is:Sigketill]] [[it:Caldera vulcanica]] [[lt:Kaldera]] [[lb:Caldera (Krater)]] [[nl:Caldera]] [[ja:カルデラ]] [[pl:Kaldera]] [[sk:Kaldera]] [[fi:Kaldera]] 3013 10202 2006-05-27T15:35:14Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Volcano.jpeg|thumb|350px|<small> Kasoko ya volkeno [[Mount St. Helens]] ([[Marekani]]) baada ya mlipuko wa 1980 - sehemu ya ukingo umepotea]] '''Kasoko ya volkeno''' ni shimo kubwa ndani ya mlima wa [[volkeno]]. [[Lava]] na [[gesi]] za joto zinapotoka ardhini kuwa volkeno husababisha kutokea kwa kasoko. Milima ya volkeno huwa na kasoko kwenye kelele mara nyingi pia na kasoko kando. Kasoko za volkeno inayolala au iliyozimika mara nyingi hujaa maji kuwa "ziwa la kasoko". Shimo linaweza kuonekana kubwa zaidi kama volkeno imeporomoka ndani yake yenyewe halafu huitwa "[[kaldera]]". <gallery> Image:Volcano.jpeg|<small> Kasoko ya volkeno [[Mount St. Helens]] ([[Marekani]]) baada ya mlipuko wa 1980 - sehemu ya ukingo umepotea Image:Mount Cameroon craters.jpg|Kasoko za [[Kamerun (mlima)|Mlima Kamerun]] nchini [[Kamerun]] Image:Crater Lake from rim-USGS.jpg|Ziwa ndani ya kaldera ([[Oregon]], Marekani) </gallery> [[Category:Volkeno]] [[de:Vulkankrater]] 3014 10205 2006-05-27T15:56:23Z Kipala 107 kutokana na nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afbeelding:Diameter-cirkel.png kutokana na nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afbeelding:Diameter-cirkel.png 3015 10206 2006-05-27T16:08:08Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Kipenyo.png|thumb|300px]] '''Kipenyo''' ni [[mstari ulionyooka]] unaokatisha katikati ya [[duara]] ukigusana na mzingo. Kwa lugha nyingine kipenyo ni pia umbali kati ya nukta mbili kwenye mzingo wa duara zilizopo kwenye mstari ulionyooka unaopita kwenye kitovu cha duara. Umbali kati ya kitovu na mzingo wa duara huitwa [[nusukipenyo]] (rediasi). [[Category:Vipimo]] [[Category: jiometria]] [[als:Durchmesser]] [[bg:Диаметър]] [[ca:Diàmetre]] [[cs:Průměr (geometrie)]] [[da:Diameter]] [[de:Durchmesser]] [[es:Diámetro]] [[eo:Diametro]] [[fa:قطر (ریاضی)]] [[fr:Diamètre]] [[gl:Diámetro]] [[hr:Promjer]] [[is:Þvermál]] [[it:Diametro]] [[he:קוטר]] [[li:Diameter]] [[nl:Diameter]] [[ja:径]] [[no:Diameter]] [[nn:Diameter]] [[pl:Średnica]] [[pt:Diâmetro]] [[ru:Диаметр]] [[simple:Diameter]] [[sr:Пречник]] [[sh:Promjer]] [[fi:Halkaisija]] [[sv:Diameter]] [[ta:விட்டம்]] [[vi:Đường kính]] [[uk:Діаметр]] [[zh:直径]] 3016 10209 2006-05-27T17:20:25Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[selsiasi]] 3017 10217 2006-05-27T18:29:43Z Kipala 107 {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="right" style="margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em;" |+'''Jinsi kubadilisha sentigredi ya '''Selsiasi''' kwa vipimo vingine vya halijoto''' |- bgcolor="#f0f0f0" ! Kubadilisha kutoka ! kwenda ! Fomula |- |Selsiasi ||Fahrenheit ||&deg;F = &deg;C &times; 1.8 + 32 |- |[[Fahrenheit]] ||Selsiasi ||&deg;C = (&deg;F &ndash; 32) / 1.8 |- |Selsiasi ||Kelvini ||K = &deg;C + 273.15 |- |[[Kelvini]] ||Selsiasi ||&deg;C = K &ndash; 273.15 |- |} '''Selsiasi''' (sentigredi, Celsius) ni kipimo cha [[halijoto]] kinachotumika zaidi duniani. Alama yake ni °C. Kipimo hiki hutumia skeli ya vizio 100 kati ya 0°C na 100°C. 0°C ni halijoto ya kuganda kwa maji kuwa barafu. 100°C ni halijoto ya maji kuchemka, yote kwa shindikizo kawaida la hewa yaani takriban shindikizo la hewa linalopatikana kando la bahari. 1 °C sehemu ya mia ya tofauti kati ya 0°C na 100°C. Kipimo hiki kilianzishwa na Msweden [[Anders Celsius]] (1701 - 1744). Yeye aliita halijoto ya kuchemka kwa maji kama 0°C na halijoto ya kuganda kuwa 100°C. Namna ya kuandika ilibadilishwa baadaye kinyume. Selsiasi ni kipimo kinachotumika zaidi kimataifa katika maisha ya kawaida. Kisayansi vipimo vya [[Kelvini]] vimekuwa kawaida. Siku hizi ufafanuzi wa kisayansi ya Selsiasi ni ya kuwa kizio kimoja cha Selsiasi ni sehemu ya 1/273.16 ya tofauti kati ya [[sifuri halisi]] (=0 [[K]] au Kelvini sifuri) na [[kiwango utatu]] cha maji (maji kubadilika kutoka barafu kuwa kiowevu (majimaji). Skeli ya Selsiasi imelinganishwa na skeli ya Kelvini yaani kizio kimoja cha Kelvini ni sawa na kizio kimoja cha Selsiasi. [[Category:Vipimo]] [[af:Celsius]] [[ar:سيلسيوس]] [[zh-min-nan:Liap-sī]] [[ca:Celsius]] [[cs:Stupeň Celsia]] [[da:Celsius]] [[de:Grad Celsius]] [[et:Celsiuse skaala]] [[en:Celsius]] [[es:Grado Celsius]] [[eo:Grado celsia]] [[eu:Celsius gradu]] [[fa:سلسیوس]] [[fr:Degré Celsius]] [[gl:Celsius]] [[ko:섭씨]] [[id:Celsius]] [[is:Celsíus]] [[it:Celsius]] [[hu:Celsius-skála]] [[nl:Celsius]] [[ja:セルシウス度]] [[no:Celsiusskalaen]] [[nn:Celsius]] [[pl:Skala Celsjusza]] [[pt:Celsius]] [[ru:Градус Цельсия]] [[sk:Stupeň Celzia]] [[sl:Celzijeva temperaturna lestvica]] [[sr:Целзијус]] [[fi:Celsiusaste]] [[sv:Grad Celsius]] [[th:องศาเซลเซียส]] [[vi:Độ Celsius]] [[tr:Celsius (birim)]] [[zh:摄氏温标]] 3018 10213 2006-05-27T18:03:50Z Kipala 107 '''Kiwango utatu''' ni kiwango cha maji au dutu nyingine inapoweza kuwa mahali pamoja katika hali imara, kiowevu na gesi (kwa mfano wa maji: barafu, majimaji na mvuke). Kiwango hiki kinategemea halijoto na shindikizo. Kiwango utatu cha maji ni kiwango cha kukadiria skeli ya [[selsiasi]] au sentigredi (273.16 [[K]] au 0.01 [[°C]]). {{Category:Vipimo}} [[br:Poent tric'hement]] [[ca:Punt triple]] [[cs:Trojný bod]] [[de:Tripelpunkt]] [[en:Triple point]] [[es:Punto triple]] [[fr:Point triple]] [[ko:삼중점]] [[is:Þrípunktur]] [[it:Punto triplo]] [[he:נקודה משולשת]] [[nl:Tripelpunt]] [[ja:三重点]] [[pl:Punkt potrójny]] [[pt:Ponto triplo]] [[ru:Тройная точка]] [[sk:Trojný bod]] [[sl:Trojna točka]] [[fi:Kolmoispiste]] [[sv:Trippelpunkt]] [[vi:Điểm ba trạng thái]] [[zh:三相点]] 3019 10214 2006-05-27T18:04:09Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Kelvini]] 3020 10218 2006-05-27T18:31:46Z Kipala 107 '''SI''' ni kifupi chake cha [[Kifaransa]] '''Système International d'unités''' au Utaratibu wa kimataifa wa vipimo. Msingi wake ni [[mita]] unapatikana kwa vipimo vya urefu ([[mita]]), masi ([[kilogramu]]), wakati ([[sekondi]]), mkondo wa umeme ([[ampea]]), halijoto ([[kelvini]]), kiasi cha dutu ([[moli]]), mwangaza au ukalifu nunurikaji ([[kandela]]). Vipimo hivi hutumika na wanasayansi duniani. Katika maisha ya kawaida kuna vipimo mbalimbali vinavyoweza kuwa tofauti kati ya nchi na nchi. [[Category:Vipimo]] [[ca:Sistema internacional]] [[cs:Soustava SI]] [[da:SI]] [[de:Internationales Einheitensystem]] [[en:SI]] [[eo:Sistemo Internacia de Unuoj]] [[es:Sistema Internacional de Unidades]] [[fi:Kansainvälinen_yksikköjärjestelmä]] [[fr:Système international]] [[he:SI]] [[hu:SI mértékegységrendszer]] [[ia:Systema International de Unitates]] [[is:SI]] [[ja:国際単位系]] [[it:SI]] [[lt:Matavimo_vienetas]] [[nl:SI]] [[nn:SI-systemet]] [[no:SI-systemet]] [[pl:Układ SI]] [[pt:SI]] [[ro:SI]] [[ru:СИ]] [[sl:Mednarodni sistem enot]] [[uk:Міжнародна_система_СІ]] [[zh:国际单位制]] 3021 10216 2006-05-27T18:26:43Z Kipala 107 '''Kelvini''' ni kipimo cha [[SI]] kwa [[halijoto]]. Alama yake ni K. Kiwango chake kinaanza kwenye [[sifuri halisi]] (= -273.15 [[°C]]) pasipo na mwendo wowote wa [[molekuli]]. Kizio kimoja cha Kelvini ni sehemu ya 1/273.16 ya tofauti kati ya sifuri halisi (=0 K) na [[kiwango utatu]] cha maji (+0.01 °C). Skeli ya Kelvini ililinganishwa na skeli ya selsiasi yaani kizio kimoja cha Kelvini ni sawa na kizio kimoja cha [[Selsiasi]]. Skeli ya Kelvini haihitaji namba za minusi (-) kwa sababu hakuna hali chini ya 0 K. Jina limetokana na mwanafisikia Mwingereza [[William Thomson]] aliyekuwa na cheo cha Lord Kelvin (1824–1907). [[Category:Vipimo]] [[af:Kelvin]] [[ar:كلفن]] [[br:Kelvin]] [[bg:Келвин]] [[ca:Kelvin]] [[cs:Kelvin]] [[da:Kelvin]] [[de:Kelvin]] [[et:Kelvin]] [[el:Kelvin]] [[en:Kelvin]] [[es:Kelvin]] [[eo:Kelvino]] [[eu:Kelvin]] [[fr:Kelvin]] [[gl:Kelvin]] [[ko:켈빈]] [[hr:Kelvin]] [[id:Kelvin]] [[is:Kelvin]] [[it:Kelvin]] [[lv:Kelvins (mērvienība)]] [[lt:Kelvinas]] [[hu:Kelvin]] [[nl:Kelvin (eenheid)]] [[ne:केल्भिन]] [[ja:ケルビン]] [[no:Kelvin]] [[nn:Kelvin]] [[nds:Kelvin]] [[pl:Kelwin]] [[pt:Kelvin]] [[ru:Кельвин]] [[sk:Kelvin]] [[sl:Kelvin]] [[sr:Келвин]] [[fi:Kelvin]] [[sv:Kelvin]] [[th:เคลวิน]] [[tr:Kelvin (birim)]] [[zh:热力学温标]] 3022 10228 2006-05-27T23:39:17Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Msumbiji Cabo Delgado.PNG|thumb|300px|Visiwa vya Kirimba mbele ya mwambao wa Msumbiji ya Kaskazini]] '''Visiwa vya Kirimba''' ([[Kireno]]: Quirimbas, Ilhas de Querimba) ni [[funguvisiwa]] katika [[Bahari Hindi]] mbele ya mwambao wa [[Msumbiji]] wa kaskazini, kusini ya [[rasi ya Delgado]]. Inafuata mwendo wa pwani kwa umbali wa 180 [[km]] hadi mji wa [[Pemba (Msumbiji)|Pemba]]. Umbali na pwani ni kati ya 12 na 20 km. Idadi ya visiwa ni takriban 50. Vingi ni vidogo havikaliwi na watu. Kisiwa kikuu ni Ibo penye makao ya utawala wa '''Wilaya ya Ibo''' inayotawala funguvisiwa yote. Visiwa ni sehemu ya jimbo la [[Cabo Delgado (mkoa)|Cabo Delgado]]. Wilaya ina wakazi 7.061 na eneo la nchi kavu visiwani la 48 km². Kati ya visiwa ni Ibo, Kirimba (Quirimba), Matemo, Quilaluia, Quisiva na Rolas. Sehemu ya kusini ya funguvisiwa pamoja na nchi ya bara karibu nayo imekuwa hifadhi ya taifa ya Kirimba. Visiwani kuna [[lahaja za Kiswahili|lahaja ya Kiswahili]] ya pekee kinaitwa Kimwani. ==Historia== Kihistoria kisiwa cha Kerimba (Quirimba) kilikuwa muhimu zaidi na kulipa jina lake kwa funguvisiwa. Funguvisiwa ilikuwa chini ya athira ya kisiasa ya [[Kilwa]] ikiwa na sultani yake ya pekee. [[Uislamu]] ulifika zamani visiwani lakini tarehe haijulikani. Wareno walivamia visiwa mnamo mwaka 1522 kwa sababu ya biashara ya meno ya ndovu. Padre João dos Santos alifika kuhubiri Ukristo mwaka 1593 alikuta tabaka ya juu walikuwa Waislamu na watu wa kawaida wakifuata dini za jadi. Kuna taarifa ya mwaka 1769 juu ya malamiko ya Wareno dhidi ya [[Waarabu]] na [[Waswahili]] wa visiwa kuwa walifanya biashara ya watumwa na meno ya ndovu na Waswahili waislamu wa kaskazini badala ya Wareno wenyewe wa Msumbiji. Hadi karne ya 19 visiwa vya Kirimba vilikuwa kituo muhimu cha [[biashara ya watumwa]]. Kuna kubukumbu ya mwaka 1860 kuhusu mzigo wa watumwa 846 waliofika [[Mauritius]] kutoka visiwa vya Kirimba. Jina la visiwa liliwahi kuandikwa na Wareno kama: Queriba, Quiriba, Querimba, Quirimba, Carimba, Cerimba, Corimba, Querimbas au Quirimbas ==Viungo vya nje== '''''en:''''' KERIMBA islands (Encyclopedia of Islam) [[http://www.encislam.brill.nl/data/EncIslam/S7/SIM-4107.html]] '''''en:''''' Nunn, Slavery, Institutional Development,and Long-Run Growth in Africa, 1400–2000 p. 7 [[http://www.econ.ubc.ca/nnunn/empirical_slavery_appendix.pdf]] '''''pt:''''' C.L. Bento: Ilhas de Querimba, situaçaõ colonial, resitencias e mudanca [[http://br.geocities.com/quirimbaspemba/capituloum.htm#_ftn17]] [[Category:Visiwa vya Msumbiji]] [[Category:Visiwa vya Bahari ya Hindi]] [[en:Quirimbas Islands]] [[pt:Quirimbas]] 3023 10227 2006-05-27T22:37:53Z Kipala 107 Kerimba (visiwa) umehamishwa hapa Kirimba (visiwa): Uwezekano ni mkubwa ya kwamba nimeanzisha makala kwa tahijia ya Kiingereza. Makala ya kitaalamu ya http://www.northwestern.edu/african-studies/working%20papers/wp3prestholdt.pdf pamoja na umbo la kireno #REDIRECT [[Kirimba (visiwa)]] 3024 10229 2006-05-27T23:41:22Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Kirimba (visiwa)]] 3025 10234 2006-05-28T11:26:18Z Kipala 107 kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Mbeya.jpg Inaonyesha mlima wa Loleza kutoka katikati ya eneo la mji, karibu na kitovu kipya (Mlima wa Mbeya yenyewe umefunkwa na Loleza) kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Mbeya.jpg Inaonyesha mlima wa Loleza kutoka katikati ya eneo la mji, karibu na kitovu kipya (Mlima wa Mbeya yenyewe umefunkwa na Loleza) 3026 10237 2006-05-28T13:34:22Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Mbeya_Loleza.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Mlima wa Loleza juu ya mji wa Mbeya]] '''Mji wa Mbeya''' ni mji mkubwa katika kusini-magharibi ya [[Tanzania]]. Mbeya ni kitovu katika Nyanda za Juu za Kusini ambazo ni eneo la uzalishaji wa mazao mengi. Ni makao makuu ya mkoa na wilaya. ==Jiografia== Mji umeenea katika bonde kati ya safu za milima ya Mbeya na milima ya Uporoto. Mlima mkubwa unaoonekana kutoka mji ni [[Mbeya (mlima)|Mlima wa Mbeya]] (Mbeya Peak) mwenye kimo cha 2818 m. Eneo la mji ni kati ya 1600 m kitovuni na 1900 m au zaidi juu ya [[UB]] kwenye mitelemko ya mlima Loleza. Hali ya hewa haina joto kali kutokana na kimo. Wakati wa Juni-Julai halijoto wakati wa usiku inaweza kushuka chini hadi 0 °C, mlimani hata chini zaidi. Mvua zinaanza mwezi wa Novemba hivyo ni wakati wa kupanda. Kwa kawaida mvua zinasimama tena Januari - Februari na kunyesha kwa wingi Machi -April. ==Mawasiliano== Mbeya ni njiapanda ya njia mbalimbali muhimu: Barabara kuu ya lami kutoka Daressalaam (850 km) hugawanya hapa kwenda [[Malawi]] – [[Msumbiji]] kupitia [[Tukuyu]]/Rungwe, na kwenda [[Zambia]] – [[Afrika Kusini]] kupitia [[Tunduma]]/Mbozi. Vilevile njia ya reli ya [[TAZARA]] hupita Mbeya kuelekea Zambia. Kuna ghala kubwa kwa ajili ya mizigo ya Malawi inayofikishwa kwa reli kutoka Daresalaam bandarini ikihamishwa kwa malori kwenda Malawi hapa Mbeya. Mbeya imekuwa na kiwanja cha ndege ndogo kisichokuwa na huduma ya kawaida kwa muda mrefu. Lakini kuna mipango ya kujenga kiwanja kipya huko Songwe zipatao km 40 kufuata njia ya kwenda Zambia. ==Wakazi== Mbeya ni kati ya miji kumi mikubwa ya [[Tanzania]]. Idadi ya wakazi imekadiriwa kuwa wapatao 280.000 katika mw. 2005. Wengine mnamo 300.000 wanaishi katika mazingira karibu na Mbeya mjini. Kiasili Mbeya ilikuwa eneo la [[Wasafwa]]. Siku hizi sehemu kubwa ya wakazi wanaweza kuwa mchanganyiko wa Wsafwa pamoja na makabila ya [[Wanyakyusa]] kutoka wilaya ya [[Rungwe]], [[Wanyiha]] kutoka [[Mbozi]], [[Wandali]] kutoka [[Ileje]] na [[Wakinga]] kutoka [[Makete]]. ==Uchumi== Uchumi wa Mbeya mjini umetegemea kilimo cha mazingira yake na biashara. Viwanda mbalimbali vilianzishwa lakini havikufaulu sana. Kuna viwanda kwa mfano Zana za Kilimo, Highland Soap, Mbeya Textiles. Mbeya Ceramics iliporomoka kitambo. Tangu miaka ya 1990 kitovu cha mji kinahamishwa kutoka eneo la zamani kwenda karibu na barabara kuu ya Daresalaam – Zambia. ==Historia== Mbeya imeanzishwa na wakoloni Waingereza mnamo mwaka 1927 wakati dhahabu ilipopatikana mlimani. Jina la Mbeya limetokana na neno la kisafwa "Ibheya" ambayo maana yake ni chumvi. Hivyo ba si kwenye miaka ya awali wafanya biashara walikuwa wanafika mahali hapo kubadilishana mazao yao kwa chumvi. Sehemu kubwa ya wakazi ni wakristo, hasa wafuasi wa [[Kanisa la Katoliki]], [[Kanisa la Moravian]], [[Kanisa la Kiluteri]]. Kuna pia msikiti kubwa na hekalu ya Wahindu. [[Category:Miji ya Tanzania]] [[de:Mbeya]] [[en:Mbeya]] [[pl:Mbeya]] 3027 10240 2006-05-28T20:35:34Z Kipala 107 '''Tukuyu''' ni mji mdogo na makao makuu ya wilaya ya [[Rungwe]] katika mkoa wa [[Mkoa wa Mbeya|Mbeya]], [[Tanzania]]. Iko kwa 1300 m juu ya [[UB]] karibu na [[Rungwe (mlima)|mlima wa Rungwe]] ikitazama beseni ya [[Ziwa Nyasa]]. ==Historia== Tukuyu ilianzishwa wakati wa [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani|ukoloni wa Kijerumani]] ikaitwa Neu Langenburg ("boma ndefu mpya") badala ya Langenburg ya awali iliyokaa mwambaoni wa Ziwa Nyasa ikazama chini wakati wa maji ya ziwa kupanda. Hadi leo jina la hoteli "Langiboss" inakumbuka jina la zamani. Neu Langenburg ilikuwa mji mkuu wa mkoa wa kusini (takriban mkoa wa Mbeya wa leo). Wakati wa Waingereza ikapewa jina la Tukuyu ikawa mji mkuu wa wilaya. ==Uchumi== Tukuyu iko katika eneo penye mvua nyingi na rutba; ni kitovu cha kilimo cha chai Tanzania. Tukuyu ilikuwa miaka mingi na tatizo la mawasiliano mabaya kutokana na uharibifu wa barabara pamoja na matatizo ya kisiasa kati ya [[Malawi]] na Tanzania. Siku hizi Barabara ni nzuri kuelekea Malawi pia kwenda [[Mbeya]] na [[Daressalaam]]. Kuna nafasi nzuri ya utalii kwa sababu ya uzuri wa mazingira. Lakini huduma bado ni chache. ==Wakazi== Tukuyu ni eneo la Konde au Wanyakyusa. Mji mwenyewe umekuwa kituo cha daiyosisi ya Konde ya Waluteri pia daiyosisi ya Wakatoliki. Makao makuu ya Moravian bado yako Rungwe misioni. ==Taasisi== Tukuyu ina shule za sekondari, Chuo cha Ualimu na taasisi ya utafiti wa tiba. Kuna pia ofisi za serikali au umma vya wilaya, Posta, simu, hospitali ndogo, benki. [[Category:Miji ya Tanzania]] [[en:Tukuyu]] 3028 10245 2006-05-29T12:08:14Z Dundak 170 Homepage of Dundak Homepage of Dundak 3029 10294 2006-05-30T15:31:30Z Dundak 170 =Homepage of Dundak= [[Image:Dundak.jpg]]<br>etwas seicht, aber Admin 3030 10254 2006-05-29T15:52:05Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Volkeno]] 3031 10256 2006-05-29T15:53:11Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Volkeno]] 3032 10259 2006-05-29T18:28:02Z Kipala 107 imetengenezwa kutokana na http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Wasserkreislauf.png na user:kipala imetengenezwa kutokana na http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Wasserkreislauf.png na user:kipala 3033 10497 2006-06-02T18:02:07Z Kipala 107 [[image:Egypt_Nil.jpg|thumb|400px|Mto wa Nile nchini Misri]] '''Mto''' ni mwendo asilia wa maji yanayofuata njia yake kwenye mtelemko hadi mdomoni wake. ==Chanzo== Chanzo cha mto mara nyingi ni chemchemi au ziwa au maungano ya vijito vidogo. Mto hufuata mwendo wake kwa mtelemko hadi mwisho wake baharini au ziwani au kwa mto mwingine. Kama mto ni mdogo huitwa kijito. Mto mkubwa sana kama Kongo au Nile unaweza kuitwa mto mkubwa au jito. ==Lalio chini ya mto== Njiani yake mto huwa umechimba lalio linalofanana na mfereji kati ya udongo au mawe ya kingo zake. Nguvu ya kusogeza maji mtoni ni [[uvutano]] wa dunia. ==Mdomo na delta== Mwisho wa mto huitwa mdomo. Mdomoni kwa kawaida mto huishia katika gimba kubwa zaidi ya maji, ama mto mkubwa au [[ziwa]] au [[bahari]]. Mdomo huu unaweza kuwa pana kama kijazio hasa baharini ambako bahari inapanuka wakati wa [[maji kujaa]]. Mito mingine inaonyesha mdomo wa [[delta]] kama imegawanyika mdomoni kuwa na mikono mingi inayoelekea bahari kwa umbo la pembetatu. ==Tawimito na jina== Njiani mito mingi inaunganika kuwa mito mikubwa zaidi. Ni desturi kutumia jina la mto ulio mkubwa zaidi mahali pa kuungana kwa ajili ya sehemu inayofuata ya mto uliopanuka. Kwa mfano mito ya [[Ubangi (mto|Ubangi]] na [[Kongo (mto)|Kongo]] zinakutana kwa mji wa [[Mbandaka]]. Hapa Kongo ni mto mkubwa kushinda Ubangi; pia baada ya Mbandaka kuelekea bahari mto unaendelea kuitwa "Kongo". Wakati mwingine ni swali la uzoefu tu jinsi ya kutaja mto; Kongo inaitwa Lualaba hadi mji wa [[Kisangani]]. Wataalamu wengine wanasema ya kwamba mto [[Kagera (mto|Kagera]] ingestahili kuitwa "Nile" kwa sababu ni mto uleule unapita tu kwenye ziwa Viktoria Nyanza. Kuna pia uzoefu ambako jina la mto mdogo linaendelea kutumikwa. [[Mto Ruvuma]] unatoka [[Songea]] na kufuata mpaka wa Tanzania na Msumbiji. Inakutana na mto [[Lujenda]] ambayo ni mto mkubwa zaidi; inawezekana kusema ya kwamba Ruvuma inaingia Lujenda lakini jina la Ruvuma linatumika hadi mdomoni. Mito midogo zaidi inayojiunga na mto fulani huitwa [[tawimito]]. ==Beseni== Jumla ya eneo ambako tawimito yote hata vijito asilia kabisa zinaanza na kupokea maji yao huitwa [[beseni ya mto]]. Sehemu kubwa ya Tanzania ya kaskazini-magharibi ni sehemu ya beseni ya Nile kwa sababu matone ya mvua kama yanafika mtoni yote huelekea ziwa Viktoria Nyanza na kuingia mto Nile kwenda bahari ya [[Mediteranea]]. ==Mito katika dura ya maji duniani== Mito inabeba kiasi kikubwa cha maji ya mvua ikirudi baharini katika [[dura ya maji]] duniani. Maji ya mtoni ni maji matamu tofauti na maji ya chimvi baharini. Hii ni sababu ya kwamba mimea, wanyama na watu hupenda kukaa karibu na mito. Watu huona faida zaidi kwa sababu mito mikubwa na majito inafaa pia usafiri. Kihistoria mito ilikuwa kati ya njia za kwanza kabisa za mawasiliano kati ya maeneo ya mbali. ==Mito kumi mirefu duniani== Kadirio ya urefu wa mto hutegemea jinsi ya kuhesabu tawimito yake. Orodha inayofuata ina tofauti na orodha inayokadiria kwa namna nyingine. # 6.671 km - [[Nile]]: Luvironza-Ruvuvu-Ruvusu-Kagera-Nile Nyeupe-Nile - ([[Afrika]]) # 6.387 km - [[Amazonas]]: Apurimac-Ene-Tambo-Ucayali-Amazonas - ([[Amerika ya Kusini]]) # 6.380 km - [[Yangtse|Yangtse (Cháng Jiāng)]] - ([[Asia]]) # 6.051 km - [[Mississippi-Missouri]] - ([[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]) # 5.940 km - [[Yenisei]]-[[Angara]] - (Asia) # 5.410 km - [[Ob]]-[[Irtysch]] - (Asia) # 5.052 km - [[Amur]]-[[Argun]]-[[Kerulen]] - (Asia) - (pekee wakati wa mvua nyingi) # 4.845 km - [[Huáng Hé]] - (Asia) # 4.500 km - [[Mekong]] - (Asia) # 4.374 km - [[Kongo (mto)|Kongo]] - (Afrika) ==Viungo== [[Mito mirefu ya Afrika]] [[Category:Mito]] [[an:Río]] [[ar:نهر]] [[ast:Ríu]] [[br:Stêr]] [[ca:Riu]] [[cs:Řeka]] [[cv:Юханшыв]] [[cy:Afon]] [[da:Flod]] [[de:Fluss (Gewässer)]] [[en:River]] [[eo:Rivero]] [[es:Río]] [[et:Jõgi]] [[fa:رود]] [[fr:Fleuve]] [[gl:Río]] [[he:נהר]] [[hi:भारत की नदियाँ]] [[hr:Rijeka (vodotok)]] [[id:Sungai]] [[it:Fiume]] [[ja:川]] [[ko:강]] [[mk:Река]] [[ms:Sungai]] [[nds:Fluss (Water)]] [[nn:Elv]] [[no:Elv]] [[pl:Rzeka]] [[pt:Rio]] [[ro:Râu]] [[ru:Река]] [[simple:River]] [[sk:Rieka]] [[sl:Reka]] [[sr:Река]] [[sv:Flod]] [[th:แม่น้ำ]] [[tr:Irmak]] [[uk:Ріка]] [[zh:河流]] [[zh-min-nan:Hô]] 3034 10768 2006-06-12T15:07:42Z Kipala 107 '''Mito mirefu ya Afrika''' inaonyeshwa katika orodha lifuatilo. Mara nyingi mto wa Nile unahesabiwa kuwa mtu mrefu wa Afrika pia duniani. Kadirio ya urefu wa mto hutegemea jinsi ya kuhesabu tawimito yake. Orodha inayofuata ina tofauti na orodha inayokadiria kwa namna nyingine. {|{{prettytable}} width=80% !Urefu<br />([[km]]) !Jina !Mdomo !Beseni<br />([[km²]]) !Kiasi cha maji kinachotolewa<br />([[m³/s]]) |- | align="right" |6.671 ||[[Nile]] pamoja na [[Kagera]] ||''[[Mediteranea]]'' || align="right" |3.071.306 || align="right" |2.832 |- | align="right" |4.835 ||[[ Kongo (mto)|Kongo]] + [[Luvua]] pamoja na [[Luapula]] na [[Chambeshi]] ||''[[Atlantiki]]'' || align="right" |3.692.062 || align="right" |39.160 |- | align="right" |4.374 ||[[Kongo (mto)|Kongo]] ||''[[Atlantiki]]'' || align="right" |3.692.062 || align="right" |39.160 |- | align="right" |4.184 ||[[Niger (mto)|Niger]] ||''Atlantiki'' || align="right" |2.112.774 || align="right" |9.570 |- | align="right" |2.574 ||[[Zambezi]] ||''[[Bahari ya Hindi]]'' || align="right" |1.384.999 || align="right" |7.070 |- | align="right" |2.272 ||[[Ubangi]] pamoja na [[Uele]] ||''[[Kongo]]'' || align="right" |613.202 || align="right" |7.000 |- | align="right" |2.160 ||[[Oranje (mto)|Oranje]] ||''[[Atlantiki]]'' || align="right" |941.421 || align="right" |800 |- | align="right" |2.153 ||[[Kasai]] ||''[[Kongo]]'' || align="right" |925.172 || align="right" |10.000 |- | align="right" |1.820 ||[[Shebeli]] ||''[[Juba (mto)|Juba]]'' ||align="right" |336.627 ||align="right" |- |- | align="right" |1.819 ||[[Volta (mto)|Volta]] pamoja na [[Volta nyeusi]] ||''[[Atlantiki]]'' ||align="right" |414.243 ||align="right" |1.290 |- | align="right" |1.800 ||[[Okavango]] ||''inaishia katika [[delta ya barani]] ya Okavango'' ||align="right" |721.258 ||align="right" |0 |- | align="right" |1.740 ||[[Chari]] pamoja na [[Ouham]] ||''[[Chad (ziwa)|Ziwa la Chad]]'' ||align="right" |669.706 ||align="right" |- |- | align="right" |1.680 ||[[Limpopo (mto)|Limpopo]] ||''Bahari ya Hindi'' ||align="right" |414.524 ||align="right" |800 |- | align="right" |1.658 ||[[Juba (mto)|Juba]] ||''[[Bahari ya Hindi]]'' ||align="right" |803.212 ||align="right" |550 |- | align="right" |1.500 ||[[Cuando]] ||''[[Zambezi]]'' ||align="right" |- ||align="right" |- |- | align="right" |1.450 ||[[Lomami (mto)]] ||''[[Kongo]]'' ||align="right" |110.000 ||align="right" |1.700 |- | align="right" |1.430 ||[[Senegal (mto)|Senegal]] pamoja na [[Bafing]] ||''[[Atlantiki]]'' ||align="right" |435.981 ||align="right" |1.500 |- | align="right" |1.416 ||[[Benue]] ||''[[Niger]]'' ||align="right" |327.000 ||align="right" |- |- | align="right" |1.400 ||[[Luvua]] pamoja na [[Luapula]] na [[Chambeshi]] ||''[[Kongo]]'' ||align="right" |- ||align="right" |- |- | align="right" |1.350 || [[Nile ya buluu]] (=[[Abay]]) || ''[[Nile]]'' ||align="right" |326.400 ||align="right" |- |- | align="right" |1.288 ||[[Shire (mto)|Shire]] pamoja na [[Songwe]] ||''[[Zambezi]]'' ||align="right" |- ||align="right" |- |- | align="right" |1.287 ||[[Aruwimi]] ||''[[Kongo]]'' ||align="right" |116.000 ||align="right" |- |- | align="right" |1.251 ||[[Vaal]] ||''[[Oranje (mto)|Oranje]]'' ||align="right" |189.000 ||align="right" |- |- | align="right" |1.160 ||[[Comoé (mto)|Comoé]] ||''[[Atlantiki]]'' ||align="right" |79.087 ||align="right" |- |- | align="right" |1.150 ||[[Sankuru]] ||''[[Kasai]]'' ||align="right" |- ||align="right" |- |- | align="right" |1.140 ||[[Volta nyeupe]] ||''[[Volta]]'' ||align="right" |- ||align="right" |- |- | align="right" |1.130 ||[[Uele]] ||''[[Ubangi]]'' ||align="right" |- ||align="right" |- |- | align="right" |1.127 ||[[Gambia (mto)|Gambia]] ||''Atlantiki'' ||align="right" |69.931 ||align="right" |2.000 |- | align="right" |1.120 ||[[Atbara (mto)|Atbara]] ||''[[Nile]]'' ||align="right" |100.000 ||align="right" |- |- | align="right" |1.100 ||[[Kwango]] ||''Kasai'' ||align="right" |263.500 ||align="right" |2.700 |- | align="right" |1.100 ||[[Sangha (mto)|Sangha]] pamoja na [[Mambere]] ||''[[Kongo]]'' ||align="right" |180.418 ||align="right" |- |- | align="right" |1.100 ||[[Wadi Draa]] (mto wa muda) ||''[[Atlantiki]]'' ||align="right" |114.569 ||align="right" |- |- | align="right" |1.094 ||[[Ogooué]] ||''[[Atlantiki]]'' ||align="right" |221.968 ||align="right" |- |- | align="right" |1.083 ||[[Rovuma]] ||''[[Bahari ya Hindi]]'' ||align="right" |165.760 ||align="right" |- |- | align="right" |1.060 ||[[Lukeni]] pamoja na [[Fimi]] ||''[[Kasai]]'' ||align="right" |- ||align="right" |- |- | align="right" |1.050 ||[[Baoulé]] pamoja na [[Bani]] ||''[[Niger]]'' ||align="right" |- ||align="right" |- |- | align="right" |1.020 ||[[Kunene (mto)|Kunene]] 975 km? ||''[[Atlantiki]]'' ||align="right" |110.024 ||align="right" |- |- | align="right" |1.000 ||[[Kwilu]] 960 km? ||''[[Kwango]]'' ||align="right" |- ||align="right" |- |- | align="right" |1.000 ||[[Molopo]] (mto wa muda) ||''[[Oranje (mto)]]'' ||align="right" |- ||align="right" |- |} [[Category:Mito ya Afrika]] [[en:List of rivers of Africa]] [[pl:Rzeki Afryki]] [[ru:Список рек Африки]] [[sk:Kategória:Africké rieky]] 3035 10265 2006-05-29T20:26:52Z Kipala 107 Volta umehamishwa hapa Volta (mto): tufuate namna moja, jina linaptikana hata kihistoria #REDIRECT [[Volta (mto)]] 3036 10271 2006-05-29T21:09:11Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Matadi.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Mto wa Kongo karibu na [[Matadi]]]] '''Mto wa Kongo''' (kati ya 1971 and 1997 uliitwa [[Zaire]]) ni [[mto]] mkubwa wa [[Afrika]] ya kati. Ni [[Mito mirefu ya Afrika|mto mrefu wa pili katika Afrika]] baada ya [[Nile]]. Beseni ya Kongo pamoja na tawimito yake ni eneo kubwa la pili duniani la [[msitu wa mvua]]. Pia kiasi cha maji pamoja na ukubwa wa [[beseni ya mto|beseni]] yake zina nafasiy a pili duniani baada ya [[Amazonas]] huku [[Amerika ya Kusini]]. Jina la mto limepatikana kutokana na [[Ufalme wa Kongo]] uliokuwa dola kubwa katika Angola ya Kaskazini na Kongo ya Magharibi wakati wa karne 14-17 BK. Jamhuri zote mbili za [[Kongo]] zimepata majina yao kutoka kwa mto. Mto wa Kongo ni njia muhimu ya mawasiliano na biashara kwa meli zinazoweza kusafiri mle kwa kushirikiana na njia za reli penye maporomoko mahali patatu. [[Image:Brazzaville ISS007-E-6305.jpg|thumb|400px|Mto wa Kongo jinsi inyoonekana kutoka angani katika eneo la miji ya [[Kinshasa]] na [[Brazzaville]].]] ==Tawimito== Tawimito inaorodheshwa kuanzia mdomo kulekea chanzo * [[Inkisi (mto)|Inkisi]] ** [[Nzadi (mto)|Nzadi]] * [[Nsele (mto)|Nsele]] * [[Bombo (mto)|Bombo]] * [[Kasai (mto)|Kasai]] ** [[Fimi (mto)|Fimi]] ** [[Kwango (mto)|Kwango]] ** [[Sankuru (mto)|Sankuru]] * [[Likuala (mto)|Likuala]] * [[Sangha (mto)|Sangha]] * [[Ubangi (mto)|Ubangi]] ** [[Giri (mto)|Giri]] ** [[Uele (mto)|Uele]] *** [[Mbomu (mto)|Mbomu]] ==Tazama pia== *[[Kongo]] (maana) {{mbegu}} [[Category:Mito ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Category:Mito ya Jamhuri ya Kongo]] [[Category:Mito ya Afrika]] [[ar:نهر الكونغو]] [[ca:Riu Congo]] [[cs:Kongo (řeka)]] [[da:Congofloden]] [[de:Kongo (Fluss)]] [[et:Kongo jõgi]] [[es:Río Congo]] [[eo:Kongo (rivero)]] [[fr:Congo (fleuve)]] [[gl:Río Congo]] [[hr:Kongo (rijeka)]] [[is:Kongófljót]] [[it:Congo (fiume)]] [[he:קונגו (נהר)]] [[kg:Nzadi Kongo]] [[lt:Kongo upė]] [[hu:Kongó (folyó)]] [[nl:Kongo (rivier)]] [[ja:コンゴ川]] [[no:Kongo (elv)]] [[nn:Kongoelva]] [[pl:Kongo (rzeka)]] [[pt:Rio Congo]] [[ru:Конго (река)]] [[sl:Kongo (reka)]] [[fi:Kongo (joki)]] [[sv:Kongofloden]] [[uk:Конго (ріка)]] [[zh:刚果河]] 3037 10404 2006-05-31T16:20:41Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Category:Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] 3038 10405 2006-05-31T16:20:57Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Category:Jamhuri ya Kongo]] 3039 10408 2006-05-31T16:21:38Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Category:Tanzania]] 3040 10402 2006-05-31T16:20:11Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Category:Ghana]] 3041 10401 2006-05-31T16:19:47Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Mito ya Afrika]] [[ Category:Burkina Faso]] 3042 10987 2006-06-19T23:02:48Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] 3043 11549 2006-06-30T12:20:21Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: cs, eo, fa, it, oc, sr [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] [[af:Kategorie:Namibië]] [[ar:تصنيف:ناميبيا]] [[bs:Kategorija:Namibija]] [[ca:Categoria:Namíbia]] [[cs:Kategorie:Namibie]] [[da:Kategori:Namibia]] [[de:Kategorie:Namibia]] [[en:Category:Namibia]] [[eo:Kategorio:Namibio]] [[es:Categoría:Namibia]] [[eu:Kategoria:Namibia]] [[fa:رده:نامیبیا]] [[fr:Catégorie:Namibie]] [[id:Kategori:Namibia]] [[io:Category:Namibia]] [[it:Categoria:Namibia]] [[ja:Category:ナミビア]] [[ko:분류:나미비아]] [[lt:Kategorija:Namibija]] [[nl:Categorie:Namibië]] [[oc:Categoria:Namibia]] [[pl:Kategoria:Namibia]] [[pt:Categoria:Namíbia]] [[ru:Категория:Намибия]] [[sr:Категорија:Намибија]] [[sv:Kategori:Namibia]] [[wa:Categoreye:Namibeye]] [[zh:Category:纳米比亚]] 3044 10293 2006-05-30T15:30:39Z Dundak 170 =Homepage of Dundak= [[Image:Dundak.jpg]]<br>etwas seicht aber Admin 3045 10295 2006-05-30T15:41:34Z Kipala 107 {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | jina = | himaya = [[Mimea]] | divisheni = | ngeli = | oda = | familia = | jenera = | spishi = | jina la kisanyansi = | binomial_authority = }} 3046 10301 2006-05-30T18:01:25Z Kipala 107 kutokana na upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/de/a/a7/Niger-Fluss.jpg kutokana na upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/de/a/a7/Niger-Fluss.jpg 3047 10364 2006-05-31T07:20:15Z Kipala 107 {| class="infobox" style="width: 300px; font-size: 90%;" |- ! colspan="2" style="font-size: larger; background-color: #CEDEFF;" | {{#if: {{{river_name}}}|{{{river_name}}}}} |- {{#if: {{{image_name}}}| {{!}} colspan="2" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #CEDEFF;" {{!}} <div style="border: 1px solid #CEDEFF;">[[Image:{{{image_name}}}|288px|{{{caption}}}]]</div> <center>{{{caption}}}</center>}} |- {{#if: {{{origin}}}| {{!}} '''Chanzo''' {{!}} {{{origin}}}}} |- {{#if: {{{mouth}}}| {{!}} '''Mdomo''' {{!}} {{{mouth}}}}} |- {{#if: {{{basin_countries}}}| {{!}} '''Nchi za [[beseni ya mto]]''' {{!}} {{{basin_countries}}}}} |- {{#if: {{{length}}}| {{!}} '''Urefu''' {{!}} {{{length}}}}} |- style="white-space: nowrap;" {{#if: {{{elevation}}}| {{!}} '''Kimo cha [[Chanzo (mto)|chanzo]]''' {{!}} {{{elevation}}}}} |- {{#if: {{{discharge}}}| {{!}} '''Kiasi cha maji kinachotolewa mdomoni''' {{!}} {{{discharge}}}}} |- {{#if: {{{watershed}}}| {{!}} '''Eneo la beseni (km²)''' {{!}} {{{watershed}}}}} |} 3048 10371 2006-05-31T08:08:00Z Kipala 107 {{Sanduku ya Mto | river_name = Mto wa Niger | image_name = Niger river at Koulikoro.jpg | caption = Mto wa Niger huko Kulikoro (Mali) | origin = [[Futa Djalon]], [[Guinea]] | mouth = [[Atlantiki]] | basin_countries = [[Guinea]], [[Mali]], [[Niger]], [[Benin]] na [[Nigeria]] | length = 4,374 km | elevation = 800 m | discharge = 6,000 m&sup3;/s | watershed = 1,900,000 km&sup2; }} [[Image:Niger mto.jpg|thumb|400px|left|Beseni ya mto Niger]] '''Niger''' ni [[mito mirefu ya Afrika|mto mrefu]] wa tatu wa [[Afrika]] ikiwa na mwendo wa 4.374 [[km]]. Njia yake ni kama pinde ikianza [[Guinea]] katika nyanda za juu za [[Futa Djallon]] kuelekea kaskazini-mashariki kupitia [[Mali]] hadi [[Niger]]. Karibu na mji wa [[Timbuktu]] inageukia kuelekea mashariki, halafu mashariki-kusini kupitia [[Benin]] na [[Nigeria]] hadi kufika mdomoni wa [[delta]] yake kwenye [[Ghuba ya Guinea]] ya [[Atlantiki]]. Kabla ya kufikia Timbuktu (Niger) mto unapanuka kuwa na [[delta ya barani]] pia mdomo wake baharini pana delta kubwa sana. ==Historia== Njia ya pinde ya mto Niger ilichanganya wataalamu wa Ulaya pamoja na Waarabu kwa karne nyingi. Waroma wa kale walifahamu mto ule mkubwa karibu na Timbuktu wakafikiri ya kwamba inaendelea kujiunga na mto Nile. Mtaalamu Mwarabu Ibn Battuta alifikiri hivyo pia. Wengine waliona itaishia kwenye mto Senegal au mto Kongo. Kuchanganyikiwa huku kulisababisha kwa karne nyingi ramani zisizoonyesha mwendo halali wa mto. Wasafiri na wataalamu wa nje hawakuelewa ya kwamba mto mkubwa ulio karibu na Timbuktu na mto mkubwa unaoingia Atlantiki kwenye Ghuba ya Guinea huko Nigeria ni mto uleule. Ni tangu 1830 tu ya kwamba msafara wa kisayansi ulitambua hali halisi. === Tawimito === * [[Bani]] * [[Sokoto (mto)|Sokoto]] * [[Benue]] * Béli * Gorouol * Tapoa === Miji mtoni === * [[Bamako]] * [[Segou]] * [[Mopti]] * [[Timbuktu]] * [[Niamey]] * [[Onitsha]] * [[Port Harcourt]] - karibu na delta ya mdomoni === Tazama pia === * [[Mito mirefu ya Afrika]] [[Category:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Category:Mito ya Guinea]] [[Category:Mito ya Mali]] [[Category:Mito ya Niger]] [[Category:Mito ya Nigeria]] {{mbegu}} [[bm:Jeliba]] [[bg:Нигер (река)]] [[da:Niger (flod)]] [[de:Niger (Fluss)]] [[es:Río Níger]] [[eo:Niĝero (rivero)]] [[fr:Niger (fleuve)]] [[hu:Niger (folyó)]] [[it:Fiume Niger]] [[is:Nígerfljót]] [[he:ניז'ר (נהר)]] [[nl:Niger (rivier)]] [[ja:ニジェール川]] [[no:Niger (elv)]] [[pl:Niger (rzeka)]] [[pt:Rio Níger]] [[sl:Niger (reka)]] [[fi:Niger (joki)]] [[sv:Niger (flod)]] [[zh:尼日尔河]] 3049 10515 2006-06-02T22:13:16Z ChriKo 35 {| style="position:relative; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; float:right; clear:right; width:200px;" border="1" cellpadding="0" |- style="text-align:center;" ! style="background: {{{rangi}}};" |'''{{{jina}}}''' |- style="text-align:center;" | {{#if:{{{picha|}}}|[[image:{{{picha}}}|{{{upana_wa_picha|200px}}}|{{{maelezo_ya_picha|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{maelezo_ya_picha|}}}</div></small>}} {{#if:{{{picha2|}}}|[[image:{{{picha2}}}|{{{upana_wa_picha2|200px}}}|{{{maelezo_ya_picha2|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{maelezo_ya_picha2|}}}</div></small>}} |- style="text-align:center;" ! style="background: {{{rangi}}};" | '''[[Uainishaji wa kisayansi]]''' |- style="text-align:center;" | {| style="margin:0 auto; text-align:left; background:none;" cellpadding="2" |-valign=top {{#if:{{{domeni|}}}| {{!}} Domeni: {{!}} {{{domeni}}}<br><small>{{{bingwa_wa_domeni|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{himaya_ya_juu|}}}| {{!}} Himaya ya juu: {{!}} {{{himaya_ya_juu}}}<br><small>{{{bingwa_wa_himaya_ya_juu|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{himaya|}}}| {{!}} Himaya: {{!}} {{{himaya}}}<br><small>{{{bingwa_wa_himaya|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{himaya_ndogo|}}}| {{!}} Himaya ndogo: {{!}} {{{himaya_ndogo}}}<br><small>{{{bingwa_wa_himaya_ndogo|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{faila_ya_juu|}}}| {{!}} Faila ya juu: {{!}} {{{faila_ya_juu}}}<br><small>{{{bingwa_wa_faila_ya_juu|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{faila|}}}| {{!}} Faila: {{!}} {{{faila}}}<br><small>{{{bingwa_wa_faila|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{faila_ndogo|}}}| {{!}} Faila ndogo: {{!}} {{{faila_ndogo}}}<br><small>{{{bingwa_wa_faila_ndogo|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{faila_ya_chini|}}}| {{!}} Faila ya chini: {{!}} {{{faila_ya_chini}}}<br><small>{{{bingwa_wa_faila_ya_chini|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{ngeli_ya_juu|}}}| {{!}} Ngeli ya juu: {{!}} {{{ngeli_ya_juu}}}<br><small>{{{bingwa_wa_ngeli_ya_juu|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{ngeli|}}}| {{!}} Ngeli: {{!}} {{{ngeli}}}<br><small>{{{bingwa_wa_ngeli|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{ngeli_ndogo|}}}| {{!}} Ngeli ndogo: {{!}} {{{ngeli_ndogo}}}<br><small>{{{bingwa_wa_ngeli_ndogo|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{ngeli_ya_chini|}}}| {{!}} Ngeli ya chini: {{!}} {{{ngeli_ya_chini}}}<br><small>{{{bingwa_wa_ngeli_ya_chini|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{oda_ya_juu|}}}| {{!}} Oda ya juu: {{!}} {{{oda_ya_juu}}}<br><small>{{{bingwa_wa_oda_ya_juu|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{oda|}}}| {{!}} Oda: {{!}} {{{oda}}}<br><small>{{{bingwa_wa_oda|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{oda_ndogo|}}}| {{!}} Oda ndogo: {{!}} {{{oda_ndogo}}}<br><small>{{{bingwa_wa_oda_ndogo|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{oda_ya_chini|}}}| {{!}} Oda ya chini: {{!}} {{{oda_ya_chini}}}<br><small>{{{bingwa_wa_oda_ya_chini|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{familia_ya_juu|}}}| {{!}} Familia ya juu: {{!}} {{{familia_ya_juu}}}<br><small>{{{bingwa_wa_familia_ya_juu|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{familia|}}}| {{!}} Familia: {{!}} {{{familia}}}<br><small>{{{bingwa_wa_familia|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{familia_ndogo|}}}| {{!}} Familia ndogo: {{!}} {{{familia_ndogo}}}<br><small>{{{bingwa_wa_familia_ndogo|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{jenasi|}}}| {{!}} Jenasi: {{!}} {{{jenasi}}}<br><small>{{{bingwa_wa_jenasi|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{jenasi_ndogo|}}}| {{!}} Jenasi ndogo: {{!}} {{{jenasi_ndogo}}}<br><small>{{{bingwa_wa_jenasi_ndogo|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{spishi|}}}| {{!}} Spishi: {{!}} {{{spishi}}}<br><small>{{{bingwa_wa_spishi|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{spishi_ndogo|}}}| {{!}} Spishi ndogo: {{!}} {{{spishi_ndogo}}}<br><small>{{{bingwa_wa_spishi_ndogo|}}}</small>}} |} |- {{#if:{{{ramani|}}}| {{!}} [[image:{{{ramani}}}|{{{upana_wa_ramani|200px}}}|{{{maelezo_ya_ramani|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{ramani|}}}</div></small>}} |} 3050 10463 2006-06-01T22:58:17Z ChriKo 35 {{Uainishaji | rangi = pink | jina = Binadamu | picha = PPlaquecloseup.svg | upana wa picha = 200px | maelezo ya picha = Mchoro wa mwanaume na mwanamke | domeni = [[Eukaryota]] | himaya = [[mnyama|Animalia]] | faila = [[Chordata]] | ngeli = [[Mammalia]] | oda = [[Primates]] | familia ya juu = [[Hominoidea]] | familia = [[Hominidae]] | familia_ndogo = [[Homininae]] | jenasi = ''[[Homo]]'' | spishi = ''H. sapiens'' | spishi_ndogo = '''''H. s. sapiens''''' }} 3051 10461 2006-06-01T22:40:29Z ChriKo 35 Templeti hii inawezesha kutenga sanduku la [[uainishaji ya kisayansi]] kama ile katika makala ya [[binadamu]]. Unaweza kutumia sehemu zinazofuata: *rangi (tumia "pink" kwa wanyama na "lightgreen" kwa mimea; lazima kutumia majina ya Kiingereza (kwa sababu haya ni majina ya [[HTML]])). *jina (jina la spishi au jenera au familia; liwe sawa na jina la makala) *picha *upana_wa_picha *maelezo_ya_picha *picha2 *upana_wa_picha2 *maelezo_ya_picha2 *domeni *himaya_ya_juu *himaya *nusuhimaya *faila_ya_juu *faila *nusufaila *nusufaila_ya_chini *ngeli_ya_juu *ngeli *nusungeli *nusungeli_ya_chini *oda_ya_juu *oda *nusuoda *nusuoda_ya_chini *familia_ya_juu *familia *nusufamilia *jenasi *nusujenasi *spishi *nususpichi *ramani (ramani ya maeneo ambapo spishi inapatikana) *upana_wa_ramani *maelezo_ya_ramani Sehemu za "jina" na "rangi" lazima uzitumie. Sehemu nyingine siyo za lazima. Lakini ukitumia "picha", lazima utumie "upana_wa_picha" na "maelezo_ya_picha". Kadhalika kwa "picha2" na "ramani". Lazima kutumia herufi ndogo (kama ilivyofanika kwenye makala ya [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Binadamu&action=edit Binadamu]). :: Marcos, asante sana!! Lakini templeti hii bado ina matatizo. Sehemu kubwa ya chini haionyeshi. Ukipata nafasi ya kuangalia "uainishaji" tena - itasaidia sana. Maswali mawili: A) je ni kazi kubwa kutengeneza matempleti mawili "uainishaji wa mimea" na "unainishaji wa wanyama"? B) Nimeona kwa templeti za Kijerumani ya kwamba wanaweka sehemu zinazotakiwa kubadilishwa KWA HERUFI KUBWA. Je, inawezekana kwetu pia? --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 11:23, 31 May 2006 (UTC) ::: Kumbe naona mfano "[[binadamu]]" inafanya kazi. Na kama kazi ni kutumia ngazi tofauti - ni kubadilisha tu maneno ya mfano wa mtu?. Labda itatosha nilvyojaribu hapo chini. Naona umefanya safi! ::: Bwana ChriKo, jaribu na toa taarifa! --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 11:38, 31 May 2006 (UTC) {{Uainishaji | rangi = RANGI | jina = JINA | picha = PICHA.PNG/JPG/SVG | upana wa picha = 200px | maelezo ya picha = MAELEZO YA PICHA | domeni = JINA | himaya = JINA | nusuhimaya = JINA | ngeli = JINA | oda = JINA | familia ya juu = JINA | familia = JINA | nusufamilia = JINA | jenera = JINA | spishi = JINA | nususpishi = JINA }} :::: Ndiyo, inafanya kazi, tutaitumia mpaka Marcos au mtu mwingine ataitengeneza vizuri zaidi. Nimekwisha kuweka "authority" ambayo nimetafsiri kama "bingwa". Ukifikiri kuna neno zuri zaidi, tafadhali usahihishe. Kipala, una hakika juu ya tafsiri la "sub"? TUKI inatoa "-dogo". [[User:ChriKo|ChriKo]] 23:15, 31 May 2006 (UTC) :::::Sina uhakika. Nimechunguza "kamusi awali ya sayansi na teknolojia" iliyotolewa na C.B.S. Uiso (UDSM-Fizikia), DPB Massamba (UDSM-TUKI) na JS Mdee (UDSM-TUKI) pamoja na kampuni. Hawafuati utaratibu. Mara ni nusu- (nusungeli), mara ni "sabu-" (sabufamilia, sabuoda), kuna pia ..-ndogo. "Sabu" sipendi kwa sababu inaongeza harufu ya pijini. Nusu au ndogo sisikii tofauti. Amua wewe. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 23:59, 31 May 2006 (UTC) ::::: Bingwa / authority? Sijaelewa unaihitaji kueleza nini. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 00:04, 1 Juni 2006 (UTC) :::::: Sawa, kwa hivyo usipojali nimechagua "-dogo". Kuhusu "bingwa", mtu mwingine ataamua kwa sababu sijui Kiswahili sana. Lakini nieleze kwanza maana ya "authority" kwa taxobox. Hii ni mtu wa kwanza ambaye ameandika wasifu wa spishi au jenasi kwa gazeti ya sayansi. [[User:ChriKo|ChriKo]] 22:40, 1 Juni 2006 (UTC) 3052 10320 2006-05-30T23:01:53Z Marcos 3 | 3053 10511 2006-06-02T20:56:33Z Kipala 107 {| class="infobox" style="width: 300px; font-size: 90%;" |- ! colspan="2" style="font-size: larger; background-color: #CEDEFF;" | {{#if: {{{jina}}}|{{{jina}}}}} |- {{#if: {{{picha}}}| {{!}} colspan="2" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #CEDEFF;" {{!}} <div style="border: 1px solid #CEDEFF;">[[Image:{{{picha}}}|288px|{{{maelezo_ya_picha}}}]]</div> <center>{{{maelezo_ya_picha}}}</center>}} |- {{#if: {{{chanzo}}}| {{!}} '''Chanzo''' {{!}} {{{chanzo}}}}} |- {{#if: {{{mdomo}}}| {{!}} '''Mdomo''' {{!}} {{{mdomo}}}}} |- {{#if: {{{nchi}}}| {{!}} '''Nchi''' {{!}} {{{nchi}}}}} |- {{#if: {{{urefu}}}| {{!}} '''Urefu''' {{!}} {{{urefu}}}}} |- style="white-space: nowrap;" {{#if: {{{kimo}}}| {{!}} '''Kimo cha [[chanzo]]''' {{!}} {{{kimo}}}}} |- {{#if: {{{mkondo}}}| {{!}} '''Mkondo''' {{!}} {{{mkondo}}}}} |- {{#if: {{{eneo}}}| {{!}} '''Eneo la [[beseni]]''' {{!}} {{{eneo}}}}} |} 3054 10428 2006-06-01T16:21:34Z Kipala 107 {{Mto | jina = Elbe | picha = Labe udoli.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = Elbe karibu na [[Děčín]], [[Ucheki]]. | chanzo = [[Krkonoše]] | mlango = [[Bahari ya kaskazini]] | nchi = [[Ujerumani]], [[Ucheki]] | urefu = 1,091 km | kimo = 1,386 m | mkondo = 711 m³/s | eneo = 148,268 km² }} '''Elbe''' ni [[mto]] mkubwa nchini [[Ujerumani]] na [[Ucheki]]. [[Category:Mito ya Ulaya]] [[ar:إلبه]] [[be:Лаба]] [[bs:Elba]] [[bg:Елба (река)]] [[ca:Riu Elba]] [[cs:Labe]] [[da:Elben]] [[de:Elbe]] [[et:Elbe]] [[en:Elbe]] [[es:Río Elba]] [[eo:Elbo]] [[fa:البه]] [[fr:Elbe]] [[gl:Río Elba]] [[ko:엘베 강]] [[hr:Laba]] [[id:Elbe]] [[is:Saxelfur]] [[it:Fiume Elba]] [[he:אלבה (נהר)]] [[la:Albis]] [[lv:Elba]] [[lt:Elbė]] [[nl:Elbe]] [[ja:エルベ川]] [[no:Elben]] [[nds:Ilv]] [[pt:Rio Elba]] [[ro:Elba (râu)]] [[ru:Эльба (река)]] [[simple:Elbe]] [[sr:Река Лаба]] [[fi:Elbe]] [[sv:Elbe]] [[uk:Ельба]] [[zh:易北河]] 3055 10429 2006-06-01T16:23:39Z Kipala 107 Templeti hii inawezesha kutenga sanduku la habari za mto, kama ile katika makala ya [[Elbe]]. Templeti hii ina sehemu zinazofuata: *jina (jina la mto; liwe sawa na jina la makala) *picha *maelezo_ya_picha *chanzo (taja eneo la chanzo cha mto) *mlango (taja jina la bahari ambapo upo mlango wa mto) *nchi (taja nchi zote ambazo mto unazipita) *urefu (urefu wa mto) *kimo (kimo cha chanzo cha mto) *mkondo (kiasi cha maji yanayopita mtoni kila sekunde) *eneo (kiasi cha eneo la [[bwawa]]) Lazima uzitumie sehemu zote. Lazima utumie herufi ndogo. Angalia mfano wa [http://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elbe&action=edit Elbe]. {{Mto | jina = Mto wa JINA | picha = PICHA.JPG | maelezo_ya_picha = MAELEZO | chanzo = MAHALI PA CHANZO | mlango = MAHALI PA MDOMO | nchi = [[NCHI]] | urefu = UREFU km | kimo = KIMO m | mkondo = KIASI CHA MAJI m³/s | eneo = ENEO km² }} 3056 10403 2006-05-31T16:20:24Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Category:Guinea]] 3057 10406 2006-05-31T16:21:11Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Category:Mali]] 3058 10407 2006-05-31T16:21:24Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Category:Nigeria]] 3059 10887 2006-06-17T19:15:31Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Category:Niger]] 3060 10395 2006-05-31T14:49:31Z Kipala 107 Bonde la mto wa Senegal mpakani wa nchi za Senegal na Mauretania; imetengenezwa na user:kipala kutokana na: upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Senegal_satellite_fires.jpeg Bonde la mto wa Senegal mpakani wa nchi za Senegal na Mauretania; imetengenezwa na user:kipala kutokana na: upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Senegal_satellite_fires.jpeg 3061 10396 2006-05-31T15:03:05Z Kipala 107 Daraja juu ya mto Senegal mjini St. Louis, Senegal Kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Faidherbeb.jpg Daraja juu ya mto Senegal mjini St. Louis, Senegal Kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Faidherbeb.jpg 3062 11819 2006-07-03T12:43:16Z 84.143.73.153 {{Mto | jina = Mto wa Senegal | picha = Faidherbeb.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = Mto wa Senegal karibu na mdomo mjini [[St. Louis]] | chanzo = maungano ya mito ya Bafing na Bakoyé mjini Bafoulabé. | mlango = [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] | nchi = [[Guinea]], [[Mali]], [[Mauretania]], [[Senegal]] | urefu = 1,790 km (2.272 km pamoja na Bafing) | kimo = 750 m | mkondo = 640 m³/s | eneo = 483,181 km² }} '''Mto wa Senegal''' ni kati ya mito mirefu ya [[Afrika]] ukiwa na mwendo wa 2272 km pamoja na [[tawimto]] mrefu wa Bafing. Mto Senegal mwenyewe unaanza karibu na mji wa Bafoulabe ([[Mali]]) kwenye maungano ya mito miwili ya Bafing na Bakoye ambayo yote ina chanzo huko [[Guinea]]. Mwendo wa mto Senegal ni mpaka kati ya [[Mauretania]] na [[Senegal]]. Senegal ikikaribia [[Atlantiki]] inafika kwenye kisiwa cha [[St. Louis]] halafu inageukia kusini. Sasa inafuata pwani la bahari ikitengwa na Atlantiki kwa kanda nyembamba ya mchanga tu hadi kuingia kabisa. Beseni ya Senegal ni 483,181 km². Tawimito muhimu ni Faleme, Karakoro na Gorgol. Mali, Mauritania, Senegal na Guinea zimeshirikiana katika mamlaka ya beseni ya mto wa Senegal (Organisation pour la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal - OMVS). [[Image:Senegal_bonde_la_mto.png|thumb|800px|Bonde la mto wa Senegal mpakani wa Senegal na Mauretania]] [[Category:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Category:Mito ya Mauretania]] [[Category:Mito ya Senegal]] [[Category:Mito ya Mali]] [[af:Sénégalrivier]] [[ar:سينغال (نهر)]] [[de:Senegal (Fluss)]] [[en:Sénégal River]] [[es:Río Senegal]] [[fr:Sénégal (fleuve)]] [[ja:セネガル川]] [[nl:Sénégal]] [[no:Senegal (elv)]] [[pl:Senegal (rzeka)]] [[ru:Сенегал (река)]] [[sv:Senegalfloden]] 3063 10399 2006-05-31T16:17:38Z Kipala 107 {{Mto | jina = Draa (Wadi Draa) | picha = The river draa.JPG | maelezo_ya_picha = Bonde la Draa | chanzo = Maungano ya tawimito ya Dades na Imini katika milima ya [[Atlas (milima)|Atlas]] | mlango = [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] | nchi = [[Moroko]] | urefu = 1,100 km | kimo = ? | mkondo = ? | eneo = ? }} '''Draa''' ("Wadi Draa", pia "Oued Dra") ni mto mrefu wa [[Moroko]]. Inaanza katikati ya nchi kwenye milima ya [[Atlas (milima)|Atlasi]] inapoungana tawimito ya Dadès and Imini. Mwanzoni inaelekea kusini mashariki hadi [[Tagunit]] halafu kusini-magharibi ikifuata mpaka wa Algeria na Moroko hadi mdomo wake kwenye [[Atlantiki]]. Ni mara kwa mara tu ya kwamba maji yake yanafika baharini, wakati mwingi inakauka njiani. Miji muhimu mtoni ni [[Warzazate]] (Ouarzazate) na [[Zagora]]. [[Category:Mito ya Moroko]] [[de:Wadi Draa]] [[en:Draâ river]] [[es:Río Draa]] 3064 10400 2006-05-31T16:18:18Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Category:Moroko]] 3065 10411 2006-05-31T16:24:36Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Senegal]] 3066 10424 2006-06-01T12:32:17Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Thap_okavango_delta.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Tembo katika mabwawa wa delta ya Okavango]] [[Image:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Delta ya Okavango jinsi inavyoonekana kutoka angani]] '''Delta ya barani''' ni eneo nchini na mbali na [[bahari]] ambapo [[mto]] unapanuka kwa umbo la [[delta]]. Kupanuka huku kunatokea kama mto unafika penye mtelemko mdogo kama tambarare au beseni. Kutokana na uhaba wa mtelemko kasi ya maji inapungua na [[mashapo]] yanatelemka chini yakijenga vizuizi na kusababisha kugawanyikiwa kwa mto kuwa na mikono mbalimbali. Tofauti na delta ya mto baharini au ziwani delta ya aina hii hutokea barani kabisa. ==Aina mbili za delta ya barani== Kimsingi kuna aina mbili za delta ya barani: * delta ya barani ambapo mto unaishia * delta ya barani ambapo mto unatoka tena na kuendelea. ===Mto unakwisha: [[Delta ya Okavango]]=== Mto wa Okavango unakwisha baada ya kuvuka Afrika ya kusini magharibi kwa 1600 km katika jangwa la [[Kalahari]] ([[Botswana]]). Mikono ya delta na maziwa yamejenga mazingira yenye mimea na wanyama wengi katikati ya jangwa kubwa. Delta inavuta watalii wengi kila mwaka. ===Mto unaendelea: Delta ya [[Niger]]=== Kabla ya ya kufika mjini [[Timbuktu]] mto Niger inapanuka kuwa delta. Pamoja na tawimto wa Bani delta hii iko katika beseni kubwa ya 40,000 km² inayoitwa [[Masina]]. Wakati wa mvua ziwa inatokea lakini wakati wa ukame beseni ni eneo lenye mikono ya mto na mabwawa ya matope. Kutoka hapa mto unatoka tena ukiendelea hadi Atlantiki. [[Category:Mito]] [[de:Binnendelta]] 3067 11234 2006-06-24T09:33:27Z Kipala 107 {{Sanduku ya Mto | river_name = Mto wa Zambezi | image_name = Victoria5.jpg | caption = Mto wa Zambezi kwenye maporomoko ya Victoria | origin = karibu na [[Mwinilunga]], Zambia | mouth = [[Bahari ya Hindi]] | basin_countries = [[Zambia]], [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|Kongo]], [[Angola]], [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Msumbiji]] | length = 2,574 km | elevation = 1,500 m | discharge = 7,000 m&sup3;/s | watershed = 1,570,000 km&sup2; }} Zambezi ni kati ya mito mirefu ya Afrika ikiwa na nafasi ya nne baada ya Nile, Kongo na Niger. Ni mto mrefu wa Afrika wa kuingia Bahari Hindi. Beseni yake ina [[1,570,000&nbsp; km²]] au nusu ya mto Nile. Chanzo chake iko [[Zambia]] inapita [[Angola]] mpakani na [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], Zambia na [[Zimbabwe]] kwenda [[Msumbiji]] inapofikia [[Bahari Hindi]] katika [[delta]] ya 880 [[km²]]. Kwenye mwendo wa Zambezi pana maporomoko kadhaa hasa maporomoko ya [[Victoria Falls]]. Mengine ni maporomoko ya [[Chavuma]] mpakani wa Zambia na Angola halafu [[Ngonye Falls]] karibu na [[Sioma]], Zambia ya magharibi. Zambezi ina madaraja matano pekee kati ya chanzo na mdomo mahali pafuatapo: [[Chinyingi]], [[Katima Mulilo]], [[Victoria Falls]], [[Chirundu]] na [[Tete]]. Zambezi ni chanzo cha umeme kwa ajili ya sehemu kubwa ya Afrika ya Kusini. Umeme unatengenezwa kwa nishati ya maji huko lambo la Kariba (Zambia) na lambo la [[Cabora-Bassa]] (Msumbiji). ==Tawimito== Tawimito muhimu ni [[Cuando]], [[Kafue]], [[Luangwa]], [[Shire (mto)|Shire]]. ==Miji muhimu mtoni== * [[Mongu]] * [[Lukulu]] * [[Katima Mulilo]] (Namibia), [[Sesheke]] (Zambia) * [[Livingstone (Zambia)]], [[Victoria Falls (Zimbabwe)]] * [[Kariba]] * [[Songo]] * [[Tete]] ==Viungo vya nje:== [http://www.waterandnature.org/eatlas/html/af27.html Watersheds of Africa: A20 Zambezi] [[Category:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Category:Mito ya Zambia]] [[Category:Mito ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Category:Mito ya Angola]] [[Category:Mito ya Msumbiji]] [[Category:Mito ya Zimbabwe]] [[Category:Mito ya Namibia]] [[bg:Замбези]] [[ca:Zambesi]] [[da:Zambezi]] [[de:Sambesi]] [[en:Zambezi]] [[es:Zambeze]] [[et:Zambezi]] [[fi:Sambesi]] [[fr:Zambèze]] [[he:זמבזי (נהר)]] [[hu:Zambézi]] [[ia:Zambezi]] [[io:Zambezi]] [[is:Sambesí]] [[it:Zambesi]] [[ja:ザンベジ川]] [[lt:Zambezė]] [[nl:Zambezi]] [[no:Zambezi]] [[pl:Zambezi]] [[pt:Rio Zambeze]] [[sl:Zambezi]] [[sr:Замбези]] [[sv:Zambesi]] [[zh:赞比西河]] 3068 11529 2006-06-30T06:59:26Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[tr:Han Hanedanlığı]] [[Image:Han foreign relations CE 2.jpg|thumb|300px|Eneo la utawala wa Han katika Uchina]] '''Utawala wa Han''' (Kichina cha asili: 漢朝 ; Kichina rahisi: 汉朝; Hanyu Pinyin: Hàn cháo; Wade-Giles: Han Ch'au; 206 KK – 220 BK) ulifuata utawala wa [[Qin]], na ulitangulia Dola Tatu katika [[Uchina]]. Utawala huu ulianzishwa na familia maarufu iliyofahamika kama Ukoo wa Liu. Watu wa Uchina huhesabu utawala wa Han uliodumu kwa mika mia nne kuwa moja ya vipindi vikuu katika historia nzima ya Uchina. Hivyo, watu wa jamii kubwa ya Uchina hujihesabu mpaka leo “watu wa Han”, kwa heshima ya familia ya Han na utawala waliouanzisha. [[Category:Uchina]] [[ca:Dinastia Han]] [[da:Han-dynastiet]] [[de:Han-Dynastie]] [[en:Han Dynasty]] [[eo:Dinastio Han]] [[es:Dinastía Han]] [[et:Hani dünastia]] [[fi:Han-dynastia]] [[fr:Dynastie Han]] [[hu:Han-dinasztia]] [[id:Dinasti Han]] [[it:Dinastia Han]] [[ja:漢]] [[ko:한나라]] [[lt:Han dinastija]] [[nl:Han-dynastie]] [[no:Han-dynastiet]] [[pl:Dynastia Han]] [[pt:Dinastia Han]] [[ru:Династия Хань]] [[sv:Handynastin]] [[tr:Han Hanedanlığı]] [[zh:汉朝]] 3069 10839 2006-06-15T11:11:39Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[nds-nl:Middeleeuwn]], [[sq:Mesjeta]] Modifying: [[yi:מיטל אלטער]] '''Zama za Kati''' zilihusisha wakati wa katikati katika mgawanyo wa kitamaduni wa historia ya Ulaya katika “zama” tatu: ustaarabu wa Zama za Kale, Zama za Kati, na Wakati wa Kisasa. Kwa kawaida, Zama za Kati za Ulaya Magharibi huhesabiwa toka mwisho wa Ufalme wa Roma Magharibi (karne ya 5) hadi kuanza kwa falme za kitaifa, mwanzo wa uvumbuzi wa ng’ambo ya Ulaya, Mwamko wa Kipagani, na Matengenezo ya Waprotestanti kuanzia mwaka 1517. Mabadiliko haya yalionesha mwanzo wa kipindi cha Zama za Kisasa ambacho kilitangulia mapinduzi ya viwanda. Zama za Kati hujulikana kama “ Kipindi cha Mediavo”, au kifupi “mediavo” (mara nyingine hutamkwa mediaevo au kihistoria, medievo). [[af:Middeleeue]] [[ar:عصور وسطى]] [[ast:Edá Media]] [[bg:Средновековие]] [[br:Krennamzer]] [[bs:Srednji vijek]] [[ca:Edat mitjana]] [[cs:Středověk]] [[cy:Canol Oesoedd]] [[da:Middelalderen]] [[de:Mittelalter]] [[el:Μεσαίωνας]] [[en:Middle Ages]] [[eo:Mezepoko]] [[es:Edad Media]] [[fa:قرون وسطی]] [[fi:Keskiaika]] [[fr:Moyen Âge]] [[gl:Idade Media]] [[he:ימי הביניים]] [[hr:Srednji vijek]] [[hu:Középkor]] [[id:Abad Pertengahan]] [[io:Mez-epoko]] [[it:Medioevo]] [[ja:中世]] [[kw:Oesow Kres]] [[la:Medium Aevum]] [[li:Middeliewe]] [[lt:Viduramžiai]] [[lv:Viduslaiki]] [[nds:Middelöller]] [[nds-nl:Middeleeuwn]] [[nl:Middeleeuwen]] [[nn:Mellomalderen]] [[no:Middelalderen]] [[nrm:Mouoyen Âge]] [[pl:Średniowiecze]] [[pt:Idade Média]] [[ro:Evul Mediu]] [[ru:Средние века]] [[simple:Middle Ages]] [[sl:Srednji vek]] [[sq:Mesjeta]] [[sr:Средњи вијек]] [[sv:Medeltiden]] [[tl:Gitnang Panahon]] [[yi:מיטל אלטער]] [[zh:中世纪]] 3070 10712 2006-06-10T18:27:52Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[en:Byzantine Empire]] '''Ufalme wa Byzantini''' (Kigiriki: Βυζαντινή Αυτοκρατορία) ni neno linalotumika kuelezea Ufalme wa Roma uliozungumza Kigiriki katika Zama za Kati, ukiwa na makao yake makuu Constantinopo. Katika baadhi ya maana, hasa kuhususiana na wakati kabla ya kuanguka kwa ufalme wa Roma Magharibi, hujulikana pia kama Ufalme wa Roma Mashariki. Kwa wakazi wake, ufalme ulikuwa bado ni Ufalme wa Roma, na wafalme wake waliendeleza kurithiana mfululizo. Hata hivyo, kwa wakati mwingi wa historia yake, ulifahamika na wenzao wa magharibi kama “Ufalme wa Wagiriki” au “Ufalme wa Konstatinopo”, huku wenzao wa mashariki, ambao hawakurithi desturi za Kirumi, wakiendelea kutumia jina la ufalme la “Ufalme wa Roma”. [[ar:إمبراطورية بيزنطية]] [[be:Бізантыйская імпэрыя]] [[bg:Византийска империя]] [[bs:Bizantijsko carstvo]] [[ca:Imperi Bizantí]] [[cs:Byzantská říše]] [[da:Østromerske Kejserdømme]] [[de:Byzantinisches Reich]] [[el:Βυζαντινή αυτοκρατορία]] [[en:Byzantine Empire]] [[eo:Bizanca imperio]] [[es:Imperio Bizantino]] [[eu:Bizantziar Inperioa]] [[fa:بیزانس]] [[fi:Bysantin valtakunta]] [[fr:Empire byzantin]] [[gl:Imperio bizantino]] [[he:האימפריה הביזנטית]] [[hr:Bizant]] [[hu:Bizánci Birodalom]] [[id:Kekaisaran Romawi Timur]] [[it:Impero bizantino]] [[ja:東ローマ帝国]] [[ka:ბიზანტიის იმპერია]] [[ko:비잔티움 제국]] [[la:Imperium Romanum Orientale]] [[lt:Bizantija]] [[nl:Byzantijnse Keizerrijk]] [[no:Østromerriket]] [[pl:Cesarstwo bizantyjskie]] [[pt:Império Bizantino]] [[ro:Imperiul Bizantin]] [[ru:Византийская империя]] [[simple:Byzantine Empire]] [[sk:Byzantská ríša]] [[sl:Bizantinsko cesarstvo]] [[sr:Византијско царство]] [[sv:Bysantinska riket]] [[tl:Silangang Imperyong Romano]] [[tr:Bizans İmparatorluğu]] [[uk:Візантійська імперія]] [[zh:拜占庭帝国]] 3071 10434 2006-06-01T19:58:42Z Messedrocker 158 '''Sumer''' (au Shumer, Kimisri Sangar, Bib. Shinar, asili ki-en-gir) ni ustaarabu wa kale ulikuwepo katika sehemu ya kusini ya Mesopotamia (Kusini Mashariki ya Iraki ya sasa) kutoka wakati wa rekodi za mwanzo za katikati ya milenia ya nne hadi kuzuka kwa Babylonia katika mwisho wa milenia ya tatu KK. Neno “Sumerian” linamaanisha pia wazungumzaji wa lugha ya Sumerian. Sumer inachukuliwa kuwa jamii ya kwanza yenye makao ya kudumu duniani iliyoonesha sifa zote zinazohitajika ili kuitwa “ustaarabu”. [[ar:سومر]] [[ast:Sumeria]] [[bs:Sumer]] [[ca:Sumèria]] [[cs:Sumer]] [[da:Sumererne]] [[de:Sumerische Kultur]] [[en:Sumer]] [[et:Sumer]] [[es:Sumeria]] [[eo:Sumero]] [[fa:سومریان]] [[fr:Sumer]] [[gl:Sumeria]] [[ko:수메르]] [[is:Súmer]] [[it:Sumeri]] [[he:שומר]] [[ku:Sumer]] [[la:Sumer]] [[lv:Šumera]] [[lt:Šumeras]] [[li:Soemer]] [[hu:Sumer]] [[mk:Сумер]] [[nl:Sumer]] [[ja:シュメール]] [[no:Sumer]] [[nn:Sumer]] [[nds:Sumer]] [[pl:Sumer]] [[pt:Suméria]] [[ru:Шумер]] [[sk:Sumeri]] [[sr:Сумер]] [[fi:Sumer]] [[sv:Sumer]] [[tr:Sümerler]] [[uk:Шумер]] [[zh:苏美尔]] 3072 10436 2006-06-01T20:04:12Z Messedrocker 158 Kabla-ya-historia (kwa kigirki maneno προ = kabla na ιστορία = historia) ni neno linalotumika mara nyingi kuelezea kipindi kabla ya historia andishi kuanza. Paul Tournal mwanzoni alitunga neno “Pré-historique” katika kuelezea ugunduzi aliofanya katika mapango ya kusini wa Ufaransa, na lilitumika katika Ufaransa kuanzia miaka ya 1830 kelezea kipindi kabla ya maandishi, na baadaye kuingizwa katika Kiingereza na Daniel Wilson, mwaka 1851. [[ast:Prehistoria]] [[bn:প্রাক-ইতিহাস]] [[br:Ragistor]] [[ca:Prehistòria]] [[cs:Pravěk]] [[da:Menneskets urhistorie og forhistorie]] [[de:Vorgeschichte]] [[en:Prehistory]] [[et:Esiaeg]] [[es:Prehistoria]] [[eo:Prahistorio]] [[fr:Préhistoire]] [[ko:선사시대]] [[ku:Pêşdîrok]] [[id:Prasejarah]] [[it:Preistoria]] [[he:פרהיסטוריה]] [[lv:Aizvēsture]] [[lb:Virgeschicht]] [[hu:Őskor]] [[nl:Prehistorie]] [[ja:先史時代]] [[no:Oldtiden]] [[pl:Prehistoria]] [[pt:Pré-história]] [[ru:Древний мир]] [[su:Prasajarah]] [[ta:தொல் பழங்காலம்]] [[th:ยุคก่อนประวัติศาสตร์]] [[tr:Prehistorya]] [[zh:史前史]] 3073 10442 2006-06-01T20:33:33Z Kipala 107 {{Mto | jina = Mto wa Ubangi | picha = Ubangi 21.43546E 4.35078N.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = Ubangi inavyoonekana kutoka angani kati ya maeneo ya mashamba na msitu wa mvua | chanzo = Maungano ya mito [[Mbomou (mto)|Mbomou]] na [[Uele (mto)|Uele]] mpakani wa [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] na [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | mlango = [[Kongo (mto)|Mto Kongo]] (karibu na [[Mbandaka]]) | nchi = [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]], [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]], [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | urefu = 850 km, pamoja na Uele 2.272 km | kimo = ? m | mkondo = 7,000 m³/s | eneo = 613,202 km² }} '''Ubangi''' ni tawimto mkubwa wa mto [[Kongo (mto)|Kongo]] na kati ya [[mito mirefu ya Afrika]]. [[Category:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Category:Mito ya Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] [[Category:Mito ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Category:Mito ya Jamhuri ya Kongo]] 3074 10679 2006-06-10T09:59:03Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Roman Republic Empire map.gif|thumb|300px|Mabadiliko ya eneo la Dola la Roma kuanzia mw. 510 [[KK]] hadi 480 [[BK]]; namba zinaruka kutoka 20 KK kwa 70 BK; *'''nyekundu''' = Jamhuri 510-40 KK; *'''dhambarau''' = Dola la Roma 20-360 BK *'''buluu''' = Roma ya magharibi 405-480 BK *'''njano''' = Roma ya mashariki 405-480 BK]] '''Roma ya Kale''' ni ustaarabu uliokua kutoka katika mji na taifa la Roma, ulioanzishwa katika rasi ya Kiitaliano katika karne ya 9 KK. Katika kipindi cha karne kumi na mbili cha uhai wake, ustaarabu wa Roma ulibadilika toka kuwa dola, hadi kuwa jamhuri ya wachache wenye nguvu, na hadi kuwa ufalme mkubwa. Roma ya Kale ilikuja kutawala Ulaya Magharibi na eneo zima linalozunguka bahari ya Mediteraneo kupitia mapambano na kuungana. Hata hivyo, sababu kadhaa zilisababisha hatimaye kuanguka kwa ufalme wa Roma. Sehemu ya magharibi ya ufalme, ukijumuisha Uhispania, Gaulia na Italia, hatimaye ilijiengua na kuwa dola huru katika karne ya tano; sehemu ya mashariki ya ufalme iliyoongozwa toka Constatinopo, ndiyo iitwayo Ufalme wa Byzantini baada ya mwaka 476 BK, tarehe ya kitamaduni ya “kuanguka kwa Roma” na hatimaye mwanzo wa Zama za Kati. [[bg:Древен Рим]] [[br:Henroma]] [[ca:Antiga Roma]] [[de:Römisches Reich]] [[en:Ancient Rome]] [[es:Antigua Roma]] [[eu:Antzinako Erroma]] [[fi:Rooman valtakunta]] [[fr:Rome antique]] [[gl:Roma Antiga]] [[he:רומא העתיקה]] [[is:Rómverska heimsveldið]] [[ja:古代ローマ]] [[la:Roma antiqua]] [[no:Antikkens Roma]] [[pl:Starożytny Rzym]] [[pt:Roma Antiga]] [[ru:Древний Рим]] [[simple:Ancient Rome]] [[sk:Staroveký Rím]] [[sl:Antični Rim]] [[sr:Антички Рим]] [[sv:Antikens Rom]] [[vi:La Mã cổ đại]] [[zh:古罗马]] 3075 10440 2006-06-01T20:24:46Z Messedrocker 158 '''Ugiriki ya Kale''' ni kipindi katika historia ambapo Ugiriki ilipanuka katika eneo kubwa la Mediteraneo na Bahari Nyeusi, na kudumu wa karibu milenia moja, hadi Ukristo ulipoanza. Unadhaniwa na wanahistoria wengi kuwa ni utamaduni anzilishi wa Ustaarabu wa Magharibi. Utamaduni wa Kigiriki ulikuwa na nguvu kubwa ya ushawishi katika Ufalme wa Rumi, ambao ulibeba sehemu ya utamaduni huo katika sehemu nyingi za Ulaya. Ustaarabu wa Ukiriki ya kale umeathiri pia lugha, siasa, mifumo ya elimu, falsafa, sayansi, sanaa, ufundi sanifu wa dunia ya sasa, na kuchochea Mwamko Mpya katika Ulaya Magharibi; na kuchipuka tena katika vipindi mbalimbali vya uamsho wa tamaduni za kisasa za Kigiriki, ndani ya karne ya 18 na 19 katika Ulaya na Amerika. [[ca:Antiga Grècia]] [[de:Antikes Griechenland]] [[en:Ancient Greece]] [[el:Αρχαία Ελλάδα]] [[eo:Antikva Grekio]] [[es:Grecia Antigua]] [[et:Vana-Kreeka]] [[fi:Antiikin Kreikka]] [[fr:Grèce antique]] [[gd:A' Ghrèig Sheann]] [[he:יוון העתיקה]] [[hr:Stara Grčka]] [[it:Grecia antica]] [[ja:古代ギリシア]] [[ko:고대 그리스]] [[lt:Senovės Graikija]] [[lv:Senā Grieķija]] [[hu:Antik Görögország]] [[mk:Античка Грција]] [[nds:Ole Grekenland]] [[no:Antikkens Hellas]] [[nl:Geschiedenis van Griekenland - Deel I: de Oudheid]] [[pl:Starożytna Grecja]] [[pt:Grécia Antiga]] [[ro:Grecia antică]] [[ru:Древняя Греция]] [[scn:Grecia antica]] [[sh:Antička Grčka]] [[sr:Античка Грчка]] [[th:กรีซโบราณ]] [[uk:Стародавня Греція]] [[vi:Hy Lạp cổ đại]] [[zh:古希腊]] 3076 11392 2006-06-26T15:33:05Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Egypt.Giza.Sphinx.01.jpg|thumb|right|350px|[[Piramidi]] ya Giza pamoja na [[Sphinx]]]] '''Misri ya Kale''' ni ustaarabu uliokuwepo Afrika, sambamba na Naili ya juu, kuanzia kwenye mto wa mkono (ama delta) ya Naili, kaskazini mwa Misri ya Kale kwenda kusini hadi Jebel Barkal, penye maporomoko ya nne, wakati wa kupanuka kwake (Karne ya 15 KK). Ustaarabu huu ulidumu kwa karibu milenia tatu, toka takribani mwaka 3000 KK hadi mwaka 667 BK, na kwisha baada ya Ufalme wa Waaseri kuishinda Misri. Kama ustaarabu uliojishughulisha zaidi na umwagiliaji maji, huu ni mfano mahsusi wa ufalme wa “majimaji”. [[Category:Historia ya Afrika]] [[Category:Misri]] [[af:Antieke Egipte]] [[ar:قدماء المصريين]] [[bg:Древен Египет]] [[ca:Antic Egipte]] [[da:Det gamle Ægypten]] [[de:Altes Ägypten]] [[en:Ancient Egypt]] [[et:Vana-Egiptus]] [[es:Antiguo Egipto]] [[eo:Egipta civilizo]] [[fa:مصر باستان]] [[fr:Égypte antique]] [[gl:Antigo Exipto]] [[ko:이집트 문명]] [[he:מצרים העתיקה]] [[lv:Senā Ēģipte]] [[hu:Ókori Egyiptom]] [[mk:Антички Египет]] [[ms:Mesir purba]] [[fj:Ijipta]] [[nl:Oude Egypte]] [[ja:古代エジプト]] [[no:Oldtidens Egypt]] [[oc:Egipte]] [[nds:Ole Ägypten]] [[pl:Starożytny Egipt]] [[pt:Antigo Egipto]] [[ru:Древний Египет]] [[sm:Le Malo o Aikupito]] [[sl:Stari Egipt]] [[sr:Стари Египат]] [[fi:Muinainen Egypti]] [[vi:Nền văn minh Ai Cập cổ đại]] [[uk:Стародавній Єгипет]] [[zh:古埃及]] 3077 10449 2006-06-01T21:11:41Z Kipala 107 {{Mto | jina = Mto wa Nile ya buluu ([[Ethiopia]]: [[Abbai]]) | picha = Blue Nile Falls Ethiopia.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = [[Maporomoko ya Tis Issat ya Nile ya buluu]] | chanzo = [[Ziwa Tana]] (chemchemi ya Gishe Abbai) | mlango = Mto [[Nile]] mjini [[Khartum]] | nchi = [[Ethiopia]], [[Sudan]] | urefu = 1.350 km | kimo = 1830 m | mkondo = ?? m³/s | eneo = 326,400 km² }} [[Image:Nile ya buluu.png|thumb|290px|Ramani ya Nile ya buluu]] '''Nile ya buluu''' ni tawimto mkubwa wa mto Nile. Inaanza katika [[Ziwa Tana]] kwenye nyanda za juu za [[Ethiopia]] ikiitwa kwa jina la [[Abbai]]. Mdomo wake ni [[Sudan]] mjini [[Khartum]] inapounganika na [[Nile nyeupe]]. Kwa jumla Nile ya bluu inabeba maji mengi kushinda Nile nyeupe. [[Category:Nile]] [[Category:Mito ya Ethiopia]] [[Category:Mito ya Sudan]] [[ca:Nil Blau]] [[da:Blå Nil]] [[de:Blauer Nil]] [[en:Blue Nile]] [[es:Nilo Azul]] [[et:Sinine Niilus]] [[fr:Nil Bleu]] [[he:הנילוס הכחול]] [[is:Bláa Níl]] [[it:Abai]] [[lt:Žydrasis Nilas]] [[nl:Blauwe Nijl]] [[pl:Nil Błękitny]] [[ru:Голубой Нил (река)]] [[sl:Modri Nil]] 3078 10459 2006-06-01T21:18:11Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Category:Ethiopia]] 3079 10457 2006-06-01T21:16:48Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Category:Sudan]] 3080 10456 2006-06-01T21:16:12Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Category:Uganda]] 3081 10458 2006-06-01T21:17:40Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Category:Misri]] 3082 10468 2006-06-02T07:34:46Z 84.143.208.148 Redirecting to [[Abbai]] #REDIRECT [[Abbai]] 3083 10478 2006-06-02T10:19:13Z 84.143.208.148 '''Luvua''' ni mto katika [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Chanzo chake ni [[Ziwa Mweru]] mpakani wa Kongo na [[Zambia]]. Mdomo uko [[Lualaba]] ambayo ni tawimto wa [[Kongo]]. {{maana}} [[Category:Mito ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[de:Luvua]] [[en:Luvua River]] [[fr:Luvua (rivière)]] [[sv:Luvua]] 3084 10477 2006-06-02T10:16:41Z 84.143.208.148 Redirecting to [[Ruvuma (mto)]] #REDIRECT [[Ruvuma (mto)]] 3085 10480 2006-06-02T10:35:47Z 84.143.208.148 Redirecting to [[Nyasa (ziwa)]] #REDIRECT [[Nyasa (ziwa)]] 3086 10500 2006-06-02T18:58:40Z Kipala 107 {{Mto | jina = Mto wa Ruvuma | picha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | chanzo = Karibu na [[Songea]] kwa 10° 45' kus., 35° 40' mash. | mlango = [[Bahari ya Hindi]], kusini ya [[Mtwara]] | nchi = [[Tanzania]], [[Msumbiji]] | urefu = 1,083 km | kimo = 1850 m | mkondo = ?? m³/s | eneo = 165,760 km² }} '''Ruvuma''' (pia: Rovuma) ni mto mrefu wa [[Tanzania]]. Chanzo chake iko mashariki ya [[Songea]] katika milima ya Matagoro upande wa mashariki wa [[Ziwa la Nyasa]]. Inaelekea magharibi kati ya vilima kwenye kimo cha 1000 m karibu na Songea inageukia kusini. Mdomo uko [[Bahari ya Hindi]] kati ya [[Mtwara]] (Tanzania) na Rasi ya Delgado (Msumbiji). Mpaka kati ya Tanzania na [[Msumbiji]] inafuata mwendo wake kwa km 730. Tawimito muhimu ni Muhuwesi na Lumesule upande wa Tanzania halafu Lucheringo na [[Lujenda]] upande wa Msumbiji. Inaelekea magharibi kati ya vilima kwenye kimo cha 1000 m halafu inabadilika mwelekeo kwenda kusini; inapofika mpaka wa Tanzania na Msumbiji takriban 200 km baada ya chanzo inageuka tena kuelekea mashariki hadi bahari. 35 km baada ya kuungana na Lujenda pana maporomoko ya Upinde. 160 km kabla ya kufika mdomoni bonde la Ruvuma inapanuka kuwa na upana wa 10 km; lalio la mto ni karibu mita 500 likiwa na visiwa vya mchanga. Wakati wa ukama maji hupungua sana hadi watu kuvuka mto kwa miguu; wakati wa mvua umbali kati pande zote mbili unafikia zaidi ya kilomita moja. Mdomo mwenyewe una umbo la delta. Athira ya maji kujaa au kupwa baharini huonekana 20 km kabla ya mdomo mwenyewe. Kabla kufika kwenye delta kuna [[feri]] inayobeba magari kati ya Tanzania na Msumbiji. Feri ilipelekwa hapa na mapadre [[Wabenedikto]] wanaofanya kazi pande zote mbili za mto. ==Viungo vya nje== '''''de:''''' "Rowuma" - Deutsches Koloniallexikon (Kamusi ya koloni za Ujerumani 1914) [[http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/Bildprojekt/Lexikon/Standardframeseite.php?suche=rowuma]] [[Category:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Category:Mito ya Tanzania]] [[Category:Mito ya Msumbiji]] [[de:Rovuma]] [[en:Ruvuma River]] [[pl:Rovuma]] [[pt:Rio Rovua]] 3087 10489 2006-06-02T12:01:45Z 84.143.208.148 [[Category:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Category:Msumbiji]] 3088 10495 2006-06-02T18:00:43Z Kipala 107 Rufiji (mto)i umehamishwa hapa Rufiji (mto): Kosa wakati wa kuunda makala '''Rufiji''' ni mto mkubwa wa [[Tanzania]]. Chanzo iko Tanzania ya kusini-magharibi katika maungano ya tawimito ya [[Kilombero]] na [[Luwegu]]. Unafikia [[Bahari Hindi]] kwa njia ya [[delta]] yake takriban 200 km kusini ya [[Daresalaam]] karibu na [[kisiwa cha Mafia]]. Urefu wa Rufiji ni takriban 600 km. Tawimto mkubwa ni [[Ruaha Kuu]]. == Viungo vya nje == *[http://www.waterandnature.org/eatlas/html/af22.html Map of the Rufiji River basin at Water Resources eAtlas] {{mbegu}} [[Category:Mito ya Tanzania]] [[en:Rufiji River]] [[pl:Rufidżi]] 3089 10496 2006-06-02T18:00:43Z Kipala 107 Rufiji (mto)i umehamishwa hapa Rufiji (mto): Kosa wakati wa kuunda makala #REDIRECT [[Rufiji (mto)]] 3090 10499 2006-06-02T18:05:48Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Ruvuma (mto)]] 3091 10502 2006-06-02T19:16:04Z Kipala 107 Redirecting to [[Shire (mto)]] #REDIRECT [[Shire (mto)]] 3092 10509 2006-06-02T19:51:31Z Kipala 107 {{Mto | jina = Mto wa Shire | picha = Shire fluss nsanje.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = Shire karibu na [[Nsanje]], [[Malawi]] | chanzo = Ziwa Nyasa (Ziwa Malawi) | mlango = [[Zambezi (mto)|Mto Zambezi]] | nchi = [[Malawi]], [[Msumbiji]] | urefu = 402 km (pamoja na ziwa na tawimto mrefu wa Ruhuhu ina 1200 km) | kimo = 474 m (uwiano wa ziwa) | mkondo = ?? m³/s | eneo = ?? km² }} '''Shire''' ni mto unaotoka katika [[Ziwa Nyasa]] (au: ziwa [[Malawi]]) ikipeleka maji yake [[Mto Zambezi]]. Kiasi chake cha maji kinategemea kiwango cha maji ziwani. Katika miaka ya 1930 iliwahi kukauka kwa muda; tangu siku zile ilikuwa na maji siku zote. Shire inatoka kwenye pembe la kusini ya ziwa. Baada ya 10 km inapita katika ziwa la Malombe na kuendelea kwa mwendo wa pole hadi Hifadhi ya wanyama ya Liwonde na [[Liwonde]] mjini. Baada ya Liwonde Shire inapita mlimani kwa mtelemko mkubwa zaidi ukipita kwenye maporomoko mbalimbali hasa maporomoko ya [[Kapichira]]. Kabla ya kuvuka mpaka wa [[Msumbiji]] mto unapita katika tambarare la mabwawa wa Ndinde kusini mwa Malawi kabisa. Shire inaingia Zambezi takriban 160 km kabla ya mdomo wake baharini. [[Category:Mito ya Malawi]] [[Category:Mito ya Msumbiji]] [[de:Shire (Fluss)]] [[en:Shire River]] [[eo:Shire]] [[et:Shire jõgi]] [[sv:Shire (flod)]] 3093 10505 2006-06-02T19:46:24Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Category:Malawi]] 3094 10506 2006-06-02T19:47:20Z Kipala 107 Redirecting to [[Zambezi (mto)]] #REDIRECT [[Zambezi (mto)]] 3095 10508 2006-06-02T19:49:50Z Kipala 107 Zambezi umehamishwa hapa Zambezi (mto): kuna pia mkoa wa Zambezi Msumbiji #REDIRECT [[Zambezi (mto)]] 3096 10510 2006-06-02T20:44:40Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Category:Afrika Kusini]] 3097 11225 2006-06-24T05:34:47Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[mk:Орање (река)]], [[nl:Oranjerivier]] {{Mto | jina = Mto wa Oranje | picha = Augrabies Falls.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = Maporomoko ya Augrabies ya Mto Oranje karibu na [[Upington]] | chanzo = [[Milima ya Maloti]] ([[Drakensberg]]) nchini [[Lesotho]] | mdomo = [[Atlantiki]] | nchi = [[Lesotho]], [[Afrika Kusini]], [[Namibia]] | urefu = 2,160 km | kimo = 1,600 m | mkondo = 800 m³/s | eneo = 941,421 km² }} '''Oranje''' ni mto mrefu wa [[Afrika Kusini]]. Chanzo chake ni katika [[milima ya Maloti]] (Drakensberg) nchini Lesotho. Mdomo uko [[Atlantiki]] mpakani kati ya Afrika Kusini na [[Namibia]]. Pale inapokaribia mpaka wa Nambibia Oranje imechimba mfereji mrefu katika miamba ina maporomoko yake makubwa ya Augrabies. Kwa 500 km mwendo wa mto ni mpaka kati ya Afrika Kusini na Namibia. Mjini [[Oranjemund]] Oranje inaingia Atlantiki. Njiani Oranje inabeba kiasi kikubwa cha [[mashapo]] hasa [[mchanga]] hadi baharini. Hapa husukumwa kusini na [[mkondo wa baharini ya Benguela]]. Mchanga huu ni sehemu kubwa ya mchanga wa [[jangwa la Namib]] na [[tuta la mchanga|matuta makubwa ya mchanga]] yanayopatikana kwenye pwani la Namibia. Jina la Oranje ni [[Kiholanzi]] limetokana na familia ya wafalme wa Uholanzi. Neno lamaanishi rangi ya machungwa mabivu. Kwa ujumla Oranje hailishi mimea mengi njiani yake inapopita katika nchi yabisi. Lakini kuna sehemu mbalimbali ambako maji yake huchukuliwa na mitambo kumwagilia mashamba. [[Image:Orange River Panorama.jpg|thumb|centre|600px|Pinde la mto Oranje wakati wa mvua]] {{mbegu}} [[Category:Mito ya Lesotho]] [[Category:Mito ya Afrika Kusini]] [[Category:Mito ya Namibia]] [[af:Oranjerivier]] [[de:Oranje (Fluss)]] [[en:Orange River]] [[es:Río Orange]] [[et:Oranje jõgi]] [[fr:Orange (fleuve)]] [[hu:Oranje]] [[it:Fiume Orange]] [[ja:オレンジ川]] [[lt:Oranžinė upė]] [[mk:Орање (река)]] [[nl:Oranjerivier]] [[pl:Oranje]] [[sr:Наранџаста река]] [[sv:Oranjefloden]] 3098 10513 2006-06-02T21:46:54Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Wakati]] 3099 10516 2006-06-03T02:40:34Z 70.108.25.96 Viwanda vya pombe vilianza kufanya biashara katika mji wa Dar es Salaam mwaka wa elfu moja mia tisa na sita. Bwana Wilhelm Schultz alikuwa mmilikaji wa biashara hii. Biashara hii iliharibiwa na Waingereza katika mwaka wa elfu moja mia tisa na kumi na sita, lakini biashara ingine ilianza kuuza bia katika mwaka wa elfu moja mia tisa ishirini na mbili nchini Kenya na Tanzania. Biashara hii mpya iliitwa “Kenya Breweries Limited.” Mwanzoni waafrika wa mashariki hawakuruhusiwa kununua bia katika chupa. Bali kanuni ilibadilishwa baada ya sheria mpya ilipopitishwa mwaka wa elfu moja mia tisa arobaini na saba. “Kenya Breweries Limited” au “KBL” na “East African Breweries Limited” au “EABL” zilitawala soko la bia kwa muda mrefu kabisa. Baada ya harakati za uhuru katika miaka ya sitini bia ilikuwa ishara ya utaifa. Mathalani, bia ya Tusker ilikuwa bia ya taifa nchini Kenya. Tusker ni bia maarufu kuliko mabia yote. Kabla mwaka wa elfu moja mia tisa sabini na saba serikali za Tanzania na Uganda zilimiliki biashara za bia, lakini biashara “KBL” ilibaki katika sekta ya binafsi nchini Kenya. Katika miaka ya tisini “Vita za bia” zilifanyika. Biashara nyinge zilipambana. Kuna biashara nyingi za bia sasa katika Afrika ya Mashariki. Baadhi ya watu hupika pombe yao wenyewe. Wanawake hupika pombe nyumbani kwa kawaida. Ujuzi wa kupika pombe ni rahisi. Katika karne ya elfu moja na mia tisa, watu walitumia mtama na mkota kupika pombe. Mpaka sasa watu hawakutumia mahindi. Lakini siku hizi mahindi ni kiambato cha kinachopendwa sana. Ndizi hutumika kutengeneza divai. Watu wa Afrika ya Mashariki hunywa pombe na divai katika vyungu vikubwa. Pombe hutumika katika sherehe nyingi katika Afrika ya Mashariki.Unywaji ni sababu kujuana. 3100 11219 2006-06-23T22:07:56Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] 3101 10524 2006-06-03T08:54:30Z Kipala 107 [[Category: Uganda]] 3102 10525 2006-06-03T10:36:22Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Jinja_Place_Uganda.png|thumb|Mahali pa Jinja katika Uganda]] '''Jinja''' ni [[mji]] wa pili katika [[Uganda]]. Iko kando la ziwa [[Viktoria Nyanza]] takriban katikati ya Kampala na mpaka wa Kenya kwa umbali wa 90 km mashariki ya Kampala. Jinja iko kando ya chanzo ya Nile inapotoka katika ziwa Viktoria Nyanza. Kuna wakazi 106,000. Jinja ni mji wa viwanda. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Miji ya Uganda]] 3103 11284 2006-06-25T10:28:57Z Kipala 107 {{Mto | jina = Mto wa Kasai | picha = Kasai Beseni.gif | maelezo_ya_picha = Beseni ya Kasai | chanzo = [[Nyanda za juu za Bié]] ([[Angola]]) | mdomo = [[Kongo (mto)|Kongo]] 170 km kaskazini ya [[Kinshasa]] | nchi = [[Angola]] na [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | urefu = 2,153 km | kimo = takriban 1,500 m | mkondo = hadi 12,000 m³/s | eneo = ?? km² }} '''Kasai''' ni tawimto mrefu wa [[Kongo (mto)|Kongo]] unaoanza kwenye [[Nyanda za Juu za Bie]] za [[Angola]]. Chanzo iko kwa 12° kus/19° kask. kaskazini ya mji wa Luena. Inaelekea magahribi 400 km inapogeukia kaskazini. Sasa iko mpaka kati ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] na Angola kwa 483 km. Katika sehemu hi kuna maporomoko makubwa kadhaa na lalio la mto unapanuka hadi 10 km. Kabla ya kufikia [[Ilebo]] mto unageukia kuelekea magharibi-kaskazini. Sasa ni pia njia ya maji inayotumika na meli. Mto unapanuka kuwa bwawa la [[Wissmann]]. Karibu na mji wa [[Bandundu]] mto wa [[Kwango]] unajiunga na Kasai. Sehemu ya mwisho mto umejulikana kwa jina la Kwa hadi kufika Kongo. == Viungo vya nje == * '''''en:''''' [http://www.waterandnature.org/eatlas/html/af4.html Map of the Kasai River basin at Water Resources eAtlas] [[Category:Mito ya Angola]] [[Category:Mito ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[en:Kasai River]] [[fr:Kasaï (rivière)]] [[he:נהר הקסאי]] [[hu:Kasai]] [[sv:Kasai]] [[de:Kasai]] [[fr:Kasaï (rivière)]] [[he:נהר הקסאי]] [[hu:Kasai]] [[sv:Kasai]] 3104 10529 2006-06-03T12:18:49Z Kipala 107 Beseni ya Kasai - kutoka http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/water-resources/map-290.html © 2006 World Resources Institute Content licensed under a Creative Commons License. Namensnennung-NichtKommerziell-Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 2.5 Sie dürfen: * den Inhalt vervielfältigen, verbreiten und öffentlich aufführen * Bearbeitungen anfertigen Zu den folgenden Bedingungen: by Namensnennung. Sie müssen den Namen des Autors/Rechtsinhabers nennen. nc Keine kommerzielle Nutzung. Dieser Inhalt darf nicht für kommerzielle Zwecke verwendet werden. sa Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen. Wenn Sie diesen Inhalt bearbeiten oder in anderer Weise umgestalten, verändern oder als Grundlage für einen anderen Inhalt verwenden, dann dürfen Sie den neu entstandenen Inhalt nur unter Verwendung identischer Lizenzbedingungen weitergeben. * Im Falle einer Verbreitung müssen Sie anderen die Lizenzbedingungen, unter die dieser Inhalt fällt, mitteilen. * Jede dieser Bedingungen kann nach schriftlicher Einwilligung des Rechtsinhabers aufgehoben werden. 3105 10531 2006-06-03T13:06:49Z Kipala 107 '''Shebeli''' (pia: Shabelle, Scebelli, Shabell, Shebele) ni tawimto wa [[mto Juba]] inayobeba maji yake kutoka nyanda za juu za [[Ethiopia]] kuelekea [[Bahari´Hindi]] inagwa mara nyingi inakauka katika jangwa la [[Somalia]] kabla ya kufikia mdomo wake. Chanzo cha Shebeli iko katika [[milima ya Batu]] (Ethiopia) takriban 200 km kusini ya [[Addis Ababa]]. Baada ya mwendo wa 920 km inaingia [[Somalia]] ikielekea [[Mogadishu]]. Karibu na mji unageukia kusini-magharibi na kufuata mstari wa pwani la Bahari Hindi kwa umbali wa 20-40 km ndani ya bara. Baada ya mwendo wa 900 km ndani ya Somalia lalio lake linaingia katika mto Juba lakini baada ya Mogadishu Shebeli ni kavu kwa sehemu kubwa ya maka. ==Viungo vya nje== * '''''en:''''' [http://www.waterandnature.org/eatlas/html/af24.html Map of the Shebelle River basin at Water Resources eAtlas] * '''''en:''''' [http://www.somwat.com/hydropolitics.html Hydropolitics in the Horn of Africa] * '''''en:''''' [http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=46953&SelectRegion=Horn_of_Africa&SelectCountry=ETHIOPIA "Ethiopia: Rains pound Somali region as death toll rises"], [[IRIN]], [[5 May]] [[2005]] * '''''en:''''' [http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=14150 "Floods plague Horn of Africa, wash away refugee shelters" - UN News] [[Category:Mito ya Ethiopia]] [[Category:Mito ya Somalia]] [[da:Shebelle]] [[de:Shebeli]] [[en:Shebelle River]] 3106 10532 2006-06-03T13:20:25Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Mito ya Somalia]] 3107 10534 2006-06-03T13:40:56Z Kipala 107 {{Mto | jina = Mto wa Juba | picha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | chanzo = Maungano ya mito ya Dawa na Gebele, [[Ethiopia]] | mdomo = [[Bahari ya Hindi]] kaskazini ya [[Kismayu]] | nchi = [[Ethiopia]], [[Somalia]] | urefu = 1,659 km | kimo = ? m katika milima ya Bale, Ethiopia | mkondo = ? m³/s | eneo = 497,626 km² }} '''Juba''' (pia: Jubba, Giuba, Ganane au Genale) ni mto mkubwa wa [[Somalia]] mwenye maji mwaka wote. Chanzo chake iko katika nyanda za juu za [[Ethiopia]]. Inafika [[Bahari ya Hindi]] karibu na mji wa [[Kismayu]]. Wakati wa ukoloni ilikuwa mpaka kati ya [[Kenya]] na eneo la Kiitalia ya Somalia. Mwaka 1925 Uingereza iliwaachia Waitalia nchi kusini ya mto (kiit.: Territorio dell'Oltre Giuba - kiing: Jubaland) == Viungo vya nje == * '''''en:''''' [http://www.waterandnature.org/eatlas/html/af10.html Map of the Jubba River basin at Water Resources eAtlas] [[Category:Mito ya Somalia]] [[Category:Mito ya Ethiopia]] [[da:Juba]] [[de:Juba (Fluss)]] [[en:Jubba River]] [[it:Giuba (fiume)]] 3108 10536 2006-06-03T20:00:23Z Kipala 107 '''Kismayu''' (pia: '''Kismayo''' au ([[Kisomali]]: '''Kismaayo''') ni mji katika eneo la [[Jubbada Hoose]] la [[Somalia]] mwambaoni wa [[Bahari Hindi]]. Iko karibu na mdomo wa mto wa [[Juba (mto)|Juba]]. ==Historia== Mji ulianzishwa na [[Wabajuni]] waliokuwa [[Waswahili]] Wabantu. [[Wasomali]] wenyewe walichelewa kufika eneo hili. Kismayu pamoja na pwani ilikuwa chini ya masultani wa [[Zanzibar]] tangu 1835 [[BK]]. Kati ya 1875 hadi 1876 Kismayu ilitawaliwa na [[Misri]]. Tangu 1895 ilikuwa chini ya utawala wa [[Uingereza]] pamoja na [[Kenya]] lakini 1924 ilikabidhiwa kwa utawala wa [[Italia]]. Ikawa mji mkuu wa jimbo la ''Oltro Giuba'' (ng'ambo ya Juba). Kismayu iliharibika sana kutokana na mapigano katika vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe ya Somalia tangu 1991. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html WorldStatesmen- Somalia] *[http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L16782563.htm] [[Category:Miji ya Somalia]] [[ja:&#12461;&#12473;&#12510;&#12520;]] [[en:Kismayu]] 3109 10557 2006-06-04T15:47:44Z Kipala 107 kutokana na Image:DeltaOkawango.jpg (Wikipedia commons) Part of http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_rec.php?id=1260 picture ("Visible Earth") Sensor OrbView-2/SeaWiFS Datastart 1999-03-28 Visible Earth v1 ID 4972 Visualization Date 1999-03 kutokana na Image:DeltaOkawango.jpg (Wikipedia commons) Part of http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_rec.php?id=1260 picture ("Visible Earth") Sensor OrbView-2/SeaWiFS Datastart 1999-03-28 Visible Earth v1 ID 4972 Visualization Date 1999-03-28 3110 11613 2006-07-01T14:17:13Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[et:Okavango]] {{Mto | jina = Mto wa Okavango | picha = Okavango River Sign.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = Feri juu ya mto Okavango nchini Botswana | chanzo = [[Nyanda za juu za Bié]] ([[Angola]]) | mdomo = Delta ya barani katika [[jangwa]] la [[Kalahari]], [[Botswana]] | nchi = [[Angola]], [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]] | urefu = 1,600 km | kimo = 1,780 m | mkondo = 10,000,000,000 m³/mwaka (inaweza kukauka kwa muda) | eneo = 721.258 km² }} [[Image:DeltaOkavango.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Delta ya Ovango inavyoonekana kutoka angani]] '''Okavango''' (pia: Okovango; katika Angola: [[Kubango]] au Cubango) ni mto wa [[Afrika]] ya kusini-magharibi. Inaanza nchini [[Angola]] katika milima ya Bié inapojulikana kwa jina la [[Kubango]]. Mwendo wake wa 1600 km ni kusini tu hadi jangwa la [[Kalahari]] inapoishia kwenye [[delta ya barani]]. Katika kusini ya Angola ni mpaka na [[Namibia]]. Inapita nchi ya Namibia mwanzoni wa [[kishoroba ya Caprivi]] na kuendelea Botswana inapoishia jangwani katika [[delta]] yake. Jina la mto limepatikana kutoka kabila la Wakavango. Chanzo cha mto ni kusini ya mji wa Vila Nova (Angola) katika milima ya Bié kwenye kimo cha 1,780 m. Mwanzoni mwendo wake ni ya haraka kuna maporomoko madogo. Halafu mto ni mpaka kati ya Angola na Namibia. Baada ya kupokea tawimto wa Kwito inaingia Namibia inapopita kanda nyembamba ya kishoroba ya Caprivi kwa kilomita chache. Kabla ya kuvuka mpaka wa Botswana mto unashuka mita 4 kwenye [[maporomoko ya Popa]]. Takriban 70 km ndani ya Botswana mwendo wa mto unapanuka na kugawanyika kuwa delta ya barani yenye zaidi ya 16,000 km². ==Viungo vya nje== '''''en:''''' [http://www.waterandnature.org/eatlas/html/af18.html Okavango Basin (Watersheds of Africa)] [[Category:Mito ya Angola]] [[Category:Mito ya Namibia]] [[Category:Mito ya Botswana]] [[ar:نهر أكفانجو]] [[de:Okawango]] [[en:Okavango River]] [[es:Okavango]] [[et:Okavango]] [[fr:Okavango]] [[hu:Okavango]] [[lt:Okavangas]] [[nl:Okavango]] [[pl:Kubango]] [[pt:Okavango]] 3111 11232 2006-06-24T09:31:52Z Kipala 107 '''Kubango''' (pia: ''Cubango'') ni jina la mto [[Okavango]] katika nchi ya [[Angola]]. Chanzo cha mto ni kwenye kimo cha 1780 [[m]] juu ya [[UB]] katika [[nyanda za juu za Bie]] mashariki ya [[Huambo]], kilomita chache kusini ya [[Nova Vila]]. Haielekei baharini bali kusini inapoishia katika jangwa la [[Botswana]]. Njiani inapita [[Namibia]] kwenye [[kishoroba ya Caprivi]]. Kuanzia Nambia mto huitwa kwa jina la Okavango. ==Viungo vya Nje== [http://www.waterandnature.org/eatlas/html/af19.html Watersheds of Africa: A12 Okavango | Cubango] [[Category:Mito ya Angola]] [[Category:Mito ya Namibia]] [[Category:Mito ya Botswana]] [[de:Cubango]] 3112 11042 2006-06-21T07:29:56Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[pl:Caprivi]] [[Image:Caprivi_Zipfel.png|thumb|right|250px|Ramani ya Kishoroba ya Caprivi ("''Caprivizipfel''")]] '''Kishoroba cha Caprivi''' ni kanda nyembamba ya eneo la [[Namibia]] inayoelekea mashariki kwenye pembe la kaskazini-mashariki kabisa ya nchi Namibia kati ya [[Botswana]] upande wa kusini na [[Angola]] pamoja na [[Zambia]] upande wa kaskazini. Kishoroba kina urefu ta 450 km, upana ni mara nyingi 30 km pekee. ==Utawala== Kiutawala kishoroba imegawanyika kati ya mikoa ya [[Caprivi (mkoa)|Caprivi]] and [[Okavango (mkoa)|Okavango]] ya Jamhuri ya Namibia. Mji mkubwa ni [[Katima Mulilo]] ambao ni makao makuu ya mkoa wa Caprivi. ==Historia== Jina la Caprivi limetokana na [[Chansella]] wa [[Ujerumani]] [[Leo von Caprivi]] aliyekuwa mkuu wa serikali ya [[Dola la Ujerumani]] wakati wa Mkataba wa Ujerumani na [[Uingereza]] wa 1890 unaoitwa "[[Mkataba wa Helgoland-Zanzibar]]". Ilipataniwa ya kwamba Ujerumani inapata kishoroba cha nchi hadi [[mto Zambezi]] chenye upana "usiopungua maili 20". Wakati ule Ujerumani ulitaka njia ya mawasiliano kati ya Namibia na [[mto Zambezi]]. Ilidhaniwa ya kwamba kuna uwezekano kutumia mto Zambezi kwa ajili ya usafiri na kupata njia ya maji kati ya Namibia na [[Bahari Hindi]]. Dhana hili lilikuwa kosa na kwa muda mrefu eneo la Caprivi ilikuwa na mawasiliano tu kupitia Zambia. Siku hizi kuna barabara ya lami hadi Katima Mulilo. Miaka mingi wa vita ya kupigania uhuu wa Namibia na baadaye vita katika Angola eneo la kishoroba lilikuwa eneo lililofungwa kwa mawasiliano yasiyo ya kijeshi. Tangu mwisho wa vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe Angola na kujengwa kwa barabara watu wa caprivi wanaweza kusafiri kwa rahisi na wageni wanaweza kufika bila matatizo. Tangu 1994 kuna "Harakati ya Ukombozi wa Caprivi" ni kundi kati ya [[Walozi]] wa Caprivi wanaopendelea umoja na Walozi wenzao huko Zambia wakitafuta hali ya kujitawala kwa eneo lao. Mwaka 1999 ilitokea ghasia katika mashariki ya Caprivi na mapigano kati ya wanamigambo Walozi na jeshi la serikali. [[Category:Namibia]] [[Category:Ukoloni wa Ujerumani]] [[de:Caprivi]] [[en:Caprivi]] [[es:Caprivi (Namibia)]] [[fr:Bande de Caprivi]] [[it:Caprivi]] [[ja:カプリビ州]] [[ms:Caprivi]] [[nl:Caprivi (regio)]] [[pl:Caprivi]] [[pt:Caprivi]] [[uk:Смуга Капріві]] 3113 10564 2006-06-04T18:24:43Z Kipala 107 Kishoroba ya Caprivi umehamishwa hapa Kishoroba cha Caprivi #REDIRECT [[Kishoroba cha Caprivi]] 3114 10579 2006-06-05T15:24:17Z Kipala 107 '''Mkataba wa Helgoland-Zanzibar''' ulifanywa kati ya [[Ujerumani]] na [[Uingereza]] tarehe 01. 07. 1890. Pande zote mbili zilielewana juu ya mipaka ya koloni zao au maeneo walimotaka kuwa na athira kuu katika [[Afrika]]. Mkataba yalihusu maeneo katika Afrika ya Mashariki, Afrika ya Kusini-Magharibi na Afrika ya Magharibi (Togo) pamoja na kisiwa cha [[Helgoland]] mbele ya pwani la Ujerumani katika [[Bahari ya Kaskazini]]. ==Afrika ya Mashariki== Uingereza ilikubali koloni ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani]] ([[Tanganyika]], [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]]. Waingereza waliahidi kumshawishi Sultani ya Zanzibar ili awaachie Wajerumani haki za Zanzibar Tanganyika bara. Ujerumani ilifuta mipango yake katika [[Uganda]] na [[Zanzibar]]. Pia iliwaachia Waingereza Usultani ya [[Witu]] iliyokuwa tayari chini ya ulinzi wa Ujerumani tangu 1885 na madai yake kwenye pwani la Kenya katika eneo la [[funguvisiwa ya Lamu]] na pwani la [[Somalia]] hadi [[Kismayu]]. ==Afrika ya Kusini-Magharibi== Pande zote mbili zilipatana kuhusu utawala wa Kijerumani katika eneo ambalo lilikuwa [[Namibia]] baadaye. Wajerumani walikubali kutovuka mstari wa [[mto Oranje]] upande wa kusini na kukubali utawala wa Waingerezea juu ya [[Botswana]]. Wajerumani walipewa pia njia ya kufikia [[Mto Zambezi]] katika kanda lililoitwa baadaye [[Kishoroba cha Caprivi]]. ==Afrika ya Magharibi== Pande zote mbili zilipatana mipaka kati ya koloni zao za [[Togo ya Kijerumani]] na "Pwani la dhahabu la Kiingereza" ([[Ghana]]) halafu kati ya [[Kamerun]] na "eneo la Kiingereza linalopakana" ([[Nigeria]]). ==Ulaya== Uingereza iliachia Ujerumani kisiwa cha [[Helgoland]] katika [[Bahari ya Kaskazini]]. Kisiwa hiki kiliwahi kuchukuliwa na Uingereza wakati wa vita dhidi ya [[Napoleon]] mwaka 1807 ikawa koloni ya Kiingereza. Kisiwa kilidaiwa na Ujerumani kwa sababu kihistoria ni sehemu ya jimbo la [[Frisia ya Kaskazini]] lililokuwa sehemu ya Ujerumani baada ya kuhamishwa mara kadhaa kati ya Ujerumani na [[Denmark]]. [[Category:Historia ya Afrika]] [[Category:Zanzibar]] [[Category:Ukoloni wa Ujerumani]] [[Category:Ukoloni wa Uingereza]] [[de:Helgoland-Sansibar-Vertrag]] [[en:Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty]] [[nl:Zanzibarverdrag]] [[ja:ヘルゴランド＝ザンジバル条約]] [[uk:Занзібарський договір]] 3115 10567 2006-06-04T18:54:16Z Kipala 107 Redirecting to [[Lamu]] #REDIRECT [[Lamu]] 3116 10569 2006-06-04T18:55:54Z Kipala 107 #REDIRECT [[Oranje (mto)]] 3117 10571 2006-06-04T20:18:39Z Kipala 107 kutokana na nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afbeelding:Witu1890.png "Courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin." Publiek Domein Dit materiaal is door de auteur in het publiek domein geplaatst of het auteursrecht op dit materi kutokana na nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afbeelding:Witu1890.png "Courtesy of the University of Texas Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin." Publiek Domein Dit materiaal is door de auteur in het publiek domein geplaatst of het auteursrecht op dit materiaal is verlopen. 3118 10664 2006-06-08T19:51:55Z Kipala 107 '''Witu''' ni mji mdogo na tarafa katika [[Mkoa wa Pwani, Kenya|Mkoa wa Pwani]], wilaya ya [[Lamu]] nchini [[Kenya]]. Iko barabarani kati ya Malindi na Lamu, takriban katikati ya [[mto Tana]] na Lamu. [[Image:Witu1890.png|thumb||]] ==Historia== Historia ya Witu ilianza mwaka 1858 [[BK]]. Sultani wa [[Pate]] Ahmad ibn Fumo Bakari aliyezaliwa katika familia ya watawala wa Nabahani alijenga makao mapya barani kwa sababu alitaka kujiokoa na [[Usultani wa Zanzibar]] uliotafuta utawala juu ya funguvisiwa ya [[Lamu]] wakati ule. Mashambulio ya Wazanzibari yaliendelea na kumsababisha sultani kuomba msaada wa ulinzi wa [[Ujerumani]] mara ya kwanza mwaka 1867. Mwaka 1885 Sultani alifunga mkataba na ndugu Wajerumani [[Clemens na Gustav Denhardt]] akaweka nchi yake chini ya ulinzi wa [[Dola la Ujerumani]] kuanzia tar. 27.05. 1885. Kama shukrani kwa ndugu Denhardt aliwapa eneo la maili za mraba 25 akawafanya kuwa mawaziri yake. Sultani wa Zanzibar hakufurahia habari hizi wala mbalozi wa Uingereza Zanzibar mjini. Lakini mipango yao dhidi ya Witu ilishindikana kwa sababu serikali ya Ujerumani ilituma manowari [[SMS Gneisenau]] Afrika ya Mashariki na wanajeshi 30 Wajerumani walipiga kambi Witu. 1888 Ujerumani ilifungua [[Posta ya Kijerumani Lamu|ofisi ya posta Lamu]] mjini kwa ajili ya mawasiliano kati ya Witu na Ujerumani kwa sababu meli zilipita mara kwa mara Lamu ilhali Witu haikuwa na bandari kamili. Serikali ya Ujerumani haikuonyesha nia ya kuimarisha utawala wake kwenye pwani la Kenya; iliona Witu kama bidhaa kwa ajili ya biashara na Waingereza. Katika [[mkataba wa Helgoland-Zanzibar]] Witu iliachiliwa Uingereza na ulinzi wa Ujerumani ulikwisha 01. 07. 1890. Wenyeji wa Witu hawakupendezwa na mabadiliko haya kwa sababu waliogopa ya kwamba watafikishwa chini ya Zanzibar angalau waliwajua Waaingereza kuwa karibu sana na Sultani wa Zanzibar. Walisikia kuwa Wajerumani waliwasaliti. Katika September 1890 ilitokea ugomvi mkali. Mfanyabiashara Mjerumani Andreas Küntzel alitegemea kuanzisha biashara katika eneo la Sultani lakini alikataliwa kwa sababu ya hasira iliyosababishwa na mkataba wa Julai 1890. Wenzake Küntzel walijaribu kulazimisha maafisa wa Sultani kwa kuonyesha silaha lakini walikamatwa na silaha zao kuchukuliwa. Küntzel alijaribu kuwaweka huru akamtukana sultani mbele ya watu wake. Wenyeji wenye hasira waliwaua Wajerumani wale na kushambulia Wazungu wengine. Jumla Wajerumani 9 waliuawa wengine wakakimbia. Waingereza walituma jeshi chini ya Admirali Sir E. Freemantle wakavamia Witu katika Septemba 1890. Tar 28.10.1890 Mji Mkuu wa Witu ulichomwa moto na Waingereza. Lakini mapigano yaliendelea Kuna makadirio ya kwamba wenyeji 500 waliuawa, mji Witu ikaharibika na Sultani alitupwa jela alikokufa. Mapigano yaliendelea hadi 1894 Witu ikawa koloni ya Uingereza. Katika mkataba wa Helgoland-Zanzibar Uingereza iliahidi ya kwamba itaheshimu mipaka ya eneo la Witu. Awali Waingereza walimteua sultani mpya Omar-bin-Hamed aliyetoka katika ukoo wa Nabahani vilevile. Lakini baadaye hawakuheshimu tena usultani wa Witu jinsi walivyowahi kuahidi katika mkataba wa 1890 wakaitendea kama sehemeu ya mkoa wa Tana tu. == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.deutsche-schutzgebiete.de/webpages/Witu-Karte+.jpg Ramani ya Witu ya Kijerumani] *'''''en:''''' [http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/WIL_YAK/WITU_or_VITU.html Witu or Vitu (Enc. Britannica 1911)] *'''''en:''''' [http://home.comcast.net/~kenyaregiment/WituExpeditions.html Habari za uvamizi wa Waingereza katika Witu 1890 na 1893 kutokana na taarifa rasmi ya Admiral Freemantle] * '''''de:''''' [http://susi.e-technik.uni-ulm.de:8080/Meyers2/seite/werk/meyers/band/16/seite/0705/meyers_b16_s0705.html Meyers Konversationslexikon 1889 über das deutsche Witugebiet] * '''''de:''''' [http://susi.e-technik.uni-ulm.de:8080/Meyers2/seite/werk/meyers/band/18/seite/1006/meyers_b18_s1006.html Meyers Konversationslexikon Supplement 1892 über die britische Inbesitznahme] * '''''de:''''' [[http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/Bildprojekt/Lexikon/Standardframeseite.php?suche=Witu | Witu im Deutschen Koloniallexikon 1914/1920}]] [[Category:Ukoloni wa Ujerumani]] [[Category:Historia ya Kenya]] [[en:Wituland]] [[de:Deutsch-Witu]] [[nl:Duits Witu]] [[uk:Віту]] 3119 10582 2006-06-05T19:10:40Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Tana 39.41642E 0.95086S.jpg|thumb|Chanzo cha Tana (picha kutoka Angani)]] [[Image:DM-SD-02-04679.jpg|thumb|Tana 1998 wakati wa [[El Nino]]]] [[Image:DM-SD-01-06042.jpg|thumb|Tana 1998 wakati wa [[El Nino]]]] '''Tana''' ni [[mto]] mrefu wa [[Kenya]] ukiwa na urefu wa takriban 650 km. Chanzo chake ni milima ya [[Aberdare]] magharibi ya [[Nyeri]]. Mwanzoni inelekea mashariki halafu ina pinde kuzunguka [[Mlima Kenya]] upande wa kusini, kuelekea tena kaskazini na kuwa na pinde tena kuelekea sasa [[Bahari Hindi]] kwa mwendo wa kusini-mashariki. Inapita miji ya [[Garissa]], [[Hola]] na [[Garsen]] kabla ya kufika Bahari Hindi kwenye [[Ghuba ya Ungwana]]. [[Category:Mito ya Kenya]] [[de:Tana (Fluss)]] [[fr:Tana]] [[nl:Tana (Kenia)]] [[pt:Lago Tana]] 3120 10574 2006-06-05T02:32:08Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Category:Kenya]] 3121 10575 2006-06-05T02:33:44Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Miji ya Afrika]] 3122 10576 2006-06-05T02:34:12Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Afrika]] 3123 10577 2006-06-05T02:46:41Z Kipala 107 '''Aruwimi''' (pia: Ituri) ni [[tawimto]] wa [[Kongo]] mwenye urefu wa 1.287 km. Chanzo chake ni kwenye Mkoa wa Orientale / [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] katika Milima ya buluu si mbali na mji wa [[Bunia]] na Ziwa Albert. Mwanzoni inaelekea kusini halafu inapinda kwenda magharibi hadi kufikia mto Kongo karibu na mji wa [[Basoko]]. [[Category:Mito ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[en:Aruwimi River]] [[pl:Aruwimi]] [[de:Aruwimi]] 3124 10580 2006-06-05T19:05:53Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Karte helgoland in deutschland.png|thumb|Mahali pa kisiwa cha Helgoland katika Ujerumani]] [[Image:Helgoland Vogelperspektive.jpg|thumb|300px|Visiwa vya '''Helgoland''' (mbele) na Düne kwa macho ya ndege]] '''Helgoland''' ni fungukisiwa ndogo cha Kijerumani katika [[Bahari ya Kaskazini]] takriban 70 [[km]] mbele ya [[Ujerumani]] bara. Ina visiwa viwili: Helgoland yenyewe ni kisiwa kinachokaliwa na watu halafu kisiwa kisicho na watu cha "Düne" (= tuta la mchanga). Kisiwa kikuu kina urefu wa 1700 m na wakazi 1,650. Kiutamaduni Helgoland ni sehemu ya [[Frisia]]; wenyeji wanasema [[Kifrisia]] na [[Kijerumani]]. Iliwahi kuwa sehemu za nchi za [[Denmark]] na [[Ujerumani]] na kwa muda wa karne ya 19 [[BK]] pia chini ya [[Uingereza]]. Zamani wakazi wa Helgoland walikuwa wavuwi na mabaharia. Tangu karne ya 19 utalii ilianza kuwa muhimu siku hizi wengi wanajipatia maisha kwa njia ya utalii. ==Helgoland na Afrika== Helgoland ilivamiwa na Uingereza wakati wa vita kati ya Napoleon na [[Uingereza]] mw. 1807. Kisiwa cha Helgoland kikabaki kituo cha kijeshi cha Uingereza hadi 1890. Tangu kutokea kwa utaifa katika Ujerumani utawala wa kigeni ulisikitisha Wajerumani wengi. Serikali ya Dola la Ujerumani ilichukua nafasi ya majadiliano kuhusu mapatano ya mipaka ya kikoloni kati ya Uingereza na Ujerumani kuingiza swali la Helgoland katika mapatano haya. [[Mkataba wa Helgoland-Zanzibar|Mapatano kati ya Ujerumani na Uingereza ya tarehe 01. 07. 1890]] yalisuluhisha maswali mbalimbali kuhusu mipaka ya maeneo yao katika Afrika ya Mashariki, ya Kusini-Magharibi na ya Magharibi. Maeneo mawili yaliyoangaliwa hasa na watu yalikuwa Zanzibar na Helgoland. Hivyo mapatano yamejulikana zaidi kwa jina la [[Mkataba wa Helgoland-Zanzibar]] ingawa jina rasmi lilikuwa "Mkataba kuhusu koloni na Helgoland" ikiwa visiwa viwili vilikuwa tu vipengele katika orodha ndefu ya maswali yaliyopata usulihisho. Wafuasi wa hoja la kupanusha athira ya Ujerumani duniani walisikitika sana ya kwamba serikali ya Chansella Caprivi ilifuta madai ya Ujerumani juu ya Zanzibar na Uganda kwa ajili ya "mwamba mdogo" wa Helgoland. Lakini miaka 73 baada ya mkataba Uingereza haukuwa tena na neno kuhusu Zanzibar lakini Helgoland imeendelea kuwa sehemu ya Ujerumani. [[Category:Visiwa vya Ujerumani]] [[Category:Ukoloni wa Ujerumani]] [[af:Helgoland]] [[ca:Heligoland]] [[da:Helgoland]] [[de:Helgoland]] [[en:Heligoland]] [[es:Heligoland]] [[eo:Helgoland]] [[fy:Helgolân]] [[ja:ヘルゴランド島]] [[ko:헬골란트 섬]] [[la:Heiligland]] [[nl:Helgoland]] [[nds:Helgoland]] [[no:Helgoland]] [[pl:Helgoland]] [[pt:Helgoland]] [[sv:Helgoland]] 3125 10581 2006-06-05T19:08:05Z Kipala 107 Redirecting to [[Tana (mto)]] #REDIRECT [[Tana (mto)]] 3126 10647 2006-06-07T22:28:59Z Kipala 107 {| class="infobox" style="width: 300px; font-size: 90%;" |- ! colspan="2" style="font-size: larger; background-color: #CEDEFF;" | {{#if: {{{jina}}}|{{{jina}}}}} |- {{#if: {{{picha}}}| {{!}} colspan="2" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #CEDEFF;" {{!}} <div style="border: 1px solid #CEDEFF;">[[Image:{{{picha}}}|288px|{{{maelezo_ya_picha}}}]]</div> <center>{{{maelezo_ya_picha}}}</center>}} |- {{#if: {{{mahali}}}| {{!}} '''Mahali''' {{!}} {{{mahali}}}}} |- {{#if: {{{nchi}}}| {{!}} '''Nchi zinazopakana''' {{!}} {{{nchi}}}}} |- {{#if: {{{eneo}}}| {{!}} '''Eneo la maji''' {{!}} {{{eneo}}}}} |- {{#if: {{{kina}}}| {{!}} '''Kina ya chini''' {{!}} {{{kina}}}}} |- {{#if: {{{mito inayoingia}}}| {{!}} '''Mito inayoingia''' {{!}} {{{mito inayoingia}}}}} |- {{#if: {{{mito inayotoka}}}| {{!}} '''Mito inayotoka''' {{!}} {{{mito inayotoka}}}}} |- {{#if: {{{kimo}}}| {{!}} '''Kimo cha uwiano wa maji juu ya [[UB]]''' {{!}} {{{kimo}}}}} |- {{#if: {{{miji}}}| {{!}} '''Miji mikubwa ufukoni''' {{!}} {{{miji}}}}} |} 3127 10588 2006-06-06T11:38:23Z 63.100.198.76 nchini tanzania shule nyingi sana zinaanzishwa zinaitwa kwa kiingereza 'english medium schools' kikubwa kinachofundishwa ni watoto wanaosoma hapo kujua kiingereza. sasa juhudi za taifa kukikuza kiswahili zitafanikiwa ikiwa watoto wetu au kizazi kijacho kitakuwa kimeegemea sana katika kujua kiingereza? matokeo yanaanza kuonekana sasa maneno mengi ya misamiati ya kiingereza yameingizwa katika kiswahili na lugha yetu imeonekana kama inategemea lugha nyingine katika matumizi. kingine ni kwanini watanzania wasomi wanaokijua kiswahili wasitafsiri vitabu vingi vya lugha za kigeni katika kiswahili ili visaidie katika kukuza lugha yetu?wakoloni walivyokuja walijitahidi sana kuzijua lugha zetu na wakafanikiwa mfano mzuri ni vitabu vinavyo tumika makanisani katika vijiji vya mikoa mbalimbali vingi wakoloni ndio walivyoviandika baada ya kijifunza lugha yetu kwa nini sisi tunaoijua vyema lugha yetu tusitafsiri vitabu kama vya Sayansi,teknolojia na vitabu vya elimu mbalimbali katika lugha yetu ili viweze kueleweka na wasomaji wengi na visaidie kukikuza kiswahili? ninaomba wadau wa maswala haya wajitahidi kutendea kazi thabit mikidadi dar es salaam 3128 10608 2006-06-06T14:33:09Z Kipala 107 {{Ziwa | jina = Ziwa la JINA | picha = PICHA.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = MAELEZO | mahali = MAHALI | nchi = [[NCHI]] | eneo = ENEO 123 km² | kina = KINA 123 m | mito inyoingia = [[MTO]], [[MTO]] | mito inayotoka = [[MTO]], [[MTO]] | kimo = KIMO 123 m | miji = [[MJI]], [[MJI]] }} 3129 10611 2006-06-06T17:28:01Z Marcos 3 {{Ziwa | jina = Ziwa la Chad | picha = ShrinkingLakeChad-1973-1997-EO.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = Picha za angani zinaonyesha kupungua kwa Ziwa la Chad | mahali = Afrika ya Kati | nchi = [[Chad]], [[Kamerun]], [[Nigeria]], [[Niger]] | eneo = 1500 km² | kina = hadi 7 m | mito inayoingia = [[Chari]], [[Komadugu]], [[Logone]] | mito inayotoka = --- | kimo = 240 m | miji = -- }} [[Category:Maziwa ya Afrika ]] [[cs:Čadské jezero]] [[da:Tchad-søen]] [[de:Tschadsee]] [[en:Lake Chad]] [[eo:Ĉada Lago]] [[es:Lago Chad]] [[et:Tšaadi järv]] [[fi:Tšadjärvi]] [[fr:Lac Tchad]] [[he:ימת צ'ד]] [[hu:Csád-tó]] [[is:Tsjadvatn]] [[it:Lago Chad]] [[nl:Tsjaadmeer]] [[pl:Czad (jezioro)]] [[ru:Чад (озеро)]] [[sv:Tchadsjön]] [[uk:Чад (озеро)]] 3130 10600 2006-06-06T13:39:06Z Kipala 107 Redirecting to [[Rukwa (ziwa)]] #REDIRECT [[Rukwa (ziwa)]] 3131 10612 2006-06-06T17:28:11Z Marcos 3 {{Ziwa | jina = Ziwa la Rukwa | picha = PICHA.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = MAELEZO | mahali = [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] | nchi = [[Tanzania]] | eneo = 800 - 3000 km² kutegemeana na kiasi cha mvua | kina = kuanzia 3.5 m | mito inayoingia = [[Songwe]], [[Saisi]] | mito inayotoka = -- | kimo = 800 m | miji = -- }} [[Category:Maziwa ya Tanzania]] [[en:Lake Rukwa]] [[pl:Rukua]] 3132 10617 2006-06-06T20:33:21Z Kipala 107 Redirecting to [[Victoria (ziwa)]] #REDIRECT [[Victoria (ziwa)]] 3133 10618 2006-06-06T21:01:53Z Kipala 107 Kutokana na Commons Image:Lake Victoria composite satelite photo.JPG Imebadilishwa na user:kipala Kutokana na Commons Image:Lake Victoria composite satelite photo.JPG Imebadilishwa na user:kipala 3134 10621 2006-06-06T21:36:36Z Kipala 107 {{Mto | jina = Mto wa Kwango (Cuango) | picha = Kasai Beseni.gif | maelezo_ya_picha = Beseni ya Kasai | chanzo = [[Nyanda za juu za Bié]] ([[Angola]]) | mdomo = [[Kasai (mto)|Kasai]] | nchi = [[Angola]] na [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | urefu = 1,100 km | kimo = takriban 1,500 m | mkondo = ?? m³/s | eneo = ?? km² }} '''Kwango''' ni [[mto]] katika [[Angola]] na [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] ambayo ni pia [[tawimto]] mrefu wa mto [[Kasai (mto)|Kasai]]. Chanzo chake iko [[nyanda za juu za Bié]] katika Angola ikielekea kaskazini. Inakuwa mpaka kati ya Angola na Kongo halafu kuingia ndani ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. Inaishia kwenye mto wa Kasai karibu na mji wa [[Bandudu]]. [[Category:Mito ya Angola]] [[Category:Mito ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[de:Kwango]] 3135 10622 2006-06-06T21:41:10Z Kipala 107 Redirecting to [[Kwando]] #REDIRECT [[Kwando]] 3136 10649 2006-06-07T23:30:16Z Kipala 107 {{Mto | jina = Mto wa Kwando (Cuando) | picha = 44802734.DSC 1587.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = Mto Kwando (kushoto) unaingia [[Mto Zambezi]] kwenye mji wa Kazungula (kulia katikati) | chanzo = [[Nyanda za juu za Bié]] ([[Angola]]) | mdomo = [[Mto Zambezi]] kwa mji wa Kazungula (Zambia) | nchi = [[Angola]], [[Zambia]], [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]] | urefu = 1,500 km | kimo = 1,700 m takriban | mkondo = ?? | eneo = 96,778 km² }} '''Kwando''' (au: '''Cuando'''; kabla ya mdomo pia '''Linyanti''' halafu '''Chobe''') ni [[mto]] wa Afrika ya Kusini na [[tawimto]] wa [[Zambezi (mto)|Zambezi]]. Chanzo chake iko [[nyanda za juu za Bié]] ([[Angola]]) inapoelekea kusini-mashariki. Inakuwa mpaka kati ya Angola na [[Zambia]] kwa 140 km halafu inapita [[Kishoroba cha Caprivi]] na kuwa mpaka kati ya Namibia na Botswana. Inaingia katika mabwawa wa Linyanti yenye 1,425 km². Katika sehemu hizi mto huitwa kwa majina Chobe au Liyanti. Kwa jina la Chobe unaingia katika mto Zambezi kwenye mji wa [[Kazungula]] pale ambako nchi nne za Botswana, Namibia, Zambia na [[Zimbabwe]] zinakutana. [[Category:mito ya Angola]] [[Category:mito ya Namibia]] [[Category:mito ya Botswana]] [[Category:mito ya Zambia]] [[de:Cuando]] [[en:Cuando River]] [[es:Cuando]] [[it:Cuando]] [[nl:Chobe]] 3137 10626 2006-06-06T23:24:26Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Category:Angola]] 3138 10627 2006-06-06T23:24:55Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Category:Namibia]] 3139 10628 2006-06-06T23:25:16Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Category:Botswana]] 3140 10629 2006-06-06T23:25:40Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Category:Zambia]] 3141 10630 2006-06-06T23:27:15Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Maziwa ya Afrika]] [[Category:Tanzania]] 3142 10633 2006-06-06T23:32:15Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Maziwa ya Afrika]] [[Category:Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] 3143 10635 2006-06-06T23:34:03Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Maziwa ya Afrika]] [[Category:Ethiopia]] 3144 10639 2006-06-07T14:32:35Z Kipala 107 {{Mto | jina = Mto wa Gambia | picha = Gambia satellite fires.jpeg | maelezo_ya_picha = Mto Gambia kutoka angani - mstari mweusi ni mipaka ya nchi ya Gmabia. | chanzo = Nyanda za juu za [[Futa Djalon]], [[Guinea]] | mdomo = [[Atlantiki]] kwa mji wa [[Banjul]] | nchi = [[Guinea]], [[Senegal]] & [[Gambia]] | urefu = 1,120 km | kimo = 900 m takriban | mkondo = hadi 2000 m³/s kutegemeana na majira na kiasi cha mvua njiani | eneo = 69,931 hadi 87,850 km² ''(maelezo hutofautiana)'' }} '''Gambia''' ni mto inayoanza katika milima ya [[Futa Djalon]] huko [[Guinea]]. Inafuata njia ya kunyoka hadi [[Atlantiki]]. Mdomo wake ni pana sana. Baada ya kutoka katika Futa Djallon mto unaelekea kaskazini-magharibi kupitia mkoa wa [[Tambakunda]] katika [[Senegal]] halafu mbuga wa wanyama wa Niokolo Koba. Hapa inapokea tawimiti ya [[Nieri Ko]] and [[Kuluntu]] na kuingia katika nchi ya [[Gambia]] karibu na mji wa [[Fatoto]]. [[Image:River gambia Niokolokoba National Park.gif|thumb|300px|left|Mto Gambia ikipita mbuga wa Niokolo-Koba nchini Senegal]] Kuanzia hapa mto unaelekea magharibi tu isipokuwa kwa njia ya kunyokanyoka. Takriban 100 km kabla ya kufika mdomo unaanza kupanuka ukiwa na upana wa 10 km mdomoni mwenyewe. Mto una visiwa mbalimbali ndani yake, vikubwa zaidi ni kisiwa cha Tembo na kisiwa cha MacCarthy. Kisiwa cha [[James Island]] mdomoni kabisa ilikuwa kituo muhimu cha [[biashara ya watumwa]] imeandikishwa katika orodha ya [[UNESCO]] ya [[Urithi wa Dunia]]. Kutokana na upana na uwingi wa maji Gambia inafaa kama njia ya maji; meli za baharini zinaingia takriban 280 km ndani. Miji mikubwa zaidi mtoni ni [[Basse Santa Su]], [[Janjanbureh]] na [[Banjul]]. ==Viungo vya nje== '''''en:''''' [http://www.africanfront.com/water_sheds/water_sheds2/water_sheds3.php The Gambia Basin] [[Category:Mito ya Guinea]] [[Category:Mito ya Gambia]] [[Category:Mito ya Senegal]] [[af:Gambiarivier]] [[ca:Riu Gàmbia]] [[de:Gambia (Fluss)]] [[en:Gambia River]] [[es:Río Gambia]] [[fr:Gambie (fleuve)]] [[nl:Gambia (rivier)]] [[ja:ガンビア川]] [[nn:Gambiaelva]] [[sk:Gambia (rieka)]] [[sv:Gambia (flod)]] 3145 10641 2006-06-07T18:48:09Z Kipala 107 == Maziwa ya Afrika ya Kaskazini == [[Chad (ziwa)|Ziwa la Chad]] [[Nasser (ziwa)|Ziwa la Nasser]] [[Bitter (ziwa)|Ziwa la Bitter]] [[Abiad (ziwa)|Ziwa la Abiad]] [[Kundi (ziwa)|Ziwa la Kundi]] [[No (ziwa)|Ziwa la No]] [[Nubia (ziwa)|Ziwa la Nubia]] [[Um-Badr (ziwa)|Ziwa la Um-Badr]] == Maziwa ya Afrika ya Mashariki == [[Victoria (ziwa)|Ziwa la Viktoria]] [[Tanganyika (ziwa)|Ziwa la Tanganyika]] [[Nyasa (ziwa)|Ziwa la Nyasa]] (pia:Malawi) [[Rukwa (ziwa)|Ziwa la Rukwa]] [[Albert (ziwa)|Ziwa la Albert]] [[Edward (ziwa)|Ziwa la Edward]] au (Eduard) zamani (Rutanzige) [[Georg (ziwa)|Ziwa la Georg]] zamani (Dweru) [[Turkana (ziwa)|Ziwa la Turkana]] - zamani (Rudolf) [[Tana (ziwa)|Ziwa la Tana]] [[Zway (ziwa)|Ziwa la Zway]] [[Langano (ziwa)|Ziwa la Langano]] [[Abbé (ziwa)|Ziwa la Abbé]] [[Natron (ziwa)|Ziwa la Natron]] [[Manyara (ziwa)|Ziwa la Manyara]] [[Abaya (ziwa)|Ziwa la Abaya]] [[Assal (ziwa)|Ziwa la Assal]] [[Chew Bahir (ziwa)|Ziwa la Chew Bahir]] - zamani (Stefanie) [[Kivu (ziwa)|Ziwa la Kivu]] [[Kyoga (ziwa)|Ziwa la Kyoga]] - pia (Kioga) [[Mweru (ziwa)|Ziwa la Mweru]] == Maziwa ya Afrika ya Kati == [[Malebo (ziwa)|Ziwa la Malebo]] [[Ntomba (ziwa)|Ziwa la Ntomba]] [[Mai-Ndombe (ziwa)|Ziwa la Mai-Ndombe]] == Maziwa ya Afrika ya Kusini == [[Cabora-Bassa (ziwa)|Ziwa la Cabora-Bassa]] [[Chilwa (ziwa)|Ziwa la Chilwa]] [[Bangweulu (ziwa)|Ziwa la Bangweulu]] [[Kariba (ziwa)|Ziwa la Kariba]] [[Malombe (ziwa)|Ziwa la Malombe]] == Maziwa ya Afrika ya Magharibi == [[Augundu (ziwa)|Ziwa la Augundu]] [[du Buyo (ziwa)|Ziwa la Buyo]] [[Bosumtwi | Bosumtwi (ziwa)|Ziwa la Bosumtwi]] [[Debo (ziwa)|Ziwa la Debo]] [[Do (ziwa)|Ziwa la Do]] [[Faguibine (ziwa)|Ziwa la Fagibin]] [[Fati (ziwa)|Ziwa la Fati]] [[Garou (ziwa)|Ziwa la Garu]] [[Haribomo (ziwa)|Ziwa la Haribomo]] [[Kabara (ziwa)|Ziwa la Kabara]] [[Koraou (ziwa)|Ziwa la Koraou]] [[de Kossou (ziwa)|Ziwa la Kosu]] [[Magui (ziwa)|Ziwa la Magui]] [[Barrage de Manantali (ziwa)|Ziwa la Barrage de Manantali]] [[Niangay (ziwa)|Ziwa la Niangay]] [[Nyos (ziwa)|Ziwa la Nyos]] [[Oro (ziwa)|Ziwa la Oro]] [[de Sélingue (ziwa)|Ziwa la Sélingue]] [[de Taabo (ziwa)|Ziwa la Taabo]] [[Tanda (ziwa)|Ziwa la Tanda]] [[Télé (ziwa)|Ziwa la Télé]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Afrika]] 3146 11273 2006-06-25T02:19:34Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[fr:Lac Turkana]], [[nl:Turkanameer]] Modifying: [[hu:Turkana-tó]] {{Ziwa | jina = Ziwa la Turkana | picha = Lake_turkana.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = Ziwa Turkana | mahali = [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] | nchi = [[Kenya]] ([[Ethiopia]] ina pembe ya kaskazini kabisa) | eneo = 6.405 km² | kina = 73 m | mito inayoingia = [[Omo]], [[Turkwel]] na [[Kerio]] | mito inayotoka = -- | kimo = 375 m | miji = (vijiji vichache tu) }} [[Image:Lake turkana satellite.jpg|thumb|Ziwa Turkana inavyoonekana kutoka angani]] '''Ziwa Turkana''' ni ziwa katika kaskazini [[yabisi]] ya [[Kenya]]. Haina mto unaotoka na maji yanayoingia inapotea kwa njia ya [[uvukizaji]]. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Maziwa ya Ethiopia|Turkana]] [[Category:Maziwa ya Kenya|Turkana]] [[da:Lake Turkana]] [[de:Turkana-See]] [[en:Lake Turkana]] [[es:Lago Turkana]] [[fr:Lac Turkana]] [[gl:Lago Turkana]] [[hu:Turkana-tó]] [[lt:Turkanos ežeras]] [[nl:Turkanameer]] [[pl:Jezioro Turkana]] 3147 10646 2006-06-07T22:02:11Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Maziwa ya Afrika]] [[Category:Kenya]] [[de:Kategorie:See in Kenia]] [[fr:Catégorie:Lac du Kenya]] [[ko:분류:케냐의 호수]] [[is:Flokkur:Stöðuvötn í Kenýa]] [[it:Categoria:Laghi del Kenya]] [[nl:Categorie:Meer in Kenia]] [[pt:Categoria:Lagos do Quênia]] [[ru:Категория:Озёра Кении]] 3148 10648 2006-06-07T23:27:55Z Kipala 107 Redirecting to [[Kwando]] #REDIRECT [[Kwando]] 3149 10650 2006-06-07T23:30:51Z Kipala 107 Redirecting to [[Kwando]] #REDIRECT [[Kwando]] 3150 10652 2006-06-07T23:37:53Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Category:Zimbabwe]] [[en:Category:Rivers of Zimbabwe]] [[de:Kategorie:Fluss in Simbabwe]] [[sr:Категорија:Реке Зимбабвеа]] 3151 10655 2006-06-08T18:29:53Z Kipala 107 kutokana na /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Chari_River.jpg kutokana na /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Chari_River.jpg 3152 10656 2006-06-08T18:30:32Z Kipala 107 kutokana na /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Chari_River.jpg kutokana na /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Chari_River.jpg 3153 10658 2006-06-08T18:50:59Z Kipala 107 {{Mto | jina = Mto wa Chari | picha = Chari_View.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = Mto wa Chari | chanzo = | mdomo = [[Chad (ziwa)|Ziwa Chad]] | nchi = [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]], [[Chad]], [[Kamerun]] | urefu = 1,200 km | kimo = 500 - 600 m | mkondo = ?? | eneo = 669,706 km² }} '''Chari''' ('''Shari''') ni mto mkuuwa kuingia Ziwa Chad. Inaanza katika [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] ikielekea kaskazini na kuingia nchi ya [[Chad]]. Baada ya kupita mji mkuu N'Djamena mto ni mpaka na Kamerun halafu unaishia katika [[Ziwa Chad]]. Chari inabeba 90% ya maji yaote ya kuingia ziwa la Chad. Idadi kubwa ya wakazi wa nchi ya Chad wanaishi karibu na mto pamoja na mji mkuu. [[Image:Chari River.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Wavuvi kwenye mto Chari]] Watu wanapata maisha yao mtoni kwa kilimo na uvuvi hasa samaki ya [[sangara]]. Tawimito muhimu ni Logone River, mengine ni Bahr Salamat, Bahr Sarh, Bahr Aouk na Bahr Keïta. == Viungo vya nje == * '''''en:''''' [http://www.waterandnature.org/eatlas/html/af2.html Map of the Chari River basin at Water Resources eAtlas] [[Category:Mito ya Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] [[Category:Mito ya Chad]] [[ca:Chari]] [[da:Chari]] [[de:Schari]] [[en:Chari River]] [[fr:Chari]] [[hu:Chari]] [[nl:Chari]] [[pl:Szari]] [[sv:Chari]] 3154 10659 2006-06-08T18:52:27Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] [[Category:Mito ya Afrika]] 3155 10660 2006-06-08T18:53:05Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Category:Chad]] 3156 10662 2006-06-08T18:55:16Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Category:Burundi]] 3157 10663 2006-06-08T18:55:41Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Mito ya Afrika]] [[Category:Rwanda]] 3158 10666 2006-06-08T22:18:29Z Kipala 107 {{Mto | jina = Mto wa Atbara | picha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | chanzo = Ethiopia, milima ya Simien | mdomo = [[Nile]] kwenye mji wa [[Atbara (mji)|Atbara]] (Sudan) | nchi = [[Ethiopia]], [[Sudan]] | urefu = 800 km | kimo = m | mkondo = hubadilika sana na majira | eneo = 100,000 km² }} '''Atbara''' (Kiarabu: نهر عطبرة ''Nahr ʿAṭbara'') ni tawimto wa Nile katika [[Ethiopia]] na [[Sudan]]. Chanzo chake ni katika milima ya Simien ([[Ethiopia]]) takriban 50 km kaskazini ya [[Ziwa Tana]] au 30 km magharibi ya mji wa [[Gondar]]. Tawimito yake ni hasa [[Tekeze]] na [[Setit]]. Kiasi cha maji ndani ya Atbara hubadilika sana. Miezi mingi ni mto mdogo sana unaopita katika nchi yabisi lakini wakati wa mvua katika nyanda za juu za Ethiopia inakuwa pana mwenye maji mengi. Kwenye mji wa [[Atbara (mji)|Atbara]] nchini Sudan inaishia katika mto wa [[Nile]]. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ethiopia.html Maps of Ethiopia] - Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection, [[University of Texas at Austin|University of Texas]] [[Category:Mito ya Ethiopia]] [[Category:Mito ya Sudan]] [[de:Atbara (Fluss)]] [[en:Atbarah River]] [[ja:アトバラ川]] 3159 10673 2006-06-09T22:26:53Z ChriKo 35 Ukurasa mpya {{Uainishaji | rangi = pink | jina = Mhozo | picha = White-crowned wheatear.JPG | upana_wa_picha = 300px | maelezo_ya_picha = [[Mhozo utosi-mweupe]] | himaya = [[Mnyama|Animalia]] (Wanyama) | faila = [[Chordata]] (Wanyama wenye ugwe wa neva mgongoni) | ngeli = [[Ndege|Aves]] (Ndege) | oda = [[Passeriformes]] (Ndege wimbaji) | familia = [[Muscicapidae]] (Ndege walio na mnasaba na [[shore]]) | jenasi = [[Oenanthe]] na [[Saxicola]] (Mihozo) | bingwa_wa_jenasi = [[Vieillot]], 1816 na [[Bechstein]], 1802 | spishi = Angalia katiba }} '''Mihozo''' ni ndege wa jenasi ''Oenanthe'' na ''Saxicola''. Zamani wataalamu waliwaweka ndani ya familia ya [[mkesha|mikesha]] ([[Turdidae]]), lakini siku hizi mihozo huainiwa baina ya [[shore]] ([[Muscicapidae]]). Mihozo wana mabaka maalum meusi na meupe au mekundu na meupe kwa kiuno na mkia wao mrefu. Ndume ni maridadi kuliko jike. Hukaa chini na hula wadudu. Wanatokea nyanda kavu katika Afrika, Ulaya na Asia. Spishi zinazozaa katika nchi za kaskazini huhamia Afrika wakati wa baridi. Hujenga matago yao ndani ya mianya ya miamba au vishimo visivyotumika. ==Spishi za Afrika== * ''Oenanthe bifasciata'', [[Mhozo Nyusi-nyeupe]] (Buff-streaked Chat) * ''Oenanthe bottae'', [[Mhozo Habeshi]] (Red-breasted Wheatear) * ''Oenanthe cypriaca'', [[Mhozo wa Cyprus]] (Cyprus Wheatear) * ''Oenanthe deserti'', [[Mhozo-jangwa]] (Desert Wheatear) * ''Oenanthe finschii'', [[Mhozo wa Finsch]] (Finsch's Wheatear) * ''Oenanthe heuglini'', [[Mhozo wa Heuglin]] (Heuglin's Wheatear) * ''Oenanthe hispanica'', [[Mhozo Masikio-meusi]] (Black-eared Wheatear) * ''Oenanthe isabellina'', [[Mhozo Kidari-pinki]] (Isabelline Wheatear) * ''Oenanthe leucopyga'', [[Mhozo Utosi-mweupe]] (White-crowned Wheatear) * ''Oenanthe leucura'', [[Mhozo Mweusi]] (Black Wheatear) * ''Oenanthe lugens'', [[Mhozo-msiba]] (Mourning Wheatear) * ''Oenanthe moesta'', [[Mhozo Kiuno-chekundu]] (Red-rumped Wheatear) * ''Oenanthe monacha'', [[Mhozo Rangi-mbili]] (Hooded Wheatear) * ''Oenanthe monticola'', [[Mhozo-mlima]] (Mountain Wheatear) * ''Oenanthe oenanthe'', [[Mhozo wa Ulaya]] (Northern Wheatear) * ''Oenanthe phillipsi'', [[Mhozo Somali]] (Somali Wheatear) * ''Oenanthe pileata'', [[Mhozo Utosi-mweusi]] (Capped Wheatear) * ''Oenanthe pleschanka'', [[Mhozo Mgongo-kijivu]] (Pied Wheatear) * ''Oenanthe xanthoprymna'', [[Mhozo Mkia-mwekundu]] (Persian or Red-tailed Wheatear) * ''Saxicola torquatus'', [[Mhozo Kidari-chekundu]] (African Stonechat) * ''Saxicola tectes'', [[Mhozo wa Reunion]] (Réunion Stonechat) * ''Saxicola rubetra'', [[Mhozo Mchirizi-mweupe]] (Whinchat) * ''Saxicola dacotiae'', [[Mhozo wa Kanaria]] (Canary Island Chat) ==Spishi zingine== * ''Oenanthe alboniger'' (Hume's Wheatear) * ''Oenanthe picata'' (Variable Wheatear) [[Category:Ndege]] [[de:Steinschmätzer (Gattung)]] [[en:Flycatchers]] [[fr:Traquet]] [[nl:Lijsters]] [[ka:მეღორღია]] 3160 10676 2006-06-10T07:26:58Z 84.167.125.192 de, zu [[Image:LocationGermany.png|A' Ghearmailt]] 357.050 km² 82.411.000 <gallery> Image:Germany-CIA WFB Map.png Image:Deutschland topo.png Image:Flag of Germany.svg Image:Coat of Arms of Germany.svg Image:Besatzungszonen ohne text.gif Image:Brandenburger Tor Blaue Stunde.jpg|Berlin Image:Cologne Cathedral.jpg Image:Ruegen-kreidefelsen.jpg </gallery> [[af:Duitsland]] [[als:Deutschland]] [[an:Alemaña]] [[ang:Þēodiscland]] [[ar:ألمانيا]] [[ast:Alemaña]] [[az:Almaniya]] [[be:Нямеччына]] [[bg:Германия]] [[br:Alamagn]] [[bs:Njemačka]] [[ca:Alemanya]] [[cs:Německo]] [[cv:Германи]] [[cy:Yr Almaen]] [[da:Tyskland]] [[de:Deutschland]] [[el:Γερμανία]] [[en:Germany]] [[eo:Germanio]] [[es:Alemania]] [[et:Saksamaa]] [[eu:Alemania]] [[fa:آلمان]] [[fi:Saksa]] [[fiu-vro:S'aksamaa]] [[fo:Týskland]] [[fr:Allemagne]] [[fur:Gjermanie]] [[fy:Dútslân]] [[ga:An Ghearmáin]] [[gl:Alemaña - Deutschland]] [[gn:Alemaña]] [[he:גרמניה]] [[hi:जर्मनी]] [[hr:Njemačka]] [[hu:Németország]] [[ia:Germania]] [[id:Jerman]] [[io:Germania]] [[is:Þýskaland]] [[it:Germania]] [[ja:ドイツ]] [[jv:Jerman]] [[ka:გერმანია]] [[kn:ಜರ್ಮನಿ]] [[ko:독일]] [[ku:Almanya]] [[kw:Almayn]] [[la:Germania]] [[lb:Däitschland]] [[li:Duutsland]] [[ln:Alémani]] [[lt:Vokietija]] [[lv:Vācija]] [[mi:Tiamana]] [[mk:Германија]] [[mo:Ӂермания]] [[mr:जर्मनी]] [[ms:Jerman]] [[mt:Ġermanja]] [[na:Germany]] [[nah:Alemantlan]] [[nds:Düütschland]] [[nds-nl:Duutslaand]] [[nl:Duitsland]] [[nn:Tyskland]] [[no:Tyskland]] [[oc:Alemanha]] [[os:Герман]] [[pl:Niemcy]] [[pt:Alemanha]] [[qu:Alimaniya]] [[rm:Germania]] [[ro:Germania]] [[roa-rup:Ghirmânii]] [[ru:Германия]] [[sc:Zermània]] [[scn:Girmania]] [[se:Duiska]] [[sh:Nemačka]] [[simple:Germany]] [[sk:Nemecko]] [[sl:Nemčija]] [[sq:Gjermania]] [[sr:Немачка]] [[st:Tôitšhi]] [[sv:Tyskland]] [[ta:ஜெர்மனி]] [[th:สหพันธ์สาธารณรัฐเยอรมนี]] [[tl:Alemanya]] [[tpi:Siaman]] [[tr:Almanya]] [[uk:Німеччина]] [[uz:Germaniya]] [[vec:Germania]] [[vi:Đức]] [[yi:דייטשלאנד]] [[zh:德国]] [[zh-min-nan:Tek-kok]] [[zu:Germany]] 3161 10725 2006-06-10T21:34:29Z ChriKo 35 Sahihisho la sanduku la uainishaji {{Uainishaji | rangi = pink | jina = Okapi | picha = Okapi2.jpg | upana_wa_picha = 300px | maelezo_ya_picha = Okapi | himaya = [[Mnyama|Animalia]] (Wanyama) | faila = [[Chordata]] (Wanyama wenye ugwe wa neva mgongoni) | ngeli = [[Mammalia]] (Mamalia - wanyama wanaonyonyesha watoto wao) | oda = [[Artiodactyla]] (Mamalia wanaokanyaga kwa kwato mbili-mbili) | familia = [[Giraffidae]] (Mamalia walio na mnasaba na [[twiga]]) | jenasi = [[Okapia]] (Okapi) | bingwa_wa_jenasi = [[Ray Lankester|Lankester]], 1901 | spishi = ''Okapia johnstoni'' | bingwa_wa_spishi = [[Philip Sclater|Sclater]], 1901 }} [[Image:Okapi_distribution.PNG|thumb|left|Maeneo penye Okapi]] '''Okapi''' (''Okapia johnstoni'') ni mamalia wa familia ya [[twiga]]. Umbo lake hufanana na [[farasi]] ina michoro miguuni kama [[punda milia]] lakini haina uhusiano naye ni aina ya twiga. Okapi ni myama iliyojulikana na wenyeji wa maeneo yao tu hadi 1901. Imeaminika kupatikana tu katika misitu ya [[Ituri]] lakini mwaka 2006 dalili zimepatikana ya kwamba iko pia kwenye misitu ya hifadhi ya kitaifa ya Kongo ya [[Virunga]]. Kwenye misitu ya Ituri kuna hifadhi ya okapi yenye 14,000 km². Shingo ni fupi kuliko twiga lakini ina ulimi mrefu sana wa kujipatia majani unaomwezesha kusafisha masikio yake yeye mwenyewe. Duma ina pembe mbili fupi kichwani. Ukubwa wa okapi ni hadi 2.5 m kichwani na hadi 2 m mabegani. Anafikia uzito kati ya 200 hadi 250 kg. Anakula majani ya miti pamoja na manyasi, matunda na uyoga. ==Viungo vya nje== * '''''en:''''' [http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20060609/od_uk_nm/oukoe_uk_environment_okapi Rare giraffe-like animal "rediscovered" in Congo park] ===Picha=== <gallery> Image:Okapi.bristol.600pix.jpg|Okapi kwenye [[bustani ya wanyama]] ya [[Bristol]] (Uingereza) Image:Okapi1.jpg|Okapi wawili Image:okapitongue.jpg|Okapi wa dume akionyesha ulimi kwenye [[bustani ya wanyama]] ya [[Bristol]] (Uingereza) </gallery> {{Commons|Okapi}} [[Category:mamalia wanaokanyaga kwa kwato mbili-mbili]] [[Category:Wanyamapori wa Afrika]] [[Category:Spishi zilizo hatarini ya kwisha]] [[Category:Wanyama wa Jamhuri ya kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[ca:Ocapi]] [[cs:Okapi]] [[cy:Ocapi]] [[da:Okapi]] [[de:Okapi]] [[en:Okapi]] [[es:Okapia johnstoni]] [[eo:Okapio]] [[fr:Okapi]] [[ko:오카피]] [[it:Okapia johnstoni]] [[he:אוקאפי]] [[lt:Okapija]] [[nl:Okapi]] [[ja:オカピ]] [[oc:Okapia johnstoni]] [[pl:Okapi]] [[pt:Okapi]] [[ru:Окапи]] [[sk:Okapia pásavá]] [[sl:Okapi]] [[sv:Okapi]] [[zh:霍加狓]] 3162 10691 2006-06-10T16:16:34Z Kipala 107 {{Mto | jina = Mto wa Limpopo | picha = DF-SD-01-00934.jpg | maelezo_ya_picha = Mto wa Limpopo mwaka 2000 | chanzo = [[Milima ya Witwatersrand]] katika [[Gauteng]] nchini [[Afrika Kusini]] | mdomo = [[Bahari ya Hindi]] | nchi = [[Afrika Kusini]], [[Botswana]], [[Zimbabwe]] na [[Msumbiji]]. | urefu = 1,600 km au 1,800km | kimo = takriban 1,700 m | mkondo = 800 m³/s | eneo = 414,524 km² }} '''Limpopo''' ina chanzo chake katika mto wa Krokodil ([[Kiafrikaans]]: mamba) katika milima ya [[Witwatersrand]] kati ya [[Pretoria]] na [[Johannesburg]] nchini [[Afrika Kusini]]. Inapita mwendo wa pinde kubwa ikielekea kwanza kaskazini-magharibi halafu mashariki hadi [[Bahari Hindi]]. Baada ya kupokea mto wa Marico huitwa kwa jina Limpopo. Baadaye inafuata mpaka kati ya Afrika Kusini na [[Botswana]] halafu mpaka wa Afrika Kusini na [[Zimbabwe]]. Tawimto mkubwa ni mto wa [[Olifant]] ([[Kiafrikaans]]: tembo) unaojiunga na Limpopo katika [[Msumbiji]] 200km kabla ya mdomo wake. Moto unafikia Bahari Hindi kwa mji wa [[Xai-xai]]. [[Category:Mito ya Afrika Kusini]] [[Category:Mito ya Botswana]] [[Category:Mito ya Zimbabwe]] [[Category:Mito ya Msumbiji]] [[en:Limpopo River]] [[eo:Limpopo]] [[es:Limpopo]] [[de:Limpopo (Fluss)]] [[fi:Limpopo (joki)]] [[fr:Limpopo (fleuve)]] [[hu:Limpopo]] [[it:Limpopo]] [[is:Limpopofljót]] [[pl:Limpopo (rzeka)]] [[pt:Rio Limpopo]] [[ru:Лимпопо (река)]] [[sv:Limpopo (flod)]] 3163 10693 2006-06-10T16:26:16Z Kipala 107 Redirecting to [[Limpopo (mto)]] #REDIRECT [[Limpopo (mto)]] 3164 10694 2006-06-10T16:32:29Z Kipala 107 kutokana na pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagem:Mo%C3%A7ambique_mapa.gif Imebadilishwa na user:kipala kutokana na pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagem:Mo%C3%A7ambique_mapa.gif Imebadilishwa na user:kipala 3165 10697 2006-06-10T16:37:43Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Msumbiji]] 3166 10700 2006-06-10T16:39:18Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] 3167 10702 2006-06-10T16:47:38Z Kipala 107 Redirecting to [[Msumbiji (kisiwa)]] #REDIRECT [[Msumbiji (kisiwa)]] 3168 10708 2006-06-10T18:09:12Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Mozambique n2.jpg|thumb|300px|Kanisa la Mt. Antonio kwenye Ilha de Moçambique]] '''Kisiwa cha Msumbiji''' au kwa lugha ya [[Kireno]] "'''Ilha de Moçambique'''" ni kisiwa kidogo na pia mji kilichopo 3 km mbele ya mwambao wa [[Msumbiji]] ya kaskazini. Urefu ni 3 [[km]] na upana kati ya 500 hadi 200 [[m]]. Kisiwa ni sehemu ya mkoa wa [[Nampula]]. Leo hii mji unafunika kisiwa chote. Kuna wakazi 60,000 wanoishi katika mji mwenye sehemu mbili: mji wa mawe upande wa kaskazini na mji wa makuti upande wa kusini. Kisiwa kilikuwa [[mji mkuu]] wa Msumbiji wakati wa ukoloni wa [[Ureno]] hadi mwaka 1898 [[BK]]. ==Historia== Habari za kwanza za Kisiwa cha Msubiji zimetokana na Wareno. Alipofika [[Vasco da Gama]] mwaka mwaka 1498 BK kisiwa kilikuwa mji wa [[Waswahili]] na [[Waarabu]] na kituo muhimu cha biashara ya kimataifa katika [[Bahari Hindi]]. Mwaka 1507 Wareno walijenga kituo cha kijeshi. Jengo la kale kisiwani ni kanisa dogo la Nossa Senhora de Baluarte lililojengwa mwaka 1522 BK. Tangu mwaka 1558 hadi 1620 Wareno walijenga boma kubwa la Mtakatifu Sebastiano kwa gharama kubwa. Mawe yote yalichukuliwa kwa meli kutoka Ureno, Goa (Uhindi) na pia pwani la Msumbiji penyewe. Umuhimu wa Msumbiji machoni pa Wareno ulikuwa nafasi ya kituo chenye usalama cha safari nedu kati ya Ureno na [[Bara Hindi]]. Kisiwa kilikua kituo kikuu cha Wareno katika Afrika ya mashariki hasa baada ya kupotea [[Boma la Yesu]] huko [[Mombasa]]. Waholanzi pia Wafaransa walishambulia kisiwa lakini walishindwa kuteka boma lenyewe. Mwanzoni Msumbiji ilitawaliwa kama sehemu ya [[Uhindi ya Kireno]] kutoka mji mkuu wa Goa. Mwaka 1720 Msumbiji ilikuwa kama jimbo la pekee na kisiwa cha Msumbiji kikawa mji mkuu. Kisiwa kilikuwa bandari muhimu katika [[biashara ya watumwa]] kwa visiwa vya Bahari Hindi na pia hadi [[Brazil]] ya Kireno. Mwaka 1898 mji mkuu ulihamishwa kwenda Lourenco Marques (leo [[Maputo]]). Kisiwa kilianza kurudi nyuma. Katika miaka ya 1960 daraja lilijengwa kati ya kisiwa na bara. Idadi ya watu kisiwani imezidi. Walio wengi wanaishi bila maji au choo. Nafasi ya kila mtu ni 27,6 m² pekee. ==[[Urithi wa dunia]]== Kabla ya kuhamishwa kwa mji mkuu kisiwa kilikuwa makao ya Gavana Mkuu wa Msumbiji, wa askofu, wa balozi za nchi kadhaa na wanfanyabiashara kutoka India, Ujerumani, Usiwsi, Ufaransa na Uingereza. Mabaki yao ni majengo ya kihistoria ambayo ni mfano wa pekee wa mji wa kikoloni hasa kwa sababu ujenzi mpya haukutokea baada ya kuondoka kwa makao ya serikali. [[UNESCO]] iliandikisha mji wa mawe katika orodha ya [[Urithi wa Dunia]] ==Viungo vya nje== * '''''en:''''' [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/599 Habari za Unesco kuhusu Kisiwa cha Msumbiji] [[Category:Visiwa vya Msumbiji]] [[Category:Visiwa vya Bahari ya Hindi]] [[Category:Mahali pa Urithi wa Dunia katika Afrika]] [[fi:Mozambiquen saari]] [[de:Ilha de Moçambique]] [[en:Island of Mozambique]] [[fr:Île de Mozambique]] [[pt:Ilha de Moçambique]] [[sv:Moçambique (ö)]] 3169 10715 2006-06-10T18:42:19Z Kipala 107 [[Category: UNESCO]] ==Viungo vya nje== [http://whc.unesco.org/en/map Ramani ya mahali pa Urithi wa Dunia] 3170 10749 2006-06-11T15:01:49Z Kipala 107 [[Image:BugandaKasubiTombs.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Muzibu Azaala Mpanga au jengo kuu la makaburi ya Kasubi lililojengwa 1882 mjini [[Kampala]] ni kaburi la wafalme wanne wa [[Buganda]]]] '''Kasubi''' ni jina la kilima ndani ya mji wa [[Kampala]] [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Uganda]]. Kasubi imejulikana hasa kama mahali pa '''Makaburi ya Kasubi''' ya wafalme wa [[Buganda]]. Mwaka 1882 ikulu ya [[Kabaka]] [[Mutesa I.]] ilijengwa kwenye kilima cha Kasubi. Alipokufa ikulu ikawa kaburi lake jinsi iliyvokuwa kawaida kati ya makabaka wa Buganda. Kuna desturi kwa makabila mbalimbali ya Afrika ya Mashariki ya kuwa mtu atazikwa nyumbani kwake hakuna atakeyeikalia tena. Kutokana na kuja kwa ukoloni hapakuwa tena na nafasi ya kumjengea kila Kabaka ikulu mpya hivyo Kasubi ikawa mahali pa kaburi wa makabaka waliomfuata Mutesa I. yaani [[Mwanga II.]], [[Daudi Chwa II.]] na [[Edward Mutesa|Mutesa II.]]. Jengo kuu ni Muzibu Azaala Mpanga ambalo ni kuba kubwa lililojengwa kwa ubao na matete lenye ujuu wa 12 m na kipenyo cha 31m. Ujenzi huu ni namna ya kiutamaduni kwa ajili ya majengo ya kifalme katika [[Afrika]] ya Mashariki na Kati. Majengo mengine hukaliwa na wanawake hasa wajane wa familia ya kifalme wenye wajibu wa kuyatunza makaburi. Majengo yamo ndani ya eneo pana la hektari 30 ambalo sehemu kubwa hulimwa na wakina mama wanaotunza makaburi. Kwa Waganda wengi makaburi ni kitovu cha kiroho. Tangu mwaka 2001 yameingizwa katika orodha la [[UNESCO]] la [[Urithi wa Dunia]]. ==Viungo vya Nje== [http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/1022.pdf Maelezo ya kamati ya UNESCO kuhusu makaburi ya Kasubi] [[Category:Mahali pa Urithi wa Dunia katika Afrika]] [[Category:Uganda]] [[de:Kasubi Tombs]] 3171 10716 2006-06-10T18:52:08Z Kipala 107 ==Makaburi ya makabaka== Nimeandika: "Mwaka 1882 ikulu ya Kabaka Mutesa I. ilijengwa kwenye kilima cha Kasubi. Alipokufa ikulu ikawa kaburi lake jinsi iliyvokuwa kawaida kati ya makabaka wa Buganda. Kuna desturi kwa makabila mbalimbali ya Afrika ya Mashariki ya kuwa mtu atazikwa nyumbani kwake hakuna atakeyeikalia tena." Nimesikia maelezo haya huko Kampala, pia kama desturi kuhusu Waluo wa Kenya. Lakini kinyuma chake nimesoma katika maelazo ya kamati ya Unesco ya kuwa Mutesa alikuwa Kabaka wa kwanza aliyezikwa katika ikulu yake. Ninaomba mtu mwenye uhakika asihishe kama ni lazima. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 18:52, 10 Juni 2006 (UTC) 3172 10727 2006-06-10T21:46:25Z Kipala 107 kutokana na pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagem:Amersfoort_Zoo_Siberian_Tigers.jpg kutokana na pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagem:Amersfoort_Zoo_Siberian_Tigers.jpg 3173 10728 2006-06-10T21:49:14Z Kipala 107 kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Sydney_taronga_zoo.jpg kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Sydney_taronga_zoo.jpg 3174 10755 2006-06-11T19:59:00Z Marcos 3 [[Image:Tigers za siberia.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Ma[[tiger]] kwenye bustani ya wanyama]] [[Image:Panda enclosure at Chiang Mai zoo-KayEss-2.jpeg|thumb|right|300px|Kitengo cha [[Panda]] kwenye bustani ya wanyama ya [[Chiang Mai]] ([[Uthai]])]] [[Image:Parc animalier pyrenees 5.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Wageni wanalisha na kushika [[panyabuku]] waliozoea binadamu kwenye bustani ya wanyama ya Parc Animalier des Pyrenées, [[Ufaransa]]]] [[image:Twiga_Sydney-taronga-zoo.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Twiga]] za Kiafrika huko [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]]]] '''Bustani ya wanyama''' ni mahali ambapo wanyama hasa wanyamapori wa aina mbalimbali wanatunzwa ili watu wapate kuwatazama. Siku hizi bustani ya wanyama zimekuwa pia mahali pa kutunza spishi au aina za wanyama walioko hatarini ya kwisha. Miji mingi mikubwa duniani ina bustani ya wanyama. Watu hulipa kiingilio wakitaka kuingia. Lakini hata hivyo bustani hizi hazipokei mapato ya kutosha hivyo hazina budi kupokea pia misaada kutoka serikali. Umuhimu wa bustani za wanyama ni katika * kuwapatia watu nafasi ya kuona kwa macho yao wanyama wa nchi zilizo mbali * kuwaelimisha watu juu ya wanyama wa dunia pia kuhusu mazingira yao * kuwa kituo cha utafiti wa kisayansi kuhusu wanyama * kuhifadhi na kufuga aina za wanyama hatarini ya kwisha hasa wasio na mazingira asilia tena [[Category:Biolojia]] [[da:Zoologisk have]] [[de:Zoo]] [[en:Zoo]] [[es:Jardín zoológico]] [[eo:Zoo]] [[fr:Parc zoologique]] [[id:Kebun binatang]] [[it:Giardino zoologico]] [[he:גן חיות]] [[hu:Állatkert]] [[nl:Dierentuin]] [[ja:動物園]] [[pl:Ogród zoologiczny]] [[pt:Jardim zoológico]] [[ru:Зоологический парк]] [[simple:Zoo]] [[sk:Zoologická záhrada]] [[fi:Eläintarha]] [[sv:Djurpark]] 3175 10748 2006-06-11T14:59:38Z Kipala 107 kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:BugandaKasubiTombs.jpg kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:BugandaKasubiTombs.jpg 3176 10750 2006-06-11T15:07:57Z Kipala 107 kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:MutebiII.gif kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:MutebiII.gif 3177 11603 2006-07-01T10:17:48Z Kipala 107 [[Image:MutebiII.gif|thumb|right|200px|[[Muwenda Mutebi II wa Buganda|Muwenda Mutebi II]] ni Kabaka wa Buganda tangu 1993]] [[Image:BugandaNagginda.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Sylvia Nagginda]] ambaye ni malkia ([[Nnabagereka]]) wa Buganda akivaa mapambo ya Ki[[samburu]] wakati wa kutembelea Kenya mnamo mwaka 2003]] '''Kabaka''' ni cheo cha mfalme wa [[Buganda]] ambayo ni [[ufalme]] ndani ya jamhuri ya [[Uganda]]. Cheo kingine pamoja na Kabaka ni Ssebataka. Tangu mwisho wa karne ya 19 Makabaka wamekuwa [[Wakristo]] Wa[[anglikana]] wakipokea taji katika kanisa kuu la Kianglikana la [[Kampala]]. Makabaka wa mwisho wamezikwa katika makaburi ya [[Kasubi]] mjini Kampala. Serikali ya kwanza ya Milton Obote ilifuta falme zote nne za Uganda na kumlazimisha Kabaka Mutesa II kuondoka Uganda akipata kimbilio lake Uingereza. Kati ya 1967 hadi 1993 cheo cha Kabaka kilifutwa kisheria nchini Uganda lakini Waganda wengine walisikitika. Serikali ya [[Yoweri Museveni]] ilirudisha falme za kale kama enzi za kiutamaduni. Tarehe 24. 07. 1993 Ronald [[Muwenda Mutebi II]] aliruhusiwa kurudi Uganda kutoka [[Uingereza]] alikokuwa amemfuata babake na kupokea rasmi taji la Kabaka mjini Kampala. ==Makabaka wa Buganda== *[[Kintu wa Buganda|Kintu Kato]], mwisho wa karne ya 14 [[BK]] *[[Chwa I wa Buganda|Chwa I]], mwanzo wa karne ya 15 *[[Kimera wa Buganda|Kimera]], takriban 1420 - takriban 1447 *[[Ttembo wa Buganda|Ttembo]], takr. 1447-takr. 1474 *[[Kiggala wa Buganda|Kiggala]], takr. 1474-takr. 1501 *[[Kiyimba wa Buganda|Kiyimba]], takr. 1501-takr. 1501 *[[Kayima wa Buganda|Kayima]], takr. 1528-takr. 1528 *[[Nakibinge wa Buganda|Nakibinge]], takr. 1555-takr. 1582 *[[Mulondo wa Buganda|Mulondo]], takr. 1582- mwisho wa karne ya 16 *[[Jjemba wa Buganda|Jjemba]], mwisho wa karne ya 16 *[[Ssuuna I wa Buganda|Ssuuna I]], mwanzo wa karne ya 17 - takr. 1609 *[[Ssekamanya wa Buganda|Ssekamanya]], takr. 1609 - sehemu ya kwanza ya karne ya 17 *[[Kimbugwe wa Buganda|Kimbugwe]], sehemu ya kwanza ya karne ya 17 *[[Kateregga wa Buganda|Kateregga]], takr. 1636-takr. 1663 *[[Mutebi I wa Buganda|Mutebi I]], [[Jjuuko wa Buganda|Jjuuko]], na [[Kayemba wa Buganda|Kayemba]] takr. 1663-takr. 1690 *[[Tebandeke wa Buganda|Tebandeke]] na [[Ndawula wa Buganda|Ndawula]], takr. 1690-takr. 1717 *[[Kagulu wa Buganda|Kagulu]], [[Kikulwe wa Buganda|Kikulwe]] na [[Mawanda wa Buganda|Mawanda]]. takr. 1717-takr. 1744 *[[Mwanga I wa Buganda|Mwanga]], [[Namuggala wa Buganda|Namugala]], na [[Kyabaggu wa Buganda|Kyabaggu]], takr. 1744-takr. 1771 *[[Jjunju wa Buganda|Jjunju]] na [[Ssemakokiro wa Buganda|Ssemakokiro]], takr. 1771-1797 *[[Ssemakokiro wa Buganda|Ssemakokiro]] ''(pekee yake)'', takr. 1797-1814 *[[Kamanya wa Buganda|Kamanya]], [[1814]]-[[1836]] *[[Suna II wa Buganda|Suna II]], [[1836]]-[[1856]] *[[Mutesa I wa Buganda|Mutesa I]], [[1856]]-[[1884]] *[[Mwanga II wa Buganda|Mwanga II]], [[1884]]-[[1888]] *[[Kiwewa Mutebi II wa Buganda|Kiwewa Mutebi II]], [[1888]] - alijiita kabaka bila kukubaliwa na wote wakati wa Mwanga II kukaa nje *[[Kalema wa Buganda|Kalema]]. [[1888]]-[[1889]] - alijiita kabaka bila kukubaliwa na wote wakati wa Mwanga II kukaa nje *[[Mwanga II wa Buganda|Mwanga II]] ''(mara ya pili)'' [[1889]]-[[1897]] – aliporudi kutoka nje baada ya kuuawa kwa Kiweewa Mutebi na Kalema na wafuasi wake *[[Daudi Cwa II wa Buganda|Daudi Cwa II]], [[1897]]-[[1939]] *[[Mutesa II wa Buganda|Mutesa II]], [[1939]]-[[1969]] *Miaka bila Kabaka 1969-1993 *[[Muwenda Mutebi II]], [[1993]] – Kabaka aliyeko == Viungo vya nje == * ''''' en:''''' [http://www.myuganda.co.ug/categories/about/people_culture/mornachies/buganda/index.htm Maelezo maupi juu ya Buganda kwa www.myuganda.co.ug] * ''''' en:''''' [http://www.buganda.com/ Buganda.com] * ''''' en:''''' [http://www.aboutuganda.com/culture.html Utamaduni wa Uganda] [[Category:Historia ya Uganda]] [[Category:Buganda]] [[en:Kabaka]] [[de:Kabaka]] [[nl:Kabaka]] 3178 10757 2006-06-11T20:55:35Z Kipala 107 Redirecting to [[Deutsche Welle]] #REDIRECT [[Deutsche Welle]] 3179 10774 2006-06-12T19:40:12Z Kipala 107 '''Chansella''' ([[Kijerumani]]: "Kanzler") ni cheo cha mkuu wa [[serikali]], lakini si mkuu wa dola, katika [[Ujerumani]] na [[Austria]]. Hapa inafanana na cheo cha waziri mkuu. Menginevyo neno hili limemaanisha vyeo mbalimbali vya ngazi tofauti. Asili ya neno ni [[Kilatini]] "cancellarius" la kumtaja mtu mwenye ofisi aliyewajibika kutoa vyeti rasmi. Wakati mwingine neno lilimtaja mwandishi tu. Lakini lilitumika pia kwa ajili ya cheo cha "Mwandishi Mkuu" kilichoweza kufanana na "Katibu Mkuu" kwa Kiswahili yaani msimamizi wa kazi ya utawala. Katika nchi za [[Ujerumani]] na [[Austria]] ni cheo cha mkuu wa serikali. [[Uswisi]] linamaanisha Katibu Mkuu wa ofisi ya serikali. Huko [[Uingereza]] chansella ni cheo cha waziri ya fedha ("Chancellor of the Exchequer") pia cheo cha afisa mkuu wa bunge ("Lord Chancellor") ambaye ni mwenyekiti wa nyumba ya juu bungeni. Cheo cha chansella kinapatikana kimataifa pia kwenye '''vyuo vikuu''' vya nchi mbalimbali likimtaja ama mkuu wa chuo au mkuu wa utawala wa chuo. Katika nchi kadhaa za Afrika rais wa taifa amejipatia au kupatiwa cheo cha chansella wa chuo kikuu. Katika nchi hizi -jinsi ilivyokuwa nchini Kenya hadi mwaka 2003- mkuu halisi wa chuo alikuwa na cheo cha makamu wa chansella. [[Category:Cheo]] [[da:Kansler]] [[de:Kanzler]] [[en:Chancellor]] [[fr:Chancelier]] [[hu:Kancellár]] [[ja:宰相]] [[nl:Kanselier]] [[pl:Kanclerz]] [[ro:cancelar]] 3180 10769 2006-06-12T15:09:16Z Kipala 107 '''Lomami''' ni [[tawimto]] mkubwa wa [[mto Kongo]] katika [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] mwenye mwendo wa takriban 1500 km. Chanzo chake kiko katika kusini ya nchi kwenye jimbo la [[Katanga]] karibu na mji wa [[Kamina]]. Lomami inajiunga na mto Kongo karibu na [[Isengi]], takriban 150 km baada ya mji wa [[Kisangani]] kuelekea mdomo wa Kongo. Sehemu ya mwisho kabla ya mdomo wa Lomami inapitika kwa meli. [[Category:Mito ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[de:Lomami]] [[en:Lomami River]] [[fr:Lomami (rivière)]] 3181 10770 2006-06-12T15:12:01Z Kipala 107 Redirecting to [[Kongo (mto)]] #REDIRECT [[Kongo (mto)]] 3182 10772 2006-06-12T18:53:37Z Ezeu 174 Redirecting to [[Mwalimu Nyerere]] #redirect [[Mwalimu Nyerere]] 3183 11327 2006-06-25T17:43:17Z Kipala 107 '''UNESCO''' ni kifupi cha '''United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization''' ni kitengo cha [[Umoja_wa_Mataifa]]. Inashughulika habari za elimu, sayansi na utamaduni duniani. Kisheria UNESCO ni shirika la kujitegemea lenye madola wanachama 191. Kati ya shughuli muhimu za UNESCO ni Orodha la [[Urithi wa Dunia]] linalojumlisha mahali penye umuhimu wa pekee kihistoria, kisayansi au kiutamaduni. Nchi zote zina mahali angalau moja orodhani, nyingine zina pengi. [[Category:Umoja wa Mataifa]] [[Category:UNESCO]] [[af:UNESCO]] [[ar:منظمة الأمم المتحدة للتربية والتعليم والثقافة]] [[be:ЮНЭСКА]] [[bg:ЮНЕСКО]] [[br:UNESCO]] [[bs:UNESCO]] [[ca:UNESCO]] [[cs:UNESCO]] [[cy:UNESCO]] [[da:UNESCO]] [[en:United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] [[eo:Unesko]] [[es:Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura]] [[et:UNESCO]] [[eu:UNESCO]] [[fa:یونسکو]] [[fi:Yhdistyneiden kansakuntien kasvatus-, tiede- ja kulttuurijärjestö]] [[fr:Organisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture]] [[fy:UNESCO]] [[gl:UNESCO]] [[he:אונסק"ו]] [[hr:UNESCO]] [[hu:UNESCO]] [[id:UNESCO]] [[it:UNESCO]] [[ja:国際連合教育科学文化機関]] [[ka:იუნესკო]] [[ko:유네스코]] [[ku:UNESCO]] [[lb:UNESCO]] [[lt:UNESCO]] [[mk:УНЕСКО]] [[nl:United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] [[nn:UNESCO]] [[no:UNESCO]] [[pl:UNESCO]] [[pt:Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura]] [[ro:UNESCO]] [[ru:Организация Объединённых Наций по вопросам образования, науки и культуры]] [[scn:UNESCO]] [[sh:UNESCO]] [[simple:United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] [[sk:UNESCO]] [[sl:Organizacija Združenih narodov za izobraževanje, znanost in kulturo]] [[sr:УНЕСКО]] [[sv:UNESCO]] [[ta:ஐக்கிய நாடுகள் கல்வி, அறிவியல், பண்பாட்டு நிறுவனம்]] [[th:ยูเนสโก]] [[tr:UNESCO]] [[uk:ЮНЕСКО]] [[vi:Tổ chức Giáo dục, Khoa học và Văn hóa Liên Hiệp Quốc]] [[zh:联合国教育科学文化组织]] [[zh-min-nan:Unesco]] 3184 10790 2006-06-13T13:41:39Z Kipala 107 Redirecting to [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] #REDIRECT [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] 3185 10793 2006-06-13T14:05:35Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Kofi Annan.jpg|thumb|right|Kofi Annan]] '''Kofi Annan''' ni Katibu Mkuu wa [[Umoja wa Mataifa]]. Amezaliwa mjini Kumasi ([[Ghana]]) tar. 8. [[Aprili]] [[1938]]. Baada ya masomo ya uchumi alijiunga na huduma ya Umoja wa Mataifa mwaka 1962 katika WHO. 1974-1976 alifanya kazi Ghana halafu akarudi tena huduma ya UM. Akapanda ngazi kuwa Makamu wa Katibu Mkuu mhusika wa usalama aliwajibika kusimamia shughuli za wanajeshi walio chini ya UM. Alihusika na vita ya [[Rwanda]] pia ya [[Yugoslavia]] ambako wanajeshi chini ya bendera ya UM walishirikiana. 1996 alichaguliwa kuwa Katibu Mkuuwa UM, akarudishwa cheo mwaka 2001. Kofi Annan ameoa mara ya pili. Mke wake ni Msweden Nane Maria Annan. Ana watoto watatu. [[Category:Umoja wa Mataifa]] [[Category:Waghana]] [[Category:Viongozi wa Afrika]] [[ar:كوفي عنان]] [[frp:Kofi Annan]] [[ast:Kofi Annan]] [[zh-min-nan:Kofi Annan]] [[bs:Kofi Annan]] [[bg:Кофи Анан]] [[ca:Kofi Annan]] [[cs:Kofi Annan]] [[cy:Kofi Annan]] [[da:Kofi Annan]] [[de:Kofi Annan]] [[et:Kofi Annan]] [[el:Κόφι Ανάν]] [[en:Kofi Annan]] [[es:Kofi Annan]] [[eo:Kofi Annan]] [[eu:Kofi Annan]] [[fr:Kofi Annan]] [[ga:Kofi Annan]] [[gd:Kofi Annan]] [[gl:Kofi Annan]] [[ko:코피 아난]] [[hi:कोफ़ी अन्नान]] [[hr:Kofi Annan]] [[id:Kofi Annan]] [[is:Kofi Annan]] [[it:Kofi Annan]] [[he:קופי ענאן]] [[jv:Kofi Annan]] [[sw:Koffi Annan]] [[lt:Kofis Ananas]] [[li:Kofi Annan]] [[ms:Kofi Annan]] [[nl:Kofi Annan]] [[ja:コフィー・アナン]] [[no:Kofi Annan]] [[nn:Kofi Annan]] [[pl:Kofi Annan]] [[pt:Kofi Annan]] [[ro:Kofi Annan]] [[ru:Аннан, Кофи]] [[scn:Kofi Annan]] [[sk:Kofi Annan]] [[sl:Kofi Anan]] [[sr:Кофи Анан]] [[fi:Kofi Annan]] [[sv:Kofi Annan]] [[th:โคฟี อันนัน]] [[vi:Kofi Annan]] [[tr:Kofi Annan]] [[tw:Kofi Annan]] [[zh:科菲·安南]] 3186 10796 2006-06-13T15:58:47Z 62.154.201.129 Redirecting to [[Viktoria Nyanza]] #REDIRECT [[Viktoria Nyanza]] 3187 10798 2006-06-13T17:56:23Z Kipala 107 kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:KingShaka.jpeg kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:KingShaka.jpeg 3188 10804 2006-06-14T07:42:58Z Kipala 107 [[Image:KingShaka.jpeg|thumb|right|Picha ya Shaka Zulu mnamo mwaka 1824]] '''Shaka''' (pia: Tshaka, Tchaka au Chaka; halafu: '''Shaka Zulu''', Shaka ka Senzangakhona) (* takriban 1781 - 1828 [[BK]]) alikuwa kiongozi wa [[Zulu|Wazulu]] aliyebadilisha ukoo mdogo wa [[Nguni|Kinguni]] kuwa kabila au taifa kubwa lililotawala maeneo mapana ya [[Afrika Kusini]] hasa [[Natal]] ya leo. Sifa zake zimetokana na uwezo wa kupanusha utawala wake kutoka eneo ndogo la 260 km² kuwa 28.500 km², kuvunja nguvu ya makabila mengine na kuyaunganisha na taifa lake. Katika historia ya kijeshi ya Afrika alianzisha mbinu mpya zilizopanusha uwezo na enzi yake. Sifa hizi, jinsi ilivyo mara nyingi na viongozi wanaotegemea nguvu ya kijeshi, zimeenda pamoja na vita na uharibufu mwingi. Miaka ya Shaka ilianzisha kipindi cha [[mfecane]] yaani "uharibifu" kinachokumbukwa na mataifa mengi ya Afrika Kusini. ==Maisha yake== ===Kijana=== Shaka alikuwa mtoto wa chifu [[Senzangakhona ka Jama]] na [[Nandi]] binti wa chifu wa [[Langeni]]. Jina lake ni kutokana na neno la kizulu "iShaka" linalomtaja mdudu ambaye katika iamni ya utamaduni wa Kizulu anasemekana kuvuruga hedhi ya wakinamama. Jina hili ni dalili la kuzaliwa nje ya utaratibu. Hivyo miaka ya kwanza ya Shaka ilikuwa miaka migumu bila baba aneyejulikana rasmi akisikia udharau ya watu wengine. Utoto huu ulisababisha hasira ndani yake akalipiza kisasi baadaye. Kama kijana Shaka alikaa kwa kabila kubwa zaidi ya [[Mthethwa]] alikoingia pamoja na hirima yake katika jeshi. Wakati ule ukoo wa Wazulu walikubali Wamthehtwa kuwa mabwana wao. Chifu wa Mthehthwa alikuwa [[Dingiswayo]] alieyeanzisha utaratibu mpya wa [[impi]] yaani kupanga watu wake vitani katika vikundi na kuwa na ngazi mbalimbali za mamlaka. Shaka alihudumia miaka sita katika vita za Dingiswayo akawa hodari sana na kujifunza uongozi alioboresha baadaye. ===Kurudi kwa Wazulu=== Baada ya kifo cha babake Shaka alirudi kwa Wazulu kwa msaada wa Dingiswayo akachukua uongozi mnamo mwaka 1812. Baada ya kuwa kiongozi akalipiza kisasi maadui wa utoto wake akiwaua kwa njia mbalimbali. Shaka aliendelea kukubali ubwana wa Mthethwa na Dingiswayo hadi huyu aliuawa vitani na kabila la [[Ndwandwe]] mwaka 1817. Lakini pamoja na hayo alipigana vita na koo au makabila madogo jirani. Mbinu yake ilikuwa kuwashambulia waliompinga au kuwa hatari kwake; wanawake na watoto waliingizwa katika ukoo wake, pamoja na wanajeshi wa kiadui wasiouawa lakini waliokubali kumfuata baada ya kushindwa. Kwa njia hiyo ukoo mdogo wa Wazulu uliendelea kukua. ===Kupanusha utawala na [[mfecane]]=== Baada ya kifo cha Dingiswayo mw. 1817 Shaka alishambulia kabila kubwa la Ndwandwe akawashinda kwenye mapigano ya kilima cha Gqokli kwa sababu ya mbinu zake za kijeshi ingawa idadi ya watu wake ilikuwa nusu tu ya adui. Katika miaka iliyofuata Shaka aliendelea kushambulia vikundu vya jirani na kuwaingiza katika utawala wake. Makabila mengine walimfuata bila vita wakikubali uongozi wake na kuingiza vijana wao katika impi au vikosi vya kijeshi vya Shaka. Alituma viongozi au majenerali zake pamoja na impi pande mbalimbali hadi [[Msumbiji]] au pia Zimbabwe. Vikundi kama Ndebele huko [[Zimbabwe]] au hata [[Wangoni]] katika [[Tanzania]] ni matokeo ya matembezi ya impi za kizulu zilizoenda mbali na kupoteza mawasiliano na nyumbani. Vita hizi zilisababisha makabila mengine kukimbia na kuhamahama wakishambulia majirani yao hivyo kupanusha eneo la vita katika nchi mbali na Wazulu wenyewe. Kipindi hiki kinakumbukwa kwa majina kama "mfecane" ([[Kizulu]]) au "difaqane" ([[Kisotho]]) kuwa miaka 30 ya vita na kifo. Katika mawazo wa wataalamu Shaka aliandaa upanuzi wa [[Makaburu]] kwa uharibifu wa vita zake. Makaburu walipoanza kuenea ndani ya Afrika Kusini walikuta maeneo mazuri bila watu lakini maghofu ya kuonyesha watu waliwahi kuishi hapa. Pamoja na hayo makabila mengine kama [[Wasotho]], [[Waswazi]], [[Wandebele]] au [[Wagaza]] walioshambuliwa walijifunza mbinu za kijeshi wakifaulu kujitetea na kuanzisha mataifa makubwa yakiunganisha wenyewe koo na makabila madogo zaidi. ===Kifo=== Utawala wa Shaka ulikuwa na tabia za kinyama zilizosababisha chuki nyingi dhidi yake. Baada ya kifo cha mamake Nandi alikuwa na hasira kiasi cha kuua watu 7000 kati ya wanajeshi wake kwa kosa la kutoonyesha huzuni ya kutosha na kuamuru kipindi cha kufunga miezi mitatu. Aliamuru mashamba yasilimwe kwa mwaka mmoja na kila mwanamke aliyeonekana kuwa na mimba katika kipindi hiki aliuawa pamoja na mumewe. Wataalamu wengine huona ya kwamba wakati ule Shaka alionekana kuwa na kichaa. Maadui walifanya mipango dhidi yake mwishowe aliuawa na ndugu zake. Mwaka 1828 impi nyingi zilikuwa mbali vitani ikuli ikawa bila ulinzi wa kutosha. Kaka zake Dingane na Mhlangana walimwua na kutupa maiti shimoni. [[Dingane]] alimfuata Shaka akaua vingozi wengi waliokuwa waaminifu kwa Shaka. ==Mafanikio ya kijeshi ya Shaka== Shaka aliboresha utaratibu alioukuta katika utumishi wa Dingiswayo. Wataalamu hutofautiana ni kiasi gani ya kwamba Shaka alianzisha mbinu kadhaa au kiasi gani ndiye Shaka aliyeunganisha mbinu mbalimbali zilizowahi kujulikana lakini yeye alifuata utaratibu kuzitumia kushinda viongozi wote wengine. Kati ya mbinu alizotumia ni zifuatazo: ===Silaha mpya=== Utamaduni wa Wanguni ulikuwa mikuki ya assegai na kila mtu alibeba tatu. Shaka aliona silaha za kutupwa ni hasara. Aliongea mwenyewe na wahunzi akawapa wanajeshi silaha katikati ya mkuki na upanga - "Iklwa". Haikufaa kutupwa bali kushikwa hivyo kuwalazimisha watu wake kushambulia na kuwa karibu na adui. Aliwapatia pia vigao vizito vya ngozi ya ngòmbe. ===Kutembea bila viatu=== Alilazimisha watu wake kuacha vyandalua na viatu na kutembea pekupeku. Hii iliongeza kasi ya impi zake na uwezo wao wa kushambulia haraka. Inasemekana ya kwamba Shaka aliua wote waliolalamika walipoamriwa kuacha viatu vyao. ===Kujenga nidhamu=== Shaka alijenga nidhamu ya watu wake kwa kuwa na utaratibu wa mamlaka kati yake mwenyewe na vikosi vidogo zaidi. Sehemu nyingine ilikuwa adhabu kali: askari asiyeweza kuonyesha damu kwenye silaha yake aliweza kuuawa baada ya kurudi vitani. Impi ambazo zilipata sifa machoni pa Shaka ziliruhusiwa kuoa baada ya ushindi. ===Kuwa na vikosi vya kusaidia mizigo=== Shaka alitumia wavulana wadogo kuanzia umri wa miaka sita waliongozana na impi wakibeba mizigo au kuwafuata wanajeshi kwa ngombe kama chakula. Hata hii iliharakisha mwendo wa impi zake. ===Impi za hirima=== Hirima au vikundi vya kujumuisha watu wa umri moja ni tabia ya utamaduni kwa Wabantu wengi. Shaka alipoanzisha impi zake -badala ya kushambulia na watu wake wote mara moja jinsi ilivyokuwa kawaida awali- alitumia vikundi vilivyokuwepo tayari kiutamaduni kama msingi wa impi zake. ===Muundo wa Kichwa cha Mbogo=== Shaka alitumia mpangilio wa impi zake vitani kwa umbo la "Kichwa cha Mbogo": 1. vikosi viwili upande wa kushoto na kulia vilikuwa kama "pembe za mbogo" 2. kikosi kikubwa cha katikati kilikuwa kama "uso" au "kifua" 3. vikosi vya ziada au vya wazee vilikuwa "viuno" vilivyotumika ama kuongeza uzito wa mashambulio panapohitajika au kuimarisha utetezi pale ambako adui alisogea mbele. [[Category:Afrika Kusini]] [[Category:Viongozi wa Afrika]] [[bs:Shaka Zulu]] [[ca:Shaka Zulu]] [[cs:Čaka]] [[de:Shaka]] [[en:Shaka]] [[es:Shaka Zulu]] [[eu:Shaka Zulu]] [[fi:Shaka Zulu]] [[fr:Chaka]] [[gl:Shaka]] [[he:שאקה]] [[it:Shaka]] [[ja:シャカ・ズールー]] [[no:Shaka]] [[pl:Czaka]] [[pt:Shaka]] [[ru:Шака]] [[scn:Shaka]] [[sk:Šaka]] [[sr:Шака Зулу]] [[sv:Saka (folk)]] 3189 10811 2006-06-14T10:48:45Z Kipala 107 {{Infobox_Country| |native_name = +'''<font size="-1">'''Republiek van Suid-Afrika'''</font> </font> <font size="-3"> (Kiafrikaans)</font><br /> '''<font size="-1">'''Republic of South Africa'''</font> </font> <font size="-3"> (Kiing.)<br /> '''<font size="-1">Riphabliki yeSewula Afrika'''</font> </font> <font size="-3"> (Kind.)<br /> '''<font size="-1">IRiphabliki yaseMzantsi Afrika'''</font> </font> <font size="-3"> (Kixhosa)<br /> '''<font size="-1">IRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika'''</font> </font> <font size="-3"> (Kizulu.)<br /> '''<font size="-1">Rephaboliki ya Afrika-Borwa'''</font> </font> <font size="-3"> (Kisotho kask.)<br /> '''<font size="-1">Rephaboliki ya Afrika Borwa'''</font> </font> <font size="-3"> (Kisotho kus.)<br /> '''<font size="-1">Rephaboliki ya Aforika Borwa'''</font> </font> <font size="-3"> (Kitswana)<br /> '''<font size="-1">IRiphabhulikhi yeNingizimu Afrika'''</font> </font> <font size="-3"> (Sis.)<br /> '''<font size="-1">Riphabuliki ya Afurika Tshipembe'''</font> </font> <font size="-3"> (Tsh.)<br /> '''<font size="-1">Riphabliki ra Afrika Dzonga'''</font> </font> <font size="-3"> (Kitsonga)<br /> |common_name = South Africa |image_flag = Flag of South Africa.svg |image_coat = Za coa.gif |symbol_type = Coat of arms |image_map = LocationSouthAfrica.png |national_motto = [[/Xam language|/Xam]]: ''!ke e: {{IPA|ǀ}}xarra {{IPA|ǁ}}ke''<br>([[English language|English]]: "Unity In Diversity" or literally, "Diverse People Unite") |national_anthem = [[National anthem of South Africa]] |official_languages = [[Kiafrikaans]], [[Kiingereza]], [[Kizulu]], [[Kixhosa]], [[Kiswati]], [[Kindebele]], [[Kisotho cha kusini]], [[Kisotho cha Kaskazini]], [[Kitsonga]], [[Kitswana]], [[Kivenda]] |capital = '''[[Cape Town]]''' <small>([[Bunge]])</small><br>'''[[Pretoria]]''' <small>([[Serikali]])</small><br>'''[[Bloemfontein]]''' <small>([[Mahakama Kuu]])</small> |latd=33 |latm=55 |latNS=S |longd=18 |longm=25 |longEW=E | |largest_city = [[Johannesburg]] |government_type = [[Jamhuri]] |leader_titles = [[Rais]] |leader_names = [[Thabo Mbeki]] |area_rank = ya 25 |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |area= 1,221,037 |areami²= 471,443 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |percent_water = <small>kidogo sana </small> |population_estimate = 47,432,000 ^[1] |population_estimate_year = Julai 2005 |population_estimate_rank = ya 26 |population_census = 44,819,278 |population_census_year = 2001 |population_density = 39 |population_densitymi² = 101 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |population_density_rank = ya 136 |GDP_PPP_year= 2005 |GDP_PPP = $527.4 billioni<!--CIA--> |GDP_PPP_rank = ya 21 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $11,900 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ya 60 |sovereignty_type = [[Uhuru]] |sovereignty_note = kutoka [[Uingereza]] |established_events= [[Maungano ya Afrika Kusini]] |established_event2 = [[Statute of Westminster 1931|Statute of Westminster]] |established_event3 = [[Republic of South Africa|Republic]]| |established_dates= [[31 Mei]] [[1910]] |established_date2 = [[11 December]] [[1931]] |established_date3 = [[31 Mei]] [[1961]]| |HDI_year = 2003 |HDI = 0.658 |HDI_rank = ya 120 |HDI_category = <font style="color:#fc0">medium</font> |currency = [[Rand (currency)|Rand]] |currency_code = ZAR |country_code = RSA |time_zone = |utc_offset = +2 |time_zone_DST = not observed |utc_offset_DST = +2 |cctld = [[.za]] |calling_code = 27 |footnotes = 1.) '''angalia:''' Makadirio ya idadi ya watu ni pamoja na vifo kutokana na [[UKIMWI]]. }} '''Afrika Kusini''' ni nchi kubwa ya Afrika ya Kusini yenye wakazi takriban milioni 45. Imepakana na [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Msumbiji]] na [[Uswazi]]. Mji mkubwa ni Johannesburg. Wajibu wa mji mkuu yamegawiwa kwa mji mitatu: [[Cape Town]] ni makao ya [[Bunge]], [[Pretoria]] ni makao ya [[Serikali]] na [[Bloemfontein]] ni makao ya [[Mahakama Kuu]]. Nchi ina majina rasmi 11 kutokana na lugha rasmi 11. Ndizo [[Kiafrikaans]], [[Kiingereza]], [[Kizulu]], [[Kixhosa]], [[Kiswati]], [[Kindebele]], [[Kisotho cha kusini]], [[Kisotho cha Kaskazini]], [[Kitsonga]], [[Kitswana]], [[Kivenda]]. Kati ya watu mashuhuri sana wa Afrika Kusini ni [[Nelson Mandela]] aliyekuwa rais kati ya [[1994]] hadi [[1999]]. Wengine ni [[Christian Barnaard]] (daktari wa kwanza duniani aliyetumia moyo wa mtu kwa mtu mwingine) na [[Shaka Zulu]] aliyekuwa kiongozi wa kijeshi kabla ya ukoloni. [[Image:Sf-map.png|thumb|300px|left|ramani ya Afrika Kusini]] ==Uchumi== Kiuchumi Afrika Kusini ni nchi yenye pande mbili kabisa. Sehemu ya uchumi ina hali ya kimaendeleo kabisa ikiwa viwanda na huduma za Afrika Kusini zinalingana na hali ya juu kabisa duniani na hali ya maisha ya wananchi waliomo katika sekta hii inalingana na nchi kama Australia au Ulaya ya magharibi. Kwa upande mwingine hali ya maisha ya sehemu kubwa ya wananchi ni umaskini kama katika sehemu nyingine za Afrika au Uhindi wa mashambani. Lakini kwa ujumla hali ya maisha iko juu kuliko nchi nyingi za Afrika. Sekta muhimu za uchumi ni migodi ya kuchimba dhahabu au almasi, viwanda na huduma kama benki au bima. ==Jeshi== Jeshi la Afrika Kusini ina silaha za kisasa kushinda nchi zote za majirani. Uchumi unawezesha nchi ya kutumia kiasi kikubwa kwa ajili ya jeshi kuliko nchi zote za Afrika kusini ya [[Sahara]]. Afrika Kusini iliwahi kuwa na silaha za kinyuklia lakini ilizibomoa baada ya mwaka 1993. ==Viungo vya nje== *'''''en:''''' [http://www.gov.za Official government site] *'''''en:''''' [http://allafrica.com/southafrica/ South Africa in the news] {{Mbegu}} {{Afrika}} [[Category:Afrika Kusini]] [[af:Suid-Afrika]] [[am:ደቡብ አፍሪካ]] [[ang:Sūðafrica]] [[ar:جنوب أفريقيا]] [[an:Surafrica]] [[frp:Africa du Sud]] [[ast:República Surafricana]] [[zh-min-nan:Lâm-hui-kok]] [[bs:Južna Afrika]] [[bg:Южноафриканска република]] [[ca:Sud-àfrica]] [[cs:Jihoafrická republika]] [[cy:De Affrica]] [[da:Sydafrika]] [[de:Südafrika]] [[et:Lõuna-Aafrika Vabariik]] [[el:Νότια Αφρική]] [[en:South Africa]] [[es:Sudáfrica]] [[eo:Sud-Afriko]] [[fa:آفریقای جنوبی]] [[fr:Afrique du Sud]] [[ga:An Afraic Theas]] [[gd:Afraga a Deas]] [[gl:Sudáfrica - Ningizimu Afrika]] [[ko:남아프리카 공화국]] [[hi:दक्षिण अफ्रीका]] [[hr:Južnoafrička Republika]] [[io:Sud-Afrika]] [[id:Afrika Selatan]] [[ia:Africa del Sud]] [[zu:IRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika]] [[is:Suður-Afríka]] [[it:Sudafrica]] [[he:דרום אפריקה]] [[ka:სამხრეთ აფრიკის რესპუბლიკა]] [[ks:दक्षिण अफ्रीका]] [[kw:Afrika Dheghow]] [[ht:Afrik Disid]] [[la:Africa Australis]] [[lv:Dienvidāfrikas Republika]] [[lb:Südafrika]] [[lt:Pietų Afrikos Respublika]] [[li:Zuud-Afrika]] [[hu:Dél-afrikai Köztársaság]] [[mk:Јужна Африка]] [[mi:Awherika ki te Tonga]] [[ms:Afrika Selatan]] [[nl:Zuid-Afrika]] [[ja:南アフリカ共和国]] [[no:Sør-Afrika]] [[nn:Sør-Afrika]] [[oc:Africa del Sud]] [[nds:Süüdafrika]] [[pl:Republika Południowej Afryki]] [[pt:África do Sul]] [[ro:Africa de Sud]] [[rm:Africa dal Sid]] [[ru:Южно-Африканская Республика]] [[sa:दक्षिण अफ्रीका]] [[tn:Aferika Borwa]] [[sq:Afrika e Jugut]] [[scn:Àfrica dû Sud]] [[sk:Južná Afrika (štát)]] [[sl:Južna Afrika]] [[sr:Јужноафричка Република]] [[sh:Južna Afrika]] [[fi:Etelä-Afrikka]] [[sv:Sydafrika]] [[tl:Timog Aprika]] [[th:ประเทศแอฟริกาใต้]] [[vi:Cộng hòa Nam Phi]] [[tpi:Saut Aprika]] [[tr:Güney Afrika Cumhuriyeti]] [[uk:Південно-Африканська Республіка]] [[zh:南非]] 3190 10810 2006-06-14T10:47:15Z Kipala 107 Redirecting to [[Shaka]] #REDIRECT [[Shaka]] 3191 11619 2006-07-01T15:27:47Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[simple:Swaziland]] {{Infobox_Country |native_name = Umbuso weSwatini''<br>Kingdom of Swaziland |conventional_long_name = |common_name =Uswazi |image_flag = Flag of Swaziland.svg |image_coat =Coat of arms of Swaziland.png| |image_map =LocationSwaziland.png |national_motto = Siyinqaba<br>([[Swati language|Swati]]: Sisi ni boma) |national_anthem =''[[Nkulunkulu Mnikati wetibusiso temaSwati]]'' |official_languages =[[Kiingereza]], [[Kiswati]] |capital = <small>serikali</small>: [[Mbabane]]<BR><small>mfalme na bunge</small>: [[Lobamba]] |latd=26 |latm=19 |latNS=S |longd=31 |longm=8|longEW=E |largest_city = [[Mbabane]] |government_type = Ufalme |leader_titles =[[Orodha ya wafalme wa Uswazi|Mfalme]] |leader_title2 = [[Indovuzaki]] |leader_title3 = [[Orodha ya mawaziri wakuu wa Uswazi|Waziri Mkuu]] |leader_names =[[Mswati III wa Uswazi|Mswati III]] |leader_name2 = [[Malkia Ntombi]] |leader_name3 = [[Themba Dlamini]] |area_rank =ya 153 |area_magnitude =1 E10 |area=17,363 |areami²= 6,704<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |percent_water =0.9 |population_estimate =1,032,000 ^[1] |population_estimate_rank = ya 154 |population_estimate_year =Julai 2006 |population_census = 1,173,900 |population_census_year = 2001 |population_density =65.4 |population_densitymi² =169.5 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |population_density_rank = 99th |GDP_PPP =$6.222 billion <!--CIA--> |GDP_PPP_rank = ya 149 |GDP_PPP_year=2005 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $5,500 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =ya 127 |sovereignty_type =[[Uhuru]] |established_events =kutoka [[Uingereza]] |established_dates =[[Septemba 6]], [[1968]] |HDI =0.498 |HDI_rank =ya 147 |HDI_year =2003 |HDI_category =<font color="#E0584E">low</font> |currency =[[Lilangeni]] |currency_code =SZL |country_code = |time_zone = |utc_offset = + 2 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |cctld =[[.sz]] |calling_code =268 |footnotes = 1.) <small>1.) angalia: Makadirio ya idadi ya watu ni pamoja na vifo kutokana na UKIMWI. </small> }} [[Image:Wz-map.gif|thumb|left|220px|Ramani ya Uswazi]] '''Uswazi''' ni nchi ndogo ya [[Afrika ya Kusini]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Mbabane]]. Imepakana na [[Afrika Kusini]] na [[Msumbiji]]. Uswazi inatawaliwa tangu 1986 na mfalme [[Mswati III]]. Kwa muda mwingi wa uhuru wa nchi katiba ilikuwa imesimamishwa na wfalme aliyetawala peke yake. Uswazi ni kati ya nchi duniani zinazoathiriwa zaidi na [[Ukimwi]]; umri wa wastani unafikia miaka 32.62 pekee kwa sababu ya vifo vingi. Mfalme anapingwa mara nyingi kwa sababu anatumia pesa nyingi kwa ajili ya matumizi yake binafsi ilhali wananchi ni maskini sana. {{mbegu}} {{Afrika}} [[Category:Uswazi]] [[af:Swaziland]] [[am:ስዋዚላንድ]] [[an:Suazilandia]] [[ang:Swasiland]] [[ar:سوازيلند]] [[bg:Свазиленд]] [[bs:Svazi]] [[ca:Swazilàndia]] [[cs:Svazijsko]] [[da:Swaziland]] [[de:Swasiland]] [[el:Ζουαζιλάνδη]] [[en:Swaziland]] [[eo:Svazilando]] [[es:Swazilandia]] [[et:Svaasimaa]] [[eu:Swazilandia]] [[fa:سوازیلند]] [[fi:Swazimaa]] [[fr:Swaziland]] [[gd:Swaziland]] [[gl:Suacilandia - Swaziland]] [[he:סווזילנד]] [[hi:स्वाजीलैंड]] [[hr:Svazi]] [[hu:Szváziföld]] [[id:Swaziland]] [[io:Swazilando]] [[is:Svasíland]] [[it:Swaziland]] [[ja:スワジランド]] [[ko:스와질란드]] [[ku:Siwaziland]] [[kw:Pow Swati]] [[la:Suazia]] [[lt:Svazilandas]] [[lv:Svazilenda]] [[mk:Свазиленд]] [[ms:Swaziland]] [[nds:Swasiland]] [[nl:Swaziland]] [[nn:Swaziland]] [[no:Swaziland]] [[oc:Swaziland]] [[pl:Suazi]] [[pt:Suazilândia]] [[ro:Swaziland]] [[ru:Свазиленд]] [[sa:स्वाजीलैंड]] [[sh:Svazilend]] [[simple:Swaziland]] [[sk:Svazijsko]] [[sl:Svazi]] [[sq:Suazilandia]] [[sr:Свазиленд]] [[ss:Umbuso weSwatini]] [[sv:Swaziland]] [[th:ประเทศสวาซิแลนด์]] [[tl:Swaziland]] [[tr:Swaziland]] [[ug:سۋازىلاند]] [[uk:Свазиленд]] [[vi:Swaziland]] [[zh:斯威士兰]] [[zh-min-nan:Swazi-tē]] 3192 10816 2006-06-14T11:58:02Z 62.154.201.129 '''Mto Vaal''' ni tawimto mrefu wa mto [[Oranje (mto)|Oranje]] katika [[Afrika Kusini]]. Chanzo chake ni katika milima ya [[Drakensberg]] mkoani [[Mpumalanga]] mashariki ya mji wa [[Johannesburg]]. Inaelekea kusini-magharibi hadi kuungana na mto Oranje karibu na mji wa [[Kimberley (Afrika Kusini)|Kimberley]] mkoani [[Northern Cape]]. Urefu wake ni 1120 km. Jina la mto limetoka katika lugha ya [[Kiholanzi]]; walowezi wa kwanza [[Waholanzi]] walitaka kukumbuka mto Waal wa nyumbani kwao. Vaal ni mto muhimu kwa ajili ya kilimo, viwanda na matumizi ya nyumbani eneo la Johannesburg. Katika historia ya Afrika Kusini mto Vaal ulikuwa mpaka kati ya koloni ya [[Uingereza]] kusini ya mto na jamhuri za makaburu kaskazini ya mto. Jina la kihistoria ya "[[Transvaal]]" limemaanisha "ng'ambo ya mto Vaal". [[Category:Mito ya Afrika Kusini]] [[ca:Vaal]] [[de:Vaal]] [[en:Vaal River]] [[es:Vaal]] [[nl:Vaal]] [[pl:Vaal]] [[sv:Vaal]] 3193 10970 2006-06-19T18:27:38Z Kipala 107 {{Infobox Country | native_name = ''République de Côte d'Ivoire'' | conventional_long_name = Republic of Côte d'Ivoire | common_name = Côte d'Ivoire | image_flag = Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Cote d'Ivoire 1964.png | national_motto = (tafsiri) Umoja, Nidhamu, Kazi | image_map = LocationCotedIvoire.png | national_anthem = [[L'Abidjanaise]] | official_languages = [[Kifaransa]] | capital = [[Yamoussoukro]] (rasmi)<br>[[Abidjan]] (hali halisi) | latd=6|latm=51|latNS=N|longd=5|longm=18|longEW=W| government_type = [[Jamhuri]] | leader_titles = [[Rais wa Côte d'Ivoire|Rais]] | leader_title2 = [[Waziri Mkuu wa Côte d'Ivoire|Waziri Mkuu]] | leader_names = [[Laurent Gbagbo]] | leader_name2 = [[Charles Konan Banny]] | largest_city = [[Abidjan]] | area = 322,460 | areami² = 124,502 | <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> area_rank = ya 67 | area_magnitude = 1 E11 | percent_water = 1.4% | population_estimate = 18,154,000 &sup1; | population_estimate_year = 2005 | population_estimate_rank = ya 57| population_census = 10,815,694 | population_census_year = 1988 | population_density = 54 | population_densitymi² = 140 | <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> population_density_rank = ya 118 | GDP_PPP_year = 2005 | GDP_PPP = $28,460 milioni | GDP_PPP_rank = 98 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1475 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ya 162 | HDI_year = 2003 | HDI = 0.420 | HDI_rank = ya 163 | HDI_category = <font color="#E0584E">low</font> | sovereignty_type = [[Uhuru]] | sovereignty_note = kutoka [[Ufaransa]] | established_events = Tarehe | established_dates = [[Agosti 7]], [[1960]] | currency = [[CFA franc]] | currency_code = XOF | time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | utc_offset = +0 | time_zone_DST = ''haifuatwi'' | utc_offset_DST = +0 | cctld = [[.ci]] | calling_code = 225 | }} '''Côte d'Ivoire''' (tamka: kot divwar}, kwa [[Kiingereza]] '''Ivory Coast''' ("pwani la pembe za ndovu") ni nchi ya Afrika ya Magharibi. Imepakana na [[Liberia]] na [[Guinea]] upande wa magharibi, [[Mali]] na [[Burkina Faso]] kaskazini, [[Ghana]] kwenye mashariki na [[Ghuba ya Guinea]] ya [[Atlantiki]] upande wa kusini. Iliwahi kuwa kati ya nchi tajiri zaidi za Afrika lakini tangu mwaka 2002 uchumi na hali ya maisha zimeharibika kutokana na vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe. [[Image:Côte d'Ivoire Map.jpg|thumb|350px|left|Ramani ya Côte d'Ivoire]] ==Viungo vya nje== '''Serikali''' *[http://www.isa-africa.com/ambaci-jp/ Embassy of Côte d'Ivoire in Japan] government information and links '''Habari''' *[http://allafrica.com/cotedivoire/ allAfrica - Côte d'Ivoire]news headline links *[http://www.abidjan.net Abidjan.Net] news forums links '''Overviews''' *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1043014.stm BBC News - ''Country Profile: Ivory Coast''] *[http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/iv.html CIA World Factbook - ''Cote d'Ivoire''] *[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/citoc.html Library of Congress Country Study - ''Ivory Coast''] data as of November 1988 '''Orodha''' *[http://www.afrika.no/index/Countries/C_te_d_Ivoire/index.html The Index on Africa - ''Côte d'Ivoire''] directory category *[http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/C%c3%b4te_d%27Ivoire/ Open Directory Project - ''Côte d'Ivoire''] directory category *[http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/cote.html Stanford University - Africa South of the Sahara: ''Cote d'Ivoire - Ivory Coast''] directory category *[http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Country_Specific/Cote.html University of Pennsylvania - African Studies Center: ''Cote d'Ivoire''] directory category * [http://dir.yahoo.com/Regional/Countries/Cote_d_Ivoire/ Yahoo! - ''Cote d'Ivoire''] directory category '''Utalii''' *[http://www.anytravels.com/africa/cote_divore/ Travel Overview of Côte d'Ivoire] *[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/destinations/africa/cote-d'ivoire Lonely Planet - Cote d'Ivoire] '''Mengineyo''' * [http://www.izf.net/izf/documentation/cartes/Pays/supercartes/cotedivoire.htm Map of Côte d'Ivoire] * {{fr icon}} [http://www.pipci.org/ Parti Ivoirien du Peuple] *[http://globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/ivory-coast.htm Global Security - Ivory Coast Conflict] * [http://ivorycoast.site.voila.fr Akwaba in Ivory Coast] {{Afrika}} [[Category:Cote d'Ivoire| ]] [[Category:Nchi za lugha ya Kifaransa]] {{mbegu}} <!-- interwiki --> [[af:Ivoorkus]] [[als:Elfenbeinküste]] [[ar:ساحل العاج]] [[an:Costa de Bori]] [[bn:আইভরি কোস্ট]] [[zh-min-nan:Côte d'Ivoire]] [[bs:Obala Slonovače]] [[bg:Кот д'Ивоар]] [[ca:Costa d'Ivori]] [[cs:Pobřeží slonoviny]] [[cy:Côte d'Ivoire]] [[da:Elfenbenskysten]] [[de:Elfenbeinküste]] [[et:Côte d'Ivoire]] [[el:Ακτή Ελεφαντοστού]] [[en:Côte d'Ivoire]] [[es:Costa de Marfil]] [[eo:Ebur-Bordo]] [[eu:Boli Kosta]] [[fr:Côte d'Ivoire]] [[ga:An Cósta Eabhair]] [[gd:Côte d'Ivoire]] [[gl:Costa do Marfil - Côte d'Ivoire]] [[ko:코트디부아르]] [[hr:Bjelokosna Obala]] [[io:Ivora Rivo]] [[id:Pantai Gading]] [[is:Fílabeinsströndin]] [[it:Costa d'Avorio]] [[he:חוף השנהב]] [[kw:Côte d'Ivoire]] [[lv:Kotdivuāra]] [[lt:Dramblio Kaulo Krantas]] [[hu:Elefántcsontpart]] [[mk:Брегот на Слоновата Коска]] [[ms:Côte d'Ivoire]] [[na:Ivory Coast]] [[nl:Ivoorkust]] [[ja:コートジボワール]] [[no:Elfenbenskysten]] [[nn:Elfenbeinskysten]] [[nrm:Côte d'Iviéthe]] [[oc:Còsta d'Evòri]] [[ps:عاج ساحل]] [[nds:Elfenbeenküst]] [[pl:Wybrzeże Kości Słoniowej]] [[pt:Costa do Marfim]] [[ro:Coasta de Fildeş]] [[ru:Кот-д'Ивуар]] [[sq:Bregu i Fildishtë]] [[simple:Côte d'Ivoire]] [[sk:Pobrežie Slonoviny]] [[sl:Slonokoščena obala]] [[sr:Обала Слоноваче]] [[sh:Obala Slonovače]] [[fi:Norsunluurannikko]] [[sv:Elfenbenskusten]] [[th:ประเทศโกตดิวัวร์]] [[tl:Côte d’Ivoire]] [[vi:Côte d'Ivoire]] [[tr:Fildişi Sahili]] [[uk:Кот-д'Івуар]] [[zh:科特迪瓦]] 3194 11455 2006-06-28T11:32:11Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Abidjan-Plateau1.JPG|thumb|Eneo la mtaa wa Plateau wangwa ya Ébrié]] [[Image:Abidjan Plateau.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Eneo la Plateau na wangwa wakati wa usiku]] '''Abidjan''' ni mji mkubwa nchini [[Cote d'Ivoire]] pia ni [[mji mkuu]] hali halisi. Vilevile ni bandari kuu ya nchi kwenye [[Ghuba ya Guinea]] ya [[bahari]] ya [[Atlantiki]]. Abidjan haiko baharini moja kwa moja lakini kwenye [[wangwa]] ya Ebrie inayotengwa na bahari kwa kanda nyembamba ya mchanga. Abidjan imekua haraka kuanzia wakazi 65,000 mwaka 1950 hadi wakazi 3,692,570 mwaka 2005. Ilikuwa pia mji mkuu rasmi kati ya 1934 hadi 1983. Kuna viwanda vya ngozi, nguo, vyakula na mafuta. Abidjan ilikuwa kijiji tu hadi mwaka 1904. Wakati ule iliteuliwa kuwa mwanzo wa [[reli]] ya kuelekea ndani. Reli ilianzishwa hapa kwa sababu ng'ambo ya wangwa ilikuwepo bandari ndogo ya Port-Bouët. Tangu reli Abidjan ilikua haraka. Mwaka 1934 ilitangazwa kuwa mji mkuu wa koloni ya [[Kifaransa]] Cote d'Ivoire. Mwaka 1950 mfereji wa Vridi ilikata kanda la mchanga na kufungua wangwa kwa meli kutoka bahari; wangwa ikawa bandari kubwa yenye usalama mzuri kwa meli na Abidjan ikawa mji wa bandari iliyosababisha kukua kwa uchumi na kuongezeka kwa watu. Abidjan kuna [[chuo kikuu]] tangu 1964. Tangu mwanzo wa [[vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]] mwaka 2004 hali ya usalama mjimi umeshuka chini sana. ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://abidjan.ci.site.voila.fr Photos from Abidjan] * [http://www.fotopaises.com/fotos/Costa_de_Marfil/CI.html More photos] * [http://ivorycoast.site.voila.fr Akwaba in Ivory Coast] * [http://www.izf.net/izf/documentation/cartes/centreVille/abidjan.htm Map of Abidjan] [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[Category:Miji ya Cote d'Ivoire]] [[ar:أبيجان]] [[bg:Абиджан]] [[ca:Abidjan]] [[da:Abidjan]] [[de:Abidjan]] [[et:Abidjan]] [[es:Abiyán]] [[fr:Abidjan]] [[gl:Abidjan]] [[ko:아비장]] [[io:Abidjan]] [[id:Abidjan]] [[it:Abidjan]] [[he:אביג'אן]] [[lt:Abidžanas]] [[nl:Abidjan]] [[ja:アビジャン]] [[no:Abidjan]] [[nn:Abidjan]] [[pl:Abidżan]] [[pt:Abidjan]] [[ro:Abidjan]] [[sk:Abidžan]] [[fi:Abidjan]] [[sv:Abidjan]] [[tr:Abidjan]] [[uk:Абіджан]] [[zh:阿比让]] 3195 10847 2006-06-15T20:54:41Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Afrika]] 3196 10849 2006-06-15T20:55:50Z Kipala 107 Redirecting to [[Cote d'Ivoire]] #REDIRECT [[Cote d'Ivoire]] 3197 10863 2006-06-17T09:05:18Z Jose77 156 Our TJC members in Ghana. 3198 10861 2006-06-17T09:01:03Z Jose77 156 *Left picture: Baptism being performed in Nairobi, Kenya (November 2005). *Right picture: The TJC in Ogongo, Kenya. 3199 10858 2006-06-17T08:44:13Z Jose77 156 3200 10862 2006-06-17T09:04:43Z Jose77 156 Left Picture: Our TJC members in Kimilili, Kenya during October 2005. Right Picture: Our newly-baptised members at a beach in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania during May 2005. 3201 10988 2006-06-19T23:03:18Z Kipala 107 {{Infobox_Country |native_name = Republic of Sierra Leone |conventional_long_name = |common_name = Sierra Leone |image_flag = Flag of Sierra Leone.svg |image_coat =SLECOA.gif |symbol_type = Nembo |image_map = LocationSierraLeone.png |national_motto = Unity - Freedom - Justice (Umoja, Uhuru, Haki) |national_anthem =''[[High We Exalt Thee, Realm of the Free]]'' (Twakusifu nchi ya watu huru) |official_languages =[[Kiingereza]] |capital =[[Freetown]] |latd= 8|latm=31 |latNS=N |longd=13 |longm=15 |longEW=W |largest_city = [[Freetown]] |government_type = [[Jamhuri]] |leader_titles =[[Orodha ya Marais wa Sierra Leone|Rais]] |leader_names =[[Ahmad Tejan Kabbah]] |area_rank =ya 116 |area_magnitude =1 E11 |area=71,740 |areami²=27,699 |percent_water =1.0 |population_estimate =5,525,000 |population_estimate_rank = ya 107 ¹ |population_estimate_year =Julai 2005 |population_census = 5,426,618 |population_census_year =2000 |population_density =83.7 |population_densitymi² =216.8 |population_density_rank = ya 86 ¹ |GDP_PPP = $5.022 billioni<!--CIA--> |GDP_PPP_rank = ya 156 |GDP_PPP_year= 2005 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $900 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =ya 177 |sovereignty_type = [[Uhuru]] |established_events = kutoka [[Uingereza]] |established_dates = [[Aprili 27]], [[1961]] |HDI = 0.298 |HDI_rank = ya 176 |HDI_year =2003 |HDI_category =<font color="#E0584E">low</font> |currency =[[Leone]] |currency_code = SLL |country_code = |time_zone = [[GMT]] |utc_offset = +0 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |cctld = [[.sl]] |calling_code = 232 }} '''Sierra Leone''' ni nchi ya Afrika ya Magharibi. Imepakana na [[Guinea]] na [[Liberia]], upande wa magharibi iko [[Atlantiki]]. Jina la nchi ni la asili ya Kireno na lamaanisha "Mlima wa Simba". Sierra Leone ni kati ya nchi maskini sana duniani. ==Historia== Nchi yenyewe ilianzishwa kwa kuunda mji wa [[Freetown]] ("Mji wa watu huru") mwaka 1787 na [[Waingereza]]. Kusudi lake likuwa kuwarudisha Afrika watu waliowahi kuwa [[watumwa]]. Kiasili wale wakazi wa kwanza walikuwa watumwa weusi waliopewa uhuru kwa sababu walishikamana na Waingereza dhidi ya Waamerika katika vita ya Uhuru wa [[Marekani]]. Baadaye Waingereza [[wapinzani wa utumwa]] walinunua watumwa wakiwapa uhuru na kuwapeleka Sierra Leone. Tangu 1807 Uingereza ilikataza biashara ya watumwa (lakini bado utumwa mwenyewe) na watumwa waliopatikana kwenye meli za biashara zilipelekwa Sierra Leone na kupewa uhuru. Ikianzishwa na shirika la wapinzani wa utumwa Sierra Leone ikawa koloni ya kwanza ya Uingereza katika Afrika ya Magharibi mwaka 1792. Kuanzia 1802 Freetown ilikuwa makao makuu ya Kiingereza kwa Afrika ya Magharibi. 1961 Sierre Leone ilipewa uhuru wake. 1994 - 2002 nchi ilikuwa na vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe. Tangu mwisho wake nchi inajengwa tena. {{Afrika}} {{mbegu}} [[Category:Sierra Leone]] [[af:Sierra Leone]] [[ar:سيراليون]] [[an:Sierra Leone]] [[zh-min-nan:Sierra Leone]] [[bs:Sijera Leone]] [[bg:Сиера Леоне]] [[ca:Sierra Leone]] [[cs:Sierra Leone]] [[da:Sierra Leone]] [[de:Sierra Leone]] [[et:Sierra Leone]] [[en:Sierra Leone]] [[es:Sierra Leona]] [[eo:Siera-Leono]] [[eu:Sierra Leona]] [[fa:سیرالئون]] [[fr:Sierra Leone]] [[gl:Serra Leoa - Sierra Leone]] [[ko:시에라리온]] [[hr:Sijera Leone]] [[io:Sierra Leone]] [[id:Sierra Leone]] [[is:Síerra Leóne]] [[it:Sierra Leone]] [[he:סיירה לאונה]] [[kw:Sierra Leon]] [[ku:Sierra Leone]] [[la:Mons Leoninus]] [[lv:Sjerraleone]] [[lt:Siera Leonė]] [[hu:Sierra Leone]] [[mk:Сиера Леоне]] [[ms:Sierra Leone]] [[nl:Sierra Leone]] [[ja:シエラレオネ]] [[no:Sierra Leone]] [[nn:Sierra Leone]] [[oc:Sierra Leone]] [[ug:سېررالېئون]] [[nds:Sierra Leone]] [[pl:Sierra Leone]] [[pt:Serra Leoa]] [[ro:Sierra Leone]] [[ru:Сьерра-Леоне]] [[sq:Siera Leone]] [[sk:Sierra Leone]] [[sl:Sierra Leone]] [[sr:Сијера Леоне]] [[sh:Sijera Leone]] [[fi:Sierra Leone]] [[sv:Sierra Leone]] [[tl:Sierra Leone]] [[vi:Sierra Leone]] [[tr:Sierra Leone]] [[uk:С'єрра-Леоне]] [[zh:塞拉利昂]] 3202 10874 2006-06-17T13:00:03Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Freetown.jpg|thumb|350px|Mji wa Freetown|right]] '''Freetown''' ni [[mji mkuu]] pamoja na badari kubwa na kitovu cha uchumi wa nchi [[Sierra Leone]]. Iko kwenye kando la [[Atlantiki]] kwenye rasi ya Freetown. Idadi ya wakazi ni 1,070,000. Mji uliundwa [[1787]] kwa ajili ya [[watumwa]] wenye asili ya [[Afrika]] waliowekwa huru. Hapo ni asili ya jina "Freetown" linalomaanisha "Mji wa watu huru". Ulikuwa mji mkuu wa koloni za [[Uingereza]] katika Afrika ya Magharibi kati ya 1808 hadi 1874. Hadi leo [[Makreoli]] ambao ni watoto wa watumwa waliopewa uhuru kama walowezi ni tabaka la pekee Freetown wakionekana kwa utamaduni na lugha ya pekee. Katika miaka ya 1990 mji ulikuwa mahali pa mapigano kati ya wanamgambo na askari za [[ECOWAS]]. ==Uchumi== Uchumi wa Freetown unategemea hasa [[bandari]]. Kuna pia viwanda vya sigara, vya kutengeneza petroli, vya chakula na za kusafisha [[almasi]]. [[Category:Sierra Leone]] [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[ca:Freetown]] [[de:Freetown]] [[en:Freetown]] [[eo:Fritaŭno]] [[fa:فری‌تاون]] [[fi:Freetown]] [[fr:Freetown]] [[io:Freetown]] [[it:Freetown]] [[ja:フリータウン]] [[ko:프리타운]] [[lt:Fritaunas]] [[nl:Freetown]] [[pl:Freetown]] [[pt:Freetown]] [[ru:Фритаун]] [[sk:Freetown]] [[sv:Freetown]] [[zh:自由市 (獅子山)]] 3203 10875 2006-06-17T13:00:37Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] 3204 10986 2006-06-19T23:02:34Z Kipala 107 {{Infobox_Country |native_name = <big>'''''République du Sénégal''<br>Jamhuri ya Senegal'''</big> |conventional_long_name = |common_name = Senegal |image_flag = Flag of Senegal.svg |image_coat =Coat of arms of Senegal.png|100px |symbol_type = Nembo |image_map = LocationSenegal.png |national_motto = Un Peuple, Un But, Une Foi<br> ([[Kifaransa]]: Taifa moja, Lengo moja, Imani moja)''</small> |national_anthem =''[[Pincez Tous vos Koras, Frappez les Balafons]]' |official_languages =[[Kifaransa]] |capital =[[Dakar]] |largest_city = [[Dakar]] |government_type = [[Jamhuri]] |leader_titles =[[Orodha ya Marais wa Senegal |Rais]] |leader_names =[[Abdoulaye Wade]] |area_rank =ya 85 |area_magnitude =1 E11 |area= 196,190 |population_estimate = 11,658,000 |population_estimate_rank = ya 72 |population_estimate_year =2005 |population_census = 11,658,000 |population_census_year =2005 |population_density =56.7 |population_density_rank=110 |GDP_PPP = $.20.56 billioni<!--CIA--> |GDP_PPP_rank = ya 113 |GDP_PPP_year= 2005 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1800 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =ya 188 |sovereignty_type = [[Uhuru]] |established_events = kutoka [[Ufaransa]] |established_dates = [[20 Juni]], [[1960]] |currency =[[CFA Franc]] |country_code = |time_zone = [[UTC]] |utc_offset = +0 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |cctld = [[.sn]] |calling_code = 221 }} Senegal ni nchi ya Afrika ya Magharibi upande wa kusini wa [[mto Senegal]]. Imepakana na [[Mauritania]] upande wa kaskazini, [[Mali]] upande wa mashariki, [[Guinea]] na [[Guinea-Bisau]] kwenye kusini na Bahari Atlantiki upande wa magharibi. Nchi ya [[Gambia]] iko ndani ya eneo la Senegal. Visiwa vya [[Cabo Verde]] viko 560 km mbele ya pwani la Senegal. Ilikuwa koloni ya Ufaransa hadi 1960. ==Jiografia== Senegal ni nchi inayogusana na kanda ya [[Sahel]] na pia kanda ya Tropiki. Uso wa nchi ni hasa tambarare zinazopanda juu polepole kuelekea kusini mashariki. Sehemu za zinafikia 580 m juu ya [[UB]]. Kusini kabisa iko [[kasoko]] kubwa la Velingara. Hali ya hewa ni ya kitropiki. Majira ya mvua ni hasa miezi ya Mei hadi Novemba. ==Miji== Miji mikubwa ni [[Dakar]] (wakazi 1,998,635), [[Touba]] (wakazi 428,059), [[Thiès]] (wakazi 240,152), [[Rufisque]] (Wakazi 187.203), [[Kaolack]] (Wakazi 173,782), [[Mbour]] (Wakazi 170,699), [[Ziguinchor]] (Wakazi 162,436) na [[Saint-Louis (Senegal)|Saint-Louis]] (Wakazi 130.750). Karibu nusu ya watu huishi mjini. ==Wakazi== Kuna wakazi milioni 11 na idadi kubwa ni chini ya umri wa miaka 20. Wameongezeka sana, mnamo mwaka 1985 idadi ilikuwa milioni 5 tu. Kikundi kikubwa nchini ni Wawolof (33%), halafu Waserer (20%), wengine Wafulani, Wadiola, Watukulur, Wamandingo, Wasoninké. Theluthi mbili ya wakazi hawajui kusoma. Walio wengi sana ni Waislamu Wasunni (94%); Wakristo Wakatoliki takriban 5%. {{Afrika}} {{mbegu}} [[Category:Senegal]] [[af:Senegal]] [[am:ሴኔጋል]] [[ar:سنغال]] [[an:Senegal]] [[zh-min-nan:Senegal]] [[bs:Senegal]] [[bg:Сенегал]] [[ca:Senegal]] [[cs:Senegal]] [[cy:Sénégal]] [[da:Senegal]] [[de:Senegal]] [[et:Senegal]] [[el:Σενεγάλη]] [[en:Senegal]] [[es:Senegal]] [[eo:Senegalo]] [[eu:Senegal]] [[fa:سنگال]] [[fr:Sénégal]] [[ff:Senegal]] [[gd:Senegal]] [[gl:Senegal - Sénégal]] [[ko:세네갈]] [[hr:Senegal]] [[io:Senegal]] [[id:Senegal]] [[is:Senegal]] [[it:Senegal]] [[he:סנגל]] [[ka:სენეგალი]] [[kw:Senegal]] [[ht:Senegal]] [[lv:Senegāla]] [[lt:Senegalas]] [[lmo:Senegal]] [[hu:Szenegál]] [[mk:Сенегал]] [[ms:Senegal]] [[nl:Senegal]] [[ja:セネガル]] [[no:Senegal]] [[nn:Senegal]] [[oc:Senegal]] [[ug:سېنېگلا]] [[nds:Senegal]] [[pl:Senegal]] [[pt:Senegal]] [[ro:Senegal]] [[ru:Сенегал]] [[sq:Senegali]] [[scn:Senegal]] [[sk:Senegal]] [[sl:Senegal]] [[sr:Сенегал]] [[sh:Senegal]] [[fi:Senegal]] [[sv:Senegal]] [[tl:Senegal]] [[ta:செனகல்]] [[tr:Senegal]] [[uk:Сенегал]] [[wo:Senegaal]] [[zh:塞内加尔]] 3205 10878 2006-06-17T19:10:12Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] 3206 10880 2006-06-17T19:11:54Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] 3207 10883 2006-06-17T19:13:45Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] 3208 10885 2006-06-17T19:14:33Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] 3209 10889 2006-06-17T22:25:39Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] 3210 11019 2006-06-20T17:17:53Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] [[Category:Sudan]] [[Category:Nchi za Kiarabu]] 3211 10894 2006-06-17T22:30:58Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] 3212 10896 2006-06-17T22:49:49Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Brazzaville ISS007-E-6305.jpg|thumb|400px|Brazzaville mtoni Kongo]] '''Brazzaville''' ni [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]]. Ina wakazi 1,115,773 (mwaka 2005). Iko kando la [[mto Kongo]] ikitazama mji wa [[Kinshasa]] ng'ambo ya mto. Jina la Brazzaville limetokana na [[Mfaransa]] [[Pierre Brazza|Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza]] alinunua hapa ardhi kutoka kwa [[chifu]] Makoko na kujenga kituo kilichokua kuwa mji baadaye. Tangu mwaka 1898 Brazzaville ilikuwa mji mkuu wa Kongo ya Kifaransa ikawa na na wakazi 5000 mnamo [[1900]] walioongezeka kuwa lakhi moja mwaka 1950. Mwaka 1940 Brazzaville ilikuwa kwa muda mfupi mji mkuu wa [[Ufaransa Huru]] yaani [[Ufaransa]] usio chini ya [[Ujerumani]] hadi kuhamia kwa serikali kwenda [[Algier]]. Brazzaville ina [[bandari]] ya mtoni wa Kongo na mwanzo wa [[reli]] kuelekea pwani. [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[Category:Jamhuri ya Kongo]] [[ar:برازافيل]] [[da:Brazzaville]] [[en:Brazzaville]] [[eo:Brazavilo]] [[es:Brazzaville]] [[fi:Brazzaville]] [[fr:Brazzaville]] [[he:ברזוויל]] [[hr:Brazzaville]] [[hu:Brazzaville]] [[id:Brazzaville]] [[io:Brazzaville]] [[it:Brazzaville]] [[ja:ブラザヴィル]] [[kg:Braza]] [[ko:브라자빌]] [[lt:Brazavilis]] [[nl:Brazzaville]] [[nn:Brazzaville]] [[no:Brazzaville]] [[os:Браззавиль]] [[pl:Brazzaville]] [[pt:Brazzaville]] [[ru:Браззавиль]] [[sk:Brazzaville]] [[sv:Brazzaville]] [[zh:布拉柴维尔]] 3213 10897 2006-06-17T23:07:18Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Brazzaville ISS007-E-6305.jpg|thumb|300px|Miji ya Kinshasa na Brazzaville mtoni [[Kongo (mto)|Kongo]]]] [[Image:Kinshasa 2003.jpg|thumb|300px|Barabara ya ''Boulevard du 30 juin'' huko Kinshasa (Aprili 2003)]] '''Kinshasa''' ni mji mkuu wa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] iliyoitwa kwa jina la "Leopoldville" hadi 1966. Iko kando la [[mto Kongo]] ikitazama mji wa [[Brazzaville]] iliyoko ng'ambo ya mto. Idadi ya wakazi imekadiriwa kuwa 7,787,832 (mwaka 2005), pamoja na maeneo ya kando 9,122,077. Hivyo ni mji kubwa wa tatu katika [[Afrika]] baada ya [[Lagos]] na [[Kairo]]. Mji uliundwa mwaka 1881 na [[Henry Morton Stanley]]. {| border="1" style="float:left; margin: 1em;border-collapse:collapse;" |+ '''Kuongezeka kwa idadi ya wakazi wa Kinshasa''' | valign="top" | {| ! style="background:#efefef;" | Mwaka ! style="background:#efefef;" | wakazi |----- | [[1920]] || align="right" | 1 600 |----- | [[1936]] || align="right" | 40 300 |----- | [[1938]] || align="right" | 35 900 |----- | [[1939]] || align="right" | 42 000 |----- | [[1947]] || align="right" | 126 100 |----- | [[1957]] || align="right" | 299 800 |----- | [[1959]] || align="right" | 402 500 |----- | [[1968]] || align="right" | 1 052 500 |} | valign="top" | {| ! style="background:#efefef;" | Mwaka ! style="background:#efefef;" | wakazi |----- | [[1970]] || align="right" | 1 323 000 |----- | [[1974]] || align="right" | 1 990 700 |----- | [[1976]] || align="right" | 2 443 900 |----- | [[1984]] || align="right" | 2 664 309 |----- | [[1991]] || align="right" | 3 804 000 |----- | [[1994]] || align="right" | 4 655 313 |----- | [[2005]] || align="right" | 7 500 000 |----- | ''2015'' || align="right" | ''est. 12 000 000'' |} |- | colspan="2" | <small>''Source: [http://www.library.uu.nl/wesp/populstat/Africa/congokit.htm Populstat], [http://www.gazetteer.de/c/c_cd.htm World Gazetteer]''</small> |} [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[Category:Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] {{mbegu}} 3214 10898 2006-06-17T23:08:06Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] 3215 10899 2006-06-17T23:13:50Z Kipala 107 Kutoka de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:Carl_Peters_.jpg Kutoka de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:Carl_Peters_.jpg 3216 11608 2006-07-01T11:17:39Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Carl Peters .jpg|thumb|300|Carl Peters (1856-1918)]] '''Karl Peters''' (1856 - 1918) alikuwa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] aliyeanzisha [[koloni]] ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani]]. Peters alizaliwa mtoto wa [[mchungaji]] wa [[Kiprotestant]]. Chuoni alivutwa na mafundisho ya [[Udarwini ya Kijamii]] yaani mafundisho yaliyotangaza ya kwamba ni haki na halali kama wenye nguvu duniani wanakandamiza wadhaifu. Baada ya masomo yake ya historia alifanya kazi [[London]] ([[Uingereza]]) mnamo 1882/1883. Alivutwa sana na enzi la Uingereza na utawala wake juu ya nchi nyingi akisitika ya kwamba Ujerumani ilikosa koloni. Aliporudi Ujerumani mwaka 1884 alianza kupigia debe mipango ya kuanzisha [[koloni]] za Ujerumani. Aliamini ya kwamba watu wenye rangi nyeusi ni wadhaifu hivyo wanapaswa kutawaliwa na weupe wenye nguvu akilenga kuwapatia Wajerumani nafasi waliostahili machoni pake kati ya mataifa ya Ulaya. Aliamini ya kwamba koloni huongeza utajiri na enzi ya nchi yenye koloni. ==Peters alianzisha Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani== [1884]] Peters aliunda "[[Shirika la Koloni za Kijerumani]]" akajipatia wito wa kupata maeneo katika [[Afrika ya Mashariki]]. Wakati ule hapana na koloni katika Afrika ya Mashariki isipokuwa Ureno iliyotawala sehemu za pwani la [[Msumbiji]]. Tar. 10. Novemba 1884 Peters alifika [[Unguja]] pamoja na wawili wenzake akaendelea kuzunguka kwenye bara la [[Tanganyika]]. Alifaulu kupata ma[[sultani]] au machifu kadhaa waliotoa aina ya sahihi kwenye karatasi walizoonyeshwa na Peters. Karatasi hizi ziliandikwa kwa lugha ya Kijerumani zikasema ya kwamba Sultani fulani aliweka nchi yake chini ya mamlaka ya Ujerumani. Kuna uhakika ya kwamba masultani hawakuelewa walichofanya kwa kuchora alama zao kwenye karatasi hizi; walifikiri ya kwamba walipewa ahadi ya ulinzi kutoka kwa mtawala wa mbali ambaye labda ataweza faida kwao siku moja lakini hawakuelewa ya kwamba walitamka kibali cha wageni kutawala nchi yao. Peters mwenyewe alisimulia jinsi alivyowapa masultani pombe kali hadi walikuwa tayari kuchora alama zao. Kwa njia hiyo alipata hati zake juu ya maeneo ya Usagara, Nguru, Useguha und Ukami. Peters alitafuta sasa kibali rasmi ya serikali ya Ujerumani lakini [[Chansela]] [[Bismarck]] asiyeona faida ya kuwa na koloni alikataa. Peters alitishia kuuza haki zake kwa mfalme [[Leopold mfalme wa Ubelgiji|Leopold]] wa [[Ubelgiji]] hivyo akamlazimisha Bismarck kumpatia barua rasmi ya Ulinzi juu ya maeneo lake katika Afrika ya Mashariki. ==Peters kulenga Uganda== ==Unyama wa Peters Kilimanjaro na kufukuzwa kwake== [[Category:Historia ya Tanzania]] {{Afrika}} {{mbegu}} 3217 11809 2006-07-02T13:38:00Z Escarbot 176 robot Adding: af, als, an, ang, ar, ast, be, bg, bn, br, bs, ca, co, cs, cv, cy, da, de, el, en, eo, es, et, eu, fa, fi, fr, gl, he, hi, hr, ht, hu, hy, ia, id, ilo, io, is, it, ja, jv, ko, ku, kw, la, lb, li, ln, lt, lv, mi, mk, mo, mr, ms, my, na, {|width="60%" align="center" cellspacing="3" style="border: 3px solid orange; background-color: #FFFFCC; margin-bottom: 6px;" |align="center"|'''Robot en cours de test''' |- | Ce robot en cours de test est destiné à faire des interwikis. |- | Dresseur : [[:fr:Utilisateur:Vargenau|Vargenau]] |- | Laissez vos commentaires sur [[:fr:Discussion Utilisateur:Vargenau|ma page de discussion]]. Merci. |} {|width="60%" align="center" cellspacing="3" style="border: 3px solid orange; background-color: #FFFFCC; margin-bottom: 6px;" |align="center"|'''Robot currently under test''' |- | This robot currently under test will only be used to make interwiki links. |- | Owner: [[:fr:Utilisateur:Vargenau|Vargenau]] |- | Please leave your comments (in French or English) on [[:fr:Discussion Utilisateur:Vargenau|my French talk page]]. Thank you. |} [[af:Gebruiker:Escarbot]] [[als:Benutzer:Escarbot]] [[an:User:Escarbot]] [[ang:User:Escarbot]] [[ar:مستخدم:Escarbot]] [[ast:Usuariu:Escarbot]] [[be:Удзельнік:Escarbot]] [[bg:Потребител:Escarbot]] [[bn:ব্যবহারকারী:Escarbot]] [[br:Implijer:Escarbot]] [[bs:User:Escarbot]] [[ca:Usuari:Escarbot]] [[co:User:Escarbot]] [[cs:Wikipedista:Escarbot]] [[cv:Хутшăнакан:Escarbot]] [[cy:Defnyddiwr:Escarbot]] [[da:Bruger:Escarbot]] [[de:Benutzer:Escarbot]] [[el:Χρήστης:Escarbot]] [[en:User:Escarbot]] [[eo:Vikipediisto:Escarbot]] [[es:Usuario:Escarbot]] [[et:Kasutaja:Escarbot]] [[eu:Lankide:Escarbot]] [[fa:کاربر:Escarbot]] [[fi:Käyttäjä:Escarbot]] [[fr:Utilisateur:Escarbot]] [[gl:User:Escarbot]] [[he:משתמש:Escarbot]] [[hi:सदस्य:Escarbot]] [[hr:Suradnik:Escarbot]] [[ht:User:Escarbot]] [[hu:User:Escarbot]] [[hy:User:Escarbot]] [[ia:Usator:Escarbot]] [[id:Pengguna:Escarbot]] [[ilo:User:Escarbot]] [[io:User:Escarbot]] [[is:Notandi:Escarbot]] [[it:Utente:Escarbot]] [[ja:利用者:Escarbot]] [[jv:User:Escarbot]] [[ko:사용자:Escarbot]] [[ku:Bikarhêner:Escarbot]] [[kw:User:Escarbot]] [[la:Usor:Escarbot]] [[lb:User:Escarbot]] [[li:Gebroeker:Escarbot]] [[ln:User:Escarbot]] [[lt:Naudotojas:Escarbot]] [[lv:User:Escarbot]] [[mi:User:Escarbot]] [[mk:Корисник:Escarbot]] [[mo:User:Escarbot]] [[mr:User:Escarbot]] [[ms:Pengguna:Escarbot]] [[my:User:Escarbot]] [[na:User:Escarbot]] [[nah:Usuario:Escarbot]] [[nap:Utente:Escarbot]] [[nds:Bruker:Escarbot]] [[nl:Gebruiker:Escarbot]] [[nn:Brukar:Escarbot]] [[no:Bruker:Escarbot]] [[oc:Utilisator:Escarbot]] [[os:Архайæг:Escarbot]] [[pl:Wikipedysta:Escarbot]] [[pt:Usuário:Escarbot]] [[ro:Utilizator:Escarbot]] [[ru:Участник:Escarbot]] [[scn:User:Escarbot]] [[sco:User:Escarbot]] [[sg:User:Escarbot]] [[sh:User:Escarbot]] [[simple:User:Escarbot]] [[sk:Redaktor:Escarbot]] [[sl:Uporabnik:Escarbot]] [[sm:User:Escarbot]] [[sq:Përdoruesi:Escarbot]] [[sr:Корисник:Escarbot]] [[sv:Användare:Escarbot]] [[ta:பயனர்:Escarbot]] [[th:ผู้ใช้:Escarbot]] [[tl:User:Escarbot]] [[tr:Kullanıcı:Escarbot]] [[tt:Äğzä:Escarbot]] [[uk:Користувач:Escarbot]] [[vi:Thành viên:Escarbot]] [[wa:Uzeu:Escarbot]] [[yi:באַניצער:Escarbot]] [[zh:User:Escarbot]] [[zh-min-nan:User:Escarbot]] 3218 10903 2006-06-18T02:22:25Z Escarbot 176 {|width="60%" align="center" cellspacing="3" style="border: 3px solid orange; background-color: #FFFFCC; margin-bottom: 6px;" |align="center"|'''Robot en cours de test''' |- | Ce robot en cours de test est destiné à faire des interwikis. |- | Dresseur : [[:fr:Utilisateur:Vargenau|Vargenau]] |- | Laissez vos commentaires sur [[:fr:Discussion Utilisateur:Vargenau|ma page de discussion]]. Merci. |} {|width="60%" align="center" cellspacing="3" style="border: 3px solid orange; background-color: #FFFFCC; margin-bottom: 6px;" |align="center"|'''Robot currently under test''' |- | This robot currently under test will only be used to make interwiki links. |- | Owner: [[:fr:Utilisateur:Vargenau|Vargenau]] |- | Please leave your comments (in French or English) on [[:fr:Discussion Utilisateur:Vargenau|my French talk page]]. Thank you. |} 3219 11808 2006-07-02T12:50:56Z Escarbot 176 robot Adding: af, als, an, ang, ar, ast, be, bg, br, bs, ca, cs, cy, da, de, el, en, eo, es, et, eu, fa, fi, gl, he, hi, hr, ht, hu, hy, ia, id, io, is, it, ja, jv, ko, ku, kw, la, lb, li, lt, lv, mi, mo, ms, my, na, nah, nap, nds, nl, nn, no, oc, o Bonjour, Je suis un Wikipédien français. Merci de me contacter sur [[:fr:Discussion_Utilisateur:Vargenau]]. Hello, I am a French Wikipedian. Please contact me on [[:fr:Discussion_Utilisateur:Vargenau]]. Hallo, Ich bin ein französischer Wikipedia Benutzer. Bitte gehen Sie zu : [[:fr:Discussion_Utilisateur:Vargenau]]. [[af:Gebruiker:Vargenau]] [[als:Benutzer:Vargenau]] [[an:User:Vargenau]] [[ang:User:Vargenau]] [[ar:مستخدم:Vargenau]] [[ast:Usuariu:Vargenau]] [[be:Удзельнік:Vargenau]] [[bg:Потребител:Vargenau]] [[br:Implijer:Vargenau]] [[bs:User:Vargenau]] [[ca:Usuari:Vargenau]] [[cs:Wikipedista:Vargenau]] [[cy:Defnyddiwr:Vargenau]] [[da:Bruger:Vargenau]] [[de:Benutzer:Vargenau]] [[el:Χρήστης:Vargenau]] [[en:User:Vargenau]] [[eo:Vikipediisto:Vargenau]] [[es:Usuario:Vargenau]] [[et:Kasutaja:Vargenau]] [[eu:Lankide:Vargenau]] [[fa:کاربر:Vargenau]] [[fi:Käyttäjä:Vargenau]] [[fr:Utilisateur:Vargenau]] [[gl:User:Vargenau]] [[he:משתמש:Vargenau]] [[hi:सदस्य:Vargenau]] [[hr:Suradnik:Vargenau]] [[ht:User:Vargenau]] [[hu:User:Vargenau]] [[hy:User:Vargenau]] [[ia:Usator:Vargenau]] [[id:Pengguna:Vargenau]] [[io:User:Vargenau]] [[is:Notandi:Vargenau]] [[it:Utente:Vargenau]] [[ja:利用者:Vargenau]] [[jv:User:Vargenau]] [[ko:사용자:Vargenau]] [[ku:Bikarhêner:Vargenau]] [[kw:User:Vargenau]] [[la:Usor:Vargenau]] [[lb:User:Vargenau]] [[li:Gebroeker:Vargenau]] [[lt:Naudotojas:Vargenau]] [[lv:User:Vargenau]] [[mi:User:Vargenau]] [[mo:User:Vargenau]] [[ms:Pengguna:Vargenau]] [[my:User:Vargenau]] [[na:User:Vargenau]] [[nah:Usuario:Vargenau]] [[nap:Utente:Vargenau]] [[nds:Bruker:Vargenau]] [[nl:Gebruiker:Vargenau]] [[nn:Brukar:Vargenau]] [[no:Bruker:Vargenau]] [[oc:Utilisator:Vargenau]] [[os:Архайæг:Vargenau]] [[pl:Wikipedysta:Vargenau]] [[pt:Usuário:Vargenau]] [[ro:Utilizator:Vargenau]] [[ru:Участник:Vargenau]] [[scn:User:Vargenau]] [[sco:User:Vargenau]] [[sg:User:Vargenau]] [[sh:User:Vargenau]] [[simple:User:Vargenau]] [[sk:Redaktor:Vargenau]] [[sl:Uporabnik:Vargenau]] [[sm:User:Vargenau]] [[sq:Përdoruesi:Vargenau]] [[sr:Корисник:Vargenau]] [[sv:Användare:Vargenau]] [[ta:பயனர்:Vargenau]] [[th:ผู้ใช้:Vargenau]] [[tl:User:Vargenau]] [[tr:Kullanıcı:Vargenau]] [[tt:Äğzä:Vargenau]] [[uk:Користувач:Vargenau]] [[vi:Thành viên:Vargenau]] [[wa:Uzeu:Vargenau]] [[zh:User:Vargenau]] [[zh-min-nan:User:Vargenau]] 3220 10905 2006-06-18T02:38:15Z Vargenau 177 Bonjour, Je suis un Wikipédien français. Merci de me contacter sur [[:fr:Discussion_Utilisateur:Vargenau]]. Hello, I am a French Wikipedian. Please contact me on [[:fr:Discussion_Utilisateur:Vargenau]]. Hallo, Ich bin ein französischer Wikipedia Benutzer. Bitte gehen Sie zu : [[:fr:Discussion_Utilisateur:Vargenau]]. 3221 10914 2006-06-18T07:26:24Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Sayansi]] 3222 10915 2006-06-18T08:55:51Z 62.154.201.129 [[Category:Sayansi]] 3223 10919 2006-06-18T09:14:27Z 62.154.201.129 [[Category:Sayansi]] [[af:Sterrekunde]] [[am:ሥነ ፈለክ]] [[an:Astronomía]] [[ar:فلك]] [[ast:Astronomía]] [[bg:Астрономия]] [[bm:Dolokalan]] [[bn:জ্যোতির্বিদ্যা]] [[br:Astronomi]] [[bs:Astronomija]] [[ca:Astronomia]] [[co:Astronomia]] [[cs:Astronomie]] [[csb:Astronomijô]] [[cv:Астрономи]] [[cy:Seryddiaeth]] [[da:Astronomi]] [[de:Astronomie]] [[el:Αστρονομία]] [[en:Astronomy]] [[eo:Astronomio]] [[es:Astronomía]] [[et:Astronoomia]] [[eu:Astronomia]] [[fa:ستاره‌شناسی]] [[fi:Tähtitiede]] [[fy:Stjerrekunde]] [[ga:Réalteolaíocht]] [[gl:Astronomía]] [[gu:ખગોળશાસ્ત્ર]] [[he:אסטרונומיה]] [[hi:खगोल शास्त्र]] [[hr:Astronomija]] [[ht:Astwonomi]] [[hu:Csillagászat]] [[ia:Astronomia]] [[id:Astronomi dan Astrofisika]] [[ie:Astronomie]] [[io:Astronomio]] [[is:Stjörnufræði]] [[it:Astronomia]] [[iu:ᓯᓚᓯᐅᕐᓂᖅ]] [[ja:天文学]] [[jv:Astronomi]] [[ka:ასტრონომია]] [[ko:천문학]] [[ku:Astronomî]] [[kw:Astronymyl]] [[la:Astronomia]] [[lad:Astronomiya]] [[lb:Astronomie]] [[li:Sjtarrekónde]] [[lt:Astronomija]] [[lv:Astronomija]] [[mo:Астрономие ши астрофизикэ]] [[ms:Astronomi]] [[mt:Astronomija]] [[nap:Astronomia]] [[nds:Astronomie]] [[ne:ज्योतिष]] [[nl:Astronomie]] [[nn:Astronomi]] [[no:Astronomi]] [[oc:Astronomia]] [[pa:ਤਾਰਾ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ]] [[pam:Astronomia]] [[pl:Astronomia]] [[pt:Astronomia]] [[rm:Astronomia]] [[ro:Astronomie]] [[ru:Астрономия]] [[scn:Astronumìa]] [[sco:Astronomie]] [[simple:Astronomy]] [[sk:Astronómia]] [[sl:Astronomija]] [[sq:Astronomia]] [[sr:Астрономија]] [[su:Astronomi]] [[sv:Astronomi]] [[ta:வானியல்]] [[th:ดาราศาสตร์]] [[tl:Astronomiya]] [[tr:Gökbilim]] [[uk:Астрономія]] [[vi:Thiên văn học]] [[vo:Stelav]] [[war:Astronomiya]] [[zh:天文学]] 3224 10922 2006-06-18T09:20:03Z 62.154.201.129 Redirecting to [[Unajimu]] #REDIRECT [[Unajimu]] 3225 10923 2006-06-18T09:21:30Z 62.154.201.129 Redirecting to [[Unajimu]] #REDIRECT [[Unajimu]] 3226 11412 2006-06-27T07:37:00Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[nl:Astrologie]] Modifying: [[ug:يۇلتۇزلار تەتقىقاتى]] '''Unajimu''' ni elimu juu ya [[nyota]] jinsi zinavyoonekana kwa macho pamoja na jaribio la kuona uhusiano kati ya nyota na mambo kwenye dunia yetu na katika maisha ya binadamu. Kuna aina nyingi za unajimu; wengine wanatka kugundua mwendo wa dunia na [[utabiri]] wa mambo yajayo, wengine wanaamini ya kwamba wanaweza kutambua tabia ya mwanadamu kutokana na hali ya nyota wakati wa kuzaliwa kwake, wengine wanaona nyota kama alama za miungu. ==Tofauti ya unajimu na falaki== Unajimu ni tofauti na [[falaki]] ingawa zote mbili zilianza na kuendelea pamoja kwa karne nyingi. Tangu mwanzo wa [[sayansi]] ya kisasa wataalamu walitambua tabia za nyota kuwa magimba ya angani yenye sifa za ki[[fizikia]] sio pepo, roho au miungu zinazoweza kutawala dunia au wanadamu. Kwa hiyo njia za unajimu (astrolojia) na falaki (astronomia) zimeachana. ==Asili ya unajimu== Tangu mwanzo wa historia wanadamu katika sehemu mbalimbali za dunia walitazama nyota wakitambua nyota zinaonekana tofauti na mwendo wa majira. Walitambua pia uhusiano kati ya kuonekana kwa nyota mbalimbali na kutokea kwa mambo yaliyo muhimu kwa maisha ya kibinadamu. Kwa mfano kuonekana kwa nyota fulani (hii inategemea mahali duniani) inaweza kuwa alama ya kwamba mvua ni karibu, au majira ya baridi inaanza. Watu wa kale walikuwa hodari sana kutazama nyota na kutambua mabadiliko yao katika mwendo wa wakati. Hali hii haieleweki kirahisi na watu wa leo waliozoea nuru ya taa za umeme wakitumia wakati wa usiku kutazama TV au kompyuta. Lakini kwa watu wa kale -jinsi ilivyo hadi leo kwa watu wengi vijijini au porini- nyota na mwezi zilikuwa taa hasa wakati wa usiku. Uhusuiano ulioonekana kati ya mabadiliko ya nyota na mabadiliko ya majira yalianzisha elimu ya [[kalenda]] pamoja na elimu ya unajimu na falaki. Kwa wazee hawa ilikuwa wazi ya kwamba nyota fulani inatawala majira, hali ya hewa na hivyo maisha ya kibinadamu kwa sababu maisha ya jamii yalitegemea majira na mwendo wa mvua, ukame, baridi au joto. Hapo ni asili ya kuziangalia nyota kama miungu au pepo za enzi. Hasa tabia ya hali ya hewa ya kuchelewa au kuwahi kidogo ilijenga imani ya kwamba kuchelewa kwa mvua ni dalili ya hasira ya mungu yule anayeonekana kama nyota fulani. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Jumuiya]] [[Category:Dini]] [[Category:Unajimu]] [[ar:تنجيم]] [[bg:Астрология]] [[ca:Astrologia]] [[cs:Astrologie]] [[da:Astrologi]] [[de:Astrologie]] [[el:Αστρολογία]] [[en:Astrology]] [[eo:Astrologio]] [[es:Astrología]] [[et:Astroloogia]] [[fa:ستاره‌بینی]] [[fi:Astrologia]] [[fr:Astrologie]] [[he:אסטרולוגיה]] [[hr:Astrologija]] [[hu:Asztrológia]] [[ia:Astrologia]] [[id:Astrologi]] [[it:Astrologia]] [[ja:占星術]] [[ko:점성술]] [[lt:Astrologija]] [[mt:Astroloġija]] [[nl:Astrologie]] [[no:Astrologi]] [[nrm:Astrologie]] [[pl:Astrologia]] [[pt:Astrologia]] [[ro:Astrologie]] [[ru:Астрология]] [[sa:फलज्योतिषं]] [[sh:Astrologija]] [[sk:Astrológia]] [[sl:Astrologija]] [[sr:Астрологија]] [[sv:Astrologi]] [[th:โหราศาสตร์]] [[tl:Astrolohiya]] [[tr:Astroloji]] [[ug:يۇلتۇزلار تەتقىقاتى]] [[zh:占星学]] 3227 10931 2006-06-18T13:48:55Z Kipala 107 Redirecting to [[Uswazi]] #REDIRECT [[Uswazi]] 3228 10935 2006-06-18T14:03:32Z Kipala 107 Redirecting to [[Guinea Bisau]] #REDIRECT [[Guinea Bisau]] 3229 10938 2006-06-18T14:06:24Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Indonesia]] 3230 10939 2006-06-18T14:06:52Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Nchi za Asia]] 3231 10944 2006-06-18T17:31:48Z Kipala 107 {{Infobox_Country |native_name = Federal Republic of Nigeria <br> ''Shirikisho la Jamhuri ya Nigeria'' |common_name = Nigeria |image_flag = Flag of Nigeria.svg |image_coat = Nigeria coa.gif |image_map = LocationNigeria.png |national_motto = Unity and Faith, Peace and Progress (''Umoja na Imani, Amani na Maendeleo'') |national_anthem = [[Arise O Compatriots, Nigeria's Call Obey]] (''Amkeni wananchi, mtieni wito la Nigeria'') |official_languages = [[Kiingereza]] |capital = [[Abuja]] |latd=9 |latm=10 |latNS=N |longd=7 |longm=10 |longEW=E |largest_city = [[Lagos]] |government_type = [[Shirikisho la Jamhuri]] |leader_titles = [[Rais wa Nigeria|Rais]] |leaader_title2 = [[Vice-President of Nigeria|Vice-President]] |leader_names = [[Olusegun Obasanjo|Olusẹgun Ọbasanjọ]] |leader_name2 = [[Atiku Abubakar]] |area_rank = ya 31 |area_magnitude = 1_E11 |area= 923,768 |areami²= 356,667 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |percent_water = 1.4% |population_estimate = 131,530,000 |population_estimate_rank = ya 9 |population_estimate_year = 2005 |population_census = 88,992,220 |population_census_year = 1991 |population_density = 142 |population_densitymi² =369 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> |population_density_rank = ya 53 |GDP_PPP = $132.1 billion<!-- cia.gov --> |GDP_PPP_rank = ya 55 |GDP_PPP_year= 2005 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,188 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ya 164 |sovereignty_type = [[Uhuru]] |established_events = kutoka [[Uingereza]] |established_dates = [[Octoba 1]] [[1960]] |HDI = 0.453 |HDI_rank = ya 158 |HDI_year = 2003 |HDI_category = <font color="#E0584E">low</font> |currency = [[Naira]] (₦) |currency_code = NGN |country_code = NGA |time_zone = |utc_offset = +1 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = +2 |cctld = [[.ng]] |calling_code = 234 }} '''Nigeria''' ni nchi ya [[Afrika ya Magharibi]] kwenye pwani la [[Bahari Atlantiki]]. Imepakana na [[Benin]], [[Niger]], [[Chad]] na [[Kamerun]]. [[Mji mkuu]] tangu ni [[Abuja]] ikitanguliwa na [[Lagos]] hadi mwaka 1991. Nigeria imepata uhuru wake mwaka 1960 ni nchi ya [[Afrika]] yote yenye watu wengi. ==Jiografia== Nigeria inaunganisha maeneo tofauti sana ikiwa na [[msitu wa mvua]] katika kusini kupitia nchi ya [[savana]] hadi kanda ya [[Sahel]] na mwanzo wa [[jangwa]] la [[Sahara]] kaskazini kabisa. Mlima wa juu ni [[Chappal Waddi]] yenye 2,419 [[m]] juu ya [[UB]]. Hali ya hewa ni ya kitropiki. Kusini kuna mvua mwaka wote lakini kaskazini ya nchi kuna ukame kati ya Novemba na Aprili. Mito mikubwa ni [[mto Niger]] na [[mto Benue]]; yote miwili inakutana na kuishia katika [[delta ya Niger]] ambayo ni kati ya [[delta]] kubwa zaidi duniani. Mji mkubwa ni Lagos (mji mkuu wa zamani); kati ya miji mingini ni Abuja, [[Kano (mji)|Kano]], [[Ibadan]], [[Oshogbo]], [[Ilorin]], [[Abeokuta]], [[Ogbomosho]] na [[Port Harcourt]]. [[Image:Nigeria-karte-politisch english.png|thumb|left|350px|'''Nigeria''' - Madola ya shirikisho na nchi jirani]] ==Madola ya shirikisho== Muundo wa Nigeria ni Shirikisho la Jamhuri. Katiba ya nchi imefuata mfano wa katiba ya Marekani. Rais huchaguliwa na wananchi wote ndiye mkuu wa serikali. Anawajibika mbele ya [[bunge]] yenye vitengo viwili: [[Senati]] na [[Baraza la Wawakilishi]]. {| cellpadding=10 | valign=top | *[[Abia (staat)|Abia]] *[[Adamawa (staat)|Adamawa]] *[[Akwa Ibom (staat)|Akwa Ibom]] *[[Anambra (staat)|Anambra]] *[[Bauchi (staat)|Bauchi]] *[[Bayelsa (staat)|Bayelsa]] *[[Benue (staat)|Benue]] *[[Borno (staat)|Borno]] *[[Cross River (staat)|Cross River]] *[[Delta (staat)|Delta]] *[[Ebonyi (staat)|Ebonyi]] *[[Edo (staat)|Edo]] *[[Ekiti (staat)|Ekiti]] *[[Enugu (staat)|Enugu]] *[[Federal Capital Territory]] *[[Gombe (staat)|Gombe]] *[[Imo (staat)|Imo]] *[[Jigawa (staat)|Jigawa]] *[[Kaduna (staat)|Kaduna]] | valign=top | *[[Kano (staat)|Kano]] *[[Katsina (staat)|Katsina]] *[[Kebbi (staat)|Kebbi]] *[[Kogi (staat)|Kogi]] *[[Kwara (staat)|Kwara]] *[[Lagos (staat)|Lagos]] *[[Nassarawa (staat)|Nassarawa]] *[[Niger (staat)|Niger]] *[[Ogun (staat)|Ogun]] *[[Ondo (staat)|Ondo]] *[[Osun (staat)|Osun]] *[[Oyo (staat)|Oyo]] *[[Plateau (staat)|Plateau]] *[[Rivers (staat)|Rivers]] *[[Sokoto (staat)|Sokoto]] *[[Taraba (staat)|Taraba]] *[[Yobe (staat)|Yobe]] *[[Zamfara (staat)|Zamfara]] |} [[Image:Ikoyi Bay Lagos.jpg|thumb|300px|Kisiwa cha [[Lagos]], mbele [[wangwa]]]] ==Wakazi== Nigeria hukadiriwa kuwa na wakazi takriban milioni 130. Vikundi vikubwa katika jumla la makabila 300 ni [[Wahaussa]] na [[Wafulani]] katika kaskazini (jumla 20-30%), [[Waigbo]] (Waibo) katika kusini (14-18%), [[Wayoruba]] katika sehemu za magharibi (20-27%). Makadirio ya idadi yanatofautiana sana ni vigumu kupata namba halisi kwa sababu ya umuhimu wake wa kisiasa. ===Dini=== Kuthebitisha idadi ya wafuasi wa dini mbalimbali ni vigumu vilevile. Kwa ujumla kaskazini ya nchi ina historia ndefu ya [[Uislamu]] na wakazi ni Waislamu hasa Wahaussa. Kusini kuna Wakristo wengi, Waigbo ni zaidi [[Wakatoliki]] na Yoruba zaidi [[Waprotestant]]. Wengine wanasema ya kwamba idadi za Wakristo na za Waislamu zinalingana - wengine wanaona Waislamu ni wengi kidogo labda 50%, Wakristo 40% na wafuasi wa dini za jadi takriban 10%. [[Image:Olusegun_Obasanjo_(Brasilia_6_September_2005).jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Olusegun Obasanjo]] Rais wa Nigeria 1999 - 2007]] ==Historia== Kabla ya [[ukoloni]] eneo la Nigeria ilikuwa na falme mbalimbali. Kaskazini ilikuwa chini ya sultani za Kiislamu za [[Kano]] na [[Sokoto]]; kusini ilikuwa na falme za [[Benin (ufalme)|Benin]], [[Ife]] na [[Oyo]]. Kwa jumla eneo la Nigeria haikuwahi kuwa pamoja kabla ya kuja kwa wakoloni waliochora mipaka yao bila kujali mno tamaduni za wenyeji. Ilikuwa azimio la [[Uingereza]] kuunganisha maeneo yenye utamaduni na historia tofauti kuwa koloni moja. Nigeria ilipata uhuru wake tarehe 1 Oktoba 1960 kutoka kwa Uingereza. Kati ya [[1967]]-[[1970]] nchi iliona [[vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]]; magharibi ya nchi inayokaliwa na Waigbo hasa ilijaribu kujitenga wa jina la [[Biafra]] wakipinga utawala wa wanajeshi Waislamu. Takriban watu milioni 2 walikufa na njaa wakati ule. Nigeria iliendelea kuvurugika na mapinduzi ya kijeshi. Tangu miaka ya 1970 Nigeria ilikuwa na mapato makubwa kutokana na mafuta yaliyotolewa kutoka ardhi yakwe hasa katika delta ya mto Niger. Ulaji rushwa na [[ufisadi]] wa watawala wa kijeshi ulizuia maendeleo ya nchi jinsi ilivyoonekana katika nchi nyingine yenye mafuta. Tangu 1999 nchi ilirudi kwa utawala wa kisheria ikapata katiba mpya na kumchagua rais [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] aliyerudishwa madarakani mara moja. Majaribio ya wafuasi wake wa kubadilisha katiba na kumpa kipindi cha tatu yameshindikana bungeni. Rais mpya atakeyemfuata Obasanjo atachaguliwa katika kura ya mwaka 2007. {{Afrika}} {{mbegu}} [[Category:Nigeria]] [[af:Nigerië]] [[am:ናይጄሪያ]] [[ang:Nigeria]] [[ar:نيجيريا]] [[an:Nicheria]] [[ast:Nixeria]] [[zh-min-nan:Nigeria]] [[bs:Nigerija]] [[br:Nigeria]] [[bg:Нигерия]] [[ca:Nigèria]] [[cv:Нигери]] [[cs:Nigérie]] [[cy:Nigeria]] [[da:Nigeria]] [[de:Nigeria]] [[et:Nigeeria]] [[el:Νιγηρία]] [[en:Nigeria]] [[es:Nigeria]] [[eo:Niĝerio]] [[eu:Nigeria]] [[fa:نیجریه]] [[fr:Nigeria]] [[ga:An Nigéir]] [[gd:Nigeria]] [[gl:Nixeria - Nigeria]] [[ko:나이지리아]] [[hi:नाइजीरिया]] [[hr:Nigerija]] [[io:Nigeria]] [[id:Nigeria]] [[is:Nígería]] [[it:Nigeria]] [[he:ניגריה]] [[ka:ნიგერია]] [[kw:Nijeri]] [[kg:Nizeria]] [[ht:Nijerya]] [[la:Nigeria]] [[lv:Nigērija]] [[lt:Nigerija]] [[li:Nigeria]] [[hu:Nigéria]] [[mk:Нигерија]] [[ms:Nigeria]] [[nl:Nigeria]] [[ja:ナイジェリア]] [[no:Nigeria]] [[nn:Nigeria]] [[oc:Nigèria]] [[ug:نىگېرىيە]] [[nds:Nigeria]] [[pl:Nigeria]] [[pt:Nigéria]] [[ro:Nigeria]] [[ru:Нигерия]] [[sq:Nigeria]] [[sk:Nigéria]] [[sl:Nigerija]] [[sr:Нигерија]] [[sh:Nigerija]] [[fi:Nigeria]] [[sv:Nigeria]] [[tl:Nigeria]] [[th:ประเทศไนจีเรีย]] [[vi:Nigeria]] [[to:Naisīlia]] [[tr:Nijerya]] [[tk:Nigeria]] [[uk:Нігерія]] [[wa:Nidjeria]] [[yo:Nigeria]] [[zh:奈及利亞]] 3232 10945 2006-06-18T17:32:15Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] 3233 10952 2006-06-18T20:48:18Z Kipala 107 '''Tiba''' (au: '''Uganga''') ni elimu kuhusu magonjwa ya watu mwilini na rohoni, jinsi ya kuzuia magonjwa na kuhusu njia ya kurudisha uzima. Elimu hii inafuata mbinu za ki[[sayansi]] tofauti na [[uganga wa kienyeji]] au wa kimila. Watu wanaoshughulika magonjwa wa watu huitwa tabibu au waganga. Mara nyingi watu huwaita "daktari" lakini neno hili lamaanisha zaidi cheo cha kufaulu chuo kikuu kwenye ngazi ya juu; mara nyingi waganga husoma hadi cheo cha daktari ya tiba. Watu wanaofanya kazi pamoja na tabibu ni muuguzi (nesi) na wasaidizi wengine. Tiba imeendelea kiasi cha kuwa na masomo yake madogo yanayoangalia hasa magonjwa ya sehemu fulani ya mwili tu. Kila somo ndogo lina wataalamu wake kwa mfano tiba ya moyo, ya ngozi, ya viungo vya ndani, ya upasuaji, ya wagonjwa wa watoto na kadhalika. [[Category:Tiba]] {{mbegu}} 3234 10954 2006-06-18T20:49:23Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Sayansi]] 3235 10966 2006-06-19T10:12:23Z 84.143.242.178 Redirecting to [[Cote d'Ivoire]] #REDIRECT [[Cote d'Ivoire]] 3236 10969 2006-06-19T18:26:54Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] 3237 10971 2006-06-19T18:54:12Z Kipala 107 kutokana na de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:Map_Sudan_Khartoum.png imebadilishwa na user:kipala kutokana na de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:Map_Sudan_Khartoum.png imebadilishwa na user:kipala 3238 10977 2006-06-19T20:53:41Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Su-map.png|thumb|left|240px|Khartoum on map of Sudan]] [[Image:Sudan Khartoum View with Traffic 2003.jpg|thumb|Msongamano wa magari kwenye kitovu cha {{PAGENAME}}]] [[Image:Ramani Sudan Khartoum.png|thumb|Ramani ya Khartoum pamoja na Omdurman na Bahri]] [[Image:Khartoum 32.53706E 15.60754N.jpg|thumb|Picha ya angani ya {{PAGENAME}} na Omdurman na Bahri]] [[Image:Nil scene.jpg|thumb|Mto Nile mbele ya {{PAGENAME}} mnamo mwaka 1910]] [[Image:Sudan Khartoum backstreet 28jul2005.jpg|thumb|Mtaa mdogo wa Khartum]] '''Khartoum''' ('''الخرطوم''' al-Khartūm) ni [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Sudan]] na pia mki mkuu wa dola la shirikisho la Khartoum. Mji uko mahali mito ya [[Nile]] nyeupe na [[Nile ya buluu]] inapokutana. Kisheria "Khartoum" ni eneo tu mashariki ya Nile nyeupe na kusini ya Nile ya buluu lakini hali halisi Khartoum pamoja na miji ya Omdurman na Bahri ni kama mji mmoja mkubwa sana unaounganishwa kwa madaraja kadhaa. == Wakazi == Khartoum ina wakazi 2,090,000 mjini penyewe pamoja na [[Omdurman]] na [[Bahri]] idadi ya wakazi inaweza kufika kati ya milioni 6 hadi 8 (kadirio la mwaka 2006). Kuongezeka kwa idadai ya wakazi: {| ! style="background:#efefef;" | Mwaka ! style="background:#efefef;" | Wakazi <br>(Khartoum penyewe) ! style="background:#efefef;" | Wakazi <br>(miji yote mitatu) |- | 1956 || align="right" | 93.100 || align="right" | 245.800 |- | 1973 (sensa) || align="right" | 333.906 || align="right" | 748.300 |- | 1983 (sensa) || align="right" | 476.218 || align="right" | 1.340.646 |- | 1993 (sensa) || align="right" | 947.483 || align="right" | 2.919.773 |- | 2006 (kadirio) || align="right" | 2.090.001 || align="right" | 7.830.479 |} == Historia == === Historia ya awali === Khartoum ilianzishwa mwaka 1820/21 na mtawala wa [[Misri]] [[Mehmed Ali]] kama kambi la jeshi mahali mito miwili ya Nile inapokutana. Wafanyabiashara wenyeji na Wamisri hawakuchelewa kujenga karibu. Kituo kipya ikawa kitovu cha biashara kwa ajili ya maeneo makubwa ya Sudan, hasa biashara ya [[meno ya ndovu]], [[mpira wa miti]], [[manyoya ya mbuni]] kwa ajili ya masoko ya [[Ulaya]] na watumwa kwa ajili ya masoko ya [[Misri]], [[Uturuki]] na [[Uarabuni]]. Sehemu kubwa ya karne ya 19 Khartoum ilikuwa na nyumba ndogo za udongo na mitaa nyembamba. Nyumba kubwa za pekee zilikuwa [[ikulu]] ya gavana wa Misri, [[msikiti]] mkuu, [[kanisa]] la [[Wakopti]], misioni ya Wakatoliki tangu 1847 na nyumba kadhaa ya wafanyabiashara Wagiriki na wazungu wengine. Palikuwa na ofisi za kibalozi za Austria na Uingereza. Idadi ya wakazi ilifikia takriban 50,000 ambao wengi walikuwa Waarabu na watumwa Waafrika. Wakati wa mtawala wa Misri [[Ismail Pascha]] Khartoum ikawa mji mkuu wa Sudan na makao ya gavana mkuu aliyekuwa Mwingerezea [[Gordon]]. Dhidi utawala wa Misri na Mwingereza Gordon kama gavana ilitokea ghasia na mapinduziy a Kiislamu. Jeshi la [[Muhammad Ahmad ibn Abd Allah Al-Mahdi]] iliteka Khartoum. Mahdi Muhammad hakutaka kukaa kwenye "mji wa makafiri" akajenga mji mpya wa Omdurman "mji wa waumini" ng'ambo ya mto Nile uliokuwa mji mkuu wa dola la mahdi 1885 - 1898. Mwaka 1898 Waingereza chini ya jenerali [[Kitchener]] kwa kushirikiana na Wamisri walirudi Sudan na kumaliza utawala wa mahdi wakajenga Khartoum upya. === Historia ya kisasa === Wakati wa uhuru 1956 Khartoum ikawa mji mkuu wa Sudan huru. Katika miaka tangu 1970 wakazi waliongezeka sana kutokana na wakimbizi waliokimbia vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe katika nchi za jirani kama [[Chad]], [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]] na [[Uganda]], pia wakimbizi kutoka vita ya [[Sudan ya Kusini]]. Wakimbizi hawa walijenga mitaa mikubwa ya vibanda. Tar. 20. Agosti 1998 Khartoum ilisha,buliwa na ndege za kivita za [[Marekani]] kwa sababu Waamerika waliamini ya kwamba kiwanda fulani kilikuwa mahali pa kutengenezea silaha za kikemia kwa ajili ya [[Osama bin Laden]]. Imejulikana baadaye ya kwamba kiwanda hiki kilikuwa cha madawa tu, Marekani ilifaulu kuondoa uwezo wa Sudan wa kutengeneza Aspirin yake. Mwaka 2005 viongozi wa Sudan ya Kusini waliweza kufika Sudan baada ya mapatano ya amani kati ya serikali ya Khartoum na Jeshi la ukombozi wa Sudan Kusini. Walipewa vyeo mbalimbali katika serikali mpya. Baada ya kifo cha kiongozi wa Sudan ya Kusini [[John Garang]] katika ajali ya ndege palitokea ghasia kali mwanzo wa Agosti 2005. ==Maendeleo ya mji== Tangu mapatano ya amani kuhusu Sudan ya Kusini kuna mipango mikubwa ya kujenga kitovu kipya ya kibiashara kwa ajili ya Khartoum ni mradi wa "Al-Mogran". Kuna matumaini ya kwamba amani itawezesha nchi kutumia mapato kutokana na mafuta nchini kwa ajili ya miradi ya maendeleo. Lakini wakati uleule vita ya jimbo la Darfur inaleta wasiwasi tena. Khartoum ina vyuo vikuu vinne. [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[Category:Miji ya Sudan]] [[Category:Sudan]] [[ar:خرطوم]] [[bg:Хартум]] [[ca:Khartum]] [[cs:Chartúm]] [[da:Khartoum]] [[de:Khartum]] [[et:Hartum]] [[en:Khartoum]] [[es:Jartum]] [[eo:Ĥartumo]] [[fa:خارطوم]] [[fr:Khartoum]] [[gl:Khartún - الخرطوم]] [[ko:하르툼]] [[io:Khartoum]] [[id:Khartoum]] [[os:Хартум]] [[is:Kartúm]] [[it:Khartum]] [[he:חרטום]] [[lt:Chartumas]] [[hu:Kartúm]] [[nl:Khartoem]] [[ja:ハルツーム]] [[no:Khartoum]] [[pl:Chartum]] [[pt:Cartum]] [[ru:Хартум]] [[sk:Chartúm]] [[sr:Картум]] [[fi:Khartum]] [[sv:Khartoum]] [[zh:喀土穆]] 3239 10973 2006-06-19T19:57:19Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Sudan]] 3240 10976 2006-06-19T20:45:48Z Kipala 107 au [[Image:Su-map.png|thumb|200px|Omdurman nchini Sudan]] [[Image:Map Sudan Ohmdurman.png|thumb|200px|Ramani ya Omdurman pamoja na Khartoum na Bahri]] [[Image:Mahdi_Grave_in_Omdurman.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Kaburi la Mahdi mjini Omdurman]] '''Omdurman''' (au: '''Omdourman''', [[Kar]]: '''أم درمان''' ''Umm Durmān'' ) ni mji mkubwa kabisa nchini [[Sudan]] kando la mto [[Nile]] ikitazama [[mji mkuu]] [[Khartoum]]. Pamoja na Khartoum na [[Bahri]] ni mji mmoja kubwa sana unaounganishwa kwa madaraja kadhaa. Ina wakazi wanaokadiriwa kufikia karibu milioni 3. ==Historia== Mji ulianzishwa na [[Muhammad Ahmad ibn Abd Allah Al-Mahdi]] mwaka 1885. Baada ya jeshi lake kuteka Khartoum katika vita dhidi ya Misri na gavana yake Gordon Mahdi Muhammad hakutaka kukaa kwenye "mji wa makafiri" akajenga mji mpya wa Omdurman "mji wa waumini" ng'ambo ya mto Nile uliokuwa mji mkuu wa dola la mahdi 1885 - 1898. Wakati ule Omdurman ilikuwa tayari na wakazi 150,000. Waingereza walipoteka Sudan mwaka 1898 Omdurman ilirudi nyuma lakini miaka ya nyuma ilikua tena kupita Khartoum kutokana na kufika kwa wakimbizi wengi mjini kutoka nchi jirani kama [[Chad]], [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]] na [[Uganda]], pia wakimbizi kutoka vita ya [[Sudan ya Kusini]]. Wakimbizi hawa walijenga mitaa mikubwa ya vibanda. ==Utamaduni na elimu== Omdurman ina vyuo vikuu kadhaa. Kumbukumbu ya kihistoria muhimu ni kaburi la Mahdi. [[Category:Miji ya Sudan]] [[de:Omdurman]] [[en:Omdurman]] [[fr:Omdourman]] [[lt:Omdurmanas]] [[nl:Omdurman]] [[ja:オムドゥルマン]] [[pl:Omdurman]] [[ru:Омдурман]] 3241 10979 2006-06-19T20:57:09Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Ramani Sudan Khartoum.png|thumb|Ramani ya Bahri pamoja na Omdurman na Khartoum]] '''Bahri''' au "Khartoum Bahri" ([[Kar]]: '''الخرطوم بحري al-Khartūm Bahrī''' = "Khartoum ya bahari yaani mtoni") ni mji wa [[Sudan]] jirani ya [[Khartoum]] upande wa kaskazini ya [[Nile ya buluu]]. Inaitwa pia "Khartoum ya kaskazini". Hata kama ni mji wa pekee kisheria halisi Bahri pamoja na miji ya Omdurman na Khartoum ni kama mji mmoja mkubwa sana unaounganishwa kwa madaraja kadhaa. Bahri imekadiriwa kuwa na wakazi milioni 1.6 mwaka 2006. [[Category:Miji ya Sudan]] [[ar:خرطوم بحري]] [[de:Bahri]] [[en:Khartoum North]] [[lt:Šiaurės Chartumas]] [[nl:Khartoem-Noord]] [[ja:アル・ハルツーム・バフリ]] [[pl:Chartum Północny]] 3242 10980 2006-06-19T21:18:05Z Kipala 107 '''Wadi Halfa''' ([[Kar]]: وادي حلفا) ni mji wa [[Sudan]] ya kaskazini kwenye mwambao wa [[Ziwa Nasser]]. Ni mwisho wa reli kutoka [[Khartoum]] na bandari ya feri kwenda [[Aswan]] katika [[Misri]]. Mji alianzishwa katika karne ya 19. Baada ya 1976 wakati wa kumaliza [[lambo la Aswan]] palikuwa na mipango ya kubomoa na kuacha mji kabisa. Serikali ilihamisha wakazi kwenda "Halfa mpya" mji mpya mbali katika kusini. Lakini sehemu ya wakazi waliobaki wakakataa kuondoka wakaanza kujenga nyumba mpya jirani na nyumba zilizoanza kuzama katika maji ya Ziwa Nasser lilipopanda juu. Siku hizi Wadi Halfa imekuwa kituo muhimu cha mawasiliano kati ya Misri na Sudan. Mji una wakazi 15,000. [[Category:Miji ya Sudan]] [[ar:وادي حلفا]] [[ca:Wadi Halfa]] [[de:Wadi Halfa]] [[en:Wadi Halfa]] [[pl:Wadi Halfa]] 3243 10981 2006-06-19T21:18:28Z Kipala 107 Redirecting to [[Kiarabu]] #REDIRECT [[Kiarabu]] 3244 10983 2006-06-19T21:26:27Z Kipala 107 ==Miji ya Sudan== Hii ni [[Orodha ya miji]] nchini [[Sudan]]: *[[Al Fashir]] *[[Al Qadarif]] *[[Al Ubayyid]] *[[Atbara]] *[[Babanusa]] *[[Bentiu]] *[[Bor, Sudan|Bor]] *[[Delgo, Sudan|Delgo]] *[[Dongola]] *[[Ed Damazin]] *[[Ed Dueim]] *[[Geneina]] *[[Hala'ib]] *[[Juba, Sudan|Juba]] *[[Kasala]] *[[Khartoum]] *[[Khartoum Bahri]] *[[Kusti]] (pia: Kosti) *[[Malakal]] *[[Malualkon]] *[[New Halfa]] (pia: Halfa Aljadeda) *[[Nimule]] *[[Nyala, Sudan|Nyala]] *[[Omdurman]] *[[Port Sudan]] (pia: Bur Sudan) *[[Rabak]] *[[Rumbek]] (pia: Rumbik) *[[Sennar]] (pia: Sannar) *[[Shandi (Sudan)|Shandi]] (pia: Shendi) *[[Suakin]] *[[Tabat]] (Al Shaikh Abdulmahmood) *[[Tonj]] *[[Wad Madani]] (pia: Wad Medani) *[[Wadi Halfa]] *[[Waw, Sudan|Waw]] (pia: Wau-Wow) [[Category:Miji ya Sudan| ]] [[de:Liste der Städte im Sudan]] [[en: List of cities in Sudan]] [[fi:Luettelo Sudanin kaupungeista]] [[fr:Liste de villes du Soudan]] [[nds:Städer in Sudan]] [[pt:Lista de cidades no Sudão]] [[sr:Списак градова у Судану]] 3245 10985 2006-06-19T23:00:31Z Kipala 107 Redirecting to [[Bahri]] #REDIRECT [[Bahri]] 3246 10990 2006-06-19T23:04:49Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] 3247 10992 2006-06-19T23:06:34Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] 3248 11416 2006-06-27T11:22:29Z 80.228.92.110 [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] [[Category:Nchi za Kiarabu]] [[Category:Nchi za Kiberber]] 3249 11004 2006-06-20T17:02:04Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Large Cairo Landsat.jpg|thumb|350px|'''Kairo''' jinsi inavyoonekana kutoka angani - '''njano''' ni rangi ya [[jangwa]], '''kijani-nyeusi''' ni rangi ya mashamba kwenye bonde la [[Nile]] linalopanuka kuwa [[delta]] na rangi ya '''kijivu''' ni nyumba za Kairo]] [[Image:Kairo 001.jpg|thumb|300px|Kitovu cha Kairo na mto wa [[Nile]]]] '''Kairo''' ([[Kar]] القاهرة ''al-Qāhira'' – „mwenye ushindi“) ni [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Misri]] na mji mkuu wa nchi zote za kiarabu. Kairo inakadiriwa kuwa na wakazi 7,734,614 mjini penyewe pamoja na mitaa ya karibu ni 15,502,478. Ndani ya eneo la Kairo ya leo ulikuwepo mji wa [[Kiroma]] wa [[Babiloni ya Misri]]. [[Waarabu]] walipovamia Misri mwaka 641 walijenga karibu kambi la jeshi lao lililoitwa [[Fustat]]. Fustat ikawa makao makuu ya watawala Waislamu Misri; miji yote miwili ya Babiloni na Fustat zikakua kuwa mji mmoja ulioitwa al-Qāhira (=mji wa ushindi) au Kairo. Piramidi ya Giza ziko karibu na Kairo. [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[Category:Misri]] [[Category:Miji ya Misri]] {{mbegu}} <!--Interwiki--> [[af:Kaïro]] [[als:Kairo]] [[ar:القاهرة]] [[az:Qahirə]] [[bg:Кайро]] [[ca:El Caire]] [[cs:Káhira]] [[da:Kairo]] [[de:Kairo]] [[et:Kairo]] [[el:Κάιρο]] [[en:Cairo]] [[es:El Cairo]] [[eo:Kairo]] [[eu:Kairo]] [[fa:قاهره]] [[fr:Le Caire]] [[gl:Cairo - القاهرة]] [[ko:카이로]] [[hr:Kairo]] [[io:Kairo]] [[id:Kairo]] [[is:Kaíró]] [[it:Il Cairo]] [[he:קהיר]] [[jv:Kairo]] [[ka:ქაირო]] [[la:Cairus]] [[lt:Kairas]] [[hu:Kairó]] [[mk:Каиро]] [[ms:Kaherah]] [[nl:Caïro (stad)]] [[ja:カイロ (エジプト)]] [[no:Kairo]] [[nn:Kairo]] [[pms:Ël Cairo]] [[pl:Kair]] [[pt:Cairo]] [[ro:Cairo]] [[ru:Каир]] [[scn:Cairu]] [[sk:Káhira]] [[sl:Kairo]] [[sr:Каиро]] [[sh:Kairo]] [[fi:Kairo]] [[sv:Kairo]] [[tl:Cairo]] [[ta:கெய்ரோ]] [[th:ไคโร]] [[tr:Kahire]] [[zh:开罗]] 3250 11005 2006-06-20T17:02:59Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Misri]] 3251 11006 2006-06-20T17:05:27Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Waarabu]] 3252 11007 2006-06-20T17:05:31Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] [[Category:Nchi za Kiarabu]] 3253 11009 2006-06-20T17:06:41Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Misri]] 3254 11018 2006-06-20T17:17:02Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Libya]] [[Category:Nchi za Kiarabu]] [[Category:Nchi za Kiberber]] [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] 3255 11016 2006-06-20T17:14:48Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] [[Category:Nchi za Kiarabu]] [[Category:Nchi za Kiberber]] 3256 11021 2006-06-20T18:23:21Z Kipala 107 '''Songwe''' ni jina la mito miwili ya '''[[Tanzania]]''' katika mkoa wa [[Mbeya]]. '''Songwe ya Kaskazini''' ina chanzo chake katika milima ya [[Umalila]] karibu na [[Santilya]] iliyopo kusini ya Mbeya ikielekea kaskazini na kuishia [[Rukwa (ziwa)|Ziwa la Rukwa]]. Bonde lake limejulikana kati ya wataalamu wa akiolojia kwa mifupa na mabaki ya nyakati za kale zinazopatikana hapa. Barabara ya Mbeya kwenda [[Zambia]] inavuka Songwe penye kiwanda cha [[saruji]] inayotumia mawe ya bonde la mto. Mto unapita baadaye karibu na kijiji cha [[Galula]] kablaya kufikia ziwa Rukwa. '''Songwe ya Kusini''' ina chanzo chake katika milima ileile karibu na Santilya ikielekea kusini na kuishia [[Ziwa Nyasa]]. Baada ya kupita [[Itumba]] ([[Ileje]]) mto ni mpaka kati ya Tanzania na [[Malawi]]. Tabia yake ya kubadilisha-badilisha mwendo wake imesababisha matatizo kati ya nchi jirani kwa sababi mashamba ya watu yamepatikana mara upande moja mara upande mwingine wa mpaka wa kimataifa. ==Viungo vya nje== Taarifa kuhusu Songwe ya kusini mpakana katiy a Malawi na Tanzania ([[Kin]]) [http://www.waternetonline.ihe.nl/aboutWN/pdf/Dukuduku.pdf] [http://www.afrol.com/articles/12447] [http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/~pwilloug/songwe.htm Habari za kiakiolojia kutoka bonde la Songwe ya kaskazini] [[Category:Mbeya]] [[Category:Mito ya Tanzania]] [[Category:Mito ya Malawi]] 3257 11033 2006-06-21T05:12:07Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Arthur Kornberg''' (amezaliwa 3 Machi 1918) ni daktari kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Hasa alichunguza [[DNA]]. Mwaka wa 1959, pamoja na [[Severo Ochoa]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Tiba'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba]] {{mbegu}} [[de:Arthur Kornberg]] [[en:Arthur Kornberg]] [[es:Arthur Kornberg]] [[pt:Arthur Kornberg]] 3258 11034 2006-06-21T05:12:30Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Severo Ochoa''' (24 Septemba 1905 &ndash; 1 Novemba 1993) alikuwa mwanabiolojia kutoka nchi ya [[Hispania]]. Hasa alichunguza [[kimeng’enya|vimeng’enya]] vya [[chembe hai]]. Pia alifaulu [[kusanisi]] [[DNA]]. Mwaka wa 1959, pamoja na [[Arthur Kornberg]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Tiba'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba]] {{mbegu}} [[bg:Северо Очоа]] [[en:Severo Ochoa]] [[es:Severo Ochoa]] [[eu:Severo Ochoa]] [[fr:Severo Ochoa]] [[gl:Severo Ochoa]] [[pl:Severo Ochoa de Albornoz]] [[pt:Severo Ochoa]] 3259 11027 2006-06-21T05:02:46Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''George Wells Beadle''' (22 Oktoba 1903 &ndash; 9 Juni 1989) alikuwa [[jenetiki|mwanajenetiki]] kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Hasa alichunguza uhusiano kati ya [[jeni]] na [[kimeng’enya|vimeng’enya]]. Mwaka wa 1958, pamoja na [[Edward Tatum]] na [[Joshua Lederberg]] alikuwa mshindi wa ‘’’[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Tiba’’’. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba]] {{mbegu}} [[de:George Wells Beadle]] [[en:George Wells Beadle]] [[es:George Wells Beadle]] [[gl:George Wells Beadle]] [[pt:George Wells Beadle]] [[sv:George Wells Beadle]] 3260 11028 2006-06-21T05:03:22Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[George Beadle]] #REDIRECT[[George Beadle]] 3261 11029 2006-06-21T05:03:57Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Edward Lawrie Tatum''' (14 Desemba 1909 &ndash; 5 Novemba 1975) alikuwa [[kemia|mwanakemia]] kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Hasa alichunguza uhusiano kati ya [[jeni]] na [[kimeng’enya|vimeng’enya]]. Mwaka wa 1958, pamoja na [[George Beadle]] na [[Joshua Lederberg]] alikuwa mshindi wa ‘’’[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Tiba’’’. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba]] {{mbegu}} [[de:Edward Lawrie Tatum]] [[en:Edward Lawrie Tatum]] [[es:Edward Lawrie Tatum]] [[pt:Edward Lawrie Tatum]] [[sk:Edward Lawrie Tatum]] [[sv:Edward Lawrie Tatum]] 3262 11030 2006-06-21T05:04:37Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Edward Tatum]] #REDIRECT[[Edward Tatum]] 3263 11031 2006-06-21T05:05:11Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Joshua Lederberg''' (amezaliwa 23 Mei 1925) ni [[jenetiki|mwanajenetiki]] kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Hasa alichunguza [[jeni]] za [[chembe hai]]. Mwaka wa 1958, pamoja na [[George Beadle]] na [[Edward Tatum]] alikuwa mshindi wa ‘’’[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Tiba’’’. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba]] {{mbegu}} [[de:Joshua Lederberg]] [[en:Joshua Lederberg]] [[es:Joshua Lederberg]] [[pt:Joshua Lederberg]] [[ru:Ледерберг, Джошуа]] 3264 11032 2006-06-21T05:11:31Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Daniel Bovet''' (23 Machi 1907 &ndash; 8 April 1992) alikuwa mtaalamu wa madawa kutoka nchi ya [[Italia]]; alizaliwa nchi ya [[Uswisi]]. Baadhi ya utafiti mwingine aligundua madawa yanayotibu kikemia, kwa mfano [[salfonamaidi]]. Mwaka wa 1957 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Tiba'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba]] {{mbegu}} [[de:Daniel Bovet]] [[en:Daniel Bovet]] [[es:Daniel Bovet]] [[fr:Daniel Bovet]] [[it:Daniel Bovet]] [[pt:Daniel Bovet]] 3265 11037 2006-06-21T05:15:32Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''William Bradford Shockley''' (13 Februari 1910 &ndash; 12 Agosti 1989) alikuwa mhandisi na mwalimu kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Hasa alichunguza mambo ya umeme na kuvumbua [[transista]]. Mwaka wa 1956, pamoja na [[John Bardeen]] na [[Walter Brattain]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Fizikia'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fizikia]] {{mbegu}} [[de:William B. Shockley]] [[en:William Shockley]] [[es:William Bradford Shockley]] [[fr:William Shockley]] [[ko:윌리엄 쇼클리]] [[hr:William Bradford Shockley]] [[nl:William Shockley]] [[ja:ウィリアム・ショックレー]] [[no:William Shockley]] [[pl:William Shockley]] [[pt:William Bradford Shockley]] [[sl:William Bradford Shockley]] 3266 11036 2006-06-21T05:14:17Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[William Shockley]] #REDIRECT[[William Shockley]] 3267 11038 2006-06-21T05:17:13Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''John Bardeen''' (23 Mei 1908 &ndash; 30 Januari 1991) alikuwa mwanafizikia kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Hasa alichunguza uhandisi wa umeme na kuvumbua [[transista]]. Mwaka wa 1956, pamoja na [[William Shockley]] na [[Walter Brattain]], na tena mwaka wa 1972, pamoja na [[Leon Cooper]] na [[John Schrieffer]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Fizikia'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fizikia]] {{mbegu}} [[ar:جون باردين]] [[bn:জন বার্ডীন]] [[de:John Bardeen]] [[en:John Bardeen]] [[es:John Bardeen]] [[eo:John Bardeen]] [[fr:John Bardeen]] [[gl:John Bardeen]] [[ko:존 바딘]] [[hr:John Bardeen]] [[id:John Bardeen]] [[it:John Bardeen]] [[he:ג'ון ברדין]] [[hu:John Bardeen]] [[nl:John Bardeen]] [[ja:ジョン・バーディーン]] [[no:John Bardeen]] [[pl:John Bardeen]] [[pt:John Bardeen]] [[ru:Бардин, Джон]] [[sl:John Bardeen]] [[sr:Џон Бардин]] [[sv:John Bardeen]] [[zh:约翰•巴丁]] 3268 11040 2006-06-21T05:18:33Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Walter Houser Brattain''' (10 Februari 1902 &ndash; 13 Oktoba 1987) alikuwa mwanafizikia kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Hasa alichunguza uhandisi wa umeme na kuvumbua [[transista]]. Mwaka wa 1956, pamoja na [[William Shockley]] na [[John Bardeen]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Fizikia'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fizikia]] {{mbegu}} [[de:Walter H. Brattain]] [[en:Walter Houser Brattain]] [[es:Walter Houser Brattain]] [[fr:Walter Houser Brattain]] [[ko:월터 브래튼]] [[it:Walter Houser Brattain]] [[nl:Walter Brattain]] [[ja:ウォルター・ブラッテン]] [[no:Walter Houser Brattain]] [[pl:Walter Houser Brattain]] [[pt:Walter Houser Brattain]] [[ru:Браттейн, Уолтер Хаузер]] [[sl:Walter Houser Brattain]] 3269 11041 2006-06-21T05:19:03Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Walter Brattain]] #REDIRECT[[Walter Brattain]] 3270 11044 2006-06-21T11:22:51Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''André Frédéric Cournand''' (24 Septemba 1895 &ndash; 19 Februari 1988) alikuwa daktari na mwanafiziolojia kutoka nchi ya [[Ufaransa]]; alihamia [[Marekani]] baadaye. Hasa alichunguza magonjwa ya moyo na tiba zake. Mwaka wa 1956, pamoja na [[Werner Forssmann]] na [[Dickinson Richards]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Tiba'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba]] {{mbegu}} [[de:André Frédéric Cournand]] [[en:André Frédéric Cournand]] [[pl:André Frédéric Cournand]] [[pt:André Frédéric Cournand]] 3271 11045 2006-06-21T11:23:33Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Andre Cournand]] #REDIRECT[[Andre Cournand]] 3272 11046 2006-06-21T11:24:05Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Andre Cournand]] #REDIRECT[[Andre Cournand]] 3273 11047 2006-06-21T11:24:33Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Andre Cournand]] #REDIRECT[[Andre Cournand]] 3274 11048 2006-06-21T11:25:31Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Werner Forssmann''' (20 Agosti 1904 &ndash; 1 Juni 1979) alikuwa daktari mpasuaji kutoka nchi ya [[Ujerumani]]. Pamoja na kazi ya [[upasuaji]] alichunguza magonjwa ya moyo na ya mkojo. Alikuwa daktari mpasuaji mkuu katika hospitali za miji ya [[Dresden]] na [[Düsseldorf]]. Mwaka wa 1956, pamoja na [[Andre Cournand]] na [[Dickinson Richards]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Tiba'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba]] {{mbegu}} [[de:Werner Forßmann]] [[en:Werner Forssmann]] [[pl:Werner Forssmann]] [[pt:Werner Forssmann]] [[zh:沃纳•福斯曼]] 3275 11049 2006-06-21T11:26:04Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Dickinson Woodruff Richards''' (30 Oktoba 1895 &ndash; 23 Februari 1973) alikuwa daktari na mwanafiziolojia kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Hasa alichunguza hali ya moyo wa binadamu. Mwaka wa 1956, pamoja na [[Andre Cournand]] na [[Werner Forssmann]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Tiba'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba]] {{mbegu}} [[en:Dickinson W. Richards]] 3276 11050 2006-06-21T11:26:57Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Dickinson Richards]] #REDIRECT[[Dickinson Richards]] 3277 11051 2006-06-21T11:27:48Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Axel Hugo Teodor Theorell''' (6 Julai 1903 &ndash; 15 Agosti 1972) alikuwa mwanakemia kutoka nchi ya [[Sweden]]. Hasa alichunguza kazi ya [[kimeng’enya|vimeng’enya]] katika [[chembe hai]]. Mwaka wa 1955 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Tiba'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba]] {{mbegu}} [[de:Hugo Theorell]] [[en:Hugo Theorell]] [[es:Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell]] [[pt:Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell]] [[sv:Hugo Theorell]] 3278 11052 2006-06-21T11:28:21Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Hugo Theorell]] #REDIRECT[[Hugo Theorell]] 3279 11053 2006-06-21T11:29:37Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''John Franklin Enders''' (10 Februari 1897 &ndash; 8 Septemba 1985) alikuwa daktari kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Hasa alichunguza virusi visababishavyo magonjwa mbalimbali. Mwaka wa 1954, pamoja na [[Frederick Robbins]] na [[Thomas Weller]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Tiba'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba]] {{mbegu}} [[de:John Franklin Enders]] [[en:John Franklin Enders]] [[es:John Franklin Enders]] [[pt:John Franklin Enders]] 3280 11054 2006-06-21T11:30:04Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[John Enders]] #REDIRECT[[John Enders]] 3281 11055 2006-06-21T11:30:36Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Frederick Chapman Robbins''' (amezaliwa 25 Agosti 1916) alikuwa daktari wa watoto kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Hasa alichunguza virusi visababishavyo magonjwa mbalimbali. Mwaka wa 1954, pamoja na [[John Enders]] na [[Thomas Weller]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Tiba'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba]] {{mbegu}} [[de:Frederick Chapman Robbins]] [[en:Frederick Chapman Robbins]] [[es:Frederick C Robbins]] [[pt:Frederick Chapman Robbins]] 3282 11056 2006-06-21T11:31:15Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Frederick Robbins]] #REDIRECT[[Frederick Robbins]] 3283 11057 2006-06-21T11:31:53Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Thomas Huckle Weller''' (amezaliwa 15 Juni 1915) alikuwa daktari kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Hasa alichunguza virusi visababishavyo magonjwa mbalimbali. Mwaka wa 1954, pamoja na [[Frederick Robbins]] na [[John Enders]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Tiba'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba]] {{mbegu}} [[en:Thomas Huckle Weller]] 3284 11058 2006-06-21T11:32:24Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Thomas Weller]] #REDIRECT[[Thomas Weller]] 3285 11059 2006-06-21T11:33:04Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Fritz Albert Lipmann''' (12 Juni 1899 &ndash; 24 Julai 1986) alikuwa mwanakemia kutoka nchi ya [[Ujerumani]]; baadaye alihamia [[Marekani]]. Hasa alichunguza [[kimeng’enya|vimeng’enya]] katika [[chembe hai]] vibadilishavyo chakula kuwa nishati. Mwaka wa 1953, pamoja na [[Hans Krebs]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Tiba'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba]] {{mbegu}} [[de:Fritz Albert Lipmann]] [[en:Fritz Albert Lipmann]] [[pt:Fritz Albert Lipmann]] [[ru:Липман, Фриц Альберт]] 3286 11060 2006-06-21T11:33:55Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Fritz Lipmann]] #REDIRECT[[Fritz Lipmann]] 3287 11061 2006-06-21T11:34:30Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Hans Adolf Krebs''' (25 Agosti 1900 &ndash; 22 Novemba 1981) alikuwa mwanakemia kutoka nchi ya [[Ujerumani]]. Mwaka wa 1933, kwa vile wazazi wake walikuwa [[Wayahudi]] alilazimishwa kuhamia [[Uingereza]]. Hasa alichunguza athari za kikemia ndani ya [[chembe hai]]. Mwaka wa 1953, pamoja na [[Fritz Lipmann]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Tiba'''. Mwaka wa 1958 alipewa cheo cha “Sir” cha Uingereza. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba]] {{mbegu}} [[bg:Ханс Кребс]] [[de:Hans Adolf Krebs]] [[en:Hans Adolf Krebs]] [[es:Hans Adolf Krebs]] [[he:הנס אדולף קרבס]] [[nl:Hans Adolf Krebs]] [[ja:ハンス・クレブス]] [[pl:Hans Adolf Krebs]] [[pt:Hans Adolf Krebs]] [[ru:Кребс, Ханс Адольф]] [[sv:Hans Krebs (biokemist)]] 3288 11062 2006-06-21T11:34:58Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Hans Krebs]] #REDIRECT[[Hans Krebs]] 3289 11063 2006-06-21T11:35:39Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Selman Abraham Waksman''' (22 Julai 1888 &ndash; 16 Agosti 1973) alikuwa mwanakemia kutoka nchi ya [[Ukraine]]. Baadaye alihamia na kupata uraia wa [[Marekani]] (mwaka wa 1916). Hasa alichunguza [[vijiumbe]] vya ardhini na kugundua [[kiua vijasumu|viua vijasumu]]. Mwaka wa 1952 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Tiba'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba]] {{mbegu}} [[de:Selman Abraham Waksman]] [[en:Selman Waksman]] [[es:Selman Abraham Waksman]] [[fr:Selman Abraham Waksman]] [[pt:Selman Abraham Waksman]] [[uk:Ваксман, Зельман]] 3290 11064 2006-06-21T11:36:14Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Selman Waksman]] #REDIRECT[[Selman Waksman]] 3291 11065 2006-06-21T11:37:27Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Max Theiler''' (30 Januari 1899 &ndash; 11 Agosti 1972) alikuwa mwanabiolojia kutoka nchi ya [[Afrika ya Kusini]]. Baadaye alihamia na kupata uraia wa [[Marekani]]. Hasa alichunguza virusi visababishavyo maradhi mbalimbali. Pia aligundua [[dawa ya chanjo]] dhidi ya [[homa ya manjano]]. Mwaka wa 1951 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Tiba'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba]] {{mbegu}} [[de:Max Theiler]] [[en:Max Theiler]] [[pl:Max Theiler]] [[pt:Max Theiler]] [[sv:Max Theiler]] 3292 11066 2006-06-21T11:38:19Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Tadeus Reichstein''' (20 Julai 1897 &ndash; 1 Agosti 1996) alikuwa mwanakemia kutoka nchi ya [[Uswisi]], lakini alizaliwa [[Poland]]. Hasa alichunguza [[homoni]] katika gamba la [[tezi adrenali]]. Mwaka wa 1950, pamoja na [[Edward Kendall]] na [[Philip Hench]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Tiba'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba]] {{mbegu}} [[cs:Tadeus Reichstein]] [[de:Tadeus Reichstein]] [[en:Tadeus Reichstein]] [[es:Tadeus Reichstein]] [[fr:Tadeusz Reichstein]] [[ja:タデウシュ・ライヒスタイン]] [[pl:Tadeusz Reichstein]] [[pt:Tadeus Reichstein]] [[sk:Tadeus Reichstein]] 3293 11067 2006-06-21T11:39:34Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Tadeus Reichstein]] #REDIRECT[[Tadeus Reichstein]] 3294 11068 2006-06-21T11:40:04Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Philip Showalter Hench''' (28 Februari 1896 &ndash; 30 Machi 1965) alikuwa daktari kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Baadhi ya uchunguzi mwingine alichunguza [[homoni]] katika gamba la [[tezi adrenali]]. Pia alitafiti kutibu [[ugonjwa wa baridi yabisi]] (‘’arthritis’’). Mwaka wa 1950, pamoja na [[Edward Kendall]] na [[Tadeus Reichstein]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Tiba'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba]] {{mbegu}} [[de:Philip Showalter Hench]] [[en:Philip Showalter Hench]] [[es:Philip Showalter Hench]] [[it:Philip Showalter Hench]] [[pl:Philip Showalter Hench]] [[pt:Philip Showalter Hench]] 3295 11069 2006-06-21T11:45:06Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Philip Hench]] #REDIRECT[[Philip Hench]] 3296 11070 2006-06-21T12:54:37Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Tiba]] 3297 11072 2006-06-21T12:56:18Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Edward Calvin Kendall''' (8 Machi 1886 &ndash; 4 Mei 1972) alikuwa mwanakemia kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Baadhi ya uchunguzi mwingine alichunguza [[homoni]] katika gamba la [[tezi adrenali]]. Mwaka wa 1950, pamoja na [[Philip Hench]] na [[Tadeus Reichstein]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Tiba'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba]] {{mbegu}} [[de:Edward Calvin Kendall]] [[en:Edward Calvin Kendall]] [[fr:Edward Calvin Kendall]] [[pl:Edward Calvin Kendall]] [[pt:Edward Calvin Kendall]] 3298 11073 2006-06-21T12:56:53Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Edward Kendall]] #REDIRECT[[Edward Kendall]] 3299 11076 2006-06-21T12:59:29Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Carl Ferdinand Cori''' (5 Desemba 1896 &ndash; 20 Oktoba 1984) na '''Gerty Theresa Cori''' (15 Agosti 1896 &ndash; 26 Oktoba 1957) walikuwa wanakemia kutoka nchi ya [[Ucheki]]. Baada ya kufunga ndoa mwaka wa 1920, walihamia na kupata uraia wa [[Marekani]] 1922. Hasa walichunguza [[umetaboli]] wa [[kabohaidreti]] katika [[kiumbehai]] cha wanyama. Mwaka wa 1947, pamoja na [[Bernardo Houssay]] walikuwa washindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Tiba'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba]] {{mbegu}} [[de:Carl Ferdinand Cori]] [[en:Carl Ferdinand Cori]] [[pt:Carl Ferdinand Cori]] [[de:Gerty Cori]] [[en:Gerty Cori]] [[es:Gerty Theresa Cori]] [[gl:Gerty Theresa Cori]] [[pt:Gerty Theresa Cori]] 3300 11077 2006-06-21T13:00:15Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Bernardo Alberto Houssay''' (10 Aprili 1887 &ndash; 21 Septemba 1971) alikuwa mwanakemia kutoka nchi ya [[Argentina]]. Baadhi ya uchunguzi mwingine alichunguza uhusiano kati ya [[homoni]] na [[sukari]] katika [[kiumbehai]] cha wanyama. Mwaka wa 1947, pamoja na [[Carl na Gerty Cori]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Tiba'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba]] {{mbegu}} [[de:Bernardo Alberto Houssay]] [[en:Bernardo Houssay]] [[es:Bernardo Alberto Houssay]] [[pt:Bernardo Alberto Houssay]] [[fi:Bernardo Alberto Houssay]] [[sv:Bernardo Alberto Houssay]] 3301 11078 2006-06-21T13:00:50Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Bernardo Houssay]] #REDIRECT[[Bernardo Houssay]] 3302 11079 2006-06-21T13:01:53Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Emilio Segre''' (1 Februari 1905 &ndash; 22 Aprili 1989) alikuwa mwanafizikia kutoka nchi ya [[Italia]]. Mwaka wa 1938 alihamia [[Marekani]]. Hasa alifanya utafiti wa [[fizikia ya kiini]]. Mwaka wa 1959, pamoja na [[Owen Chamberlain]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Fizikia'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fizikia]] {{mbegu}} [[de:Emilio Segrè]] [[en:Emilio G. Segrè]] [[es:Emilio Gino Segrè]] [[fr:Emilio Gino Segrè]] [[id:Emilio Segrè]] [[it:Emilio Segrè]] [[ja:エミリオ・セグレ]] [[pl:Emilio Segrè]] [[pt:Emilio Gino Segrè]] [[sl:Emilio Gino Segrè]] [[sv:Emilio Segré]] 3303 11080 2006-06-21T13:02:21Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Emilio Segre]] #REDIRECT[[Emilio Segre]] 3304 11081 2006-06-21T13:02:56Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Emilio Segre]] #REDIRECT[[Emilio Segre]] 3305 11082 2006-06-21T13:03:25Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Emilio Segre]] #REDIRECT[[Emilio Segre]] 3306 11083 2006-06-21T13:04:02Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Owen Chamberlain''' (amezaliwa 10 Julai 1920) ni mwanafizikia kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Hasa alifanya utafiti wa [[fizikia ya kiini]] na kugundua vipande vingi vya [[atomu]]. Mwaka wa 1959, pamoja na [[Emilio Segre]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Fizikia'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fizikia]] {{mbegu}} [[ca:Owen Chamberlain]] [[cs:Owen Chamberlain]] [[de:Owen Chamberlain]] [[en:Owen Chamberlain]] [[es:Owen Chamberlain]] [[fr:Owen Chamberlain]] [[id:Owen Chamberlain]] [[ja:オーウェン・チェンバレン]] [[pl:Owen Chamberlain]] [[pt:Owen Chamberlain]] [[sl:Owen Chamberlain]] [[sv:Owen Chamberlain]] 3307 11084 2006-06-21T13:05:00Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov''' (28 Julai 1904 &ndash; 6 Januari 1990) alikuwa mwanafizikia kutoka nchi ya [[Urusi]]. Aligundua [[mnururisho wa Cherenkov]] unaotokea [[elektroni]] ikitembea kwa mwendo mkali zaidi kuliko [[mwendo wa nuru]]. Mwaka wa 1958, pamoja na [[Igor Tamm]] na [[Ilya Frank]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Fizikia'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fizikia]] {{mbegu}} [[de:Pawel Alexejewitsch Tscherenkow]] [[en:Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov]] [[es:Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov]] [[it:Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov]] [[ja:パーヴェル・チェレンコフ]] [[pl:Paweł Czerenkow]] [[pt:Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov]] [[ru:Черенков, Павел Алексеевич]] [[sl:Pavel Aleksejevič Čerenkov]] [[sv:Pavel Aleksejevitj Tjerenkov]] 3308 11085 2006-06-21T13:05:45Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Pavel Cherenkov]] #REDIRECT[[Pavel Cherenkov]] 3309 11086 2006-06-21T13:06:16Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm''' (8 Julai 1895 &ndash; 12 Aprili 1971) alikuwa mwanafizikia kutoka nchi ya [[Urusi]]. Hasa alichunguza uhusiano kati ya [[elektroni]] na nuru. Mwaka wa 1958, pamoja na [[Pavel Cherenkov]] na [[Ilya Frank]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Fizikia'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fizikia]] {{mbegu}} [[de:Igor Jewgenjewitsch Tamm]] [[en:Igor Tamm]] [[fr:Igor Tamm]] [[id:Igor Y. Tamm]] [[he:איגור תם]] [[ja:イゴール・タム]] [[pl:Igor Tamm]] [[ru:Тамм, Игорь Евгеньевич]] [[sl:Igor Jevgenjevič Tamm]] 3310 11087 2006-06-21T13:06:43Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Igor Tamm]] #REDIRECT[[Igor Tamm]] 3311 11088 2006-06-21T13:07:29Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Ilya Mikhaylovich Frank''' (23 Oktoba 1908 &ndash; 22 Juni 1990) alikuwa mwanafizikia kutoka nchi ya [[Urusi]]. Hasa alichunguza uhusiano kati ya [[elektroni]] na nuru. Mwaka wa 1958, pamoja na [[Igor Tamm]] na [[Pavel Cherenkov]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Fizikia'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fizikia]] {{mbegu}} [[de:Ilja Michailowitsch Frank]] [[en:Ilya Frank]] [[ja:イリヤ・フランク]] [[ru:Франк, Илья Михайлович]] [[sl:Ilja Mihajlovič Frank]] 3312 11089 2006-06-21T13:07:56Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Ilya Frank]] #REDIRECT[[Ilya Frank]] 3313 11090 2006-06-21T13:08:33Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Tsung-Dao Lee''' (amezaliwa 25 Novemba 1926) alikuwa mwanafizikia kutoka nchi ya [[China]]; baadaye alihamia [[Marekani]]. Hasa alichunguza vipande vya [[atomu]] na nadharia yake. Mwaka wa 1957, pamoja na [[Chen Ning Yang]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Fizikia'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fizikia]] {{mbegu}} [[de:Tsung-Dao Lee]] [[en:Tsung-Dao Lee]] [[es:Tsung-Dao Lee]] [[id:Tsung-Dao Lee]] [[hu:Tsung-Dao Lee]] [[ja:李政道]] [[no:Tsung-Dao Lee]] [[pt:Tsung-Dao Lee]] [[sl:Tsung-Dao Lee]] [[sv:Tsung-Dao Lee]] [[zh:李政道]] 3314 11091 2006-06-21T13:09:23Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Chen Ning Yang''' (amezaliwa 22 Septemba 1922) alikuwa mwanafizikia kutoka nchi ya [[China]]; baadaye alihamia [[Marekani]]. Pia alijiita ''Frank Yang''. Hasa alichunguza vipande vya [[atomu]] na nadharia yake. Mwaka wa 1957, pamoja na [[Tsung-Dao Lee]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Fizikia'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fizikia]] {{mbegu}} [[da:Chen Ning Yang]] [[de:Chen Ning Yang]] [[en:Chen Ning Yang]] [[es:Chen Ning Yang]] [[fr:Chen Ning Yang]] [[ja:楊振寧]] [[hu:Chen Ning Yang]] [[no:Chen Ning Yang]] [[pt:Chen Ning Yang]] [[sl:Chen Ning Franklin Yang]] [[sv:Chen Ning Yang]] [[zh:杨振宁]] 3315 11092 2006-06-21T13:09:57Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Chen Ning Yang]] #REDIRECT [[Chen Ning Yang]] 3316 11093 2006-06-21T13:10:24Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Chen Ning Yang]] #REDIRECT[[Chen Ning Yang]] 3317 11094 2006-06-21T13:11:29Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''John Ernst Steinbeck''' (27 Februari 1902 &ndash; 20 Desemba 1968) alikuwa mwandishi hodari kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana hasa kwa [[riwaya]] yake “Zabibu za Hasira” (kwa Kiingereza: ''Grapes of Wrath'') iliyotolewa mwaka wa 1939. Mwaka wa 1962 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Fasihi'''. [[Category:Waandishi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fasihi]] {{mbegu}} [[bg:Джон Стайнбек]] [[cs:John Steinbeck]] [[da:John Steinbeck]] [[de:John Steinbeck]] [[en:John Steinbeck]] [[et:John Steinbeck]] [[el:Τζον Στάινμπεκ]] [[es:John Steinbeck]] [[eo:John Steinbeck]] [[fr:John Steinbeck]] [[gl:John Steinbeck]] [[hr:John Steinbeck]] [[is:John Steinbeck]] [[it:John Steinbeck]] [[he:ג'ון סטיינבק]] [[ka:სტაინბეკი, ჯონ]] [[lb:John Steinbeck]] [[lt:Džonas Ernestas Steinbekas]] [[hu:John Steinbeck]] [[nl:John Steinbeck]] [[ja:ジョン・スタインベック]] [[no:John Steinbeck]] [[pl:John Steinbeck]] [[pt:John Steinbeck]] [[ru:Стейнбек, Джон]] [[sk:John Steinbeck]] [[sl:John Steinbeck]] [[sr:Џон Стајнбек]] [[fi:John Steinbeck]] [[sv:John Steinbeck]] [[vi:John Steinbeck]] [[tr:John Steinbeck]] [[zh:約翰•史坦貝克]] 3318 11095 2006-06-21T13:12:17Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[John Steinbeck]] #REDIRECT[[John Steinbeck]] 3319 11096 2006-06-21T13:13:31Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Herman Wouk''' (amezaliwa 27 Mei 1915) ni mwandishi kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana hasa kwa [[riwaya]] zake zinazoeleza hali ya [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]]. Mwaka wa 1952 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Pulitzer]]'''. [[Category:Waandishi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Pulitzer]] {{mbegu}} [[de:Herman Wouk]] [[en:Herman Wouk]] [[he:הרמן ווק]] [[ja:ハーマン・ウォーク]] 3320 11097 2006-06-21T13:14:47Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Allen Stuart Drury''' (2 Septemba 1918 &ndash; 2 Septemba 1998) alikuwa mwandishi wa habari kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Mwaka wa 1959 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Pulitzer]]''' kwa ajili ya [[riwaya]] yake ya kwanza “Shauri ukakubali” (kwa Kiingereza: ''Advise and Consent''). [[Category:Waandishi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Pulitzer]] {{mbegu}} [[en:Allen Drury]] 3321 11098 2006-06-21T13:15:21Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Allen Drury]] #REDIRECT[[Allen Drury]] 3322 11099 2006-06-21T13:16:04Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Theodor Seuss Geisel''' (2 Machi 1904 &ndash; 24 Septemba 1991) alikuwa mwandishi na mchoraji vielezo kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana hasa kwa vitabu vyake kwa watoto alivyoviandika chini ya jina la '''Dr. Seuss'''. [[Category:Waandishi]] {{mbegu}} [[de:Theodor Seuss Geisel]] [[en:Dr. Seuss]] [[es:Dr. Seuss]] [[fr:Theodor Seuss Geisel]] [[he:דוקטור סוס]] [[pl:Theodor Seuss Geisel]] [[pt:Theodor Seuss Geisel]] 3323 11100 2006-06-21T13:16:36Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Theodor Seuss Geisel]] #REDIRECT[[Theodor Seuss Geisel]] 3324 11101 2006-06-21T13:17:18Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''James Kirkwood''' (22 Agosti 1924 &ndash; 21 Aprili 1989) alikuwa mchezaji na mwandishi wa michezo ya kuigiza kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana hasa kwa kuandika, pamoja na [[Nicholas Dante]], igizo lenye muziki liitwalo kwa Kiingereza ''A Chorus Line'' lililotolewa 1975. Mwaka wa 1976 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Pulitzer]]''' kwa ajili ya igizo hilo. [[Category:Waandishi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Pulitzer]] {{mbegu}} [[en:James Kirkwood, Jr.]] 3325 11102 2006-06-21T13:18:00Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Alice Malsenior Walker''' (amezaliwa 9 Februari 1944) ni mwandishi wa kike kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Aliandika hasa [[riwaya]] na [[mashairi]] yanayoonyesha hali ya Wamarekani-Waafrika. Anajulikana hasa kwa riwaya yake “Rangi ya Zambarau” (kwa Kiingereza: ''The Color Purple'') iliyotolewa 1982. Mwaka wa 1983 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Pulitzer]]''' kwa ajili ya riwaya hiyo. [[Category:Waandishi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Pulitzer]] {{mbegu}} [[de:Alice Walker]] [[en:Alice Walker]] [[el:Άλις Γουόκερ]] [[eo:Alice Walker]] [[it:Alice Walker]] [[he:אליס ווקר]] [[pl:Alice Walker]] [[pt:Alice Walker]] 3326 11103 2006-06-21T13:18:29Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Alice Walker]] #REDIRECT[[Alice Walker]] 3327 11104 2006-06-21T13:19:17Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Samuel Shepard Rogers''' (amezaliwa 5 Novemba 1943) ni mchezaji na mwandishi wa micheza ya kuigiza kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana hasa chini ya jina la '''Sam Shepard'''. Mwaka wa 1979 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Pulitzer]]''' kwa ajili ya [[tamthiliya]] yake iitwayo kwa Kiingereza ''Burning Child''. [[Category:Waandishi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Pulitzer]] {{mbegu}} [[de:Sam Shepard]] [[en:Sam Shepard]] [[eo:Sam Shepard]] [[fr:Sam Shepard]] [[it:Sam Shepard]] [[ja:サム・シェパード]] 3328 11105 2006-06-21T13:19:50Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Sam Shepard]] #REDIRECT[[Sam Shepard]] 3329 11106 2006-06-21T13:20:30Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''William Motter Inge''' (3 Mei 1913 &ndash; 10 Juni 1973) alikuwa mwandishi wa michezo ya kuigiza kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Mwaka wa 1954 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Pulitzer]]''' kwa ajili ya [[tamthiliya]] yake iitwayo kwa Kiingereza ''Picnic''. [[Category:Waandishi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Pulitzer]] {{mbegu}} [[de:William Inge]] [[en:William Inge]] [[eo:William Motter Inge]] [[sv:William Inge]] 3330 11107 2006-06-21T13:21:17Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[William Inge]] #REDIRECT[[William Inge]] 3331 11108 2006-06-21T13:22:08Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Edward Franklin Albee''' (amezaliwa 12 Machi 1928) ni mwandishi wa tamthiliya kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana hasa kwa [[tamthiliya]] yake “Nani Anaogopa Virginia Woolf?” (kwa Kiingereza: ''Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?'') iliyotolewa 1962. Kwa ajili ya tamthiliya zake za baadaye alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Pulitzer]]''' miaka ya 1967, 1976 na 1992. [[Category:Waandishi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Pulitzer]] {{mbegu}} [[cs:Edward Franklin Albee]] [[de:Edward Albee]] [[en:Edward Albee]] [[el:Έντουαρντ Άλμπι]] [[es:Edward Albee]] [[eo:Edward Albee]] [[fr:Edward Albee]] [[gl:Edward Albee]] [[he:אדוארד אלבי]] [[it:Edward Albee]] [[nl:Edward Albee]] [[pl:Edward Albee]] [[fi:Edward Albee]] [[sv:Edward Albee]] 3332 11109 2006-06-21T13:22:38Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Edward Albee]] #REDIRECT[[Edward Albee]] 3333 11110 2006-06-21T13:23:12Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Robert Emmet Sherwood''' (4 Aprili 1896 &ndash; 14 Novemba 1955) alikuwa mwandishi wa michezo ya kuigiza kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Anajulikana hasa kwa [[tamthiliya]] zake zinazojishughulikia na shida za kijamii na za kisiasa. [[Category:Waandishi]] {{mbegu}} [[de:Robert Emmet Sherwood]] [[en:Robert E. Sherwood]] 3334 11113 2006-06-21T13:23:47Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Robert Sherwood]] #REDIRECT[[Robert Sherwood]] 3335 11115 2006-06-21T13:28:28Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''William Saroyan''' (31 Agosti 1908 &ndash; 18 Mei 1981) alikuwa mwandishi kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Aliandika hasa mikusanyiko ya hadithi, [[tamthiliya]] na [[riwaya]]. Mwaka wa 1940 aliteuliwa kuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Pulitzer]]''' kwa ajili ya tamthiliya yake “Wakati wa Maisha Yako” (kwa Kiingereza: ''The Time of Your Life''). Lakini alikataa kupokea tuzo hiyo. [[Category:Waandishi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Pulitzer]] {{mbegu}} [[bg:Уилям Сароян]] [[cs:William Saroyan]] [[de:William Saroyan]] [[en:William Saroyan]] [[he:ויליאם סארויאן]] [[hr:William Saroyan]] [[pt:William Saroyan]] [[ru:Сароян, Уильям]] [[sv:William Saroyan]] 3336 11116 2006-06-21T13:29:13Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Thornton Niven Wilder''' (17 Aprili 1897 &ndash; 7 Desemba 1975) alikuwa mwandishi kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Aliandika [[riwaya]] na [[tamthiliya]]. Anajulikana hasa kwa tamthiliya yake iitwayo kwa Kiingereza ''The Matchmaker''. Ilitolewa mwaka wa 1954, na 1964 ilibadilishwa kuwa igizo la muziki chini ya jina ''Hello, Dolly!''. [[Category:Waandishi]] {{mbegu}} [[de:Thornton Wilder]] [[en:Thornton Wilder]] [[eo:Thornton Wilder]] [[ja:ソーントン・ワイルダー]] [[no:Thornton Wilder]] [[pt:Thornton Wilder]] [[ru:Уайлдер, Торнтон]] 3337 11117 2006-06-21T13:30:03Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Thornton Wilder]] #REDIRECT[[Thornton Wilder]] 3338 11118 2006-06-21T13:30:56Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''James Albert Michener''' (3 Februari 1907 &ndash; 16 Oktoba 1997) alikuwa mwandishi kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Aliandika hasa [[riwaya]] zinazoeleza historia ya nchi au eneo la dunia. Mwaka wa 1948 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Pulitzer]]''' kwa ajili ya mkusanyiko wake “Hadithi za Pasifiki ya Kusini” (kwa Kiingereza: ''Tales of the South Pacific'') iliyoandikwa mwaka wa 1947. [[Category:Waandishi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Pulitzer]] {{mbegu}} [[da:James Michener]] [[de:James Michener]] [[en:James A. Michener]] [[fr:James A. Michener]] [[nl:James A. Michener]] [[simple:James A. Michener]] [[sv:James Michener]] 3339 11119 2006-06-21T13:31:30Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[James Michener]] #REDIRECT[[James Michener]] 3340 11120 2006-06-21T13:32:02Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[James Michener]] #REDIRECT[[James Michener]] 3341 11121 2006-06-21T13:33:09Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''William Carlos Williams''' (17 Septemba 1883 &ndash; 4 Machi 1963) alikuwa mwandishi na mshairi kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Pamoja na kufanya kazi kama daktari, aliandika [[mashairi]], [[insha]] za historia na [[riwaya]] fupi. Mwaka wa 1963 wakati alipokuwa ameshafariki aliteuliwa kuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Pulitzer]]''' kwa ajili ya mkusanyiko wake “Picha za Brueghel, na Mashairi Mengine” (kwa Kiingereza: ''Pictures from Brueghel, and Other Poems'') iliyotolewa mwaka wa 1962. [[Category:Waandishi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Pulitzer]] {{mbegu}} [[de:William Carlos Williams]] [[en:William Carlos Williams]] [[nl:William Carlos Williams]] 3342 11122 2006-06-21T13:33:54Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Joseph Pulitzer''' (10 Aprili 1847 &ndash; 29 Oktoba 1911) alikuwa mhariri wa magazeti kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]; lakini alizaliwa nchi ya [[Hungaria]]. Alinunua magazeti mbalimbali na kusimamia uhariri wao. Katika hati ya wasia yake alisaidia kuanzisha Idara ya Uandikaji Habari ndani ya [[Chuo Kikuu cha Columbia]] iliyofunguliwa mwaka wa 1912. Tangu 1917, chuo hicho kimetoa '''[[Tuzo ya Pulitzer]]''' kwa ajili ya maandishi hodari. [[Category:Waandishi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Pulitzer]] {{mbegu}} [[bs:Joseph Pulitzer]] [[de:Joseph Pulitzer]] [[en:Joseph Pulitzer]] [[et:Joseph Pulitzer]] [[el:Τζόζεφ Πούλιτζερ]] [[es:Joseph Pulitzer]] [[fr:Joseph Pulitzer]] [[hr:Joseph Pulitzer]] [[it:Joseph Pulitzer]] [[he:ג'וזף פוליצר]] [[ja:ジョーゼフ・ピューリツァー]] [[pl:Joseph Pulitzer]] [[pt:Joseph Pulitzer]] [[ru:Пулитцер, Джозеф]] [[simple:Joseph Pulitzer]] [[zh:約瑟夫•普立茲]] 3343 11123 2006-06-21T13:34:35Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Tuzo ya Pulitzer''' ni tuzo iliyoanzishwa na [[Joseph Pulitzer]] katika hati ya wasia yake. Tangu mwaka wa 1917 imetolewa kila mwaka na Chuo Kikuu cha Columbia katika mji wa [[New York]] kwa ajili ya maandishi hodari yanayoendeleza uandikaji habari na fasihi ya [[Marekani]] kwa jumla. [[Category:Tuzo ya Pulitzer]] [[Category:Fasihi ya Marekani]] {{mbegu}} [[bs:Pulitzerova nagrada]] [[ca:Premis Pulitzer]] [[cs:Pulitzerova cena]] [[da:Pulitzerprisen]] [[de:Pulitzer-Preis]] [[en:Pulitzer Prize]] [[et:Pulitzeri preemia]] [[el:Βραβείο Πούλιτζερ]] [[es:Premio Pulitzer]] [[eo:Premio Pulitzer]] [[fa:جایزه پولیتزر]] [[fr:Prix Pulitzer]] [[hr:Pulitzerova nagrada]] [[id:Penghargaan Pulitzer]] [[it:Premio Pulitzer]] [[he:פרס פוליצר]] [[ka:პულიცერის პრემია]] [[hu:Pulitzer-díj]] [[nl:Pulitzer-prijs]] [[ja:ピューリッツァー賞]] [[no:Pulitzerprisen]] [[nn:Pulitzerprisen]] [[pl:Nagroda Pulitzera]] [[pt:Prémio Pulitzer]] [[ro:Premiul Pulitzer]] [[ru:Пулитцеровская премия]] [[simple:Pulitzer Prize]] [[fi:Pulitzer-palkinto]] [[sv:Pulitzerpriset]] [[vi:Giải Pulitzer]] [[zh:普利策奖]] 3344 11128 2006-06-21T16:03:01Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Madagaska]] 3345 11129 2006-06-21T16:03:26Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] 3346 11132 2006-06-21T22:21:31Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Maputo.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Maputo inavyoonekana kutoka bahari]] [[Image:Mozambique Provinces Maputo.png|thumb|'''Maputo''' katika Msumbiji]] [[Image:Lourenco-Marques-pc-c1905.jpg|300px|thumb|Barabara kuu ya Lourenço-Marquès (leo: Maputo) mwaka 1905]] '''Maputo''' ni [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Msumbiji]]. Hadi 1976 ilijulikana kwa jina la [[Kireno]] la Lourenço-Marquès. Serikali mpya ya Msumbiji huru chini ya rais [[Samora Machel]] iliipa jina jipya la Maputo. Mji una wakazi 1,200,000 (pamoja na mitaa ya nje: 1,800,000). Uchumi wake unategemea sana bandari yake kwenye hori ya Maputo ya [[Bahari Hindi]]. Mito miwili inaishia kwenye hori ni [[Tembe (mto)|Tembe]] na [[Maputo (mto)|Maputo]]. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://maputo.visitusinmaputo.com Utalii Maputo [[Kin]]] {{mbegu}} [[category:Msumbiji]] [[category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[category:Miji ya Msumbiji]] [[af:Maputo]] [[da:Maputo]] [[de:Maputo]] [[en:Maputo]] [[eo:Maputo]] [[es:Maputo]] [[fi:Maputo]] [[fr:Maputo]] [[gl:Maputo]] [[he:מפוטו]] [[hr:Maputo]] [[id:Maputo]] [[io:Maputo]] [[it:Maputo]] [[ja:マプト]] [[ko:마푸투]] [[lt:Maputu]] [[nl:Maputo]] [[nn:Maputo]] [[no:Maputo]] [[pl:Maputo (miasto)]] [[pt:Maputo]] [[ru:Мапуту]] [[sk:Maputo]] [[sv:Maputo]] 3347 11196 2006-06-23T20:48:10Z Kipala 107 ==Majina== Malangali, salamu sana. Umesahihisha majina ya nchi kadhaa katika makala ya "ikweta". Hapa hatuna makubaliano bado katika wikipedia hii. Kuna picha ya kwamba hakuna umoja bado kati ya wazungumzaji na waandishi wa Kiswahili jinsi gani kuandika majina ya nchi. Kuna namna nyingi za kutamka na kuandika. Kwa bahati mbaya kamusi kubwa (kwa mfano za [[TUKI]]) zimeacha majina haya kando. Wala hakuna namna moja katika vitabu vya Atlasi zetu nisipokosei. Mara nyingi katika wikipedia tunafuata ama maandishi jinsi ilivyo katika nchi ile au karibu nayo; kama majina ya Kiswahili ya pekee yapo tunayatumia (Ufaransa, Uingereza); lakini wengine wanapendelea kama wewe kufuata sauti tu. Ila tu ukitaka kutumia maandishi kama "Ekwado" lazima uangalie mambo mawili: a) Je umbo hili linatumia au linakata marejeo kwa makala mengine - b) pili: Je maneno yanayofuata baada ya "Ekwado" katika mabano bado yana maana? Ningeona vema ukitaka kushughulika mambo haya chukua orodha yote ya Amerika Kusini tupate muundo moja. --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 20:40, 22 Juni 2006 (UTC) :Kipala, asante sana kwa kunikaribisha. Kuhusu majina ya nchi, kuna orodha nzuri inayopatikana kwenye [http://research.yale.edu/cgi-bin/swahili/specialized_vocab.cgi?DiaOrTerm=Terminology&DiaOrTermNum=21&EngP=1 Kamusi Hai]. Orodha hii inafuata orodha tatu nyingine: zile za BAKITA, TUKI, na Redio Tanzania Dar es Salaam. Vikundi hivi vitatu vilisanifisha (au viliswahilisha, ukipendelea) majina ya nchi zote za dunia. Kama ulivyosema, mara nyingi hakuna makubaliano baina ya vyanzo mbalimbali, na orodha hiyo ya Kamusi Hai inaonyesha mitafaruku. Lakini kwa jumla orodha ya Kamusi Hai inaonyesha majina yaliyopendekezwa na wataalamu wa vyuo na waandishi wa habari. Je, tufuate mapendekezo haya, au tuhimize istilahi nyingine ya Kiwikipedia? Nafikiri ni afadhali tufuate njia moja na wao waliopewa cheti kusanifisha lugha rasmi, lakini naomba shauri lako. :Orodha ya TUKI ilichapishwa katika Kamusi ya Kiswahili Sanifu, Toleo la Pili, mwaka 2004, kurasa 473-477. Orodha hii ilifuata mapendekezo rasmi ya orodha ya BAKITA kutoka mwaka 2001, lakini ilibadili maneno mbalimbali (Ekwado badala ya Ikwado, kwa mfano). Baada ya hapo, Redio Tanzania Dar es Salaam ilipendekeza mabadiliko mengine mwaka 2005, kufuatana na matumizi yao. Mapendekezo yote yanaonekana katika orodha ya majina ya nchi iliyoandaliwa na [http://research.yale.edu/cgi-bin/swahili/specialized_vocab.cgi?DiaOrTerm=Terminology&DiaOrTermNum=21&EngP=1 Kamusi Hai ya Kiswahili kwenye Mtandao]. [[User:Malangali|Malangali]] 18:01, 23 Juni 2006 (UTC) ::Ndugu Malangali, nashukuru kwa jibu lako. Tunafurahia kila safari jina jipya lapatikana maana tuko wachache mno. Nasita kidogo kujibu namna gani. Kwanza nimefurahi kuona ordoha kwa sababu nimetafuta orodha ya aina hii na sijaikuta (nimewahi kutumia Kamusi Hai mara kadhaa ingawa kwa kusitasita kwa sababu nimeona kasoro mara nyingi; lakini inasaidia ukikaa kwenye kompyuta na kusikia uwivu kutembea tena hatua tano hadi rafu ya vitabu.Ila tu orodha hii sijawahi kukuta). Kwa bahati mbaya Kamusi yangu ya Kiswahili Sanifu ni toleo la kwanza hakuna orodha ya majina ya kijiografia. ::Kimsingi nakubali kabisa: tufuate ushauri wa wataalamu. Isipokuwa nikiona orodha hiyo ninasita. Mimi binafsi sipendezwi na mwelekeo wa „kupijinisha“ majina haya yote; yaani kuchukua majina ya asili katika lugha mbalimbali na kuyaandika kufuatana kwa matamshi ya Kiingereza kwa tahajia ya Kiswahili. (jinsi ilivyo kawaida katika lugha zinazoitwa „Pidgin english“ – hivyo kupijinisha). Nikiwa mpenzi wa etimolojia inaniudhi kusaga kila jina nzuri ya asili ya Kiarabu, Kilatini, Kigiriki, Kihindi n.k. kwa masikio ya Mwingereza kwanza na kufinyanga baadaye vumbi yake kwa ulimi wa Mswahili. Habari nyingi zinapotea kwa njia hii (kwa mfano ya kwamba jina la nchi ya Ecuador ni neno „ikweta“ tu kwa Kihispania – Ekwado inafaa kuwa chakula au kinywaji cha Kighana -TULE WAKISHINDA) ::Ninasita hasa kufuata orodha hii kwa kwa sababu tatu: ::* siamini kweli ya kwamba wasomi wa Kiswahili kutoka Tanzania watakuwa msaada sana katika kujenga wikipedia. Maisha ya TZ ni magumu; msomi mwenye kutumia mitambo hii hatapenda sana kupoteza muda wake kuandika kwa wikipedia kazi isiyo na shukrani wala sifa kwenye chuo kikuu wala haina mapato (sijawahi kupata jibu baada ya jaribio la kuomba msaada kutoka watu mbalimbali huko). Sisi tulivyo ni ama Waswahili hasa wale walio mbali masomoni ya ng’ambo au watu wa nje waliojifunza na kupenda Kiswahili. Ningependa sana tuwe na maprofesa wawili watatu wa TUKI lakini hali halisi naogopa tutategemea kwa muda kidogo watu jinsi walivyo. Ila tujaribu kila namna kukaribisha wenyeji walioko TZ au EAK. ::* nina wasiwasi ya kwamba orodha hii itafanya kazi na kusaidia. Wengi watakaotumia wikipedia kwa Kiswahili na kushirikiana kwetu ni watu waliopata elimu yao hasa kwa Kiingereza na lugha za nje; Wakenya kati yetu wanakosa hata masomo ya shule ya msingi kwa Kiswahili. Maana yake ni ya kwamba msamiati si pana sana; tukitumia umbo la kimaandishi ambalo ni mbali sana na yale waliyozoea tunaongeza ugumu wa kutumia wikipedia. Kodivaa, Babadosi au Aminya haisaidii bali kuleta ugumu. Sisomi hapa magazeti ya Tanzania: Je, wanafuata orodha hii au kwa kiasi tu? Kenya hawafuati – ni gazeti moja tu kwa Kiswahili. ::* '''HASA''' sababu ya tatu ni: je,orodha hizi zinatosha kwa matumizi yetu? Nimetunga sasa sehemu kubwa ya makala ya nchi za Afrika (nadhani ziko kwenye orodha). Niko kwa miji mikuu (je, ziko zote katika orodha ya TUKI ???) pamoja na miji mingine na mito. Majina mengi wazee wa TUKI hawakuwahi kuangalia bado. Kama wikipedia hii inaendelea kupanuka jinsi ilivyo hata na watu wachache tunaendelea kilasiku kutaja majina yasiyopo kwenye orodha za TUKI n.k. Je tufanye nini? Kusubiri? ::* '''Pendekezo langu''': tusipoteze muda wetu kusahihishana (isipokuwa kama sahihisho la mtu mgeni inaharibu viungo kati ya makala) lakini tuendelee kushauriana. Kwa sasa tutumie mbinu za mtandao na hasa „mielekezo“: Ukipenda sana „Kodivaa“ lakini makala ya „Cote d’Ivoire“ iko tayari: andika makala fupi ya „REDIRECT“. Vilevile kama wewe umeandika makala ya „Ekwado“ mimi ningeweka REDIRECT nikitumia Ecuador. Mtandao na mitambo inatupa kiwango hiki cha uhuru. ::Unaonaje? --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 20:48, 23 Juni 2006 (UTC) 3348 11136 2006-06-22T22:12:36Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Randal Cremer''' (18 Machi 1838 &ndash; 22 Julai 1908) alikuwa kiongozi wa chama cha wafanyakazi kutoka nchi ya [[Uingereza]]. Anajulikana pia kwa maandishi yake yaliyojaribu kuzuia vita. Mwaka wa 1903 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] kwa Amani'''. Mwaka wa 1907 alipewa cheo cha “Sir” cha Uingereza. [[Category:Chama cha Wafanyakazi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Amani]] {{mbegu}} [[ca:William Randal Cremer]] [[de:William Randal Cremer]] [[en:William Randal Cremer]] [[es:William Randal Cremer]] [[fr:William Randal Cremer]] [[no:Randal Cremer]] [[pl:William Randal Cremer]] [[pt:William Randal Cremer]] [[sl:Randal Cremer]] 3349 11137 2006-06-22T22:13:15Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Randal Cremer]] #REDIRECT[[Randal Cremer]] 3350 11140 2006-06-22T22:16:41Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Frederic Passy''' (20 Mei 1822 &ndash; 12 Juni 1912) alikuwa mtaalamu wa [[uchumi]] kutoka nchi ya [[Ufaransa]]. Anajulikana hasa kwa maandishi yake yaliyojaribu kuzuia vita. Mwaka wa 1901, pamoja na [[Henri Dunant]], alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] kwa Amani'''. [[Category:Waandishi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Amani]] {{mbegu}} [[bs:Frédéric Passy]] [[ca:Frédéric Passy]] [[de:Frédéric Passy]] [[en:Frédéric Passy]] [[et:Frédéric Passy]] [[es:Frédéric Passy]] [[fr:Frédéric Passy]] [[hr:Frédéric Passy]] [[hu:Frédéric Passy]] [[lt:Frédéric Passy]] [[ja:フレデリック・パシー]] [[no:Frédéric Passy]] [[pl:Frédéric Passy]] [[pt:Frédéric Passy]] [[sl:Frédéric Passy]] [[sv:Frédéric Passy]] [[zh:弗雷德里克•帕西]] 3351 11139 2006-06-22T22:16:13Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Frederic Passy]] #REDIRECT[[Frederic Passy]] 3352 11141 2006-06-22T22:19:05Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Auguste Marie Francois Beernaert''' (18 Machi 1838 &ndash; 22 Julai 1908) alikuwa mwanasheria na mwanasiasa kutoka nchi ya [[Ubelgiji]]. Kuanzia 1884 hadi 1894 alikuwa [[Waziri Mkuu]] na [[Waziri wa Fedha]]. Baadaye alikuwa mwakilishi wa Ubelgiji kwenye mikutano ya amani iliyofanyika katika mji wa [[The Hague]] mwaka wa 1899 na wa 1907. Mwaka wa 1909, pamoja na [[Paul d’Estournelles]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] kwa Amani'''. [[Category:Wanasiasa]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Amani]] {{mbegu}} [[bg:Огюст Бейрнарт]] [[de:Auguste Beernaert]] [[en:Auguste Marie Francois Beernaert]] [[es:Auguste Beernaert]] [[fr:Auguste Beernaert]] [[nl:Auguste Beernaert]] [[no:Auguste Beernaert]] [[pl:Auguste Beernaert]] [[pt:Auguste Marie Francois Beernaert]] [[zh:奥古斯特·贝尔纳特]] 3353 11142 2006-06-22T22:19:59Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Auguste Beernaert]] #REDIRECT[[Auguste Beernaert]] 3354 11143 2006-06-22T22:22:07Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Tobias Michael Carel Asser''' (28 Aprili 1838 &ndash; 29 Julai 1913) alikuwa mwanasheria kutoka nchi ya [[Uholanzi]]. Alikuwa profesa wa sheria kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha [[Amsterdam]]. Mwaka wa 1899 na tena 1907 alikuwa mwakilishi wa Uholanzi kwenye mikutano ya amani iliyofanyika katika mji wa [[The Hague]]. Mwaka wa 1911, pamoja na [[Alfred Fried]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] kwa Amani'''. [[Category:Wanasheria]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Amani]] {{mbegu}} [[de:Tobias Asser]] [[en:Tobias Michael Carel Asser]] [[es:Tobias Michael Carel Asser]] [[nl:Tobias Asser]] [[ja:トビアス・アッセル]] [[no:Tobias Michael Carel Asser]] [[pl:Tobias Asser]] [[pt:Tobias Michael Carel Asser]] [[ru:Ассер, Тобиас]] 3355 11144 2006-06-22T22:22:43Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Tobias Asser]] #REDIRECT[[Tobias Asser]] 3356 11146 2006-06-22T22:25:04Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Leo Sowerby''' (1 Mei 1895 &ndash; 7 Julai 1968) alikuwa mtungaji muziki, mpiga kinanda na mwalimu wa muziki kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Alifundisha na kupiga kinanda hasa katika mji wa [[Chicago]]. Mwaka wa 1946 alikuwa mshindi wa [[Tuzo ya Pulitzer]] ya muziki kwa utungaji wake wa “Wimbo ya Jua” (kwa Kiingereza ''Canticle of the Sun''). [[Category:Wanamuziki]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Pulitzer]] {{mbegu}} [[en:Leo Sowerby]] 3357 11147 2006-06-22T22:28:09Z Oliver Stegen 160 '''Thomas Aquinas Mtakatifu''' (takriban 1224 &ndash; 7 Machi 1274) alikuwa mwanateolojia kutoka nchi ya [[Italia]]. Alikuwa mtawa ndani ya '''Shirika la [[Wadominikani]]'''. Alichunguza hasa mawazo ya mwanafalsafa Mgiriki [[Aristoteli]]. Pia anajulikana sana kwa vitabu vyake “Jumla ya Teolojia” (kwa Kilatini ''Summa theologiae'') na “Jumla dhidi ya Wapagani” (kwa Kilatini ''Summa contra gentiles''). Alitangazwa kuwa [[mtakatifu]] 18 Julai 1323. Sikukuu yake ni 28 Januari. [[Category:Watakatifu]] [[Category:Wanateolojia]] {{mbegu}} [[bs:Thomas Aquinas]] [[bg:Тома Аквински]] [[ca:Sant Tomàs]] [[cs:Tomáš Akvinský]] [[de:Thomas von Aquin]] [[en:Thomas Aquinas]] [[et:Aquino Thomas]] [[es:Tomás de Aquino]] [[eo:Tomaso de Akvino]] [[eu:Thomas Akinokoa]] [[fr:Thomas d'Aquin]] [[gl:Tomé de Aquino]] [[ko:토마스 아퀴나스]] [[hr:Sveti Toma Akvinski]] [[id:Thomas Aquinas]] [[it:San Tommaso d'Aquino]] [[he:תומס אקווינס]] [[ka:აქვინელი, თომა]] [[la:Thomas Aquinas]] [[lv:Akvīnas Toms]] [[lt:Tomas Akvinietis]] [[hu:Aquinói Szent Tamás]] [[nl:Thomas van Aquino]] [[ja:トマス・アクィナス]] [[no:Thomas Aquinas]] [[pl:Tomasz z Akwinu]] [[pt:Tomás de Aquino]] [[ro:Toma de Aquino]] [[ru:Фома Аквинский]] [[sk:Tomáš Akvinský]] [[sl:Sveti Tomaž Akvinski]] [[sr:Тома Аквински]] [[fi:Tuomas Akvinolainen]] [[sv:Thomas av Aquino]] [[th:โทมัส อควีนาส]] [[tr:Thomas Aquinas]] [[uk:Фома Аквінський]] [[zh:托马斯·阿奎纳]] 3358 11148 2006-06-22T22:28:49Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Thomas Aquinas Mtakatifu]] #REDIRECT[[Thomas Aquinas Mtakatifu]] 3359 11149 2006-06-22T22:31:01Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Austen Chamberlain''' (16 Oktoba 1863 &ndash; 16 Machi 1937) alikuwa mwanasiasa kutoka nchi ya [[Uingereza]]. Kuanzia 1924 hadi 1929 alikuwa [[Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje]]. Mwaka wa 1925, pamoja na [[Charles Dawes]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] kwa Amani''' kwa ajili ya kazi yake ya kupitisha [[Maafikiano ya Lokarno]]. [[Category:Wanasiasa]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Amani]] {{mbegu}} [[de:Austen Chamberlain]] [[en:Austen Chamberlain]] [[es:Austen Chamberlain]] [[fr:Austen Chamberlain]] [[lt:Džozefas Ostinas Čemberlenas]] [[no:Austen Chamberlain]] [[pt:Austen Chamberlain]] [[sv:Austen Chamberlain]] 3360 11150 2006-06-22T22:31:45Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Austen Chamberlain]] #REDIRECT[[Austen Chamberlain]] 3361 11152 2006-06-22T22:34:47Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Charles Gates Dawes''' (27 Agosti 1865 &ndash; 23 Aprili 1951) alikuwa mwanasiasa kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Kuanzia 1925 hadi 1929 alikuwa [[Makamu wa Rais]]. Mwaka wa 1925, pamoja na [[Austen Chamberlain]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] kwa Amani'''. [[Category:Wanasiasa]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Amani]] {{mbegu}} [[de:Charles Gates Dawes]] [[en:Charles G. Dawes]] [[es:Charles Gates Dawes]] [[fr:Charles Dawes]] [[it:Charles Gates Dawes]] [[ja:チャールズ・G・ドーズ]] [[no:Charles Gates Dawes]] [[pl:Charles Gates Dawes]] [[pt:Charles Gates Dawes]] 3362 11153 2006-06-22T22:35:20Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Charles Dawes]] #REDIRECT[[Charles Dawes]] 3363 11154 2006-06-22T22:35:42Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Charles Dawes]] #REDIRECT[[Charles Dawes]] 3364 11155 2006-06-22T22:37:12Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Aristide Briand''' (28 Machi 1862 &ndash; 7 Machi 1932) alikuwa mwanasiasa kutoka nchi ya [[Ufaransa]]. Kati ya 1906 na 1932 alikuwa [[Waziri Mkuu]] mara 11. Mwaka wa 1926, pamoja na [[Gustav Stresemann]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] kwa Amani'''. [[Category:Wanasiasa]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Amani]] {{mbegu}} [[de:Aristide Briand]] [[en:Aristide Briand]] [[es:Aristide Briand]] [[fr:Aristide Briand]] [[it:Aristide Briand]] [[he:אריסטיד בריאן]] [[lt:Aristidas Briandas]] [[nl:Aristide Briand]] [[no:Aristide Briand]] [[pl:Aristide Briand]] [[pt:Aristide Briand]] [[ro:Aristide Briand]] [[sv:Aristide Briand]] [[uk:Бріан Арістид]] [[zh:阿里斯蒂德·白里安]] 3365 11156 2006-06-22T22:38:45Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Gustav Stresemann''' (10 Mei 1878 &ndash; 3 Oktoba 1929) alikuwa mwanasiasa kutoka nchi ya [[Ujerumani]]. Mwaka wa 1923 alikuwa [[Waziri Mkuu]] na kuanzia 1924 hadi 1929 alikuwa [[Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje]]. Mwaka wa 1926, pamoja na [[Aristide Briand]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] kwa Amani'''. [[Category:Wanasiasa]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Amani]] {{mbegu}} [[de:Gustav Stresemann]] [[en:Gustav Stresemann]] [[es:Gustav Stresemann]] [[fr:Gustav Stresemann]] [[it:Gustav Stresemann]] [[he:גוסטב שטראזמן]] [[nl:Gustav Stresemann]] [[ja:グスタフ・シュトレーゼマン]] [[no:Gustav Stresemann]] [[pl:Gustav Stresemann]] [[pt:Gustav Stresemann]] [[ru:Штреземан, Густав]] [[sr:Густав Штреземан]] [[fi:Gustav Stresemann]] [[sv:Gustav Stresemann]] [[zh:古斯塔夫·施特雷澤曼]] 3366 11157 2006-06-22T22:41:39Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Norman Angell''' (26 Desemba 1873 &ndash; 7 Oktoba 1967) alikuwa mtaalamu wa uchumi na mwandishi wa habari kutoka nchi ya [[Uingereza]]. Hasa alijitahidi kutekeleza amani ya kimataifa. Anajulikana sana kwa kitabu chake “Uwongo Mkubwa” (kwa Kiingereza ''Great Illusion'') kilichotolewa mwaka wa 1910. Mwaka wa 1933 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] kwa Amani'''. [[Category:Waandishi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Amani]] {{mbegu}} [[de:Ralph Norman Angell-Lane]] [[en:Norman Angell]] [[es:Norman Angell]] [[fr:Norman Angell]] [[no:Norman Angell]] [[pt:Ralph Norman Angell Lane]] 3367 11158 2006-06-22T22:42:14Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Norman Angell]] #REDIRECT[[Norman Angell]] 3368 11159 2006-06-22T22:43:52Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Cordell Hull''' (2 Oktoba 1871 &ndash; 23 Julai 1955) alikuwa mwanasheria na mwanasiasa kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Kuanzia 1933 hadi 1944 alikuwa [[Waziri wa Mambo ya Nje]]. Mwaka wa 1945 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] kwa Amani''' kwa ajili ya kazi yake ya kuanzisha [[Umoja wa Mataifa]]. [[Category:Wanasiasa]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Amani]] {{mbegu}} [[de:Cordell Hull]] [[en:Cordell Hull]] [[fr:Cordell Hull]] [[he:קורדל הול]] [[ja:コーデル・ハル]] [[no:Cordell Hull]] [[pt:Cordell Hull]] [[sv:Cordell Hull]] 3369 11330 2006-06-25T17:48:32Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] [[Image:Bunche.jpg|thumb|Ralph Bunche (1951)]] '''Ralph Johnson Bunche''' (7 Agosti 1904 &ndash; 9 Desemba 1971) alikuwa mwanasiasa kutoka nchi ya [[Marekani]]. Mwaka wa 1950 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] kwa Amani''' kwa vile aliwasaidia [[Waarabu]] na [[Waisraeli]] kusimamisha vita yao kwa muda kule [[Palestina]] mwaka wa 1949. [[Category:Wanasiasa]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Amani]] {{mbegu}} [[de:Ralph Bunche]] [[en:Ralph Bunche]] [[he:ראלף באנץ']] [[no:Ralph Bunche]] [[pt:Ralph Johnson Bunche]] 3370 11161 2006-06-22T22:46:00Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Ralph Bunche]] #Redirect[[Ralph Bunche]] 3371 11162 2006-06-22T22:47:42Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Leon Jouhaux''' (1 Julai 1879 &ndash; 28 Aprili 1954) alikuwa kiongozi wa chama cha wafanyakazi kutoka nchi ya [[Ufaransa]]. Alisaidia kuanzisha mashirika mbalimbali kwa ajili ya wafanyakazi. Mwaka wa 1951 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] kwa Amani'''. [[Category:Chama cha Wafanyakazi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Amani]] {{mbegu}} [[de:Léon Jouhaux]] [[en:Léon Jouhaux]] [[fr:Léon Jouhaux]] [[no:Léon Jouhaux]] [[pt:Léon Jouhaux]] 3372 11163 2006-06-22T22:48:13Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Leon Jouhaux]] #REDIRECT[[Leon Jouhaux]] 3373 11166 2006-06-23T09:48:38Z 84.143.92.139 [[Category:Zambia]] 3374 11168 2006-06-23T09:49:40Z 84.143.92.139 [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] 3375 11170 2006-06-23T10:33:38Z 84.143.79.63 [[Image:CentralKigali.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Kitovu cha mji wa Kigali]] '''Kigali''' ni [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Rwanda]] pia mji mkubwa nchini. Iko karibu sana na mstari wa [[ikweta]] kwenye kimo cha 1400 - 1600 [[m]] juu ya [[UB]]. Hali ya hewa ni ya wastani hakuna baridi kali wala joto kali. Kigali ina wakazi 600,000. ==Historia== Kigali ilianzishwa wakati wa ukoloni wa Kijerumani mwaka 1907 kama kituo cha mwakilishi wa Afrika ya Masharikiy a Kijerumani Richard Kandt. Wakati wa [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia]] ilivamiwa na Wabelgiji ikawa sehemu ya [[eneo la kukabidhiwa]] la [[Ruanda-Urundi]] chini ya utawala wa [[Ubelgiji]]. Baada ya kugawa kwa Ruanda-Urundi kuwa nchi mbili za Rwanda na Burundi Kgali ikawa mji mkuu wa Rwanda mwaka 1962. Mauaji ya Watutsi ya mwaka 1994 yalianza Kigali. Mji ulipungukiwa wakazi 100,000 wakati ule. ==Uchumi== Misingi ya uchumi ya Kigali ni biashara ya kahawa, mifugo na [[stani]]. ==Mawasiliano== Kigali ina kiwanja ccha kimataifa cha ndege. Kuna barabara kwenda Burundi na Uganda. Bildung [[Category:Rwanda| ]] [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[Category:Miji ya Rwanda]] [[bg:Кигали]] [[da:Kigali]] [[de:Kigali]] [[en:Kigali]] [[es:Kigali]] [[fr:Kigali]] [[ko:키갈리]] [[io:Kigali]] [[id:Kigali]] [[is:Kígalí]] [[it:Kigali]] [[he:קיגאלי]] [[jv:Kigali]] [[nl:Kigali]] [[ja:キガリ]] [[pl:Kigali]] [[pt:Kigali]] [[ru:Кигали]] [[sk:Kigali]] [[fi:Kigali]] [[sv:Kigali]] [[zh:吉佳利]] 3376 11171 2006-06-23T10:33:55Z 84.143.79.63 [[Category:Rwanda]] 3377 11172 2006-06-23T10:34:12Z 84.143.79.63 [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] 3378 11173 2006-06-23T12:47:58Z 84.143.219.213 a '''Ruanda-Urundi''' ni jina la zamani kwa ajili ya nchi za [[Rwanda]] na [[Burundi]]. Zote mbili zilikuwa sehemu ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani]] hadi 1916. Baadaye zilikabidhiwa na [[Shirikisho la Mataifa]] kama eneo la kuhifadhiwa kwa [[Ubelgiji]]. Ubelgiji ilitawala nchi zote mbili kama eneo moja la "Ruanda - Urundi". Wakati wa mwisho wa utawala wa kikoloni sehemu zote mbili ziliachana tena na kuingia katika uhuru kama nchi mbili za Rwanda na Burundi. [[Category:Historia ya Ubelgiji]] [[Category:Historia ya Rwanda]] [[Category:Historia ya Burundi]] [[Category:Historia ya Afrika]] [[de:Ruanda-Urundi]] [[en:Ruanda-Urundi]] [[es:Ruanda-Urundi]] [[fr:Rwanda-Urundi]] [[nl:Ruanda-Urundi]] 3379 11174 2006-06-23T13:05:55Z 84.143.219.213 Redirecting to [[Kairo]] #REDIRECT [[Kairo]] 3380 11175 2006-06-23T13:21:47Z 84.143.219.213 '''El Aaiún''' (pia '''Laâyoune''', (العيون =al-ʿUyūn) ni mji mkubwa wa [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] kwenye bonde la ''Saguia el Hamra'' karibu na mwambao wa [[Atlantiki]]. Hadi [[1976]] ilikuwa makao makuu ya utawala wa kikoloni wa [[Hispania]]. Baadaye mji ulivamiwa na Moroko pamoja na sehemu kubwa ya Sahara ya Magharibi. Idadi ya wakazi ni takriban 200,000 wengi wao ni walowezi kutoka Moroko walioingia tangu mwisho wa 1976. Katika muundo wa utawala wa Moroko El Aaiun ni makao makuu ya wilaya ya Laâyoune-Boujdour-Sakia El Hamra. Machoni pa wafuasi wa [[Jamhuri ya Sahara ya Kidemokrasia ya Kiarabu]] mji unstahili kuwa mji mkuu wa nchi hii ikipata uhuru wake. "El Aaiún" ni umbo la maandishi ya Kihispania kwa ajili ya jina la Kiarabi kinchomaanisha "chemchemi". Maandishi katika kawaida ya Kifaransa ni "Laâyoune" yanatumika zaidi kwa upande wa Moroko. [[Category:Mji wa Sahara ya Magharibi]] [[ar:العيون]] [[ca:Al-Aaiun]] [[de:El Aaiún]] [[en:El Aaiún]] [[eo:Ajuno]] [[es:El Aaiún]] [[fi:Laayoune]] [[fr:Laâyoune]] [[gl:O Aiún - العيون]] [[id:El Aaiún]] [[it:El Aaiún]] [[ja:アイウン]] [[ko:엘아윤]] [[nl:El Aaiún]] [[pl:Al-Ujun]] [[ru:Эль-Аюн]] [[sk:El-Aaiún]] [[sv:Al-Ayun]] [[zh:阿尤恩]] 3381 11177 2006-06-23T17:02:08Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Gabun-karte-politisch-estuaire.png|250px|thumb|Mahali pa Libreville mkoani Estuaire]] [[Image:Chancery.jpg|right|thumb|299px|Nyumba ya uchansella mjini Libreville]] '''Libreville''' ni [[mji mkuu]] na mji mkubwa nchini [[Gabon]]. Iko kwenye pwani la Atlantiki kiasi ndani ya mdomo wa mto Komo au Gabon. Kuna bandari. Libreville ina wakazi 578,000 (2005). Jina la “Libreville” lina maana ya “mji huru” au “mji wa watu huru” kutokana na historia yake. ==Historia== Libreville ilianzishwa na [[Ufaransa|Wafaransa]] kama kituo cha biashara kwa jina la Gabon kufuatana na mto uliopo baada ya kununua ardhi tangu 1839 [[BK]]. Wakati ule wenyeji wa eneo walikuwa hasa Wampongwe. 1843 Wafaransa walijenga boma la Fort Aumale kama bandari ya kijeshi. Mwaka 1848 idadi ya wakazi iliongezeka ghafla kwa watumwa waliowekwa huru. Wakati ule meli za kijeshi za Ufaransa zilishirikiana na [[Waingerezea]] katika majaribio ya kukomesha [[biashara ya watumwa]]. Walikamata meli ya [[L'Elizia]] na kupeleka mzigo wake wa watumwa Gabon walipopewa uhuru. Wakati ule kituo kilipanuka kuwa mji mdogo ukapewa jina la [[Libreville]] kwa kuiga mji wa “[[Freetown]]” huko [[Sierra Leone]] ambako Waingerezea waliwahi kupangisha watumwa waliopewa uhuru. Tangu 1866 ikawa makao makuu ya jimbo la Gabon. katika karne ya 20 ikawa bandari kuu ya [[Afrika ya Ikweta ya Kifaransa]] ikaendelea kukua polepole. Tangu uhuru wa Gabon mwaka 1960 imekuwa mji mkuu wa nchi hii. ==Mji== Kuna mitaa ndani ya mji ya Batterie IV, Quartier Louis, Mont-Bouët, Nombakélé, Glass (Uzunguni), Olaumi (mtaa wa viwanda) na Lalala. Mtaa wa Owendo kusini ya mji pana bandari na kituo cha reli. Libreville ina makumbusho ya kitaifa yenye vinyago vingi vya utamaduni wa wananchi. Soko kuu ni Marché du Mont-Bouët mashariki ya kitovu cha mji. Libreville kuna vyuo vikuu vya Université Omar Bongo (UOB), Université des Sciences de la Santé, Chuo cha Ufundi Omar Bongo Ondimba Technical School na taasisi mbalimbali ndogo. Kiwanja cha ndege cha kimataifa kiko nje ya mji. [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[Category:Miji ya Gabon]] [[Category:Gabon]] [[bg:Либървил]] [[ca:Libreville]] [[de:Libreville]] [[en:Libreville]] [[fi:Libreville]] [[fr:Libreville]] [[he:ליברוויל]] [[io:Libreville]] [[it:Libreville]] [[ko:리브르빌]] [[nl:Libreville]] [[no:Libreville]] [[pl:Libreville]] [[pt:Libreville]] [[ru:Либревиль]] [[sk:Libreville]] [[sv:Libreville]] 3382 11178 2006-06-23T17:02:28Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Gabon]] 3383 11179 2006-06-23T17:02:52Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] 3384 11186 2006-06-23T18:09:14Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] [[Image:Wilhelm ostwald.jpg|right|thumb|Wilhelm Ostwald]] '''Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald''' (2 Septemba 1853 &ndash; 4 Aprili 1932) alikuwa mwanakemia kutoka nchi ya [[Ujerumani]]. Mwaka wa 1909 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Kemia''' kwa ajili ya utafiti wake kuhusu [[uchocheaji]]. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Kemia]] {{mbegu}} [[bs:Wilhelm Ostwald]] [[bg:Вилхелм Оствалд]] [[da:Wilhelm Ostwald]] [[de:Wilhelm Ostwald]] [[en:Wilhelm Ostwald]] [[es:Wilhelm Ostwald]] [[eo:Wilhelm Ostwald]] [[fr:Wilhelm Ostwald]] [[hr:Wilhelm Ostwald]] [[io:Wilhelm Ostwald]] [[it:Wilhelm Ostwald]] [[he:וילהלם אוסטוולד]] [[nl:Wilhelm Ostwald]] [[ja:ヴィルヘルム・オストヴァルト]] [[no:Wilhelm Ostwald]] [[pl:Wilhelm Ostwald]] [[pt:Wilhelm Ostwald]] [[sk:Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald]] [[sl:Wilhelm Ostwald]] [[sv:Wilhelm Ostwald]] [[zh:威廉·奥斯特瓦尔德]] 3385 11187 2006-06-23T18:10:31Z Oliver Stegen 160 Redirecting to [[Wilhelm Ostwald]] #REDIRECT[[Wilhelm Ostwald]] 3386 11188 2006-06-23T18:15:27Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Otto Wallach''' (27 Machi 1847 &ndash; 26 Februari 1931) alikuwa mwanakemia kutoka nchi ya [[Ujerumani]]. Hasa alichunguza michanganyiko kama [[terpini]]. Mwaka wa 1910 alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Kemia'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Kemia]] {{mbegu}} [[bs:Otto Wallach]] [[de:Otto Wallach]] [[en:Otto Wallach]] [[es:Otto Wallach]] [[fr:Otto Wallach]] [[hr:Otto Wallach]] [[id:Otto Wallach]] [[ja:オットー・ヴァラッハ]] [[pl:Otto Wallach]] [[pt:Otto Wallach]] [[sk:Otto Wallach]] [[sv:Otto Wallach]] 3387 11189 2006-06-23T18:43:58Z Oliver Stegen 160 [[Image:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''François Auguste Victor Grignard''' (6 Mei 1871 &ndash; 13 Desemba 1935) alikuwa mwanakemia kutoka nchi ya [[Ufaransa]]. Alitafiti usanisi na hasa uunganishaji wa [[kaboni]]. Mwaka wa 1912, pamoja na [[Paul Sabatier]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Kemia'''. [[Category:Wanasayansi]] [[Category:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Kemia]] {{mbegu}} [[bs:Victor Grignard]] [[de:Victor Grignard]] [[en:Victor Grignard]] [[es:Victor Grignard]] [[fr:Victor Grignard]] [[hr:Victor Grignard]] [[it:Victor Grignard]] [[ja:ヴィクトル・グリニャール]] [[nl:Victor Grignard]] [[pt:Victor Grignard]] [[ru:Гриньяр, Виктор]] [[sk:François Auguste Victor Grignard]] 3388 11193 2006-06-23T19:25:36Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Aequatorialguinea-karte-politisch-bioko-norte.png|250px|thumb|Mahali pa Malabo mkoani Bioko Norte ]] '''Malabo''' ni [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Guinea ya Ikweta]] mwenye wakazi 90,000 - 100,000. Iko mwambaoni wa [[Atlantiki]] kwenye pwani la kaskazini ya kisiwa cha [[Bioko]] (zamani: Fernando Po). Mji ulianzishwa kwa jina la Port Clarence kuanzia 1827 na Waingereza waliokuwa wamekodi kisiwa cha Fernado Po kutoka kwa Hispania. Uingereza ulitumia kisiwa kama kituo cha jeshi la uanamaji lilizozunguka Atlantiki kwa shabaha ya kukomesha [[biashara ya watumwa]]. Waingereza walipeleka hapa watumwa waliopatikana kwenye meli za bishara ya watumwa. 1843 Waingereza walihamisha kituo chao ch kijeshi kwenda Sierre Leone na sehemu ya watumwa wa zamani waliopewa uhuru wao walibaki wengine wakafuatana na Waingereza kwenda Sierra Leone. Wahispania walirudi polepole wakabadilisha jina la mji kuwa Santa Isabel. Tangu uhuru wa Guinea ya Ikweta mwaka 1968 Santa Isabel ikawa mji mkuu. Wakati wa [[udikteta]] wa rais [[Francisco Macías Nguema]] jina lilibadilishwa kuwa Malabo. Idadi ya wakazi ilipungua sana kutokana na utawala wa kidikteta, wengi walikimbia kama wanachi kwa ujumla. Tangu mwisho wa Macias Nguema idadi imeongezeka tena lakini bado dalili ya uharibifu zinaonekana. Pamoja na hasara hizo Malabo ni kitovu cha kiuchumi cha nchi. Mazao ya [[kakao]], [[kahawa]] na ubao yanapelekwa hapa kwa meli na kuuzwa nje. [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[Category:Miji ya Guinea ya Ikweta]] [[Category:Guinea ya Ikweta]] [[ar:مالابو]] [[ca:Malabo]] [[de:Malabo]] [[en:Malabo]] [[es:Malabo]] [[eo:Malabo]] [[fr:Malabo]] [[ga:Malabo]] [[ko:말라보]] [[io:Malabo]] [[it:Malabo]] [[he:מלאבו]] [[nl:Malabo]] [[ja:マラボ]] [[no:Malabo]] [[pl:Malabo]] [[pt:Malabo]] [[ru:Малабо]] [[sk:Malabo]] [[fi:Malabo]] [[sv:Malabo]] [[zh:馬拉博]] 3389 11194 2006-06-23T19:26:01Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] 3390 11195 2006-06-23T19:26:34Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Guinea ya Ikweta]] 3391 11197 2006-06-23T21:16:43Z Kipala 107 Redirecting to [[Guinea Bisau]] #REDIRECT [[Guinea Bisau]] 3392 11198 2006-06-23T21:17:55Z Kipala 107 Redirecting to [[Guinea Bisau]] #REDIRECT [[Guinea Bisau]] 3393 11199 2006-06-23T21:19:03Z Kipala 107 Redirecting to [[Bisau]] #REDIRECT [[Bisau]] 3394 11200 2006-06-23T21:19:52Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] 3395 11203 2006-06-23T21:56:44Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Harare from the Kopje.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Harare inavyoonekana kutoka kilima cha Kopje]] [[Image:Zimbabwe Provinces Harare 250px.png|right|Map of Zimbabwe with the province highlighted]] '''Harare''' (zamani: '''Salisbury''') ni [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Zimbabwe]] pia mji mkubwa nchini ikiwa kwenye kimo cha 1,500m juu ya [[UB]]. Idadi ya wakazi imekadiriwa kufika 1,600,000, pamoja na mitaa ya nje hadi 2,800,000. Harare ni kitovu cha utawala pia cha uchumi nchini. Mtaa wa nje ulio mkubwa ni [[Chitungwiza]] yenye wakazi 340,000 kusini ya kiwanja cha kimataifa cha ndege. == Historia == Mji ulianzishwa mwaka [[1890]] [[BK]] kama kambi la jeshi la binafsi la [[Cecil Rhodes]]. Tangu kuwa makao ya kudumu mji ulipewa jina la Salisbury kutokana na [[Lord Salisbury]] aliyekuwa waziri mkuu wa Uingereza miaka ile akamsaidia Cecil Rhodes kazika mipango yake ya kupanusha ukoloni katika Afrika ya Kusini. Salisbury ilipata cheo cha mji mwaka 1935 ikawa mji mkuu wa Maungano ya Rhodesia na Unyasa mwaka 1953 hadi 1963. Baada ya uhuru wa Zimbabwe jina la Salisbury ilibadilishwa mwaka 1982 kwa heshima ya chifu wa Washona Neharawa kuwa Harare. Tangu 2002 mji uliathiriwa vibaya na matatizo ya kisiasa nchini Zimbabwe. Vyama vya upinzani vilipata kura nyingi mjini kushinda serikali ya [[Robert Mugabe]] katika chaguzi za kisiasa. Serikali ikalipiza kisasi kwa kufuta Halmashauri ya Mji. Mwaka 2005 serikali ilibomoa mitaa ya vibanda katika kempeni ya [[Operation Murambatsvina]] (Mradi wa "kuondoa takataka"). Lakhi za watu walifukuzwa katika nyumba zao na biashara zao zikabomolewa. Wapinzani waliona kempeni hii kama jaribio la kupunguza idadi ya wafuasi wa upinzani katika mji mkuu. [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[Category:Miji ya Zimbabwe]] [[Category:Zimbabwe]] [[af:Harare]] [[bs:Harare]] [[cs:Harare]] [[de:Harare]] [[en:Harare]] [[et:Harare]] [[es:Harare]] [[eo:Harareo]] [[fa:هراره]] [[fr:Harare]] [[ko:하라레]] [[hi:हरारे]] [[io:Harare]] [[id:Harare]] [[it:Harare]] [[he:הארארה]] [[lt:Hararė]] [[nl:Harare]] [[ja:ハラレ]] [[no:Harare]] [[nn:Harare]] [[pl:Harare]] [[pt:Harare]] [[ru:Хараре]] [[simple:Harare]] [[sk:Harare]] [[sr:Хараре]] [[sh:Harare]] [[fi:Harare]] [[sv:Harare]] [[zh:哈拉雷]] 3396 11204 2006-06-23T21:57:05Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Zimbabwe]] 3397 11205 2006-06-23T21:57:24Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] 3398 11208 2006-06-23T22:02:00Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] 3399 11211 2006-06-23T22:04:20Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] 3400 11213 2006-06-23T22:05:12Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Eritrea]] 3401 11251 2006-06-24T12:51:36Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Angola karte.png|thumb|Luanda katika Angola]] [[Image:Luanda 13.23266E 8.80761S.jpg|thumb|Luanda inavyoonekana kutoka angani]] [[Image:LuandaJuin2005-1-br.jpg|thumb|Luanda (Juni 2005)]] '''Luanda''' (pia ''São Paulo de Luanda'' au ''Loanda'') ni mji mkuu pia mji mkubwa wa [[Angola]] ikiwa na wakazi 2.776.125 (2005). == Jiografia == Mji wa Luanda uko mkoani Luanda kaskazini ya mdomo wa mto [[Cuanza]] mwambaoni ya [[Atlantiki]]. == Wakazi == Kati ya wakazi milioni 2,7 walio wengi kabisa ni Waafrika wa makabila kama vile Waovimbundu, Wakimbundu na Wakongo. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kireno]] lakini lugha nyingi za [[kibantu]] zinatumika pia. == Historia == Mji ulianzishwa mwaka 1575 [[BK]] na [[Wareno]] kwa jina la ''São Paulo de Luanda''. Imekuwa mji mkuu wa Angola tangu 1627. Hadi 1850 Luanda ilikuwa kitovu cha [[biashara ya watumwa]] kwenda Brazil. Wakati wa uhuru mwaka 1975 wakazi wengi Wareno waliondoka mjini. Vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe katika Angola kati ya 1974 - 2002 ilileta hasara pia kwa ajili ya mji mkuu. == Uchumi == Luanda ni bandari muhimu nchini pia mwanzo wa reli kwenda [[Malange]]. == Viungo vya nje == * {{Commons|Category:Luanda|Luanda}} * [http://www.luandamap.com www.luandamap.com - Ramani ya Luanda] [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[Category:Miji ya Angola]] [[Category:Angola]] [[af:Luanda]] [[ca:Luanda]] [[da:Luanda]] [[el:Λουάντα]] [[en:Luanda]] [[es:Luanda]] [[fi:Luanda]] [[fr:Luanda]] [[gl:Luanda]] [[he:לואנדה]] [[id:Luanda]] [[io:Luanda]] [[it:Luanda]] [[ja:ルアンダ]] [[ko:루안다]] [[la:Luanda]] [[lb:Luanda]] [[lt:Luanda]] [[mg:Luanda]] [[nl:Luanda]] [[nn:Luanda]] [[no:Luanda]] [[pl:Luanda]] [[pt:Luanda]] [[ro:Luanda]] [[ru:Луанда]] [[simple:Luanda]] [[sk:Luanda]] [[sv:Luanda]] [[tet:Luanda]] [[zh:罗安达]] 3402 11236 2006-06-24T10:38:42Z Kipala 107 Redirecting to [[Kwanza (mto)]] #REDIRECT [[Kwanza (mto)]] 3403 11238 2006-06-24T10:47:54Z Kipala 107 Kutokana na de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:Cuanza.jpg imebadilshwa na user:Kipala Kutokana na de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:Cuanza.jpg imebadilshwa na user:Kipala 3404 11243 2006-06-24T11:19:20Z Kipala 107 {{Sanduku ya Mto | river_name = Kwanza (Cuanza) | image_name = Cuanza mto.jpg | caption = Mwendo wa mto Kwanza (Cuanza) katika Angola | origin = karibu na [[Mumbue]] kwenye [[Nyanda za juu za Bié]] ([[Angola]]) | mouth = [[Atlantiki]] | basin_countries = [[Angola]] | length = 965 km | elevation = 1,450 m | discharge = 825 m&sup3;/s | watershed = 149,688 km²; }} '''Kwanza''' ([[Kireno]]: '''Cuanza''', pia Coanza, Quanza au Kuanzani) ni mto katika [[Angola]]. Chanzo chake ni katika [[Nyanda za Juu za Bie]] ambako mito mingi mikubwa inaanza. Jina la mto limekuwa pia jina la mikoa miwili ya Cuanza Norte (kaskazini ya mto) na Cuanza Sul (kusini ya mto). [[Tawimito]] muhimu ni Kuiva, Luando na Lucala. ==Mwendo wa mto== Mwanzoni inaelekea kaskazini halafu kaskazini-magharibi ikiwa mpaka kati ya mikoa ya Bie na Malange, baadaye kati ya mikoa Cuanza Sul na Malange, halafu kati ya mikoa ya Cuanza Sul na Bengo. Ikielekea magharibi inapita mkoa wa Cuanza Norte hadi kufikia [[Atlantiki]] kusini ya [[Luanda]] mji mkuu wa [[Angola]]. ==Umuhimu wa kiuchumi== Kwanza inatumika na [[meli]] kwa mwendo wa takriban 250 km kuanzia [[mdomo]] wake kungia barani. Kwa sababu hiyo ilikuwa pia njia ya [[Wareno]] ya kupeleleza Angola walipofika na kujenga utawala wao. Kwanza inatumika kwa kutengeneza umeme kwa njia ya lambo la Capanda mkoani Malanje lililoanza kufanya kazi mwaka 2004. Bado inatumika kama njia ya kusafirisha mizigo pia maji yake humwagilia mashamba. ==Viungo vya nje== [http://www.waterandnature.org/eatlas/html/af8.html Watersheds of Africa: A03 Cuanza] [[Category:Mito ya Angola]] [[ca:Cuanza]] [[de:Cuanza]] [[en:Cuanza River]] [[fr:Cuanza]] [[nl:Cuanza]] 3405 11249 2006-06-24T12:46:49Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] 3406 11252 2006-06-24T12:51:54Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Angola]] 3407 11253 2006-06-24T13:23:22Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Angola Provinces Bie 250px.png|right|Mkoa wa Bie katika Angola]] '''Bié''' ni mkoa wa [[Angola]] mwenye eneo la 70,314 [[km²]] na wakazi wanaokadiriwa kuwa kati ya [[lakhi]] nane na milioni moja. Makao makuu ya mkoa uko mjini [[Kuito]] (Cuito). Hali ya hewa haina joto kali kutokana na milima na mvua ya mara kwa mara. Hayo yote huwezesha kilimo cha mahindi, karanga, miwa, kahawa na mpunga. Mkoa ni sehemu ya [[Nyanda za Juu za Bie]]. Kuna njia ya reli kati ya mkoa na pwani. Miji mikubwa zaidi mkoani ni: * Kuito- wakazi 114 791 * Camacupa- wakazi 19 347 * Catabola- wakazi 19 281 * Catumbela- wakazi 17 369 * Chisamba- wakazi 7 755 Nyumbani ya mwenyekiti wa chama cha [[UNITA]] [[Isaias Samakuva]] iko mkoani kwenye mji wa [[Kunji]]. ==Viungo vya Nje== * [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/angola/ao_appen.html US government statistics from 1988] * [http://www.angola.org.uk/prov_bie.htm angola.org.uk] [[Category:Mikoa ya Angola]] [[es:Bié]] [[en:Bié (province)]] [[fr:Bié (province)]] [[pt:Bié]] [[fi:Bié]] 3408 11254 2006-06-24T13:23:45Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Angola]] 3409 11280 2006-06-25T10:26:16Z Kipala 107 '''Nyanda za Juu za Bie''' ziko kwenye kitovu cha nchi [[Angola]]. Zinapanda hadi ya kuwa na kimo cha 2,619 m juu ya [[UB]]. Kutokana na kiasi kikubwa cha mvua kinachopatikana hapa eneo ni chanzo cha mito mingi muhimu ya Afrika ya Kusini na Afrika ya Kati. ==Mito muhimu inayoanza Nyanda za Juu za Bie== * [[Kwanza]] (Cuanza) - inaelekea kaskazini - magharibi na kuishia [[Atlantiki]] * [[Kasai]] inaelekea kaskazini na kuishia [[mto Kongo]] * [[Kwango]] inaelekea kaskazini na kuishia kwenye [[mto Kasai]] ndani ya Kongo. * [[Kwando]] (Cuando) - inaelekea kusini-mashariki na kuishia [[Zambezi]] * [[Kubango]]-[[Okavango]] - inaelekea kusini halafu kusini-mashariki na kuishia [[Delta ya Okavango]] kwenye [[Kalahari]] * [[Kunene (mto)|Kunene]] (Cunene) - inaelekea kusini-magharibi na kuishia [[Atlantiki]] mpakani na [[Namibia]]. * kuelekea magharibi ni mito midogo tu * [[Zambezi]] ikitokea kaskazini inapita karibu na Nyanda za Juu za Bie na kupokea sehemu ya maji yake hapa. Mji mkubwa katika eneo ni [[Huambo]] (zamani: Lisbon mpya) [[Category: Angola]] [[de:Hochland von Bié]] 3410 11256 2006-06-24T13:54:12Z Kipala 107 '''Kunene (Cunene)''' ni mto wa Afrika ya kusini-Magharibi. Chanzo chake kiko [[Angola]] katika [[Nyanda za Juu za Bie]] inaelekea kusini hadi kufikia mpaka wa Namibia kwenye na mji wa [[Ruacana]]. Kuanzia hapa mto ni mpaka kati ya Angola na Namibia hadi kufika [[Atlantiki]]. Mdomo wa mto baharini ni [[delta]] yenye upana wa 30 [[km]]. Mwendo wote ni wa 1207 km, beseni ina 109,832 km². Kunene ina maporomoko huko Ruacana pia Epupa. Serikali ya Namibia ilipanga kutengeneza lambo kwenye maporomoko ya Epupa. Mipango hii imepingwa vikali kwa sababu inaonekana kuhatarisha [[ekolojia]] ya eneo pamoja na hali ya maisha ya [[Wahima]] walio wenyeji. Jina la mto unarudia katika jina la mkoawa Namibia wa Kunene. == Viungo vya Nje == * [http://www.waterandnature.org/eatlas/html/af9.html Watersheds of Africa: A04 Cunene] [[Category:Mito ya Angola]] [[Category:Mito ya Namibia]] [[Category:Kunene (mkoa)]] [[de:Kunene (Fluss)]] [[en:Cunene River]] [[et:Cunene jõgi]] [[lb:Kunene (Floss)]] [[nl:Kunene (rivier)]] [[ja:クネネ川]] [[pl:Kunene]] 3411 11260 2006-06-24T13:57:48Z Kipala 107 Redirecting to [[Nyanda za Juu za Bie]] #REDIRECT [[Nyanda za Juu za Bie]] 3412 11264 2006-06-24T19:00:48Z Kipala 107 Kutokana na fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Bloemfontein_panorama.jpg Kutokana na fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Bloemfontein_panorama.jpg 3413 11265 2006-06-24T19:01:24Z Kipala 107 kutokana na fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Bloemfontein.jpg kutokana na fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Bloemfontein.jpg 3414 11266 2006-06-24T19:02:14Z Kipala 107 kutokana na af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeld:800px-Bloemfontein_FS_ZA.jpg kutokana na af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeld:800px-Bloemfontein_FS_ZA.jpg 3415 11310 2006-06-25T13:54:43Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Bloemfontein FS ZA.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Bloemfontein wakati wa usiku]] [[Image:Bloemfontein panorama.jpg|thumb|350px|Bloemfontein wakati wa mchana]] [[Image:Bloemfontein bunge.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Bunge la Vrystaat (1893) pamoja na sanamu ya jenerali ya Makaburu [[Christiaan de Wet]]]] '''Bloemfontein''' (tamka: "Blumfontain" - Kiholanzi/Kiafrikaans "chemchemi ya maua") ni kati ya [[mji mkuu|miji mikuu]] mitatu ya [[Afrika Kusini]] pamoja na [[Pretoria]] na [[Cape Town]]. Jina la Kisotho ni '''Mangaung''' linalomaanisha "kwa duma". Bloemfountain ni makao ya [[Mahakama Kuu]] ya Afrika Kusini pia mju mkuu wa mkoa wa Vrystaat (au: Free State - "Jamhuri huru"). Mji uko kwenye uwanja wa juu wenye kimo cha 1,395 [[m]] juu ya [[UB]]. Mji mwenyewe una takriban wakazi 500,000. Kuna mji wa pili pamoja nao wa [[Mangaung]] wa wakazi 650,000 uliojengwa wakati wa utawala wa ubaguzi wa rangi kwa ajili ya watu weusi. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Miji ya Afrika Kusini]] [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[Category:Mkoa wa Vrystaat]] [[af:Bloemfontein]] [[bg:Блумфонтейн]] [[de:Bloemfontein]] [[el:Μπλουμφοντέιν]] [[en:Bloemfontein]] [[es:Bloemfontein]] [[fi:Bloemfontein]] [[fr:Bloemfontein]] [[he:בלומפונטיין]] [[id:Bloemfontein]] [[it:Bloemfontein]] [[ja:ブルームフォンテーン]] [[lt:Blumfonteinas]] [[mk:Блумфонтејн]] [[nl:Bloemfontein]] [[nn:Bloemfontein]] [[no:Bloemfontein]] [[pl:Bloemfontein]] [[pt:Bloemfontein]] [[ru:Блумфонтейн]] [[sk:Bloemfontein]] [[sv:Bloemfontein]] [[zh:布隆方丹]] 3416 11268 2006-06-24T19:13:49Z Kipala 107 Redirecting to [[Bloemfontein]] #REDIRECT [[Bloemfontein]] 3417 11282 2006-06-25T10:27:38Z Kipala 107 Redirecting to [[Kasai]] #REDIRECT [[Kasai]] 3418 11285 2006-06-25T10:37:51Z Kipala 107 Redirecting to [[Victoria (ziwa)]] #REDIRECT [[Victoria (ziwa)]] 3419 11303 2006-06-25T13:17:14Z Kipala 107 {{Uainishaji | rangi = lightgreen | jina = Mwarobaini ''(Neem)'' <br>(Azadirachta indica) | picha = Neemtree.jpg | upana_wa_picha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = '''Mwarobaini''' | himaya = [[Mimea]] | faila = [[Magnoliophyta]] (Mimea ioteshayo maua) | oda = [[Sapindales]] | familia = [[Meliaceae]] | jenasi = '''''Azadirachta''''' | spishi= '''''A. indica''''' | bingwa_ = [[Adrien-Henri de Jussieu|A.Juss.]] }} '''Mwarobaini''' (Azadirachta indica) ni mti unaofahamika kwa uwezo wake wa kutibu magonjwa ya aina mbalimbali. Inaaminika kuwa mti huu umetokea huko India na [[Burma]]. Mwarobaini hushamiri zaidi katika nchi za tropiki na una uwezo mkubwa wa kuhimili ukame. Jina Mwarobaini linatokana na imani kuwa mti huu una uwezo wa kutibu magonjwa yapatayo arobaini. Mwarobaini umekuwa ukitumiwa kama tiba kwa miaka maelfu huko nchini India na hivi sasa unatumiwa katika sehemu mbalimbali duniani likiwemo bara la [[Afrika]]. Wanasayansi wa nchi za Magharibi hutumia pia mti huu kwenye tiba na utafiti. Mwanzoni mwa mwaka 2005, serikali ya India ilipeleka kesi mahakamani kupinga hatua ya mamlaka ya leseni ya Ulaya ([[European Patent Office]]) kutoa leseni kwa Wizara ya Kilimo ya [[Marekani]] na kampuni ya kimataifa ya [[WR Grace]] kumiliki haki ya kutengeneza na kuuza dawa ya ukungu inayotokana na mti wa Mwarobaini. Kati ya magonjwa ambayo mti huu umetumika kutibu au kupoza ni matatizo ya kusaga chakula tumboni, kisukari, kansa, magonjwa ya ngozi, malaria,ukungu (fungus), n.k. Matawi yake hutumiwa kama mswaki na magome yake hutumiwa kama dawa ya kusafisha meno. Mafuta ya Mwarobaini hutumika kutengenezea vipodozi na sabuni. Unga wake hutumiwa kama dawa ya kuulia wadudu wanaoharibu mimea. [[Category: Meliaceae]] [[de:Niembaum]] [[en:Neem]] [[eo:Nimo]] [[fr:Margousier]] [[he:אזדרכת הודית]] [[it:Azadirachta indica]] [[nl:Azadirachta indica]] [[pt:Neem]] [[ta:வேம்பு]] ==Viungo vya Nje== *[http://www.neemfoundation.org/ Neem Tree Foundation] *[http://www.ipp.co.tz/ipp/guardian/2005/04/23/37693.html/ Mwarobaini: Dawa ya Wadudu Isiyoharibu Mazingira] *[http://www.nap.edu/books/0309046866/html/ Neem: A Tree for Solving Global Problems] *[http://www.plantcultures.org.uk/plants/neem_landing.html/ Historia na Matumizi ya Mwarobaini] *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4333627.stm/ India Yashinda Kesi Dhidi ya Leseni ya Mwarobaini] 3420 11294 2006-06-25T11:58:43Z Ndesanjo 73 '''Wikimania 2006''' ni mkutano wa pili wa kila mwaka wa kimataifa wa [[Wikimedia]]. Mkutano wa kwanza, Wikimania 2005, ulifanyika mwaka jana nchini [[Ujerumani]]. Mkutano huu utafanyika Agosti 4-6 huko Cambridge, Massachussetts. Wikimania ni mkutano wa kijamii na kisayansi ambao utajumuisha washiriki wa [[miradi ya Wikimedia]] ili kubadilishana mawazo, kujenga mahusiano, na kutoa taarifa za utafiti na juhudi mbalimbali za miradi hiyo. Mkutano huu utatoa nafasi pia kwa washiriki wa miradi ya Wikimedia kukutana na kubadilishana mawazo na umma kuhusu miradi ya zana huria za teknolojia, maarifa huria na miradi ya wiki duniani. ==Viungo vya Nje== *[http://wikimania2006.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page/ Mkutano wa Wikimania 2006] *[http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Home/ Wikimedia Foundation] *[http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimania_2005:Main_Page/ Mkutano wa Wikimania 2005] 3421 11297 2006-06-25T12:30:09Z 61.85.59.176 Redirecting to [[Jamhuri ya Korea]] #REDIRECT [[Jamhuri ya Korea]] 3422 11505 2006-06-29T18:55:36Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[eu:Hego Korea]] Removing: [[sw:Jamhuri ya Korea]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width=50 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big><big>'''대한민국 / 大韓民國'''<br>'''Jamhuri ya Korea'''</big></big> |- | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan=2 | {| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" | align="center" width="130px" | [[Image:Flag of South Korea.svg|125px|Bendera la Korea, Kusini]] | align="center" width="130px" | [[Image:South korea coa.png|110px|Coat of Arms of Korea, Kusini]] |- | align="center" width="130px" | [[Flag of Korea, Kusini|Bendera]] | align="center" width="130px" | [[Nembo Korea, Kusini|Nembo]] |} |- | align="center" colspan=2 | <small>[[Hadabu ya Taifa]]: 널리 인간을 이롭게 하라(홍익인간 / 弘益人間). <br> ''([[Lugha ya Kikorea|Kikorea]]:<br> Broadly bring benefit to humanity)''</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | [[image:LocationSouthKorea.png|Location of Korea, Kusini]] |- | '''[[Lugha za Taifa]]''' | [[KiKorea]] |- | '''[[Mji Mkuu]]''' | [[Seoul]] |- | '''[[Rais wa Korea, Kusini|Rais]]''' | [[No moo Hyon]](노무현 대통령) |- | '''[[Eneo]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Jumla <br />&nbsp;- 2.3% Maji | [[Orotha ya nchi kulingana na eneo|Kadiriwa 108 duni]] <br /> 99,538 [[square kilomita|km&sup2;]] <br /> Acha |- | '''[[Umma]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Kadiriwa ([[ 37 duni ]])<br />&nbsp;- Jumla ([[32,021,856 ]])<br />&nbsp;- Umma kugawa na Eneo [[53.4]] | [[Orotha ya Nchi kulingana na Umma|Kadiriwa 24 duni ]]<br /> 48,422,644<br /> 45,985,289<br /> 492/km&sup2; ([[Orotha ya nchi kulingana na chumo cha umma kugawa na eneo|12 duni]) |- | '''[[Orotha ya nchi GDP (kidogo)|GDP]] [[Nguvu ya ununuzi|(PPP)]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Jumla<br />&nbsp;- kwa kipimo cha umma<br /> | [[12]] kadir<br />$1, 990, 000, 000, 000 ([[Orotha ya nchi GDP (kidogo)|12]]) <br />22, 543 ([[Orotha ya nchi kulingana na GDP kwa umma|33]]) |- | '''[[Uhuru]]'''<br />&nbsp;- Kadirifu<br />&nbsp;- Barabara | Kutoka [[Japan]]<br />&nbsp; [[August 15]]<br />&nbsp; [[1945]] |- | '''[[Fedha]]''' | [[Korea Won_KES]] |- | '''[[Saa za Eneo]]''' | [[Korean Time|KST]] +9 |- | '''[[Wimbo wa Taifa]]''' | ''[[Aegukga]]'' (애국가 / 愛國歌) |- | '''[[Kiwango cha juu cha kuangalia mtandao|Intaneti TLD]]''' | [[.kr]] |- | '''[[Orotha za nchi- kodi za simu|Codi ya simu]]''' | 82 |} '''Jamhuri ya Korea'''(대한민국 / 大韓民國 / DaeHanMinGuk). == History == == Korean War == (한국 전쟁 / 韓國 戰爭. 1950. 6. 25. ~ 1953. 7. 27.) == Links == [[af:Suid-Korea]] [[am:ደቡብ ኮርያ]] [[an:Corea d'o Sur]] [[ar:كوريا الجنوبية]] [[ast:Corea del Sur]] [[az:Koreya Respublikası]] [[bg:Южна Корея]] [[bs:Južna Koreja]] [[ca:Corea del Sud]] [[chr:ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᎵ ᎪᎴᎠ]] [[cs:Jižní Korea]] [[cy:De Corea]] [[da:Sydkorea]] [[de:Südkorea]] [[el:Νότια Κορέα]] [[en:South Korea]] [[eo:Sud-Koreio]] [[es:Corea del Sur]] [[et:Lõuna-Korea]] [[eu:Hego Korea]] [[fa:کره جنوبی]] [[fi:Etelä-Korea]] [[fr:Corée du Sud]] [[gl:Corea do Sur - 한국]] [[he:דרום קוריאה]] [[hi:दक्षिण कोरिया]] [[hr:Južna Koreja]] [[ht:Kore disid]] [[hu:Koreai Köztársaság]] [[id:Korea Selatan]] [[io:Sud-Korea]] [[is:Suður-Kórea]] [[it:Corea del Sud]] [[ja:大韓民国]] [[ka:სამხრეთი კორეა]] [[km:កូរេ (ត្បូង)]] [[ko:대한민국]] [[kw:Korea Dheghow]] [[la:Respublica Coreae]] [[li:Zuud-Korea]] [[lt:Pietų Korėja]] [[lv:Dienvidkoreja]] [[mo:Корея де Суд]] [[ms:Korea Selatan]] [[mt:Korea t'Isfel]] [[nds:Süüdkorea]] [[nl:Zuid-Korea]] [[nn:Sør-Korea]] [[no:Sør-Korea]] [[oc:Corèa del Sud]] [[pl:Korea Południowa]] [[pt:Coreia do Sul]] [[ro:Coreea de Sud]] [[ru:Республика Корея]] [[scn:Corea dû Sud]] [[se:Mátta-Korea]] [[sh:Južna Koreja]] [[simple:South Korea]] [[sk:Kórejská republika]] [[sl:Južna Koreja]] [[sq:Korea Jugore]] [[sr:Јужна Кореја]] [[sv:Sydkorea]] [[ta:தென்கொரியா]] [[th:ประเทศเกาหลีใต้]] [[tl:Timog Korea]] [[tpi:Saut Korea]] [[tr:Kore Cumhuriyeti]] [[uk:Південна Корея]] [[vi:Hàn Quốc]] [[war:Salatan nga Korea]] [[zh:大韩民国]] [[zh-min-nan:Hân-kok]] [[zh-yue:大韓民國]] 3423 11448 2006-06-27T21:04:05Z Kipala 107 [[Image:CentralPretoria.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Kitovu cha mji wa Pretoria.]] [[Image:Union House Pretoria.jpg|thumb|300px|Ikulu ya ''Union House'']] '''Pretoria''' ni moja kati ya [[mji mkuu|miji mikuu]] mitatu ya [[Afrika Kusini]] na makao makuu ya serikali. Miji mikuu mingine ni [[Cape Town]] kama makao ya Bunge na [[Bloemfontein]] kama makao ya Mahakama Kuu. Pretoria iko katika kaskazini ya jimbo la [[Gauteng]] katika bonde la milima ya [[Magalies]] kwenye kimo cha 1,370 m. Umbali na [[Johannesburg]] ni 56 km. Ni sehemu ya Jiji la [[Tshwane]]. Jina la Pretoria ni la kumkumbusha jenerali ya [[Makaburu]] [[Andries Pretorius]] aliyeshinda [[Wazulu]] kwenye mapigano ya [[Mto wa Damu]] (Blood River) 1838. Kuna majadiliano kama jina la Pretoria libadilishwe pia kuwa "Tshwane". Pamoja ofisi za serikali kuna vyuo vikuu hasa [[Chuo Kikuu cha Pretoria]]. [[Chuo Kikuu cha Afrika Kusini]] ni chuo kikubwa cha masomo kwa njia ya barua. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[Category:Gauteng]] [[Category:Miji ya Afrika Kusini]] [[af:Pretoria]] [[bg:Претория]] [[ca:Pretòria]] [[da:Pretoria]] [[de:Pretoria]] [[en:Pretoria]] [[es:Pretoria]] [[eo:Ĉvaneo]] [[fr:Pretoria]] [[gl:Pretoria]] [[ko:프리토리아]] [[io:Pretoria]] [[id:Pretoria]] [[it:Pretoria]] [[he:פרטוריה]] [[lt:Pretorija]] [[mk:Преторија]] [[ms:Pretoria]] [[nl:Pretoria]] [[ja:プレトリア]] [[no:Pretoria]] [[nn:Pretoria]] [[pl:Pretoria]] [[pt:Pretória]] [[ru:Претория]] [[fi:Pretoria]] [[sv:Tshwane]] [[th:พริทอเรีย]] 3424 11308 2006-06-25T13:53:53Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Afrika Kusini]] 3425 11785 2006-07-02T05:28:45Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[vec:Biologia]] '''Biolojia''' ni elimu ya uhai na viumbehai kama vile [[mmea|mimea]], [[mnyama|wanyama]], [[kuvu]] (kama [[uyoga]]), [[bakteria]] na [[virusi]]. Biolojia inaangalia jinsi viumbehai vinavyoishi na jinsi vinavyohusiana kati vyao na katika mazingira yao. [[Lugha ya kisayansi]] katika biolojia inatumia maneno mengi ya asili ya [[Kigiriki]] na [[Kilatini]]. Lugha nyingi zimeingiza maneno haya tu katika msamiati wao; katika lugha kadhaa wataalamu wametafsiri sehemu ya maneno haya kwa lugha zao lakini kwa ujumla sehemu kubwa na majina ya kisayansi hufuata utaratibu wa Kigiriki na Kilatini. Kama sayansi baiolojia ina matawi au masomo mengi. Kuna njia mbalimbali kuyataja, mmojawapo ni: * '''[[zoolojia]]''' : somo lahusu wanyama hasa * '''[[botania]]''' : somo lahusu mimea hasa * '''[[mikrobiolojia]]''' : somo lahusu bakteria na viumbehai vidogo sana Wataalamu wengi huona ya kwamba viumbehai vyote hugawiwa katika sehemu au milki kubwa tatu: * [[Archea]] * [[Bacteria]] * [[Eukaryota]] ::o [[Protista]] viumbe vyenye chembe kimoja to ::o [[Fungi]] au kuvu (kama vile uyoga) ::o [[Animalia]] au wanayama ::o [[Planta]] au mimea Kati ya masomo mengi kuna yafuatayo: * Anatomia na Morpholojia - zinaangalia jinsi viumbehai vinavyoonekana na muundo wa miili yao * Taxonomia au [[uainishaji]] - inaangalia jinsi ya kugawa viumbehai katika vikundi na kuvipa majina ya kisayansi * Ekolojia - inaangalia uhusiano wa viumbehai na mazingira yao, pamoja na athari ya mabadiliko ya mazingira * Etholojia -inaangalia mwenendo na mazoea ya viumbehai * Fiziolojia - inaangalia jinsi viumbehai vinaishi, vinavyokula au kujilisha * Biokemia - inaangalia kemia ndani ya viumbehai * Paleontolojia - inaangalia spishi zilizokwisha tangu miaka mingi ikionekana katika mawe, kwa mfano madinosauri <gallery> Image:EscherichiaColi NIAID.jpg|Bakteria ya ''Escherichia coli'' Image:Yanagi.jpg|Mti Image:Goliath_beetle.jpg|Kombamwiko Image:Thompson's_Gazelle.jpeg|Swala </gallery> [[Category:Biolojia|!]] [[Category:Sayansi]] [[af:Biologie]] [[als:Biologie]] [[an:Biolochía]] [[ar:علم الأحياء]] [[ast:Bioloxía]] [[be:Біялёгія]] [[bg:Биология]] [[bn:জীববিদ্যা]] [[br:Bevoniezh]] [[bs:Biologija]] [[ca:Biologia]] [[co:Biologia]] [[cs:Biologie]] [[csb:Biologijô]] [[cv:Биологи]] [[cy:Bioleg]] [[da:Biologi]] [[de:Biologie]] [[dv:ދިރުމާބެހޭ އިލްމު]] [[el:Βιολογία]] [[en:Biology]] [[eo:Biologio]] [[es:Biología]] [[et:Bioloogia]] [[eu:Biologia]] [[fa:زیست‌شناسی]] [[fi:Biologia]] [[fo:Lívfrøði]] [[fr:Biologie]] [[fur:Biologjie]] [[fy:Biology]] [[ga:Bitheolaíocht]] [[gd:Bith-Eòlas]] [[gl:Bioloxía]] [[he:ביולוגיה]] [[hi:जीव शास्त्र]] [[hr:Biologija]] [[ht:Biyoloji]] [[hu:Biológia]] [[ia:Biologia]] [[id:Biologi]] [[ie:Biologie]] [[io:Biologio]] [[is:Líffræði]] [[it:Biologia]] [[iu:ᐆᒪᔅᓱᓯᖃᕐᑐᓕᕆᓂᖅ]] [[ja:生物学]] [[jbo:mivyske]] [[jv:Biologi]] [[ka:ბიოლოგია]] [[km:ជីវវិទ្យា]] [[kn:ಜೀವಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ]] [[ko:생물학]] [[kw:Bywonieth]] [[ky:Биология]] [[la:Biologica]] [[lad:Biolojiya]] [[lb:Biologie]] [[li:Biologie]] [[lt:Biologija]] [[lv:Bioloģija]] [[mk:Биологија]] [[mn:Биологи]] [[ms:Biologi]] [[nah:Yolizmatiliztli]] [[nap:Biologgia]] [[nds:Biologie]] [[nds-nl:Biologie]] [[ne:जीवशास्त्र]] [[nl:Biologie]] [[no:Biologi]] [[oc:Biologia]] [[os:Биологи]] [[pam:Biologia]] [[pih:Biiolojie]] [[pl:Biologia]] [[ps:ژواکپېژندنه]] [[pt:Biologia]] [[ro:Biologie]] [[ru:Биология]] [[sc:Biologia]] [[scn:Bioluggìa]] [[sco:Biologie]] [[simple:Biology]] [[sk:Biológia]] [[sl:Biologija]] [[sr:Биологија]] [[su:Biologi]] [[sv:Biologi]] [[ta:உயிரியல்]] [[th:ชีววิทยา]] [[tl:Biyolohiya]] [[tr:Biyoloji]] [[tt:Biologí]] [[ug:بىئولوگىيە]] [[uk:Біологія]] [[ur:حیاتیات]] [[vec:Biologia]] [[vi:Sinh học]] [[vo:Lifav]] [[war:Biyolohiya]] [[zh:生物学]] [[zh-yue:生物學]] 3426 11320 2006-06-25T17:25:12Z Kipala 107 Redirecting to [[Daressalam]] #REDIRECT [[Daressalam]] 3427 11331 2006-06-25T17:52:03Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Shirika za kimataifa]] 3428 11334 2006-06-25T18:02:20Z Kipala 107 kutokana na de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:Benin-karte-politisch-oueme.png kutokana na de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:Benin-karte-politisch-oueme.png 3429 11335 2006-06-25T18:03:25Z Kipala 107 kutokana na pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafika:Portonovo.jpg kutokana na pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafika:Portonovo.jpg 3430 11336 2006-06-25T18:23:37Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Portonovo ramani ya mji.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Porto Novo - ramani ya mji]] [[Image:Benin-Ramani Porto Novo.png|thumb|250px|Porto Novo katika Benin]] '''Porto Novo''' ([[Kireno]]: "Bandari mpya" - inaitwa na wenyeji pia '''Hogbonou''' na '''Adjache''') ni [[mji mkuu]] rasmi wa [[Benin]]. Ni mji wa bandari kwenye kidaka cha [[Atlantiki]]. Mwaka 2002 Porto Novo ilikuwa na wakazi 223,552 (sensa 2002) na mji wa pili katika Benin. Hapa ni [[ikulu]] ya rais na makao ya [[bunge]] lakini [[wizara]] nyingi zina ofisi zao mjini [[Cotonou]]. ===Historia=== Jina la kihistoria ni Ajache. Kwa jina hili mji ulikuwa mji mkuu wa ufalme wa Aja. Wareno walijenga kituo cha biashara ya watumwa wakaiita "Porto Novo - bandari mpya". Mwaka 1863 ufalme ulikubali ulinzi wa Ufaransa kwa hofu ya Waingerezea. 1883 eneo lake likawa sehemu ya koloni ya Kifaransa ya Dahomey na mwaka 1900 mji mkuuw a koloni yote. Wafalme wa Porto Novo waliendelea kuwa na makao mjini hadi kifo cha mfalme wa mwisho Alohinto Gbeffa mwaka 1976. Tangu mwisho wa utumwa huko [[Brazil]] Waafrika wa Brazil walirudi wakifika Porto Novo na kukaa hapa. Hivyo athira za Brazil zimeonekana katika utamaduni wa mji, hasa katika ujenzi na chakula. ===Viungo vya Nje=== *[http://www.benintourisme.com/en/interne.php?idrub=10&id=79 Official Republic of Benin tourism site for Porto-Novo] *[http://www.gouv.bj/en/benin/tourisme/porto.php Official Benin government website information about Porto-Novo] *[http://www.porto-novo.biz/php/intro.php porto-novo.biz] *[http://archnet.org/library/images/thumbnails.tcl?location_id=3357 Images of the Central Mosque of Porto-Novo] *[http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/Exhibitions/Instruments/Anglais/measa_j_txt04a_en.html Adjogan] [[Category:Miji ya Benin]] [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[de:Porto Novo]] [[en:Porto-Novo]] [[es:Porto-Novo]] [[eo:Porto Novo]] [[fa:پورتو نووو]] [[fr:Porto Novo]] [[ko:포르토노보]] [[io:Porto Novo]] [[it:Porto-Novo]] [[he:פורטו נובו]] [[nl:Porto-Novo]] [[ja:ポルトノボ]] [[pl:Porto-Novo]] [[pt:Porto-Novo (Benim)]] [[ro:Porto Novo]] [[ru:Порто-Ново]] [[sk:Porto-Novo]] [[fi:Porto-Novo]] [[sv:Porto-Novo]] [[zh:新港]] 3431 11337 2006-06-25T18:23:55Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Benin]] 3432 11339 2006-06-25T19:25:43Z Redagavimas 180 Redirecting to [[Lituanya]] #redirect [[Lituanya]] 3433 11342 2006-06-25T19:30:56Z Redagavimas 180 ctg [[Category:Jiografia]] 3434 11345 2006-06-25T19:35:07Z Kipala 107 [[Image:GediminasCastle002.jpg|thumb|450px|[[Ģedimins|Ģedimina]]Simbols]] '''Vilnius''' ni [[mji mkuu]] wa '''[[Lituanya]]'''. [[Category:Miji Mikuu Ulaya]] [[Category:Lituanya]] [[Category:Miji ya Lituanya]] [[ar:فيلنيوس]] [[bat-smg:Vėlnios]] [[be:Вільня]] [[bg:Вилнюс]] [[ca:Vílnius]] [[cs:Vilnius]] [[da:Vilnius]] [[de:Wilna]] [[en:Vilnius]] [[eo:Vilno]] [[es:Vilna]] [[et:Vilnius]] [[fi:Vilna]] [[fr:Vilnius]] [[gl:Vilnius]] [[he:וילנה]] [[hr:Vilnius]] [[hu:Vilnius]] [[id:Vilnius]] [[it:Vilnius]] [[ja:ビリニュス]] [[ko:빌뉴스]] [[la:Vilna]] [[lt:Vilnius]] [[mk:Вилниус]] [[mo:Вильнюс]] [[nap:Vilnius]] [[nds:Vilnius]] [[nl:Vilnius]] [[nn:Vilnius]] [[no:Vilnius]] [[os:Вильнюс]] [[pl:Wilno]] [[pt:Vilnius]] [[ro:Vilnius]] [[roa-rup:Vilnius]] [[ru:Вильнюс]] [[simple:Vilnius]] [[sk:Vilnius]] [[sr:Виљнус]] [[sv:Vilnius]] [[th:วิลนีอุส]] [[uk:Вільнюс]] [[zh:维尔纽斯]] [[zh-min-nan:Vilnius]] 3435 11344 2006-06-25T19:33:03Z Kipala 107 Jaribu kunakili kutoka makala ya Lithuania ya Kiingereza Infobox_Country kuanzia {{ hadi }} na kuibandika hapa. Ni maneno mache tu inayohitaji kubadilishwa. Karibu sw.wikipedia!! Try to copy from the English Lithuania Article the Infobox_Country from {{ till }} and just put it into your article - it will be Swahili with the exeptions of a few lines which havbe to be adapted -someone will help! Welcome to sw.wikipedia --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 19:33, 25 Juni 2006 (UTC) 3436 11347 2006-06-25T19:37:24Z Kipala 107 Ushauri: tumia jamii hizi tatu: [[Category:Miji Mikuu Ulaya]], [[Category:Lituanya]], [[Category:Miji ya Lituanya]] (mji mkuu mara mbili: nchi na pia miji ya nchi) Maybe you try the scheme: Capitals in 3 Categories: Capitals Europe, country, towns of country (other towns just under "towns of country) Karibu sana! --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 19:37, 25 Juni 2006 (UTC) 3437 11351 2006-06-25T19:41:08Z Redagavimas 180 iw [[Category:Ulaya]] [[an:Category:Lituania]] [[ar:تصنيف:لتوانيا]] [[ast:Categoría:Lituania]] [[be:Катэгорыя:Летува]] [[bg:Категория:Литва]] [[bs:Category:Litvanija]] [[ca:Categoria:Lituània]] [[cs:Kategorie:Litva]] [[da:Kategori:Litauen]] [[de:Kategorie:Litauen]] [[en:Category:Lithuania]] [[eo:Kategorio:Litovio]] [[es:Categoría:Lituania]] [[et:Kategooria:Leedu]] [[fi:Luokka:Liettua]] [[fr:Catégorie:Lituanie]] [[gl:Category:Lituania]] [[he:קטגוריה:ליטא]] [[hu:Kategória:Litvánia]] [[id:Kategori:Lituania]] [[io:Category:Lituania]] [[it:Categoria:Lituania]] [[ja:Category:リトアニア]] [[ko:분류:리투아니아]] [[kw:Category:Lithouani]] [[lb:Category:Litauen]] [[lt:Kategorija:Lietuva]] [[lv:Category:Lietuva]] [[mk:Категорија:Литванија]] [[mo:Category:Литуания]] [[na:Category:Lithuania]] [[nds:Kategorie:Litauen]] [[nl:Categorie:Litouwen]] [[nn:Kategori:Litauen]] [[no:Kategori:Litauen]] [[oc:Categoria:Lituània]] [[os:Категори:Литва]] [[pl:Kategoria:Litwa]] [[pt:Categoria:Lituânia]] [[ro:Categorie:Lituania]] [[ru:Категория:Литва]] [[scn:Category:Lituania]] [[simple:Category:Lithuania]] [[sk:Kategória:Litva]] [[sl:Kategorija:Litva]] [[sr:Категорија:Литванија]] [[sv:Kategori:Litauen]] [[th:Category:ประเทศลิทัวเนีย]] [[tl:Category:Lithuania]] [[tr:Kategori:Litvanya]] [[uk:Категорія:Литва]] [[vi:Thể loại:Litva]] [[wa:Categoreye:Litwaneye]] [[zh:Category:立陶宛]] 3438 11349 2006-06-25T19:39:01Z Redagavimas 180 [[Category:Jiografia]] 3439 11354 2006-06-25T19:45:41Z Redagavimas 180 merci Karibu sana kwenye wikipedia ya Kiswahili! Utaendelea kushughulika nchi za Ulaya? We can use each new head! Jaribu kunakili kutoka makala ya Lithuania ya Kiingereza Infobox_Country kuanzia Template:Hadi na kuibandika hapa. Ni maneno mache tu inayohitaji kubadilishwa. Karibu sw.wikipedia!! Try to copy from the English Lithuania Article the Infobox_Country from Template:Till and just put it into your article - it will be Swahili with the exeptions of a few lines which havbe to be adapted -someone will help! Welcome to sw.wikipedia --[[User:Kipala|Kipala]] 19:40, 25 Juni 2006 (UTC) == Merci == --[[User:Redagavimas|Redagavimas]] 19:45, 25 Juni 2006 (UTC) 3440 11355 2006-06-25T19:46:21Z Redagavimas 180 [[Category:Lituanya]] [[Category:Miji]] [[be:Катэгорыя:Гарады Летувы]] [[bg:Категория:Градове в Литва]] [[cs:Kategorie:Litevská města]] [[da:Kategori:Litauiske byer]] [[de:Kategorie:Ort in Litauen]] [[en:Category:Cities in Lithuania]] [[es:Categoría:Localidades de Lituania]] [[fi:Luokka:Liettuan kaupungit]] [[fr:Catégorie:Ville de Lituanie]] [[he:קטגוריה:ליטא: ערים]] [[it:Categoria:Città della Lituania]] [[ja:Category:リトアニアの都市]] [[ko:분류:리투아니아의 도시]] [[lb:Category:Stad (Litauen)]] [[lt:Category:Lietuvos miestai]] [[lv:Category:Lietuvas pilsētas]] [[mo:Category:Ораше ын Литуания]] [[nl:Categorie:Stad in Litouwen]] [[nn:Kategori:Byar i Litauen]] [[no:Kategori:Byer i Litauen]] [[pl:Kategoria:Miasta Litwy]] [[pt:Categoria:Cidades da Lituânia]] [[ro:Categorie:Oraşe în Lituania]] [[ru:Категория:Города Литвы]] [[sk:Kategória:Mestá v Litve]] [[sr:Категорија:Градови у Литванији]] [[sv:Kategori:Orter i Litauen]] [[zh:Category:立陶宛城市]] 3441 11353 2006-06-25T19:45:17Z Redagavimas 180 [[image:KaunasTownHall.jpg|thumb|350px|Rathous Kaunas]] '''Kaunas''' ni [[mji]] wa '''[[Lituanya]]'''. [[Category:Miji Ulaya]] [[Category:Lituanya]] [[Category:Miji ya Lituanya]] [[bat-smg:Kauns]] [[be:Коўна]] [[bg:Каунас]] [[da:Kaunas]] [[de:Kaunas]] [[en:Kaunas]] [[eo:Kaŭnaso]] [[es:Kaunas]] [[et:Kaunas]] [[fi:Kaunas]] [[fr:Kaunas]] [[he:קאונאס]] [[it:Kaunas]] [[ja:カウナス]] [[ko:카우나스]] [[lt:Kaunas]] [[lv:Kauņa]] [[mk:Каунас]] [[nds:Kaunas]] [[nl:Kaunas]] [[no:Kaunas]] [[pl:Kowno]] [[ru:Каунас]] [[sv:Kaunas]] [[zh:考那斯]] 3442 11359 2006-06-25T19:51:30Z Redagavimas 180 art == Art. == '''[[Vilnius]]''' '''[[Lituanya]]''' 3443 11489 2006-06-29T10:48:22Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[eu:Lurmutur Hiria]] [[Image:Cape Town and Robben Island seen from Table Mountain.jpg|thumb|400px|Cape Town inavyoonekana kutoka [[Mlima wa Meza]] (nyuma baharini [[Robben Island]] alipofungwa [[Nelson Mandela]]) ]] [[Image:Table Mountain from harbour.jpg|thumb|400px|Mlima wa Meza ni alama ya mji]] '''Cape Town''' ( "Mji wa rasi"- [[Kiafrikaans]]: '''Kaapstad'''; [[Kixhosa]]: '''iKapa''') ni mji mkubwa wa tatu wa [[Afrika Kusini]] na mmoja kati ya [[mji mkuu|miji mikuu]] mitatu ya nchi ikiwa ni makao ya [[Bunge]]. Pia ni mji mkuu wa jimbo la [[Rasi Magharibi]] (Western Cape / Wes-Kaap). Ni sehemu ya Jiji la Cape Town. Eneo lake ni 1,644 km² lenye wakazi 2,375,910 (mwaka 2005). Ni mji wa kwanza katika eneo la Afrika Kusini hivyo huitwa mara nyingi "mji Mama" wa nchi. Kihistoria mji ulianzishwa kama kituo cha mapumziko kwenye njia ya safri kwa meli kati ya [[Uholanzi]] na koloni zake huko [[Asia]] hasa [[Indonesia]] ya leo. [[Kampuni ya Kiholanzi ya India ya Mashariki]] ilimtuma [[Jan van Riebeeck]] kwenye rasi kusudi aanzishe kijiji ambako vyakula vitalimwa kwa ajili ya mabaharia njiani. Walowezi Waholanzi pamoja na Wajerumani na Wafaransa walifuata. Wakaona wenyeji [[Khoikhoi]] wakikataa kuwafanyia kazi walileta [[watumwa]] kutoka visiwa vya Indonesia. Hapo ndipo mwanzo wa jumuiya muhimu ya [[Waislamu]] wa Cape Town. Tangu mwaka 1814 rasi ilikuwa koloni ya [[Uingereza]]. Cape Town ulikuwa mji mkubwa wa Afrika Kusini hadi kupatikana kwa dhahabu katika eneo la [[Johannesburg]] kuanzia 1887. Cape Town ina kiwanja cha kimataifa cha ndege cha pili nchini. Ni mji wa Afrika Kusini unaotembelewa na watalii kushinda miji yote mingine. Wengi wanaona iko kati ya miji inayopendeza hasa kote duniani. Kisiwa cha [[Robben Island]] ilikuwa mahali pa [[gereza]] alikofungwa [[Nelson Mandela]]; leo ni [[makumbusho]] yanayotembelewa na maelfu wa watalii kila mwaka. ==Viungo vya Nje== {{Commons|Cape Town|Cape Town}} ;Government * [http://www.capetown.gov.za/ Official website of the City of Cape Town] * [http://www.capegateway.gov.za/ Cape Gateway, official website of Western Cape Province] ;Habari * [http://www.iol.co.za/ ''Independent Online''] ** [http://www.argus.co.za/ ''Cape Argus''] ** [http://www.capetimes.co.za/ ''Cape Times''] * [http://www.dieburger.com ''Die Burger''] ;Mengine * [http://www.capeinfo.com/ CapeInfo.com - Comprehensive information on Cape Town] [[Category:Miji ya Afrika Kusini]] [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[Category:Afrika Kusini]] {{mbegu}} [[af:Kaapstad]] [[ar:كيب تاون]] [[ast:Ciudá del Cabu]] [[bg:Кейптаун]] [[ca:Ciutat del Cap]] [[cy:Tref y Penrhyn]] [[da:Kapstaden]] [[de:Kapstadt]] [[en:Cape Town]] [[eo:Kaburbo]] [[es:Ciudad del Cabo]] [[et:Kaplinn]] [[eu:Lurmutur Hiria]] [[fi:Kapkaupunki]] [[fr:Le Cap]] [[frp:Lo Cap]] [[gl:Cidade do Cabo - Cape Town]] [[he:קייפטאון]] [[hu:Fokváros]] [[id:Cape Town]] [[it:Città del Capo]] [[ja:ケープタウン]] [[ko:케이프타운]] [[lb:Kapstad]] [[lt:Keiptaunas]] [[mk:Кејптаун]] [[nl:Kaapstad]] [[nn:Cape Town]] [[no:Cape Town]] [[nrm:Lé Cap]] [[pl:Kapsztad]] [[pt:Cidade do Cabo]] [[ru:Кейптаун]] [[simple:Cape Town]] [[sk:Kapské Mesto]] [[sl:Kaapstad]] [[sv:Kapstaden]] [[ug:كاپېتوۋن]] [[zh:開普敦]] 3444 11366 2006-06-25T21:35:04Z Kipala 107 [[Image:SafrikaIMG 8414.JPG|thumb|350px|Majengo ya gereza la Robben Island. [[Mlima wa Meza]] nyuma]] [[Image:Robben_island_from_table_mountain.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Robben Island inavyoonekana kutoka [[Mlima wa Meza]]]] '''Robben Island''' ni kisiwa kidogo 12 [[km]] mbele ya mji wa [[Cape Town]] ([[Afrika Kusini]]) katika [[Atlantiki]]. Kisiwa kina eneo la [[hektari]] 547, urefu ni 4.5 km na upana hadi 1.5 km. Kisiwa kimejulikana kutokana na [[gereza]] lake na mfungwa mashuhuri [[Nelson Mandela]]. Wafungwa pamoja naye walikuwa [[Walter Sisulu]], [[Govan Mbeki]] na [[Robert Sobukwe]]. Siku hizi kisiwa ni makumbusho na hifadhi la kimazingira. Watimishi wanaoongoza wageni ni wafungwa wa zamani. Kipo kwenye orodha ya [[UNESCO]] ya [[Urithi wa Dunia]]. ==Viungo vya Nje== *[http://www.robben-island.org.za/ Robben Island Museum] *[http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=-33.806734,18.366222&spn=0.044520,0.060094&t=k&hl=en Google satellite map of the island] [[Category:Urithi wa Dunia| ]] [[Category:Cape Town]] [[Category:Rasi ya Magharibi]] [[Category:Visiwa vya Afrika]] [[af:Robbeneiland]] [[de:Robben Island]] [[en:Robben Island]] [[es:Robben Island]] [[eo:Insulo Robben]] [[fr:Robben Island]] [[gl:Robben]] [[it:Robben Island]] [[lb:Robben Island]] [[nl:Robbeneiland]] [[ja:ロベン島]] [[ru:Роббен]] [[sv:Robben Island]] 3445 11378 2006-06-26T12:52:23Z 85.16.97.98 '''Hektari''' ni [[kipimo cha eneo]] lenye upana na urefu wa mita mia moja. Hektari moja ina [[mita za mraba]] (=m²) 10,000. Kifupi chake ni '''ha'''. Msingi wake ni [[kipimo cha urefu]] cha [[mita]] (m). 1 ha = 0,01 [[km²]] = 100 Ar = 100 [[m]] × 100 m = 10.000 [[m²]] 1 km² = 1.000 m × 1.000 m<br /> 1 ha = 100 m × 100 m<br /> 1 a = 10 m × 10 m<br /> 1 m² = 1 m × 1 m<br /> 100 ha = 1 km² Hektari ni kipimo kinachotumika hasa kupimia maeneo ya '''kilimo'''. [[Category:Vipimo vya eneo]] [[als:Hektar]] [[bg:Хектар]] [[cs:Hektar]] [[da:Hektar]] [[de:Hektar]] [[en:Hectare]] [[eo:Hektaro]] [[es:Hectárea]] [[et:Hektar]] [[fi:Hehtaari]] [[fr:Hectare]] [[hr:Hektar]] [[hu:Hektár]] [[id:Hektar]] [[it:Ettaro]] [[ja:ヘクタール]] [[nl:Hectare]] [[no:Hektar]] [[os:Гектар]] [[pl:Hektar]] [[pt:Hectare]] [[ro:Hectar]] [[ru:Гектар]] [[sh:Hektar]] [[simple:Hectare]] [[sk:Hektár]] [[sl:Hektar]] [[sv:Hektar]] [[uk:Гектар]] [[zh:公顷]] 3446 11368 2006-06-25T22:02:21Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Table Mountain from harbour.jpg|thumb|300px|Mlima wa Meza huko [[Cape Town]]]] [[Mlima wa Meza]] ni [[mlima]] yenye sehemu ya tambarare juu na mtelemko mkali upande. Mlima wa Meza unaojulikana zaidi ni ule wa [[Cape Town]] ([[Afrika Kusini]]). Lakini umbo hili linapatikana sehemu nyingi duniani. Asili yake ni [[volkeno]] ilijitokeza chini ya [[barafuto]]. Kama kutokea kwa volkeno kunaendelea bila shindikizo mno yaani bila mlipuko [[lava]] yake huyeyusha barafu ya barafuto kuwa maji. Maji yapoza lava haraka na kusababisha umbo la pekee la mlima unaokua. [[Category:Volkeno]] [[Category:Milima]] [[nl:Tafelberg]] [[en:Table mountain]] 3447 11375 2006-06-26T12:41:05Z 85.16.97.98 '''ha''' ni kifupi cha * [[Hektari]] ([[kipimo cha eneo]]) * lugha ya [[Kihausa]] (kufuatana na ISO 639-1) * [[Hahnium]], elementi ya kikemia Pia ni jina la * '''Ha''', mungu mmojawapo wa [[Misri ya Kale]] * '''Ha''', mkoa wa [[Vietnam]] * meli ndogo ya kijeshi ya [[Japan]] wakati wa [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]] {{maana}} 3448 11376 2006-06-26T12:51:17Z 85.16.97.98 [[Category:Fisikia]] [[Category:Kemia]] 3449 11380 2006-06-26T12:53:20Z 85.16.97.98 [[Category:Vipimo]] 3450 11382 2006-06-26T13:12:46Z 85.16.97.98 [[Category:Afrika]] [[Category:Historia]] 3451 11383 2006-06-26T13:37:23Z 85.16.97.98 Redirecting to [[Gambia (mto)]] #REDIRECT [[Gambia (mto)]] 3452 11791 2006-07-02T10:58:26Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[mk:Банџул]] [[Image:GM-Banjul.png|thumb|right|275px|Mahali pa Banjul katika Gambia]] [[Image:Banjul-mercat.jpg|thumb|right|Banjul mjini]] '''Banjul''' ni [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Gambia]]. Mji mwenyewe una wakazi 34,828 pekee lakini pamoja na mitaa ya nje ni zaidi ya nusu milioni. Banjul iko kwenye kisiwa cha Mt. Mariamu (au: Kisiwa cha Banjul) mdomoni wa [[mto Gambia]] unapoishia katika [[Atlantiki]]. == Historia == Waingereza walianzisha mji mwaka [[1816]] [[BK]] kama kituo cha biashara na kituo cha kijeshi cha kukomesha biashara ya watumwa. Jina la mji lilikuwa "Bathurst" kufuatana na [[Henry Bathurst]] aliyekuwa waziri wa koloni wakati ule. [[Image:Gambia banjul arch22.JPG|thumb|left|240px|Geti ya ''Arch 22'' ya kuingia mji wa Banjul]] Mwaka 1965 Bathurst ilikuwa mji mkuu wa nchi huru ya Gambia. 1973 jina lilibadilishwa kuwa Banjul. Tarehe 22. Julai 1994 palikuwa na mapinduzi wa kijeshi lililoanzisha utawala wa Rais Jammeh. Geti ya mji wa "Arch 22" ilijengwa kama kumbukumbu ya mapinduzi haya. == Uchumi == Banjul ni kitovu cha utawala na biashara katika Gambia. Mawasiliano ndani ya nchi ni hasa kwa njia ya feri kwenye mto Gambia hadi mji wa Barra. Msingi wa uchumi ni kilimo, hasa [[karanga]], [[nta]], [[mawese]] na ngozi zinasafirishwa kutoka bandari ya Banjul. Banjul ina kiwanja cha ndege cha kimataifa. [[Category:Miji ya Gambia]] [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[Category:Gambia]] [[af:Banjul]] [[ar:بانجول]] [[ca:Banjul]] [[da:Banjul]] [[de:Banjul]] [[en:Banjul]] [[eo:Banĵulo]] [[es:Banjul]] [[fi:Banjul]] [[fr:Banjul]] [[he:בנג'ול]] [[id:Banjul]] [[io:Banjul]] [[it:Banjul]] [[ja:バンジュール]] [[ko:반줄]] [[lt:Bandžulis]] [[mk:Банџул]] [[nl:Banjul]] [[nn:Banjul]] [[no:Banjul]] [[pl:Bandżul]] [[pt:Banjul]] [[ru:Банжул]] [[sk:Banjul]] [[sv:Banjul]] [[uk:Банжул]] [[zh:班珠爾]] 3453 11386 2006-06-26T13:50:29Z 85.16.97.98 [[Category:Gambia]] 3454 11387 2006-06-26T13:50:54Z 85.16.97.98 [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] 3455 11391 2006-06-26T13:56:13Z 85.16.97.98 [[Category:Gambia]] 3456 11393 2006-06-26T15:57:51Z Kipala 107 Kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Niameynasa.jpg Kutokana na en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Niameynasa.jpg 3457 11394 2006-06-26T16:03:41Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Niamey night.jpg|thumb|350px|Niamey wakati wa usiku]] '''Niamey''' ni [[mji kuu]] wa [[Niger]]. Iko mwambaoni wa mto Niger. Ikiwa na wakazi 674,950 (sensa ya 2002) Niamey ni mji mkubwa wa Niger na kitovu cha kiutawala, kiuchumi na kiutamaduni. Kilimo katika mazingira yya mji kina karanga kama mazao ya sokoni; kuna viwanda vya matofali, saruji na nguo. [[Image:Niameynasa.jpg|thumb|350px|Niamey jinsi inavyoonekana kutoka angani]] Niamey ilikuwa kijiji kikaanza kukua tangu Ufaransa ulijenga hapa kituo cha kijeshi tangu miaka ya 1890 [[BK]]. Mwaka 1926 ikawa mji mkuu wa koloni ya Niger. Mwaka 1930 ilikuwa na wakazi 3,000, wakati wa uhuru mwaka 1960 na wakazi 30,000 na mnamo 1980 na wakazi 250,000. == Viungo vya Nje == * [http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=13.522110,2.122421&spn=0.166014,0.234180&t=k&hl=en Satellite picture by Google Maps] [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[Category:Miji ya Niger]] [[ca:Niamey]] [[da:Niamey]] [[de:Niamey]] [[es:Niamey]] [[fr:Niamey]] [[ko:니아메]] [[io:Niamey]] [[os:Ниамей]] [[it:Niamey]] [[he:ניאמי]] [[nl:Niamey (stad)]] [[ja:ニアメ]] [[no:Niamey]] [[pl:Niamey (miasto)]] [[pt:Niamey]] [[ru:Ниамей]] [[sk:Niamey]] [[fi:Niamey]] [[sv:Niamey]] [[zh:尼亞美]] 3458 11395 2006-06-26T16:03:58Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Niger]] 3459 11396 2006-06-26T19:45:34Z Kipala 107 Redirecting to [[Porto Novo]] #REDIRECT [[Porto Novo]] 3460 11397 2006-06-26T19:57:01Z Kipala 107 kutokana na de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:The_new_mosque_in_mali_atamari.jpg kutokana na de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:The_new_mosque_in_mali_atamari.jpg 3461 11398 2006-06-26T19:57:45Z Kipala 107 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Dscn1226.jpg Photo de bamako (avec le fleuve Niger) fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Dscn1226.jpg Photo de bamako (avec le fleuve Niger) 3462 11399 2006-06-26T20:34:45Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Bamako mtoni.jpg|thumbnail|300px|Bamako na [[mto Niger]]]] [[Image:Mali-Bamako.png||thumbnail|left|300px|Bamako katika Mali]] [[Image:Hilltop view over Bamako.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Bamako kutoka mlimani]] [[Image:People working at a Garbage Field in Bamako - 14th February 2005.jpg|right|300px|Watu huchunguza takataka Bamako]] '''Bamako''' ni [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Mali]] pamoja na kuwa mji mkubwa nchini ikiwa na wakazi milioni moja na nusu. Iko mwambaoni wa [[mto Niger]] katika kusini ya nchi. ==Historia== Bamako ilianzishwa kama mji katika karne ya 17 [[BK]] na machifu wa kabila la Niare [[Seribadian Niaré]] na [[Soumba Coulibaly]]. Jina la asili lilikuwa "Bammako" ([[Kibambara]]: ''"bwawa la mamba"''). Bamako ilikuwa soko muhimu pamoja na mji wa elimu ya Kiislamu katika Dola la Mali. Wakati wa karne ya 19 sifa zake zilikuwa zimepungua. Mwaka 1883 Wafaransa walikuta kijiji kikubwa cha watu 600 chenye kuta za ulinzi. Wakati wa ukoloni Bamako ikawa makao makuu ya koloni ya Senegal ya Juu-Niger mwaka 1899 halafu mji mkuu wa Sudan ya Kifaransa mwaka 1920. Ikulu ya Koulouba ilijengwa 1907 kama makao makuu ya gavana ikawa ikulu ya rais baada ya uhuru. Mwaka 1904 Bamako iliunganishwa na reli ya [[Dakar]] - [[Niger]]. Majengo mengine ya siku zile yalikuwa kanisa kuu la katoliki mwaka 1927, daraja la kwanza juu ya mto Niger 1947 na misikiti mkuu mwaka 1948. Mwaka 1955 Bamako ilipewa cheo cha mji kufuatana na sheria ya kifaransa. Meya mwafrika wa kwanza alikuwa Modibo Keïta mwaka 1956. Tarehe 22 Septemba 1960 Mali ikapata uhuru wake Bamako ikawa mji mkuu wa jamhuri. == Majengo == Majengo mazuri mjini ni maktaba ya kitaifa, mnara ya Tour BCEAO, msikiti kuu na daraja la mfalme Fahd (Pont du Roi Fahd). Hata makumbusho ya kitaifa, makumbusho ya Muso Kunda, makumbusho ya mkoa wa Bamako, zoo ya Bamako na kilima cha "Point G" chenye uchoraji wa mwambani zinapendeza vilevile. Kuna kiwanja cha ndege cha kimataifa na reli ya kwenda [[Koulikoro]] katika mashariki ya Mali na Dakar ([[Senegal]]). == Hara za mji == [[Image:Sotrumas_in_Bamako_-_12th_February_2005.jpg|right|thumb|250px|[[Matatu]] au [[daladala]] za Bamako huitwa "sotruma"]] * [[Hippodrome, Bamako|Hippodrome]]. * Niarela. * Korofina. * Badalabougou. * Torokorobougou * Bamako Coura. * Djicoroni. * Baco Djicoroni (= ng'ambo ya mtoni). * Missira. * Médina Coura. * Bankoni. * Magnambougou. == Viungo vya Nje == *[http://www.bamako-culture.org/ Bamako-culture.org (French language)] *[http://www.cites.tv/citesdumonde/destinations.php?idDest=11 Bamako at ''Cités du Monde'' (French language)] *[http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/bamako.html The Bamako Appeal] *[http://travel2.nytimes.com/2006/04/02/travel/02mali.html?ex=1144641600&en=5d9d61a127019b74&ei=5070&emc=eta1/ Mali Music Scene article in the New York Times] *[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/02/travel/02music.html/ Music samples article in the New York times] [[Category:Mali]] [[Category:Miji ya Mali]] [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[af:Bamako]] [[ar:باماكو]] [[bm:Bamakɔ]] [[bg:Бамако]] [[da:Bamako]] [[de:Bamako]] [[es:Bamako]] [[eo:Bamako]] [[fa:باماکو]] [[fr:Bamako]] [[gl:Bamaco - Bamako]] [[ko:바마코]] [[io:Bamako]] [[id:Bamako]] [[os:Бамако]] [[it:Bamako]] [[he:במקו]] [[lt:Bamakas]] [[nl:Bamako]] [[ja:バマコ]] [[no:Bamako]] [[pl:Bamako]] [[pt:Bamako]] [[ru:Бамако]] [[sk:Bamako]] [[fi:Bamako]] [[sv:Bamako]] [[uk:Бамако]] [[zh:巴馬科]] 3463 11400 2006-06-26T20:35:11Z Kipala 107 Redirecting to [[Niger (mto)]] #REDIRECT [[Niger (mto)]] 3464 11401 2006-06-26T20:35:41Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Mali]] 3465 11402 2006-06-26T20:36:01Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] 3466 11403 2006-06-26T20:51:07Z Kipala 107 * Matatu mjini Nairobi * user:kipala * mwaka 2001 Picha inatolewa na mpiga picha kama {{GFDL-self}} * Matatu mjini Nairobi * user:kipala * mwaka 2001 Picha inatolewa na mpiga picha kama {{GFDL-self}} 3467 11406 2006-06-26T21:10:03Z Kipala 107 [[Image:MATATU3.JPG|thumb|200px|Matatu mjini Nairobi mwaka 2002 (bado bila kanda ya njano) ikibeba watu wengi]] '''Matatu''' ni neno la kawaida nchini [[Kenya]] la kutaja gari aina la minibus linalotumika kama usafiri wa umma. Jina la "matatu" hutokea na nauli ya shilingi tatu iliyokuwa kawaida kwa safari moja matatu zilipoanza. Mara nyingi ni magari ya [[Kijapan]] yenye ruhsa ya kubeba abiria 14. Matatu huhudumia njia maalumu yenye namba yake. Dereva anafanya kazi yake pamoja na msaidizi wake anayeitwa "manamba" mwenye kazi ya kukusanya pesa na kufungua au kufunga mlango. Hadi mwaka 2003 matatu hayakufuata utaratibu huu wala taratibu nyingine. Ilikuwa kawaida kuingiza zaidi ya watu 20 katika gari moja lenye viti 20. Maafisa wa polisi ya barabarani (traffik) yalizoea kupokea hogo za matatu kila siku hivyo walishindwa kuwaambia neno. Serikali mpya ya Rais [[Mwai Kibaki]] iliweza kubadilisha hali hiyo hasa waziri wa usafiri [[John Michuki]] aliyelazimisha wenye matatu kukubali utaratibu ambao haukuwa mpya lakini ulipuuzwa miaka mingi hadi kusahauliwa isipokuwa wazee walikumbuka siku za kale. Tangu mwanzo wa 2004 matatu yanatakiwa kuonyesha nje kanda ya rangi ya njano; dereva na manamba wawe na sare, kila kiti kinapaswa kuwa na kanda, na matatu kama mabasi yanatakiwa kuwa na "gavana" yaani chombo cha kukata mkasi wa gari likipita 80 km/h. Utaratibu huu umeanza kuvurugika tena lakini bado hali ni afadhali kuliko zamani hasa idadi ya vifo imepungua. [[Category:Kenya]] [[Category:Usafiri]] [[de:Matatu]] 3468 11407 2006-06-26T23:06:36Z Kipala 107 kutokana na af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeld:800px-Afrikaansdistrib.gif pamoja na habari kutoka de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:Speakers_of_afrikaans_german.png na user:kipala kutokana na af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeld:800px-Afrikaansdistrib.gif pamoja na habari kutoka de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:Speakers_of_afrikaans_german.png na user:kipala 3469 11408 2006-06-26T23:09:41Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Kiafrikaans wasemaji Afr Kus.gif|thumb|300px|right|[[Majimbo ya Afrika Kusini]] penye wasemaji wengi au wengi kidogo wa Kiafrikaans kama lugha ya kwanza]] '''Kiafrikaans''' ('''Afrikaans''') ni lugha ya [[Afrika Kusini]] iliyotokea katika karne nne zilizopita kwenye msingi wa [[Kiholanzi]] pamoja na athari za lugha mbalimbali. Imekuwa lugha rasmi katika Afrika Kusini tangu mwaka 1925 badala ya Kiholanzi. Hata kama ni lugha iliyozaliwa Afrika kitaalamu ni kati ya lugha za [[Kigermanik]]. Kiafrikaans ina wasemaji wa lugha ya kwanza milioni sita na milioni kumi wasemaji kama lugha ya pili. Ni lugha rasmi mojawapo Afrika Kusini pamoja na lugha 9 nyingine. Ni kati ya lugha ya kitaifa huko [[Namibia]]. [[Category:Kiafrikaans| ]] [[Category:Lugha za Afrika Kusini]] [[Category:Lugha za Kigermanik]] {{mbegu}} [[af:Afrikaans (taal)]] [[ar:لغة أفريكانية]] [[bg:Африкаанс]] [[ca:Afrikaans]] [[cs:Afrikánština]] [[da:Afrikaans]] [[de:Afrikaans]] [[en:Afrikaans]] [[et:Afrikaani keel]] [[es:Afrikaans]] [[eo:Afrikansa lingvo]] [[eu:Afrikaans]] [[fa:آفریکانس]] [[fr:Afrikaans]] [[fy:Afrikaansk]] [[ga:Afracáinis]] [[gd:Afrikaans]] [[gl:Lingua afrikaans]] [[ko:아프리칸스어]] [[id:Bahasa Afrikaans]] [[xh:IsiBhulu]] [[it:Lingua afrikaans]] [[he:אפריקאנס]] [[kw:Afrikaans]] [[lt:Afrikanų kalba]] [[li:Afrikaans]] [[hu:Afrikaans nyelv]] [[ms:Bahasa Afrikaans]] [[nl:Afrikaans]] [[nds-nl:Afrikaans]] [[ja:アフリカーンス語]] [[no:Afrikaans]] [[nn:Afrikaans]] [[nds:Afrikaans]] [[pl:Język afrikaans]] [[pt:Língua africâner]] [[ru:Африкаанс]] [[se:Afrikánsagiella]] [[scn:Afrikaans]] [[simple:Afrikaans]] [[sk:Afrikánčina]] [[sl:Afrikanščina]] [[fi:Afrikaans]] [[sv:Afrikaans]] [[tr:Afrikaansca]] [[uk:Африкаанс]] [[zh:南非語]] 3470 11409 2006-06-26T23:10:15Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Lugha za Afrika]] [[Category:Afrika Kusini]] 3471 11415 2006-06-27T11:21:51Z 80.228.92.110 [[Category:Algeria]] 3472 11417 2006-06-27T11:23:04Z 80.228.92.110 [[Category:Tunisia]] 3473 11418 2006-06-27T11:23:26Z 80.228.92.110 [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] 3474 11422 2006-06-27T12:47:24Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Tunis Place de la Victoire.JPG|thumb|300px|right|Place de la Victoire (Uwanja wa ushindi) mjini Tunis]] [[Image:Tunis satellite.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Picha ya Tunis kutoka angani]] '''Tunis''' ([[Kiarabu]]: '''تونس ''') ni mji mkuu wa [[Tunisia]] na mji mkubwa nchini ikiwa na wakazi 728,463 (mwaka 2004) ambao pamoja na wakazi wa mitaa ya nje wanafikia jumla ya milioni 1.6. Mji uko ufukoni wa [[Mediteranea]] karibu na [[Karthago]] ya Kale. ==Viungo vya Nje== {{commons|Tunis|Tunis}} * [http://lexicorient.com/tunisia/tunis.htm Lexicorient] * [http://www.andycarvin.com/archives/2005/12/the_bardo_museu.html Video tour] ya makumbusho ya Bardo * [http://www.andycarvin.com/archives/2005/11/strolling_throu_1.html Video of Tunis Medina] [[Category:Tunisia| ]] [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[Category:Miji ya Tunisia]] [[Category:Miji ya pwani la Mediteranea]] [[Category:Urithi wa Dunia|Afrika ya Kaskazini]] {{mbegu}} [[ar:تونس (مدينة)]] [[bg:Тунис (град)]] [[ca:Tunis]] [[cs:Tunis]] [[da:Tunis]] [[de:Tunis]] [[es:Túnez (ciudad)]] [[eo:Tunizo]] [[eu:Tunis]] [[fa:تونس (شهر)]] [[fr:Tunis]] [[ko:튀니스]] [[io:Tunis]] [[id:Tunis]] [[is:Túnis (borg)]] [[it:Tunisi]] [[he:תוניס]] [[hu:Tunisz]] [[nl:Tunis]] [[ja:チュニス]] [[no:Tunis]] [[pl:Tunis]] [[pt:Tunes (Tunísia)]] [[ru:Тунис (город)]] [[simple:Tunis]] [[sr:Тунис (град)]] [[fi:Tunis]] [[sv:Tunis]] [[zh:突尼斯]] 3475 11421 2006-06-27T11:38:27Z 80.228.92.110 [[Category:Tunisia]] 3476 11430 2006-06-27T16:38:00Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Rabat Sale 6.83595W 34.02950N.jpg|thumb|300px|Picha ya angani ya Rabat]] [[Image:Rabat Mausole MohammedV.jpg|thumb|300px|Kaburi la mfalme Mohammed V katika maghofu ya miskiti ya [[Ya'qub al-Mansur]]]] '''Rabat''' ([[Kiarabu]] '''الرباط''' ''Ar-Ribat'') ni [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Moroko]] na mji mkubwa wa pili nchini baada ya [[Casablanca]] ikiwa na wakazi 1,622,860 ([[2004]]) pamoja na [[Sale (mji)|Sale]]. Jina lenyewe la "ribat" linadokeza kwa asili ya mji kuwa boma la kijeshi. Rabat iko mwambanoni wa [[Atlantiki]] kwenye mdomo wa mto [[Bou Regreg]]. Ng'ambo ya mto iko Sale ambayo ni mji pacha. Miji yote miwili ina viwanda vya nguo, vyakula na za ujenzi. Utalii pamoja na mabalozi ya nchi nyingi walioko Rabat kwa mfalme wanaongeza misingi ya uchimu wa mji. == Historia == Mji wa kwanza katika eneo la Rabat ya leo ulikuwa [[Chellah]]. Maghofu yake ni kando la mji wa kisasa ufukoni wa mto Bou Regreg. Mwaka 40 [[KK]] Waroma wakauvamia na kkufanya mji wa Kiroma wa Sala Colonia. Kuanzia mnamo mwaka 250 [[BK]] mji ulikuwa chini ya watawala wa Ki[[berber]]. Hadi mwaka 1146 mji wa kale ulikuwa umeshapungua sana labda hata bila watu kwa sababu mwaka ule mtawala wa [[Wamuwahid]] [[Abd al-Mu'min]] alijenga "ribat" yaani boma la mpakani kilomita kadhaa kutoka majengo ya Chellah yaliyotumika kama machimbo ya mawe ya kujengea. [[Image:Rabat tour Hassan.jpg|thumb|Mnara wa Hassan]] Mjukuu wake [[Ya'qub al-Mansur]] alihamisha mji mkuu wake hapa. Alianzisha majengo makubwa lakini alikufa labla ya kuyatimiza. Mnara wa Hassan umebaki hadi leo. Baada ya kifo chake makao ya mfalme yalihamishwa kwenda [[Fez]] mji ulipungua hadi kuwa na nyumba pekee yenye watu 100 mwaka 1515 [[BK]]. Katika karne ya 17 BK miji ya Rabat na Sale ilijitegemea kuwa pamoja dola ndogo la [[Jamhuri ya Bou Regreg]] 1627 hadi 1818. Maisha ya wenyeji ilikuwa hasa [[uharamia]] baharini wakishambulia hasa jahazi za Wakristo hadi kuingizwa kwa eneo katika Ufalme wa Moroko. Wafaransa walipovamia Moroko 1912 na kuifanya nchi lindwa wakapeleka makao makuu tena Rabat kwa sanbabu za usalama. Sultani [[Yusef wa Moroko|Moulay Yusef]] aliwafuata na kuhamisha ikulu yake Rabat vilevile. Wakati wa uhuru mwaka 1956 Mfalme [[Mohammed V]] aliamua Rabat iwe mji mkuu wa kudumu. == Wenyeji wa Rabat == * [[Younes El Aynaoui]] (* 12.09. 1971), mcheza tennis *[[Dominique de Villepin]] (* 14.11. 1953), Waziri Mkuu wa Ufaransa (2005/6) == Marejeo == *[http://www.africatravelling.net/morocco/rabat/rabat_history.htm Travel in Rabat-History] ==Viungo vya Nje== * [http://lexicorient.com/morocco/rabat.htm Entry in Lexicorient] * [http://www.rabatcity.tk rabatcit] for more information [[Category:Moroko]] [[Category:Miji ya Moroko]] [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[ar:رباط]] [[ca:Rabat]] [[cy:Rabat (Moroco)]] [[de:Rabat]] [[et:Rabat]] [[es:Rabat]] [[eo:Rabat]] [[fa:رباط]] [[fr:Rabat]] [[ko:라바트]] [[io:Rabat]] [[id:Rabat]] [[it:Rabat]] [[he:רבאט]] [[lt:Rabatas]] [[nl:Rabat]] [[ja:ラバト]] [[no:Rabat]] [[pl:Rabat (miasto)]] [[pt:Rabat]] [[ro:Rabat]] [[ru:Рабат]] [[simple:Rabat]] [[sk:Rabat (mesto)]] [[sr:Рабат]] [[fi:Rabat]] [[sv:Rabat]] [[tr:Rabat]] [[zh:拉巴特]] 3477 11450 2006-06-27T21:11:42Z Kipala 107 {{Mto | jina = Mto wa Bou Regreg | picha = bouregreg-1898.jpeg| | maelezo_ya_picha = | chanzo = Jebel Mtourzgane kwenye Milima ya Atlas | mdomo = [[Atlantiki]] kwa miji ya [[Rabat]] na [[Sale (mji)|Sale]] | nchi = [[Moroko]] | urefu = 240 km | kimo = 1627 m | mkondo = kawaida 23 m³/s, hadi 1500 m³/s kutegemeana na majira na kiasi cha mvua njiani | eneo = 10,000 km² }} '''Bouregreg''' ([[Kiarabu]] أبورقراق ou '''abou rāqrāq''') ni mto wa [[Moroko]] mwenye urefu wa 240 km. Chanzo chake ni katika milima ya [[Atlas]] karibu na mlima wa Jebel Mtourzgane kwenye kimo cha 1627 m juu ya [[UB]]. Mdomo uko kati ya mji ya [[Rabat]] na [[Sale (mji)|Sale]]. Bouregreg ni kati ya mito mikubwa wa Moroko. [[Category:Mito ya Moroko]] [[de:Bou-Regreg]] [[en:Bou Regreg]] [[fa:ابی رقراق]] [[fr:Bouregreg]] 3478 11426 2006-06-27T15:31:24Z Kipala 107 /fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Bouregreg-1898.jpeg /fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Bouregreg-1898.jpeg 3479 11432 2006-06-27T16:47:17Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Rabat Sale 6.83595W 34.02950N.jpg|thumb|350px|Picha ya angani ya Salé pamoja Rabat mtoni Bou Regreg; Salé iko kaskazini na Rabat kusini mto]] '''Salé''' ni mji wa [[Moroko]]. Uko ufukoni wa [[Atlantiki]] kwenye mdomo wa mto [[Bou Regreg]] ng'ambo ya [[Rabat]] mji mkuu. Salé ilianzishwa katika karne ya 11 [[BK]]. Mwaka 1162 Jamhuri ya Kiitalia ya [[Genua]] ilijenga hapa bandari na kituo cha kijeshi. Mji ulivamiwa na mfalme wa [[Wamuwahid]] [[Abd al-Mu'min]]. Katika karne ya 17 BK Salé ilikuwa mji mkuu wa [[Jamhuri ya Bou Regreg]]. [[Category:Miji ya Moroko]] [[ar:سلا]] [[ca:Salé]] [[en:Salé]] [[es:Salé]] [[fa:سلا]] [[fr:Salé]] [[nl:Salé]] [[pl:Sala (miasto)]] 3480 11433 2006-06-27T17:02:22Z Kipala 107 '''Jamhuri ya Bou Regreg''' ilikuwa dola ndogo katika eneo la miji Rabat na Sale mdomoni wa mto [[Bou Regreg]] lililoanzishwa mwaka 1627. Watwala walikuwa ma[[haramia]] waliounda serikali baada ya mwisho wa utawala wa ufalme wa [[Wasaadi]]. Halmashauri ya wawakilishi iliwateua nahodha mkuu kwa ajili ya jahazi za haramia na pia magavana wa Rabat na Sale. Maharamia walishambulia hasa jahazi za nchi za Wakristo. Miji yote miwili ikatajirika na majengo mengi ya kitovu cha kihistoria ya Rabat yalijengwa wakati ule. Mwaka 1668 wenyeji walipaswa kukubali utawala wa wafalme [[Waalawi]] lakini hali halisi waliendelea kujitegemea hadi mwaka 1818. [[Category:Historia ya Moroko]] [[Category:Uharamia]] [[de:Bou-Regreg]] 3481 11436 2006-06-27T17:03:53Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Moroko]] [[Category:Historia ya Afrika]] 3482 11440 2006-06-27T18:57:26Z Kipala 107 kutokana na de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:Togo-karte-politisch.png imebadilishwa na user:kipala kutokana na de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:Togo-karte-politisch.png imebadilishwa na user:kipala 3483 11443 2006-06-27T20:59:50Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Gaborone 25.92305E 24.68895S.jpg|thumbnail|400px|Picha ya Angani ya Gaborone]] '''Gaborone''' ni mji mkuu wa Botswana ikiwa na wakazi 186,000 (mwaka 2001). Iko katika kusini-mashariki ya nchi. Mji ulianzishwa kwenye makao ya chifu [[Kgosi Gaborone]] wa [[BaTlokwa]]. Waingereza walijenga kituo kidogo cha kiutawala kando la kijiji cha chifu. Makao haya madogo yalikua ghafla wakati wa uhuru wa Botswana ilipoamuliwa kujenga mji mkuu mpya. Botswana iliwahi kuwa na mji wake mkuu wa kikoloni ndani ya eneo la Afrika Kusini katika mji wa [[Mafeking]] ilitawaliwa na [[Uingereza]] kwa jina la "Bechuanaland Protectorate" . Uhuru ulipokaribia viongozi waliona haja la kuwa na mji mkuu ndani ya Botswana wakaamua kupanusha Gaborone. Katika muda mfupi wa miaka mitatu mnamo 1965 - 1967 pekee mji mpya ukajengwa mwenye majengo ya bunge, serikali, kituco cha umeme, shule, hospitali, polisi, posta, benki, maduka, kanisa, hoteli, kiwanda cha bia, uwanja wa michezo na nyumba 1000. Leo hii Gaborone ni mji wa kisasa kabisa inayoonyesha maendeleo ya kiuchumi wa Botswana. Jumuiya ya Maendeleo ya Afrika Kusini (Southern African Development Community (SADC)) ina makao makuu yake gaborone. Kuna pia Chuo Kikuu cha Botswana. ==Marejeo== * Bruce Bennett, "A note on place names, historical terms, etc.", [http://ubh.tripod.com/bw/plnam.htm#Gaberones] [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[Category:Miji ya Botswana]] [[Category:Botswana]] [[da:Gaborone]] [[de:Gaborone]] [[en:Gaborone]] [[es:Gaborone]] [[eo:Gaborono]] [[fr:Gaborone]] [[ko:가보로네]] [[io:Gaborone]] [[id:Gaborone]] [[it:Gaborone]] [[he:גאבורון]] [[nl:Gaborone]] [[ja:ハボローネ]] [[mk:Габороне]] [[no:Gaborone]] [[nn:Gaborone]] [[pl:Gaborone]] [[pt:Gaborone]] [[ro:Gaborone]] [[ru:Габороне]] [[sr:Габороне]] [[sk:Gaborone]] [[fi:Gaborone]] [[sv:Gaborone]] [[zh:嘉柏隆里]] [[tn:Gaborone]] 3484 11444 2006-06-27T21:00:06Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Botswana]] 3485 11445 2006-06-27T21:00:26Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] 3486 11451 2006-06-27T21:12:22Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Moroko]] 3487 11453 2006-06-28T05:19:31Z HenryLi 91 [[aa:User:HenryLi]] [[ab:User:HenryLi]] [[af:User:HenryLi]] [[ak:User:HenryLi]] [[als:User:HenryLi]] [[am:User:HenryLi]] [[an:User:HenryLi]] [[ang:User:HenryLi]] [[ar:User:HenryLi]] [[arc:User:HenryLi]] [[as:User:HenryLi]] [[ast:User:HenryLi]] [[av:User:HenryLi]] [[ay:User:HenryLi]] [[az:User:HenryLi]] [[ba:User:HenryLi]] [[bat-smg:User:HenryLi]] [[be:User:HenryLi]] [[bg:User:HenryLi]] [[bh:User:HenryLi]] [[bi:User:HenryLi]] [[bm:User:HenryLi]] [[bn:User:HenryLi]] [[bo:User:HenryLi]] [[br:User:HenryLi]] [[bs:User:HenryLi]] [[bug:User:HenryLi]] [[ca:User:HenryLi]] [[ce:User:HenryLi]] [[ceb:User:HenryLi]] [[ch:User:HenryLi]] [[cho:User:HenryLi]] [[chr:User:HenryLi]] [[chy:User:HenryLi]] [[co:User:HenryLi]] [[cr:User:HenryLi]] [[cs:User:HenryLi]] [[csb:User:HenryLi]] [[cv:User:HenryLi]] [[cy:User:HenryLi]] [[da:User:HenryLi]] [[de:User:HenryLi]] [[dv:User:HenryLi]] [[dz:User:HenryLi]] [[ee:User:HenryLi]] [[el:User:HenryLi]] [[en:User:HenryLi]] [[eo:User:HenryLi]] [[es:User:HenryLi]] [[et:User:HenryLi]] [[eu:User:HenryLi]] [[fa:User:HenryLi]] [[ff:User:HenryLi]] [[fi:User:HenryLi]] [[fiu-vro:User:HenryLi]] [[fj:User:HenryLi]] [[fo:User:HenryLi]] [[fr:User:HenryLi]] [[frp:User:HenryLi]] [[fur:User:HenryLi]] [[fy:User:HenryLi]] [[ga:User:HenryLi]] [[gd:User:HenryLi]] [[gl:User:HenryLi]] [[gn:User:HenryLi]] [[got:User:HenryLi]] [[gu:User:HenryLi]] [[gv:User:HenryLi]] [[ha:User:HenryLi]] [[haw:User:HenryLi]] [[he:User:HenryLi]] [[hi:User:HenryLi]] [[ho:User:HenryLi]] [[hr:User:HenryLi]] [[ht:User:HenryLi]] [[hu:User:HenryLi]] [[hy:User:HenryLi]] [[hz:User:HenryLi]] [[ia:User:HenryLi]] [[id:User:HenryLi]] [[ie:User:HenryLi]] [[ig:User:HenryLi]] [[ii:User:HenryLi]] [[ik:User:HenryLi]] [[ilo:User:HenryLi]] [[io:User:HenryLi]] [[is:User:HenryLi]] [[it:User:HenryLi]] [[iu:User:HenryLi]] [[ja:User:HenryLi]] [[jbo:User:HenryLi]] [[jv:User:HenryLi]] [[ka:User:HenryLi]] [[kg:User:HenryLi]] [[ki:User:HenryLi]] [[kj:User:HenryLi]] [[kk:User:HenryLi]] [[kl:User:HenryLi]] [[km:User:HenryLi]] [[kn:User:HenryLi]] [[ko:User:HenryLi]] [[kr:User:HenryLi]] [[ks:User:HenryLi]] [[ksh:User:HenryLi]] [[ku:User:HenryLi]] [[kv:User:HenryLi]] [[kw:User:HenryLi]] [[ky:User:HenryLi]] [[la:User:HenryLi]] [[lad:User:HenryLi]] [[lb:User:HenryLi]] [[lg:User:HenryLi]] [[li:User:HenryLi]] [[lij:User:HenryLi]] [[lmo:User:HenryLi]] [[ln:User:HenryLi]] [[lo:User:HenryLi]] [[lt:User:HenryLi]] [[lv:User:HenryLi]] [[map-bms:User:HenryLi]] [[mg:User:HenryLi]] [[mh:User:HenryLi]] [[mi:User:HenryLi]] [[mk:User:HenryLi]] [[ml:User:HenryLi]] [[mn:User:HenryLi]] [[mo:User:HenryLi]] [[mr:User:HenryLi]] [[ms:User:HenryLi]] [[mt:User:HenryLi]] [[mus:User:HenryLi]] [[my:User:HenryLi]] [[na:User:HenryLi]] [[nah:User:HenryLi]] [[nap:User:HenryLi]] [[nb:User:HenryLi]] [[nds:User:HenryLi]] [[nds-nl:User:HenryLi]] [[ne:User:HenryLi]] [[ng:User:HenryLi]] [[nl:User:HenryLi]] [[nn:User:HenryLi]] [[no:User:HenryLi]] [[nrm:User:HenryLi]] [[nv:User:HenryLi]] [[ny:User:HenryLi]] [[oc:User:HenryLi]] [[om:User:HenryLi]] [[or:User:HenryLi]] [[os:User:HenryLi]] [[pa:User:HenryLi]] [[pam:User:HenryLi]] [[pap:User:HenryLi]] [[pdc:User:HenryLi]] [[pi:User:HenryLi]] [[pih:User:HenryLi]] [[pl:User:HenryLi]] [[pms:User:HenryLi]] [[ps:User:HenryLi]] [[pt:User:HenryLi]] [[qu:User:HenryLi]] [[rm:User:HenryLi]] [[rmy:User:HenryLi]] [[rn:User:HenryLi]] [[ro:User:HenryLi]] [[roa-rup:User:HenryLi]] [[ru:User:HenryLi]] [[rw:User:HenryLi]] [[sa:User:HenryLi]] [[sc:User:HenryLi]] [[scn:User:HenryLi]] [[sco:User:HenryLi]] [[sd:User:HenryLi]] [[se:User:HenryLi]] [[sg:User:HenryLi]] [[sh:User:HenryLi]] [[si:User:HenryLi]] [[simple:User:HenryLi]] [[sk:User:HenryLi]] [[sl:User:HenryLi]] [[sm:User:HenryLi]] [[sn:User:HenryLi]] [[so:User:HenryLi]] [[sq:User:HenryLi]] [[sr:User:HenryLi]] [[ss:User:HenryLi]] [[st:User:HenryLi]] [[su:User:HenryLi]] [[sv:User:HenryLi]] [[sw:User:HenryLi]] [[ta:User:HenryLi]] [[te:User:HenryLi]] [[tet:User:HenryLi]] [[tg:User:HenryLi]] [[th:User:HenryLi]] [[ti:User:HenryLi]] [[tk:User:HenryLi]] [[tl:User:HenryLi]] [[tn:User:HenryLi]] [[to:User:HenryLi]] [[tpi:User:HenryLi]] [[tr:User:HenryLi]] [[ts:User:HenryLi]] [[tt:User:HenryLi]] [[tum:User:HenryLi]] [[tw:User:HenryLi]] [[ty:User:HenryLi]] [[udm:User:HenryLi]] [[ug:User:HenryLi]] [[uk:User:HenryLi]] [[ur:User:HenryLi]] [[uz:User:HenryLi]] [[ve:User:HenryLi]] [[vec:User:HenryLi]] [[vi:User:HenryLi]] [[vls:User:HenryLi]] [[vo:User:HenryLi]] [[wa:User:HenryLi]] [[war:User:HenryLi]] [[wo:User:HenryLi]] [[xal:User:HenryLi]] [[xh:User:HenryLi]] [[yi:User:HenryLi]] [[yo:User:HenryLi]] [[za:User:HenryLi]] [[zh:User:HenryLi]] [[zh-min-nan:User:HenryLi]] [[zh-yue:User:HenryLi]] [[zu:User:HenryLi]] 3488 11456 2006-06-28T11:32:40Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Cote d'Ivoire]] 3489 11457 2006-06-28T11:35:29Z Kipala 107 '''Chitungwiza''' ni mji mchanga katika [[Zimbabwe]]. Iko 9 km kusi ni ya [[mji mkuu]] [[Harare]]. Mwaka 2006 ilikuwa na wakazi 425,000. Walio wengi wanafanya kazi Harare kwa sababu kuna nafasi chache tu za ajira. Chitungwiza ilipata cheo cha manisipaa mwaka 1981. Asili yake ni mitaa tatu za Seke, Zengeza na St Marys iliyojengwa wakati wa ubaguzi wa rangi kama makazi ya Waafrika wasioruhusiwa kukaa Harare penyewe. Siku hizi Chitungizwa ni mji wa kukua haraka Zimbabwe. Kiwanja cha ndege cha Harare kipo karibu. Wapiga kura wa mji walisimama kwa upande wa upinzani wa MDC ([[Movement for Demokratic Change]]) wakati wa chaguzi tangu mwaka 2000. ==External links== *[http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/zw-chitu.html Chitungwiza (Zimbabwe)] [[Category:Miji ya Zimbabwe]] [[de:Chitungwiza]] [[en:Chitungwiza]] [[es:Chitungwiza]] [[fi:Chitungwiza]] 3490 11458 2006-06-28T11:43:03Z Kipala 107 Redirecting to [[Lome]] #REDIRECT [[Lome]] 3491 11459 2006-06-28T16:41:44Z Kipala 107 fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Imagelom%C3%A920.jpg fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Imagelom%C3%A920.jpg 3492 11460 2006-06-28T16:43:20Z Kipala 107 /fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ok2.jpg /fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ok2.jpg 3493 11499 2006-06-29T16:18:18Z Kipala 107 [[Image:LomeOk2.jpg|thumb|300px|]] [[Image:Lomé20.jpg|thumb|300px|]] '''Lomé''' ni [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Togo]] katika [[Afrika ya Magharibi]] pia mji mkubwa wa nchi hii pamoja na kitovu chake cha kiutawala na kiuchumi ikiwa na wakazi wanaokadiriwa kuwa 796,000 (mwaka 2006). Iko mwambanoni wa [[Ghuba ya Guinea]] ya [[Atlantiki]] kwenye pwani fupi ya Togo yenye upana wa 52 km pekee. Mji uko karibu na mpaka wa [[Ghana]]. ==Historia ya Lome== Wakazi wa eneo la Lome walikuwa [[Waewe]] tangu karne ya 18 [[BK]]. Jina la Lome limetokana na neno la Kiewe la "alos" linalomaanisha mti mdogo unaokua katika misitu ya pwani. Kabla ya kukua kwa Lome kitovu cha biashara ilikuwapo mji wa [[Aneho]]. Mwisho wa karne ya 19 wafanyabiashara walianzisha soko kwenye pwani la kupokea bidhaa kutoka meli bila kulipa ushuru kwa Waingereza katika Ghana ("Koloni ya Pwani la Dhahabu") jirani. Mwaka 1880 wawakilishi wa Kiafrika Chico na Octaviano Olympio wa kampuni ya biashara ya Kiingereza "A. and F. Swanzy" walifika hapa na kujenga ghala yao. Misafara ya [[Wahausa]] walifika kutoka kaskazini kubeba bidhaa kwao wakajenga kambi la kudumu. Wafanyabiashara waliendelea kujenga makao yao hapa hivyo kuanzisha mji mwambaoni kati yao pia makampuni ya Kijerumani. Serikali ya koloni ya Ghana ya Kiingereza haikupendezwa na mashindano ya kiuchumi. Waewe walijisikia hatarini kuvamiwa na Waingereza jirani. Baada ya jaribio la Waingereza kuvamia Aneho kutoka Kitta (Ghana) chifu Mlapa tar. 5.07. 1884 alifanya mkataba wa ulinzi na konsuli Mjerumani Gustav Nachtigal Mkataba huu ulukiwa mwanzo wa ukoloniwa Ujerumani katika Togo. Baada ya kuimarika kwa ukoloni wao Wajerumani walipeleka makao makuu ya utawala wao Lome tarehe 6.03.1897. Wakati ule mji ulikuwa na wakazi 2,000. Tangu 1904 bandari ilipatikana iliyofuatwa na reli kwenda Aneho (1905), [[Kpalime]] (1907) na [[Atakpame]] (1909). Hadi mwaka 1914 mji ulikuwa na wakazi 8,000 tayari wakati wa mwanzo wa [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia]]. Wajerumani hawakuwa na uwezo kutetea koloni yao wakaikabidhi kwa uingereza tar. 27. Agosti 1914 waliogawana eneo na Ufaransa mwaka 1916. Sehemu kubwa pamoja na Lome ikawa chini ya Ufaransa kama [[maeneo la kukabidhiwa|eneo la kukabidhiwa]] kwa amri ya [[Shirikisho la Mataifa]]. Mji uliendelea kukua haraka, ukawa na wakazi 15,000 mwaka 1930 na 30,000 mwaka 1950. Wakati wa uhuru mwaka 1960 Lome ikawa mji mkuu wa nchi huru ya Togo ikiwa na wakazi 80,000 walioongezeka kuwa 200,000 hadi 1970. ==Uchumi== Biashara ya nje ni hasa [[kahawa]], [[kokoa]], [[kopra]] na [[mawese]]. Kuna kiwanda cha petroli. Msingi wa biashara ni bandari. ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://etudesafricaines.revues.org/document88.html The Olympio family] *[http://www.togo-confidentiel.com/texte/Info&Service/Lom%E9_et_sites.htm Map of Lomé] [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[Category:Miji ya Togo]] [[Category:Togo]] [[ar:لومي]] [[ca:Lomé]] [[cs:Lomé]] [[da:Lomé]] [[de:Lomé]] [[es:Lomé]] [[fr:Lomé]] [[gl:Lomé]] [[ko:로메]] [[io:Lome]] [[id:Lomé]] [[is:Lomé]] [[it:Lomé]] [[he:לומה]] [[lv:Lome]] [[lt:Lomė]] [[mk:Ломе]] [[nl:Lomé]] [[no:Lomé]] [[ja:ロメ]] [[pl:Lomé]] [[pt:Lomé]] [[ro:Lomé]] [[ru:Ломе]] [[sk:Lomé]] [[sr:Ломе]] [[fi:Lomé]] [[sv:Lomé]] [[zh:洛美]] 3494 11497 2006-06-29T16:07:27Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Gulf of Guinea (English).jpg|thumb|right|350px|Ramani ya Ghuba ya Guinea.]] '''Ghuba ya Guinea''' ni kidaka kikubwa cha [[Atlantiki]] kwenye pwani la magharibi ya [[Afrika]]. Eneo lake linahesabiwa kuanza nchini [[Liberia]] kwenye rasi ya Palmas na kwisha kwenye rasi Lopez nchini [[Gabon]]. Jina la "[[Guinea (kanda)|Guinea]]" limetokana na jina la kale kwa ajili ya sehemu kubwa ya upande wa kusini ya [[Afrika ya Magharibi]] kati ya [[jangwa]] la [[Sahara]] na Atlantiki likimaanisha "nchi ya watu weusi" kwa lugha ya [[kiberber]]. Kati ya mito mikubwa inayoishia kwenye ghuba ni [[Niger (mto)|Niger]], [[Volta (mto)|Volta]] na [[Kongo (mto)|Kongo]]. Mwambao wa ghuba ina vidaka viwili vidogo ni hori ya Benin na hori ya Biafra (Nigeria imebadilisha jina hili kuwa hori ya Bonny baada ya vita ya Biafra). [[Category:Ghuba|Guinea]] [[Category:Jiografia ya Afrika]] [[Category:Atlantiki]] [[zh-min-nan:Guinea-oan]] [[ca:Golf de Guinea]] [[cs:Guinejský záliv]] [[de:Golf von Guinea]] [[en:Gulf of Guinea]] [[et:Guinea laht]] [[es:Golfo de Guinea]] [[fr:Golfe de Guinée]] [[ko:기니 만]] [[it:Golfo di Guinea]] [[is:Gíneuflói]] [[lt:Gvinėjos įlanka]] [[mk:Гвинејски Залив]] [[nl:Golf van Guinee]] [[ja:ギニア湾]] [[no:Guineagulfen]] [[pl:Zatoka Gwinejska]] [[pt:Golfo da Guiné]] [[sk:Guinejský záliv]] [[sr:Гвинејски залив]] [[sv:Guineabukten]] 3495 11468 2006-06-28T19:32:10Z Kipala 107 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1b/ALW1663L.jpg Full title: 'Negroland and Guinea with the European Settlements, Explaining what belongs to England, Holland, Denmark, etc'. By H. Moll Geographer (Printed and sold by T. Bowles next ye Chapter Ho http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1b/ALW1663L.jpg Full title: 'Negroland and Guinea with the European Settlements, Explaining what belongs to England, Holland, Denmark, etc'. By H. Moll Geographer (Printed and sold by T. Bowles next ye Chapter House in St. Pauls Church yard, & I. Bowles at ye Black Horse in Cornhill, 1736?). [1] Image taken from: http://www.uflib.ufl.edu/maps/ALW1663L.JPG [edit] Licensing Public license This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired in the United States and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years or less. 3496 11475 2006-06-28T22:02:39Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Guinea_kihistoria.jpg|thumb|400px|Ramani ya Kiingereza ya Afrika ya Magharibi, mnamo mwaka 1736]] '''Guinea''' ni jina la kihistoria kwa ajili ya kanda ya kusini ya [[Afrika ya Magharibi]] kati ya [[jangwa]] [[Sahara]] na [[Atlantiki]]. Nchi zote kuanzia [[Senegal]] hadi kaskazini ya [[Angola]] zilihesabiwa kuwa "Guinea". Waandishi wa Ulaya walitofautisha "Guinea ya Juu" (Senegal hadi Kamerun) na "Guinea ya Chini" (Kamerun hadi Angola). Lugha za Ulaya zilikuwa na majina ya kihistoria kwa ajili ya sehemu mbalimbali za pwani la Guinea ya juu: Pwani la Pilipili, Pwani la Meno ya Ndovu, Pwani la Dhahabu na Pwani la Watumwa. Majina haya yametokana na biashara kuu katika sehemu zile. Jina la "Pwani la Meno ya Ndovu" linaendelea kutumika katika nchi ya [[Cote d'Ivoire]] (Ivory Coast). [[Ghana]] lilitwa "Pwani la Dhahabu" hadi uhuru. Jina la "Guinea" limetokana na jina la kale kwa ajili ya sehemu kubwa ya upande wa kusini ya Afrika ya Magharibi likimaanisha "nchi ya watu weusi" kwa lugha ya [[kiberber]]. Maelezo mengine yasema ni umbo la jina "Ghana" kutokana na ufalme wa kale. Nchi za eneo hili zilishiriki katika biashara ya kimataifa kwa kuwasiliana na [[Afrika ya Kaskazini]] na dunia ya Kiislamu kwa [[biashara ya misafara]] ya Sahara lakini pia kwa kuwasiliana na Ulaya kupitia Atlantiki. Biashara ya [[meno ya ndovu]], [[dhahabu]] na [[watumwa]] ilitajirisha falme za pwani zilizopata nafasi ya kujenga enzi yao. Nchi hizi karibu na pwani zilikuwa ndogo kuliko falme kubwa za Sahel lakini zilikuwa na watu wengi na nguvu ya kisiasa pia kijeshi. Vituo vya nchi za [[Ulaya]] kwa muda mrefu zilikuwa ndogo tu za kusaidia biashara kwanza ya watumwa baadaye ya [[mawese]] kwa mahitaji ya [[mapinduzi ya viwanda]] Ulaya. Mwisho wa karne ya 19 [[BK]] eneo lote liliingia katika kipindi cha ukoloni ya Kiulaya. Jina la Guinea linatumika leo kwa ajili ya nchi tatu za [[Guinea]], [[Guinea-Bisau]] na [[Guinea ya Ikweta]]. Linatokea tena katika kawaida ya lugha mbalimbali kama majina ya kijiografia ya kutaja "[[ghuba ya Guinea]]", "misitu ya Guinea", "nyanda za juu za Guinea" na kadhalika. '''Kanda la Guinea ya Juu''' * [[Senegal]] * [[Gambia]] * [[Guinea-Bisau]] * [[Guinea]] * [[Sierra Leone]] * [[Liberia]] * [[Côte d'Ivoire]] * [[Ghana]] * [[Togo]] * [[Benin]] * [[Nigeria]] * [[Kamerun]] '''Kanda la Guinea ya Chini''' * [[Kamerun]] * [[Guinea ya Ikweta]] * [[Gabon]] * [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] * [[Cabinda]] (Angola) * [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] * [[Angola]] == Mito == Kati ya mito mikubwa ya kanda Guinea kuna [[Niger (mto)|Niger]] na [[Kongo (mto)|Kongo]]. ==Tazama pia== *[[Ghuba ya Guinea]] *[[Afrika ya Magharibi]] [[Category:Afrika]] [[zh-min-nan:Guinea]] [[cs:Guinea (region)]] [[de:Guinea (Region)]] [[es:Guinea (región)]] [[ko:기니 (지역)]] [[hr:Gvineja (regija)]] [[is:Gínea (heimshluti)]] [[sh:Gvineja (region)]] 3497 11491 2006-06-29T11:21:31Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Machel_Nkomati.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Graça Machel mwaka 1984 pamoja na wahusika wa mapatano ya Nkomati yaani mapatano ya amani kati ya Afrika Kusini na Msumbiji ambao ni Rais Samora Machel wa Msumbiji, Rais P W Botha na Waziri Pik Botha wa Afrika Kusini]] '''Graca Simbine Machel''' alikuwa mke wa marehemu Rais wa [[Msumbiji]] [[Samora Machel]] na tangu 1988 mke wa [[Nelson Mandela]]. Alizaliwa tarehe 17-10-1946 nchini [[Msumbiji]]. Akiwa ni mtoto wa mwisho kati ya watoto sita wa mzee Simbine na bibi Nelly. Baba yake alifariki majuma matatu baada ya Graca kuzaliwa. Graca alianza kujihusisha na siasa baada ya kwenda masomoni [[Lisbon]], [[Ureno]]. Akiwa Lisbon alikutana na watu wengi wenye fikra za kimapinduzi waliokuwa wakijihusisha na harakati za ukombozi wa Msumbiji kupitia chama cha [[FRELIMO]]. Serikali ya Msumbiji ilipopata taarifa za kujiunga kwakw kwa siri na FRELIMO ilijiandaa kumtia jela mara tu atakaporudi nchini Msumbiji. Graca alipopata habari hizo alikimbilia nchini [[Uswisi]]. Mwaka 1973 akiwa bado [[Ulaya]] aliamua kujihusisha wazi wazi na harakati za ukombozi za FRELIMO. Chama cha FRELIMO kilikuwa na shule za sekondari katika nchi mbalimbali za Afrika zilizokuwa zikitoa elimu kwa wananchama wa chama hicho. Mwaka 1974 chama hicho kilimpeleka nchini [[Tanzania]] kuwa mwalimu wa shule ya sekondari ya FRELIMO iliyoko [[Bagamoyo]]. Akiwa Tanzania alijifunza mafunzo ya kijeshi ya kujilinda na ni katika kipindi hiki ndipo alipoweza kukutana na [[Samora Machel]]ambaye alikuja kuwa mume wake na pia rais wa Msumbiji. Walifunga ndoa mwaka 1975 baada ya Msumbiji kupata uhuru wake toka kwa Wareno. Waliishi kama mume na mke hadi pale Samora Machel alipofariki kutokana na ajali ya ndege inayosadikiwa kuwa ilitunguliwa na [[makaburu]] wa [[Afika Kusini]] mwaka 1989. Kwa miaka mitano mfululizo tangu Samora Macheli afariki, Graca alivaa nguo nyeusi peke yake. Na ilipofika mwaka 1989 alistaafu wadhifa wake wa uwaziri na kujishughulisha na shughuli za maendeleo ya jamii hasa hasa watoto. Mwaka 1998 Graca alifunga pingu za maisha kwa mara ya pili na rais wa kwanza wa Afrika Kusini huru, [[Nelson Mandela]]. 3498 11490 2006-06-29T11:14:34Z Kipala 107 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Nkomati_Accord.jpg en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Nkomati_Accord.jpg 3499 11494 2006-06-29T15:23:06Z Kipala 107 Redirecting to [[Sao Tome]] #REDIRECT [[Sao Tome]] 3500 11504 2006-06-29T18:13:07Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Fruit_oil_palm.JPG|thumb|400px|right|Tunda la mchikichi]] Mawese ni [[mafuta ya kulika]] kinachotolewa katika matunda ya miti ya [[mchikichi]] (Elaeis guineensis). Ni mafuta ya kupikia ya [[Afrika]] hasa penye asili ya mchikichi inayoitwa „Elaeis guenesis“ kutokana na kupatikana kwa wingi katika nchi za [[Guinea (kanda)|Guinea]]. ==Mawese kutokana na nyama ya tunda== Kuna aina mbili za mawese; mawese hasa hutolewa na nyama ya tunda ina rangi nyekundu na vitamini nyingi. Inatumika kama mafuta ya kupikia ama moja kwa moja ikitolewa na wakulima wenyewe na kuonyesha rangi nyekundu. Kama mawese inatengenezwa kibiashara kiwandani rangi inaondolewa kwa njia ya kusafisha mafuta kwenye vichujio. Baada ya kusafishwa huwekwa kwenye makopo au chupa na kuuzwa madukani au kupelekwa nje. Mafuta haya yanatumika pia viwandani kwa kutengeneza majarini, sabuni, mishumaa, mafuta ya kupakaa kwenye mwili na aina mbalimbali ya madawa na urembaji. ===Diseli ya mawese=== Mawese hutumika pia kiteknolojia na miaka ya nyuma kwa kutengeneza diseli. Hasa nchini Malaysia tekonolojia hii imesogea mbele. Malaysia inajaribu kupunguza gharama za kununua petroli na diseli kwa kutengeneza kiwanda kikubwa cha kusafisha mawese kuwa dieseli. Sheria ya Malaysia inadai kuanzia mwaka 2007 ya kwamba kila dieseli inayouzwa nchini iwe na 5% diseli ya mawese. ==Mawese kutokana na kiini cha tunda== Aina ya pili ni mafuta yanayopatikana katika kiini cha tunda. Mafuta hii ina halijoto ya kuyeyuka kwenye 26 – 28 C°. Hivyo kwa kawaida ni ni imara si majimaji. Inatumika katika viwanda vya vyakula lakini pia kwa majarini. Intumika pia sana katika madawa ya urembaji na madawa ya kusafishia. Hata viwanda vya kutengeneza aluminiamu hutumia aina hii ya mawese. Kuna biashara kubwa ya viini vya mchikichi kwa sababu husafirishwa bila kuharibu mafuta ndani yake. ==Matatizo kutokana na matumizi makubwa== Nchi zinazopanda michikichi hasa ni Malaysia na Indonesia zenye mavuno ya 80% ya mawese duniani. Brazil na Kolumbia ziemanza vilevile kupanda michikichi kwa wingi. Uthai, Papua – Guinea Mpya na nchi za Afrika ya Magharibi zinachangia asilimia ndogo kwenye soko la dunia ya mawese. Kwa jumla mawese ina nafasi ya pili duniani kati ya mafuta kutokana na mimea inayotumika zaidi baada ya mafuta ya soya. ==Mawese katika historia ya Afrika ya Magharibi== Mawese ilikuwa muhimu sana katika uchumi na historia ya Afrika ya Magharibi wakati wa karne ya 19 BK. Ulaya iliingia katika mapinduzi ya viwandani ikahitaji mafuta ya kutia grisi kwa ajili ya mashine za viwanda vyake. Mafuta haya yalipatikana katika nchi za Guinea hasa eneo la delta ya Niger. Kwa nchi za Afrika ya Magharibi biashara ya mawese ilixhukua nafasiy a biashara ya watumwa; hadi mwanzo wa karne ya 19 falme za pwani zilitajirika kwa kuwauzia wafanyabiashara wazungu watumwa kwa ajili ya masoko ya Amerika. Baada ya mabadiliko ya sheria katika Uingereza na mapatano ya kimataifa kwenye Mkutano wa Vienna mwaka 1815 biashara hii ilipungua hadi kwisha. Umuhimu mpya ya Afrika ya Magharibi kwa ajili ya Ulaya ilikuwa mafuta ya mawese. Hasa viini vilipelekwa Ulaya kwa sababu mawese kabla ya kuwepo kwa viwanda Afrika penyewe viini viliweza kuisafirishwa mbali bila kuharibu mafuta ndani wakati mawese ya tunda lenyewe linaharibika kama haitengenezwei kiwandani. ==Marejeo== ==Athari za kijamii na kiekolojia za matengenezo ya mawese== *[http://www.cockroach.org.uk/ Orangutan Film Protection Project] *[http://www.sustainable-palmoil.org/ Roundatable on Sustainable Palm Oil] *[http://www.palmoil.org.uk/ Friends of the Earth] *[http://www.helenbuckland.co.uk/palm/ Website from the author of The Oil for Ape Scandal] *[http://www.safepalmoil.org/ Palm Oil page from the Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation] ==Habari nyingine za mawese== *[http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/agricultural/oil-palm/ Palm Oil - Production, Consumption, Exports, and Imports Statistics by Country] *[http://www.americanpalmoil.com/ American Palm Oil Council] *[http://www.mpob.gov.my Malaysian palm oil board] *[http://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/ware/oele/palmoel/palmoel.htm Physical properties of palm oil] *[http://www.fedepalma.org/oil_palm.htm Colombian website (Fedepalma) on palm oil] *[http://www.sustainable-palmoil.org Roundtable on Sustainable Palmoil] [[Category:Mafuta ya kulika]] [[de:Palmöl]] [[en:Palm Oil]] [[es:Aceite de palma]] [[eo:Palmoleo]] [[fr:Huile de palme]] [[it:Olio di palma]] [[ms:Sawit]] [[nl:Palmolie]] [[pt:Dendezeiro]] [[ru:Пальмовое масло]] [[sv:Palmolja]] 3501 11506 2006-06-29T19:27:38Z Kipala 107 Redirecting to [[Yaounde]] #REDIRECT [[Yaounde]] 3502 11507 2006-06-29T20:00:14Z Kipala 107 de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:Kamerun-karte-politisch-centre.png de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:Kamerun-karte-politisch-centre.png 3503 11509 2006-06-29T20:01:27Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Kamerun-ramani ya kisiasa.png|300px|right|thumb|Mahali pa Yaoundé katika Kamerun]] [[Image:Centre_Province_Yaoundé_002.JPG|300px|thumb|Yaoundé]] '''Yaoundé''' ni [[mji mkuu]] na mji mkubwa wa pili nchini [[Kamerun]] baada ya [[Douala]]. Ina wakazi milioni 1,3. ==Jiografia== Mji uko kwenye kimo cha 730 [[m]] juu ya [[UB]] katika vilima vya Kamerun ya magharibi takriban 160 km kutoka mwambao wa [[Atlantiki]]. Hali ya hewa ni ya kitropiki; halijoto ina wastani ya 23.3 C°. Mvua hunyesha Septemba / Oktoba na Aprili / Mei. ==Historia== Yaounde ilianzishwa mwaka 1888 [[BK]] na wanfanya biashara Wajerumani. Baada ya Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia na mgawanyo wa nchi ikawa sehemu ya Kamerun ya Kifaransa na mji mkuu wa koloni kuanzia mwaka 1922. Wakati wa uhuru mwaka 1961 ilikuwa mji kuu wa Kamerun yote pamoja na sehemu zilizokuwa chini ya Uingereza. ==Uchumi== Yaounde ni kitovu cha usafiri na mawasiliano ya nchi. Kuna viwanda vya tumbako, vyakula, vioo na ubao. Yaounde ni kitovu cha biashara kwa ajili ya kilimo cha kahawa, kakao, nguta na raba katika mazingira ya mji. Kuna pia migodi ya [[dhahabu]] na metali ya [[titani]]. ==Wamezaliwa Yaounde== * Roger Milla (20 februari 1952) mcheza mpira wa miguu * Franck Songo'o (14 mei 1987) mcheza mpira wa miguu ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.uninet.cm/ Chuo Kikuu cha Yaounde] [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[Category:Miji ya Kamerun]] [[Category:Kamerun]] [[bg:Яунде]] [[ca:Yaoundé]] [[da:Yaoundé]] [[de:Yaoundé]] [[en:Yaoundé]] [[et:Yaoundé]] [[es:Yaundé]] [[fr:Yaoundé]] [[ko:야운데]] [[io:Yaounde]] [[id:Yaoundé]] [[it:Yaoundé]] [[he:יאונדה]] [[lt:Jaundė]] [[nl:Yaoundé]] [[ja:ヤウンデ]] [[no:Yaoundé]] [[pl:Jaunde]] [[pt:Yaoundé]] [[ru:Яунде]] [[sk:Yaoundé]] [[fi:Yaoundé]] [[sv:Yaoundé]] [[tr:Yaounde]] [[zh:雅温得]] 3504 11510 2006-06-29T20:01:50Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Kamerun]] 3505 11511 2006-06-29T20:02:14Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] 3506 11513 2006-06-29T20:14:08Z Kipala 107 de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:Kamerun-karte-politisch-littoral.png de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:Kamerun-karte-politisch-littoral.png 3507 11517 2006-06-29T22:06:05Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Statue de la nouvelle liberte Douala.jpg|thumb|300px|Sanamu ya Uhuru katika Douala]] [[Image:Kamerun-karte-politisch-littoral.png|thumb|300px|Douala katika Kamerun]] '''Douala''' ni mji mkubwa wa [[Kamerun]] ikiwa na wakazi 1,338,144 (2005). Iko 24 km kutoka [[bahari]] kwenye mdomo pana wa mto Wouri unaokwisha kwenye [[Ghuba ya Guinea]] ya [[Atlantiki]]. Bandari yake inaifanya kuwa kitovu wa kiuchumi wa nchi. Wakati wa [[ukoloni wa Kijerumani]] ilikuwa [[mji mkuu]] wa Kamerun. {{mbegu}} [[Category:Miji ya Kamerun]] [[bg:Дуала]] [[de:Douala]] [[es:Duala]] [[fr:Douala]] [[id:Douala]] [[it:Douala]] [[lt:Duala]] [[mk:Дуала]] [[nl:Douala]] [[ja:ドゥアラ]] [[pl:Duala (miasto)]] [[pt:Douala]] [[simple:Douala]] [[sl:Douala]] [[fi:Douala]] [[sv:Douala]] 3508 11518 2006-06-29T22:38:41Z Kipala 107 http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afbeelding:SwazilandKaart.png http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afbeelding:SwazilandKaart.png 3509 11522 2006-06-29T22:59:03Z Kipala 107 [[Image:SwazilandKaart.png|300px|right]] '''Mbabane''' ni mji mkuu wa [[Uswazi]] ikiwa na wakazi 70,000 (2003). Mji uko kwenye milima ya [[Mdimba]] kwenye kimo cha 1200m juu ya [[UB]]. ==Historia== Mji ulianzishwa na [[Waingereza]] mwaka 1902 [[BK]] baada ya vita dhidi ya [[makaburu]] ukawa makao makuu ya kiutawala wa eneo la Uswazi. Jina limetokana na chifu [[Mbabane Kunene]] aliyekuwa mkuu wa sehemu ile wakati wa kuunda mji. ==Uchumi== Nguvu ya kiuchumi ya Mbabane ni migodi ya karibu ya bati na dhahabu. == Weblinks == * [http://www.swazi.com/mbabane2000/ Maelezo kuhusu Mbabane (Kiing.)] [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[Category:Miji ya Uswazi]] [[bg:Мбабане]] [[da:Mbabane]] [[de:Mbabane]] [[en:Mbabane]] [[es:Mbabane]] [[eo:Mbabano]] [[fr:Mbabane]] [[io:Mbabane]] [[id:Mbabane]] [[it:Mbabane]] [[lt:Mbabanė]] [[mk:Мбабане]] [[nl:Mbabane]] [[ja:ムババーネ]] [[no:Mbabane]] [[pl:Mbabane]] [[pt:Mbabane]] [[ru:Мбабане]] [[sk:Mbabane]] [[sr:Мбабане]] [[fi:Mbabane]] [[sv:Mbabane]] [[zh:墨巴本]] 3510 11520 2006-06-29T22:57:48Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Uswazi]] 3511 11521 2006-06-29T22:58:12Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] 3512 11556 2006-06-30T15:11:14Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Flag of The Gambia.svg|right|250px|thumb|Bendera ya Gambia]] Bendera ya Gambia ni ya milia mitatu sambamba ya nyekundu, buluu ny kijani kibichi inyotenganishwa na kanda nyembamba za nyeupe. Mlia wa nyekundu juu humaanisha nchi ya mbuga. Buluu chini yake ni alama ya mto Gambia unaopita nchi yote, na mlia wa kijani-kibichi ni ya misitu. Kanda nyembamba nyeupe humaanisha amani. [[Category:Bendera za Afrika|Gambia]] [[Category:Gambia]] [[cs:Gambijská vlajka]] [[de:Flagge Gambias]] [[en:Flag of The Gambia]] [[et:Gambia lipp]] [[es:Bandera de Gambia]] [[it:Bandiera del Gambia]] [[he:דגל גמביה]] [[nl:Vlag van Gambia]] [[ja:ガンビアの国旗]] [[pl:Flaga Gambii]] [[pt:Bandeira da Gâmbia]] [[ru:Флаг Гамбии]] [[fi:Gambian lippu]] [[sv:Gambias flagga]] 3513 11536 2006-06-30T10:05:48Z 84.143.101.215 [[Category:Bendera]] 3514 11558 2006-06-30T15:12:18Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Flag of Senegal.svg|thumb|250px|right|Bendera ya Senegal]] '''Bendera ya Senegal''' ina milia tatu za wima pamoja na nyota ya pembetatu katikati. Milia ni ya nyekundu, njano na kijani kibichi. Nyota ni ya kijani. Maana ya rangi ni kama zifuatazo: * Nyekundu hudokeza kwa mapambano ya uhuru, damu iliyomwagika na matumaini ya ujamaa * Njano ni rangi ya dhahabu na utajiri unaotokana na kazi ya pamoja * kijani ni rangi ya tumaini na maendeleo pia hukumbusha dini ya wa raia wengi ambayo ni Uislamu. Asili ni bendera ya [[Shirikisho ya Mali]] ya 1959. Wakati ule Senegal na [[Sudan ya Kifaransa]] zilikuwa pamoja katika Shirikisho ya Mali hadi 1960. Bendera ya shirikisho ilikuwa ileile isipokuwa ilionyesha umbo nyeusi ya mwanadamu katikati. Senegal iliandelea na bendera lakini umbo la mtu lilibadilishwa kwa nyota. Rangi ni zilezile zinazopatikana katika bendera nyingi za kiafrika kutokana na athari ya [[Ethiopia]] kama nchi ya Afrika iliyofaulu kujitetea dhidi majaribio ya kuitawala kikoloni. [[Category:Senegal]] [[Category:Bendera za Afrika|Senegal]] [[af:Vlag van Senegal]] [[de:Flagge des Senegal]] [[en:Flag of Senegal]] [[es:Bandera de Senegal]] [[it:Bandiera senegalese]] [[he:דגל סנגל]] [[ja:セネガルの国旗]] [[nl:Vlag van Senegal]] [[pl:Flaga Senegalu]] [[pt:Bandeira do Senegal]] [[sv:Senegals flagga]] 3515 11555 2006-06-30T15:09:50Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Flag of Swaziland.svg|thumb|250px|right|Bendera ya Uswazi]] '''Bendera ya [[Uswazi]]''' ina milia ya rangi za buluu, njano na nyekundu. Katikati iko ngao ya kijeshi ya kiafrika chenye rangi za nyeusi na nyeupe pamoja na mikuki ya njano. Upana wa milia ni katika uhusiano wa 3:1:8:1:3. Rangi zina maana ifuatayo: * Nyekundu hukumusha damu iliyomwagika katika vita za nyakati zilizopita * Njano hudokeza utajiri wa madini ya nchi * Buluu iwee rangi ya amani Ngao ni ile ya kikosi cha jeshi cha [[Emasotsha]] inayopatikana pia ndani ya nembo ya nchi. Rangi za ngao zinasomwa kukumbusha ya kwamba watu weusi na weupe huishi pamoja kwa amani. Bendera hii ilianzishwa wakati wa [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]] kama alama ya kikosi cha Waswazi waliopigania vita upande wa [[Uingereza]]. [[Category:Bendera za Afrika|Uswazi]] [[Category:Uswazi]] [[de:Flagge Swasilands]] [[en:Flag of Swaziland]] [[es:Bandera de Swazilandia]] [[it:Bandiera dello Swaziland]] [[he:דגל סווזילנד]] [[ja:スワジランドの国旗]] [[nl:Vlag van Swaziland]] [[pl:Flaga Suazi]] [[pt:Bandeira da Suazilândia]] [[ru:Флаг Свазиленда]] [[sv:Swazilands flagga]] 3516 11561 2006-06-30T15:59:35Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Bendera za nchi]] [[Category:Afrika]] 3517 11569 2006-06-30T16:45:17Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Flag of Ethiopia.svg|right|thumb|250px|Bendera ya kitaifa ya Ethiopia]] [[Image:Ethiopia flag large old.png|right|thumb|250px|Bendera ya serikali ya mapinduzi ya DERG iliyotumika 1975 hadi 1996]] [[Image:Oldflag.gif|right|thumb|250px|Bendera ya Ufalme wa Ethiopia ionyeshayo [[Simba wa Yuda]]. Bado inapendwa na watu wanaosimama upande wa marehemu [[Haile Selassie]] na hasa akina [[Rastafari]]]] '''Bendera ya Ethiopia''' mara nyingi inatajwa kuwa bendera ya kwanza ya kiafrika. Rangi zake ni kijani kibichi, njano na nyekundu. kutokana na sifa za Ethiopia za kuwa nchi ya pekee katika Afrika iliyojitetea dhidi ya uvamizi wa ukoloni. Rangi zake zilikuwa kama alama ya umoja na uhuru wa Afrika zikatumika katika bendera za nchi nyingi za Kiafrika. Bendera ya rangi tatu ilitumika Ethiopia tangu karne ya 19 [[BK]]. Wakati wa serikali ya kifalme ilikuwa na nembo ya simba ya Yuda. Serikaliy a mapinduzi ya DERG ilifuta simab na kubadilishabadilisha nembo za katikati. Tangu 1996 bendera imekuwa na nyota ya pembetatu. Kama sifa hiyo ya kuwa bendera ya kwanza ya kiafrika ni kweli inategemea na namna ya kuangalia Afrika. Kwenye Afrika ya kijiografia jinsi inavyotajwa leo dola za Afrika ya Kaskazini ziliwahi bila shaka kutumia bendera tangu karne nyingi yaani muda mrefu kabla ya karne ya 19. ==Nchi za Afrika zinazotumia rangi tatu za Ethiopia ndani ya bendera zao== ===Nchi zenye bendera ya milia mlalo <small>(kuanzia mlia wa juu)</small>=== * [[Ethiopia]] : kijani-njano-nyekundu * [[Ghana]]: nyekundu-njano-kijani ===Nchi zenye bendera ya milia ya wima <small>(kuanzia mlia wa kushoto)</small>=== * [[Guinea]]: nyekundu-njano-kijani * [[Kamerun]]: kijani-nyekundu-njano * [[Mali]]: kijani-njano-nyekundu * [[Senegal]]: kijani-njano-nyekundu ===Mpangilio tofauti za rangi tatu za Ethiopia=== * [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]]: milia tatu ya ulalo kijani-njano-nyekundu * [[Benin]]: theluthi ya kushoto: kijani, halafu milia mbili za kulala njano-nyekundu * [[Guinea Bisau]]: theluthi ya kushoto:nyekundu, halafu milia mbili za kulala njano-kijani * [[Togo]]: pembe ya juu-kushoto ina mraba nyekundu, halafu milia minne ya kulala ya kijani na njano kwa kubadilishana ==Bendera za kiafrika zinazotumia rangi tatu za Ethiopia pamoja na rangi mbalimbali== * [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] * [[Komori]] * [[Mauriti]] * [[Sao Tome na Principe]] * [[Shelisheli]] * [[Zambia]] * [[Zimbabwe]] ==Viungo vya Nje== * http://www.ethioworld.com/CountryInformation/ethiopianflag.htm * http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Ethiopia.html [[Category:Bendera za Afrika|Ethiopia]] [[Category:Ethiopia]] [[am:የኢትዮጵያ ሰንደቅዓላማ]] [[ca:Bandera d'Etiòpia]] [[de:Flagge Äthiopiens]] [[en:Flag of Ethiopia]] [[et:Etioopia lipp]] [[es:Bandera de Etiopía]] [[fr:Drapeau de l'Éthiopie]] [[ko:에티오피아의 국기]] [[it:Bandiera etiope]] [[he:דגל אתיופיה]] [[nl:Vlag van Ethiopië]] [[ja:エチオピアの国旗]] [[pl:Flaga Etiopii]] [[pt:Bandeira da Etiópia]] [[ru:Флаг Эфиопии]] [[sl:Zastava Etiopije]] [[sv:Etiopiens flagga]] 3518 11564 2006-06-30T16:38:07Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] 3519 11567 2006-06-30T16:39:27Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Ethiopia]] 3520 11573 2006-06-30T21:11:07Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Iv-map.png|thumb|300px|Yamoussoukro katika [[Côte d'Ivoire]]]] [[Image:Notredame de la paix.jpg|thumb|300 px|Kanisa Kuu la Yamoussoukro "Notre Dame de la Paix"]] [[Image:Yamoussoukro.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Kituo cha mabasi Yamoussoukro, kanisa kuu nyuma]] '''Yamoussoukro''' ni [[mji mkuu]] rasmi wa [[Cote d'Ivoire]] tangu 1983 ilipochukua nafasi hii kutoka [[Abidjan]] inayoendelea kuwa mji mkubwa na kitovu cha kiuchumi pia kiutamaduni na makao ya ofisi nyingi za serikali. Iko takriban 230 km kutoka pwani karibu na kitovu cha nchi. Kuna wakazi 200,000 (mwaka 2005). ==Historia ya mji== Chanzo cha Yamoussoukro ni kijiji kidogo kilichoitwa N'Gokro. Imeteuliwa kuwa mji mkuu na kukua kwa sababu ni mahali pa kuzaliwa kwa rais wa kwanza wa nchi [[Félix Houphouët-Boigny]]. Mwanzo wa [[ukoloni wa Kifaransa]] kijiji cha N'Gokro ilikuwa chini ya chifu wa kike Yamousso. Mwaka 1909 kabila la eneo hili liliasi dhidi ya Wafaransa lakini sehemu ya machifu pamoja na Yamousso waliwashauri wenzao kupatana na Wafaransa tena. Tendo hili lilisababishwa Wafaransa kuhamisha kituo chao cha kiutawala wa eneo kwenda N'Gokro wakiita Yamoussoukro kwa heshima ya chifu yake. Aliyekuwa rais baadaye Félix Houphouët-Boigny alizaliwa Yamoussoukro mwaka 1905. 1939 akawa chifu wa mahali akaendelea kujishughulisha na siasa na kuita mikutano wa machifu akiwaalika kwake kijijini. Baada ya kuwa rais wa Cote d'Ivoire mwaka 1960 aliamuru tangu mwaka 1964 kazi nyingi zifanywe kwake nyumbani kama ujenzi wa ikulu yake ya pili, majengo mengine ya umma, barabara, kituo cha umeme, viwanda, uwanja wa michezo na mengi mengine. Kelele ya ujenzi ilikuwa Kanisa Kuu la Yamoussoukro lililojengwa kwa mfano wa [[Kanisa la Mt. Petro]] huko [[Roma]] lakini kubwa kuliko kanisa lile linalotumikwa na [[Papa]] mwenyewe. Mwaka 1983 ilitangazwa rasmi kuwa mji mkuu lakini ofisi nyingi za serikali na wizara bado zimebaki Abidjan. [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[Category:Miji ya Cote d'Ivoire]] [[als:Yamoussoukro]] [[ca:Yamoussoukro]] [[en:Yamoussoukro]] [[eo:Jamusukro]] [[es:Yamoussoukro]] [[et:Yamoussoukro]] [[fi:Yamoussoukro]] [[fr:Yamoussoukro]] [[he:יאמוסוקרו]] [[hr:Yamoussoukro]] [[id:Yamoussoukro]] [[it:Yamoussoukro]] [[ja:ヤムスクロ]] [[ko:야무수크로]] [[lt:Jamusukras]] [[mk:Јамусукро]] [[nl:Yamoussoukro]] [[nn:Yamoussoukro]] [[no:Yamoussoukro]] [[pl:Jamusukro]] [[pt:Yamoussoukro]] [[ru:Ямусукро]] [[sk:Yamoussoukro]] [[sv:Yamoussoukro]] [[tr:Yamoussoukro]] [[zh:亚穆苏克罗]] 3521 11589 2006-07-01T05:36:17Z YurikBot 117 robot Adding: [[en:Conakry]] [[Image:Guinea.png|thumb|right|250px|Conakry katika Guinea]] '''Conakry''' (pia: Konakry) ina wakazi 2,000,000 (mwaka 2002) ni [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Guinea]]. Mji una bandari mwambaoni wa [[Ghuba ya Guinea]] ya [[Atlantiki]]. ==Historia== Chanzo cha Conakry ni kwenye kisiwa cha Tombo kilicho karibu sana na rasi ya [[Kaloum]]. Mji ulianzishwa baada ya kisiwa kuhamishwa kutoka utawala wa Uingereza chini ya Ufaransa. Wafaransa waliunganisha mwaka 1887 vijiji vinne vya Conakry, Boulbinet, Krutown na Tombo. Mwaka 1889 Conakry ilikuwa makao makuu ya utawala wa koloni ya « Mito ya Kusini (Rivières du Sud) » na tangu 1891 ya Guinea ya Kifaransa ikakua kwa sababu ya bandari yake hasa baada ya kujengwa kwa reli kwenda Kankan. ==Conakry leo== Leo kisiwa cha Tumbo kimeunganishwa na rasi ya Kaloum kwa barabara. Mji umeenea kufunika rasi yote. Kuna beledi tano mjini ambayo ni Kaloum (kitovu cha mji), Dixinn (penye chuo kikuu na balozi nyingi), Ratoma (penye vilabu na mabaa), Matam na Matoto penye kiwanja cha ndege cha Gbessia. Mahali pa kuangalia ni makumbusho ya kitaifa, masoko, jengo la Jumba la Watu, msikiti mkuu na visiwa vya Los. [[Image:Conakry-palaisdupeuple.JPG|thumb|250px||Jumba la Watu katika Conakry]] [[Category:Miji ya Guinea]] [[Category:Guinea]] [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[af:Conakry]] [[bg:Конакри]] [[ca:Conakry]] [[da:Conakry]] [[de:Conakry]] [[en:Conakry]] [[eo:Konakrio]] [[es:Conakry]] [[fi:Conakry]] [[fr:Conakry]] [[he:קונאקרי]] [[io:Conakry]] [[it:Conakry]] [[ja:コナクリ]] [[ko:코나크리]] [[lt:Konakris]] [[lv:Konakri]] [[mk:Конакри]] [[nl:Conakry]] [[no:Conakry]] [[pl:Konakry]] [[pt:Conacri]] [[ru:Конакри]] [[sk:Konakry]] [[sv:Conakry]] [[zh:科納克里]] 3522 11576 2006-06-30T21:41:31Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Guinea]] 3523 11578 2006-06-30T21:53:39Z Kipala 107 [[Image:Flag of Guinea.svg|thumb|right|250px|Bendera ya Guinea]] '''Bendera ya Guinea''' ina milia mitatu ya kusimama yenye rangi za nyekundu, njano na kijani - kibichi. Rangi hizi ziko pia kwenye [[bendera ya Ethiopia]] na ya [[Ghana]] zinaonyesha athira za Ethiopia (nchi ya [[Afrika]] iliyofaulu kujitetea dhidi ya ukoloni) na pia Ghana (nchi ya kwanza ya Afrika ya kupata uhuru baada ya ukoloni). Mara nyingi rangi hizi huelezwa kuwa na maana kama ifuatayo: * nyekundu kuwa rangi ya damu iliyomwagika katika mapambano ya kufikia uhuru * njano ni jua, mwanga wa juu na pia utajiri wa dhahabu ya Guinea * kijani ni rangi ya nchi, ya kilimo na mimea na ya maendeleo kwa kazi ya wakulima Waguinea wamependa kuzilinganisha na maneno ya wito la tauifa: Travail, Justice, Solidarité (kazi, haki, kushikamana) [[Category:Guinea]] [[Category:Bendera za Afrika|Guinea]] [[cs:Guinejská vlajka]] [[de:Flagge Guineas]] [[en:Flag of Guinea]] [[es:Bandera de Guinea]] [[fr:Drapeau de la Guinée]] [[it:Bandiera della Guinea]] [[he:דגל גינאה]] [[nl:Vlag van Guinee]] [[ja:ギニアの国旗]] [[pl:Flaga Gwinei]] [[ru:Флаг Гвинеи]] [[sv:Guineas flagga]] 3524 11580 2006-06-30T22:12:17Z Kipala 107 '''[[Image:Ct-map.png|thumb|Bangui katika Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] [[Image:Bangui 18.45905E 4.41140N.jpg|thumb|Bangui inavyoonekana kutoka angani]] '''Bangui''' ina wakazi 684.190 (Januari 2005) ni [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]]. Mji uko mwambanoni wa mto Niger ng'ambo ya mji wa Kongo wa Zongo. Kuna viwanda mjini vya nguo, vyakula, bira, viatu na sabuni. Bishara ya nje inalenga wateja wa pamba, ubao, kahawa na katani. [[Category:Miji mikuu ]] [[Category:Miji ya Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] [[bg:Банги]] [[da:Bangui]] [[de:Bangui]] [[es:Bangui]] [[eo:Bangui]] [[fa:بانگوئی]] [[fr:Bangui]] [[gl:Bangui]] [[ko:방기]] [[io:Bangui]] [[it:Bangui]] [[he:בנגואי]] [[lt:Bangis]] [[mk:Банги]] [[nl:Bangui (Centraal-Afrikaanse Republiek)]] [[ja:バンギ]] [[no:Bangui]] [[pl:Bangi]] [[pt:Bangui]] [[ru:Банги]] [[sq:Bangui]] [[sk:Bangui]] [[fi:Bangui]] [[sv:Bangui]] [[uk:Бангі]] 3525 11582 2006-06-30T22:13:09Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] 3526 11584 2006-06-30T22:13:51Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] 3527 11592 2006-07-01T08:10:57Z Kipala 107 [[Category:Uganda]] [[Category:Historia ya Afrika]] 3528 11593 2006-07-01T08:20:59Z Kipala 107 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:BugandaNagginda.jpg en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:BugandaNagginda.jpg 3529 11595 2006-07-01T08:35:38Z Kipala 107 /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:FlagofBuganda.png /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:FlagofBuganda.png 3530 11596 2006-07-01T08:36:07Z Kipala 107 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:BugandaMap.gif en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:BugandaMap.gif 3531 11607 2006-07-01T11:11:00Z Kipala 107 [[Image:FlagofBuganda.png|thumb|right|150px|Bendera ya Buganda]] [[Image:BugandaMap.gif|thumb|right|350px|Eneo la Buganda kati ya ziwa Viktoria, mto Nile na ziwa Kyoga]] '''Buganda''' ni ufalme ndani ya jamhuri ya [[Uganda]]. Mfalme wa Buganda anatumia cheo cha [[Kabaka]]. Tangu karne ya 18 [[BK]] hadi karne ya 20 Buganda ilikuwa dola lenye enzi katika eneo la [[Ziwa Viktoria]]. Leo hii ni sehemu ya Uganda yenye madaraka ya kiutamaduni pamoja na kuwa na bunge lake la lakini si kitengo cha kiutawala ndani ya Uganda. Jina la nchi Uganda ni umbo la [[Kiswahili]] la neno Buganda. ==Eneo na watu== Eneo la Buganda liko kaskazini na magharibi ya Ziwa Viktoria hadi [[mto Nile]] upande wa mashariki na [[ziwa Kyoga]] kaskazini. Watu wake huitwa Waganda (Kiganda: ''"Baganda"'') wanotumia [[Lugha za Kibantu|lugha ya Kibantu]] kuna takriban milioni tatu ambao ni kabila kubwa la Uganda lenye 16.7% ya wakazi wote wa nchi. Kuna koo 52 kati ya Waganda. Makaburi ya kihistoria ya wafalme wa Buganda huko [[Kasubi]] ([[Kampala]]) imeorodheshwa na [[UNESCO]] kama [[Urithi wa Dunia]]. ==Historia== Mwisho wa karne ya 19 Buganda ilikuwa lengo la majaribio ya nchi mbalimbali ya nje ambazo zilitaka kuwa na athari hapa. [[Wamisionari]] [[Wakatoliki]] kutoka [[Ufaransa]] na [[Waanglikana]] kutoka [[Uingereza]] walishindana na [[Waislamu]] kwenye ikulu ya Kabaka Mutesa I (1856–84) kati yao na dhidi ya wafuasi wa [[dini za jadi]]. Mashindano haya yalisababisha kutokea kwa vyama mbalimbali vilivyoleta nchi katika hali ya vurugo. Mnamo 1890 Mjerumani [[Karl Peters]] alifaulu kupata mkataba wa ushirikiano na Kabaka lakini serikali za Ujerumani na Uingereza zilipatana katika [[mkataba wa Helgoland-Zanzibar]] nchi iwe eneo la athari ya Uingereza. Mwakilishi Mwingereza [[Frederick Lugard]] aliingilia kijeshi kati ya mapigano ya vikundi ndani ya Buganda na kuhakikisha utawala wa Kabaka Mwanga aliyehesabiwa kuwa upande wa Waanglikana hivyo karibu na Uingereza. Mwaka 1894 Kabaka alikubali mkataba wa ushirikiano na Uingereza ambao machoni pake ilikuwa mapatano ya hiari lakini hali halisi Buganda ikawa nchi ya kulindwa chini Uingereza. Polepole utawala wa Kiingereza ilibadilisha hali ya Buganda hadi kuwa sehemu tu ya Uganda yote. Wakati wa uhuru Waganda walishindwa kupata hali ya ufalme kuwa sehemu ya nchi inayojitawala lakini Kabaka Sir Edward Mutesa II alikuwa Rais wa Taifa pamoja na waziri mkuu Milton Obote. Mwaka 1967 Obote alibadilisha katiba akamfukuza Kabaka nchini. Kwa muda wa miaka 30 ufalme wa Buganda ilifutwa kisheria. Kabaka Edward Mutesa II alikufa ng'ambo Uingereza. Mwaka 1986 serikali mpya ya [[Yoweri Museveni]] ilimkaribisha mtoto wa Kabaka marehemu [[Ronald Muwenda Mutebi]] arudi Kampala. Baada ya Bunge la Uganda kurudisha falme za kihistoria ndani ya Uganda za [[Banyoro]], [[Ankole]] na [[Toro]] pamoja na Buganda Mutebi alifanywa Kabaka mpya mwaka 1993. ==External links== * [http://www.myuganda.co.ug/categories/about/people_culture/mornachies/buganda/index.htm Brief description of Buganda at www.myuganda.co.ug] * [http://www.buganda.com/ Buganda.com] *[http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/african/reid/buganda-arch.htm The Archaeology] of Buganda [[Category:Uganda]] [[Category:Buganda]] [[Category:Falme za Uganda]] [[cs:Buganda]] [[de:Buganda]] [[en:Buganda]] [[es:Buganda]] [[nl:Boeganda]] [[ru:Буганда]] [[fi:Buganda]] [[sv:Buganda]] 3532 11602 2006-07-01T10:16:11Z Kipala 107 Redirecting to [[Ziwa Victoria]] #REDIRECT [[Ziwa Victoria]] 3533 11604 2006-07-01T10:19:20Z Kipala 107 Redirecting to [[Yoweri Kaguta Museveni]] #REDIRECT [[Yoweri Kaguta Museveni]] 3534 11621 2006-07-01T19:11:49Z MediaWiki default Account created 3535 11622 2006-07-01T19:11:49Z MediaWiki default The user account for $1 has been created. 3536 11630 2006-07-01T19:11:50Z MediaWiki default Redirecting to [[$1]] 3537 11631 2006-07-01T19:11:50Z MediaWiki default The text of '''your edits''' to '''$1''' is shown below: 3538 11632 2006-07-01T19:11:50Z MediaWiki default The source of '''$1''' is shown below: 3539 11636 2006-07-01T19:11:50Z MediaWiki default b 3540 11637 2006-07-01T19:11:50Z MediaWiki default Undelete failed; someone else may have undeleted the page first. 3541 11639 2006-07-01T19:11:50Z MediaWiki default | 3542 11640 2006-07-01T19:11:50Z MediaWiki default Clear watchlist 3543 11643 2006-07-01T19:11:50Z MediaWiki default You need to $1 to confirm your email address. 3544 11647 2006-07-01T19:11:50Z MediaWiki default (Link to this page as [[$1]]) 3545 11648 2006-07-01T19:11:50Z MediaWiki default '''Warning:''' You are editing a page which is used to provide interface text for the software. 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Kitabu hiki kinaelezea mazungumzo kati ya msafisi [[Marco Polo]] toka [[venice]], Italia, na mfalme wa [[Mongolia]], [[Kublai Khan]]. Kitabu hiki kimeandikwa kwa staili ya pekee kwani hakina mfumo uliozoeleka wa vitabu vya fasihi: mwanzo, katika, mwisho. Ndani ya kitabu hiki wahusika wanaotambulika ni wawili tu, Kublai Khan na Marco Polo. Kublai Khan alikuwa akifurahi sana kusikia visa toka kwa Marco Polo. Visa toka kwa wakazi wa ufalme wake vilikuwa vinamchosha. Khan alitaka sana Marco Polo aongelee juu ya mji alikozaliwa, Venice, lakini Marco Polo alipendelea kuongelea miji ya kufikirika na kusadikika. Kitabu hiki kina visa 55 vinavyoelezea miji hiyo ya kufikirika na kusadikika pamoja na mazungumzo ya kifalsafa kati ya Khan na Polo. Moja ya mazungumzo yanayojulikana sana ni yale yaliyohusu jiwe na daraja. Marco Polo alimpa Kublai Khan uchambuzi wa daraja ni nini akielezea jiwe hata jiwe. Kublai Khan akauliza, "Je ni jiwe lipi linaloshikilia daraja?" Marco Polo akajibu, "Hakuna jiwe moja linaloshikilia daraja, sio jiwe hili wala lile bali mhimili ambao mawe hayo yameujenga kwa pamoja." Kublai akakaa kimya kwa muda akifikiri kisha akasema, "Basi sitaki kusikia kuhusu mawe, nataka uniambie kuhusu huo mhimili." Marco Polo akajibu, "Bila mawe hakuna mhimili." Kati ya miji ya kufikirika na kusadikika iliyoelezewa ndani ya kitabu hiki ni: mji ambao wakazi wake wanatupa vitu vyao vyote kila siku na kununua vitu vipya, mji wa wafu ulio chini ya ardhi, na mji uliojengwa na watu waliomuona mwanamke uchi ndotoni kisha akatokomea (watu hawa waliamua kujenga mji ambao barabara zake zinaelekea kule alikoelekea huyo mwanamke waliyemuona ndotoni na wakajenga kuta ili kumzuia asiweze kutoroka akitokea tena.) ==Viungo vya Nje== * [http://des.emory.edu/mfp/calvino/cal.html Italo Calvino] 3638 11805 2006-07-02T12:13:37Z Ndesanjo 73 '''Kombe la Dunia la FIFA''' ni mchuano wa kimataifa wa [[mchezo wa soka]] wa wanaume. Kombe hili hutambulika pia kama kombe la dunia la soka, kombe la dunia la mpira wa miguu au Kombe la Dunia. Kombe hili hushindaniwa na nchi wanachama wa [[Shirikisho la Soka Duniani]] (FIFA - Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Mashindano haya hutazamwa na watu wengi zaidi duniani kuliko mashindano yoyote yale. Mashindano ya mwaka 2002 watu wapatao bilioni 1.1 walitazama. Baada ya hatua za mwanzo za kugombea kushirikia katika mchuano huu, nchi 32 hushiriki katika mchuano ambao hufanyika katika nchi inayoandaa/zinazoandaa mashindano hayo. Hadi sasa ni nchi saba tu ambazo zimeweza kuchukua kombe hili toka lilipoanza kushindaniwa hapo mwaka 1930. Mashindano haya hufanyika kila baada ya miaka minne. Mwaka 1942 na 1946 hakukuwa na Kombe la Dunia kutokana na [[Vita kuu vya Pili]]. [[Brazili]] ndio nchi pekee ambayo imeweza kutwaa kombe hili mara tano mfululizo. [[Ujerumani]] na [[Italia]] zimelitwaa mara tatu. Nchi nyingine ambazo zimewahi kulitwaa ni [[Uruguay]], [[Ufaransa]], [[Argentina]], na [[Uingereza]]. Ujerumani ndio nchi iliyoandaa Kombe la Dunia 2006 kati ya Juni 9 hadi July 9. Bingwa wa sasa wa kombe hilo, Brazili, imetolewa kwenye mashindano hayo kwa kufungwa 1-0 na Ufaransa. Kombe la Dunia 2010 litafanyika katika bara la [[Afrika]] kwa mara ya kwanza katika nchi ya [[Afrika Kusini]]. ==Viungo vya Nje== * [http://www.fifa.com/en/index.html Tovuti ya FIFA] * [http://fifaworldcup.yahoo.com/06/en/ Tovuti ya Kombe la Dunia 2006] * [http://fifaworldcup.yahoo.com/06/en/p/pwc/index.html Matokeo ya mechi za Kombe la Dunia toka 1930-2002] 3639 11807 2006-07-02T12:27:21Z Ndesanjo 73 '''Orchestra Baobab''' ni bendi maarufu ya muziki wa dansi toka nchini [[Senegal]]. Bendi hii imekuwepo katika ramani ya muziki wa [[Afrika]] toka ilipoanzishwa mwaka 1970. Orchestra Baobab inapiga muziki ambao ni mchanganyiko wa vionjo vya muziki toka [[Cuba]], [[Visiwa vya Karibiani]] na Afrika. Baada ya kupata mafanikio makubwa na kuweza kurekodi albamu 20 toka mwaka 1970 hadi 1985, bendi hii ilivunjika mwaka 1987. Hata hivyo mwaka 2001 Orchestra Baobab iliibuka upya na kurekodi vibao vyao vya zamani na kufanya ziara katika nchi kadhaa za Ulaya. Pamoja na kutoa vibao vyao vya zamani, walirekodi nyimbo mpya wakisindikizwa na mwanamuziki maarufu wa Senegal, [[Youssou N'dour]] na [[Ibrahim Ferrer]], mwanamuziki maarufu toka Cuba. Mwaka 2003 Orchestra Baobab ilipata nafasi ya kuweko kwenye filamu iliyotengenezwa na wanamuziki [[Dave Matthews]] na [[Trey Anastasio]] iitwayo [[Trey and Dave Go to Africa]]. Katika filamu hiyo wanamuziki hao walifanya onyesho pamoja na Orchestra Baobab. ==Viungo vya Nje== *[http://www.orchestrabaobab.co.uk/ Tovuti ya Orchestra Baobab] *[http://www.worldmusiccentral.org/artists/artist_page.php?id=1292 Historia ya Orchestra Baobab] 3640 11814 2006-07-03T11:01:33Z Marcos 3 "Invisible Cities" ni tafsiri ya Kiingereza ya "Le città invisibili". Hapa tutumie au jina la asili la kitabu au tafsiri la Kiswahili. Kwa hiyo, jina la makala hii iwe au "Le città invisibili" au "Majiji yasiyoonekani". Kama hakuna tafsiri ya Kiswahili ya kitabu hii, nitapendelea kutumia "Le città invisibili". [[User:Marcos|Marcos]] 11:01, 3 Julai 2006 (UTC) 3641 11817 2006-07-03T12:40:20Z 84.143.73.153 [[Category:Mauretania]] [[Category:Mito ya Afrika]] 3642 11818 2006-07-03T12:40:40Z 84.143.73.153 [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]] 3643 11820 2006-07-03T12:45:19Z 84.143.73.153 '''Nouakchott''' ([[Kiarabu]]: '''نواكشوط''') ni [[mji mkuu]] wa [[Mauritania]]. Iko mwambaoni wa [[Atlantiki]] katika magharibi ya nchi. Idadi ya wakazi imekadiriwa kupita milioni moja. ==Historia== Hadi 1958 Nouakchott ilikuwa kijiji kidogo cha wavuvi. Imekua tangu uhuru. Wakati wa ukoloni Mauretania haikuhesabiwa kama eneo la pekee ilikuwa sehemu tu ya Afrika ya Magharibi ya Kifaransa yenye mji mkuu wa [[Saint-Louis]] huko [[Senegal]]. Baada ya azimio la kupasua eneo la Kifaransa katika Afrika ya Magharibi Nouakchott ikateuliwa kuwa mji mkuu ujao na mradi wa ujenzi ulilenga kuongeza idadi ya wakazi hadi kufikia watu 15,000. Baada ya uhuru mwaka 1962 mji ukawa mji mkuu wa Mauretania. Katika miaka ya 1970 idadi ya wakazi iliongezeka sana kutokana na ukame uliofukuza watu wengi mashambani, kati ya 1969 na 1980 kutoka wakazi 20,000 kufikia 150,000 mwaka 1980. Siku hizi mju una tatizo zito ya uhaba wa maji kwa wakazi wake wengi. [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[Category:Miji ya Mauritania]] [[Category:Mauretania]] [[ar:نواكشوط]] [[bg:Нуакшот]] [[da:Nouakchott]] [[de:Nouakchott]] [[en:Nouakchott]] [[es:Nuakchott]] [[fi:Nouakchott]] [[fr:Nouakchott]] [[he:נואקשוט]] [[id:Nouakchott]] [[io:Nouakchott]] [[is:Núaksjott]] [[it:Nouakchott]] [[ja:ヌアクショット]] [[ko:누악쇼트]] [[mk:Нуакшот]] [[no:Nouakchott]] [[pl:Nawakszut]] [[pt:Nouakchott]] [[ru:Нуакшот]] [[sk:Nouakchott]] [[sv:Nouakchott]] [[zh:努瓦克肖特]] 3644 11821 2006-07-03T12:46:05Z 84.143.73.153 [[Category:Mauretania]] [[Category:Miji ya Afrika]] 3645 11822 2006-07-03T12:58:38Z 84.143.73.153 [[Image:Maseru_Leotho_main_south.jpg|thumb|300px|Barabara kuu ya kuelekea kusini ya Maseru]] [[Image:LocationMaseru.png|thumb|300px|Maseru katika Lesotho]] '''Maseru''' ni mji mkuu wa [[Lesotho]] ikiwa na wakazi 174.000 Einwohner (2003). Chuo Kikuu cha Lesotho na kiwanja cha kimataifa cha ndege ni karibu na mji. Maseru iko kwa mto [[Caledon (Fluss)|Caledon]]. Ni mji mkubwa wa pekee nchini. == Historia == Ilikuwa kituo kidogo cha biashara ilipoteuliwa na chifu [[Moshoeshoe I.]] wa [[Wasotho]] kuwa mji mkuu wake mwaka 1869. Tangu 1884 hadi 1966 ilikuwa mji mkuu wa nchi ya kulindwa chini ya [[Uingereza]] ya "Basutoland". 1966 ikawa mji mkuu wa Lesotho huru. == Uchumi == Kuna viwanda vya kutengenezea mishumaa na matandiko ya zulia. Kuna pia viwanda vya vitambaa kwa ajili ya soko la [[Marekani]]. [[Category:Miji Mikuu Afrika]] [[Category:Lesotho]] [[ar:ماسيرو]] [[bg:Масеру]] [[ca:Maseru]] [[da:Maseru]] [[de:Maseru]] [[en:Maseru]] [[es:Maseru]] [[fa:ماسرو]] [[fi:Maseru]] [[fr:Maseru]] [[he:מסרו]] [[id:Maseru]] [[io:Maseru]] [[it:Maseru]] [[ja:マセル]] [[ko:마세루]] [[la:Maseru]] [[nl:Maseru]] [[no:Maseru]] [[pl:Maseru]] [[pt:Maseru]] [[ru:Масеру]] [[sk:Maseru]] [[zh:马塞卢]] 3646 11823 2006-07-03T12:58:56Z 84.143.73.153 [[Category:Nchi za Afrika]]