Wikipedia http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.10alpha first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk Image Image talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk 1 sysop 1823 2004-05-26T12:25:32Z Srtxg 1 uploaded "Steag_armani2.jpg" Below is a list of the most recent file uploads. All times shown are server time (UTC). <ul><li>12:25, 26 May 2004 [[User:Srtxg|Srtxg]] uploaded "[[:Image:Steag_armani2.jpg|Steag_armani2.jpg]]"</li> <li>12:15, 26 May 2004 [[User:Srtxg|Srtxg]] uploaded "[[:Image:Steag_armani.jpg|Steag_armani.jpg]]" <em>(Steagul aromânilor)</em></li> <li>12:14, 26 May 2004 [[User:Srtxg|Srtxg]] uploaded "[[:Image:Steag_armani2.jpg|Steag_armani2.jpg]]" <em>(Steag aromâni 2)</em></li> <li>12:12, 26 May 2004 [[User:Srtxg|Srtxg]] uploaded "[[:Image:Armaneashti.jpg|Armaneashti.jpg]]"</li> </ul> 2 sysop 1824 2007-02-01T06:34:33Z Below is a list of the most recent deletions. All times shown are server time (UTC). <ul> </ul> 3 6608 2006-07-21T14:19:30Z 82.77.20.218 dbl redir #REDIRECT [[Prota frãndzã]] 4 sysop 1826 2007-02-01T06:34:34Z This is a log of user blocking and unblocking actions. Automatically blocked IP addresses are not be listed. See the [[Special:Ipblocklist|IP block list]] for the list of currently operational bans and blocks. 5 8938 2007-01-07T03:16:26Z Thijs!bot 143 robot Adding: [[kw:Aroumanek]] '''Limba armãneascã''' easte unã limbã di gruplu di not-datlu a [[limbi romaniţi|limbilor romanitse (neolatine)]]. {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" width="300" ! colspan="3" bgcolor="lawngreen" style="font-size:120%"|Armãneashce |- |valign="top"|Sã-zburashce tu: |colspan="2" |[[Gãrtsia]], [[Vurgarii|Vurgaria]], [[Arbinishia]], [[Republica Machedonia]],[[Romãnia]], shi tu [[Sãrghia]] |- | valign="top"|Numir di zburãtori: |colspan="2"|500.000-2.000.000 tu Balcanlu. Tu lume s-mindueashce cã sãntu cama di 4.000.000 |- | valign="top"|Pricade tu grupa di limbe cai le-zburãscu populile fãrã stat-a lor | valign="top"|Grupa linguisticã <br>[[Limbe]]: |[[Limbe indoeuropeane]]<br> &nbsp;[[Limbe latinitse]]<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;[[Limbe latinitse di Not-Datlu]]<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Armãneascã''' |- ! colspan="3" bgcolor="lawngreen"|Codlu di limba: |- |ISO 639-1||colspan="2"|- |- |ISO 639-2||colspan="2"|rup |- |SIL||colspan="2"|RUP (Codlu di limba armãneascã) |} Cama di 3.000.000 di [[Armãnj]] dit [[Machidunii|Machedonia]], [[Arbinuşii|Arbinishia]], [[Sârbii|Sãrbia]], [[Românii|Romania]], [[Vurgarii|Vurgaria]] shi [[Gãrtsia]] zburãscu armãneashce. Limba armãneascã ira formatã cu agiutorlu-a limbilor veclji di Balcan limba thraco-illirã, epiroticã, thessalicã shi machedonichescã veacljã. Dupu vinirã-a Romanjlor pi Balcanlu, Armãnjlji s-featsirã ca popul shi u-formarã limba-a lor ca limba neolatinã. Cu agiutorlu di bisericã, tsi ira sum patronatlu-a Patriarhului di Constandinopole, multsã zboarã gãrtseshci intrarã tu limba armãneascã, a cu vinire-a Turcului Ottoman pi Balcanlu, shi multsã zboarã ãnturtseshci. Ashi pãnã ahurhita-a etãljei XIX, Armãnjlji le-ufilizirã yramile gãrtseshci, cum le-ufilizirã sh-alantile popule. Ashi tutile lucre scriate tu Metropola armãnescã '''[[Moscopole]]''' ira scriate cu aiste yrame. Tu anlu [[1809]], Ioryi Constantin Roja u-publicã vivlia "Puteare-a ghiuvusariljei a limbãljei a noastrã cu yrame latinicheshci" cu tsi Armãnjlji u-alãxescu abetsedã. Dupu atsea shi vivliile armãneshci s-publicã sade cu aiste yrame - latinicheshci cu tsi Armãnjlji u-spun pricãdeare-a lor latinicheascã. Ashi shi Mihail Boiagi u-publica gramatica armãneascã sum titlu "Γραμματική ρωμανική ητοί βλαχική" tu anlu [[1813]] tu Vienni. Ashi ira publicate shi Dictsionarle armãneshci al Shtefan Mihaileanu, Ioannis Dalametra, Tache Papahagi, etc. ma multsã di nãsh ufilizirã yrame romãneshci tsi nu pricat tu alfabeta armãnescã cu tsi tu al Deftherlu Congres Armãnescu tsãnut Freiburg ([[1988]]) s-aduse detsizia s-hibã arcate di tu abetseda aiste yrame. Ti jale, propaganda romãnescã nica le-tsãne pozitsiile shi nica featse pit satelitile-a ljei s-hibã ufilizitã unã pseftã-abetseda armãneascã tsi nu u-achicãsescu tuts. ==Ligãturi== *[http://www.geocities.com/armaneasca Bana Armãneascã] *[http://www.geocities.com/zborlu Zborlu a Nostru] *[http://www.vlachophiles.net/buletin.htm Sutsata Culturalã Armãnescã Athina: Buletin di Presã] *[http://www.armanami.org/curs.htm Cursu di scriari armãneascã, anyrapsit di Tiberius Cunia] *[http://www.vlahoi.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=20&Itemid=30 Articlu ti Limba armãneascã (ellinica)] *[http://www.vlahoi.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=19&Itemid=29 Scriate documente pi armãneashce (ellinica)] [[Category:Limbe]] [[af:Aroemeens]] [[an:Idioma arumano]] [[de:Aromunische Sprache]] [[el:Βλάχικη γλώσσα]] [[en:Aromanian language]] [[es:Idioma arumano]] [[fr:Aroumain]] [[hu:Aromun nyelv]] [[hy:Առոմանիերեն]] [[ia:Lingua aromanian]] [[it:Lingua arumena]] [[ja:アルーマニア語]] [[kw:Aroumanek]] [[la:Lingua Macedoromanica]] [[li:Aroemeens]] [[mk:Влашки јазик]] [[nds:Arumuunsche Spraak]] [[nl:Aroemeens]] [[pl:Język arumuński]] [[pt:Aromeno]] [[ro:Limba aromână]] [[ru:Арумынский язык]] [[sv:Arumänska]] 6 6204 2006-05-20T17:45:28Z Srtxg 1 [[en:User:Srtxg]] [[wa:Uzeu:Pablo]] {{Babel|rup-0|wa|es|fr|en-1|eo-1}} I don't speak Aromanian, so I won't be very often here; if you want to send me a message use my talk pages on [[:en:User talk:Srtxg|English]] or [[:wa:Uzeu copene:Pablo|Walloon]] wikipedias instead. 7 1829 2004-05-26T12:12:15Z Srtxg 1 8 1830 2004-05-26T12:14:37Z Srtxg 1 Steag aromâni 2 Steag aromâni 2 9 1831 2004-05-26T12:15:41Z Srtxg 1 Steagul aromânilor Steagul aromânilor 10 5936 2006-02-28T18:40:18Z 194.150.216.212 '''Bana Armâneascâ''' easti unâ revistâ di informatsii shi culturâ a armânjlorù di pisti tutu, editatâ Bucureshti di iaturlu Dumitru Piceava. ==Ligâturi externi== *http://www.geocities.com/armaneasca/ - Bana Armâneascâ pi internetu 774 2596 2004-06-02T09:56:31Z MediaWiki default {{int:allmessagestext}} <table border=1 width=100%><tr><td> '''Name''' </td><td> '''Default text''' </td><td> '''Current text''' </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:1movedto2&action=edit 1movedto2]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:1movedto2|Talk]] </td><td> $1 moved to $2 </td><td> {{int:1movedto2}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:About&action=edit about]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:About|Talk]] </td><td> About </td><td> {{int:About}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Aboutpage&action=edit aboutpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Aboutpage|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:About </td><td> {{int:Aboutpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Aboutwikipedia&action=edit aboutwikipedia]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Aboutwikipedia|Talk]] </td><td> About Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Aboutwikipedia}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-addsection&action=edit accesskey-addsection]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-addsection|Talk]] </td><td> + </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-addsection}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-anontalk&action=edit accesskey-anontalk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-anontalk|Talk]] </td><td> n </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-anontalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-anonuserpage&action=edit accesskey-anonuserpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-anonuserpage|Talk]] </td><td> . </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-anonuserpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-article&action=edit accesskey-article]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-article|Talk]] </td><td> a </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-article}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-compareselectedversions&action=edit accesskey-compareselectedversions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-compareselectedversions|Talk]] </td><td> v </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-compareselectedversions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-contributions&action=edit accesskey-contributions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-contributions|Talk]] </td><td> &amp;lt;accesskey-contributions&amp;gt; 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</td><td> {{int:Accesskey-help}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-history&action=edit accesskey-history]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-history|Talk]] </td><td> h </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-history}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-login&action=edit accesskey-login]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-login|Talk]] </td><td> o </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-login}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-logout&action=edit accesskey-logout]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-logout|Talk]] </td><td> o </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-logout}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-mainpage&action=edit accesskey-mainpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-mainpage|Talk]] </td><td> z </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-mainpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-minoredit&action=edit accesskey-minoredit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-minoredit|Talk]] </td><td> i </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-minoredit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-move&action=edit accesskey-move]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-move|Talk]] </td><td> m </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-move}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-mycontris&action=edit accesskey-mycontris]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-mycontris|Talk]] </td><td> y </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-mycontris}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-mytalk&action=edit accesskey-mytalk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-mytalk|Talk]] </td><td> n </td><td> {{int:Accesskey-mytalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accesskey-portal&action=edit accesskey-portal]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accesskey-portal|Talk]] </td><td> &amp;lt;accesskey-portal&amp;gt; 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has been sent to $2. </td><td> {{int:Accmailtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Accmailtitle&action=edit accmailtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Accmailtitle|Talk]] </td><td> Password sent. </td><td> {{int:Accmailtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Actioncomplete&action=edit actioncomplete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Actioncomplete|Talk]] </td><td> Action complete </td><td> {{int:Actioncomplete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Addedwatch&action=edit addedwatch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Addedwatch|Talk]] </td><td> Added to watchlist </td><td> {{int:Addedwatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Addedwatchtext&action=edit addedwatchtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Addedwatchtext|Talk]] </td><td> The page &quot;$1&quot; has been added to your &#91;&#91;Special:Watchlist&#124;watchlist]]. Future changes to this page and its associated Talk page will be listed there, and the page will appear &#39;&#39;&#39;bolded&#39;&#39;&#39; in the &#91;&#91;Special:Recentchanges&#124;list of recent changes]] to make it easier to pick out. &lt;p&gt;If you want to remove the page from your watchlist later, click &quot;Stop watching&quot; in the sidebar. </td><td> {{int:Addedwatchtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Addsection&action=edit addsection]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Addsection|Talk]] </td><td> + </td><td> {{int:Addsection}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Administrators&action=edit administrators]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Administrators|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:Administrators </td><td> {{int:Administrators}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Affirmation&action=edit affirmation]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Affirmation|Talk]] </td><td> I affirm that the copyright holder of this file agrees to license it under the terms of the $1. </td><td> {{int:Affirmation}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:All&action=edit all]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:All|Talk]] </td><td> all </td><td> {{int:All}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Allmessages&action=edit allmessages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Allmessages|Talk]] </td><td> All system messages </td><td> {{int:Allmessages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Allmessagestext&action=edit allmessagestext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Allmessagestext|Talk]] </td><td> This is a list of all system messages available in the MediaWiki: namespace. </td><td> {{int:Allmessagestext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Allpages&action=edit allpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Allpages|Talk]] </td><td> All pages </td><td> {{int:Allpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Alphaindexline&action=edit alphaindexline]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Alphaindexline|Talk]] </td><td> $1 to $2 </td><td> {{int:Alphaindexline}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Alreadyloggedin&action=edit alreadyloggedin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Alreadyloggedin|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;font color=red&gt;&lt;b&gt;User $1, you are already logged in!&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;br /&gt; </td><td> {{int:Alreadyloggedin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Alreadyrolled&action=edit alreadyrolled]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Alreadyrolled|Talk]] </td><td> Cannot rollback last edit of &#91;&#91;$1]] by &#91;&#91;User:$2&#124;$2]] (&#91;&#91;User talk:$2&#124;Talk]]); someone else has edited or rolled back the page already. Last edit was by &#91;&#91;User:$3&#124;$3]] (&#91;&#91;User talk:$3&#124;Talk]]). </td><td> {{int:Alreadyrolled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ancientpages&action=edit ancientpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ancientpages|Talk]] </td><td> Oldest pages </td><td> {{int:Ancientpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:And&action=edit and]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:And|Talk]] </td><td> and </td><td> {{int:And}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Anontalk&action=edit anontalk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Anontalk|Talk]] </td><td> Talk for this IP </td><td> {{int:Anontalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Anontalkpagetext&action=edit anontalkpagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Anontalkpagetext|Talk]] </td><td> ----&#39;&#39;This is the discussion page for an anonymous user who has not created an account yet or who does not use it. We therefore have to use the numerical &#91;&#91;IP address]] to identify him/her. Such an IP address can be shared by several users. If you are an anonymous user and feel that irrelevant comments have been directed at you, please &#91;&#91;Special:Userlogin&#124;create an account or log in]] to avoid future confusion with other anonymous users.&#39;&#39; </td><td> {{int:Anontalkpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Anonymous&action=edit anonymous]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Anonymous|Talk]] </td><td> Anonymous user(s) of Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Anonymous}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Article&action=edit article]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Article|Talk]] </td><td> Content page </td><td> {{int:Article}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Articleexists&action=edit articleexists]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Articleexists|Talk]] </td><td> A page of that name already exists, or the name you have chosen is not valid. Please choose another name. </td><td> {{int:Articleexists}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Articlepage&action=edit articlepage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Articlepage|Talk]] </td><td> View content page </td><td> {{int:Articlepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Asksql&action=edit asksql]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Asksql|Talk]] </td><td> SQL query </td><td> {{int:Asksql}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Asksqltext&action=edit asksqltext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Asksqltext|Talk]] </td><td> Use the form below to make a direct query of the database. Use single quotes (&#39;like this&#39;) to delimit string literals. This can often add considerable load to the server, so please use this function sparingly. </td><td> {{int:Asksqltext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Autoblocker&action=edit autoblocker]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Autoblocker|Talk]] </td><td> Autoblocked because you share an IP address with &quot;$1&quot;. Reason &quot;$2&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Autoblocker}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badarticleerror&action=edit badarticleerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badarticleerror|Talk]] </td><td> This action cannot be performed on this page. </td><td> {{int:Badarticleerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badfilename&action=edit badfilename]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badfilename|Talk]] </td><td> Image name has been changed to &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Badfilename}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badfiletype&action=edit badfiletype]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badfiletype|Talk]] </td><td> &quot;.$1&quot; is not a recommended image file format. </td><td> {{int:Badfiletype}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badipaddress&action=edit badipaddress]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badipaddress|Talk]] </td><td> Invalid IP address </td><td> {{int:Badipaddress}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badquery&action=edit badquery]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badquery|Talk]] </td><td> Badly formed search query </td><td> {{int:Badquery}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badquerytext&action=edit badquerytext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badquerytext|Talk]] </td><td> We could not process your query. This is probably because you have attempted to search for a word fewer than three letters long, which is not yet supported. It could also be that you have mistyped the expression, for example &quot;fish and and scales&quot;. Please try another query. </td><td> {{int:Badquerytext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badretype&action=edit badretype]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badretype|Talk]] </td><td> The passwords you entered do not match. </td><td> {{int:Badretype}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badtitle&action=edit badtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badtitle|Talk]] </td><td> Bad title </td><td> {{int:Badtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Badtitletext&action=edit badtitletext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Badtitletext|Talk]] </td><td> The requested page title was invalid, empty, or an incorrectly linked inter-language or inter-wiki title. </td><td> {{int:Badtitletext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blanknamespace&action=edit blanknamespace]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blanknamespace|Talk]] </td><td> (Main) </td><td> {{int:Blanknamespace}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockedtext&action=edit blockedtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blockedtext|Talk]] </td><td> Your user name or IP address has been blocked by $1. The reason given is this:&lt;br /&gt;&#39;&#39;$2&#39;&#39;&lt;p&gt;You may contact $1 or one of the other &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Administrators&#124;administrators]] to discuss the block. Note that you may not use the &quot;email this user&quot; feature unless you have a valid email address registered in your &#91;&#91;Special:Preferences&#124;user preferences]]. Your IP address is $3. Please include this address in any queries you make. </td><td> {{int:Blockedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockedtitle&action=edit blockedtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blockedtitle|Talk]] </td><td> User is blocked </td><td> {{int:Blockedtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockip&action=edit blockip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blockip|Talk]] </td><td> Block user </td><td> {{int:Blockip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockipsuccesssub&action=edit blockipsuccesssub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blockipsuccesssub|Talk]] </td><td> Block succeeded </td><td> {{int:Blockipsuccesssub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockipsuccesstext&action=edit blockipsuccesstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blockipsuccesstext|Talk]] </td><td> &quot;$1&quot; has been blocked. &lt;br /&gt;See &#91;&#91;Special:Ipblocklist&#124;IP block list]] to review blocks. </td><td> {{int:Blockipsuccesstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blockiptext&action=edit blockiptext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blockiptext|Talk]] </td><td> Use the form below to block write access from a specific IP address or username. This should be done only only to prevent vandalism, and in accordance with &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Policy&#124;policy]]. Fill in a specific reason below (for example, citing particular pages that were vandalized). </td><td> {{int:Blockiptext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklink&action=edit blocklink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blocklink|Talk]] </td><td> block </td><td> {{int:Blocklink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklistline&action=edit blocklistline]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blocklistline|Talk]] </td><td> $1, $2 blocked $3 (expires $4) </td><td> {{int:Blocklistline}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklogentry&action=edit blocklogentry]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blocklogentry|Talk]] </td><td> blocked &quot;$1&quot; with an expiry time of $2 </td><td> {{int:Blocklogentry}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklogpage&action=edit blocklogpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blocklogpage|Talk]] </td><td> Block_log </td><td> {{int:Blocklogpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Blocklogtext&action=edit blocklogtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Blocklogtext|Talk]] </td><td> This is a log of user blocking and unblocking actions. Automatically blocked IP addresses are not be listed. See the &#91;&#91;Special:Ipblocklist&#124;IP block list]] for the list of currently operational bans and blocks. </td><td> {{int:Blocklogtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bold_sample&action=edit bold_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bold_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Bold text </td><td> {{int:Bold_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bold_tip&action=edit bold_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bold_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Bold text </td><td> {{int:Bold_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Booksources&action=edit booksources]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Booksources|Talk]] </td><td> Book sources </td><td> {{int:Booksources}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Booksourcetext&action=edit booksourcetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Booksourcetext|Talk]] </td><td> Below is a list of links to other sites that sell new and used books, and may also have further information about books you are looking for.Wikipedia is not affiliated with any of these businesses, and this list should not be construed as an endorsement. </td><td> {{int:Booksourcetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Brokenredirects&action=edit brokenredirects]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Brokenredirects|Talk]] </td><td> Broken Redirects </td><td> {{int:Brokenredirects}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Brokenredirectstext&action=edit brokenredirectstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Brokenredirectstext|Talk]] </td><td> The following redirects link to a non-existing pages. </td><td> {{int:Brokenredirectstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bugreports&action=edit bugreports]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bugreports|Talk]] </td><td> Bug reports </td><td> {{int:Bugreports}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bugreportspage&action=edit bugreportspage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bugreportspage|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:Bug_reports </td><td> {{int:Bugreportspage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bureaucratlog&action=edit bureaucratlog]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bureaucratlog|Talk]] </td><td> Bureaucrat_log </td><td> {{int:Bureaucratlog}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bureaucratlogentry&action=edit bureaucratlogentry]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bureaucratlogentry|Talk]] </td><td> Rights for user &quot;$1&quot; set &quot;$2&quot; </td><td> {{int:Bureaucratlogentry}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bureaucrattext&action=edit bureaucrattext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bureaucrattext|Talk]] </td><td> The action you have requested can only be performed by sysops with &quot;bureaucrat&quot; status. </td><td> {{int:Bureaucrattext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bureaucrattitle&action=edit bureaucrattitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bureaucrattitle|Talk]] </td><td> Bureaucrat access required </td><td> {{int:Bureaucrattitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bydate&action=edit bydate]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bydate|Talk]] </td><td> by date </td><td> {{int:Bydate}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Byname&action=edit byname]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Byname|Talk]] </td><td> by name </td><td> {{int:Byname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Bysize&action=edit bysize]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Bysize|Talk]] </td><td> by size </td><td> {{int:Bysize}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cachederror&action=edit cachederror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Cachederror|Talk]] </td><td> The following is a cached copy of the requested page, and may not be up to date. </td><td> {{int:Cachederror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cancel&action=edit cancel]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Cancel|Talk]] </td><td> Cancel </td><td> {{int:Cancel}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cannotdelete&action=edit cannotdelete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Cannotdelete|Talk]] </td><td> Could not delete the page or image specified. (It may have already been deleted by someone else.) </td><td> {{int:Cannotdelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cantrollback&action=edit cantrollback]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Cantrollback|Talk]] </td><td> Cannot revert edit; last contributor is only author of this page. </td><td> {{int:Cantrollback}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Categories&action=edit categories]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Categories|Talk]] </td><td> Categories </td><td> {{int:Categories}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Category&action=edit category]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Category|Talk]] </td><td> category </td><td> {{int:Category}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Category_header&action=edit category_header]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Category_header|Talk]] </td><td> Articles in category &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{int:Category_header}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Changepassword&action=edit changepassword]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Changepassword|Talk]] </td><td> Change password </td><td> {{int:Changepassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Changes&action=edit changes]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Changes|Talk]] </td><td> changes </td><td> {{int:Changes}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Columns&action=edit columns]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Columns|Talk]] </td><td> Columns </td><td> {{int:Columns}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Commentedit&action=edit commentedit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Commentedit|Talk]] </td><td> (comment) </td><td> {{int:Commentedit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Compareselectedversions&action=edit compareselectedversions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Compareselectedversions|Talk]] </td><td> Compare selected versions </td><td> {{int:Compareselectedversions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirm&action=edit confirm]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirm|Talk]] </td><td> Confirm </td><td> {{int:Confirm}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmcheck&action=edit confirmcheck]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmcheck|Talk]] </td><td> Yes, I really want to delete this. </td><td> {{int:Confirmcheck}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmdelete&action=edit confirmdelete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmdelete|Talk]] </td><td> Confirm delete </td><td> {{int:Confirmdelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmdeletetext&action=edit confirmdeletetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmdeletetext|Talk]] </td><td> You are about to permanently delete a page or image along with all of its history from the database. Please confirm that you intend to do this, that you understand the consequences, and that you are doing this in accordance with &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Policy]]. </td><td> {{int:Confirmdeletetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmprotect&action=edit confirmprotect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmprotect|Talk]] </td><td> Confirm protection </td><td> {{int:Confirmprotect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmprotecttext&action=edit confirmprotecttext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmprotecttext|Talk]] </td><td> Do you really want to protect this page? </td><td> {{int:Confirmprotecttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmunprotect&action=edit confirmunprotect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmunprotect|Talk]] </td><td> Confirm unprotection </td><td> {{int:Confirmunprotect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Confirmunprotecttext&action=edit confirmunprotecttext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Confirmunprotecttext|Talk]] </td><td> Do you really want to unprotect this page? </td><td> {{int:Confirmunprotecttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contextchars&action=edit contextchars]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Contextchars|Talk]] </td><td> Characters of context per line </td><td> {{int:Contextchars}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contextlines&action=edit contextlines]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Contextlines|Talk]] </td><td> Lines to show per hit </td><td> {{int:Contextlines}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contribslink&action=edit contribslink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Contribslink|Talk]] </td><td> contribs </td><td> {{int:Contribslink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contribsub&action=edit contribsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Contribsub|Talk]] </td><td> For $1 </td><td> {{int:Contribsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Contributions&action=edit contributions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Contributions|Talk]] </td><td> User contributions </td><td> {{int:Contributions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Copyright&action=edit copyright]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Copyright|Talk]] </td><td> Content is available under $1. </td><td> {{int:Copyright}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Copyrightpage&action=edit copyrightpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Copyrightpage|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:Copyrights </td><td> {{int:Copyrightpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Copyrightpagename&action=edit copyrightpagename]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Copyrightpagename|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia copyright </td><td> {{int:Copyrightpagename}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Copyrightwarning&action=edit copyrightwarning]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Copyrightwarning|Talk]] </td><td> Please note that all contributions to Wikipedia are considered to be released under the GNU Free Documentation License (see $1 for details). If you don&#39;t want your writing to be edited mercilessly and redistributed at will, then don&#39;t submit it here.&lt;br /&gt; You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource. &lt;strong&gt;DO NOT SUBMIT COPYRIGHTED WORK WITHOUT PERMISSION!&lt;/strong&gt; </td><td> {{int:Copyrightwarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Couldntremove&action=edit couldntremove]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Couldntremove|Talk]] </td><td> Couldn&#39;t remove item &#39;$1&#39;... </td><td> {{int:Couldntremove}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Createaccount&action=edit createaccount]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Createaccount|Talk]] </td><td> Create new account </td><td> {{int:Createaccount}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Createaccountmail&action=edit createaccountmail]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Createaccountmail|Talk]] </td><td> by email </td><td> {{int:Createaccountmail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Cur&action=edit cur]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Cur|Talk]] </td><td> cur </td><td> {{int:Cur}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Currentevents&action=edit currentevents]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Currentevents|Talk]] </td><td> Current events </td><td> {{int:Currentevents}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Currentrev&action=edit currentrev]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Currentrev|Talk]] </td><td> Current revision </td><td> {{int:Currentrev}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Databaseerror&action=edit databaseerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Databaseerror|Talk]] </td><td> Database error </td><td> {{int:Databaseerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dateformat&action=edit dateformat]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Dateformat|Talk]] </td><td> Date format </td><td> {{int:Dateformat}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dberrortext&action=edit dberrortext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Dberrortext|Talk]] </td><td> A database query syntax error has occurred. This could be because of an illegal search query (see $5), or it may indicate a bug in the software. The last attempted database query was: &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;tt&gt;$1&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; from within function &quot;&lt;tt&gt;$2&lt;/tt&gt;&quot;. MySQL returned error &quot;&lt;tt&gt;$3: $4&lt;/tt&gt;&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Dberrortext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dberrortextcl&action=edit dberrortextcl]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Dberrortextcl|Talk]] </td><td> A database query syntax error has occurred. The last attempted database query was: &quot;$1&quot; from within function &quot;$2&quot;. MySQL returned error &quot;$3: $4&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Dberrortextcl}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deadendpages&action=edit deadendpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deadendpages|Talk]] </td><td> Dead-end pages </td><td> {{int:Deadendpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Debug&action=edit debug]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Debug|Talk]] </td><td> Debug </td><td> {{int:Debug}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Defaultns&action=edit defaultns]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Defaultns|Talk]] </td><td> Search in these namespaces by default: </td><td> {{int:Defaultns}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Defemailsubject&action=edit defemailsubject]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Defemailsubject|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia e-mail </td><td> {{int:Defemailsubject}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Delete&action=edit delete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Delete|Talk]] </td><td> Delete </td><td> {{int:Delete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletecomment&action=edit deletecomment]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deletecomment|Talk]] </td><td> Reason for deletion </td><td> {{int:Deletecomment}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletedarticle&action=edit deletedarticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deletedarticle|Talk]] </td><td> deleted &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{int:Deletedarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletedtext&action=edit deletedtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deletedtext|Talk]] </td><td> &quot;$1&quot; has been deleted. See $2 for a record of recent deletions. </td><td> {{int:Deletedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deleteimg&action=edit deleteimg]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deleteimg|Talk]] </td><td> del </td><td> {{int:Deleteimg}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletepage&action=edit deletepage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deletepage|Talk]] </td><td> Delete page </td><td> {{int:Deletepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletesub&action=edit deletesub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deletesub|Talk]] </td><td> (Deleting &quot;$1&quot;) </td><td> {{int:Deletesub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletethispage&action=edit deletethispage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deletethispage|Talk]] </td><td> Delete this page </td><td> {{int:Deletethispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Deletionlog&action=edit deletionlog]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Deletionlog|Talk]] </td><td> deletion log </td><td> {{int:Deletionlog}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dellogpage&action=edit dellogpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Dellogpage|Talk]] </td><td> Deletion_log </td><td> {{int:Dellogpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Dellogpagetext&action=edit dellogpagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Dellogpagetext|Talk]] </td><td> Below is a list of the most recent deletions. All times shown are server time (UTC). &lt;ul&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; </td><td> {{int:Dellogpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Developerspheading&action=edit developerspheading]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Developerspheading|Talk]] </td><td> For developer use only </td><td> {{int:Developerspheading}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Developertext&action=edit developertext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Developertext|Talk]] </td><td> The action you have requested can only be performed by users with &quot;developer&quot; status. See $1. </td><td> {{int:Developertext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Developertitle&action=edit developertitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Developertitle|Talk]] </td><td> Developer access required </td><td> {{int:Developertitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Diff&action=edit diff]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Diff|Talk]] </td><td> diff </td><td> {{int:Diff}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Difference&action=edit difference]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Difference|Talk]] </td><td> (Difference between revisions) </td><td> {{int:Difference}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disambiguations&action=edit disambiguations]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Disambiguations|Talk]] </td><td> Disambiguation pages </td><td> {{int:Disambiguations}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disambiguationspage&action=edit disambiguationspage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Disambiguationspage|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:Links_to_disambiguating_pages </td><td> {{int:Disambiguationspage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disambiguationstext&action=edit disambiguationstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Disambiguationstext|Talk]] </td><td> The following pages link to a &lt;i&gt;disambiguation page&lt;/i&gt;. They should link to the appropriate topic instead.&lt;br /&gt;A page is treated as dismbiguation if it is linked from $1.&lt;br /&gt;Links from other namespaces are &lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt; listed here. </td><td> {{int:Disambiguationstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disclaimerpage&action=edit disclaimerpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Disclaimerpage|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:General_disclaimer </td><td> {{int:Disclaimerpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Disclaimers&action=edit disclaimers]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Disclaimers|Talk]] </td><td> Disclaimers </td><td> {{int:Disclaimers}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Doubleredirects&action=edit doubleredirects]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Doubleredirects|Talk]] </td><td> Double Redirects </td><td> {{int:Doubleredirects}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Doubleredirectstext&action=edit doubleredirectstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Doubleredirectstext|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;Attention:&lt;/b&gt; This list may contain false positives. That usually means there is additional text with links below the first #REDIRECT.&lt;br /&gt; Each row contains links to the first and second redirect, as well as the first line of the second redirect text, usually giving the &quot;real&quot; target page, which the first redirect should point to. </td><td> {{int:Doubleredirectstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Edit&action=edit edit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Edit|Talk]] </td><td> Edit </td><td> {{int:Edit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editcomment&action=edit editcomment]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Editcomment|Talk]] </td><td> The edit comment was: &quot;&lt;i&gt;$1&lt;/i&gt;&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Editcomment}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editconflict&action=edit editconflict]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Editconflict|Talk]] </td><td> Edit conflict: $1 </td><td> {{int:Editconflict}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editcurrent&action=edit editcurrent]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Editcurrent|Talk]] </td><td> Edit the current version of this page </td><td> {{int:Editcurrent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Edithelp&action=edit edithelp]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Edithelp|Talk]] </td><td> Editing help </td><td> {{int:Edithelp}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Edithelppage&action=edit edithelppage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Edithelppage|Talk]] </td><td> Help:Editing </td><td> {{int:Edithelppage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editing&action=edit editing]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Editing|Talk]] </td><td> Editing $1 </td><td> {{int:Editing}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editingold&action=edit editingold]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Editingold|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;strong&gt;WARNING: You are editing an out-of-date revision of this page. If you save it, any changes made since this revision will be lost.&lt;/strong&gt; </td><td> {{int:Editingold}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editsection&action=edit editsection]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Editsection|Talk]] </td><td> edit </td><td> {{int:Editsection}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Editthispage&action=edit editthispage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Editthispage|Talk]] </td><td> Edit this page </td><td> {{int:Editthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailflag&action=edit emailflag]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailflag|Talk]] </td><td> Disable e-mail from other users </td><td> {{int:Emailflag}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailforlost&action=edit emailforlost]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailforlost|Talk]] </td><td> Fields marked with a star (*) are optional. Storing an email address enables people to contact you through the website without you having to reveal your email address to them, and it can be used to send you a new password if you forget it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Your real name, if you choose to provide it, will be used for giving you attribution for your work. </td><td> {{int:Emailforlost}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailfrom&action=edit emailfrom]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailfrom|Talk]] </td><td> From </td><td> {{int:Emailfrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailmessage&action=edit emailmessage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailmessage|Talk]] </td><td> Message </td><td> {{int:Emailmessage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailpage&action=edit emailpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailpage|Talk]] </td><td> E-mail user </td><td> {{int:Emailpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailpagetext&action=edit emailpagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailpagetext|Talk]] </td><td> If this user has entered a valid e-mail address in his or her user preferences, the form below will send a single message. The e-mail address you entered in your user preferences will appear as the &quot;From&quot; address of the mail, so the recipient will be able to reply. </td><td> {{int:Emailpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailsend&action=edit emailsend]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailsend|Talk]] </td><td> Send </td><td> {{int:Emailsend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailsent&action=edit emailsent]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailsent|Talk]] </td><td> E-mail sent </td><td> {{int:Emailsent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailsenttext&action=edit emailsenttext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailsenttext|Talk]] </td><td> Your e-mail message has been sent. </td><td> {{int:Emailsenttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailsubject&action=edit emailsubject]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailsubject|Talk]] </td><td> Subject </td><td> {{int:Emailsubject}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailto&action=edit emailto]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailto|Talk]] </td><td> To </td><td> {{int:Emailto}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Emailuser&action=edit emailuser]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Emailuser|Talk]] </td><td> E-mail this user </td><td> {{int:Emailuser}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Enterlockreason&action=edit enterlockreason]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Enterlockreason|Talk]] </td><td> Enter a reason for the lock, including an estimate of when the lock will be released </td><td> {{int:Enterlockreason}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Error&action=edit error]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Error|Talk]] </td><td> Error </td><td> {{int:Error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Errorpagetitle&action=edit errorpagetitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Errorpagetitle|Talk]] </td><td> Error </td><td> {{int:Errorpagetitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Exbeforeblank&action=edit exbeforeblank]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Exbeforeblank|Talk]] </td><td> content before blanking was: </td><td> {{int:Exbeforeblank}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Exblank&action=edit exblank]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Exblank|Talk]] </td><td> page was empty </td><td> {{int:Exblank}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Excontent&action=edit excontent]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Excontent|Talk]] </td><td> content was: </td><td> {{int:Excontent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Explainconflict&action=edit explainconflict]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Explainconflict|Talk]] </td><td> Someone else has changed this page since you started editing it. The upper text area contains the page text as it currently exists. Your changes are shown in the lower text area. You will have to merge your changes into the existing text. &lt;b&gt;Only&lt;/b&gt; the text in the upper text area will be saved when you press &quot;Save page&quot;. &lt;p&gt; </td><td> {{int:Explainconflict}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Export&action=edit export]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Export|Talk]] </td><td> Export pages </td><td> {{int:Export}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Exportcuronly&action=edit exportcuronly]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Exportcuronly|Talk]] </td><td> Include only the current revision, not the full history </td><td> {{int:Exportcuronly}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Exporttext&action=edit exporttext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Exporttext|Talk]] </td><td> You can export the text and editing history of a particular page or set of pages wrapped in some XML; this can then be imported into another wiki running MediaWiki software, transformed, or just kept for your private amusement. </td><td> {{int:Exporttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Extlink_sample&action=edit extlink_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Extlink_sample|Talk]] </td><td> http&#58;//www.example.com link title </td><td> {{int:Extlink_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Extlink_tip&action=edit extlink_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Extlink_tip|Talk]] </td><td> External link (remember http&#58;// prefix) </td><td> {{int:Extlink_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Faq&action=edit faq]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Faq|Talk]] </td><td> FAQ </td><td> {{int:Faq}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Faqpage&action=edit faqpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Faqpage|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:FAQ </td><td> {{int:Faqpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Feedlinks&action=edit feedlinks]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Feedlinks|Talk]] </td><td> Feed: </td><td> {{int:Feedlinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filecopyerror&action=edit filecopyerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filecopyerror|Talk]] </td><td> Could not copy file &quot;$1&quot; to &quot;$2&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Filecopyerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filedeleteerror&action=edit filedeleteerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filedeleteerror|Talk]] </td><td> Could not delete file &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Filedeleteerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filedesc&action=edit filedesc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filedesc|Talk]] </td><td> Summary </td><td> {{int:Filedesc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filename&action=edit filename]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filename|Talk]] </td><td> Filename </td><td> {{int:Filename}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filenotfound&action=edit filenotfound]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filenotfound|Talk]] </td><td> Could not find file &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Filenotfound}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filerenameerror&action=edit filerenameerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filerenameerror|Talk]] </td><td> Could not rename file &quot;$1&quot; to &quot;$2&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Filerenameerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filesource&action=edit filesource]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filesource|Talk]] </td><td> Source </td><td> {{int:Filesource}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Filestatus&action=edit filestatus]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Filestatus|Talk]] </td><td> Copyright status </td><td> {{int:Filestatus}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Fileuploaded&action=edit fileuploaded]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Fileuploaded|Talk]] </td><td> File &quot;$1&quot; uploaded successfully. Please follow this link: $2 to the description page and fill in information about the file, such as where it came from, when it was created and by whom, and anything else you may know about it. </td><td> {{int:Fileuploaded}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Formerror&action=edit formerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Formerror|Talk]] </td><td> Error: could not submit form </td><td> {{int:Formerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Fromwikipedia&action=edit fromwikipedia]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Fromwikipedia|Talk]] </td><td> From Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Fromwikipedia}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Getimagelist&action=edit getimagelist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Getimagelist|Talk]] </td><td> fetching image list </td><td> {{int:Getimagelist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Go&action=edit go]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Go|Talk]] </td><td> Go </td><td> {{int:Go}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Googlesearch&action=edit googlesearch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Googlesearch|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;!-- SiteSearch Google --&gt; &lt;FORM method=GET action=&quot;http&#58;//www.google.com/search&quot;&gt; &lt;TABLE bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt; &lt;A HREF=&quot;http&#58;//www.google.com/&quot;&gt; &lt;IMG SRC=&quot;http&#58;//www.google.com/logos/Logo_40wht.gif&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; ALT=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;&lt;/A&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;INPUT TYPE=text name=q size=31 maxlength=255 value=&quot;$1&quot;&gt; &lt;INPUT type=submit name=btnG VALUE=&quot;Google Search&quot;&gt; &lt;font size=-1&gt; &lt;input type=hidden name=domains value=&quot;{{SERVER}}&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&quot;&quot;&gt; WWW &lt;input type=radio name=sitesearch value=&quot;{{SERVER}}&quot; checked&gt; {{SERVER}} &lt;br /&gt; &lt;input type=&#39;hidden&#39; name=&#39;ie&#39; value=&#39;$2&#39;&gt; &lt;input type=&#39;hidden&#39; name=&#39;oe&#39; value=&#39;$2&#39;&gt; &lt;/font&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/TABLE&gt; &lt;/FORM&gt; &lt;!-- SiteSearch Google --&gt; </td><td> {{int:Googlesearch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Guesstimezone&action=edit guesstimezone]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Guesstimezone|Talk]] </td><td> Fill in from browser </td><td> {{int:Guesstimezone}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Headline_sample&action=edit headline_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Headline_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Headline text </td><td> {{int:Headline_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Headline_tip&action=edit headline_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Headline_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Level 2 headline </td><td> {{int:Headline_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Help&action=edit help]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Help|Talk]] </td><td> Help </td><td> {{int:Help}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Helppage&action=edit helppage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Helppage|Talk]] </td><td> Help:Contents </td><td> {{int:Helppage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Hide&action=edit hide]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Hide|Talk]] </td><td> hide </td><td> {{int:Hide}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Hidetoc&action=edit hidetoc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Hidetoc|Talk]] </td><td> hide </td><td> {{int:Hidetoc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Hist&action=edit hist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Hist|Talk]] </td><td> hist </td><td> {{int:Hist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Histlegend&action=edit histlegend]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Histlegend|Talk]] </td><td> Diff selection: mark the radio boxes of the versions to compare and hit enter or the button at the bottom.&lt;br/&gt; Legend: (cur) = difference with current version, (last) = difference with preceding version, M = minor edit. </td><td> {{int:Histlegend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:History&action=edit history]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:History|Talk]] </td><td> Page history </td><td> {{int:History}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:History_short&action=edit history_short]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:History_short|Talk]] </td><td> History </td><td> {{int:History_short}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Historywarning&action=edit historywarning]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Historywarning|Talk]] </td><td> Warning: The page you are about to delete has a history: </td><td> {{int:Historywarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Hr_tip&action=edit hr_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Hr_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Horizontal line (use sparingly) </td><td> {{int:Hr_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ignorewarning&action=edit ignorewarning]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ignorewarning|Talk]] </td><td> Ignore warning and save file anyway. </td><td> {{int:Ignorewarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ilshowmatch&action=edit ilshowmatch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ilshowmatch|Talk]] </td><td> Show all images with names matching </td><td> {{int:Ilshowmatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ilsubmit&action=edit ilsubmit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ilsubmit|Talk]] </td><td> Search </td><td> {{int:Ilsubmit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Image_sample&action=edit image_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Image_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Example.jpg </td><td> {{int:Image_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Image_tip&action=edit image_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Image_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Embedded image </td><td> {{int:Image_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagelinks&action=edit imagelinks]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imagelinks|Talk]] </td><td> Image links </td><td> {{int:Imagelinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagelist&action=edit imagelist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imagelist|Talk]] </td><td> Image list </td><td> {{int:Imagelist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagelisttext&action=edit imagelisttext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imagelisttext|Talk]] </td><td> Below is a list of $1 images sorted $2. </td><td> {{int:Imagelisttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagepage&action=edit imagepage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imagepage|Talk]] </td><td> View image page </td><td> {{int:Imagepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imagereverted&action=edit imagereverted]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imagereverted|Talk]] </td><td> Revert to earlier version was successful. </td><td> {{int:Imagereverted}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imgdelete&action=edit imgdelete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imgdelete|Talk]] </td><td> del </td><td> {{int:Imgdelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imgdesc&action=edit imgdesc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imgdesc|Talk]] </td><td> desc </td><td> {{int:Imgdesc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imghistlegend&action=edit imghistlegend]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imghistlegend|Talk]] </td><td> Legend: (cur) = this is the current image, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;Click on date to see image uploaded on that date&lt;/i&gt;. </td><td> {{int:Imghistlegend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imghistory&action=edit imghistory]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imghistory|Talk]] </td><td> Image history </td><td> {{int:Imghistory}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Imglegend&action=edit imglegend]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Imglegend|Talk]] </td><td> Legend: (desc) = show/edit image description. </td><td> {{int:Imglegend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Import&action=edit import]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Import|Talk]] </td><td> Import pages </td><td> {{int:Import}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Importfailed&action=edit importfailed]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Importfailed|Talk]] </td><td> Import failed: $1 </td><td> {{int:Importfailed}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Importhistoryconflict&action=edit importhistoryconflict]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Importhistoryconflict|Talk]] </td><td> Conflicting history revision exists (may have imported this page before) </td><td> {{int:Importhistoryconflict}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Importnotext&action=edit importnotext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Importnotext|Talk]] </td><td> Empty or no text </td><td> {{int:Importnotext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Importsuccess&action=edit importsuccess]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Importsuccess|Talk]] </td><td> Import succeeded! </td><td> {{int:Importsuccess}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Importtext&action=edit importtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Importtext|Talk]] </td><td> Please export the file from the source wiki using the Special:Export utility, save it to your disk and upload it here. </td><td> {{int:Importtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Infobox&action=edit infobox]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Infobox|Talk]] </td><td> Click a button to get an example text </td><td> {{int:Infobox}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Infobox_alert&action=edit infobox_alert]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Infobox_alert|Talk]] </td><td> Please enter the text you want to be formatted.\n It will be shown in the infobox for copy and pasting.\nExample:\n$1\nwill become:\n$2 </td><td> {{int:Infobox_alert}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Internalerror&action=edit internalerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Internalerror|Talk]] </td><td> Internal error </td><td> {{int:Internalerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Intl&action=edit intl]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Intl|Talk]] </td><td> Interlanguage links </td><td> {{int:Intl}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ip_range_invalid&action=edit ip_range_invalid]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ip_range_invalid|Talk]] </td><td> Invalid IP range. </td><td> {{int:Ip_range_invalid}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipaddress&action=edit ipaddress]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipaddress|Talk]] </td><td> IP Address/username </td><td> {{int:Ipaddress}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipb_expiry_invalid&action=edit ipb_expiry_invalid]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipb_expiry_invalid|Talk]] </td><td> Expiry time invalid. </td><td> {{int:Ipb_expiry_invalid}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipbexpiry&action=edit ipbexpiry]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipbexpiry|Talk]] </td><td> Expiry </td><td> {{int:Ipbexpiry}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipblocklist&action=edit ipblocklist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipblocklist|Talk]] </td><td> List of blocked IP addresses and usernames </td><td> {{int:Ipblocklist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipbreason&action=edit ipbreason]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipbreason|Talk]] </td><td> Reason </td><td> {{int:Ipbreason}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipbsubmit&action=edit ipbsubmit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipbsubmit|Talk]] </td><td> Block this user </td><td> {{int:Ipbsubmit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipusubmit&action=edit ipusubmit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipusubmit|Talk]] </td><td> Unblock this address </td><td> {{int:Ipusubmit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ipusuccess&action=edit ipusuccess]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ipusuccess|Talk]] </td><td> &quot;$1&quot; unblocked </td><td> {{int:Ipusuccess}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Isbn&action=edit isbn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Isbn|Talk]] </td><td> ISBN </td><td> {{int:Isbn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Isredirect&action=edit isredirect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Isredirect|Talk]] </td><td> redirect page </td><td> {{int:Isredirect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Italic_sample&action=edit italic_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Italic_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Italic text </td><td> {{int:Italic_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Italic_tip&action=edit italic_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Italic_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Italic text </td><td> {{int:Italic_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Iteminvalidname&action=edit iteminvalidname]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Iteminvalidname|Talk]] </td><td> Problem with item &#39;$1&#39;, invalid name... </td><td> {{int:Iteminvalidname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Largefile&action=edit largefile]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Largefile|Talk]] </td><td> It is recommended that images not exceed 100k in size. </td><td> {{int:Largefile}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Last&action=edit last]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Last|Talk]] </td><td> last </td><td> {{int:Last}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lastmodified&action=edit lastmodified]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lastmodified|Talk]] </td><td> This page was last modified $1. </td><td> {{int:Lastmodified}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lastmodifiedby&action=edit lastmodifiedby]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lastmodifiedby|Talk]] </td><td> This page was last modified $1 by $2. </td><td> {{int:Lastmodifiedby}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lineno&action=edit lineno]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lineno|Talk]] </td><td> Line $1: </td><td> {{int:Lineno}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Link_sample&action=edit link_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Link_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Link title </td><td> {{int:Link_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Link_tip&action=edit link_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Link_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Internal link </td><td> {{int:Link_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Linklistsub&action=edit linklistsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Linklistsub|Talk]] </td><td> (List of links) </td><td> {{int:Linklistsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Linkshere&action=edit linkshere]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Linkshere|Talk]] </td><td> The following pages link to here: </td><td> {{int:Linkshere}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Linkstoimage&action=edit linkstoimage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Linkstoimage|Talk]] </td><td> The following pages link to this image: </td><td> {{int:Linkstoimage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Linktrail&action=edit linktrail]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Linktrail|Talk]] </td><td> /^(&#91;a-z]+)(.*)$/sD </td><td> {{int:Linktrail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Listform&action=edit listform]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Listform|Talk]] </td><td> list </td><td> {{int:Listform}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Listusers&action=edit listusers]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Listusers|Talk]] </td><td> User list </td><td> {{int:Listusers}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loadhist&action=edit loadhist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loadhist|Talk]] </td><td> Loading page history </td><td> {{int:Loadhist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loadingrev&action=edit loadingrev]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loadingrev|Talk]] </td><td> loading revision for diff </td><td> {{int:Loadingrev}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Localtime&action=edit localtime]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Localtime|Talk]] </td><td> Local time display </td><td> {{int:Localtime}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockbtn&action=edit lockbtn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lockbtn|Talk]] </td><td> Lock database </td><td> {{int:Lockbtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockconfirm&action=edit lockconfirm]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lockconfirm|Talk]] </td><td> Yes, I really want to lock the database. </td><td> {{int:Lockconfirm}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockdb&action=edit lockdb]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lockdb|Talk]] </td><td> Lock database </td><td> {{int:Lockdb}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockdbsuccesssub&action=edit lockdbsuccesssub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lockdbsuccesssub|Talk]] </td><td> Database lock succeeded </td><td> {{int:Lockdbsuccesssub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockdbsuccesstext&action=edit lockdbsuccesstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lockdbsuccesstext|Talk]] </td><td> The database has been locked. &lt;br /&gt;Remember to remove the lock after your maintenance is complete. </td><td> {{int:Lockdbsuccesstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lockdbtext&action=edit lockdbtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lockdbtext|Talk]] </td><td> Locking the database will suspend the ability of all users to edit pages, change their preferences, edit their watchlists, and other things requiring changes in the database. Please confirm that this is what you intend to do, and that you will unlock the database when your maintenance is done. </td><td> {{int:Lockdbtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Locknoconfirm&action=edit locknoconfirm]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Locknoconfirm|Talk]] </td><td> You did not check the confirmation box. </td><td> {{int:Locknoconfirm}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Login&action=edit login]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Login|Talk]] </td><td> Log in </td><td> {{int:Login}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginend&action=edit loginend]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginend|Talk]] </td><td> &amp;nbsp; </td><td> {{int:Loginend}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginerror&action=edit loginerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginerror|Talk]] </td><td> Login error </td><td> {{int:Loginerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginpagetitle&action=edit loginpagetitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginpagetitle|Talk]] </td><td> User login </td><td> {{int:Loginpagetitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginproblem&action=edit loginproblem]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginproblem|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;There has been a problem with your login.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Try again! </td><td> {{int:Loginproblem}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginprompt&action=edit loginprompt]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginprompt|Talk]] </td><td> You must have cookies enabled to log in to Wikipedia. </td><td> {{int:Loginprompt}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginreqtext&action=edit loginreqtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginreqtext|Talk]] </td><td> You must &#91;&#91;special:Userlogin&#124;login]] to view other pages. </td><td> {{int:Loginreqtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginreqtitle&action=edit loginreqtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginreqtitle|Talk]] </td><td> Login Required </td><td> {{int:Loginreqtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginsuccess&action=edit loginsuccess]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginsuccess|Talk]] </td><td> You are now logged in to Wikipedia as &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Loginsuccess}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Loginsuccesstitle&action=edit loginsuccesstitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Loginsuccesstitle|Talk]] </td><td> Login successful </td><td> {{int:Loginsuccesstitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Logout&action=edit logout]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Logout|Talk]] </td><td> Log out </td><td> {{int:Logout}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Logouttext&action=edit logouttext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Logouttext|Talk]] </td><td> You are now logged out. You can continue to use Wikipedia anonymously, or you can log in again as the same or as a different user. Note that some pages may continue to be displayed as if you were still logged in, until you clear your browser cache </td><td> {{int:Logouttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Logouttitle&action=edit logouttitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Logouttitle|Talk]] </td><td> User logout </td><td> {{int:Logouttitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Lonelypages&action=edit lonelypages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Lonelypages|Talk]] </td><td> Orphaned pages </td><td> {{int:Lonelypages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Longpages&action=edit longpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Longpages|Talk]] </td><td> Long pages </td><td> {{int:Longpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Longpagewarning&action=edit longpagewarning]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Longpagewarning|Talk]] </td><td> WARNING: This page is $1 kilobytes long; some browsers may have problems editing pages approaching or longer than 32kb. Please consider breaking the page into smaller sections. </td><td> {{int:Longpagewarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mailerror&action=edit mailerror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mailerror|Talk]] </td><td> Error sending mail: $1 </td><td> {{int:Mailerror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mailmypassword&action=edit mailmypassword]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mailmypassword|Talk]] </td><td> Mail me a new password </td><td> {{int:Mailmypassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mailnologin&action=edit mailnologin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mailnologin|Talk]] </td><td> No send address </td><td> {{int:Mailnologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mailnologintext&action=edit mailnologintext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mailnologintext|Talk]] </td><td> You must be &lt;a href=&quot;{{localurl:Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; and have a valid e-mail address in your &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Preferences&quot;&gt;preferences&lt;/a&gt; to send e-mail to other users. </td><td> {{int:Mailnologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mainpage&action=edit mainpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mainpage|Talk]] </td><td> Main Page </td><td> {{int:Mainpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mainpagedocfooter&action=edit mainpagedocfooter]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mainpagedocfooter|Talk]] </td><td> Please see &#91;http&#58;//meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_i18n documentation on customizing the interface] and the &#91;http&#58;//meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_User%27s_Guide User&#39;s Guide] for usage and configuration help. </td><td> {{int:Mainpagedocfooter}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mainpagetext&action=edit mainpagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mainpagetext|Talk]] </td><td> Wiki software successfully installed. </td><td> {{int:Mainpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Maintenance&action=edit maintenance]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Maintenance|Talk]] </td><td> Maintenance page </td><td> {{int:Maintenance}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Maintenancebacklink&action=edit maintenancebacklink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Maintenancebacklink|Talk]] </td><td> Back to Maintenance Page </td><td> {{int:Maintenancebacklink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Maintnancepagetext&action=edit maintnancepagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Maintnancepagetext|Talk]] </td><td> This page includes several handy tools for everyday maintenance. Some of these functions tend to stress the database, so please do not hit reload after every item you fixed ;-) </td><td> {{int:Maintnancepagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysop&action=edit makesysop]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysop|Talk]] </td><td> Make a user into a sysop </td><td> {{int:Makesysop}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysopfail&action=edit makesysopfail]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysopfail|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;User &quot;$1&quot; could not be made into a sysop. (Did you enter the name correctly?)&lt;/b&gt; </td><td> {{int:Makesysopfail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysopname&action=edit makesysopname]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysopname|Talk]] </td><td> Name of the user: </td><td> {{int:Makesysopname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysopok&action=edit makesysopok]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysopok|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;User &quot;$1&quot; is now a sysop&lt;/b&gt; </td><td> {{int:Makesysopok}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysopsubmit&action=edit makesysopsubmit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysopsubmit|Talk]] </td><td> Make this user into a sysop </td><td> {{int:Makesysopsubmit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysoptext&action=edit makesysoptext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysoptext|Talk]] </td><td> This form is used by bureaucrats to turn ordinary users into administrators. Type the name of the user in the box and press the button to make the user an administrator </td><td> {{int:Makesysoptext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Makesysoptitle&action=edit makesysoptitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Makesysoptitle|Talk]] </td><td> Make a user into a sysop </td><td> {{int:Makesysoptitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Matchtotals&action=edit matchtotals]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Matchtotals|Talk]] </td><td> The query &quot;$1&quot; matched $2 page titles and the text of $3 pages. </td><td> {{int:Matchtotals}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math&action=edit math]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math|Talk]] </td><td> Rendering math </td><td> {{int:Math}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_bad_output&action=edit math_bad_output]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_bad_output|Talk]] </td><td> Can&#39;t write to or create math output directory </td><td> {{int:Math_bad_output}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_bad_tmpdir&action=edit math_bad_tmpdir]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_bad_tmpdir|Talk]] </td><td> Can&#39;t write to or create math temp directory </td><td> {{int:Math_bad_tmpdir}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_failure&action=edit math_failure]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_failure|Talk]] </td><td> Failed to parse </td><td> {{int:Math_failure}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_image_error&action=edit math_image_error]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_image_error|Talk]] </td><td> PNG conversion failed; check for correct installation of latex, dvips, gs, and convert </td><td> {{int:Math_image_error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_lexing_error&action=edit math_lexing_error]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_lexing_error|Talk]] </td><td> lexing error </td><td> {{int:Math_lexing_error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_notexvc&action=edit math_notexvc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_notexvc|Talk]] </td><td> Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure. </td><td> {{int:Math_notexvc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_sample&action=edit math_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Insert formula here </td><td> {{int:Math_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_syntax_error&action=edit math_syntax_error]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_syntax_error|Talk]] </td><td> syntax error </td><td> {{int:Math_syntax_error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_tip&action=edit math_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Mathematical formula (LaTeX) </td><td> {{int:Math_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_unknown_error&action=edit math_unknown_error]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_unknown_error|Talk]] </td><td> unknown error </td><td> {{int:Math_unknown_error}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Math_unknown_function&action=edit math_unknown_function]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Math_unknown_function|Talk]] </td><td> unknown function </td><td> {{int:Math_unknown_function}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Media_sample&action=edit media_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Media_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Example.mp3 </td><td> {{int:Media_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Media_tip&action=edit media_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Media_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Media file link </td><td> {{int:Media_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Minlength&action=edit minlength]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Minlength|Talk]] </td><td> Image names must be at least three letters. </td><td> {{int:Minlength}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Minoredit&action=edit minoredit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Minoredit|Talk]] </td><td> This is a minor edit </td><td> {{int:Minoredit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Minoreditletter&action=edit minoreditletter]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Minoreditletter|Talk]] </td><td> M </td><td> {{int:Minoreditletter}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mispeelings&action=edit mispeelings]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mispeelings|Talk]] </td><td> Pages with misspellings </td><td> {{int:Mispeelings}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mispeelingspage&action=edit mispeelingspage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mispeelingspage|Talk]] </td><td> List of common misspellings </td><td> {{int:Mispeelingspage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mispeelingstext&action=edit mispeelingstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mispeelingstext|Talk]] </td><td> The following pages contain a common misspelling, which are listed on $1. The correct spelling might be given (like this). </td><td> {{int:Mispeelingstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missingarticle&action=edit missingarticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Missingarticle|Talk]] </td><td> The database did not find the text of a page that it should have found, named &quot;$1&quot;. &lt;p&gt;This is usually caused by following an outdated diff or history link to a page that has been deleted. &lt;p&gt;If this is not the case, you may have found a bug in the software. Please report this to an administrator, making note of the URL. </td><td> {{int:Missingarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missingimage&action=edit missingimage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Missingimage|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;Missing image&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;$1&lt;/i&gt; </td><td> {{int:Missingimage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missinglanguagelinks&action=edit missinglanguagelinks]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Missinglanguagelinks|Talk]] </td><td> Missing Language Links </td><td> {{int:Missinglanguagelinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missinglanguagelinksbutton&action=edit missinglanguagelinksbutton]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Missinglanguagelinksbutton|Talk]] </td><td> Find missing language links for </td><td> {{int:Missinglanguagelinksbutton}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Missinglanguagelinkstext&action=edit missinglanguagelinkstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Missinglanguagelinkstext|Talk]] </td><td> These pages do &lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt; link to their counterpart in $1. Redirects and subpages are &lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt; shown. </td><td> {{int:Missinglanguagelinkstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Moredotdotdot&action=edit moredotdotdot]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Moredotdotdot|Talk]] </td><td> More... </td><td> {{int:Moredotdotdot}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Move&action=edit move]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Move|Talk]] </td><td> Move </td><td> {{int:Move}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movearticle&action=edit movearticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movearticle|Talk]] </td><td> Move page </td><td> {{int:Movearticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movedto&action=edit movedto]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movedto|Talk]] </td><td> moved to </td><td> {{int:Movedto}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movenologin&action=edit movenologin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movenologin|Talk]] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{int:Movenologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movenologintext&action=edit movenologintext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movenologintext|Talk]] </td><td> You must be a registered user and &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; to move a page. </td><td> {{int:Movenologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movepage&action=edit movepage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movepage|Talk]] </td><td> Move page </td><td> {{int:Movepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movepagebtn&action=edit movepagebtn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movepagebtn|Talk]] </td><td> Move page </td><td> {{int:Movepagebtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movepagetalktext&action=edit movepagetalktext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movepagetalktext|Talk]] </td><td> The associated talk page, if any, will be automatically moved along with it &#39;&#39;&#39;unless:&#39;&#39;&#39; *You are moving the page across namespaces, *A non-empty talk page already exists under the new name, or *You uncheck the box below. In those cases, you will have to move or merge the page manually if desired. </td><td> {{int:Movepagetalktext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movepagetext&action=edit movepagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movepagetext|Talk]] </td><td> Using the form below will rename a page, moving all of its history to the new name. The old title will become a redirect page to the new title. Links to the old page title will not be changed; be sure to &#91;&#91;Special:Maintenance&#124;check]] for double or broken redirects. You are responsible for making sure that links continue to point where they are supposed to go. Note that the page will &#39;&#39;&#39;not&#39;&#39;&#39; be moved if there is already a page at the new title, unless it is empty or a redirect and has no past edit history. This means that you can rename a page back to where it was just renamed from if you make a mistake, and you cannot overwrite an existing page. &lt;b&gt;WARNING!&lt;/b&gt; This can be a drastic and unexpected change for a popular page; please be sure you understand the consequences of this before proceeding. </td><td> {{int:Movepagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movetalk&action=edit movetalk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movetalk|Talk]] </td><td> Move &quot;talk&quot; page as well, if applicable. </td><td> {{int:Movetalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Movethispage&action=edit movethispage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Movethispage|Talk]] </td><td> Move this page </td><td> {{int:Movethispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mycontris&action=edit mycontris]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mycontris|Talk]] </td><td> My contributions </td><td> {{int:Mycontris}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mypage&action=edit mypage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mypage|Talk]] </td><td> My page </td><td> {{int:Mypage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Mytalk&action=edit mytalk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Mytalk|Talk]] </td><td> My talk </td><td> {{int:Mytalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Navigation&action=edit navigation]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Navigation|Talk]] </td><td> Navigation </td><td> {{int:Navigation}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nbytes&action=edit nbytes]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nbytes|Talk]] </td><td> $1 bytes </td><td> {{int:Nbytes}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nchanges&action=edit nchanges]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nchanges|Talk]] </td><td> $1 changes </td><td> {{int:Nchanges}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newarticle&action=edit newarticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newarticle|Talk]] </td><td> (New) </td><td> {{int:Newarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newarticletext&action=edit newarticletext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newarticletext|Talk]] </td><td> You&#39;ve followed a link to a page that doesn&#39;t exist yet. To create the page, start typing in the box below (see the &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Help&#124;help page]] for more info). If you are here by mistake, just click your browser&#39;s &#39;&#39;&#39;back&#39;&#39;&#39; button. </td><td> {{int:Newarticletext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newmessages&action=edit newmessages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newmessages|Talk]] </td><td> You have $1. </td><td> {{int:Newmessages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newmessageslink&action=edit newmessageslink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newmessageslink|Talk]] </td><td> new messages </td><td> {{int:Newmessageslink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newpage&action=edit newpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newpage|Talk]] </td><td> New page </td><td> {{int:Newpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newpageletter&action=edit newpageletter]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newpageletter|Talk]] </td><td> N </td><td> {{int:Newpageletter}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newpages&action=edit newpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newpages|Talk]] </td><td> New pages </td><td> {{int:Newpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newpassword&action=edit newpassword]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newpassword|Talk]] </td><td> New password </td><td> {{int:Newpassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newtitle&action=edit newtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newtitle|Talk]] </td><td> To new title </td><td> {{int:Newtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Newusersonly&action=edit newusersonly]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Newusersonly|Talk]] </td><td> (new users only) </td><td> {{int:Newusersonly}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Next&action=edit next]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Next|Talk]] </td><td> next </td><td> {{int:Next}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nextn&action=edit nextn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nextn|Talk]] </td><td> next $1 </td><td> {{int:Nextn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nlinks&action=edit nlinks]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nlinks|Talk]] </td><td> $1 links </td><td> {{int:Nlinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noaffirmation&action=edit noaffirmation]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noaffirmation|Talk]] </td><td> You must affirm that your upload does not violate any copyrights. </td><td> {{int:Noaffirmation}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noarticletext&action=edit noarticletext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noarticletext|Talk]] </td><td> (There is currently no text in this page) </td><td> {{int:Noarticletext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noblockreason&action=edit noblockreason]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noblockreason|Talk]] </td><td> You must supply a reason for the block. </td><td> {{int:Noblockreason}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noconnect&action=edit noconnect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noconnect|Talk]] </td><td> Sorry! The wiki is experiencing some technical difficulties, and cannot contact the database server. </td><td> {{int:Noconnect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nocontribs&action=edit nocontribs]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nocontribs|Talk]] </td><td> No changes were found matching these criteria. </td><td> {{int:Nocontribs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nocookieslogin&action=edit nocookieslogin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nocookieslogin|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia uses cookies to log in users. You have cookies disabled. Please enable them and try again. </td><td> {{int:Nocookieslogin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nocookiesnew&action=edit nocookiesnew]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nocookiesnew|Talk]] </td><td> The user account was created, but you are not logged in. Wikipedia uses cookies to log in users. You have cookies disabled. Please enable them, then log in with your new username and password. </td><td> {{int:Nocookiesnew}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nocreativecommons&action=edit nocreativecommons]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nocreativecommons|Talk]] </td><td> Creative Commons RDF metadata disabled for this server. </td><td> {{int:Nocreativecommons}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nodb&action=edit nodb]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nodb|Talk]] </td><td> Could not select database $1 </td><td> {{int:Nodb}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nodublincore&action=edit nodublincore]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nodublincore|Talk]] </td><td> Dublin Core RDF metadata disabled for this server. </td><td> {{int:Nodublincore}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noemail&action=edit noemail]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noemail|Talk]] </td><td> There is no e-mail address recorded for user &quot;$1&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Noemail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noemailtext&action=edit noemailtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noemailtext|Talk]] </td><td> This user has not specified a valid e-mail address, or has chosen not to receive e-mail from other users. </td><td> {{int:Noemailtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noemailtitle&action=edit noemailtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noemailtitle|Talk]] </td><td> No e-mail address </td><td> {{int:Noemailtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nogomatch&action=edit nogomatch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nogomatch|Talk]] </td><td> No page with this exact title exists, trying full text search. </td><td> {{int:Nogomatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nohistory&action=edit nohistory]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nohistory|Talk]] </td><td> There is no edit history for this page. </td><td> {{int:Nohistory}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nolinkshere&action=edit nolinkshere]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nolinkshere|Talk]] </td><td> No pages link to here. </td><td> {{int:Nolinkshere}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nolinkstoimage&action=edit nolinkstoimage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nolinkstoimage|Talk]] </td><td> There are no pages that link to this image. </td><td> {{int:Nolinkstoimage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Noname&action=edit noname]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Noname|Talk]] </td><td> You have not specified a valid user name. </td><td> {{int:Noname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nonefound&action=edit nonefound]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nonefound|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;strong&gt;Note&lt;/strong&gt;: unsuccessful searches are often caused by searching for common words like &quot;have&quot; and &quot;from&quot;, which are not indexed, or by specifying more than one search term (only pages containing all of the search terms will appear in the result). </td><td> {{int:Nonefound}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nospecialpagetext&action=edit nospecialpagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nospecialpagetext|Talk]] </td><td> You have requested a special page that is not recognized by the wiki. </td><td> {{int:Nospecialpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nosuchaction&action=edit nosuchaction]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nosuchaction|Talk]] </td><td> No such action </td><td> {{int:Nosuchaction}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nosuchactiontext&action=edit nosuchactiontext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nosuchactiontext|Talk]] </td><td> The action specified by the URL is not recognized by the wiki </td><td> {{int:Nosuchactiontext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nosuchspecialpage&action=edit nosuchspecialpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nosuchspecialpage|Talk]] </td><td> No such special page </td><td> {{int:Nosuchspecialpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nosuchuser&action=edit nosuchuser]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nosuchuser|Talk]] </td><td> There is no user by the name &quot;$1&quot;. Check your spelling, or use the form below to create a new user account. </td><td> {{int:Nosuchuser}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notacceptable&action=edit notacceptable]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Notacceptable|Talk]] </td><td> The wiki server can&#39;t provide data in a format your client can read. </td><td> {{int:Notacceptable}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notanarticle&action=edit notanarticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Notanarticle|Talk]] </td><td> Not a content page </td><td> {{int:Notanarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notargettext&action=edit notargettext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Notargettext|Talk]] </td><td> You have not specified a target page or user to perform this function on. </td><td> {{int:Notargettext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notargettitle&action=edit notargettitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Notargettitle|Talk]] </td><td> No target </td><td> {{int:Notargettitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Note&action=edit note]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Note|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;strong&gt;Note:&lt;/strong&gt; </td><td> {{int:Note}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notextmatches&action=edit notextmatches]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Notextmatches|Talk]] </td><td> No page text matches </td><td> {{int:Notextmatches}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notitlematches&action=edit notitlematches]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Notitlematches|Talk]] </td><td> No page title matches </td><td> {{int:Notitlematches}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Notloggedin&action=edit notloggedin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Notloggedin|Talk]] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{int:Notloggedin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nowatchlist&action=edit nowatchlist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nowatchlist|Talk]] </td><td> You have no items on your watchlist. </td><td> {{int:Nowatchlist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nowiki_sample&action=edit nowiki_sample]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nowiki_sample|Talk]] </td><td> Insert non-formatted text here </td><td> {{int:Nowiki_sample}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nowiki_tip&action=edit nowiki_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nowiki_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Ignore wiki formatting </td><td> {{int:Nowiki_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-category&action=edit nstab-category]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-category|Talk]] </td><td> Category </td><td> {{int:Nstab-category}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-help&action=edit nstab-help]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-help|Talk]] </td><td> Help </td><td> {{int:Nstab-help}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-image&action=edit nstab-image]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-image|Talk]] </td><td> Image </td><td> {{int:Nstab-image}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-main&action=edit nstab-main]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-main|Talk]] </td><td> Article </td><td> {{int:Nstab-main}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-media&action=edit nstab-media]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-media|Talk]] </td><td> Media </td><td> {{int:Nstab-media}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-mediawiki&action=edit nstab-mediawiki]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-mediawiki|Talk]] </td><td> Message </td><td> {{int:Nstab-mediawiki}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-special&action=edit nstab-special]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-special|Talk]] </td><td> Special </td><td> {{int:Nstab-special}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-template&action=edit nstab-template]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-template|Talk]] </td><td> Template </td><td> {{int:Nstab-template}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-user&action=edit nstab-user]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-user|Talk]] </td><td> User page </td><td> {{int:Nstab-user}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nstab-wp&action=edit nstab-wp]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nstab-wp|Talk]] </td><td> About </td><td> {{int:Nstab-wp}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Nviews&action=edit nviews]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Nviews|Talk]] </td><td> $1 views </td><td> {{int:Nviews}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ok&action=edit ok]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ok|Talk]] </td><td> OK </td><td> {{int:Ok}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Oldpassword&action=edit oldpassword]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Oldpassword|Talk]] </td><td> Old password </td><td> {{int:Oldpassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Orig&action=edit orig]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Orig|Talk]] </td><td> orig </td><td> {{int:Orig}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Orphans&action=edit orphans]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Orphans|Talk]] </td><td> Orphaned pages </td><td> {{int:Orphans}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Othercontribs&action=edit othercontribs]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Othercontribs|Talk]] </td><td> Based on work by $1. </td><td> {{int:Othercontribs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Otherlanguages&action=edit otherlanguages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Otherlanguages|Talk]] </td><td> Other languages </td><td> {{int:Otherlanguages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Pagemovedsub&action=edit pagemovedsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Pagemovedsub|Talk]] </td><td> Move succeeded </td><td> {{int:Pagemovedsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Pagemovedtext&action=edit pagemovedtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Pagemovedtext|Talk]] </td><td> Page &quot;&#91;&#91;$1]]&quot; moved to &quot;&#91;&#91;$2]]&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Pagemovedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Pagetitle&action=edit pagetitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Pagetitle|Talk]] </td><td> $1 - Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Pagetitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Passwordremindertext&action=edit passwordremindertext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Passwordremindertext|Talk]] </td><td> Someone (probably you, from IP address $1) requested that we send you a new Wikipedia login password. The password for user &quot;$2&quot; is now &quot;$3&quot;. You should log in and change your password now. </td><td> {{int:Passwordremindertext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Passwordremindertitle&action=edit passwordremindertitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Passwordremindertitle|Talk]] </td><td> Password reminder from Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Passwordremindertitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Passwordsent&action=edit passwordsent]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Passwordsent|Talk]] </td><td> A new password has been sent to the e-mail address registered for &quot;$1&quot;. Please log in again after you receive it. </td><td> {{int:Passwordsent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Perfcached&action=edit perfcached]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Perfcached|Talk]] </td><td> The following data is cached and may not be completely up to date: </td><td> {{int:Perfcached}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Perfdisabled&action=edit perfdisabled]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Perfdisabled|Talk]] </td><td> Sorry! This feature has been temporarily disabled because it slows the database down to the point that no one can use the wiki. </td><td> {{int:Perfdisabled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Perfdisabledsub&action=edit perfdisabledsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Perfdisabledsub|Talk]] </td><td> Here&#39;s a saved copy from $1: </td><td> {{int:Perfdisabledsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Personaltools&action=edit personaltools]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Personaltools|Talk]] </td><td> Personal tools </td><td> {{int:Personaltools}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Popularpages&action=edit popularpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Popularpages|Talk]] </td><td> Popular pages </td><td> {{int:Popularpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Portal&action=edit portal]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Portal|Talk]] </td><td> Community portal </td><td> {{int:Portal}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Portal-url&action=edit portal-url]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Portal-url|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:Community Portal </td><td> {{int:Portal-url}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Postcomment&action=edit postcomment]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Postcomment|Talk]] </td><td> Post a comment </td><td> {{int:Postcomment}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Poweredby&action=edit poweredby]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Poweredby|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia is powered by &#91;http&#58;//www.mediawiki.org/ MediaWiki], an open source wiki engine. </td><td> {{int:Poweredby}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Powersearch&action=edit powersearch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Powersearch|Talk]] </td><td> Search </td><td> {{int:Powersearch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Powersearchtext&action=edit powersearchtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Powersearchtext|Talk]] </td><td> Search in namespaces :&lt;br /&gt; $1&lt;br /&gt; $2 List redirects &amp;nbsp; Search for $3 $9 </td><td> {{int:Powersearchtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Preferences&action=edit preferences]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Preferences|Talk]] </td><td> Preferences </td><td> {{int:Preferences}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefs-help-userdata&action=edit prefs-help-userdata]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefs-help-userdata|Talk]] </td><td> * &lt;strong&gt;Real name&lt;/strong&gt; (optional): if you choose to provide it this will be used for giving you attribution for your work.&lt;br/&gt; * &lt;strong&gt;Email&lt;/strong&gt; (optional): Enables people to contact you through the website without you having to reveal your email address to them, and it can be used to send you a new password if you forget it. </td><td> {{int:Prefs-help-userdata}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefs-misc&action=edit prefs-misc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefs-misc|Talk]] </td><td> Misc settings </td><td> {{int:Prefs-misc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefs-personal&action=edit prefs-personal]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefs-personal|Talk]] </td><td> User data </td><td> {{int:Prefs-personal}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefs-rc&action=edit prefs-rc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefs-rc|Talk]] </td><td> Recent changes and stub display </td><td> {{int:Prefs-rc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefslogintext&action=edit prefslogintext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefslogintext|Talk]] </td><td> You are logged in as &quot;$1&quot;. Your internal ID number is $2. See &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:User preferences help]] for help deciphering the options. </td><td> {{int:Prefslogintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefsnologin&action=edit prefsnologin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefsnologin|Talk]] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{int:Prefsnologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefsnologintext&action=edit prefsnologintext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefsnologintext|Talk]] </td><td> You must be &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; to set user preferences. </td><td> {{int:Prefsnologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prefsreset&action=edit prefsreset]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prefsreset|Talk]] </td><td> Preferences have been reset from storage. </td><td> {{int:Prefsreset}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Preview&action=edit preview]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Preview|Talk]] </td><td> Preview </td><td> {{int:Preview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Previewconflict&action=edit previewconflict]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Previewconflict|Talk]] </td><td> This preview reflects the text in the upper text editing area as it will appear if you choose to save. </td><td> {{int:Previewconflict}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Previewnote&action=edit previewnote]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Previewnote|Talk]] </td><td> Remember that this is only a preview, and has not yet been saved! </td><td> {{int:Previewnote}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Prevn&action=edit prevn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Prevn|Talk]] </td><td> previous $1 </td><td> {{int:Prevn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Printableversion&action=edit printableversion]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Printableversion|Talk]] </td><td> Printable version </td><td> {{int:Printableversion}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Printsubtitle&action=edit printsubtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Printsubtitle|Talk]] </td><td> (From http&#58;//roa-rup.wikipedia.org) </td><td> {{int:Printsubtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protect&action=edit protect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protect|Talk]] </td><td> Protect </td><td> {{int:Protect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectcomment&action=edit protectcomment]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectcomment|Talk]] </td><td> Reason for protecting </td><td> {{int:Protectcomment}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectedarticle&action=edit protectedarticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectedarticle|Talk]] </td><td> protected &#91;&#91;$1]] </td><td> {{int:Protectedarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectedpage&action=edit protectedpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectedpage|Talk]] </td><td> Protected page </td><td> {{int:Protectedpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectedpagewarning&action=edit protectedpagewarning]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectedpagewarning|Talk]] </td><td> WARNING: This page has been locked so that only users with sysop privileges can edit it. Be sure you are following the &lt;a href=&#39;/w/wiki.phtml/Wikipedia:Protected_page_guidelines&#39;&gt;protected page guidelines&lt;/a&gt;. </td><td> {{int:Protectedpagewarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectedtext&action=edit protectedtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectedtext|Talk]] </td><td> This page has been locked to prevent editing; there are a number of reasons why this may be so, please see &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Protected page]]. You can view and copy the source of this page: </td><td> {{int:Protectedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectlogpage&action=edit protectlogpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectlogpage|Talk]] </td><td> Protection_log </td><td> {{int:Protectlogpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectlogtext&action=edit protectlogtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectlogtext|Talk]] </td><td> Below is a list of page locks/unlocks. See &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Protected page]] for more information. </td><td> {{int:Protectlogtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectpage&action=edit protectpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectpage|Talk]] </td><td> Protect page </td><td> {{int:Protectpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectreason&action=edit protectreason]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectreason|Talk]] </td><td> (give a reason) </td><td> {{int:Protectreason}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectsub&action=edit protectsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectsub|Talk]] </td><td> (Protecting &quot;$1&quot;) </td><td> {{int:Protectsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Protectthispage&action=edit protectthispage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Protectthispage|Talk]] </td><td> Protect this page </td><td> {{int:Protectthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Proxyblocker&action=edit proxyblocker]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Proxyblocker|Talk]] </td><td> Proxy blocker </td><td> {{int:Proxyblocker}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Proxyblockreason&action=edit proxyblockreason]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Proxyblockreason|Talk]] </td><td> Your IP address has been blocked because it is an open proxy. Please contact your Internet service provider or tech support and inform them of this serious security problem. </td><td> {{int:Proxyblockreason}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Proxyblocksuccess&action=edit proxyblocksuccess]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Proxyblocksuccess|Talk]] </td><td> Done. </td><td> {{int:Proxyblocksuccess}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbbrowse&action=edit qbbrowse]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbbrowse|Talk]] </td><td> Browse </td><td> {{int:Qbbrowse}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbedit&action=edit qbedit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbedit|Talk]] </td><td> Edit </td><td> {{int:Qbedit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbfind&action=edit qbfind]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbfind|Talk]] </td><td> Find </td><td> {{int:Qbfind}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbmyoptions&action=edit qbmyoptions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbmyoptions|Talk]] </td><td> My pages </td><td> {{int:Qbmyoptions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbpageinfo&action=edit qbpageinfo]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbpageinfo|Talk]] </td><td> Context </td><td> {{int:Qbpageinfo}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbpageoptions&action=edit qbpageoptions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbpageoptions|Talk]] </td><td> This page </td><td> {{int:Qbpageoptions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbsettings&action=edit qbsettings]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbsettings|Talk]] </td><td> Quickbar settings </td><td> {{int:Qbsettings}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Qbspecialpages&action=edit qbspecialpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Qbspecialpages|Talk]] </td><td> Special pages </td><td> {{int:Qbspecialpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Querybtn&action=edit querybtn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Querybtn|Talk]] </td><td> Submit query </td><td> {{int:Querybtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Querysuccessful&action=edit querysuccessful]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Querysuccessful|Talk]] </td><td> Query successful </td><td> {{int:Querysuccessful}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Randompage&action=edit randompage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Randompage|Talk]] </td><td> Random page </td><td> {{int:Randompage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Range_block_disabled&action=edit range_block_disabled]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Range_block_disabled|Talk]] </td><td> The sysop ability to create range blocks is disabled. </td><td> {{int:Range_block_disabled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rchide&action=edit rchide]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rchide|Talk]] </td><td> in $4 form; $1 minor edits; $2 secondary namespaces; $3 multiple edits. </td><td> {{int:Rchide}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rclinks&action=edit rclinks]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rclinks|Talk]] </td><td> Show last $1 changes in last $2 days&lt;br /&gt;$3 </td><td> {{int:Rclinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rclistfrom&action=edit rclistfrom]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rclistfrom|Talk]] </td><td> Show new changes starting from $1 </td><td> {{int:Rclistfrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rcliu&action=edit rcliu]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rcliu|Talk]] </td><td> ; $1 edits from logged in users </td><td> {{int:Rcliu}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rcloaderr&action=edit rcloaderr]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rcloaderr|Talk]] </td><td> Loading recent changes </td><td> {{int:Rcloaderr}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rclsub&action=edit rclsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rclsub|Talk]] </td><td> (to pages linked from &quot;$1&quot;) </td><td> {{int:Rclsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rcnote&action=edit rcnote]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rcnote|Talk]] </td><td> Below are the last &lt;strong&gt;$1&lt;/strong&gt; changes in last &lt;strong&gt;$2&lt;/strong&gt; days. </td><td> {{int:Rcnote}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rcnotefrom&action=edit rcnotefrom]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rcnotefrom|Talk]] </td><td> Below are the changes since &lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt; (up to &lt;b&gt;$1&lt;/b&gt; shown). </td><td> {{int:Rcnotefrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Readonly&action=edit readonly]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Readonly|Talk]] </td><td> Database locked </td><td> {{int:Readonly}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Readonlytext&action=edit readonlytext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Readonlytext|Talk]] </td><td> The database is currently locked to new entries and other modifications, probably for routine database maintenance, after which it will be back to normal. The administrator who locked it offered this explanation: &lt;p&gt;$1 </td><td> {{int:Readonlytext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Readonlywarning&action=edit readonlywarning]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Readonlywarning|Talk]] </td><td> WARNING: The database has been locked for maintenance, so you will not be able to save your edits right now. You may wish to cut-n-paste the text into a text file and save it for later. </td><td> {{int:Readonlywarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Recentchanges&action=edit recentchanges]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Recentchanges|Talk]] </td><td> Recent changes </td><td> {{int:Recentchanges}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Recentchangescount&action=edit recentchangescount]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Recentchangescount|Talk]] </td><td> Number of titles in recent changes </td><td> {{int:Recentchangescount}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Recentchangeslinked&action=edit recentchangeslinked]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Recentchangeslinked|Talk]] </td><td> Related changes </td><td> {{int:Recentchangeslinked}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Recentchangestext&action=edit recentchangestext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Recentchangestext|Talk]] </td><td> Track the most recent changes to the wiki on this page. </td><td> {{int:Recentchangestext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Redirectedfrom&action=edit redirectedfrom]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Redirectedfrom|Talk]] </td><td> (Redirected from $1) </td><td> {{int:Redirectedfrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Remembermypassword&action=edit remembermypassword]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Remembermypassword|Talk]] </td><td> Remember my password across sessions. </td><td> {{int:Remembermypassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Removechecked&action=edit removechecked]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Removechecked|Talk]] </td><td> Remove checked items from watchlist </td><td> {{int:Removechecked}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Removedwatch&action=edit removedwatch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Removedwatch|Talk]] </td><td> Removed from watchlist </td><td> {{int:Removedwatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Removedwatchtext&action=edit removedwatchtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Removedwatchtext|Talk]] </td><td> The page &quot;$1&quot; has been removed from your watchlist. </td><td> {{int:Removedwatchtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Removingchecked&action=edit removingchecked]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Removingchecked|Talk]] </td><td> Removing requested items from watchlist... </td><td> {{int:Removingchecked}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Resetprefs&action=edit resetprefs]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Resetprefs|Talk]] </td><td> Reset preferences </td><td> {{int:Resetprefs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Restorelink&action=edit restorelink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Restorelink|Talk]] </td><td> $1 deleted edits </td><td> {{int:Restorelink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Resultsperpage&action=edit resultsperpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Resultsperpage|Talk]] </td><td> Hits to show per page </td><td> {{int:Resultsperpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Retrievedfrom&action=edit retrievedfrom]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Retrievedfrom|Talk]] </td><td> Retrieved from &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{int:Retrievedfrom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Returnto&action=edit returnto]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Returnto|Talk]] </td><td> Return to $1. </td><td> {{int:Returnto}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Retypenew&action=edit retypenew]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Retypenew|Talk]] </td><td> Retype new password </td><td> {{int:Retypenew}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Reupload&action=edit reupload]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Reupload|Talk]] </td><td> Re-upload </td><td> {{int:Reupload}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Reuploaddesc&action=edit reuploaddesc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Reuploaddesc|Talk]] </td><td> Return to the upload form. </td><td> {{int:Reuploaddesc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Reverted&action=edit reverted]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Reverted|Talk]] </td><td> Reverted to earlier revision </td><td> {{int:Reverted}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revertimg&action=edit revertimg]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Revertimg|Talk]] </td><td> rev </td><td> {{int:Revertimg}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revertpage&action=edit revertpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Revertpage|Talk]] </td><td> Reverted edit of $2, changed back to last version by $1 </td><td> {{int:Revertpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revhistory&action=edit revhistory]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Revhistory|Talk]] </td><td> Revision history </td><td> {{int:Revhistory}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revisionasof&action=edit revisionasof]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Revisionasof|Talk]] </td><td> Revision as of $1 </td><td> {{int:Revisionasof}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revnotfound&action=edit revnotfound]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Revnotfound|Talk]] </td><td> Revision not found </td><td> {{int:Revnotfound}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Revnotfoundtext&action=edit revnotfoundtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Revnotfoundtext|Talk]] </td><td> The old revision of the page you asked for could not be found. Please check the URL you used to access this page. </td><td> {{int:Revnotfoundtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rfcurl&action=edit rfcurl]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rfcurl|Talk]] </td><td> http&#58;//www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc$1.html </td><td> {{int:Rfcurl}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rights&action=edit rights]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rights|Talk]] </td><td> Rights: </td><td> {{int:Rights}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rollback&action=edit rollback]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rollback|Talk]] </td><td> Roll back edits </td><td> {{int:Rollback}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rollback_short&action=edit rollback_short]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rollback_short|Talk]] </td><td> Rollback </td><td> {{int:Rollback_short}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rollbackfailed&action=edit rollbackfailed]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rollbackfailed|Talk]] </td><td> Rollback failed </td><td> {{int:Rollbackfailed}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rollbacklink&action=edit rollbacklink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rollbacklink|Talk]] </td><td> rollback </td><td> {{int:Rollbacklink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Rows&action=edit rows]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Rows|Talk]] </td><td> Rows </td><td> {{int:Rows}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Savearticle&action=edit savearticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Savearticle|Talk]] </td><td> Save page </td><td> {{int:Savearticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Savedprefs&action=edit savedprefs]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Savedprefs|Talk]] </td><td> Your preferences have been saved. </td><td> {{int:Savedprefs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Savefile&action=edit savefile]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Savefile|Talk]] </td><td> Save file </td><td> {{int:Savefile}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Saveprefs&action=edit saveprefs]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Saveprefs|Talk]] </td><td> Save preferences </td><td> {{int:Saveprefs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Search&action=edit search]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Search|Talk]] </td><td> Search </td><td> {{int:Search}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchdisabled&action=edit searchdisabled]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Searchdisabled|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;p&gt;Sorry! Full text search has been disabled temporarily, for performance reasons. In the meantime, you can use the Google search below, which may be out of date.&lt;/p&gt; </td><td> {{int:Searchdisabled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchhelppage&action=edit searchhelppage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Searchhelppage|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia:Searching </td><td> {{int:Searchhelppage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchingwikipedia&action=edit searchingwikipedia]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Searchingwikipedia|Talk]] </td><td> Searching Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Searchingwikipedia}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchquery&action=edit searchquery]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Searchquery|Talk]] </td><td> For query &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{int:Searchquery}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchresults&action=edit searchresults]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Searchresults|Talk]] </td><td> Search results </td><td> {{int:Searchresults}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchresultshead&action=edit searchresultshead]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Searchresultshead|Talk]] </td><td> Search result settings </td><td> {{int:Searchresultshead}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Searchresulttext&action=edit searchresulttext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Searchresulttext|Talk]] </td><td> For more information about searching Wikipedia, see $1. </td><td> {{int:Searchresulttext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sectionedit&action=edit sectionedit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sectionedit|Talk]] </td><td> (section) </td><td> {{int:Sectionedit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selectnewerversionfordiff&action=edit selectnewerversionfordiff]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Selectnewerversionfordiff|Talk]] </td><td> Select a newer version for comparison </td><td> {{int:Selectnewerversionfordiff}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selectolderversionfordiff&action=edit selectolderversionfordiff]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Selectolderversionfordiff|Talk]] </td><td> Select an older version for comparison </td><td> {{int:Selectolderversionfordiff}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selectonly&action=edit selectonly]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Selectonly|Talk]] </td><td> Only read-only queries are allowed. </td><td> {{int:Selectonly}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selflinks&action=edit selflinks]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Selflinks|Talk]] </td><td> Pages with Self Links </td><td> {{int:Selflinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Selflinkstext&action=edit selflinkstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Selflinkstext|Talk]] </td><td> The following pages contain a link to themselves, which they should not. </td><td> {{int:Selflinkstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Seriousxhtmlerrors&action=edit seriousxhtmlerrors]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Seriousxhtmlerrors|Talk]] </td><td> There were serious xhtml markup errors detected by tidy. </td><td> {{int:Seriousxhtmlerrors}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Servertime&action=edit servertime]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Servertime|Talk]] </td><td> Server time is now </td><td> {{int:Servertime}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Set_rights_fail&action=edit set_rights_fail]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Set_rights_fail|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;User rights for &quot;$1&quot; could not be set. (Did you enter the name correctly?)&lt;/b&gt; </td><td> {{int:Set_rights_fail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Set_user_rights&action=edit set_user_rights]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Set_user_rights|Talk]] </td><td> Set user rights </td><td> {{int:Set_user_rights}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Setbureaucratflag&action=edit setbureaucratflag]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Setbureaucratflag|Talk]] </td><td> Set bureaucrat flag </td><td> {{int:Setbureaucratflag}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Shortpages&action=edit shortpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Shortpages|Talk]] </td><td> Short pages </td><td> {{int:Shortpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Show&action=edit show]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Show|Talk]] </td><td> show </td><td> {{int:Show}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showhideminor&action=edit showhideminor]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Showhideminor|Talk]] </td><td> $1 minor edits &#124; $2 bots &#124; $3 logged in users </td><td> {{int:Showhideminor}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showingresults&action=edit showingresults]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Showingresults|Talk]] </td><td> Showing below &lt;b&gt;$1&lt;/b&gt; results starting with #&lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt;. </td><td> {{int:Showingresults}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showingresultsnum&action=edit showingresultsnum]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Showingresultsnum|Talk]] </td><td> Showing below &lt;b&gt;$3&lt;/b&gt; results starting with #&lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt;. </td><td> {{int:Showingresultsnum}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showlast&action=edit showlast]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Showlast|Talk]] </td><td> Show last $1 images sorted $2. </td><td> {{int:Showlast}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showpreview&action=edit showpreview]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Showpreview|Talk]] </td><td> Show preview </td><td> {{int:Showpreview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Showtoc&action=edit showtoc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Showtoc|Talk]] </td><td> show </td><td> {{int:Showtoc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sig_tip&action=edit sig_tip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sig_tip|Talk]] </td><td> Your signature with timestamp </td><td> {{int:Sig_tip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitestats&action=edit sitestats]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sitestats|Talk]] </td><td> Site statistics </td><td> {{int:Sitestats}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitestatstext&action=edit sitestatstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sitestatstext|Talk]] </td><td> There are &#39;&#39;&#39;$1&#39;&#39;&#39; total pages in the database. This includes &quot;talk&quot; pages, pages about Wikipedia, minimal &quot;stub&quot; pages, redirects, and others that probably don&#39;t qualify as content pages. Excluding those, there are &#39;&#39;&#39;$2&#39;&#39;&#39; pages that are probably legitimate content pages. There have been a total of &#39;&#39;&#39;$3&#39;&#39;&#39; page views, and &#39;&#39;&#39;$4&#39;&#39;&#39; page edits since the wiki was setup. That comes to &#39;&#39;&#39;$5&#39;&#39;&#39; average edits per page, and &#39;&#39;&#39;$6&#39;&#39;&#39; views per edit. </td><td> {{int:Sitestatstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitesubtitle&action=edit sitesubtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sitesubtitle|Talk]] </td><td> The Free Encyclopedia </td><td> {{int:Sitesubtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitesupport&action=edit sitesupport]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sitesupport|Talk]] </td><td> Donations </td><td> {{int:Sitesupport}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sitetitle&action=edit sitetitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sitetitle|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Sitetitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Siteuser&action=edit siteuser]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Siteuser|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia user $1 </td><td> {{int:Siteuser}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Siteusers&action=edit siteusers]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Siteusers|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia user(s) $1 </td><td> {{int:Siteusers}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Skin&action=edit skin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Skin|Talk]] </td><td> Skin </td><td> {{int:Skin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Spamprotectiontext&action=edit spamprotectiontext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Spamprotectiontext|Talk]] </td><td> The page you wanted to save was blocked by the spam filter. This is probably caused by a link to an external site. You might want to check the following regular expression for patterns that are currently blocked: </td><td> {{int:Spamprotectiontext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Spamprotectiontitle&action=edit spamprotectiontitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Spamprotectiontitle|Talk]] </td><td> Spam protection filter </td><td> {{int:Spamprotectiontitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Specialpage&action=edit specialpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Specialpage|Talk]] </td><td> Special Page </td><td> {{int:Specialpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Specialpages&action=edit specialpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Specialpages|Talk]] </td><td> Special pages </td><td> {{int:Specialpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Spheading&action=edit spheading]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Spheading|Talk]] </td><td> Special pages for all users </td><td> {{int:Spheading}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sqlislogged&action=edit sqlislogged]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sqlislogged|Talk]] </td><td> Please note that all queries are logged. </td><td> {{int:Sqlislogged}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sqlquery&action=edit sqlquery]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sqlquery|Talk]] </td><td> Enter query </td><td> {{int:Sqlquery}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Statistics&action=edit statistics]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Statistics|Talk]] </td><td> Statistics </td><td> {{int:Statistics}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Storedversion&action=edit storedversion]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Storedversion|Talk]] </td><td> Stored version </td><td> {{int:Storedversion}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Stubthreshold&action=edit stubthreshold]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Stubthreshold|Talk]] </td><td> Threshold for stub display </td><td> {{int:Stubthreshold}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Subcategories&action=edit subcategories]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Subcategories|Talk]] </td><td> Subcategories </td><td> {{int:Subcategories}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Subject&action=edit subject]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Subject|Talk]] </td><td> Subject/headline </td><td> {{int:Subject}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Subjectpage&action=edit subjectpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Subjectpage|Talk]] </td><td> View subject </td><td> {{int:Subjectpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Successfulupload&action=edit successfulupload]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Successfulupload|Talk]] </td><td> Successful upload </td><td> {{int:Successfulupload}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Summary&action=edit summary]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Summary|Talk]] </td><td> Summary </td><td> {{int:Summary}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sysopspheading&action=edit sysopspheading]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sysopspheading|Talk]] </td><td> For sysop use only </td><td> {{int:Sysopspheading}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sysoptext&action=edit sysoptext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sysoptext|Talk]] </td><td> The action you have requested can only be performed by users with &quot;sysop&quot; status. See $1. </td><td> {{int:Sysoptext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Sysoptitle&action=edit sysoptitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Sysoptitle|Talk]] </td><td> Sysop access required </td><td> {{int:Sysoptitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tableform&action=edit tableform]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tableform|Talk]] </td><td> table </td><td> {{int:Tableform}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talk&action=edit talk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Talk|Talk]] </td><td> Discussion </td><td> {{int:Talk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkexists&action=edit talkexists]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Talkexists|Talk]] </td><td> The page itself was moved successfully, but the talk page could not be moved because one already exists at the new title. Please merge them manually. </td><td> {{int:Talkexists}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkpage&action=edit talkpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Talkpage|Talk]] </td><td> Discuss this page </td><td> {{int:Talkpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkpagemoved&action=edit talkpagemoved]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Talkpagemoved|Talk]] </td><td> The corresponding talk page was also moved. </td><td> {{int:Talkpagemoved}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkpagenotmoved&action=edit talkpagenotmoved]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Talkpagenotmoved|Talk]] </td><td> The corresponding talk page was &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; moved. </td><td> {{int:Talkpagenotmoved}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Talkpagetext&action=edit talkpagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Talkpagetext|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;!-- MediaWiki:talkpagetext --&gt; </td><td> {{int:Talkpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Textboxsize&action=edit textboxsize]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Textboxsize|Talk]] </td><td> Textbox dimensions </td><td> {{int:Textboxsize}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Textmatches&action=edit textmatches]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Textmatches|Talk]] </td><td> Page text matches </td><td> {{int:Textmatches}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Thisisdeleted&action=edit thisisdeleted]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Thisisdeleted|Talk]] </td><td> View or restore $1? </td><td> {{int:Thisisdeleted}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Thumbnail-more&action=edit thumbnail-more]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Thumbnail-more|Talk]] </td><td> Enlarge </td><td> {{int:Thumbnail-more}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Timezoneoffset&action=edit timezoneoffset]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Timezoneoffset|Talk]] </td><td> Offset </td><td> {{int:Timezoneoffset}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Timezonetext&action=edit timezonetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Timezonetext|Talk]] </td><td> Enter number of hours your local time differs from server time (UTC). </td><td> {{int:Timezonetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Titlematches&action=edit titlematches]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Titlematches|Talk]] </td><td> Article title matches </td><td> {{int:Titlematches}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Toc&action=edit toc]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Toc|Talk]] </td><td> Table of contents </td><td> {{int:Toc}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Toolbox&action=edit toolbox]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Toolbox|Talk]] </td><td> Toolbox </td><td> {{int:Toolbox}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-addsection&action=edit tooltip-addsection]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-addsection|Talk]] </td><td> Add a comment to this page. &#91;alt-+] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-addsection}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-anontalk&action=edit tooltip-anontalk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-anontalk|Talk]] </td><td> Discussion about edits from this ip address &#91;alt-n] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-anontalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-anonuserpage&action=edit tooltip-anonuserpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-anonuserpage|Talk]] </td><td> The user page for the ip you&#39;re editing as &#91;alt-.] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-anonuserpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-article&action=edit tooltip-article]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-article|Talk]] </td><td> View the content page &#91;alt-a] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-article}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-atom&action=edit tooltip-atom]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-atom|Talk]] </td><td> Atom feed for this page </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-atom}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-compareselectedversions&action=edit tooltip-compareselectedversions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-compareselectedversions|Talk]] </td><td> See the differences between the two selected versions of this page. &#91;alt-v] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-compareselectedversions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-contributions&action=edit tooltip-contributions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-contributions|Talk]] </td><td> View the list of contributions of this user </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-contributions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-currentevents&action=edit tooltip-currentevents]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-currentevents|Talk]] </td><td> Find background information on current events </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-currentevents}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-delete&action=edit tooltip-delete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-delete|Talk]] </td><td> Delete this page &#91;alt-d] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-delete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-edit&action=edit tooltip-edit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-edit|Talk]] </td><td> You can edit this page. Please use the preview button before saving. &#91;alt-e] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-edit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-emailuser&action=edit tooltip-emailuser]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-emailuser|Talk]] </td><td> Send a mail to this user </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-emailuser}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-help&action=edit tooltip-help]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-help|Talk]] </td><td> The place to find out. </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-help}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-history&action=edit tooltip-history]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-history|Talk]] </td><td> Past versions of this page, &#91;alt-h] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-history}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-login&action=edit tooltip-login]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-login|Talk]] </td><td> You are encouraged to log in, it is not mandatory however. &#91;alt-o] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-login}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-logout&action=edit tooltip-logout]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-logout|Talk]] </td><td> Log out &#91;alt-o] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-logout}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-mainpage&action=edit tooltip-mainpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-mainpage|Talk]] </td><td> Visit the Main Page &#91;alt-z] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-mainpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-minoredit&action=edit tooltip-minoredit]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-minoredit|Talk]] </td><td> Mark this as a minor edit &#91;alt-i] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-minoredit}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-move&action=edit tooltip-move]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-move|Talk]] </td><td> Move this page &#91;alt-m] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-move}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-mycontris&action=edit tooltip-mycontris]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-mycontris|Talk]] </td><td> List of my contributions &#91;alt-y] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-mycontris}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-mytalk&action=edit tooltip-mytalk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-mytalk|Talk]] </td><td> My talk page &#91;alt-n] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-mytalk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-nomove&action=edit tooltip-nomove]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-nomove|Talk]] </td><td> You don&#39;t have the permissions to move this page </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-nomove}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-portal&action=edit tooltip-portal]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-portal|Talk]] </td><td> About the project, what you can do, where to find things </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-portal}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-preferences&action=edit tooltip-preferences]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-preferences|Talk]] </td><td> My preferences </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-preferences}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-preview&action=edit tooltip-preview]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-preview|Talk]] </td><td> Preview your changes, please use this before saving! &#91;alt-p] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-preview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-protect&action=edit tooltip-protect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-protect|Talk]] </td><td> Protect this page &#91;alt-=] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-protect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-randompage&action=edit tooltip-randompage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-randompage|Talk]] </td><td> Load a random page &#91;alt-x] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-randompage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-recentchanges&action=edit tooltip-recentchanges]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-recentchanges|Talk]] </td><td> The list of recent changes in the wiki. &#91;alt-r] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-recentchanges}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-recentchangeslinked&action=edit tooltip-recentchangeslinked]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-recentchangeslinked|Talk]] </td><td> Recent changes in pages linking to this page &#91;alt-c] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-recentchangeslinked}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-rss&action=edit tooltip-rss]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-rss|Talk]] </td><td> RSS feed for this page </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-rss}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-save&action=edit tooltip-save]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-save|Talk]] </td><td> Save you changes &#91;alt-s] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-save}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-search&action=edit tooltip-search]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-search|Talk]] </td><td> Search this wiki &#91;alt-f] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-search}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-sitesupport&action=edit tooltip-sitesupport]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-sitesupport|Talk]] </td><td> Support Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-sitesupport}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-specialpage&action=edit tooltip-specialpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-specialpage|Talk]] </td><td> This is a special page, you can&#39;t edit the page itself. </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-specialpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-specialpages&action=edit tooltip-specialpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-specialpages|Talk]] </td><td> List of all special pages &#91;alt-q] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-specialpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-talk&action=edit tooltip-talk]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-talk|Talk]] </td><td> Discussion about the content page &#91;alt-t] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-talk}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-undelete&action=edit tooltip-undelete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-undelete|Talk]] </td><td> Restore $1 deleted edits to this page &#91;alt-d] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-undelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-unwatch&action=edit tooltip-unwatch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-unwatch|Talk]] </td><td> Remove this page from your watchlist &#91;alt-w] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-unwatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-upload&action=edit tooltip-upload]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-upload|Talk]] </td><td> Upload images or media files &#91;alt-u] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-upload}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-userpage&action=edit tooltip-userpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-userpage|Talk]] </td><td> My user page &#91;alt-.] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-userpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-viewsource&action=edit tooltip-viewsource]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-viewsource|Talk]] </td><td> This page is protected. You can view it&#39;s source. &#91;alt-e] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-viewsource}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-watch&action=edit tooltip-watch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-watch|Talk]] </td><td> Add this page to your watchlist &#91;alt-w] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-watch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-watchlist&action=edit tooltip-watchlist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-watchlist|Talk]] </td><td> The list of pages you&#39;re monitoring for changes. &#91;alt-l] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-watchlist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Tooltip-whatlinkshere&action=edit tooltip-whatlinkshere]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Tooltip-whatlinkshere|Talk]] </td><td> List of all wiki pages that link here &#91;alt-b] </td><td> {{int:Tooltip-whatlinkshere}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uclinks&action=edit uclinks]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uclinks|Talk]] </td><td> View the last $1 changes; view the last $2 days. </td><td> {{int:Uclinks}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Ucnote&action=edit ucnote]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Ucnote|Talk]] </td><td> Below are this user&#39;s last &lt;b&gt;$1&lt;/b&gt; changes in the last &lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt; days. </td><td> {{int:Ucnote}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uctop&action=edit uctop]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uctop|Talk]] </td><td> (top) </td><td> {{int:Uctop}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unblockip&action=edit unblockip]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unblockip|Talk]] </td><td> Unblock user </td><td> {{int:Unblockip}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unblockiptext&action=edit unblockiptext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unblockiptext|Talk]] </td><td> Use the form below to restore write access to a previously blocked IP address or username. </td><td> {{int:Unblockiptext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unblocklink&action=edit unblocklink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unblocklink|Talk]] </td><td> unblock </td><td> {{int:Unblocklink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unblocklogentry&action=edit unblocklogentry]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unblocklogentry|Talk]] </td><td> unblocked &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{int:Unblocklogentry}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undelete&action=edit undelete]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undelete|Talk]] </td><td> Restore deleted page </td><td> {{int:Undelete}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undelete_short&action=edit undelete_short]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undelete_short|Talk]] </td><td> Undelete </td><td> {{int:Undelete_short}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletearticle&action=edit undeletearticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletearticle|Talk]] </td><td> Restore deleted page </td><td> {{int:Undeletearticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletebtn&action=edit undeletebtn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletebtn|Talk]] </td><td> Restore! </td><td> {{int:Undeletebtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletedarticle&action=edit undeletedarticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletedarticle|Talk]] </td><td> restored &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{int:Undeletedarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletedtext&action=edit undeletedtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletedtext|Talk]] </td><td> &#91;&#91;$1]] has been successfully restored. See &#91;&#91;Wikipedia:Deletion_log]] for a record of recent deletions and restorations. </td><td> {{int:Undeletedtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletehistory&action=edit undeletehistory]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletehistory|Talk]] </td><td> If you restore the page, all revisions will be restored to the history. If a new page with the same name has been created since the deletion, the restored revisions will appear in the prior history, and the current revision of the live page will not be automatically replaced. </td><td> {{int:Undeletehistory}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletepage&action=edit undeletepage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletepage|Talk]] </td><td> View and restore deleted pages </td><td> {{int:Undeletepage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeletepagetext&action=edit undeletepagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeletepagetext|Talk]] </td><td> The following pages have been deleted but are still in the archive and can be restored. The archive may be periodically cleaned out. </td><td> {{int:Undeletepagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeleterevision&action=edit undeleterevision]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeleterevision|Talk]] </td><td> Deleted revision as of $1 </td><td> {{int:Undeleterevision}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Undeleterevisions&action=edit undeleterevisions]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Undeleterevisions|Talk]] </td><td> $1 revisions archived </td><td> {{int:Undeleterevisions}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unexpected&action=edit unexpected]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unexpected|Talk]] </td><td> Unexpected value: &quot;$1&quot;=&quot;$2&quot;. </td><td> {{int:Unexpected}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockbtn&action=edit unlockbtn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unlockbtn|Talk]] </td><td> Unlock database </td><td> {{int:Unlockbtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockconfirm&action=edit unlockconfirm]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unlockconfirm|Talk]] </td><td> Yes, I really want to unlock the database. </td><td> {{int:Unlockconfirm}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockdb&action=edit unlockdb]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unlockdb|Talk]] </td><td> Unlock database </td><td> {{int:Unlockdb}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockdbsuccesssub&action=edit unlockdbsuccesssub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unlockdbsuccesssub|Talk]] </td><td> Database lock removed </td><td> {{int:Unlockdbsuccesssub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockdbsuccesstext&action=edit unlockdbsuccesstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unlockdbsuccesstext|Talk]] </td><td> The database has been unlocked. </td><td> {{int:Unlockdbsuccesstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unlockdbtext&action=edit unlockdbtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unlockdbtext|Talk]] </td><td> Unlocking the database will restore the ability of all users to edit pages, change their preferences, edit their watchlists, and other things requiring changes in the database. Please confirm that this is what you intend to do. </td><td> {{int:Unlockdbtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unprotect&action=edit unprotect]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unprotect|Talk]] </td><td> Unprotect </td><td> {{int:Unprotect}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unprotectcomment&action=edit unprotectcomment]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unprotectcomment|Talk]] </td><td> Reason for unprotecting </td><td> {{int:Unprotectcomment}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unprotectedarticle&action=edit unprotectedarticle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unprotectedarticle|Talk]] </td><td> unprotected &#91;&#91;$1]] </td><td> {{int:Unprotectedarticle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unprotectsub&action=edit unprotectsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unprotectsub|Talk]] </td><td> (Unprotecting &quot;$1&quot;) </td><td> {{int:Unprotectsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unprotectthispage&action=edit unprotectthispage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unprotectthispage|Talk]] </td><td> Unprotect this page </td><td> {{int:Unprotectthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unusedimages&action=edit unusedimages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unusedimages|Talk]] </td><td> Unused images </td><td> {{int:Unusedimages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unusedimagestext&action=edit unusedimagestext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unusedimagestext|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;p&gt;Please note that other web sites may link to an image with a direct URL, and so may still be listed here despite being in active use. </td><td> {{int:Unusedimagestext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unwatch&action=edit unwatch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unwatch|Talk]] </td><td> Unwatch </td><td> {{int:Unwatch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Unwatchthispage&action=edit unwatchthispage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Unwatchthispage|Talk]] </td><td> Stop watching </td><td> {{int:Unwatchthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Updated&action=edit updated]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Updated|Talk]] </td><td> (Updated) </td><td> {{int:Updated}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Upload&action=edit upload]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Upload|Talk]] </td><td> Upload file </td><td> {{int:Upload}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadbtn&action=edit uploadbtn]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadbtn|Talk]] </td><td> Upload file </td><td> {{int:Uploadbtn}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploaddisabled&action=edit uploaddisabled]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploaddisabled|Talk]] </td><td> Sorry, uploading is disabled. </td><td> {{int:Uploaddisabled}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadedfiles&action=edit uploadedfiles]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadedfiles|Talk]] </td><td> Uploaded files </td><td> {{int:Uploadedfiles}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadedimage&action=edit uploadedimage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadedimage|Talk]] </td><td> uploaded &quot;$1&quot; </td><td> {{int:Uploadedimage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploaderror&action=edit uploaderror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploaderror|Talk]] </td><td> Upload error </td><td> {{int:Uploaderror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadfile&action=edit uploadfile]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadfile|Talk]] </td><td> Upload images, sounds, documents etc. </td><td> {{int:Uploadfile}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadlink&action=edit uploadlink]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadlink|Talk]] </td><td> Upload images </td><td> {{int:Uploadlink}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadlog&action=edit uploadlog]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadlog|Talk]] </td><td> upload log </td><td> {{int:Uploadlog}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadlogpage&action=edit uploadlogpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadlogpage|Talk]] </td><td> Upload_log </td><td> {{int:Uploadlogpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadlogpagetext&action=edit uploadlogpagetext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadlogpagetext|Talk]] </td><td> Below is a list of the most recent file uploads. All times shown are server time (UTC). &lt;ul&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; </td><td> {{int:Uploadlogpagetext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadnologin&action=edit uploadnologin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadnologin|Talk]] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{int:Uploadnologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadnologintext&action=edit uploadnologintext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadnologintext|Talk]] </td><td> You must be &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; to upload files. </td><td> {{int:Uploadnologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadtext&action=edit uploadtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadtext|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;strong&gt;STOP!&lt;/strong&gt; Before you upload here, make sure to read and follow the &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Image_use_policy&quot;&gt;image use policy&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;p&gt;If a file with the name you are specifying already exists on the wiki, it&#39;ll be replaced without warning. So unless you mean to update a file, it&#39;s a good idea to first check if such a file exists. &lt;p&gt;To view or search previously uploaded images, go to the &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Imagelist&quot;&gt;list of uploaded images&lt;/a&gt;. Uploads and deletions are logged on the &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Wikipedia:Upload_log&quot;&gt;upload log&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Use the form below to upload new image files for use in illustrating your pages. On most browsers, you will see a &quot;Browse...&quot; button, which will bring up your operating system&#39;s standard file open dialog. Choosing a file will fill the name of that file into the text field next to the button. You must also check the box affirming that you are not violating any copyrights by uploading the file. Press the &quot;Upload&quot; button to finish the upload. This may take some time if you have a slow internet connection. &lt;p&gt;The preferred formats are JPEG for photographic images, PNG for drawings and other iconic images, and OGG for sounds. Please name your files descriptively to avoid confusion. To include the image in a page, use a link in the form &lt;b&gt;&#91;&#91;Image:file.jpg]]&lt;/b&gt; or &lt;b&gt;&#91;&#91;Image:file.ogg]]&lt;/b&gt; for sounds. &lt;p&gt;Please note that as with wiki pages, others may edit or delete your uploads if they think it serves the project, and you may be blocked from uploading if you abuse the system. </td><td> {{int:Uploadtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Uploadwarning&action=edit uploadwarning]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Uploadwarning|Talk]] </td><td> Upload warning </td><td> {{int:Uploadwarning}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:User_rights_set&action=edit user_rights_set]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:User_rights_set|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;b&gt;User rights for &quot;$1&quot; updated&lt;/b&gt; </td><td> {{int:User_rights_set}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Usercssjs&action=edit usercssjs]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Usercssjs|Talk]] </td><td> &#39;&#39;&#39;Note:&#39;&#39;&#39; After saving, you have to tell your bowser to get the new version: &#39;&#39;&#39;Mozilla:&#39;&#39;&#39; click &#39;&#39;reload&#39;&#39;(or &#39;&#39;ctrl-r&#39;&#39;), &#39;&#39;&#39;IE / Opera:&#39;&#39;&#39; &#39;&#39;ctrl-f5&#39;&#39;, &#39;&#39;&#39;Safari:&#39;&#39;&#39; &#39;&#39;cmd-r&#39;&#39;, &#39;&#39;&#39;Konqueror&#39;&#39;&#39; &#39;&#39;ctrl-r&#39;&#39;. </td><td> {{int:Usercssjs}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Usercssjsyoucanpreview&action=edit usercssjsyoucanpreview]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Usercssjsyoucanpreview|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;strong&gt;Tip:&lt;/strong&gt; Use the &#39;Show preview&#39; button to test your new css/js before saving. </td><td> {{int:Usercssjsyoucanpreview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Usercsspreview&action=edit usercsspreview]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Usercsspreview|Talk]] </td><td> &#39;&#39;&#39;Remember that you are only previewing your user css, it has not yet been saved!&#39;&#39;&#39; </td><td> {{int:Usercsspreview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userexists&action=edit userexists]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Userexists|Talk]] </td><td> The user name you entered is already in use. Please choose a different name. </td><td> {{int:Userexists}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userjspreview&action=edit userjspreview]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Userjspreview|Talk]] </td><td> &#39;&#39;&#39;Remember that you are only testing/previewing your user javascript, it has not yet been saved!&#39;&#39;&#39; </td><td> {{int:Userjspreview}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userlogin&action=edit userlogin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Userlogin|Talk]] </td><td> Log in </td><td> {{int:Userlogin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userlogout&action=edit userlogout]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Userlogout|Talk]] </td><td> Log out </td><td> {{int:Userlogout}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Usermailererror&action=edit usermailererror]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Usermailererror|Talk]] </td><td> Mail object returned error: </td><td> {{int:Usermailererror}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userpage&action=edit userpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Userpage|Talk]] </td><td> View user page </td><td> {{int:Userpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userstats&action=edit userstats]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Userstats|Talk]] </td><td> User statistics </td><td> {{int:Userstats}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Userstatstext&action=edit userstatstext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Userstatstext|Talk]] </td><td> There are &#39;&#39;&#39;$1&#39;&#39;&#39; registered users. &#39;&#39;&#39;$2&#39;&#39;&#39; of these are administrators (see $3). </td><td> {{int:Userstatstext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Version&action=edit version]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Version|Talk]] </td><td> Version </td><td> {{int:Version}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Viewcount&action=edit viewcount]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Viewcount|Talk]] </td><td> This page has been accessed $1 times. </td><td> {{int:Viewcount}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Viewprevnext&action=edit viewprevnext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Viewprevnext|Talk]] </td><td> View ($1) ($2) ($3). </td><td> {{int:Viewprevnext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Viewsource&action=edit viewsource]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Viewsource|Talk]] </td><td> View source </td><td> {{int:Viewsource}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Viewtalkpage&action=edit viewtalkpage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Viewtalkpage|Talk]] </td><td> View discussion </td><td> {{int:Viewtalkpage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wantedpages&action=edit wantedpages]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wantedpages|Talk]] </td><td> Wanted pages </td><td> {{int:Wantedpages}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watch&action=edit watch]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watch|Talk]] </td><td> Watch </td><td> {{int:Watch}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchdetails&action=edit watchdetails]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchdetails|Talk]] </td><td> ($1 pages watched not counting talk pages; $2 total pages edited since cutoff; $3... &lt;a href=&#39;$4&#39;&gt;show and edit complete list&lt;/a&gt;.) </td><td> {{int:Watchdetails}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watcheditlist&action=edit watcheditlist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watcheditlist|Talk]] </td><td> Here&#39;s an alphabetical list of your watched pages. Check the boxes of pages you want to remove from your watchlist and click the &#39;remove checked&#39; button at the bottom of the screen. </td><td> {{int:Watcheditlist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchlist&action=edit watchlist]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchlist|Talk]] </td><td> My watchlist </td><td> {{int:Watchlist}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchlistcontains&action=edit watchlistcontains]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchlistcontains|Talk]] </td><td> Your watchlist contains $1 pages. </td><td> {{int:Watchlistcontains}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchlistsub&action=edit watchlistsub]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchlistsub|Talk]] </td><td> (for user &quot;$1&quot;) </td><td> {{int:Watchlistsub}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchmethod-list&action=edit watchmethod-list]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchmethod-list|Talk]] </td><td> checking watched pages for recent edits </td><td> {{int:Watchmethod-list}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchmethod-recent&action=edit watchmethod-recent]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchmethod-recent|Talk]] </td><td> checking recent edits for watched pages </td><td> {{int:Watchmethod-recent}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchnochange&action=edit watchnochange]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchnochange|Talk]] </td><td> None of your watched items were edited in the time period displayed. </td><td> {{int:Watchnochange}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchnologin&action=edit watchnologin]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchnologin|Talk]] </td><td> Not logged in </td><td> {{int:Watchnologin}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchnologintext&action=edit watchnologintext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchnologintext|Talk]] </td><td> You must be &lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Special:Userlogin&quot;&gt;logged in&lt;/a&gt; to modify your watchlist. </td><td> {{int:Watchnologintext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchthis&action=edit watchthis]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchthis|Talk]] </td><td> Watch this page </td><td> {{int:Watchthis}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Watchthispage&action=edit watchthispage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Watchthispage|Talk]] </td><td> Watch this page </td><td> {{int:Watchthispage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Welcomecreation&action=edit welcomecreation]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Welcomecreation|Talk]] </td><td> &lt;h2&gt;Welcome, $1!&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Your account has been created. Don&#39;t forget to change your Wikipedia preferences. </td><td> {{int:Welcomecreation}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whatlinkshere&action=edit whatlinkshere]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Whatlinkshere|Talk]] </td><td> What links here </td><td> {{int:Whatlinkshere}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistacctext&action=edit whitelistacctext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Whitelistacctext|Talk]] </td><td> To be allowed to create accounts in this Wiki you have to &#91;&#91;Special:Userlogin&#124;log]] in and have the appropriate permissions. </td><td> {{int:Whitelistacctext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistacctitle&action=edit whitelistacctitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Whitelistacctitle|Talk]] </td><td> You are not allowed to create an account </td><td> {{int:Whitelistacctitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistedittext&action=edit whitelistedittext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Whitelistedittext|Talk]] </td><td> You have to &#91;&#91;Special:Userlogin&#124;login]] to edit pages. </td><td> {{int:Whitelistedittext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistedittitle&action=edit whitelistedittitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Whitelistedittitle|Talk]] </td><td> Login required to edit </td><td> {{int:Whitelistedittitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistreadtext&action=edit whitelistreadtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Whitelistreadtext|Talk]] </td><td> You have to &#91;&#91;Special:Userlogin&#124;login]] to read pages. </td><td> {{int:Whitelistreadtext}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Whitelistreadtitle&action=edit whitelistreadtitle]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Whitelistreadtitle|Talk]] </td><td> Login required to read </td><td> {{int:Whitelistreadtitle}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wikipediapage&action=edit wikipediapage]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wikipediapage|Talk]] </td><td> View project page </td><td> {{int:Wikipediapage}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wikititlesuffix&action=edit wikititlesuffix]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wikititlesuffix|Talk]] </td><td> Wikipedia </td><td> {{int:Wikititlesuffix}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wlnote&action=edit wlnote]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wlnote|Talk]] </td><td> Below are the last $1 changes in the last &lt;b&gt;$2&lt;/b&gt; hours. </td><td> {{int:Wlnote}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wlsaved&action=edit wlsaved]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wlsaved|Talk]] </td><td> This is a saved version of your watchlist. </td><td> {{int:Wlsaved}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wlshowlast&action=edit wlshowlast]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wlshowlast|Talk]] </td><td> Show last $1 hours $2 days $3 </td><td> {{int:Wlshowlast}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wrong_wfQuery_params&action=edit wrong_wfQuery_params]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wrong_wfQuery_params|Talk]] </td><td> Incorrect parameters to wfQuery()&lt;br /&gt; Function: $1&lt;br /&gt; Query: $2 </td><td> {{int:Wrong_wfQuery_params}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Wrongpassword&action=edit wrongpassword]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Wrongpassword|Talk]] </td><td> The password you entered is incorrect. Please try again. </td><td> {{int:Wrongpassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourdiff&action=edit yourdiff]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Yourdiff|Talk]] </td><td> Differences </td><td> {{int:Yourdiff}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Youremail&action=edit youremail]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Youremail|Talk]] </td><td> Your email* </td><td> {{int:Youremail}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourname&action=edit yourname]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Yourname|Talk]] </td><td> Your user name </td><td> {{int:Yourname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yournick&action=edit yournick]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Yournick|Talk]] </td><td> Your nickname (for signatures) </td><td> {{int:Yournick}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourpassword&action=edit yourpassword]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Yourpassword|Talk]] </td><td> Your password </td><td> {{int:Yourpassword}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourpasswordagain&action=edit yourpasswordagain]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Yourpasswordagain|Talk]] </td><td> Retype password </td><td> {{int:Yourpasswordagain}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourrealname&action=edit yourrealname]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Yourrealname|Talk]] </td><td> Your real name* </td><td> {{int:Yourrealname}} </td></tr><tr><td> [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MediaWiki:Yourtext&action=edit yourtext]<br> [[MediaWiki_talk:Yourtext|Talk]] </td><td> Your text </td><td> {{int:Yourtext}} </td></tr></table> 775 2597 2004-06-03T09:22:32Z Template namespace initialisation script MediaWiki:All system messages moved to Template:All system messages #REDIRECT [[Template:All system messages]] 776 2598 2005-06-20T12:46:03Z Danutz 4 #REDIRECT [[Armãneshce]] 777 9068 2007-01-23T02:34:28Z TXiKiBoT 147 Robot interwiki: Adãugat: [[mr:विकिपीडिआ:चावडी/प्रगती/जुनी चर्चा ६]] <font color="green">'''<small>Ghini vinitù tu Fântânâ! Scriets ân aistâ padzinâ cafi tu subiectu "Uichipedia".</small>'''</font> == Stewards election == Hello, The stewards election has started on [[m:Stewards/elections 2005]]. Anyone can vote provided that he has a valid account on meta with a link to at least one user page, on a project where the editor is a participant, with at least 3 months participation to the project. Stewards can give sysop right on projects where there are no local bureaucrate. Please vote ! [[User:Yann|Yann]] 17:27, 21 May 2005 (UTC) PS: Please translate this. Thanks. [[User:Yann|Yann]] 17:27, 21 May 2005 (UTC) == Localized date formats need to be verified == Dear Wikipedians, I need your help to look at date formats for your language. I created a large '''list of formats [[:en:user:Yurik/Formats|here]]'''. Please take a look and fix any mistakes or add any new formats. This will help interwiki bot to match [[:en:April 1]], [[:fr:1 avril]], [[:ru:1 апреля]], [[:zh:4月1日]], and all other sites together. ''What's needed:'' '''Look [[:en:user:Yurik/Formats|here]]''' at every format for your language, fix any mistakes, note any exceptions (some languages have 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc naming schemas, or year 1 is written as '1 (year)' unlike all other years). Also, I would like to receive a bot status on your site for my bot [[User:YurikBot]]. It will be mostly involved in interwikies. Thank you!!! You can contact me at [[:en:user talk:Yurik|en:Yurik]] (--[[User:70.192.56.68|70.192.56.68]] 22:29, 24 September 2005 (UTC)) == Interwiki Bot Status == Hi. I would like to get my interwiki bot [[user:YurikBot|YurikBot]] marked as a bot in your language. The bot is already operating in almost 50 languages, and it would lower the server load and improve the quality of articles if all interwikies are updated at the same time. You can read more or ask questions [[:en:user talk:Yurik|here]]. I always run the latest version of the [[meta:Pywikipediabot|Pywikipediabot]] (i am also one of the developers of this project). The request for the bot status is [[meta:Requests for bot status#en:User:YurikBot|here]]. Please support. Thank you. --[[:en:user:Yurik|Yurik (en)]] 23:38, 5 January 2006 (UTC) ==Please, help slavonians!== Please, help us to open Wikipedia on Surzhyk language! We need just your support vote here http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages#Surzhyk_.2819_Support.2C_11_Oppose.29 Thank you so much! --[http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA:Dmitry_Nikitin Dmitry Nikitin] ==Wikimania 2007 Team Bulletin== Published by the Wikimania 2007 Taipei Team, ''[http://wikimania2007.wikimedia.org/wiki/Team_Bulletin Wikimania 2007 Team Bulletin]'' provides the latest news of the Team's organizing work to everyone who is interested in Wikimania; it also gives the Team chances to announce calls for help/participation, so assistance in human and other resources can be sought in a wider range. ''Team Bulletin'' is published at [http://wikimania2007.wikimedia.org/ the official website of Wikimania 2007] and released to the public domain. [http://wikimania2007.wikimedia.org/wiki/Team_Bulletin/20061021 Issue 1] and [http://wikimania2007.wikimedia.org/wiki/Team_Bulletin/20061028 Issue 2] has already published.--[[User:218.166.212.246|218.166.212.246]] 02:08, 29 October 2006 (UTC) <!--- notes about interwikis: at ca:Viquipèdia:La taverna interwikis are (hidden) in ca:Template:Taverna , at fy:Wikipedy:Oerlis_side interwikis are (hidden) in fy:De_kroech , at he:ויקיפדיה:מזנון interwikis are (hidden) in he:תבנית:מזנון , at is:Wikipedia:Potturinn interwikis are (hidden) in is:Snið:Potturinn , at nl:Wikipedia:De kroeg interwikis are (hidden) in nl:Sjabloon:De kroeg ; to [[User:Gangleri|my]] opinion interwikis should not be used in templates, linking should be easy especially for "newbies" ---> [[af:Wikipedia:Geselshoekie]] [[ar:ويكيبيديا:الميدان]] [[bg:Уикипедия:Разговори]] [[br:Wikipedia:An ti-chopin]] [[bs:Wikipedia:Kahvana]] [[ca:Viquipèdia:La taverna]] [[chr:ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ:ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎾᎿᎢ]] [[cs:Wikipedie:Pod lípou]] [[cv:Википеди:Канашлу]] [[cy:Wicipedia:Y Caffi]] [[da:Wikipedia:Landsbybrønden]] [[de:Wikipedia:Forum]] [[en:Wikipedia:Village pump]] [[eo:Vikipedio:Babilejo]] [[es:Wikipedia:Café]] [[et:Vikipeedia:Üldine arutelu]] [[eu:Wikipedia:Txokoa]] [[fi:Wikipedia:Kahvihuone]] [[fr:Wikipédia:Le Bistro]] [[fy:Wikipedy:Oerlis side]] [[ga:Vicipéid:Halla baile]] [[gl:Wikipedia:A Taberna]] [[gu:વિકિપીડિયા:ચોતરો]] [[he:ויקיפדיה:מזנון]] [[hi:विकिपीडिया:गाँव का पम्प]] [[hr:Wikipedija:Kafić]] [[hu:Wikipédia:Kocsmafal]] [[ia:Wikipedia:Taverna]] [[id:Wikipedia:Warung Kopi]] [[is:Wikipedia:Potturinn]] [[it:Wikipedia:Bar]] [[ja:Wikipedia:井戸端]] [[ko:위키백과:사랑방]] [[la:Vicipaedia:Taberna]] [[lb:Wikipedia:De Stamminet]] [[li:Wikipedia:De kaffee]] [[mi:Wikipedia:Körero]] [[mr:विकिपीडिआ:चावडी/प्रगती/जुनी चर्चा ६]] [[ms:Wikipedia:Kedai Kopi]] [[nah:Wikipedia:Tlatlahtoaloyan]] [[new:विकिपिडिया:थ दबु]] [[nl:Wikipedia:De kroeg]] [[nn:Wikipedia:Samfunnshuset]] [[no:Wikipedia:Vannposten]] [[oc:Oiquipedià:La tavèrna]] [[os:Википеди:Ныхас]] [[pl:Wikipedia:Kawiarenka pod Wesołym Encyklopedystą]] [[pt:Wikipedia:Esplanada]] [[ro:Wikipedia:Cafenea]] [[ru:Википедия:Форум]] [[scn:Wikipedia:Circulu]] [[simple:Wikipedia:Simple talk]] [[sk:Wikipédia:Krčma]] [[sl:Wikipedija:Pod lipo]] [[sq:Wikipedia:Kuvendi]] [[sr:Википедија:Трг]] [[su:Wikipédia:Padungdengan]] [[sv:Wikipedia:Bybrunnen]] [[th:วิกิพีเดีย:สภากาแฟ]] [[vi:Wikipedia:Thảo Luận]] [[zh:Wikipedia:互助客栈]] 778 9043 2007-01-20T11:13:06Z Thijs!bot 143 Robot interwiki: Modificat: [[diq:Wikipediya]] '''Wikipedia''' easte un proectu internatsional cai va s-facã unã [[entsiclopedia]] completã shi orighinalã pi armãneashce cu colaboratsia-a cathi unãljei individua. Contsãnirea ali Wikipedia easte scriatã sum [[GNU Free Documentation License]], tsi va s-dzãcã cã easte dip liber. *[http://www.yamour.com/evolution/wikipedia.html Evolutsia ali Wikipedia tu chirolu] (norme di [http://www.yamour.com ufilizire]) [[af:Wikipedia]] [[als:Wikipedia]] [[am:ዊኪፔድያ]] [[an:Biquipedia]] [[ang:Wicipǣdia]] [[ar:ويكيبيديا]] [[arc:ܘܝܟܝܦܕܝܐ]] [[ast:Uiquipedia]] [[ay:Wikipedia]] [[bat-smg:Vikipedėjė]] [[be:Вікіпэдыя]] [[bg:Уикипедия]] [[bm:Wikipedia]] [[bn:উইকিপিডিয়া]] [[bpy:উইকিপিডিয়া]] [[br:Wikipedia]] [[bs:Wikipedia]] [[ca:Viquipèdia]] [[ceb:Wikipedya]] [[chr:ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ]] [[chy:Wikipedia]] [[co:Wikipedia]] [[cr:ᐎᑭᐱᑎᔭ]] [[cs:Wikipedie]] [[csb:Wikipedijô]] [[cu:Википедї]] [[cv:Википеди]] [[cy:Wicipedia]] [[da:Wikipedia]] [[de:Wikipedia]] [[diq:Wikipediya]] [[dv:ވިކިޕީޑިއާ]] [[el:Βικιπαίδεια]] [[en:Wikipedia]] [[eo:Vikipedio]] [[es:Wikipedia]] [[et:Vikipeedia]] [[eu:Wikipedia]] [[fa:ویکی‌پدیا]] [[fi:Wikipedia]] [[fiu-vro:Vikipeediä]] [[fj:Wikipedia]] [[fo:Wikipedia]] [[fr:Wikipédia]] [[frp:Vuiquipèdia]] [[fur:Vichipedie]] [[fy:Wikipedy]] [[ga:Vicipéid]] [[gd:Wikipedia]] [[gl:Wikipedia]] [[gu:વિકિપીડિયા]] [[gv:Wikipedia]] [[he:ויקיפדיה]] [[hi:विकिपीडिया]] [[hr:Wikipedija]] [[hsb:Wikipedija]] [[ht:Wikipedia]] [[hu:Wikipédia]] [[hy:Վիքիփեդիա]] [[ia:Wikipedia]] [[id:Wikipedia]] [[ilo:Wikipedia]] [[io:Wikipedio]] [[is:Wikipedia]] [[it:Wikipedia]] [[ja:ウィキペディア]] [[jbo:uikipedias]] [[jv:Wikipedia]] [[ka:ვიკიპედია]] [[kk:Уикипедия]] [[kl:Wikipedia]] [[kn:ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ]] [[ko:위키백과]] [[ksh:Wikkipedija]] [[ku:Wikipedia]] [[kw:Wikipedia]] [[la:Vicipaedia]] [[lad:ויקיפידיה]] [[lb:Wikipedia]] [[li:Wikipedia]] [[lij:Wikipedia]] [[lmo:Wikipedia]] [[ln:Wikipedia]] [[lt:Vikipedija]] [[lv:Vikipēdija]] [[mg:Wikipedia]] [[mi:Wikipedia]] [[mk:Википедија]] [[ml:വിക്കിപീഡിയ]] [[mo:Википедия]] [[mr:विकिपिडीया]] [[ms:Wikipedia]] [[mt:Wikipedija]] [[na:Wikipedia]] [[nah:Huiquipedia]] [[nds:Wikipedia]] [[nds-nl:Wikipedia]] [[ne:विकिपीडिया]] [[ng:Wikipedia]] [[nl:Wikipedia]] [[nn:Wikipedia]] [[no:Wikipedia]] [[nrm:Viqùipédie]] [[oc:Wikipèdia]] [[os:Википеди]] [[pa:ਵਿਕਿਪੀਡਿਆ]] [[pap:Wikipedia]] [[pl:Wikipedia]] [[pt:Wikipédia]] [[qu:Wikipidiya]] [[rmy:Vikipidiya]] [[ro:Wikipedia]] [[ru:Википедия]] [[ru-sib:Википеддя]] [[sc:Wikipedia]] [[scn:Wikipedia]] [[sco:Wikipaedia]] [[sh:Wikipedia]] [[si:විකිපීඩියා]] [[simple:Wikipedia]] [[sk:Wikipédia]] [[sl:Wikipedija]] [[so:Wikipedia]] [[sq:Wikipedia]] [[sr:Википедија]] [[su:Wikipédia]] [[sv:Wikipedia]] [[sw:Wikipedia]] [[ta:விக்கிபீடியா]] [[tg:Википедиа]] [[th:วิกิพีเดีย]] [[tl:Wikipedia]] [[tpi:Wikipedia]] [[tr:Vikipedi]] [[tt:Wikipedia]] [[uk:Вікіпедія]] [[uz:Vikipediya]] [[vec:Wikipedia]] [[vi:Wikipedia]] [[wa:Wikipedia]] [[war:Wikipedia]] [[yi:‫װיקיפּעדיע]] [[zh:维基百科]] [[zh-classical:維基大典]] [[zh-min-nan:Wikipedia]] [[zh-yue:維基百科]] 779 4806 2005-08-16T23:15:20Z E23 37 rv spam ==Pi armâneashti== Participats tu transpunerea pi [[armâneashti]] a licentsiljei GNU ti documentatsii liberâ. ==Pi inglezeashti== Version 1.2, November 2002 <pre> Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. </pre> 0. PREAMBLE The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others. This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software. We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. 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A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose specification is available to the general public, that is suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque". Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output purposes only. The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text. A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition. The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License. 2. VERBATIM COPYING You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3. You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies. 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects. If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages. If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general network-using public has access to download using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public. It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document. 4. MODIFICATIONS You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version: * A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission. * B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement. * C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher. * D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. * E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices. * F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below. * G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice. * H. Include an unaltered copy of this License. * I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence. * J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission. * K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein. * L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles. * M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version. * N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section. * O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers. If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles. You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard. You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one. The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version. 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers. The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work. In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements." 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects. You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document. 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document. If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate. 8. TRANSLATION Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail. If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title. 9. TERMINATION You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance. 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/. Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. == How to use this License for your documents == To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page: Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this: with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST. If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation. If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software. ==Pi româneashti== <b>Licenţa GNU pentru Documentaţie liberă (GNU Free Documentation Licence)</b> versiunea 1.2 din noiembrie 2002. Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA Oricine poate copia şi distribui copii identice ale acestui document, dar modificarea lui nu este permisă. 0. PREAMBUL Scopul acestei Licenţe este de a conferi unui set de instrucţiuni, manual şcolar sau altui document folositor "libertate", înţeleasă în sensul următor: asigură tuturor libertatea de a copia şi redistribui textul, cu sau fără modificări, în scopuri comerciale şi necomerciale. Ca scop secundar, această Licenţă rezervă pentru autor şi editor dreptul de a fi creditaţi pentru munca lor şi de a nu fi responsabili pentru modificările efectuate de alţii. Acestă Licenţă conferă un fel de "stânguri de autor" ("copyleft"), ceea ce înseamnă că lucrările derivate trebuie să fie şi ele libere în sensul de mai sus. Această Licenţă este inspirată de Licenţa Publică Generală GNU (GNU General Public License, GNU GPL), care este o licenţă similară concepută pentru a acoperi softul liber. Această Licenţă a fost scrisă pentru a acoperi manuale pentru soft liber, pentru că softul liber necesită documentaţie liberă: un program trebuie însoţit de manuale care oferă aceeaşi libertate în folosire ca şi softul. Acestă Licenţă nu este limitată la manuale pentru soft şi poate fi folosită pentru a acoperi orice lucrare, indiferent de subiect sau de modul de publicare. Această Licenţă este recomandată în principal pentru lucrări care servesc drept referinţă sau au fost scrise în scop de instruire. 1. APLICABILITATE ŞI DEFINIŢII Această Licenţă se aplică oricărui manual sau lucrări, în orice mediu, care conţine o notă inclusă de către deţinătorul dreptului de autor ce permite distribuţia sub acoperirea acestei Licenţe. Această notă conferă dreptul universal (world-wide), fără indemnizaţie şi nelimitat ca durată de a folosi această lucrare în condiţiile descrise de această Licenţă. Termenul "Documentul" folosit mai jos se referă la manualul sau lucrearea acoperită de Licenţă. Orice membru al publicului este un beneficiar al acestei Licenţe şi va fi desemnat prin termenul "Dvs." sau prin folosirea persoanei a doua. Se consideră în mod automat că aţi acceptat termenii acestei Licenţe dacă copiaţi, modificaţi sau distribuiţi Documentul într-un mod ce necesită permisiunea autorului în conformitate cu legea drepturilor de autor. O "Versiune Modificată" a Documentului este orice lucrare conţinând Documentul sau o porţiune din Document, copiată identic sau cu modificări şi/sau tradusă într-o altă limbă. O "Secţiune Secundară" este o anexă cu titlu, sau o secţiune menţionată în cuprins care are ca scop exclusiv descrierea relaţiei editorilor sau a autorilor Documentului cu subiectul Documentului (sau cu subiecte legate de acesta) şi care nu conţine subiecte incluse în mod direct în subiectul Documentului. (Aşadar, dacă Documentul este în parte manual de matematică, o Secţiune Secundară nu poate conţine explicaţii matematice.) Relaţia poate fi o conexiune istorică cu subiectul sau cu problemele înrudite cu subiectul, sau puncte de vedere legale, comerciale, filozofice, etice sau politice legate de acesta. "Secţiunile Invariante" sunt anumite Secţiuni Secundare ale căror titluri sunt specificate ca fiind titluri de Secţiuni Invariante din Document în nota ce permite distribuţia Documentului sub acoperirea acestei Licenţe. Dacă o secţiune nu este conformă cu definiţia de mai sus a unei Secţiuni Secundare ea nu poate fi desemnată drept Secţiune Invariantă. Documentul poate să nu conţină nici o Secţiune Invariantă. Dacă Documentul nu specifică nici o Secţiune Invariantă se consideră că nu există nici una. "Textele De Copertă" sunt pasaje scurte de text care sunt listate ca Texte Pentru Coperta I (coperta din faţă) şi Texte Pentru Coperta IV (coperta din spate) în nota ce permite distribuţia Documentului sub acoperirea acestei Licenţe. Un Text Pentru Coperta I poate avea cel mult 5 cuvinte, iar un Text Pentru Coperta IV poate avea cel mult 25 de cuvinte. O copie "Transparentă" a Documentului este o copie în format electronic, reprezentată într-un format a cărui specificaţie este disponibilă publicului, care este uşor de modificat folosind un editor de text generic sau (pentru imagini compuse din pixeli) un editor grafic generic sau (pentru desene) un editor larg răspândit de grafică vectorială, şi care poate fi folosit de către programe de formatare de text sau de către programe de conversie în alte formate care pot fi folosite ca intrare de către programe de formatare a textului. O copie făcută într-un format de fişier Transparent dar care prin prezenţa sau absenţa anumitor elemente specifice formatului descurajează sau împiedică modificările ulterioare nu este o copie Transparentă. Un format grafic - o imagine - nu este un format Transparent dacă este folosit pentru a reprezenta o cantitate substanţială de text. O copie care nu este "Transparentă" este "Opacă". Exemple de formate compatibile cu copiile Transparente includ: text ASCII fără marcare, format de intrare Texinfo, format de intrare LaTeX, SGML şi XML folosind un DTD public, HTML simplu şi standard, fişiere PostScript şi PDF modificabile. Exemple de formate Transparente pentru imagine includ PNG, XCF şi JPG. Formatele Opace includ formate de text ce pot fi citite şi editate doar de procesoare de text particulare (proprietary), SGML şi XML pentru care DTD-ul şi/sau uneltele de procesare nu sunt disponibile, HTML generat automat, documente PostScript şi PDF produse de diverse procesoare de text exclusiv în scopul printării/afişării. "Pagina de Titlu" înseamnă, pentru o carte tipărită, pagina cu titlul şi paginile următoare necesare pentru a tipări lizibil materialul care trebuie tipărit conform acestei Licenţe pe Pagina de Titlu. Pentru lucrări care nu au o pagină cu titlu propriu-zisă "Pagina de Titlu" este textul aflat lângă principala apariţie a titlului lucrării, precedând începutul corpului Documentului. O secţiune "Numită XYZ" este o secţiune din Document al cărei titlu este fie XYZ sau conţine XYZ în paranteze după textul care traduce XYZ în altă limbă. (Aici XYZ înlocuieşte nume specifice ce vor fi menţionate mai jos, ca de exemplu "Mulţumiri", "Dedicaţii", "Giruri" (Endorsement) şi "Istorie".) A "Păstra Titlul" unei astfel de secţiuni atunci când modificaţi Documentul înseamnă că aceasta rămâne "Numită XYZ" conform acestei definiţii. Documentul poate include Limitări de Responsabilitate (Warranty Disclaimers) ataşate notificării care afirmă că această Licenţă se aplică Documentului. Aceste Limitări de Responsabilitate se consideră a fi incluse pentru referinţă în această Licenţă: orice alte implicaţii pe care aceste Limitări de Responsabilitate le-ar putea avea sunt nule şi nu au nici un efect asupra înţelesului acestei Licenţe. 2. COPII IDENTICE Puteţi copia şi distribui Documentul pe orice mediu, comercial sau necomercial, atâta timp cât această Licenţă, notificările de drepturi de autor şi notificarea de licenţă care spune că această Licenţă se aplică acestui Document sunt reproduse în toate copiile, şi atâta timp cât nu adăugaţi nici un fel de altă condiţie în afară de cele prezente în această Licenţă. Nu aveţi dreptul să luaţi măsuri tehnice de a obstrucţiona sau controla citirea sau recopierea copiilor pe care le faceţi sau le distribuiţi. Aveţi totuşi dreptul să acceptaţi compensaţii în schimbul copiilor. Dacă distribuiţi un număr suficient de mare de copii trebuie să respectaţi şi condiţiile din secţiunea 3. Aveţi de asemenea dreptul să împrumutaţi copii în aceleaşi condiţii ca cele de mai sus, şi aveţi dreptul să afişaţi copii. 3. COPIEREA ÎN CANTITĂŢI MARI Dacă publicaţi copii tipărite (sau copii în medii care folosesc de obicei coperţi tipărite) ale Documentului, în număr mai mare de 100 şi dacă notificarea de licenţă a Documentului cere Texte de Copertă, trebuie să includeţi copiile pe coperţi care să conţină, clar şi lizibil, toate aceste Texte de Copertă: Textele Pentru Coperta I pe coperta I şi Texte Pentru Coperta IV pe coperta IV. Ambele coperţi trebuie de asemenea să vă identifice în mod clar şi lizibil ca editor al respectivelor copii. Coperta I trebuie să prezinte titlul în întregime, cu toate cuvintele din titlu la fel de vizibile şi proeminente. Puteţi adăuga alte materiale pe copertă în plus. Copierea cu modificările limitate la coperţi, atâta timp cât satisfac aceste condiţii, pot fi tratate în toate celelalte aspecte ca şi copii identice. Dacă textele necesare pentru oricare dintre coperţi sunt prea voluminoase pentru a încăpea în mod lizibil, trebuie să le includeţi pe primele în ordinea originală (atâtea câte încap în mod rezonabil) pe coperta efectivă şi să continuaţi cu restul pe pagini adiacente. Dacă publicaţi sau distribuiţi copii Opace ale documentului în număr mai mare de 100, trebuie ori să includeţi câte o copie Transparentă în format electronic împreună cu fiecare copie Opacă, sau să specificaţi în sau împreună cu fiecare copie Opacă o locaţie de reţea electronică la care publicul general care foloseşte reţeaua să aibă acces pentru a descărca, folosind un protocol standard public, copii complete Transparente ale documentului, fără adăugarea oricărui material adiţional. Dacă folosiţi a doua opţiune trebuie să faceţi demersuri rezonabil de prudente ca atunci când începeţi distribuirea copiilor Opace să vă asiguraţi că această copie Transparentă va rămâne accesibilă în acest fel la locaţia respectivă timp de cel puţin un an după distribuţia ultimei copii Opace (în mod direct sau prin agenţi sau distribuitori) a acelei ediţii pentru public. Se cere, dar nu în mod necesar, să contactaţi autorii Documentului cu o perioadă bună înainte de a distribui orice cantitate mare de copii, pentru a le da ocazia să vă pună la dispoziţie o versiune actualizată a Documentului. 4. MODIFICĂRI Puteţi copia şi distribui o Versiune Modificată a Documentului în condiţiile secţiunilor 2 şi 3 de mai sus, cu condiţia de a acoperi Versiunea Modificată sub exact această Licenţă, cu Versiunea Modificată ţinând locul Documentului, astfel licenţiind distribuirea şi modificările Versiunii Modificate oricui intră în posesia unei copii ale acesteia. În plus, trebuie să faceţi următoarele lucruri în Versiunea Modificată: * A. Folosiţi în Pagina de Titlu (şi pe coperţi, dacă există) un titlu diferit de cel al Documentului, şi de versiunile sale anterioare (care trebuie, dacă există, să fie listate în secţiunea de Istorie a Documentului). Puteţi folosi acelaşi titlu ca o versiune anterioară dacă editorul original al acelei copii vă dă permisiunea. * B. Listaţi pe Pagina de Titlu, ca autori, una sau mai multe dintre persoanele sau entităţile responsabile în calitate de autori pentru modificările Versiunii Modificate, împreună cu cel puţin cinci dintre autorii principali ai Documentului (toţi autorii principali, dacă are mai puţin de cinci), în afară de cazul că aceştia vă eliberează de această obligaţie. * C. Includeţi pe Pagina de Titlu numele editorului Versiunii Modificate în calitate de editor. * D. Păstraţi toate notificările de drepturi de autor ale Documentului. * E. Adăugaţi o notificare de drepturi de autori relevantă pentru modificările Dvs. adiacent celorlalte notificări de drepturi de autor. * F. Includeţi, imediat după notificările de drepturi de autor, o notificare de licenţă dând permisiune publică de a folosi Versiunea Modificată în condiţiile acestei Licenţe, sub forma prezentată în Apendicele de mai jos. * G. Păstraţi în acea notificare de licenţă lista integrală a Secţiunilor Invariante şi Textele de Copertă necesare date în notificarea de licenţă a Documentului. * H. Includeţi o copie nealterată a acestei Licenţe. * I. Păstraţi secţiunea Numită "Istorie", Păstraţi-i Titlul şi adăugaţi-i un element care să indice măcar titlul, anul, noii autori şi editorul Versiunii Modificate aşa cum este dat pe Pagina de Titlu. Dacă nu există o secţiune Numită "Istorie" în Document, creaţi una în care indicaţi titlul, anul, autorii şi editorul Documentului aşa cum este dat pe Pagina de Titlu al acestuia şi apoi adăugaţi un element care să descrie Versiunea Modificată aşa cum a fost cerut în fraza precedentă. * J. Păstraţi locaţia de reţea, dacă există, dată în Document pentru acces public la o copie Transparentă a Documentului, cât şi locaţiile de reţea date în Document pentru versiunile mai vechi pe care s-a bazat acesta. Acestea pot fi incluse în secţiunea Numită "Istorie". Puteţi omite locaţia de reţea a unei lucrări care a fost publicată cu cel puţin patru ani înainte de Documentul în sine, sau dacă editorul original al versiunii la care se referă vă dă permisiunea. * K. Pentru orice secţiune Numită "Mulţumiri" sau "Dedicaţii" Păstraţi Titlul secţiunii şi păstraţi în secţiunile respective toată substanţa şi tonul mulţumirilor şi dedicaţiilor fiecărui contribuitor. * L. Păstraţi toate Secţiunile Invariante ale Documentului, nealterate ca text şi ca titluri. Numerotarea secţiunilor sau echivalentul numerotării nu sunt considerate ca făcând parte din titlurile secţiunilor. * M. Ştergeţi orice secţiune Numită "Giruri". O astfel de secţiune nu poate fi inclusă în Versiunea Modificată. * N. Nu modificaţi titlul nici unei secţiuni existente pentru a fi Numită "Giruri" sau pentru a intra în conflict cu vreo Secţiune Invariantă. * O. Păstraţi toate Limitările de Responsabilitate. Dacă Versiunea Modificată include secţiuni noi incluse în titlu sau anexe care se califică drept Secţiuni Secundare şi nu conţin material copiat din Document, aveţi dreptul la alegerea Dvs. să numiţi unele sau toate acestea ca fiind secţiuni invariante. Pentru a face aceasta, adăugaţi-le titlurile la lista de Secţiuni Invariante în notificarea de licenţă a Versiunii Modificate. Aceste titluri trebuie să fie distincte faţă de toate celelalte titlurile de secţiune. Puteţi adăuga o secţiune Numită "Giruri" doar dacă aceasta conţine numai girurile a diverse entităţi asupra Versiunii Modificate - de exemplu recenzii sau faptul că textul a fost aprobat de o organizaţie ca fiind o definiţie autoritară a unui standard. Puteţi adăuga un pasaj de cel mult cinci cuvinte ca Text Pentru Coperta I şi un pasaj de cel mult 25 de cuvinte ca Text Pentru Coperta IV la sfârşitul Textelor De Copertă în Versiunea Modificată. Numai un singur pasaj poate fi adăugat la Textul Pentru Coperta I şi unul la Textul Pentru Coperta IV de către (sau prin aranjament cu) orice entitate. Dacă Documentul conţine deja texte de copertă pentru coperta respectivă, adăugat în prealabil de Dvs. sau prin aranjament cu aceeaşi entitate în numele căreia acţionaţi, atunci nu puteţi adăuga un altul, însă puteţi să-l înlocuiţi pe cel vechi numai cu permisiunea explicită a editorului anterior care l-a adăugat pe cel vechi. Autorul (autorii) şi editorul (editorii) Documentului nu vă dau prin această Licenţă permisiunea de a le folosi numele pentru publicitate sau pentru a pretinde sau implica vreo girare a oricărei Versiuni Modificate. 5. COMBINAREA DOCUMENTELOR Puteţi combina Documentul cu alte documente acoperite de această Licenţă sub termenii definiţi în secţiunea 4 de mai sus pentru versiuni modificate, cu condiţia să includeţi în versiunea combinată toate Secţiunile Invariante ale tuturor documentelor originale, nemodificate, şi să le listaţi pe toate ca Secţiuni Invariante ale versiunii combinate în notificarea de licenţă, cât şi să păstraţi toate Limitările de Responsabilitate. Versiunea modificată nu trebuie să conţină decât o singură copie a acestei Licenţe, iar duplicatele identice ale Secţiunilor Invariante pot fi înlocuite cu o singură copie. Dacă există Secţiuni Invariante cu nume identice şi conţinut diferit, schimbaţi-le numele adăugând la sfârşitul titlului, în paranteză, ori numele autorului sau al editorului original al acelei secţiuni dacă acesta este cunoscut, ori un număr unic. Faceţi aceleaşi modificări respective titlurilor secţiunilor în lista de Secţiuni Invariante din notificarea de licenţă a versiunii combinate. În versiunea combinată trebuie să combinaţi şi toate secţiunile Numite "Istorie" din diversele documente originale, creând o secţiune unică Numită "Istorie"; la fel trebuie să combinaţi şi toate secţiunile Numite "Mulţumiri" cât şi cele Numite "Dedicaţii". Trebuie să ştergeţi toate secţiunile Numite "Giruri". 6. COLECŢII DE DOCUMENTE Puteţi crea o colecţie formată din Document şi alte documente acoperite de această Licenţă şi să înlocuiţi copiile individuale ale acestei Licenţe din diversele documente cu o singură copie care să fie inclusă în colecţie cu condiţia să urmaţi regulile acestei Licenţe pentru copii identice pentru fiecare document în toate celelalte privinţe. Puteţi să extrageţi un document dintr-o astfel de colecţie şi să-l distribuiţi individual sub această Licenţă cu condiţia de a include o copie a acestei Licenţe în documentul extras şi să urmaţi condiţiile acestei Licenţe în toate celelalte privinţe în legătură cu copiile identice ale acelui document. 7. AGREGAREA CU LUCRĂRI INDEPENDENTE O compilaţie a Documentului sau a unui derivat al său cu orice document sau lucrare separată independentă, în sau pe un volum de stocare sau distribuire se numeşte "agregat" dacă drepturile de autor rezultate în urma compilării nu sunt folosite pentru a limita drepturile legale ale utilizatorilor compilaţiei mai mult decât permit lucrările individuale. Când Documentul este inclus într-un agregat, această Licenţă nu se aplică celorlalte lucrări din agregat care nu sunt ele însele rezultate derivate ale Documentului. Dacă cerinţele legate de Textele de Copertă din secţiunea 3 se aplică acestor copii ale Documentului, atunci dacă Documentul este mai puţin de jumătate din întregul agregat atunci Textele de Copertă ale Documentului pot fi puse pe coperţi care să separe Documentul în cadrul agregatului, sau pe un echivalent electronic al acestora, dacă Documentul se prezintă în format electronic. Altfel ele trebuie să apară pe coperţile tipărite care îmbracă întreg agregatul. 8. TRADUCERE Traducerea este considerată o formă de modificare, drept care puteţi distribui traduceri ale Documentului sub cerinţele secţiunii 4. Înlocuirea Secţiunilor Invariante cu traduceri ale acestora necesită permisiune specială din partea celor care deţin drepturile de autor, însă puteţi include traduceri ale unora dintre sau tuturor Secţiunilor Invariante împreună cu variantele originale ale acestora. Puteţi include o traducere a acestei Licenţe cât şi toate notificările de licenţă din Document, cât şi Limitările de Responsabilitate atâta timp cât includeţi şi versiunea originală în engleză a acestei Licenţe, plus versiunile originale ale respectivelor notificări de licenţă şi limitări de responsabilitate. În cazul apariţiei oricăror discrepanţe între versiunea tradusă şi versiunea originală a acestei Licenţe, a vreunei notificări de licenţă sau a vreunei limitări de responsabilitate, versiunea originală are prioritate. Dacă vreo secţiune din Document este Numită "Mulţumiri", "Dedicaţii" sau "Istorie" cerinţa (din secţiunea 4) de a-i Păstra Titlul (secţiunea 1) va necesita în mod normal schimbarea titlului în sine. 9. REZILIERE Nu puteţi copia, modifica, sublicenţia sau distribui Documentul decât în condiţiile specificate explicit în această Licenţă. Orice copiere, modificare sau redistribuire a Documentului în vreo altă condiţie este nulă şi vă va anula în mod automat drepturile conferite de această Licenţă. Pe de altă parte, terţilor cărora le veţi fi transmis copii sau drepturi în conformitate cu această Licenţă nu li se vor anula aceste drepturi atâta timp cât i se conformează. 10. VERSIUNI VIITOARE ALE ACESTEI LICENŢE Fundaţia Free Software (Free Software Foundation) poate publica versiuni noi, revizuite ale acestei Licenţe (GNU Free Documentation License) din timp în timp. Aceste noi versiuni vor păstra spiritul acestei versiuni dar pot diferi în privinţa detaliilor, cu scopul de a se adresa unor noi probleme reale sau potenţiale. Vezi http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/. Fiecărei versiuni ale acestei Licenţe îi este asociat un număr de versiune distinct. Dacă Documentul specifică un anumit număr de versiune "sau orice versiune ulterioară" al acestei Licenţe, aveţi de ales între a vă conforma termenilor şi condiţiilor ori ale versiunii specificate explicit sau ale oricărei variante ulterioare publicate (nu ca variantă preliminară) de către Free Software Foundation. Dacă Documentul nu specifică un număr de versiune al acestei Licenţe atunci puteţi alege orice versiune publicată (nu ca variantă preliminară) de către Free Software Foundation. [[ro:GNU FDL]] 780 2602 2004-06-21T10:12:00Z 213.164.241.16 #REDIRECT [[GNU FDL]] 781 2603 2004-06-21T10:16:53Z 213.164.241.16 #REDIRECT [[GNU FDL]] 782 sysop 2604 2004-07-24T01:42:20Z 207.142.131.244 <table> <tr><td align="right"><a href="/w/wiki.phtml?title=Special:Allpages&amp;from=Armaneashti" title ="Special:Allpages">Armaneashti</a></td><td> to </td><td align="left">Uichipedia:Zonâ di probâ</td></tr> </table> 783 5063 2005-11-08T04:10:30Z Korg 40 Rv : spam I'm sorry, I don't know where else to ask... I collect the word for the number 47 ("forty-seven") in as many languages as possible. Can someone please tell me how to say it in Aromanian? Thanks. - [[de:Benutzer:N-true|André]] ([mailto:andrew1985@gmx.de]) == Plural of Aromanian 'vatra'? == Hi, I want to ask what is the plural of Aromanian word 'vatra' eng. 'hearth, fire place' I found the singular form in Belimace poem but I need to know also the plural form. (Dimândarea pãrinteascã - Belimace) El în vatra-lji pãrinteascã Fumealjia s'nu-shi hãriseascã; Di fumelji curunji s'nu bashe, Nat în leagãn shi nu nfashe! Thanks and Best Regards, marius == Gand == Hey, how you doing. I'm a Romanian. I want to know whether Aromanians also have the word 'Gand' for 'thought' and 'Ganduri' (thoughts) as in Daco-Romanian. Thanks. [[User:64.12.116.10|64.12.116.10]] 06:53, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC) * Hi, if I remember correctly the word "gând" is of Hungarian origin. Beautiful word, by the way, great resonance espacially in plural form "gânduri" -- thanks, Hungary :) -- Adrian 'Gandi' (to think) is considered by many Romanian etymological dictionaries to be "from Hungarian", while 'Cugeta' (to think) is the original Romanian word inherited from Latin (>cogitare). Both are used in Daco-Romanian, and they're both nice words. Recently, a linguist (Sorin Paliga) has pointed out that even 'gand' may be native to Daco-Romanian, and he derives 'gand' from the Indo-European root *ghend, 'to grasp, hence to understand', from which comes the *hend part in 'comprehend'. The word may well be Indo-European, and not Finno-Ugric, thus not native to Hungarian at all, and both 'cugeta' (from Latin) and 'gandi' (from an Indo-European language) would be native to Daco-Romanian. This theory is supported by many cognates in Albanian, Greek, Latin, and Baltic. The Hungarian "etymology" is an old assumption. What I was asking here is whether or not the word is found in Aromanian---and the absence of the word (I assume it is absent) in Aromanian does not prove or even indicate a non-Indo-European origin for the word. (Decius) 784 7727 2006-09-25T23:32:03Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 I just made it in Aromanian, hope you won't get angry [[:ro:Utilizator:Danutz|Tu frãndzã-a ufilizãtorlui pi romãneashce]] 785 6732 2006-08-20T11:23:17Z Jean 119 Aista easti unâ '''listâ di ufilisitorlji''' ân proiectu [[Uichipedia]]. *[[User:Danutz|Danutz]] *[[User:Latinus|Latinus]] *[[User:Ronline|Ronline]] *[[User:Jean|Jean]] [[cs:Wikipedie:Wikipedisté]] [[da:Wikipedia:Wikipedianerer]] [[de:Wikipedia:Die Wikipedianer]] [[en:Wikipedia:Wikipedians]] [[eo:Vikipedio:Vikipediistoj]] [[es:Wikipedia:Wikipedistas]] [[fr:Wikipédia:Participants]] [[ko:위키백과:위키백과사전가]] [[nl:Wikipedia:Wikipedianen]] [[pl:Wikipedia:Twórcy Polskiej Wikipedii]] [[ro:Wikipedia:Wikipedist]] [[sl:Wikipedija:Wikipedisti]] [[simple:Wikipedians]] [[sv:Wikipedia:Wikipedianer]] [[zh:Wikipedia:Wikipedia&#20154;]] 786 7754 2006-09-28T20:29:57Z Danutz 4 [[:ro:Discuţie_Utilizator:Danutz|Tu padzina di discutsii]] '''armãneashce''' 787 2609 2004-07-07T08:46:47Z 80.23.201.173 Hehe, Am citit si eu oleaca di aromana si am inteles tot. Acuma vobesc oleaca cu antologisme desi eu sint moldovean si nu sint sigur ca sint multe cuvinte comune. Spor! Dalvi 788 2610 2004-07-07T10:46:47Z 193.230.240.14 Bine ai venit la Wikipedia. Te invităm să participi la proiectul nostru în cadrul Wikipediei pentru vorbitorii de limbă română (care reuneşte România, Republica Moldova, Bucovina, Voivodina şi restul ţărilor în care româna este vorbită). Adresa este http://ro.wikipedia.org/. 789 9073 2007-01-23T13:12:55Z JAnDbot 142 Robot interwiki: Adãugat: ar, arc, bat-smg, bg, ca, csb, cu, el, en, fi, he, hr, hsb, hy, ka, li, lt, mk, nah, pag, qu, ro, sk, sl, sq, sr, st, ta, uk Înlãturat: sm Modificat: es, fj, gd, got, id, ko, nds-nl '''Tată a nostru''' easte pãlãcãrie [[Creshtinism|crishcinã]]. ==Tatã a nostru pi armãneshce== Tatã a nostru<br> Cai eshci ãn tser,<br> S-ayisescã Numa a Ta,<br> S-yinã Vãsilia a Ta,<br> S-facă vrerea a Ta,<br> Ashi cum sh-ãn tser,<br> Ahi sh-pi tutã-n loc.<br> Pãne a nostrã atsea di cathi dzuã dã-nã-u a nao sh-azã<br> Shi ljartã-nã-le amãrtiile-a nostre<br> Ashi cumu le-ljirtãm shi noi-a tsilor cai nã-fac amãrtie.<br> Shi nu nã-du tu pirazmo,<br> ma aveglji-nã di atselu arãolu.<br> Cã a Ta easte Vãsilia shi Putere<br> a Tatãlui sh-a Hiljlui shi-a Spiritlui Ayiu,<br> Tora, totana shi tu eta etilor.<br> Amin. [[als:Vaterunser]] [[ang:Fæder ūre]] [[ar:الصلاة الربيّة]] [[arc:ܨܠܘܬܐ ܡܪܢܝܬܐ]] [[bat-smg:Tėve Mūsų]] [[be:Ойча наш]] [[bg:Отче наш]] [[ca:Parenostre]] [[chr:ᎣᎩᏙᏓ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎮᎯ]] [[cs:Otčenáš]] [[csb:Òjcze Nasz]] [[cu:Lord's Prayer]] [[da:Fader vor]] [[de:Vaterunser]] [[el:Κυριακή προσευχή]] [[en:Lord's Prayer]] [[eo:Patro Nia]] [[es:Padre nuestro]] [[et:Meieisapalve]] [[fi:Isä meidän]] [[fiu-vro:Mi Esä]] [[fj:Na Masu]] [[fo:Faðir vár]] [[fr:Notre Père]] [[fur:Pari Nestri]] [[gd:Ùrnaigh an Tighearna]] [[gl:Noso Pai]] [[got:𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰 𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌰𐍂/Atta Unsar]] [[he:תפילת האדון]] [[hi:विनय से स्वामी]] [[hr:Oče naš]] [[hsb:Wótčenaš]] [[hu:Miatyánk]] [[hy:Հայր Մեր]] [[id:Doa Bapa Kami]] [[io:Patro nia]] [[is:Faðir vor]] [[it:Padre Nostro]] [[ja:主の祈り]] [[jv:Kanjeng Rama]] [[ka:Lord's Prayer]] [[ko:주님의 기도]] [[ku:Bavê me]] [[kw:Pader]] [[la:Pater noster]] [[li:Oze vader]] [[lt:Tėve mūsų]] [[mi:Inoi a te Ariki]] [[mk:Оче наш]] [[my:Lord's Prayer]] [[nah:Totahtzin]] [[nds:Vadderunser]] [[nds-nl:Oenzevaoder]] [[nl:Onzevader]] [[no:Fader vår]] [[pag:Ama Mi]] [[pl:Ojcze nasz]] [[pt:Pai Nosso]] [[qu:Yayayku]] [[ro:Rugăciunea domnească]] [[ru:Отче Наш]] [[sk:Otčenáš]] [[sl:Očenaš]] [[sq:Ati ynë]] [[sr:Оче наш]] [[st:Lord's Prayer]] [[sv:Herrens bön]] [[ta:கிறிஸ்து கற்பித்த செபம்]] [[th:การอธิษฐานของศาสนาคริสต์]] [[tl:Ama Namin]] [[uk:Отче наш]] [[vo:Pleked Söla]] [[zh:主禱文]] 790 2612 2004-08-07T16:39:46Z Danutz 4 Tatăl nostru moved to Tată a nostru #REDIRECT [[Tată a nostru]] 791 9054 2007-01-21T16:43:01Z 86.104.24.220 [[ar:كفاحي]] [[bg:Моята борба]] [[bs:Mein Kampf]] [[ca:Mein Kampf]] [[da:Mein Kampf]] [[de:Mein Kampf]] [[el:Ο Αγών μου]] [[en:Mein Kampf]] [[eo:Mein Kampf]] [[es:Mi lucha]] [[et:Mein Kampf]] [[eu:Mein Kampf]] [[fa:نبرد من]] [[fi:Taisteluni]] [[fr:Mein Kampf]] [[he:מיין קמפף]] [[hr:Mein Kampf]] [[id:Mein Kampf]] [[it:Mein Kampf]] [[ja:我が闘争]] [[ka:ჩემი ბრძოლა]] [[lt:Mano kova]] [[nl:Mein Kampf]] [[no:Mein Kampf]] [[pl:Mein Kampf]] [[pt:Mein Kampf]] [[ro:Mein Kampf]] [[ru:Моя борьба]] [[simple:Mein Kampf]] [[sk:Mein Kampf]] [[sl:Moj boj]] [[sr:Мајн кампф]] [[sv:Mein Kampf]] [[tr:Kavgam (kitap)]] [[vi:Mein Kampf]] [[zh:我的奋斗]] 792 9084 2007-01-24T21:24:50Z Thijs!bot 143 Robot interwiki: Modificat: [[arc:ܝܘܢ]] [[Image:Flag of Greece.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Gãrtsia]] [[Image:Coat of arms of Greece.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Gãrtsia]] [[Image:LocationGreece.png|thumb|250px|right|Gãrtsia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Gãrtsia''' icã '''Elladhã''' (gãr:''Ελληνική Δημοκρατία'') easte un stat tu Not-Datlu ali [[Europa]] membru ali [[Unia Europeanã]]. S-pistipseashce cã Gãrtsia easte protlu stat tu Balcanlu. Populatsia ali Gãrtsie easte misticatã, ma nai cama mare parte u-fac Gretslji, cai sãntu nai cama vecljul lao tu [[Europa]], cu tsivilizatsia tsi s-duse pãnã la chirolu al Alexandru atsel Marle, a di alante ethnie sãntu shi: Armãnjlji, Slavovurgãrlji, Turtsãlji shi Arbineshlji. Capitala: [[Athina]] (Αθήνα) *[[Machedonia Gãrtseascã|Machedonia Gãrtsescã]] *[http://www.olympion.de/greek-embassies-worldwide.html Lista di ambashadile ali Gãrtsia tu Lume] [[Category:Europa]] [[category:Unia Europeanã]] [[category:Stat]] [[Category:Gãrtsia]] [[af:Griekeland]] [[als:Griechenland]] [[an:Grezia]] [[ar:يونان]] [[arc:ܝܘܢ]] [[ast:Grecia]] [[az:Yunanıstan]] [[bat-smg:Graikėjė]] [[be:Грэцыя]] [[bg:Гърция]] [[bn:গ্রীস]] [[br:Gres (bro)]] [[bs:Grčka]] [[ca:Grècia]] [[cs:Řecko]] [[cy:Gwlad Groeg]] [[da:Grækenland]] [[de:Griechenland]] [[el:Ελλάδα]] [[en:Greece]] [[eo:Grekio]] [[es:Grecia]] [[et:Kreeka]] [[eu:Grezia]] [[fa:یونان]] [[fi:Kreikka]] [[fiu-vro:Kriika]] [[fo:Grikkaland]] [[fr:Grèce]] [[frp:Grèce]] [[fy:Grikelân]] [[ga:An Ghréig]] [[gd:A' Ghrèig]] [[gl:Grecia - Ελλάδα]] [[haw:Helene]] [[he:יוון]] [[hi:ग्रीस]] [[hr:Grčka]] [[hsb:Grjekska]] [[hu:Görögország]] [[hy:Հունաստան]] [[ia:Grecia]] [[id:Yunani]] [[ilo:Grecia]] [[io:Grekia]] [[is:Grikkland]] [[it:Grecia]] [[ja:ギリシャ]] [[ka:საბერძნეთი]] [[ko:그리스]] [[ku:Yewnanistan]] [[kw:Pow Grek]] [[la:Graecia]] [[lb:Griicheland]] [[li:Griekeland]] [[lt:Graikija]] [[lv:Grieķija]] [[mk:Грција]] [[ml:ഗ്രീസ്]] [[mo:Гречия]] [[ms:Yunani]] [[na:Greece]] [[nds:Grekenland]] [[nds-nl:Griekenlaand]] [[ne:ग्रीस]] [[nl:Griekenland]] [[nn:Hellas]] [[no:Hellas]] [[oc:Grècia]] [[os:Греци]] [[pam:Greece]] [[pl:Grecja]] [[pms:Grecia]] [[ps:يونان]] [[pt:Grécia]] [[qu:Grisya]] [[ro:Grecia]] [[ru:Греция]] [[scn:Grecia]] [[sh:Grčka]] [[simple:Greece]] [[sk:Grécko]] [[sl:Grčija]] [[sq:Greqia]] [[sr:Грчка]] [[sv:Grekland]] [[sw:Ugiriki]] [[tet:Grésia]] [[tg:Юнон]] [[th:ประเทศกรีซ]] [[tl:Gresya]] [[tpi:Gris]] [[tr:Yunanistan]] [[udm:Греция]] [[ug:گرېتسىيە]] [[uk:Греція]] [[ur:یونان]] [[vec:Grecia]] [[vi:Hy Lạp]] [[vo:Grikän]] [[war:Gresya]] [[zh:希腊]] [[zh-classical:希臘]] [[zh-min-nan:Hi-lia̍p]] 793 9058 2007-01-22T15:08:13Z JAnDbot 142 Robot interwiki: Înlãturat: [[fy:Masedoanje]] Modificat: [[uk:Республіка Македонія]] [[Image:Macedonia.JPG|180px|thumb|Machedonia]] '''Machedonia''' ( [[Limba gãrtseascã|el]]: ''Μακεδονία'', [[Limba vurgarica|bg]]: ''Македония'' [[limba slavovurgarica|mk]]: ''Македонија'') easte raion tu Peninsula Balcanicã, [[Evropa|Europa]]. Machidunia, pi teritoria di azã pricad: *52% [[Gãrtsia]] ([[Machedonia Gãrtseascã|Machedonia Gãrtsescã]]), *38% [[Republica Ex-Iugoslavã ali Machedonia|REI Machedonia]] ([[Machedonia di Avardarlu]]) shi *10% [[Vurgaria]] ([[Pirin Machedonia|Machedonia di Pirinlu]]). Cãsãbãlu capital: [[Sãrunã]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[als:Republik Makedonien]] [[ar:مقدونيا]] [[arc:ܡܩܕܘܢܝܐ]] [[ast:República de Macedonia]] [[be:Рэспубліка Македонія]] [[bg:Република Македония]] [[br:Republik Makedonia]] [[bs:Republika Makedonija]] [[ca:República de Macedònia]] [[cs:Republika Makedonie]] [[cy:Gweriniaeth Macedonia]] [[da:Makedonien]] [[de:Mazedonien]] [[el:Πρώην Γιουγκοσλαβική Δημοκρατία της Μακεδονίας]] [[en:Republic of Macedonia]] [[eo:Respubliko de Makedonio]] [[es:República de Macedonia]] [[et:Makedoonia]] [[eu:Mazedoniako Errepublika]] [[fa:مقدونیه]] [[fi:Makedonian tasavalta]] [[fiu-vro:Makõdoonia Vabariik']] [[fr:Macédoine (pays)]] [[frp:Rèpublica de Macèdonie]] [[gl:Macedonia (ARIM) - Македонија (ПЈРМ)]] [[he:מקדוניה]] [[hr:Republika Makedonija]] [[hsb:Makedonska]] [[hu:Macedón Köztársaság]] [[hy:Մակեդոնիա]] [[id:Republik Makedonia]] [[io:Macedonia]] [[is:Lýðveldið Makedónía]] [[it:Repubblica di Macedonia]] [[ja:マケドニア共和国]] [[ko:마케도니아 공화국]] [[ku:Komara Makedonyayê]] [[la:Respublica Macedonica]] [[li:Macedonië (land)]] [[lt:Makedonija]] [[lv:Maķedonijas Republika]] [[mk:Република Македонија]] [[ms:Republik Macedonia]] [[nds:Republiek Makedonien]] [[ne:म्यासेडोनिया]] [[nl:Macedonië (land)]] [[nn:Republikken Makedonia]] [[no:Republikken Makedonia]] [[oc:Republica de Macedònia]] [[pam:Republic of Macedonia]] [[pl:Macedonia]] [[pms:Repùblica Macedònia]] [[ps:مقدونيه]] [[pt:República da Macedónia]] [[rmy:Republika Makedoniya]] [[ro:Republica Macedonia]] [[ru:Республика Македония]] [[scn:Ripùbblica di Macidonia]] [[se:Dásseváldi Makedonia]] [[sh:Republika Makedonija]] [[simple:Republic of Macedonia]] [[sk:Macedónsko]] [[sl:Makedonija]] [[sq:Ish Republika Jugosllave e Maqedonisë]] [[sr:Република Македонија]] [[sv:Makedonien]] [[sw:Jamhuri ya Masedonia]] [[tg:Ҷумҳурии Мақдуния]] [[th:สาธารณรัฐมาซิโดเนีย]] [[tl:Republika ng Masedonya]] [[tr:Makedonya Cumhuriyeti]] [[ug:ماكېدونىيە]] [[uk:Республіка Македонія]] [[vo:Repüblik Makedonän]] [[war:Republika han Masedonya]] [[zh:馬其頓共和國]] [[zh-min-nan:Makedonija Kiōng-hô-kok]] 794 9117 2007-01-31T01:46:39Z Thijs!bot 143 Robot interwiki: Adãugat: [[qu:Skopje]] '''Scopia''' easte cãsãbãlu capital ali [[Republica Machedonia|REIMachedonia]]. [[Image:Sobranie-Makedonija.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Parlamentu ali [[Republica Machedonia|REI Machedonia]], Scopia]] [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Machedonia]] --> [[am:ስኮፕዬ]] [[ar:سكوبيه]] [[ast:Skopje]] [[be:Скоп'е]] [[bg:Скопие]] [[bs:Skoplje]] [[ca:Skopje]] [[cs:Skopje]] [[cu:Съкопиѥ]] [[cy:Skopje]] [[da:Skopje]] [[de:Skopje]] [[el:Σκόπια]] [[en:Skopje]] [[eo:Skopjo]] [[es:Skopje]] [[et:Skopje]] [[fa:اسکوپیه]] [[fi:Skopje]] [[fr:Skopje]] [[fy:Skopje]] [[he:סקופיה]] [[hr:Skoplje]] [[hsb:Skopje]] [[hu:Szkopje]] [[hy:Սկոպյե]] [[id:Skopje]] [[io:Skopje]] [[it:Skopje]] [[ja:スコピエ]] [[ka:სკოპიე]] [[ko:스코페]] [[la:Scupi]] [[lt:Skopjė]] [[lv:Skopje]] [[mk:Скопје]] [[nl:Skopje]] [[no:Skopje]] [[pl:Skopje]] [[pt:Skopje]] [[qu:Skopje]] [[rmy:Skopiye]] [[ro:Skopje]] [[ru:Скопье]] [[sh:Skoplje]] [[sk:Skopje]] [[sq:Shkupi]] [[sr:Скопље]] [[sv:Skopje]] [[sw:Skopje]] [[tg:Скопе]] [[tr:Üsküp]] [[vo:Skopje]] [[zh:斯科普里]] 795 5745 2006-01-18T14:09:08Z Latinus 79 aest easti aromânã, nu dacoromânã! ''Aest articol easti ciot shi âncâ ân constructsie'' 796 5021 2005-09-06T13:58:17Z 83.146.9.230 #REDIRECT [[Vurgarii]] 797 2619 2004-12-26T01:00:08Z 213.164.241.16 '''Serbii''' easti unâ tsarâ tu [[Evropa]]. [[en:Serbia]] 798 8917 2007-01-04T12:11:12Z JAnDbot 142 redirect #Redirect [[Arbinishia]] 799 9124 2007-01-31T17:12:00Z TXiKiBoT 147 Robot interwiki: Adãugat: [[mo:Ӂермания]], [[ru-sib:Германия]] Înlãturat: [[nah:Teutōtitlan]] [[Image:Flag of Germany.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Ghermãnia]] [[Image:Coat of Arms of Germany.svg|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Germãnia]] [[Image:LocationGermany.png|thumb|250px|right|Ghermãnia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Republica Federalã Ghermãnia''' (de:'''Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''')easte stat tu [[Unia Europeanã]], [[Europa]]. Cama marle cãsãbadz tu Ghermãnia sãntu: *[[Berlin]] *[[Bonn]] *[[Dresden]] *[[Frankfurt am Main]] *[[Freiburg]] *[[Hamburg]] *[[Köln]] *[[Mannheim]] *[[München]] *[[Stuttgart]] == Ligãturi == * [http://www.germanygate.com Germany] - Porta-a Ghermãniiljei [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Stat]] [[Category:Unia Europeanã]] [[Category:Stat ghermanofonic]] [[af:Duitsland]] [[als:Deutschland]] [[am:ጀርመን]] [[an:Alemaña]] [[ang:Þēodiscland]] [[ar:ألمانيا]] [[arc:ܓܪܡܢ]] [[ast:Alemaña]] [[az:Almaniya]] [[bar:Deitschlånd]] [[be:Нямеччына]] [[bg:Германия]] [[bn:জার্মানি]] [[br:Alamagn]] [[bs:Njemačka]] [[ca:Alemanya]] [[cs:Německo]] [[csb:Miemieckô]] [[cv:Германи]] [[cy:Yr Almaen]] [[da:Tyskland]] [[de:Deutschland]] [[el:Γερμανία]] [[en:Germany]] [[eo:Germanio]] [[es:Alemania]] [[et:Saksamaa]] [[eu:Alemania]] [[fa:آلمان]] [[fi:Saksa]] [[fiu-vro:S'aksamaa]] [[fo:Týskland]] [[fr:Allemagne]] [[frp:Alemagne]] [[fur:Gjermanie]] [[fy:Dútslân]] [[ga:An Ghearmáin]] [[gd:A' Ghearmailt]] [[gl:Alemaña - Deutschland]] [[gn:Alemaña]] [[gv:Yn Ghermaan]] [[he:גרמניה]] [[hi:जर्मनी]] [[hr:Njemačka]] [[hsb:Němska]] [[hu:Németország]] [[hy:Գերմանիա]] [[ia:Germania]] [[id:Jerman]] [[ig:Germany]] [[ilo:Alemania]] [[io:Germania]] [[is:Þýskaland]] [[it:Germania]] [[ja:ドイツ]] [[jbo:dotygu'e]] [[jv:Jerman]] [[ka:გერმანია]] [[kk:Алмания]] [[kn:ಜರ್ಮನಿ]] [[ko:독일]] [[ku:Almanya]] [[kw:Almayn]] [[la:Germania]] [[lad:Alemania]] [[lb:Däitschland]] [[lg:Girimane]] [[li:Duutsjlandj]] [[lmo:Germania]] [[ln:Alémani]] [[lt:Vokietija]] [[lv:Vācija]] [[mi:Tiamana]] [[mk:Германија]] [[ml:ജര്‍മ്മനി]] [[mo:Ӂермания]] [[mr:जर्मनी]] [[ms:Jerman]] [[mt:Ġermanja]] [[na:Germany]] [[nds:Düütschland]] [[nds-nl:Duutslaand]] [[ne:जर्मनी]] [[nl:Duitsland]] [[nn:Tyskland]] [[no:Tyskland]] [[nrm:Allemangne]] [[oc:Alemanha]] [[os:Герман]] [[pam:Germany]] [[pdc:Deitschland]] [[pl:Niemcy]] [[pms:Germania]] [[ps:جرمني/آلمان]] [[pt:Alemanha]] [[qu:Alimanya]] [[rm:Germania]] [[rmy:Jermaniya]] [[ro:Germania]] [[ru:Германия]] [[ru-sib:Германия]] [[sc:Germània]] [[scn:Girmania]] [[sco:Germany]] [[se:Duiska]] [[sh:Nemačka]] [[simple:Germany]] [[sk:Nemecko]] [[sl:Nemčija]] [[so:Jarmalka]] [[sq:Gjermania]] [[sr:Немачка]] [[st:Tôitšhi]] [[su:Jėrman]] [[sv:Tyskland]] [[sw:Ujerumani]] [[ta:ஜெர்மனி]] [[tet:Alemaña]] [[tg:Олмон]] [[th:ประเทศเยอรมนี]] [[tl:Alemanya]] [[tpi:Siaman]] [[tr:Almanya]] [[ty:Heremani]] [[udm:Германия]] [[ug:گېرمانىيە]] [[uk:Німеччина]] [[ur:جرمنی]] [[uz:Olmoniya]] [[vec:Germania]] [[vi:Đức]] [[vls:Duutsland]] [[vo:Deutän]] [[war:Alemanya]] [[yi:דייטשלאנד]] [[yo:Jámánì]] [[zh:德国]] [[zh-classical:德意志]] [[zh-min-nan:Tek-kok]] [[zh-yue:德國]] [[zu:IJalimani]] 800 9108 2007-01-29T14:35:35Z JAnDbot 142 Robot interwiki: Adãugat: [[ru-sib:2004]] {| align=right cellpadding=3 id=toc style="margin-left: 15px;" |- | align="center" colspan=2 | <small>'''Ani:'''</small><br> [[2001]] [[2002]] [[2003]] - [[2004]] - [[2005]] [[2006]] [[2007]] |- | align="center" colspan=2 | <small>'''[[Decenii]]:'''</small> <br> [[1970s]] [[1980s]] [[1990s]] - '''[[2000s]]''' - [[2010s]] [[2020s]] [[2030s]] |- | align="center" | <small>'''[[Secole]]:'''</small> <br> [[20th century]] - '''[[21st century]]''' - [[22nd century]] <hr> |} __NOTOC__ ===Evenimente=== ===Amintari=== ===Decese=== ===Premii Nobel=== [[af:2004]] [[am:2004 እ.ኤ.አ.]] [[an:2004]] [[ar:2004]] [[ast:2004]] [[av:2004]] [[az:2004]] [[bat-smg:2004]] [[be:2004]] [[bg:2004]] [[bn:২০০৪]] [[bpy:মারি ২০০৪]] [[br:2004]] [[bs:2004]] [[ca:2004]] [[cr:2004]] [[cs:2004]] [[csb:2004]] [[cv:2004]] [[cy:2004]] [[da:2004]] [[de:2004]] [[el:2004]] [[en:2004]] [[eo:2004]] [[es:2004]] [[et:2004]] [[eu:2004]] [[fi:2004]] [[fo:2004]] [[fr:2004]] [[frp:2004]] [[fur:2004]] [[fy:2004]] [[ga:2004]] [[gd:2004]] [[gl:2004]] [[he:2004]] [[hi:२००४]] [[hr:2004]] [[ht:2004 (almanak gregoryen)]] [[hu:2004]] [[hy:2004]] [[ia:2004]] [[id:2004]] [[ilo:2004]] [[io:2004]] [[is:2004]] [[it:2004]] [[ja:2004年]] [[jbo:2004moi nanca]] [[ka:2004]] [[kn:೨೦೦೪]] [[ko:2004년]] [[ksh:Joohr 2004]] [[ku:2004]] [[kw:2004]] [[la:2004]] [[lb:2004]] [[li:2004]] [[lmo:2004]] [[lt:2004]] [[mi:2004]] [[mk:2004]] [[mo:2004]] [[ms:2004]] [[na:2004]] [[nah:2004]] [[nap:2004]] [[nds:2004]] [[nds-nl:2004]] [[nl:2004]] [[nn:2004]] [[no:2004]] [[nrm:2004]] [[oc:2004]] [[os:2004]] [[pam:2004]] [[pdc:2004]] [[pl:2004]] [[pms:2004]] [[pt:2004]] [[qu:2004]] [[ro:2004]] [[ru:2004 год]] [[ru-sib:2004]] [[scn:2004]] [[sco:2004]] [[se:2004]] [[sh:2004]] [[simple:2004]] [[sk:2004]] [[sl:2004]] [[sm:2004]] [[sq:2004]] [[sr:2004]] [[su:2004]] [[sv:2004]] [[sw:2004]] [[ta:2004]] [[te:2004]] [[th:พ.ศ. 2547]] [[tk:2004]] [[tl:2004]] [[tpi:2004]] [[tr:2004]] [[tt:2004]] [[uk:2004]] [[ur:2004ء]] [[uz:2004]] [[vec:2004]] [[vi:2004]] [[vls:2004]] [[wa:2004]] [[war:2004]] [[yi:2004]] [[zh:2004年]] [[zh-min-nan:2004 nî]] [[zh-yue:2004年]] 801 8977 2007-01-12T02:53:56Z TXiKiBoT 147 Robot interwiki: Adãugat: [[ur:یورپ]] '''Europa''' easte un [[continent]]. [[Image:LocationEurope.png|thumb|250px|right|Harta di lume iu s-veade Europa]] [[Image:Europe countries map en.png|thumb|250px|right|Harta politicã]] ==Staturi== *[[Arbinishia]] *[[Arusia]] *[[Arusia albã]] *[[Austria]] *[[Belghia]] *[[Bosna shi Hertsegovina]] *[[Britania Mare]] *[[Cehia]] *[[Chipro]] *[[Croatia]] *[[Danimarca]] *[[Estonia]] *[[Finlanda]] *[[Gallia]] *[[Gãrtsia]] *[[Ghermãnia]] *[[Ghibraltar]] *[[Irlanda]] *[[Islanda]] *[[Ispania]] *[[Italia]] *[[Letonia]] *[[Litva]] *[[Luxemburg]] *[[Malta]] *[[Moldova]] *[[Monaco]] *[[Montenegro]] *[[Norveghia]] *[[Olanda]] *[[Portogallia]] *[[Polandia]] *[[Republica Ex-Iugoslavã ali Machedonia]] *[[Romãnia]] *[[San Marino]] *[[Sãrghia]] *[[Shwaitsã]] *[[Slovachia]] *[[Slovenia]] *[[Suidia]] *[[Turchia]] *[[Ucraina]] *[[Ungaria]] *[[Vatican]] *[[Vurgaria]] Categoria:[[Category:Europa]] [[af:Europa]] [[als:Europa]] [[am:አውሮፓ]] [[an:Europa]] [[ang:Europa]] [[ar:أوروبا]] [[arc:ܝܘܐܪܘܦܐ]] [[ast:Europa]] [[ay:Iwrupa]] [[az:Avropa]] [[bar:Europa]] [[bat-smg:Euruopa]] [[be:Эўропа]] [[bg:Европа]] [[bn:ইউরোপ]] [[bo:ཡོ་རོབ་གླིང་]] [[br:Europa (kevandir)]] [[bs:Evropa]] [[ca:Europa]] [[chr:ᎡᎶᏆ]] [[co:Europa]] [[cs:Evropa]] [[csb:Eùropa]] [[cv:Европа]] [[cy:Ewrop]] [[da:Europa]] [[de:Europa]] [[el:Ευρώπη]] [[en:Europe]] [[eo:Eŭropo]] [[es:Europa]] [[et:Euroopa]] [[eu:Europa]] [[fa:اروپا]] [[fi:Eurooppa]] [[fo:Evropa]] [[fr:Europe]] [[frp:Eropa]] [[fur:Europe]] [[fy:Jeropa]] [[ga:An Eoraip]] [[gd:An Roinn-Eòrpa]] [[gl:Europa]] [[gn:Europa]] [[gu:યુરોપ]] [[gv:Yn Europey]] [[haw:ʻEulopa]] [[he:אירופה]] [[hi:यूरोप]] [[hr:Europa]] [[hsb:Europa]] [[ht:Ewòp]] [[hu:Európa]] [[ia:Europa]] [[id:Eropa]] [[io:Europa]] [[is:Evrópa]] [[it:Europa]] [[ja:ヨーロッパ]] [[jbo:rontu'a]] [[ka:ევროპა]] [[kk:Еуропа]] [[kn:ಯೂರೋಪ್]] [[ko:유럽]] [[ksh:Europa (Kontinänt)]] [[ku:Ewropa]] [[kw:Europa]] [[la:Europa]] [[lb:Europa (Kontinent)]] [[li:Europa]] [[lij:Euròpa]] [[lmo:Europa]] [[lo:ເອີລົບ]] [[lt:Europa]] [[lv:Eiropa]] [[mi:Ūropi]] [[mk:Европа]] [[mo:Еуропа]] [[ms:Eropah]] [[mt:Ewropa]] [[my:ဥရောပ]] [[na:Iurop]] [[nah:Eutlocpan]] [[nds:Europa]] [[nds-nl:Europa (continent)]] [[ne:युरोप]] [[nl:Europa (continent)]] [[nn:Europa]] [[no:Europa]] [[nov:Europa]] [[nrm:Ûrope]] [[oc:Euròpa]] [[os:Европæ]] [[pdc:Eiropaa]] [[pl:Europa]] [[pt:Europa]] [[qu:Iwrupa]] [[rm:Europa]] [[rmy:Europa]] [[ro:Europa]] [[ru:Европа]] [[ru-sib:Европа]] [[sc:Europa]] [[scn:Europa]] [[sco:Europe]] [[se:Eurohpá]] [[sh:Evropa]] [[simple:Europe]] [[sk:Európa]] [[sl:Evropa]] [[so:Yurub]] [[sq:Evropa]] [[sr:Европа]] [[st:Europa]] [[sv:Europa]] [[sw:Ulaya]] [[ta:ஐரோப்பா]] [[tg:Аврупо]] [[th:ทวีปยุโรป]] [[tk:Ýewropa]] [[tl:Europa]] [[tpi:Yurop]] [[tr:Avrupa]] [[udm:Европа]] [[ug:ياۋروپا]] [[uk:Європа]] [[ur:یورپ]] [[uz:Yevropa]] [[vec:Eoropa]] [[vi:Châu Âu]] [[vls:Europa]] [[wa:Urope]] [[war:Europa]] [[wo:Óróop]] [[yi:אייראפע]] [[yo:Yúróòpù]] [[zh:欧洲]] [[zh-classical:歐羅巴洲]] [[zh-min-nan:Europa]] [[zh-yue:歐洲]] 802 2624 2004-09-25T11:36:47Z Davidcannon 13 {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} 803 2625 2004-10-15T13:59:02Z Bgbot 14 Bgbot's main task '''Bgbot''' is a bot which is primarily active on [[:bg:|Bulgarian Wikipedia]]. Its main task on other wikipedias consists of making of bg: interwikis. The bot was developed by [[:bg:Потребител:Borislav|User:Borislav]], so any possible complaints about it should be [[:bg:Потребител беседа:Borislav|directed]] to him :-). [[bg:Потребител:Bgbot]] 804 2626 2004-10-16T09:48:58Z Bgbot 14 Bgbot's talk page on bg: <div class="toccolours" style="text-align:center">Please, use the [[:bg:Потребител беседа:Bgbot|'''Bgbot's talk page on bg:''']].</div> 805 2627 2004-10-16T12:19:23Z 80.222.209.112 http://www.christusrex.org/www1/pater/JPN-aromana.html 806 2628 2004-11-13T07:38:06Z KIZU 6 I am request for changing my user name to '''Aphaia'''.--[[User:KIZU|KIZU]] 07:38, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC) 807 6114 2006-04-05T12:01:46Z Al 91 #redirect[[Românii]] [[en:Romania]] [[bg:&#1056;&#1091;&#1084;&#1098;&#1085;&#1080;&#1103;]] [[cs:Rumunsko]] [[cy:Romania]] [[da:Rumænien]] [[de:Rumänien]] [[et:Rumeenia]] [[es:Rumanía]] [[eo:Rumanio]] [[fr:Roumanie]] [[gd:Romàinia]] [[io:Rumania]] [[ia:Romania]] [[is:Rúmenía]] [[it:Romania]] [[he:&#1512;&#1493;&#1502;&#1504;&#1497;&#1492;]] [[la:Romania]] [[lv:Rum&#257;nija]] [[lt:Rumunija]] [[hu:Románia]] [[ms:Romania]] [[nl:Roemenië]] [[ja:&#12523;&#12540;&#12510;&#12491;&#12450;]] [[no:Romania]] [[nds:Rumänien]] [[pl:Rumunia]] [[pt:Roménia]] [[ro:România]] [[ru:&#1056;&#1091;&#1084;&#1099;&#1085;&#1080;&#1103;]] [[scn:Rumania]] [[simple:Romania]] [[sk:Rumunsko]] [[sl:Romunija]] [[fi:Romania]] [[sv:Rumänien]] [[tokipona:ma Lomani]] [[tr:Romanya]] [[uk:&#1056;&#1091;&#1084;&#1091;&#1085;&#1110;&#1103;]] [[wa:Roumaneye]] [[zh:&#32645;&#39340;&#23612;&#20126;]] 808 5024 2005-09-15T03:43:59Z 86.34.2.15 829 sysop 8578 2006-11-15T16:08:13Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 Avg 1043 6160 2006-04-22T15:08:07Z Proofreader 98 Armâneashti s-dzatsi "tu Evropa", nu "ân Europa". Angâtanu, câtse altâ turlii alutusits. Itsi s-hibâ, ca hara ca ahurhitu! This article seems to have the same topic as [[Sârbii]]. Which one has the correct writing? The other one should be turned into a redirect. --[[User:Proofreader|Proofreader]] 15:08, 22 April 2006 (UTC) 1044 2866 2004-12-25T18:57:27Z 84.243.66.200 Idyea aua: Va anyrâpseari "tu Evropa". 1045 2867 2004-12-25T19:00:09Z 84.243.66.200 More, more, tsi nu s-fatsi aua: "tu Gârtsii". 1046 2868 2004-12-25T19:01:02Z 84.243.66.200 rivista easti "unâ", nu "o". 1047 2869 2004-12-25T19:03:57Z 84.243.66.200 Maca anyrapsits armâneashti, mutrits tu cărtsâ. Ari lucri di mari sinferu ti tuts. 1048 2870 2004-12-26T18:16:05Z 84.243.66.190 Mutrits ninti tu dictsionaru, antribats, shi deapoa anyrapsits! Avemu armâneashti "pâlâcârii", catse bâgămu zboari xeani? 1049 7077 2006-09-14T07:22:28Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Talk:Tată a nostru]] moved to [[Talk:Tatã a nostru]] __TOC__ == ... == Aua avets pâlâcâria pi armâneashti. Tatăl a nostru cari eshtsâ tu tseru (analtu), s-aisească numa a Ta, s-yină amirâriljea a Ta, s-facă voljea a Ta, ashi cumu tu tseru (analtu), ashi shi pisti locu. Pânea a noastră atsea di cathi dzuuâ dă-nâ u a nau azâ shi nă li ljartă amărtiljili a noastri ashi cumu li ljirtămu shi noi a câbâtladzloru a noshtsâ. Sh-nu nâ du tu alutuseari, ama aveaglji-nă di atselu arăulu. Că a Ta easti amirâriljea shi putearea Tu numa a Tatălui sh-Hiljiui sh-Duhlui Sâmtu, tora, totâna sj-tu eta a etiloru. Amin. == [[Tată a nostru]] - [[Tatãl-a nostru]] == * Există precum [[Tată a nostru]] şi [[Tatãl-a nostru]]. [[User:Gangleri|Gangleri]] 13:32, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC) 1050 5830 2006-02-25T07:16:41Z 194.150.216.12 Dupâ un studiu tsi ar faptâ Institutlu di Geografii ningâ Academia di Shtiintsâ dit Arbinushii, cu sondaji shi cu lugurii statistici, spuni câ tu Arbinushii suntu 139.000 di oaminj dit etnia armânâ. Aestâ cifrâ nu âlji ari arisitâ a multsâ oaminj aua, tu Arbinushii, shi pi frândzâli a efimeridelor suntu tipusiti multi articuli tsi arucâ hima fârâ argumenti aestâ cifrâ. Sutsata a noastrâ (Armânjlji dit Arbinushii) easti sinfunâ cu studiili tsi ari faptâ Institutlu di Geografii shi Profesor Arqile Bërxolli au faptâ multi muabetsâ tsi cu argumenti aparâ studiili di populatsii. Tutâ aestâ iasti tipusitu shi tu Atlaslu ali populatsiljei, pi dauâ limbi (albanezâ shi anglicheashti) JG 1051 2873 2005-01-25T04:53:26Z っ 18 [[ja:利用者:っ]] 1052 2874 2005-03-18T22:39:34Z Gangleri 19 #wikipedia-balkan __NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__ ===== [[commons:User:Gangleri]] ===== [[Image:Redirect arrow.png|left]] ::* [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikipedia-balkan #wikipedia-balkan] ::* [[:de:Benutzer:Gangleri]] ::* [[:en:User:Gangleri]] ::* [[:eo:Vikipediisto:Gangleri]] ::* [[:is:Notandi:Gangleri]] ::* [[:ro:Utilizator:Gangleri]] ::* '''[[meta:User:Gangleri]]''' [[de:Benutzer:Gangleri]] [[en:User:Gangleri]] [[eo:Vikipediisto:Gangleri]] [[is:Notandi:Gangleri]] [[ro:Utilizator:Gangleri]] 1053 2875 2005-02-05T11:19:09Z Gangleri 19 __TOC__ 1054 7610 2006-09-21T10:04:49Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Limbi]] moved to [[Limbe]] 1055 7850 2006-10-03T15:09:27Z 82.171.215.71 Redirecting to [[Limba armãneascã]] #REDIRECT [[Limba armãneascã]] 1056 2878 2005-03-04T13:09:36Z Danutz 4 Gârtsii moved to Gârţii #REDIRECT [[Gârţii]] 1057 2879 2005-03-04T13:09:51Z Danutz 4 Talk:Gârtsii moved to Talk:Gârţii #REDIRECT [[Talk:Gârţii]] 1058 2880 2005-03-04T13:11:21Z Danutz 4 Uichipedia:Fântânâ moved to Uichipedia:Fântâna #REDIRECT [[Uichipedia:Fântâna]] 1059 9066 2007-01-23T01:20:12Z Thijs!bot 143 Robot interwiki: Adãugat: [[ml:അല്‍ബേനിയ]] [[Image:Flag of Albania.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Arbinishia]] [[Image:Albania state emblem.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Arbinishia]] [[Image:LocationAlbania.png|thumb|250px|right|Arbinishia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Arbinishia''' ('''Shqipëria''') easte stat tu [[Balcan|Balcanlu]] tu Not-Datlu ali [[Europa]]. Cãsãbãlu capital di Arbinishia easte [[Tirana]]. ==Stat== Republika e Shqipërisë * loc 28 748 km² * populatsia 3,581,656 (2006) ==Cãsãbãlu capital== *[[Tirana]] *http://www.tirana.gov.al ==Ligãturã== *http://www.shqiperia.com [[category:Europa]] [[category:Stat]] [[af:Albanië]] [[als:Albanien]] [[an:Albania]] [[ang:Albania]] [[ar:ألبانيا]] [[arc:ܐܠܒܢܝܐ]] [[ast:Albania]] [[be:Альбанія]] [[bg:Албания]] [[bn:আলবেনিয়া]] [[br:Albania]] [[bs:Albanija]] [[ca:Albània]] [[chr:ᎠᎸᏇᏂᏯ]] [[cs:Albánie]] [[cy:Albania]] [[da:Albanien]] [[de:Albanien]] [[el:Αλβανία]] [[en:Albania]] [[eo:Albanio]] [[es:Albania]] [[et:Albaania]] [[eu:Albania]] [[fa:آلبانی]] [[fi:Albania]] [[fiu-vro:Albaania]] [[fo:Albania]] [[fr:Albanie]] [[fur:Albanie]] [[fy:Albaanje]] [[ga:An Albáin]] [[gd:Albàinia]] [[gl:Albania - Shqipëria]] [[he:אלבניה]] [[hi:अल्बानिया]] [[hr:Albanija]] [[hsb:Albanska]] [[ht:Albani]] [[hu:Albánia]] [[hy:Ալբանիա]] [[ia:Albania]] [[id:Albania]] [[ilo:Albania]] [[io:Albania]] [[is:Albanía]] [[it:Albania]] [[ja:アルバニア]] [[ka:ალბანეთი]] [[km:អាល់បានី]] [[ko:알바니아]] [[ku:Elbanya]] [[kw:Albani]] [[la:Albania]] [[lb:Albanien]] [[li:Albanië]] [[lt:Albanija]] [[lv:Albānija]] [[mg:Albania]] [[mk:Албанија]] [[ml:അല്‍ബേനിയ]] [[ms:Albania]] [[mt:Albanija]] [[na:Albania]] [[nds:Albanien]] [[ne:अल्बानिया]] [[nl:Albanië]] [[nn:Albania]] [[no:Albania]] [[nov:Albania]] [[oc:Albania]] [[pam:Albania]] [[pdc:Albaani]] [[pl:Albania]] [[pms:Albanìa]] [[ps:البانيا]] [[pt:Albânia]] [[qu:Albanya]] [[rmy:Shkiperiya]] [[ro:Albania]] [[ru:Албания]] [[ru-sib:Албания]] [[sa:अल्बानिया]] [[scn:Albanìa]] [[se:Albánia]] [[simple:Albania]] [[sk:Albánsko]] [[sl:Albanija]] [[sq:Shqipëria]] [[sr:Албанија]] [[sv:Albanien]] [[th:ประเทศแอลเบเนีย]] [[tl:Albanya]] [[tr:Arnavutluk]] [[udm:Албания]] [[ug:ئالبانىيە]] [[uk:Албанія]] [[vi:Albania]] [[vo:Lalbanän]] [[zh:阿尔巴尼亚]] [[zh-min-nan:Shqipëria]] [[zh-yue:阿爾巴尼亞]] 1060 9116 2007-01-30T23:43:24Z Thijs!bot 143 Robot interwiki: Adãugat: [[am:ሰርቢያ]] [[Image:Flag of Serbia (state).svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Sãrghia]] [[Image:Coat of arms of Serbia.svg|thumb|150px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Sãrghia]] [[Image:LocationSerbia.png|thumb|250px|right|Sãrghia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Republica Sãrghia''' (sr: '''Republika Srbija''') easte stat tu [[Europa]]. <br>Cãsãbãlu capital:[[Biligrad]] [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Stat]] [[als:Serbien]] [[am:ሰርቢያ]] [[an:Serbia]] [[ar:جمهورية صربيا]] [[arc:ܨܪܒܝܐ]] [[ast:Serbia]] [[bat-smg:Serbėjė]] [[be:Сэрбія]] [[bg:Сърбия]] [[bs:Srbija]] [[ca:Sèrbia]] [[chr:ᏎᎸᏈᏯ]] [[cs:Srbsko]] [[cu:Срьбї]] [[cy:Serbia]] [[da:Serbien]] [[de:Serbien]] [[el:Σερβία]] [[en:Serbia]] [[eo:Serbio]] [[es:Serbia]] [[et:Serbia]] [[eu:Serbia]] [[fi:Serbia]] [[fr:Serbie]] [[fy:Servje]] [[gl:Serbia - Србија]] [[he:סרביה]] [[hr:Srbija]] [[hsb:Serbiska]] [[hu:Szerbia]] [[hy:Սերբիա]] [[id:Serbia]] [[io:Serbia]] [[is:Serbía]] [[it:Serbia]] [[ja:セルビア]] [[ka:სერბეთი]] [[ko:세르비아]] [[ku:Sirbistan]] [[la:Serbia]] [[li:Servië]] [[lt:Serbija]] [[lv:Serbija]] [[mk:Србија]] [[ms:Serbia]] [[mt:Serbja]] [[nap:Serbia]] [[nds:Serbien]] [[nds-nl:Servië]] [[ne:सर्बिया]] [[nl:Servië]] [[nn:Serbia]] [[no:Serbia]] [[nrm:Sèrbie]] [[oc:Serbia]] [[pl:Serbia]] [[pt:Sérvia]] [[qu:Sirbya]] [[ro:Serbia]] [[ru:Сербия]] [[scn:Serbia]] [[se:Serbia]] [[sh:Srbija]] [[simple:Serbia]] [[sk:Srbsko]] [[sl:Srbija]] [[sq:Serbia]] [[sr:Србија]] [[sv:Serbien]] [[th:ประเทศเซอร์เบีย]] [[tl:Serbya]] [[tr:Sırbistan]] [[ug:سېربىيە]] [[uk:Сербія]] [[uz:Serbiya]] [[vo:Särbän]] [[zh:塞尔维亚]] [[zh-min-nan:Srbija]] [[zh-yue:塞爾維亞]] 1061 9103 2007-01-26T16:22:18Z Thijs!bot 143 Robot interwiki: Adãugat: [[br:Roumania]], [[hsb:Rumunska]] [[Image:Flag of Romania.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Romãnia]] [[Image:Romania Coat of Arms.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Romãnia]] [[Image:LocationRomania.png|thumb|250px|right|Romãnia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Romãnia''' (''România'') easte stat tu [[Europa]]. <br>Cãsãbãlu capital easte [[Bucureshti|Bucureshci]]. [[Image:Roumanie_carte.png||250px|thumb|right|Harta-a Romãniiljei]] [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Stat]] [[af:Roemenië]] [[als:Rumänien]] [[am:ሮማንያ]] [[an:Rumanía]] [[ar:رومانيا]] [[arc:ܪܘܡܢܝܐ]] [[ast:Rumanía]] [[be:Румынія]] [[bg:Румъния]] [[bn:রোমানিয়া]] [[br:Roumania]] [[bs:Rumunija]] [[ca:Romania]] [[chr:ᎶᎹᏂᏯ]] [[cs:Rumunsko]] [[cy:Rwmania]] [[da:Rumænien]] [[de:Rumänien]] [[el:Ρουμανία]] [[en:Romania]] [[eo:Rumanio]] [[es:Rumania]] [[et:Rumeenia]] [[eu:Errumania]] [[fa:رومانی]] [[fi:Romania]] [[fiu-vro:Romaania]] [[fr:Roumanie]] [[frp:Roumanie]] [[fy:Roemeenje]] [[ga:An Rómáin]] [[gd:Romàinia]] [[gl:Romanía - România]] [[he:רומניה]] [[hi:रोमानिया]] [[hr:Rumunjska]] [[hsb:Rumunska]] [[ht:Woumani]] [[hu:Románia]] [[hy:Ռումինիա]] [[ia:Romania]] [[id:Rumania]] [[io:Rumania]] [[is:Rúmenía]] [[it:Romania]] [[ja:ルーマニア]] [[jbo:romanis]] [[ka:რუმინეთი]] [[ko:루마니아]] [[ks:रोमानिया]] [[ku:Romanya]] [[kw:Roumani]] [[la:Romania]] [[lad:Rumania]] [[lb:Rumänien]] [[li:Roemenië]] [[lt:Rumunija]] [[lv:Rumānija]] [[mk:Романија]] [[mo:Ромыния]] [[ms:Romania]] [[mt:Rumanija]] [[na:Romania]] [[nds:Rumänien]] [[nds-nl:Roemenië]] [[ne:रोमानिया]] [[nl:Roemenië]] [[nn:Romania]] [[no:Romania]] [[nrm:Roumanie]] [[oc:Romania]] [[pam:Romania]] [[pl:Rumunia]] [[pms:Romanìa]] [[pt:Roménia]] [[qu:Rumanya]] [[rm:Rumenia]] [[rmy:Rumuniya]] [[ro:România]] [[ru:Румыния]] [[sa:रोमानिया]] [[scn:Rumanìa]] [[sh:Rumunija]] [[simple:Romania]] [[sk:Rumunsko]] [[sl:Romunija]] [[sq:Rumania]] [[sr:Румунија]] [[sv:Rumänien]] [[sw:Romania]] [[ta:ருமேனியா]] [[tet:Roménia]] [[tg:Руминия]] [[th:ประเทศโรมาเนีย]] [[tl:Romania]] [[tr:Romanya]] [[ug:رومىنىيە]] [[uk:Румунія]] [[vi:Romania]] [[vo:Rumän]] [[wa:Roumaneye]] [[war:Rumania]] [[yi:ראמעניע]] [[zh:羅馬尼亞]] [[zh-min-nan:Lô-má-nî-a]] [[zh-yue:羅馬尼亞]] 1062 9069 2007-01-23T05:16:15Z Thijs!bot 143 Robot interwiki: Adãugat: [[sw:Bulgaria]] [[Image:Flag of Bulgaria.svg|thumb|150px|right|Flambura di Vurgaria]] [[Image:Bulgaria coa.png|thumb|150px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Vurgaria]] [[Image:LocationBulgaria.png|thumb|250px|right|Vurgaria tu [[Europa]]]] '''Vurgaria''' (bg:'''България''') easte un stat tu [[Europa]]. <br>Cãsãbãlu capital:[[Sofia]] ==Ligãtura== * [http://www.kirildouhalov.net Istoria, artã shi muzicã tu Vurgaria] [[Category:Europa]] [[category:Stat]] [[af:Bulgarye]] [[am:ቡልጋሪያ]] [[an:Bulgaria]] [[ar:بلغاريا]] [[arc:ܒܠܓܪܝܐ‏]] [[ast:Bulgaria]] [[be:Баўгарыя]] [[bg:България]] [[bn:বুলগেরিয়া]] [[bo:པུ་ར་ག་རི་ཡ]] [[br:Bulgaria]] [[bs:Bugarska]] [[ca:Bulgària]] [[cs:Bulharsko]] [[csb:Bùlgarskô]] [[cu:Блъгарї]] [[cv:Болгари]] [[cy:Bwlgaria]] [[da:Bulgarien]] [[de:Bulgarien]] [[el:Βουλγαρία]] [[en:Bulgaria]] [[eo:Bulgario]] [[es:Bulgaria]] [[et:Bulgaaria]] [[eu:Bulgaria]] [[fa:بلغارستان]] [[fi:Bulgaria]] [[fiu-vro:Bulgaaria]] [[fr:Bulgarie]] [[frp:Bulgarie]] [[fy:Bulgarije]] [[ga:An Bhulgáir]] [[gd:Bulgàiria]] [[gl:Bulgaria - България]] [[he:בולגריה]] [[hi:बुल्गारिया]] [[hr:Bugarska]] [[hsb:Bołharska]] [[ht:Bilgari]] [[hu:Bulgária]] [[hy:Բուլղարիա]] [[ia:Bulgaria]] [[id:Bulgaria]] [[ilo:Bulgaria]] [[io:Bulgaria]] [[is:Búlgaría]] [[it:Bulgaria]] [[ja:ブルガリア]] [[ka:ბულგარეთი]] [[ko:불가리아]] [[ku:Bulgaristan]] [[kw:Bulgari]] [[la:Bulgaria]] [[lb:Bulgarien]] [[li:Bölgarieë]] [[lt:Bulgarija]] [[lv:Bulgārija]] [[mk:Бугарија]] [[mo:Булгария]] [[ms:Bulgaria]] [[mt:Bulgarija]] [[na:Borgeriya]] [[nds:Bulgarien]] [[nds-nl:Bulgarije]] [[ne:बुल्गेरिया]] [[nl:Bulgarije]] [[nn:Bulgaria]] [[no:Bulgaria]] [[nov:Bulgaria]] [[nrm:Bulgarie]] [[oc:Bulgaria]] [[os:Болгари]] [[pam:Bulgaria]] [[pl:Bułgaria]] [[pms:Bulgarìa]] [[ps:بلغاريه/بلغارستان]] [[pt:Bulgária]] [[qu:Bulgarya]] [[rmy:Bulgariya]] [[ro:Bulgaria]] [[ru:Болгария]] [[sa:बुल्गारिया]] [[scn:Bulgarìa]] [[se:Bulgária]] [[sh:Bugarska]] [[simple:Bulgaria]] [[sk:Bulharsko]] [[sl:Bolgarija]] [[sq:Bullgaria]] [[sr:Бугарска]] [[sv:Bulgarien]] [[sw:Bulgaria]] [[tg:Булғористон]] [[th:ประเทศบัลแกเรีย]] [[tl:Bulgarya]] [[tr:Bulgaristan]] [[ug:بۇلغارىيە]] [[uk:Болгарія]] [[vi:Bulgaria]] [[vo:Bulgarän]] [[wa:Bulgåreye]] [[war:Bulgaria]] [[yi:בולגאריע]] [[zh:保加利亚]] [[zh-min-nan:Bulgariya]] [[zh-yue:保加利亞]] 1063 2885 2005-03-14T02:33:16Z 24.251.243.233 . 1064 2886 2005-03-14T02:34:23Z 24.251.243.233 . 1065 2887 2005-03-16T09:49:41Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 1066 9104 2007-01-26T16:41:41Z Thijs!bot 143 Robot interwiki: Adãugat: [[qu:Rusya]] [[Image:Flag of Russia.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Arusia]] [[Image:Russia coa.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Arusia]] [[Image:LocationRussia.png|thumb|250px|right|Arusia tu [[Europa]] shi [[Azia]]]] '''Arusia''' ('''Россия''') easte stat tu [[Europa]], [[Azia]]-([[Siberia]]). Cãsãbãlu capital:[[Moscova]]. ==Web== *[http://www.novokat.ru Economic data of Russia] [[Category:Europa]] [[af:Rusland]] [[als:Russland]] [[am:ሩሲያ]] [[an:Rusia]] [[ang:Russland]] [[ar:روسيا]] [[arc:ܪܘܣܝܐ]] [[ast:Rusia]] [[be:Расея]] [[bg:Русия]] [[bn:রাশিয়া]] [[br:Rusia]] [[bs:Rusija]] [[ca:Rússia]] [[cs:Rusko]] [[csb:Ruskô]] [[cu:Рѡсї]] [[cv:Раççей Патшалăхě]] [[cy:Ffederasiwn Rwsia]] [[da:Rusland]] [[de:Russland]] [[diq:Rusya]] [[el:Ρωσία]] [[en:Russia]] [[eo:Rusio]] [[es:Rusia]] [[et:Venemaa]] [[eu:Errusia]] [[fa:روسیه]] [[fi:Venäjä]] [[fo:Russland]] [[fr:Russie]] [[fur:Russie]] [[fy:Ruslân]] [[ga:An Rúis]] [[gd:An Ruis]] [[gl:Rusia - Россия]] [[got:𐍂𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳]] [[he:רוסיה]] [[hi:रुस]] [[hr:Rusija]] [[hsb:Ruska]] [[ht:Risi]] [[hu:Oroszország]] [[hy:Ռուսաստան]] [[ia:Russia]] [[id:Rusia]] [[ie:Russia]] [[ilo:Russia]] [[io:Rusia]] [[is:Rússland]] [[it:Russia]] [[iu:ᐅᓛᓴ]] [[ja:ロシア]] [[ka:რუსეთი]] [[kg:Rusia]] [[kk:Ресей]] [[ko:러시아]] [[ks:रूस]] [[ku:Rûsya]] [[kv:Россия]] [[kw:Russi]] [[ky:Россия]] [[la:Russia]] [[lb:Russland]] [[li:Rösland]] [[lt:Rusija]] [[lv:Krievija]] [[mk:Русија]] [[mr:रशिया]] [[ms:Rusia]] [[na:Russia]] [[nds:Russland]] [[nds-nl:Ruslaand]] [[nl:Rusland]] [[nn:Russland]] [[no:Russland]] [[nrm:Russie]] [[oc:Russia]] [[os:Уæрæсе]] [[pam:Russia]] [[pdc:Russland]] [[pl:Rosja]] [[pms:Russia]] [[ps:روسيه]] [[pt:Rússia]] [[qu:Rusya]] [[ro:Rusia]] [[ru:Россия]] [[scn:Russia]] [[sco:Roushie]] [[se:Ruošša]] [[sh:Rusija]] [[simple:Russia]] [[sk:Rusko]] [[sl:Rusija]] [[so:Ruush]] [[sq:Rusia]] [[sr:Русија]] [[su:Rusia]] [[sv:Ryssland]] [[sw:Urusi]] [[ta:ரஷ்யா]] [[te:రష్యా]] [[tg:Русия]] [[th:ประเทศรัสเซีย]] [[tk:Russiýa]] [[tl:Rusya]] [[tr:Rusya]] [[tt:Räsäy]] [[ty:Rūtia]] [[udm:Россия]] [[ug:رۇسىيە]] [[uk:Росія]] [[ur:روس]] [[uz:Rossiya Federatsiyasi]] [[vi:Nga]] [[vo:Rusän]] [[wa:Rûsseye]] [[xal:Әрәсә]] [[yi:רוסלאנד]] [[zh:俄罗斯]] [[zh-classical:俄羅斯]] [[zh-min-nan:Lō͘-se-a]] [[zh-yue:俄羅斯]] [[zu:IRashiya]] 1067 9070 2007-01-23T09:44:48Z JAnDbot 142 Robot interwiki: Adãugat: [[hsb:Ukraina]], [[ml:യുക്രെയിന്‍]] [[Image:Flag of Ukraine.svg|thumb|150px|right|Flambura di Ucraina]] [[Image:Coat of arms of Ukraine.svg|thumb|150px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Ucraina]] [[Image:LocationUkraine.png|thumb|250px|right|Ucraina tu [[Europa]]]] '''Ucraina''' (uk:'''Україна''') easte stat tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[category:Stat]] [[af:Oekraïne]] [[als:Ukraine]] [[am:ዩክሬን]] [[an:Ucraína]] [[ang:Ucrægna]] [[ar:أوكرانيا]] [[arc:ܐܘܟܪܢܝܐ]] [[ast:Ucrania]] [[be:Украіна]] [[bg:Украйна]] [[br:Ukraina]] [[bs:Ukrajina]] [[ca:Ucraïna]] [[chr:ᏳᎬᎳᎢᏅ]] [[cs:Ukrajina]] [[cu:Ѹкраина]] [[cv:Украина]] [[cy:Wcráin]] [[da:Ukraine]] [[de:Ukraine]] [[el:Ουκρανία]] [[en:Ukraine]] [[eo:Ukrainio]] [[es:Ucrania]] [[et:Ukraina]] [[eu:Ukraina]] [[fa:اوکراین]] [[fi:Ukraina]] [[fiu-vro:Ukraina]] [[fo:Ukraina]] [[fr:Ukraine]] [[frp:Ucrayena]] [[fy:Oekraïne]] [[ga:An Úcráin]] [[gl:Ucraína - Україна]] [[he:אוקראינה]] [[hi:युक्रेन]] [[hr:Ukrajina]] [[hsb:Ukraina]] [[hu:Ukrajna]] [[hy:Ուկրաինա]] [[ia:Ukraina]] [[id:Ukraina]] [[ilo:Ukrainia]] [[io:Ukrainia]] [[is:Úkraína]] [[it:Ucraina]] [[ja:ウクライナ]] [[ka:უკრაინა]] [[kk:Украина]] [[kl:Ukraine]] [[ko:우크라이나]] [[ku:Ukrayna]] [[kw:Ukrayn]] [[la:Ucraina]] [[lb:Ukraine]] [[li:Oekraïne]] [[lt:Ukraina]] [[lv:Ukraina]] [[ml:യുക്രെയിന്‍]] [[mo:Украина]] [[ms:Ukraine]] [[na:Ukraine]] [[nds:Ukraine]] [[nds-nl:Oekraïne]] [[ne:युक्रेन]] [[nl:Oekraïne]] [[nn:Ukraina]] [[no:Ukraina]] [[nrm:Ukraîne]] [[oc:Ucraïna]] [[pam:Ukraine]] [[pl:Ukraina]] [[ps:اوکراين]] [[pt:Ucrânia]] [[qu:Ukranya]] [[ro:Ucraina]] [[ru:Украина]] [[ru-sib:Украина]] [[se:Ukraina]] [[sh:Ukrajina]] [[simple:Ukraine]] [[sk:Ukrajina]] [[sl:Ukrajina]] [[sq:Ukraina]] [[sr:Украјина]] [[sv:Ukraina]] [[tg:Украина]] [[th:ประเทศยูเครน]] [[tl:Ukraine]] [[tr:Ukrayna]] [[ug:ئۇكرائىنا]] [[uk:Україна]] [[ur:یوکرین]] [[vi:Ukraina]] [[vo:Lukrayän]] [[wa:Oucrinne]] [[yi:אוקריינע]] [[zh:乌克兰]] [[zh-min-nan:Ukrayina]] [[zh-yue:烏克蘭]] 1068 7109 2006-09-14T21:50:01Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 Hi! I am from [[Greece]] and my mother's family is Aromounian. I would like to ask you where do you people live?? Because here in Greece only some old people speak that language now and it was a big surprise for me to find a wikipedia in that language:) Also, who invented the way Aromunian is writen? Because here it is writen using the [[Greek Alphabet]] ::Hello, The Aromanian writing system started with the Greek alphabet by the early Moscopole writers of the XVIIIth century (and before) and there is one period in history when Aromanian was written with the Slavic script (Manuscripts of St. Naum of Ahrida, today's FYROM). Still, today the Aromanian language is written according to the place one lives in. In FYROM there is an independent way of writing in the Latin script, (with some added characters from Italian as a direct descendent from Latin) but in Romania, Bulgaria and Albania where the Romanian propaganda is more active they write in Romanian script. We hope that you'll increase your interest and learn your 'mother tongue' [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 21:50, 14 September 2006 (UTC) ... While in Rumania my friend, Arumunian is written in the (modified) Latin alphabet that was imposed on the Rumanian language (which was using Cyrillic). This happened in the 19th cent., following nationalistic developments triggered by the Scoala Ardeleana and developed by many others... Yet, probably Wikipedia is not the right forum to discuss the issue. For starters, drop at the "Rumanian_minorities" newsgroup, http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Rumanian_minorities/ and ask your questions or give answers (among others, a problem that discussed in the past was the Arumunian language v. dialect issue). Alin Sebastian 1070 2892 2005-04-04T14:58:58Z Richie 24 Since March 2005 I'm an administrator on the Commons. If you want to contact me, feel free to leave a message on my [[:commons:User talk:Richie|Commons]], [[:en:User talk:Richie|English]] or [[:de:Benutzer Diskussion:Richie|German]] talk page. I'm studying [[:en:Computer science|Computer Science]] and [[:en:Geology|Geology]] at [[:en:Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge|Gonville and Caius College]], [[:en:University of Cambridge|University of Cambridge]]. My personal website is http://www.whizer.net/. [[User:Richie|Richie]] 14:58, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC) <div style="background-color:#eee; border:1px solid #ccc; text-align:center; padding:3px; margin:15px 0;"> '''My user pages:''' [[:commons:User:Richie|(c)]] | [[:ast:User:Richie|ast]] | [[:ca:Usuari:Richie|ca]] | [[:de:Benutzer:Richie|DE]] | [[:en:User:Richie|EN]] | [[:eo:Vikipediisto:Richie|eo]] | [[:es:Usuario:Richie|es]] | [[:et:Kasutaja:Richie|et]] | [[:fi:Käyttäjä:Richie|fi]] | [[:fr:Utilisateur:RichieFR|fr]] | [[:gl:User:Richie|gl]] | [[:hu:User:RichieHU|hu]] | [[:ia:Usator:Richie|ia]] | [[:it:Utente:Richie|it]] | [[:ja:利用者:Richie|ja]] | [[:nl:Gebruiker:Richie|nl]] | [[:no:Bruker:Richie|no]] | [[:pl:Wikipedysta:Richie|pl]] | [[:pt:Usuário:Richie|pt]] | [[:ro:Utilizator:Richie|ro]] | [[:ru:Участник:Richie|ru]] | [[:sv:Användare:Richie|sv]] | [[:zh-min-nan:User:Richie|zh]] </div> 1071 2893 2005-04-05T00:38:21Z Gangleri 19 <!--- This is a "stealth" template. It does not insert visible characters in a page but can be detected with [[Special:Whatlinkshere/Template:Interwikiconflict]]. ---> 1072 2894 2005-04-05T00:38:36Z Gangleri 19 __TOC__ * See ** [[Special:Whatlinkshere/Template:Interwikiconflict]] ** [[:en:Wikipedia:Template:Interwikiconflict]] [[User:Gangleri|Gangleri]] 00:38, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC) 1073 2895 2005-04-16T19:49:11Z RCBot 25 RCBot: Update user page '''[[:commons:User:RCBot|RCBot]]''' is an interlingually operating bot operated by [[:commons:User:Richie|Richie]] to help with issues related to the [[:commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. As of now, the bot is still in development and testing, so please report all encountered issues and other feedback to its [[:commons:User talk:RCBot|talk page]] on the Commons. Please note that the talk page of this account is '''not read''', use the one on the Commons). -- [[User:RCBot|RCBot]] 19:49, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC) <div style="background-color:#eee; border:1px solid #ccc; text-align:center; padding:3px; margin:15px 0;"> '''[[:commons:User:RCBot|RCBot]]'s user accounts at Wikipedia''' <div style="font-size:80%;"> [[:aa:User:RCBot|aa]] | [[:ab:User:RCBot|ab]] | [[:af:Gebruiker:RCBot|af]] | [[:ak:User:RCBot|ak]] | [[:als:Benutzer:RCBot|als]] | [[:am:User:RCBot|am]] | [[:an:User:RCBot|an]] | [[:ang:User:RCBot|ang]] | [[:ar:مستخدم:RCBot|ar]] | [[:arc:User:RCBot|arc]] | [[:as:User:RCBot|as]] | [[:ast:User:RCBot|ast]] | [[:av:User:RCBot|av]] | [[:ay:User:RCBot|ay]] | [[:az:User:RCBot|az]] | [[:ba:User:RCBot|ba]] | [[:be:Удзельнік:RCBot|be]] | [[:bg:Потребител:RCBot|bg]] | [[:bh:User:RCBot|bh]] | [[:bi:User:RCBot|bi]] | [[:bm:Utilisateur:RCBot|bm]] | [[:bn:ব্যবহারকারী:RCBot|bn]] | [[:bo:User:RCBot|bo]] | [[:br:User:RCBot|br]] | [[:bs:User:RCBot|bs]] | [[:ca:Usuari:RCBot|ca]] | [[:ce:User:RCBot|ce]] | [[:ch:User:RCBot|ch]] | [[:cho:User:RCBot|cho]] | [[:chr:User:RCBot|chr]] | [[:chy:User:RCBot|chy]] | [[:co:User:RCBot|co]] | [[:commons:User:RCBot|commons]] | [[:cr:User:RCBot|cr]] | [[:cs:Wikipedista:RCBot|cs]] | [[:csb:User:RCBot|csb]] | [[:cv:User:RCBot|cv]] | [[:cy:Defnyddiwr:RCBot|cy]] | [[:da:Bruger:RCBot|da]] | [[:de:Benutzer:RCBot|de]] | [[:dv:User:RCBot|dv]] | [[:dz:User:RCBot|dz]] | [[:ee:User:RCBot|ee]] | [[:el:User:RCBot|el]] | [[:en:User:RCBot|en]] | [[:eo:Vikipediisto:RCBot|eo]] | [[:es:Usuario:RCBot|es]] | [[:et:Kasutaja:RCBot|et]] | [[:eu:User:RCBot|eu]] | [[:fa:کاربر:RCBot|fa]] | [[:ff:User:RCBot|ff]] | [[:fi:Käyttäjä:RCBot|fi]] | [[:fj:User:RCBot|fj]] | [[:fo:Brúkari:RCBot|fo]] | [[:fr:Utilisateur:RCBot|fr]] | [[:fur:User:RCBot|fur]] | [[:fy:Meidogger:RCBot|fy]] | [[:ga:Úsáideoir:RCBot|ga]] | [[:gd:User:RCBot|gd]] | [[:gl:User:RCBot|gl]] | [[:gn:User:RCBot|gn]] | [[:got:User:RCBot|got]] | [[:gu:User:RCBot|gu]] | [[:gv:User:RCBot|gv]] | [[:ha:User:RCBot|ha]] | [[:haw:User:RCBot|haw]] | [[:he:משתמש:RCBot|he]] | [[:hi:सदस्य:RCBot|hi]] | [[:ho:User:RCBot|ho]] | [[:hr:User:RCBot|hr]] | [[:ht:User:RCBot|ht]] | [[:hu:User:RCBot|hu]] | [[:hy:User:RCBot|hy]] | [[:hz:User:RCBot|hz]] | [[:ia:Usator:RCBot|ia]] | [[:id:Pengguna:RCBot|id]] | [[:ie:User:RCBot|ie]] | [[:ig:User:RCBot|ig]] | [[:ii:User:RCBot|ii]] | [[:ik:User:RCBot|ik]] | [[:io:User:RCBot|io]] | [[:is:Notandi:RCBot|is]] | [[:it:Utente:RCBot|it]] | [[:iu:User:RCBot|iu]] | [[:ja:利用者:RCBot|ja]] | [[:jbo:User:RCBot|jbo]] | [[:jv:User:RCBot|jv]] | [[:ka:User:RCBot|ka]] | [[:kg:User:RCBot|kg]] | [[:ki:User:RCBot|ki]] | [[:kj:User:RCBot|kj]] | [[:kk:User:RCBot|kk]] | [[:kl:User:RCBot|kl]] | [[:km:User:RCBot|km]] | [[:kn:User:RCBot|kn]] | [[:ko:사용자:RCBot|ko]] | [[:kr:User:RCBot|kr]] | [[:ks:User:RCBot|ks]] | [[:ku:Bikarhêner:RCBot|ku]] | [[:kv:User:RCBot|kv]] | [[:kw:User:RCBot|kw]] | [[:ky:User:RCBot|ky]] | [[:la:Usor:RCBot|la]] | [[:lb:User:RCBot|lb]] | [[:lg:User:RCBot|lg]] | [[:li:Gebroeker:RCBot|li]] | [[:ln:User:RCBot|ln]] | [[:lo:User:RCBot|lo]] | [[:lt:User:RCBot|lt]] | [[:lv:User:RCBot|lv]] | [[:mg:User:RCBot|mg]] | [[:mh:User:RCBot|mh]] | [[:mi:User:RCBot|mi]] | [[:mk:User:RCBot|mk]] | [[:ml:User:RCBot|ml]] | [[:mn:User:RCBot|mn]] | [[:mo:User:RCBot|mo]] | [[:mr:User:RCBot|mr]] | [[:ms:Pengguna:RCBot|ms]] | [[:mt:User:RCBot|mt]] | [[:mus:User:RCBot|mus]] | [[:my:User:RCBot|my]] | [[:na:User:RCBot|na]] | [[:nah:User:RCBot|nah]] | [[:nds:Bruker:RCBot|nds]] | [[:ne:User:RCBot|ne]] | [[:ng:User:RCBot|ng]] | [[:nl:Gebruiker:RCBot|nl]] | [[:nn:Brukar:RCBot|nn]] | [[:no:Bruker:RCBot|no]] | [[:nv:Choinish'įįhí:RCBot|nv]] | [[:ny:User:RCBot|ny]] | [[:oc:Utilisator:RCBot|oc]] | [[:om:User:RCBot|om]] | [[:or:User:RCBot|or]] | [[:pa:ਮੈਂਬਰ:RCBot|pa]] | [[:pi:User:RCBot|pi]] | [[:pl:Wikipedysta:RCBot|pl]] | [[:ps:User:RCBot|ps]] | [[:pt:Usuário:RCBot|pt]] | [[:qu:User:RCBot|qu]] | [[:rm:User:RCBot|rm]] | [[:rn:User:RCBot|rn]] | [[:ro:Utilizator:RCBot|ro]] | [[:User:RCBot|roa-rup]] | [[:ru:Участник:RCBot|ru]] | [[:rw:User:RCBot|rw]] | [[:sa:User:RCBot|sa]] | [[:sc:Utente:RCBot|sc]] | [[:scn:User:RCBot|scn]] | [[:sd:User:RCBot|sd]] | [[:se:User:RCBot|se]] | [[:sg:User:RCBot|sg]] | [[:si:User:RCBot|si]] | [[:simple:User:RCBot|simple]] | [[:sk:Redaktor:RCBot|sk]] | [[:sl:Uporabnik:RCBot|sl]] | [[:sm:User:RCBot|sm]] | [[:sn:User:RCBot|sn]] | [[:so:User:RCBot|so]] | [[:sq:Përdoruesi:RCBot|sq]] | [[:sr:Корисник:RCBot|sr]] | [[:ss:User:RCBot|ss]] | [[:st:User:RCBot|st]] | [[:su:User:RCBot|su]] | [[:sv:Användare:RCBot|sv]] | [[:sw:User:RCBot|sw]] | [[:ta:பயனர்:RCBot|ta]] | [[:te:User:RCBot|te]] | [[:tg:User:RCBot|tg]] | [[:th:ผู้ใช้:RCBot|th]] | [[:ti:User:RCBot|ti]] | [[:tk:User:RCBot|tk]] | [[:tl:User:RCBot|tl]] | [[:tlh:lo'wI:RCBot|tlh]] | [[:tn:User:RCBot|tn]] | [[:to:User:RCBot|to]] | [[:tpi:User:RCBot|tpi]] | [[:tr:User:RCBot|tr]] | [[:ts:User:RCBot|ts]] | [[:tt:Äğzä:RCBot|tt]] | [[:tum:User:RCBot|tum]] | [[:tw:User:RCBot|tw]] | [[:ty:User:RCBot|ty]] | [[:ug:User:RCBot|ug]] | [[:uk:Користувач:RCBot|uk]] | [[:ur:User:RCBot|ur]] | [[:uz:User:RCBot|uz]] | [[:ve:User:RCBot|ve]] | [[:vi:User:RCBot|vi]] | [[:vo:User:RCBot|vo]] | [[:wa:Uzeu:RCBot|wa]] | [[:wo:User:RCBot|wo]] | [[:xh:User:RCBot|xh]] | [[:yi:User:RCBot|yi]] | [[:yo:User:RCBot|yo]] | [[:za:User:RCBot|za]] | [[:zh:User:RCBot|zh]] | [[:zh-min-nan:User:RCBot|zh-min-nan]] | [[:zu:User:RCBot|zu]] </div> </div> 1074 2896 2005-05-04T13:26:55Z Alvaro 26 [[:m:User Talk:Alvaro]] [[:fr:Discussion Utilisateur: Alvaro]] [[:m:User Talk:Alvaro]] [[:fr:Discussion Utilisateur: Alvaro]] 1075 2897 2005-05-04T13:25:56Z Alvaro 26 [[:m:User:Alvaro]] [[:fr:Utilisateur: Alvaro]] [[:m:User:Alvaro]] [[:fr:Utilisateur: Alvaro]] 1076 2898 2005-04-13T09:48:06Z Gangleri 19 #REDIRECT [[Template:Ciot]] 1077 2899 2005-04-23T21:05:03Z Gangleri 19 +livepreview.js // Live Preview customization, // edit this to your own liking. wpShowImages = true; // Enable downloading and displaying of images // Include Live Preview... document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Pilaf/livepreview.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript&dontcountme=s"></script>'); // Now set everything up window.onload = Main; function Main() { LivePreviewInstall(); // You may include here other "extensions" } /* This is to keep track of who is using the Live Preview: [[User:Pilaf/livepreview.js]] */ 1078 5823 2006-02-18T13:11:45Z 83.28.139.190 [[Kurów]] __TOC__ == Bad title(s) == * Hallo! [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Allpages&namespace=4&from= All pages (Wikipedia namespace)] shows a bad title / some bad titles: # [[Wikipedia:]] (or [[Project:Wikipedia:]]?) * Please contact a developer to clarify how to rename the page and / or if the page(s) should be deleted. Best regards [[User:Gangleri|Gangleri]] 15:32, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC) == [[Kurów]] == Could they please write a stub http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kur%C3%B3w - just a few sentences based on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kur%C3%B3w or others wiki? Only 2 -5 sentences enough. Please. [[pl:User:Pietras1988|Pietras1988]] 13:11, 18 February 2006 (UTC) 1079 9115 2007-01-30T21:18:29Z 83.21.8.225 [[ro:Utilizator:Remigiu|R]] a corectat grafia poloneza ''Di Wikipedia, Entsiclopedia liberã'' <table> <tr><td style="width:70%; vertical-align:top;"> <div style="border:1px solid #eeeeee; padding:5px; margin:15px; margin-left:0; background-color:#F8F8FF;"><h3>Ghine vinit tu Wikipedia pi armãneashce!</h3> [[Image:Shewolf.jpg|thumb|Lupoanje romanã: Armãnjlji au unã limbã sh-zãrtsinj latine ]] '''Ghine vinit''' tu [[Wikipedia]], un proectu cari va s-facã unã [[entsiclopedia]] completã shi orighinalã pi armãneashce '''cu colaboratsia a cathi unãljei personã!''' Contsãnirea ali [[Wikipedia]] easte scriatã sum [[GNU_FDL|GNU Litsentsã ti Documentare Liberã]], tsi spune cã [[Wikipedia:Libertatã|easte dip liberã]]. Videts [[Wikipedia:Cum_s-alăxeashti_ună_frândză|modus di lucru]], [[Wikipedia:FAQ|MÃÃ]] icã experimentats tu [[Wikipedia:Zona di probă|Zona di probã]]! Aestu proectu s-amintã tu Yinarlu 2001 sh-pi [[anglicheashti|anglicheashce]] sãntu [http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Statistics 1,444,640 di articule]. Wikipedia pi [[Limba armãneascã|armãneashce]] inshi tu meslu Aprir 2004 shi agiumsim pãnã pi [[{{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}]] [[{{CURRENTYEAR}}]] tu '''[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} di articule]]''' di lucru. Aesta easte Wikipedia pi limba armãneascã ''scriatã dupu [http://www.armanami.org/curs.htm regulile standarde astãsite pi Sympozionlu di tu Bitule dit anlu 1997]'', regulile sãntu ofitsale shi va s-hibã ufilizite di cathi un di noi. </div> <div style="border:1px solid #eeeeee; padding:5px; margin:15px; margin-left:0; background-color:#fefefe;"> <small>'''[[Uichipedia:Fântâna|Fãntãnã]]''' • '''[[Special:Newpages|Nale frãndzã]]''' • Partitsipats tu transpunire pi armãneshce a [[:meta:LanguageRoa-rup.php|fatsãljei di softwarelu nao]]!</small> :'''Shciintsã''' ::[[Antropologhia]] -[[Ayriculturâ|Ayriculturã]] - [[Biologhia]] - [[Hemia]] - [[Economia]] - [[Filosofia]] - [[Fizicâ|Fizicã]] - [[Informaticã]] - [[Isturii|Istoria]] - [[Limbe]] - [[Matematicâ|Mathematicã]] :'''Artã shi culturã''' ::[[Artâ|Artã]] - [[Margheripsire|Margheripsire]] - [[Mitologie|Mythologhie]] - [[Relighie]] <!-- [[Pisti|Piste]] --> - [[Literatura]] - [[Poezie|Poezia]] - [[Theatro]] - [[Muzica]] :'''Bana di cathi dzuã''' ::[[Hobby]] - [[Televizia]] - [[Turizmo]] - [[Sportu]] :'''Diverzitate armãneascã''' ::[[Armãnj]] - [[Limba armãneascã|Armãneashce]] - [[Machedonia]] - [[Gãrtsia]] - [[Europa]] - [[Internet]] - [[2004|Evenimente 2004]] - [[Tatã a nostru]] - [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/roa-rup/1/13/Wiki-roa-rup.png Logo] :'''Wikipedia''' ::[[Wikipedia]] - [[Uichipedia:Uichipedistu|Wikipedistu]] - [[Uichipedia:Cum s-alăxeashti ună frândză|Cum s-alãxeashce unã frãndzã]] - [[Agiutor]] - [[Uichipedia:Manualu di stil|Manualu di stil]] - [[Uichipedia:Articli di tradus|Articule ti tradutsirã]] </div> <div style="border:1px solid #efefef; padding:5px; margin:15px; margin-left:0; background-color:#F8F8FF;"> ==== Informatsii ti limba armãneascã ==== Aesta easte Wikipedia pi armãneashce. Limba armãneascã easte unã limbã tsi pricade tu gruplu-a limbilor romanitse (neolatine) di not-datlu. Piste 2,000,000 di Armãnj di tu [[Gãrtsia]], [[REIM]], [[Arbinishia]], [[Sãrghia]], [[Romãnia]] shi [[Vurgaria]] zburãscu armãneshce. ==== Informaţii despre limba aromână ==== Aceasta este Wikipedia în aromână. Limba aromână (după unii lingvişti dialectul aromân al limbii române şi după alţii limbă separată) aparţine grupului estic al limbilor romanice (neolatine). Peste 2,000,000 de aromâni din Grecia, Macedonia, Albania, Serbia, România şi Bulgaria vorbesc aromâna. ==== Πληροφορίες για την αρωμανική (βλάχικη) γλώσσα ==== Αυτή είναι η αρωμανική Βικιπαίδεια. Η αρωμανική είναι μια λατινογενής γλώσσα του ανατολικού κλάδου. 2,000,000 Αρωμάνοι (Βλάχοι) στην Ελλάδα, στην Αλβανία, στη Π.Γ.Δ.Μ., στη Σερβία, στη Ρουμανία και στη Βουλγαρία μίλουν αρωμανικά. ==== Informacion mbi gjuhën aromune (vllahe) ==== Kjo është Wikipedia në gjuhën aromune (vllahe). Gjuha aromune (vllahe) është një gjuhë indo-evropiane e familjes së gjuhëve romane (neollatine). 2,000,000 aromunë (vllahë) flasin gjuhën aromune (vllahe) në Greqi, në Shqipëri, në Maqedoni, në Serbi, në Rumani dhe në Bullgari. ==== Информации за ароманскиот (влашкиот) јазик ==== Ова е ароманската (влашката) Википедија. Ароманскиот (влашкиот) јазик спаѓа во групата на источноромански јазици кои произлегле од мешањето на античките јазици (тракиско-илирски, епирски, тесалиски и древномакедонски) со латинскиот јазик за време на римското владеење со Балканот. 2,000,000 луѓе од Грција, Македонија, Албанија, Србија, Романија и Бугарија зборуваат аромански (влашки). ==== Информация за армънския език ==== Това е армънската Уикипедия. Аромънски е език от езиковата група на романските езици. Някой лингвисти считат армънския за диалект на румънския език. Повече от 2,000,000 aромъни от Македония, Албания, Сърбия, Румъния България и Гърция армънски. ==== Информација о влашком (арумунском) језиком ==== Ово је аромунска Википедија. Аромунски језик спада у групи источнороманских језика, који су произашли мјешањем античких језика (трако-илирски, епирски, тесалијски и македонски) са латинским језиком, у времена Римске владавине Балкана. Око 2,000,000 становника Грчке, Македоније, Албаније, Србије, Румуније и Бугарске говори влашким језиком. ==== Ulahça dili bilgileri ==== Bu Vikipedi Ulahça'dadır. Ulahça Romans dillerin doğu koluna mensuptur. 2,000,000 Ulahlar Yunanistan'da, Arnavutluk'da, Makedonya'da, Sırbistan'da, Romanya'da ve Bulgaristan'da Ulahça'yı konuşıyorlar. ==== Information sur l'aroumain==== Vous êtes sur le Wikipedia en aroumain. L'aroumain est une langue romane orientale. Environ 2.000.000 locuteurs en Grèce, Macédoine, Albanie, Serbie, Roumanie et Bulgarie parlent l'aroumain. ==== Information about the Aromanian language ==== This is the Aromanian Wikipedia. Aromanian is an Eastern Romance language. 2,000,000 people from Greece, Macedonia, Albania, Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria speak Aromanian. ==== Informazioni sulla lingua arumena ==== Questa è la Wikipedia arumena. L'arumeno è una lingua romanza orientale. 2.000.000 di persone in Grecia, Albania, Serbia, Macedonia, Romania e Bulgaria parlano l'arumeno. ==== Informo pri la lingvo arumana ==== Vi estas sur la paĝo de Vikipedio en la arumana lingvo. La arumana estas orienta latinida lingvo. Ĉirkaŭ 2.000.000 da personoj en Grekio, Makedonio, Albanio, Serbio, Rumanio kaj Bulgario parolas la arumanan. ==== Auskunft über das Aromunische==== Dies ist die aromunische Wikipedia. Die aromunische Sprache ist eine ostromanische Sprache. (Einigen Linguisten zufolge ist es ein Dialekt des Rumänischen, andere Linguisten klassifizieren es als eigene Sprache.) Etwa 2 Millionen Menschen in Griechenland, Mazedonien, Albanien, Serbien, Rumänien und Bulgarien sprechen Aromunisch. ==== Informacje o języku arumuńskim ==== To jest Arumuńska Wikipedia. Arumuński to język wschodnioromański. 2 000 000 ludzi z Grecji, Macedonii, Serbii, Rumunii i Bułgarii mówi po arumuńsku. </div> </td> <td style="width:30%; vertical-align:top;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; padding:5px; margin:15px; margin-left:0; background-color:#fcfc68;"> [[Image:HartaBalcani.jpg|thumb|center|250px|Balcani 1935]] </div> <div style="border:1px solid silver; padding:5px; margin:15px; margin-left:0; background-color:#dfefdf;"> ==== SUTSATI ARMANESHTSA ==== *[[Di tu Gãrtsia]] *[[Di tu Romãnia]] *[[Di tu Arbinishia]] *[[Di tu Republica Machedonia]] *[[Di tu Vãrgãria]] *[[Di tu Lumi]] *[[Frãndzã ti Armãnjlji pi Internet]] </div> <div style="border:1px solid silver; padding:5px; margin:15px; margin-left:0; background-color:#E0E0FF;"> ==== Pi alte limbe ==== *[http://af.wikipedia.org Afrikaans] *[http://an.wikipedia.org Aragonés] *[http://ast.wikipedia.org Asturllionés] *'''[http://bg.wikipedia.org Vurgarica (Български)]''' *[http://br.wikipedia.org Brezhoneg] *[http://ca.wikipedia.org Català] *[http://da.wikipedia.org Dansk] *'''[http://de.wikipedia.org Ghermanica (Deutsch)]''' *'''[http://el.wikipedia.org Ellinica (Ελληνικά)]''' *'''[http://en.wikipedia.org Anglica (English)]''' *[http://es.wikipedia.org Español] *[http://eo.wikipedia.org Esperanto] *[http://et.wikipedia.org Eesti] *[http://fi.wikipedia.org Suomi] *'''[http://fr.wikipedia.org Galica (Français)]''' *[http://he.wikipedia.org עברית (Ivrit)] *[http://ko.wikipedia.org 한국어 (hangugeo)] *[http://hr.wikipedia.org Hrvatski] *[http://io.wikipedia.org Ido] *[http://ia.wikipedia.org Interlingua] *[http://it.wikipedia.org Italiano] *[http://ja.wikipedia.org 日本語 (Nihongo)] *'''[http://la.wikipedia.org Latinica (Latinum)]''' *'''[http://mk.wikipedia.org Machedonica (Mакедонски)]''' *[http://mt.wikipedia.org bil-Malti] *[http://nl.wikipedia.org Nederlands] *[http://no.wikipedia.org Norsk] *[http://nn.wikipedia.org Norsk (nynorsk)] *[http://oc.wikipedia.org Occitan] *[http://pl.wikipedia.org Polski] *[http://pt.wikipedia.org Português] *'''[http://ro.wikipedia.org Romãneashce (Română)]''' *[http://ru.wikipedia.org Русский (Russkij)] *[http://sl.wikipedia.org Slovenščina] *[http://sv.wikipedia.org Svenska] *[http://wa.wikipedia.org Walon] *[http://zh.wikipedia.org 中文 (Zhongwen)] <small>[http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pagina_principală#Uichipedia_pi_arm.C3.A2neashti_.28roa-rup.wiki.29 Meta-Wikipedia (roa-rup)] - [http://roa-rup.wiktionary.org Wiktsionar pi Armãneashce] - [http://wikibooks.org Wikibooks] - [http://wikiquote.org Wikiquote] - [http://sources.wikipedia.org WikiSource]</small> </div> </td></tr> </table> [[ar:]] [[bg:]] [[bs:]] [[ca:]] [[cs:]] [[da:]] [[de:]] [[el:]] [[en:]] [[eo:]] [[es:]] [[et:]] [[eu:]] [[fa:]] [[fi:]] [[fr:]] [[gl:]] [[he:]] [[hr:]] [[hu:]] [[id:]] [[io:]] [[is:]] [[it:]] [[ja:]] [[ka:]] [[ko:]] [[lb:]] [[lt:]] [[ms:]] [[nap:]] [[nl:]] [[nn:]] [[no:]] [[pl:]] [[pt:]] [[rmy:]] [[ro:]] [[ru:]] [[ru-sib:]] [[simple:]] [[sk:]] [[sl:]] [[sr:]] [[sv:]] [[th:]] [[tr:]] [[uk:]] [[vi:]] [[zh:]] __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ 1080 2902 2005-05-04T03:56:18Z 210.54.198.219 English. 1081 5972 2006-03-12T10:18:39Z Al 91 '''Română''' easti unâ limbă dit gruplu di apirita di limbi romaniţi. Cama di 27.000.000 di români dit [[Românii]], [[Moldavia]] şi alte tsârii zburăscu română. [[af:Roemeens]] [[ang:Rōmānisc sprǣc]] [[ast:Rumanu]] [[bg:Румънски език]] [[ca:Romanès]] [[cs:Rumunština]] [[da:Rumænsk (sprog)]] [[de:Rumänische Sprache]] [[el:Ρουμανική γλώσσα]] [[en:Romanian language]] [[eo:Rumana lingvo]] [[es:Idioma rumano]] [[et:Rumeenia keel]] [[eu:Errumaniera]] [[fi:Romanian kieli]] [[fr:Roumain]] [[ga:Rómáinis]] [[gl:Lingua romanesa]] [[he:רומנית]] [[hr:Rumunjski jezik]] [[hu:Román nyelv]] [[ia:Romaniano]] [[id:Bahasa Rumania]] [[it:Lingua rumena]] [[ja:ルーマニア語]] [[ka:რუმინული ენა]] [[ko:루마니아어]] [[kw:Roumanek]] [[la:Lingua Dacoromanica]] [[li:Roemeens]] [[lt:Rumunų kalba]] [[lv:Rumāņu valoda]] [[mk:Романски јазик]] [[nl:Roemeens]] [[nn:Rumensk språk]] [[no:Rumensk språk]] [[pl:Język rumuński]] [[pt:Língua romena]] [[ro:Limbă Română]] [[rm:Lingua rumena]] [[ru:Румынский язык]] [[sc:Limba romuna]] [[simple:Romanian language]] [[sv:Rumänska]] [[th:ภาษาโรมาเนีย]] [[tr:Rumence]] [[uk:Румунська мова]] [[wa:Roumin]] [[zh:羅馬尼亞語]] [[zh-min-nan:România-gí]] 1082 2904 2005-05-06T00:23:17Z OlegPopov 27 Hello! My name '''Oleg Ivanovich Popov'''. I live in Russia. My adress: Ryazan, RO 123056, Ul. Raketnaya D.85 Kv.13. '''Education:''' Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University), 1992 to 1997 International Law School including three foreign languages: English, German, and Afrikaans. High Level Diploma - "Several Aspects of International Copyright". Work Experience: Lawyer, International Law Firm Baker & McKenzie, October 1998 to Present. '''Skills & Interests:''' Fluent in English, proficient in German, some knowledge of French and Afrikaans. Computer literate, large working experience on both PC (Windows and DOS) and Macintosh, have one of each at home. Some programming experience. I have 24/7 access to the Internet and my favourite hobby to read and study wiki sites :) '''PS:''' I have the catalogue wiki sites - http://wiki4all.com/ and I shall be very grateful to the manager of this wiki site, if it will add wiki in my catalogue with the small description... :) In advance thanks! 1083 2905 2005-05-21T17:28:32Z Yann 30 See [[:fr:Utilisateur:Yann]] or [[m:User:Yann]]. 1084 2906 2005-05-28T09:21:15Z 195.250.100.12 From Petronije Serbian Wikipedia. Hello, There are a lot of Aromuns, Serbocroat language speakers. Serbian Aromuns took a huge part in Serbian history, science, art, architecture, poetry, and are incorporated in and responsible for development of Serbian wisdom.In Serbian Wikipedia there is very poor article about Aromuns. Please, may somebody do it reacher. Thank you a lot. 1085 9105 2007-01-27T15:45:17Z Thijs!bot 143 Robot interwiki: Adãugat: ab, ay, bi, bm, bo, bug, ce, ch, cho, chy, cr, dz, ee, fj, gn, ha, ho, ki, kj, lo, mus, my, ny, pih, rn, sd, sg, ss, st, ti, tum, tw, vo, xal, xh, zu India easti unâ ţarâ ân Azia. Capitala:[[New Delhi]]. [[Image:Humanyu.JPG|thumb|250px|right|The [[Humayun's Tomb]], situated in New Delhi, has an architectural design similar to the [[Taj Mahal]].]] Aest articol easti ciot shi âncâ ân constructsie [[Category:Azia]] [[ab:India]] [[af:Indië]] [[als:Indien]] [[am:ህንድ]] [[an:India]] [[ang:India]] [[ar:الهند]] [[as:ভারত]] [[ast:India]] [[ay:India]] [[az:Hindistan]] [[ba:Һиндостан]] [[bat-smg:Indėjė]] [[be:Індыя]] [[bg:Индия]] [[bh:भारत]] [[bi:India]] [[bm:India]] [[bn:ভারত]] [[bo:India]] [[bpy:ভারত]] [[br:India]] [[bs:Indija]] [[bug:India]] [[ca:Índia]] [[cbk-zam:India]] [[ce:India]] [[ceb:Indiya]] [[ch:India]] [[cho:India]] [[chy:India]] [[co:India]] [[cr:India]] [[cs:Indie]] [[csb:Indie]] [[cv:Инди]] [[cy:India]] [[da:Indien]] [[de:Indien]] [[diq:Hindıstan]] [[dv:ހިންދުސްތާން]] [[dz:India]] [[ee:India]] [[el:Ινδία]] [[en:India]] [[eo:Barato]] [[es:India]] [[et:India]] [[eu:India]] [[fa:هند]] [[fi:Intia]] [[fiu-vro:India]] [[fj:India]] [[fo:India]] [[fr:Inde]] [[frp:Ende]] [[fur:Indie]] [[fy:Yndia]] [[ga:An India]] [[gd:Na h-Innseachan]] [[gl:India - भारत]] [[gn:India]] [[got:𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌰]] [[gu:ભારત]] [[gv:Yn Injey]] [[ha:India]] [[haw:ʻInia]] [[he:הודו]] [[hi:भारत]] [[ho:India]] [[hr:Indija]] [[hsb:Indiska]] [[ht:End]] [[hu:India]] [[hy:Հնդկաստան]] [[ia:India]] [[id:India]] [[ie:India]] [[ilo:India]] [[io:India]] [[is:Indland]] [[it:India]] [[iu:ᐃᓐᑎᐊ]] [[ja:インド]] [[jbo:xingu'e]] [[jv:India]] [[ka:ინდოეთი]] [[kg:India]] [[ki:India]] [[kj:India]] [[kk:Үндістан]] [[km:ឥណ្ឌា]] [[kn:ಭಾರತ]] [[ko:인도]] [[ks:ہِندوستان]] [[ksh:Inndije]] [[ku:Hindistan]] [[kv:India]] [[kw:Eynda]] [[la:India]] [[lb:Indien]] [[li:India]] [[lij:India]] [[lmo:India]] [[ln:India]] [[lo:India]] [[lt:Indija]] [[lv:Indija]] [[map-bms:India]] [[mi:Inia (whenua)]] [[mk:Индија]] [[ml:ഇന്ത്യ]] [[mn:Энэтхэг]] [[mo:Индия]] [[mr:भारत]] [[ms:India]] [[mt:Indja]] [[mus:India]] [[my:India]] [[na:India]] [[nah:Indiyān]] [[nap:Innia]] [[nds:Indien]] [[nds-nl:India]] [[ne:भारत]] [[nl:India]] [[nn:India]] [[no:India]] [[nov:India]] [[nrm:Înde]] [[ny:India]] [[oc:Índia]] [[or:ଭାରତ]] [[os:Инди]] [[pa:ਭਾਰਤ]] [[pam:India]] [[pap:India]] [[pdc:India]] [[pi:भारत]] [[pih:India]] [[pl:Indie]] [[pms:India]] [[pt:Índia]] [[qu:Barat]] [[rm:India]] [[rmy:Indiya (Bharat)]] [[rn:India]] [[ro:India]] [[ru:Индия]] [[ru-sib:Индия]] [[sa:भारत]] [[sc:Ìndia]] [[scn:Innia]] [[sco:Indie]] [[sd:India]] [[se:India]] [[sg:India]] [[sh:Indija]] [[si:ඉන්දියාව]] [[simple:India]] [[sk:India]] [[sl:Indija]] [[so:Hindiya]] [[sq:India]] [[sr:Индија]] [[ss:India]] [[st:India]] [[su:India]] [[sv:Indien]] [[sw:Uhindi]] [[ta:இந்தியா]] [[te:భారత దేశము]] [[tet:Índia]] [[tg:Ҳиндустон]] [[th:ประเทศอินเดีย]] [[ti:India]] [[tk:Hindistan]] [[tl:India]] [[to:ʻInitia]] [[tpi:India]] [[tr:Hindistan]] [[tt:Hindstan]] [[tum:India]] [[tw:India]] [[ty:’Inītia]] [[udm:Индия]] [[ug:ھىندىستان]] [[uk:Індія]] [[ur:بھارت]] [[uz:Hindiston]] [[vec:India]] [[vi:Ấn Độ]] [[vo:India]] [[wa:Inde]] [[war:India]] [[wo:India]] [[wuu:印度]] [[xal:India]] [[xh:India]] [[yi:אינדיע]] [[za:India]] [[zh:印度]] [[zh-min-nan:Ìn-tō͘]] [[zh-yue:印度]] [[zu:India]] 1086 2908 2005-06-08T06:34:17Z Btw 31 -> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Btw http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Btw] 1088 2910 2005-06-20T12:45:24Z Danutz 4 Armâneaşti moved to Armãneshce #REDIRECT [[Armãneshce]] 1089 6218 2006-06-15T12:54:39Z 82.216.130.208 /* Request */ Salut tovarasi! :) Numai ghini si succes. why was this wiki set up. there is no one working on it and no community. the people who argued to get it weren't prepared to actually do any work on it, they sort someone else would write an encyclopedia for them! == right iso code == Since 2005-09-20 Aromanian has a standard ISO code of '''rup''' (see http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/codechanges.html ) so maybe the website should be moved to rup.wikipedia.org instead (and keep for some time the roa-rup.wikipedia.org as an alias) : Sounds like a good idea. [[User:Sj|Sj]] 08:25, 8 November 2005 (UTC) ::Why don't we do it? Come on ;) [[User:Al|Al]] 09:12, 3 May 2006 (UTC) == Request == Hello. I collect word "sugar" in different languages and now I`ve got 243 counterparts of this word but I can`t to find "sugar" in Aromanian language so can you send me what`s called "sugar" in Aromanian language. It`s very important for me! Thank you very much! (My collection is on site: http://www.zucker.prv.pl) [[User:Szoltys1990|Szoltys1990]] 13:57, 28 January 2006 (UTC) : Justy that you know. In romanian, "sugar" is '''zahăr''' and not ''zăhar''. Actually ''zăhar'' is the recipient where you keep the sugar at most (actually not very used word). So you should change ''zăhar'' with ''zahăr'' or remove the non-latin letters completly becausr they are optional in romanian. I don't know the word in aroanian. [http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zah%C4%83r zahar] == LINKS == Follow links can be possibly for you helpful: http://www.arctur.de/Info/odp/odp.php?page=ce-de&browse=/Society/Ethnicity/Aromanian/ Aromanian Vlachs Travelogue cum Vlachophile news and information center developed by British travellers; etexts, song lyrics and poems, and bibliography included. http://www.vlachophiles.net/ The Little Vlach Corner A brief presentation of the Aromanian community and culture. Among others, the site includes several poems and a description of Aromanian winter customs. http://bastian.freeyellow.com/index.html Silent Echoes Personal page of Adrian Mihai. Contains links and information about the Aromanian culture and the Rroma/Gypsy. Also his documentaries, photographs and travels. [English/Aromanian] http://pages.nyu.edu/~am14/ http://www.politikforum.de/forum/archive/22/2004/04/1/55616 When Winnifrith discovers them in 1975, the Vlachs of Greece were at the end of a traumatizing and torturous process of identity erasure Roughly one year before, in 1974, with the Colonels’ Junta still in power in Athens, Vlach speakers still risked imprisonment for casually chatting in their language The context was grim not only for vulnerable ethnical minorities but for any liberal minded person: thousands, including women, were tortured and elementary if frivolous liberties like wearing long hair or mini-skirt were liable to puritanical punishment 2 Expressing another identity than the official Greek one was a quite serious offence As human rights experts on Greece point out in their report : “The Vlachs - Current situation of the community and language": "the Vlach languages in Greece have never been included in the educational curriculum On the contrary, their use has been strongly discouraged at schools and in the army, through physical punishment !, humiliation, or, in recent years simple incitation of Vlach users Such attitudes have led many Vlach parents to discourage their children from learning their mother tongue so to avoid similar discrimination and suffering" 3 If for many outsiders, Vlachs were a jolly novelty if not an exotic commodity, the Vlachs of Greece themselves gradually became a fatigued and confused community as a result of decades of deprivation of elementary linguistic and cultural rights As George Padioti, an Aromanian Vlach author born and living all his life in Greece writes, in February of 1952 the last Aromanian churches were being closed by the then Greek government, amongst them the Church of Gramaticuva Anno Grammatikon whose fate was to be sealed off without consulting the parishioners As to this issue Mr Padioti writes unequivocally: "February 1952, the Aromanian Church 'Biserica ramana Santu Dumitru', burned by German troopers in spring 1944 The priest Costa Bacou officiating the last allowed liturgy in Aromanian language Afterwards, he was not permitted anymore because he refused to forcibly officiate the divine service in Greek language" 4 Such statements have to be given credit as their author –in this case George Padioti- is a native and a connoisseur, as someone who as a Vlach, has at first hand knowledge of his own kinsmen. http://etymology-of-vlach.borgfind.com/ Aromanian (BG) | Aromanian (GR) | Aromanian (RO) | Aromunian (AL) | Aromunian (MK) | Daco-Romanian (HU) | Daco-Romanian (UA) | Daco-Rumanian (CS) | Daco-Rumanian (RO) == Articoli == This Wikipedia has already 91 articols. [[User:Al|Al]] 12:06, 5 April 2006 (UTC) == Aromanian folk music == Hello, I'm Romanian (that is, Daco-Romanian) and I was really impressed the other day by an Aromanian folk song "Sa-ni mi duc la ea", sang by Vanghele Gogu. So, can you point me to some aromanian music records for sale/download? I really don't know where to search for such things. BTW: I was always curious. Can Aromanians understand Romanian? The reverse is not quite true. I tried reading the web site, and while I usually understand the sense of a sentence, I miss many words. I know that intelligibility is not an equivalence relation, for westerners have difficulties in apprehending Romanian, while the converse is less true. Yours, [[:ro:User:Dpotop]] 1107 6014 2006-03-22T20:25:31Z Al 91 [[Talk:România]] moved to [[Talk:Rumânia]]: Correct? 1517 3433 2005-07-22T04:47:34Z 81.153.154.191 spam 1518 3436 2005-07-22T20:25:20Z Mik 35 Γεια! Είμαι βλάχος και ήταν μία ευχάριστη έκπληξη για μένα να βρω ότι υπάρχει Βικιπαίδεια στα Βλάχικα. Δυστηχώς δεν μπορώ να βοηθήσω γιατί κατανοώ μεν τη γλώσσα όταν την ακούω, αλλά δεν μπορώ να τη μιλήσω. (πόσο μάλλον να τη γράψω). Πάντως εύχομαι καλή επιτυχία. Ηι! I am aromounian and it was a pleasant surprise for me to find out that there is a wikipedia in Aromanian. Unfortunately I cannot help because I can understand the language when I listen to it but I cannot speak (not to mention write) in it. Anyway, I wish success to the project.--[[User:Mik|Mik]] 20:25, 22 July 2005 (UTC) 2829 8135 2006-10-15T07:37:55Z Escarbot 112 robot Adding: af, als, am, an, ang, ar, ast, av, az, bat-smg, be, bg, bi, bm, bn, bo, br, bs, ca, ceb, chr, co, cr, cs, csb, cv, cy, da, de, dv, dz, el, eo, es, et, eu, fa, fi, fiu-vro, fj, fo, fr, frp, fur, fy, ga, gd, gl, gn, got, gu, gv, haw, he, I am an interwiki user from the Dutch Wikipedia. [[af:Gebruiker:Andre Engels]] [[als:Benutzer:Andre Engels]] [[am:User:Andre Engels]] [[an:Usuario:Andre Engels]] [[ang:User:Andre Engels]] [[ar:مستخدم:Andre Engels]] [[ast:Usuariu:Andre Engels]] [[av:Участник:Andre Engels]] [[az:İstifadəçi:Andre Engels]] [[bat-smg:Naudotojas:Andre Engels]] [[be:Удзельнік:Andre Engels]] [[bg:Потребител:Andre Engels]] [[bi:User:Andre Engels]] [[bm:Utilisateur:Andre Engels]] [[bn:ব্যবহারকারী:Andre Engels]] [[bo:User:Andre Engels]] [[br:Implijer:Andre Engels]] [[bs:Korisnik:Andre Engels]] [[ca:Usuari:Andre Engels]] [[ceb:User:Andre Engels]] [[chr:User:Andre Engels]] [[co:User:Andre Engels]] [[cr:User:Andre Engels]] [[cs:Wikipedista:Andre Engels]] [[csb:Brëkòwnik:Andre Engels]] [[cv:Хутшăнакан:Andre Engels]] [[cy:Defnyddiwr:Andre Engels]] [[da:Bruger:Andre Engels]] [[de:Benutzer:Andre Engels]] [[dv:User:Andre Engels]] [[dz:User:Andre Engels]] [[el:Χρήστης:Andre Engels]] [[en:User:Andre Engels]] [[eo:Vikipediisto:Andre Engels]] [[es:Usuario:Andre Engels]] [[et:Kasutaja:Andre Engels]] [[eu:Lankide:Andre Engels]] [[fa:کاربر:Andre Engels]] [[fi:Käyttäjä:Andre Engels]] [[fiu-vro:User:Andre Engels]] [[fj:User:Andre Engels]] [[fo:Brúkari:Andre Engels]] [[fr:Utilisateur:Andre Engels]] [[frp:User:Andre Engels]] [[fur:Utent:Andre Engels]] [[fy:Meidogger:Andre Engels]] [[ga:Úsáideoir:Andre Engels]] [[gd:User:Andre Engels]] [[gl:User:Andre Engels]] [[gn:Usuario:Andre Engels]] [[got:User:Andre Engels]] [[gu:User:Andre Engels]] [[gv:User:Andre Engels]] [[haw:User:Andre Engels]] [[he:משתמש:Andre Engels]] [[hi:सदस्य:Andre Engels]] [[hr:Suradnik:Andre Engels]] [[ht:User:Andre Engels]] [[hu:User:Andre Engels]] [[hy:User:Andre Engels]] [[ia:Usator:Andre Engels]] [[id:Pengguna:Andre Engels]] [[ie:User:Andre Engels]] [[ii:User:Andre Engels]] [[ilo:User:Andre Engels]] [[io:User:Andre Engels]] [[is:Notandi:Andre Engels]] [[it:Utente:Andre Engels]] [[iu:User:Andre Engels]] [[ja:利用者:Andre Engels]] [[jbo:User:Andre Engels]] [[jv:Panganggo:Andre Engels]] [[ka:მომხმარებელი:Andre Engels]] [[kg:User:Andre Engels]] [[kk:User:Andre Engels]] [[km:User:Andre Engels]] [[kn:ಸದಸ್ಯ:Andre Engels]] [[ko:사용자:Andre Engels]] [[ks:User:Andre Engels]] [[ksh:User:Andre Engels]] [[ku:Bikarhêner:Andre Engels]] [[kw:User:Andre Engels]] [[ky:User:Andre Engels]] [[la:Usor:Andre Engels]] [[lad:User:Andre Engels]] [[lb:User:Andre Engels]] [[li:Gebroeker:Andre Engels]] [[lij:User:Andre Engels]] [[lmo:User:Andre Engels]] [[ln:User:Andre Engels]] [[lt:Naudotojas:Andre Engels]] [[lv:Lietotājs:Andre Engels]] [[mg:User:Andre Engels]] [[mi:User:Andre Engels]] [[mk:Корисник:Andre Engels]] [[ml:User:Andre Engels]] [[mn:User:Andre Engels]] [[mo:User:Andre Engels]] [[mr:User:Andre Engels]] [[ms:Pengguna:Andre Engels]] [[mt:User:Andre Engels]] [[na:User:Andre Engels]] [[nah:Usuario:Andre Engels]] [[nap:Utente:Andre Engels]] [[nds:Bruker:Andre Engels]] [[nds-nl:Gebruker:Andre Engels]] [[ne:User:Andre Engels]] [[nl:Gebruiker:Andre Engels]] [[nn:Brukar:Andre Engels]] [[no:Bruker:Andre Engels]] [[nrm:User:Andre Engels]] [[nv:Choinish'įįhí:Andre Engels]] [[oc:Utilisator:Andre Engels]] [[os:Архайæг:Andre Engels]] [[pam:User:Andre Engels]] [[pdc:User:Andre Engels]] [[pi:User:Andre Engels]] [[pl:Wikipedysta:Andre Engels]] [[ps:User:Andre Engels]] [[pt:Usuário:Andre Engels]] [[qu:Usuario:Andre Engels]] [[rm:User:Andre Engels]] [[ro:Utilizator:Andre Engels]] [[ru:Участник:Andre Engels]] [[sa:User:Andre Engels]] [[sc:Utente:Andre Engels]] [[scn:User:Andre Engels]] [[sco:User:Andre Engels]] [[se:User:Andre Engels]] [[sh:User:Andre Engels]] [[si:User:Andre Engels]] [[simple:User:Andre Engels]] [[sk:Redaktor:Andre Engels]] [[sl:Uporabnik:Andre Engels]] [[sm:User:Andre Engels]] [[sn:User:Andre Engels]] [[sq:Përdoruesi:Andre Engels]] [[sr:Корисник:Andre Engels]] [[st:User:Andre Engels]] [[su:Pamaké:Andre Engels]] [[sv:Användare:Andre Engels]] [[sw:User:Andre Engels]] [[ta:பயனர்:Andre Engels]] [[te:సభ్యుడు:Andre Engels]] [[tet:User:Andre Engels]] [[tg:Корбар:Andre Engels]] [[th:ผู้ใช้:Andre Engels]] [[ti:User:Andre Engels]] [[tk:User:Andre Engels]] [[tl:User:Andre Engels]] [[tpi:User:Andre Engels]] [[tr:Kullanıcı:Andre Engels]] [[tt:Äğzä:Andre Engels]] [[udm:Викиавтор:Andre Engels]] [[ug:User:Andre Engels]] [[uk:Користувач:Andre Engels]] [[ur:صارف:Andre Engels]] [[uz:User:Andre Engels]] [[vec:Utente:Andre Engels]] [[vi:Thành viên:Andre Engels]] [[vls:User:Andre Engels]] [[vo:User:Andre Engels]] [[wa:Uzeu:Andre Engels]] [[war:User:Andre Engels]] [[wo:User:Andre Engels]] [[xh:User:Andre Engels]] [[yi:באַניצער:Andre Engels]] [[yo:User:Andre Engels]] [[zh:User:Andre Engels]] [[zh-min-nan:User:Andre Engels]] [[zh-yue:User:Andre Engels]] 2830 8138 2006-10-16T19:01:44Z Escarbot 112 robot Adding: av, az, bat-smg, frp, got, ilo, kk, ksh, lad, lij, lmo, ml, nap, nds-nl, nrm, pdc, tet, tg, tk, udm, vec, vls, war, wo, zh-yue Robbot is a robot, operated by [[User:Andre Engels|Andre Engels]]. It is used for adding and correcting interwiki-links. [[af:Gebruiker:Robbot]] [[als:Benutzer:Robbot]] [[am:User:Robbot]] [[an:Usuario:Robbot]] [[ang:User:Robbot]] [[ar:مستخدم:Robbot]] [[ast:Usuariu:Robbot]] [[av:Участник:Robbot]] [[az:İstifadəçi:Robbot]] [[bat-smg:Naudotojas:Robbot]] [[be:Удзельнік:Robbot]] [[bg:Потребител:Robbot]] [[bi:User:Robbot]] [[bm:Utilisateur:Robbot]] [[bn:ব্যবহারকারী:Robbot]] [[bo:User:Robbot]] [[br:Implijer:Robbot]] [[bs:Korisnik:Robbot]] [[ca:Usuari:Robbot]] [[ceb:User:Robbot]] [[chr:User:Robbot]] [[co:User:Robbot]] [[cs:Wikipedista:Robbot]] [[csb:Brëkòwnik:Robbot]] [[cv:Хутшăнакан:Robbot]] [[cy:Defnyddiwr:Robbot]] [[da:Bruger:Robbot]] [[de:Benutzer:Robbot]] [[dv:User:Robbot]] [[dz:User:Robbot]] [[el:Χρήστης:Robbot]] [[en:User:Robbot]] [[eo:Vikipediisto:Robbot]] [[es:Usuario:Robbot]] [[et:Kasutaja:Robbot]] [[eu:Lankide:Robbot]] [[fa:کاربر:Robbot]] [[fi:Käyttäjä:Robbot]] [[fiu-vro:User:Robbot]] [[fj:User:Robbot]] [[fo:Brúkari:Robbot]] [[fr:Utilisateur:Robbot]] [[frp:User:Robbot]] [[fur:Utent:Robbot]] [[fy:Meidogger:Robbot]] [[ga:Úsáideoir:Robbot]] [[gd:User:Robbot]] [[gl:User:Robbot]] [[gn:Usuario:Robbot]] [[got:User:Robbot]] [[gu:User:Robbot]] [[gv:User:Robbot]] [[haw:User:Robbot]] [[he:משתמש:Robbot]] [[hi:सदस्य:Robbot]] [[hr:Suradnik:Robbot]] [[ht:User:Robbot]] [[hu:User:Robbot]] [[hy:User:Robbot]] [[ia:Usator:Robbot]] [[id:Pengguna:Robbot]] [[ie:User:Robbot]] [[ii:User:Robbot]] [[ilo:User:Robbot]] [[io:User:Robbot]] [[is:Notandi:Robbot]] [[it:Utente:Robbot]] [[iu:User:Robbot]] [[ja:利用者:Robbot]] [[jbo:User:Robbot]] [[jv:Panganggo:Robbot]] [[ka:მომხმარებელი:Robbot]] [[kg:User:Robbot]] [[kk:User:Robbot]] [[km:User:Robbot]] [[kn:ಸದಸ್ಯ:Robbot]] [[ko:사용자:Robbot]] [[ks:User:Robbot]] [[ksh:User:Robbot]] [[ku:Bikarhêner:Robbot]] [[kw:User:Robbot]] [[ky:User:Robbot]] [[la:Usor:Robbot]] [[lad:User:Robbot]] [[lb:User:Robbot]] [[li:Gebroeker:Robbot]] [[lij:User:Robbot]] [[lmo:User:Robbot]] [[ln:User:Robbot]] [[lt:Naudotojas:Robbot]] [[lv:Lietotājs:Robbot]] [[mg:User:Robbot]] [[mi:User:Robbot]] [[mk:Корисник:Robbot]] [[ml:User:Robbot]] [[mn:User:Robbot]] [[mo:User:Robbot]] [[mr:User:Robbot]] [[ms:Pengguna:Robbot]] [[mt:User:Robbot]] [[na:User:Robbot]] [[nah:Usuario:Robbot]] [[nap:Utente:Robbot]] [[nds:Bruker:Robbot]] [[nds-nl:Gebruker:Robbot]] [[ne:User:Robbot]] [[nl:Gebruiker:Robbot]] [[nn:Brukar:Robbot]] [[no:Bruker:Robbot]] [[nrm:User:Robbot]] [[nv:Choinish'įįhí:Robbot]] [[oc:Utilisator:Robbot]] [[os:Архайæг:Robbot]] [[pam:User:Robbot]] [[pdc:User:Robbot]] [[pi:User:Robbot]] [[pl:Wikipedysta:Robbot]] [[ps:User:Robbot]] [[pt:Usuário:Robbot]] [[qu:Usuario:Robbot]] [[rm:User:Robbot]] [[ro:Utilizator:Robbot]] [[ru:Участник:Robbot]] [[sa:User:Robbot]] [[sc:Utente:Robbot]] [[scn:User:Robbot]] [[sco:User:Robbot]] [[se:User:Robbot]] [[sh:User:Robbot]] [[si:User:Robbot]] [[simple:User:Robbot]] [[sk:Redaktor:Robbot]] [[sl:Uporabnik:Robbot]] [[sm:User:Robbot]] [[sq:Përdoruesi:Robbot]] [[sr:Корисник:Robbot]] [[st:User:Robbot]] [[su:Pamaké:Robbot]] [[sv:Användare:Robbot]] [[sw:User:Robbot]] [[ta:பயனர்:Robbot]] [[te:సభ్యుడు:Robbot]] [[tet:User:Robbot]] [[tg:Корбар:Robbot]] [[th:ผู้ใช้:Robbot]] [[ti:User:Robbot]] [[tk:User:Robbot]] [[tl:User:Robbot]] [[tpi:User:Robbot]] [[tr:Kullanıcı:Robbot]] [[tt:Äğzä:Robbot]] [[udm:Викиавтор:Robbot]] [[ug:User:Robbot]] [[uk:Користувач:Robbot]] [[ur:صارف:Robbot]] [[uz:User:Robbot]] [[vec:Utente:Robbot]] [[vi:Thành viên:Robbot]] [[vls:User:Robbot]] [[vo:User:Robbot]] [[wa:Uzeu:Robbot]] [[war:User:Robbot]] [[wo:User:Robbot]] [[xh:User:Robbot]] [[yi:באַניצער:Robbot]] [[yo:User:Robbot]] [[zh:User:Robbot]] [[zh-min-nan:User:Robbot]] [[zh-yue:User:Robbot]] 2831 5533 2005-12-16T11:09:31Z Korg 40 Hello! I'm mainly contributing to the [[:fr:|French Wikipedia]]. <div style="background-color:#f0f0ff; font-size:120%; padding:3px;">&nbsp;'''>''' [[:fr:Utilisateur:Korg]] &bull; [[m:User:Korg]]</div> [[fr:Utilisateur:Korg]] 2832 9003 2007-01-13T14:26:43Z TXiKiBoT 147 Robot interwiki: Adãugat: [[lij:Lituania]] [[Image:Flag of Lithuania.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Litva]] [[Image:Coat of Arms of Lithuania.svg|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Litva]] [[Image:LocationLithuania.png|thumb|250px|right|Litva tu [[Europa]]]] '''Litva''' ('''Lietuva''') easte stat tu [[Unia Europeanã]], tu [[Europa]]. ==Stat== Lietuvos Respublika * loc 65 300 km2 * populatsia 3,5 milionj ==Cãsãbãlu capital== [[Vilnius]] *http://www.vilnius.lt ==Litvian== *Dalia Grybauskaitė, [[Unia Europeanã]] Kommission, 2004-2009. *Vytautas Landsbergis, Sing Revoliution SAJUDIS, Vilnius, 1989-1993; [[Unia Europeanã]] Parlament, 2004-2009. ==Cãsãbadz== *[[Vilnius]] *Kaunas *Klaipeda *Siauliai *Panevezys *Palanga *Nida *Sventoji *Druskininkai ==Sportu== * Arvydas Sabonis, Basket, [[Kaunas]] Zalgiris. * Sarunas Jasikevicius, New Orlean, USA. ==Ligãturi== *http://www.lietuva.lt [[category:Europa]] [[Category:Unia europeanã]] [[category:Stat]] [[category:Staturi baltitse]] [[category:sportu]] [[af:Litaue]] [[als:Litauen]] [[am:ሊትዌኒያ]] [[an:Lituania]] [[ang:Lithuania]] [[ar:لتوانيا]] [[arc:ܠܬܘܢܝܐ]] [[ast:Lituania]] [[ay:Lituania]] [[az:Litva]] [[bat-smg:Lietova]] [[be:Летува]] [[bg:Литва]] [[br:Lituania]] [[bs:Litvanija]] [[ca:Lituània]] [[ceb:Lituanya]] [[co:Lituania]] [[cs:Litva]] [[csb:Lëtewskô]] [[cv:Литва]] [[cy:Lithuania]] [[da:Litauen]] [[de:Litauen]] [[el:Λιθουανία]] [[en:Lithuania]] [[eo:Litovio]] [[es:Lituania]] [[et:Leedu]] [[eu:Lituania]] [[fa:لیتوانی]] [[fi:Liettua]] [[fiu-vro:Leedu]] [[fo:Litava]] [[fr:Lituanie]] [[frp:Lituanie]] [[fur:Lituanie]] [[fy:Litouwen]] [[ga:An Liotuáin]] [[gd:Lituania]] [[gl:Lituania - Lietuva]] [[gn:Lituania]] [[he:ליטא]] [[hi:लिथुआनिया]] [[hr:Litva]] [[ht:Lityani]] [[hu:Litvánia]] [[hy:Լիտվա]] [[ia:Lituania]] [[id:Lituania]] [[ie:Lituania]] [[ilo:Lituania]] [[io:Lituania]] [[is:Litháen]] [[it:Lituania]] [[ja:リトアニア]] [[jv:Lituania]] [[ka:ლიტვა]] [[kk:Литва]] [[ko:리투아니아]] [[ksh:Littaue]] [[ku:Lîtvanya]] [[kw:Lithouani]] [[ky:Литва]] [[la:Lituania]] [[lb:Litauen]] [[li:Litouwe]] [[lij:Lituania]] [[lmo:Lituània]] [[lt:Lietuva]] [[lv:Lietuva]] [[mi:Litovia]] [[mk:Литванија]] [[mn:Литва]] [[mo:Литуания]] [[mr:लिथुएनिया]] [[ms:Lithuania]] [[mt:Litwanja]] [[na:Lithuania]] [[nah:Lituantlān‎]] [[nap:Lituania]] [[nds:Litauen]] [[nds-nl:Litouwen]] [[ne:लिथुआनिया]] [[nl:Litouwen]] [[nn:Litauen]] [[no:Litauen]] [[nrm:Lithuanie]] [[oc:Lituània]] [[os:Литва]] [[pam:Lithuania]] [[pdc:Litaun]] [[pl:Litwa]] [[pms:Lituania]] [[pt:Lituânia]] [[qu:Lituwa]] [[rm:Lituania]] [[rmy:Lituaniya]] [[ro:Lituania]] [[ru:Литва]] [[sa:लिथ्वानिया]] [[sc:Lituana]] [[scn:Lituania]] [[sco:Lithuania]] [[se:Lietuva]] [[sh:Litva]] [[simple:Lithuania]] [[sk:Litva]] [[sl:Litva]] [[sq:Lituania]] [[sr:Литванија]] [[sv:Litauen]] [[sw:Lituanya]] [[tet:Lituánia]] [[tg:Литва]] [[th:ประเทศลิทัวเนีย]] [[tl:Lithuania]] [[tpi:Litva]] [[tr:Litvanya]] [[tt:Litua]] [[uk:Литва]] [[uz:Litva]] [[vec:Łituania]] [[vi:Litva]] [[vls:Litown]] [[vo:Lietuvän]] [[wa:Litwaneye]] [[war:Lituania]] [[yi:ליטע]] [[zh:立陶宛]] [[zh-min-nan:Lietuva]] [[zh-yue:立陶宛]] 2833 9067 2007-01-23T02:13:37Z TXiKiBoT 147 Robot interwiki: Adãugat: [[hsb:Letiska]] [[Image:Flag of Latvia.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Letonia]] [[Image:Latvijas lielais gerbonis.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Letonia]] [[Image:LocationLatvia.png|thumb|250px|right|Letonia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Letonia''' ('''Latvija''') easte [[staturi baltitse|stat baltic]] tu [[Unia Europeanã]], tu [[Europa]]. ==Stat== Latvijas Respublika * loc 64.589 km2 * populatsia 2,1 milionj ==Cãsãbãlu capital== [[Riga]] *http://www.riga.lv ==Turizmo== *http://www.lv [[category:Europa]] [[category:Unia Europeanã]] [[category:Stat]] [[category:Staturi baltitse]] [[af:Letland]] [[am:ላትቪያ]] [[an:Letonia]] [[ang:Latvia]] [[ar:لاتفيا]] [[arc:ܠܬܦܝܐ]] [[ast:Letonia]] [[az:Latviya]] [[bat-smg:Latvėjė]] [[be:Латвія]] [[bg:Латвия]] [[br:Latvia]] [[bs:Latvija]] [[ca:Letònia]] [[co:Lettonia]] [[cs:Lotyšsko]] [[cv:Латви]] [[cy:Latfia]] [[da:Letland]] [[de:Lettland]] [[el:Λεττονία]] [[en:Latvia]] [[eo:Latvio]] [[es:Letonia]] [[et:Läti]] [[eu:Letonia]] [[fa:لاتویا]] [[fi:Latvia]] [[fiu-vro:Läti]] [[fr:Lettonie]] [[frp:Lètonie]] [[fy:Letlân]] [[ga:An Laitvia]] [[gd:Laitbhia]] [[gl:Letonia - Latvija]] [[he:לטביה]] [[hi:लातविया]] [[hr:Letonija]] [[hsb:Letiska]] [[ht:Letoni]] [[hu:Lettország]] [[ia:Latvia]] [[id:Latvia]] [[ilo:Latvia]] [[io:Latvia]] [[is:Lettland]] [[it:Lettonia]] [[ja:ラトビア]] [[ka:ლატვია]] [[ko:라트비아]] [[ku:Letonya]] [[kw:Latvi]] [[la:Lettonia]] [[lb:Lettland]] [[li:Letland]] [[lt:Latvija]] [[lv:Latvija]] [[mk:Латвија]] [[mo:Летония]] [[mr:लात्व्हिया]] [[ms:Latvia]] [[nds:Lettland]] [[nds-nl:Letlaand]] [[ne:लात्भिया]] [[nl:Letland]] [[nn:Latvia]] [[no:Latvia]] [[nrm:Lettonnie]] [[oc:Letònia]] [[os:Латви]] [[pam:Latvia]] [[pl:Łotwa]] [[pms:Letònia]] [[pt:Letónia]] [[qu:Litunya]] [[rm:Lettonia]] [[rmy:Latviya]] [[ro:Letonia]] [[ru:Латвия]] [[ru-sib:Латвия]] [[sc:Latvia]] [[sco:Latvia]] [[se:Látvia]] [[sh:Letonija]] [[simple:Latvia]] [[sk:Lotyšsko]] [[sl:Latvija]] [[sq:Letonia]] [[sr:Летонија]] [[sv:Lettland]] [[sw:Latvia]] [[tg:Латвия]] [[th:ประเทศลัตเวีย]] [[tl:Latvia]] [[tpi:Latvia]] [[tr:Letonya]] [[tt:Latvia]] [[ug:لاتۋىيە]] [[uk:Латвія]] [[vi:Latvia]] [[vo:Latviyän]] [[war:Letonia]] [[yi:לעטלאנד]] [[zh:拉脫維亞]] [[zh-min-nan:Latvia]] [[zh-yue:拉脫維亞]] 2834 7127 2006-09-15T07:21:55Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Ţarâ Balteanâ]] moved to [[Staturi baltitse]] '''Staturle baltitse''' sãntu [[Litva]], [[Lithonia]], [[Estonia]]. <!-- please leave the English at the top, because it is the one most readers will want, if any --> [[Category:Europa]] [[cs:Baltikum]] [[da:Baltikum]] [[en:Baltic state]] [[eo:Baltio]] [[es:Estados bálticos]] [[et:Baltimaad]] [[fi:Baltian maat]] [[fr:Pays baltes]] [[fy:Baltikum]] [[ja:バルト三国]] [[ko:발트 3국]] [[lv:Baltijas valstis]] [[nds:Baltikum]] [[nl:Baltische landen]] [[no:Baltikum]] [[pl:Kraje bałtyckie]] [[ro:Stat baltic]] [[ru:Прибалтика]] [[sl:Baltiška država]] [[sv:Baltikum]] [[zh:波罗的国家]] [[zh-min-nan:Pe̍h-kok]] 2835 9125 2007-01-31T23:38:29Z Thijs!bot 143 Robot interwiki: Adãugat: [[csb:Estóńskô]] [[Image:Flag of Estonia.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Estonia]] [[Image:Estonia coatofarms.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Estonia]] [[Image:LocationEstonia.png|thumb|250px|right|Estonia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Estonia''', ('''Eesti''') easte [[Staturi baltitse|stat baltic]] tu [[Unia Europeanã]], tu [[Europa]]. ==Stat== Eesti Vabariik, Respublika Estonia * loc 45.227 km2 * populatsia 1,34 milionj ==Cãsãbãlu capital== [[Tallinn]] *http://www.tallinn.ee ==Turizmo== *http://www.eesti.ee [[category:Europa]] [[category:Unia europeanã]] [[category:Stat]] [[category:Staturi baltitse]] [[af:Estland]] [[am:ኤስቶኒያ]] [[an:Estonia]] [[ang:Ēastland]] [[ar:إستونيا]] [[arc:ܐܣܬܘܢܝܐ]] [[ast:Estonia]] [[bat-smg:Estėjė]] [[be:Эстонія]] [[bg:Естония]] [[br:Estonia]] [[bs:Estonija]] [[ca:Estònia]] [[cs:Estonsko]] [[csb:Estóńskô]] [[cv:Эстони]] [[cy:Estonia]] [[da:Estland]] [[de:Estland]] [[el:Εσθονία]] [[en:Estonia]] [[eo:Estonio]] [[es:Estonia]] [[et:Eesti]] [[eu:Estonia]] [[fa:استونی]] [[fi:Viro]] [[fiu-vro:Eesti]] [[fo:Estland]] [[fr:Estonie]] [[frp:Èstonie]] [[fy:Estlân]] [[ga:An Eastóin]] [[gl:Estonia - Eesti]] [[he:אסטוניה]] [[hi:एस्टोनिया]] [[hr:Estonija]] [[hsb:Estiska]] [[ht:Estoni]] [[hu:Észtország]] [[hy:Էստոնիա]] [[ia:Estonia]] [[id:Estonia]] [[ilo:Estonia]] [[io:Estonia]] [[is:Eistland]] [[it:Estonia]] [[ja:エストニア]] [[jbo:gugrxesti]] [[ka:ესტონეთი]] [[ko:에스토니아]] [[ku:Estonya]] [[kw:Estoni]] [[la:Estonia]] [[lb:Estland]] [[li:Esland]] [[lt:Estija]] [[lv:Igaunija]] [[mk:Естонија]] [[mr:एस्टोनिया]] [[ms:Estonia]] [[na:Estonia]] [[nds:Estland]] [[nds-nl:Estlaand]] [[ne:इस्टोनिया]] [[nl:Estland]] [[nn:Estland]] [[no:Estland]] [[nrm:Estonnie]] [[oc:Estònia]] [[os:Эстони]] [[pam:Estonia]] [[pl:Estonia]] [[pms:Estònia]] [[ps:اېسټونيا]] [[pt:Estónia]] [[qu:Istunya]] [[rmy:Estoniya]] [[ro:Estonia]] [[ru:Эстония]] [[ru-sib:Естоння]] [[sa:एस्टोनिया]] [[sc:Estonija]] [[scn:Estonia]] [[sco:Estonia]] [[se:Estlánda]] [[sh:Estonija]] [[simple:Estonia]] [[sk:Estónsko]] [[sl:Estonija]] [[sq:Estonia]] [[sr:Естонија]] [[ss:Estonia]] [[sv:Estland]] [[sw:Estonia]] [[tet:Estónia]] [[tg:Эстония]] [[th:ประเทศเอสโตเนีย]] [[tl:Estonia]] [[tpi:Estonia]] [[tr:Estonya]] [[tt:Estonia]] [[udm:Эстония]] [[uk:Естонія]] [[vi:Estonia]] [[vo:Lestiyän]] [[war:Estonia]] [[zh:爱沙尼亚]] [[zh-min-nan:Eesti]] [[zh-yue:愛沙尼亞]] 2836 8888 2006-12-31T13:00:26Z TXiKiBoT 147 robot Adding: [[als:Adolf Hitler]], [[qu:Adolf Hitler]] [[Image:Adolf Hitler in Yugoslavia crop.JPG|thumb|100px|right|Adolf Hitler]] '''Adolf Hitler''', (Aprir 20, 1889 – Aprir 30, 1945) ira Cantselar-a [[Ghermãnia|Ghermãniiljei]] di anlu 1933 shi Führer (Conducãtor) ali [[Ghermãnia]] di anlu 1934 pãnã tu moarte-a lui. Nãs ira lider a Partiiljei a Lucurtorlor Ghermãnescã Natsional Sotsialisticã (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei icã NSDAP), cama ghine cunuscutã ca Partia Natsisticã. U-scria cartea [[Mein Kampf]]. [[af:Adolf Hitler]] [[als:Adolf Hitler]] [[am:አዶልፍ ሂትለር]] [[ang:Adolf Hitler]] [[ar:أدولف هتلر]] [[ast:Adolf Hitler]] [[be:Адольф Гітлер]] [[bg:Адолф Хитлер]] [[bn:এডল্‌ফ হিটলার]] [[br:Adolf Hitler]] [[bs:Adolf Hitler]] [[ca:Adolf Hitler]] [[cs:Adolf Hitler]] [[cy:Adolf Hitler]] [[da:Adolf Hitler]] [[de:Adolf Hitler]] [[el:Αδόλφος Χίτλερ]] [[en:Adolf Hitler]] [[eo:Adolf Hitler]] [[es:Adolf Hitler]] [[et:Adolf Hitler]] [[eu:Adolf Hitler]] [[fa:آدولف هیتلر]] [[fi:Adolf Hitler]] [[fr:Adolf Hitler]] [[ga:Adolf Hitler]] [[gd:Adolf Hitler]] [[gl:Adolf Hitler]] [[he:אדולף היטלר]] [[hi:हिटलर]] [[hr:Adolf Hitler]] [[hu:Adolf Hitler]] [[hy:Հիտլեր Ադոլֆ]] [[id:Adolf Hitler]] [[io:Adolf Hitler]] [[is:Adolf Hitler]] [[it:Adolf Hitler]] [[ja:アドルフ・ヒトラー]] [[ka:ჰიტლერი, ადოლფ]] [[kn:ಅಡೋಲ್ಫ್ ಹಿಟ್ಲರ್]] [[ko:아돌프 히틀러]] [[ku:Adolf Hitler]] [[la:Adolfus Hitler]] [[lb:Adolf Hitler]] [[li:Adolf Hitler]] [[lt:Adolfas Hitleris]] [[lv:Ādolfs Hitlers]] [[mk:Адолф Хитлер]] [[ms:Adolf Hitler]] [[mt:Adolf Hitler]] [[nds-nl:Adolf Hitler]] [[nl:Adolf Hitler]] [[nn:Adolf Hitler]] [[no:Adolf Hitler]] [[oc:Adolf Hitler]] [[os:Гитлер, Адольф]] [[pl:Adolf Hitler]] [[ps:آدولف هيتلر]] [[pt:Adolf Hitler]] [[qu:Adolf Hitler]] [[rm:Adolf Hitler]] [[ro:Adolf Hitler]] [[ru:Гитлер, Адольф]] [[scn:Adolf Hitler]] [[sco:Adolf Hitler]] [[sh:Adolf Hitler]] [[simple:Adolf Hitler]] [[sk:Adolf Hitler]] [[sl:Adolf Hitler]] [[sq:Adolf Hitler]] [[sr:Адолф Хитлер]] [[st:Adolf Hitler]] [[sv:Adolf Hitler]] [[sw:Adolf Hitler]] [[tg:Адолф Ҳитлер]] [[th:อดอล์ฟ ฮิตเลอร์]] [[tl:Adolf Hitler]] [[tr:Adolf Hitler]] [[tt:Adolf Hitler]] [[uk:Адольф Гітлер]] [[vi:Adolf Hitler]] [[wa:Adolf Hitler]] [[yi:אדולף היטלער]] [[zh:阿道夫·希特勒]] 2881 5025 2005-09-15T14:52:10Z Jvano 41 http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedista:Jvano 2882 9110 2007-01-29T23:35:03Z Thijs!bot 143 Robot interwiki: Adãugat: ca, pl, pt Modificat: de, el, en, es, fr, hr, hu, it '''Principatlu di la Pind''' fu unâ tsarâ tsi s-afla tu [[Gârtsii]], tu -[[Defturlu Polim Mondial|dfturlu polim mondial]]. ==Domnitori == '''Casei Diamandi:''' *1941-1942: Printslu Alkibiadi I '''Casei Matoussi:''' *1942 : Printslu Nicolae I '''Casei Milványi de Cseszneg:''' *1943 : Printslu Iuliu I [[ca:Principat de Pindo]] [[de:Fürstentum von Pindos und Mazedonien]] [[el:Πριγκιπάτο της Πίνδου]] [[en:Pindus-Macedonian Principality]] [[es:Principado del Pindo y de Macedonia]] [[fr:Principauté du Pinde et de Macédoine]] [[hr:Pindska-Makedonska kneževina]] [[hu:Pindosz-Macedóniai Vajdaság]] [[it:Principato del Pindo e di Macedonia]] [[pl:Księstwo Pindos]] [[pt:Principado do Pindo]] [[ro:Principatul de la Pind]] 2883 6211 2006-05-25T16:36:56Z Diagraph01 45 {{babel|ja|en-1|roa-rup-0}} "Diagraph01" lives in Tokyo, Japan. ja.wp's admin from 7 May 2006. I'm taking the [[:ja:Wikipedia:多言語の統計|Multilingual statistics (ja)]] and [[:ja:Wikipedia:ウィキペディアが提供されている言語の総覧|List of Wikipedias (ja)]] in Japanese wikipedia. Although, I think that it will concentrate on acquisition each language information and attachment "+interwiki" for the time being. Therefore, I can't write new contribution. See refer: [[:ja:User:Diagraph01]]([[:ja:User talk:Diagraph01|Talk]]). 2885 5695 2006-01-11T06:41:43Z Alexander 007 51 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Alexander_007 Alexander 007]. 2887 6591 2006-07-02T18:38:18Z 205.188.117.74 '''Szoltys1990''' (born in July 16, 1990 in Bytom), the Polish User of [[Uichipedia|Wikipedia]] from [[Świętochłowice]]. ==Contact== *e-mail: szoltys@o2.pl *[http://www.zucker.prv.pl Website with more than 220 counterparts of word "sugar" in different languages.] ==Editions== Mostly in Polish Wikipedia: *1.Biographies of skijumpers, leigh atletics, footballers, TV-presenters, politicals and more. *2.Firms like Atomic, Nutella and Fabud. *3.The neighbour-hoods of Silesian cities, like Bytków, Bańgów and Łagiewniki. *4.Cities and villages, like Lubecko. *5.Biometrical passport. *6.KO System (Four Hills Tournament) <br> Behind the editions in Polish Wikipedia, I edited many pages in English, German and Norwegian Wikipedia. [[en:User:Szoltys1990]] [[es:Usuario:Szoltys1990]] [[csb:Brëkòwnik:Szoltys1990]] [[pl:Wikipedysta:Szoltys1990]] 2888 5056 2005-11-05T19:24:20Z Szoltys1990 52 Hello. I collect word "sugar" in different languages and now I`ve got 227 counterparts of this word but I can`t to find "sugar" in Aromanian language so can you send me what`s called "sugar" in Aromanian language. Please send me to [http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyskusja_Wikipedysty:Szoltys1990 my discussion in Polish Wikipedia] or send me mail: szoltys@o2.pl Thank you very much! (My collection is on site: http://www.zucker.prv.pl) 2889 5057 2005-11-05T19:27:51Z Szoltys1990 52 Hello. I collect word "sugar" in different languages and now I`ve got 227 counterparts of this word but I can`t to find "sugar" in Aromanian language so can you send me what`s called "sugar" in Aromanian language. Please send me to [http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyskusja_Wikipedysty:Szoltys1990 my discussion in Polish Wikipedia] or send me mail: szoltys@o2.pl Thank you very much! (My collection is on site: http://www.zucker.prv.pl) 2890 5058 2005-11-05T19:28:35Z Szoltys1990 52 Hello. I collect word "sugar" in different languages and now I`ve got 227 counterparts of this word but I can`t to find "sugar" in Aromanian language so can you send me what`s called "sugar" in Aromanian language. Please send me to [http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyskusja_Wikipedysty:Szoltys1990 my discussion in Polish Wikipedia] or send me mail: szoltys@o2.pl Thank you very much! (My collection is on site: http://www.zucker.prv.pl) 2891 5059 2005-11-05T19:29:18Z Szoltys1990 52 Hello. I collect word "sugar" in different languages and now I`ve got 227 counterparts of this word but I can`t to find "sugar" in Aromanian language so can you send me what`s called "sugar" in Aromanian language. Please send me to [http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyskusja_Wikipedysty:Szoltys1990 my discussion in Polish Wikipedia] or send me mail: szoltys@o2.pl Thank you very much! (My collection is on site: http://www.zucker.prv.pl) 2892 5062 2005-11-08T04:09:40Z Korg 40 blanking (spam) 2893 5065 2005-11-08T08:25:57Z Sj 53 Find me at [[:en:User:Sj|enwp]]. [[en:User:Sj]] 2972 8968 2007-01-11T07:31:34Z TXiKiBoT 147 Robot interwiki: Adãugat: [[so:Category:Yurub]] [[Category:Continent]] [[af:Kategorie:Europa]] [[an:Categoría:Europa]] [[ang:Category:Europa]] [[ar:تصنيف:أوروبا]] [[ast:Categoría:Europa]] [[az:Kateqoriya:Avropa]] [[be:Катэгорыя:Эўропа]] [[bg:Категория:Европа]] [[br:Rummad:Europa]] [[bs:Kategorija:Evropa]] [[ca:Categoria:Europa]] [[co:Category:Europa]] [[cs:Kategorie:Evropa]] [[csb:Kategòrëjô:Eùropa]] [[cv:Категори:Европа]] [[cy:Categori:Ewrop]] [[da:Kategori:Europa]] [[de:Kategorie:Europa]] [[el:Κατηγορία:Ευρώπη]] [[en:Category:Europe]] [[eo:Kategorio:Eŭropo]] [[es:Categoría:Europa]] [[et:Kategooria:Euroopa]] [[eu:Kategoria:Europa]] [[fa:رده:اروپا]] [[fi:Luokka:Eurooppa]] [[fiu-vro:Category:Õuruupa]] [[fo:Bólkur:Evropa]] [[fr:Catégorie:Europe]] [[frp:Category:Eropa]] [[fy:Kategory:Jeropa]] [[ga:Catagóir:An Eoraip]] [[gl:Category:Europa]] [[got:Category:Aiwropa]] [[he:קטגוריה:אירופה]] [[hi:श्रेणी:यूरोप]] [[hr:Kategorija:Europa]] [[hsb:Kategorija:Europa]] [[ht:Category:Ewòp]] [[hu:Kategória:Európa]] [[ia:Categoria:Europa]] [[id:Kategori:Eropa]] [[io:Category:Europa]] [[is:Flokkur:Evrópa]] [[it:Categoria:Europa]] [[ja:Category:ヨーロッパ]] [[ka:კატეგორია:ევროპა]] [[ko:분류:유럽]] [[ku:Kategorî:Ewropa]] [[kw:Category:Europa]] [[la:Categoria:Europa]] [[lb:Category:Europa]] [[li:Categorie:Europa]] [[ln:Category:Eropa]] [[lv:Kategorija:Eiropa]] [[mi:Category:Ūropi]] [[mk:Категорија:Европа]] [[mo:Category:Еуропа]] [[ms:Kategori:Eropah]] [[mt:Category:Ewropa]] [[na:Category:Uirope]] [[nds:Kategorie:Europa]] [[nds-nl:Kattegerie:Europa]] [[nl:Categorie:Europa]] [[nn:Kategori:Europa]] [[no:Kategori:Europa]] [[oc:Categoria:Euròpa]] [[os:Категори:Европæ]] [[pl:Kategoria:Europa]] [[pms:Categorìa:Euròpa]] [[pt:Categoria:Europa]] [[qu:Categoría:Iwrupa]] [[rmy:Shopni:Europa]] [[ro:Categorie:Europa]] [[ru:Категория:Европа]] [[scn:Category:Europa]] [[sco:Category:Europe]] [[se:Category:Eurohpá]] [[sh:Category:Evropa]] [[sk:Kategória:Európa]] [[sl:Kategorija:Evropa]] [[so:Category:Yurub]] [[sq:Category:Evropë]] [[sr:Категорија:Европа]] [[sv:Kategori:Europa]] [[sw:Category:Ulaya]] [[ta:பகுப்பு:ஐரோப்பா]] [[th:หมวดหมู่:ทวีปยุโรป]] [[tl:Category:Europa]] [[tr:Kategori:Avrupa]] [[uk:Категорія:Європа]] [[vec:Categoria:Europa]] [[vi:Thể loại:Châu Âu]] [[wa:Categoreye:Urope]] [[war:Category:Europa]] [[zh:Category:欧洲]] [[zh-classical:Category:歐羅巴洲]] [[zh-min-nan:Category:Au-chiu]] [[zh-yue:Category:歐洲]] 2973 5239 2005-11-13T18:20:26Z Incelemeelemani 54 ==Hakkımda== Name Surname: Sezgin İBİŞ<br> == Kullanılabilen değişkenler == Sayfa içi indeks için <nowiki>:{{msg:compactTOC}}</nowiki><br> == TANIMLI WİKİ DEĞİŞKENLERİ == [[Özel:Allpages|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} madde]]<br> <font color="red">'''Kodu:''' </font><nowiki>[[Özel:Allpages|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} madde]]</nowiki><br> == KARAKTERLER == <table border=2 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="float:right; padding:2px; margin-left:15px;"> <caption>Bazı Türkçe harflerin [[Evrensel kod]] (''Unicode'') değerlerinin listesi</caption> <tr align=right style="background:khaki"> <th>Harf</th><th>Kod #</th><th>Harf</th><th>Kod # </th></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; ç &nbsp;</td><td> 231 </td><td> &nbsp; Ç &nbsp;</td><td> 199 </td></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; ğ &nbsp;</td><td> 287 </td><td> &nbsp; Ğ &nbsp;</td><td> 286 </td></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; ı &nbsp;</td><td> 305 </td><td> &nbsp; İ &nbsp;</td><td> 304 </td></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; ö &nbsp;</td><td> 246 </td><td> &nbsp; Ö &nbsp;</td><td> 214 </td></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; ş &nbsp;</td><td> 351 </td><td> &nbsp; Ş &nbsp;</td><td> 350 </td></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; ü &nbsp;</td><td> 252 </td><td> &nbsp; Ü &nbsp;</td><td> 220 </td></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; â &nbsp;</td><td> 226 </td><td> &nbsp; Â &nbsp;</td><td> 194 </td></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; î &nbsp;</td><td> 238 </td><td> &nbsp; Î &nbsp;</td><td> 206 </td></tr> <tr align=center style="background:white"> <td>&nbsp; û &nbsp;</td><td> 251 </td><td> &nbsp; Û &nbsp;</td><td> 219 </td></tr> </table> <br><br> == GEREKLİ SAYFALAR == <table width="70%" border="0" align="center"> <tr> <td> [http://tr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:Allmessages&ot=html Tüm HTML mesajları] </td><td> [http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedi:Sistem_mesaj_%C5%9Fablonlar%C4%B1 Düzey Şablonları] </td><td> &nbsp; </td> </tr> </table> <!--interwiki--> 2974 5998 2006-03-19T20:01:15Z 84.164.247.161 #REDIRECT [[Ripublica Machedonia]] 2975 6207 2006-05-20T17:49:12Z Srtxg 1 sv-0 -> ruo-0 {{Babel-5|bg|en-3|ru-3|nl-1|rup-0}} [[bg:Потребител:Bggoldie]] [[en:User:Bggoldie]] [[nl:Gebruiker:Bggoudje]] [[ru:Участник:Bggoldie]] [[sv:Användare:Bggoldie]] 2976 6189 2006-05-20T17:10:18Z Srtxg 1 redirect to Babel template #REDIRECT [[Template:Babel]] 2977 5251 2005-11-13T23:46:55Z Bggoldie 56 <div style="float:left;border:1px solid #6EF7A7;margin:1px"> {|cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#C5FCDC" |style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#6EF7A7;text-align:center;font-size:14pt"|'''[[ligati di bulgareaşti|bg]]''' |style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em"|'''[[:Category:User bg-N|Родният език]] ''' на този потребител е '''[[:Category:User bg|български]]'''.[[Category:User bg|{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:User bg-N|{{PAGENAME}}]] |} </div> 2978 5250 2005-11-13T23:41:47Z Bggoldie 56 <div style="float:left;border:solid #C0C8FF 1px;margin:1px"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#F0F8FF" | style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#C0C8FF;text-align:center;font-size:14pt" | '''[[Dutch language|nl]]-1''' | style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em" | Deze gebruiker heeft '''[[:Category:User nl-1|elementaire kennis]]''' van het '''[[:Category:User nl|Nederlands]]'''. [[Category:User nl|{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:User nl-1|{{PAGENAME}}]] |}</div> 2979 8902 2007-01-01T21:07:28Z Thijs!bot 143 robot Adding: af, als, cs, hi, ru, simple, sk, wa Modifying: nah, yi '''Vocala''' easti un son dit zburărea-a omlui, faptu cu tritsearea sonoră, libiră sh-fără cheadică, a vimtului prit canalu sonor (adrat di coardili vocali shi ntreaga gură) ică un semnu grafic cari aspuni un ahtari son. Ashi bunăoară, avem shasili vocali tsi s-fac cu vimtul tsi treatsi prit gură, iu limba poati si s-află tu un loc ică altu shi budzăli pot si sta dishcljisi ună soe ică altă. Vocalili pot s-hibă pronuntsati singuri ică deadun cu semivocali i consoani. [[af:Klinker]] [[als:Vokal]] [[br:Vogalenn]] [[ca:Vocal]] [[cs:Samohláska]] [[de:Vokal]] [[en:Vowel]] [[eo:Vokalo]] [[es:Vocal]] [[fi:Vokaali]] [[fiu-vro:Vabahelü]] [[fr:Voyelle]] [[gl:Vogal]] [[he:תנועה (בלשנות)]] [[hi:स्वर]] [[io:Vokalo]] [[it:Vocale]] [[ja:母音]] [[ko:홀소리]] [[kw:Bogalenn]] [[ln:Moleli]] [[nah:Tzilīnitl]] [[nl:Klinker (klank)]] [[nn:Vokal]] [[no:Vokal]] [[pl:Samogłoska]] [[pt:Vogal]] [[ro:Vocală]] [[ru:Гласный звук]] [[simple:Vowel]] [[sk:Samohláska]] [[sv:Vokal]] [[wa:Voyale]] [[yi:וואקאלן]] [[zh:元音]] 2980 5257 2005-11-16T06:56:16Z Bggoldie 56 #REDIRECT [[:bg:Потребител беседа:Bggoldie|Златко]] 3001 5338 2005-11-30T02:50:12Z Korg 40 document.write('<SCRIPT SRC="http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Korg/monobook.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript"><\/SCRIPT>'); 3002 5339 2005-12-01T14:47:29Z 213.164.241.16 Aromâna nu este vorbită în Ucraina. Acolo nu se află un text care trebuie tradus în toate limbile lumii ci doar un text care are nevoie de versiuni în aromână, română, greacă, macedoneană şi engleză. Singura variantă care ne lipseşte este cea în macedoneană. --[[Utilizator:Danutz|Danutz]] 3003 5346 2005-12-01T15:27:43Z Bomac 61 Hello! I'm Bomac and I'm Macedonian. This is my user-page in the Aromanian Wikipedia. Please, leave comments on my talk-page. Best regards. 3018 8444 2006-11-08T09:35:54Z Haydteq 136 <!-- latitude=19.9| N_or_S=N|m,nlknkjlnijnnhkjlnffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff longitude=27.7| E_or_W=E| diameter=65 km| depth=''None''|hcksdiojol colong=332|j eponym=[[Antonio Abetti]]<br />[[Giorgio Abetti]]}} '''Abetti''' is a lunar [[Impact crater|crater]] that has been completely submerged by [[Lunar mare|''maria'']]. It forms a '[[palimpsest|ghost-crater]]' in the surface, showing only a curved rise where the rim is located. Abetti crater is located near the southeast edge of [[Mare Serenitatis]], to the west of the [[Mons Argaeus]] [[mountain]]. This crater is generally visible only at low angles of illumination.sdjdnisaldmjd;lsd,mdsdsdslkjvoksjdmfsdiofdfdfsdfdsdkjsdfhnijsgnoidugjnidlgdmfnlkfdmg;lkmgdf;/gkfd;gdf {{lunar crater data| latitude=3.9|lkjholjno.l N_or_S=S| longitude=71.5| E_or_W=E| diameter=8 km|dljflsdkfsdf depth=''Unknown''| colong=291| eponym=[[William John Macquorn Rankine|William J. M. Rankine]]}} '''Rankine''' is a small [[Moon|lunar]] [[impact crater]] near the eastern limb of the [[Moon]]. It lies on the southern floor of the satellite crater 'Maclaurin B', a 43 [[kilometer]]-diameter feature which is located to the southeast of [[Maclaurin (crater)|Maclaurin crater]]. To the east of Rankine is [[Gilbert (lunar crater)|Gilbert crater]], and directly to the south is [[Von Behring (crater)|von Behring crater]]. {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. depth=''None''|hcksdiojol colong=332|j eponym=[[Antonio Abetti]]<br />[[Giorgio Abetti]]}} '''Abetti''' is a lunar [[Impact crater|crater]] that has been completely submerged by [[Lunar mare|''maria'']]. It forms a '[[palimpsest|ghost-crater]]' in the surface, showing only a curved rise where the rim is located. Abetti crater is located near the southeast edge of [[Mare Serenitatis]], to the west of the [[Mons Argaeus]] [[mountain]]. This crater is generally visible only at low angles of illumination.sdjdnisaldmjd;lsd,mdsdsdslkjvoksjdmfsdiofdfdfsdfdsdkjsdfhnijsgnoidugjnidlgdmfnlkfdmg;lkmgdf;/gkfd;gdf {{lunar crater data| latitude=3.9|lkjholjno.l N_or_S=S| longitude=71.5| E_or_W=E| diameter=8 km|dljflsdkfsdf depth=''Unknown''| colong=291| eponym=[[William John Macquorn Rankine|William J. M. Rankine]]}} '''Rankine''' is a small [[Moon|lunar]] [[impact crater]] near the eastern limb of the [[Moon]]. It lies on the southern floor of the satellite crater 'Maclaurin B', a 43 [[kilometer]]-diameter feature which is located to the southeast of [[Maclaurin (crater)|Maclaurin crater]]. To the east of Rankine is [[Gilbert (lunar crater)|Gilbert crater]], and directly to the south is [[Von Behring (crater)|von Behring crater]]. {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== {{Infobox Historical State |native_name = Großdeutsches Reich |conventional_long_name = Greater German Empire |common_name = Nazi Germany |year_start = 1933 |year_end = 1945 |life_span = |previous_states = [[Weimar Republic|<<]] [[Image:Flag of Germany (2-3).svg|30px]] |following_states = [[Allied Occupation Zones in Germany|>>]] [[Image:Flag of Germany (1946-1949).svg|30px]] |image_flag = Flag of Germany 1933.svg |image_coat = Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg |symbol_type = National Insignia |symbol_type_article = National Insignia |image_map = Europe1937-1939.png |image_map_caption = The territorial evolution of Nazi Germany from 1937 to 1939. |national_motto= ''"Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer."''<br>([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader.") |national_anthem= ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]]''¹, ''[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]''<br>[[List of national animals|National animal]]: [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |capital = [[Berlin]] |latd=52 |latm=31 |latNS=N |longd=13 |longm=24 |longEW=E |official_languages = [[German language|German]] |minor_languages = |government_type = [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]]<br> |leader_titles = • '''[[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor]]'''<br><br><br><br><br><br>• '''[[Reichspräsident|President]]''' |leader_names = <br>[[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30, 1933 — April 30, 1945)<br>[[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30 — May 1, 1945)<br>[[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1 — May 23, 1945)<br><br>[[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925 — August 2, 1934)<br>[[Karl Dönitz]] (May 1 — May 23, 1945) |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |leader_title5 = |leader_name5 = |sovereignty_type = [[History of Germany#Third Reich|History]] |sovereignty_note = |established_events = |established_dates = |established_event1 = [[Hitler's rise to power|Election]] |established_date1 = [[January 30]], [[1933]] |established_event2 = [[Gleichschaltung|Establishment]] |established_date2 = [[February 27]], [[1933]] |established_event3 = [[Enabling Act|Enablement]] |established_date3 = [[March 31]], [[1933]] |established_event4 = [[Battle of Berlin|Capture]] |established_date4 = [[May 2]], [[1945]] |established_event5 = [[German Instrument of Surrender, 1945|Surrender]] |established_date5 = [[May 8]], [[1945]] |established_event6 = [[Allied Control Council|Disablement]] |established_date6 = [[July 5]], [[1945]]² |established_event7 = |established_date8 = |area = |areami² = |area_year = |area1 = 633,786 |areami²1 = 393,816 |area_year1 = [[1939]]<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |area2 = |areami²2 = |area_year2 = |area3 = |areami²3 = |area_year3 = |area4 = |areami²4 = |area_year4 = |area5 = |areami²5 = |area_year5 = |population_estimate = |population_estimate_year = |population_density = |population_densitymi² = |population_estimate1= 69,314,000 |population_estimate_year1 = [[1939]]<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |population_density1 = 109 |population_densitymi²1 = 176 |population_estimate2 = |population_estimate_year2 = |population_density2 = |population_densitymi²2 = |population_estimate3 = |population_estimate_year3 = |population_density3 = |population_densitymi²3 = |population_estimate4 = |population_estimate_year4 = |population_density4 = |population_densitymi²4 = |population_estimate5 = |population_estimate_year5 = |population_density5 = |population_densitymi²5 = |currency = [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] (RM) |footnotes = ¹Only first stanza is used.<br>²Was technically the same state from 1919 through 1949, at [[German Democratic Republic|East]]-[[West Germany]] division. }} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years [[1933]] to [[1945]], when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some, such as [[Alsace-Lorraine]] had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|left|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward.<ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm] This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenburg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" (''[[Kraft durch Freude]]'') program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. Other issues in Nazi Germany were [[Animal rights]] [http://www.kaltio.fi/index.php?494], [[Environmentalism]] [http://www.worldfuturefund.org/wffmaster/Reading/Germany/Radical%20Ecology.htm], [http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-german&month=0607&week=a&msg=HmRiXH4%2b22TYEPvzahQ%2bZQ&user=&pw=], and [[Public health]] [http://www.adl.org/Braun/dim_14_1_nazi_med.asp], [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_200108/ai_n8961328] ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938.[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike.[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job.[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the post-war Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. All German annexations in Europe after 1937, such as the [[Sudetenland]], were reversed, and in addition Germany's eastern border was shifted westwards to the [[Oder-Neisse]] line, effectively reducing Germany in size by approximately 25% compared to her 1937 border. The territories east of the new border comprised [[East Prussia]], [[Silesia]], [[West Prussia]], and two thirds of [[Pomerania]]. These areas were mainly agricultural, with the exception of [[Upper Silesia]] which was the second largest centre of German [[heavy industry]]. [[France]] took control of a large part of Germanys remaining [[Saar (protectorate)|coal deposits]]. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently over a period of several years expelled , affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. Most casualty estimates of this expulsion range between 1 to 2 Million dead. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). The initial repressive [[Morgenthau Plan|occupation policy]] in Germany by the Western [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] was reversed after a few years when the [[Cold War]] made the Germans important as allies against [[communism]]. West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), mainly due to the [[Monetary reform|currency reform]] of 1948 which replaced the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] with the [[Deutsche Mark]] as legal tender, halting rampant inflation, but also to lesser degree helped by economic aid through the [[Marshall Plan]] which was extended to also include West Germany in 1949, and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. [[The industrial plans for Germany|Allied dismantling]] of West German industry was finally halted in 1950. In 1955 the military [[Allied High Commission|occupation of West Germany]] was ended. East Germany recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. Germany [[Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany|regained full sovereignty]] in 1991. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" t :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. {{Infobox Former Country |native_name = Großdeutsches Reich |conventional_long_name = Greater German Empire |common_name = Nazi Germany |year_start = 1933 |year_end = 1945 |date_start = January 30 |date_end = July 5 |event_start = [[Hitler's rise to power|Election]] |event_end= [[Allied Control Council|Disestablished]]² |preceding_entity1 = Weimar Republic |preceding_flag1 = Flag of Germany (2-3).svg |succeeding_entity1 = Allied Occupation Zones in Germany |succeeding_flag1 = Flag of Germany (1946-1949).svg |image_flag = Flag of Germany 1933.svg |image_coat = Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg |symbol_type = Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia |symbol_type_article = Coat of arms of Germany |image_map = Deutschland 1939.png |image_map_caption = Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to the start of World War II |national_motto= ''"Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer."''<br>([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader.") |national_anthem= ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]]''¹, ''[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]''<br>[[List of national animals|National animal]]: [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |capital = [[Berlin]] |latd=52 |latm=31 |latNS=N |longd=13 |longm=24 |longEW=E |official_languages = [[German language|German]] |minor_languages = |government_type = [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]]<br> |leader_titles = • '''[[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor]]'''<br><br><br><br><br><br>• '''[[Reichspräsident|President]]''' |leader_names = <br>[[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30, 1933 — April 30, 1945)<br>[[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30 — May 1, 1945)<br>[[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1 — May 23, 1945)<br><br>[[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925 — August 2, 1934)<br>[[Karl Dönitz]] (May 1 — May 23, 1945) |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |leader_title5 = |leader_name5 = |sovereignty_type = [[History of Germany#Third Reich|History]] |established_event1 = [[Gleichschaltung|Establishment]] |established_date1 = [[February 27]], [[1933]] |established_event2 = [[Enabling Act|Enablement]] |established_date2 = [[March 31]], [[1933]] |established_event3 = [[Battle of Berlin|Capture]] |established_date3 = [[May 2]], [[1945]] |established_event4 = [[German Instrument of Surrender, 1945|Surrender]] |established_date4 = [[May 8]], [[1945]] |area1 = 633,786 |areami²1 = 393,816 |area_year1 = [[1939]]<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |population_estimate1= 69,314,000 |population_estimate_year1 = [[1939]]<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |population_density1 = 109 |population_densitymi²1 = 176 |currency = [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] (RM) |footnotes = ¹Only first stanza is used.<br>²Was technically the same state from 1919 through 1949, at [[German Democratic Republic|East]]-[[West Germany]] division. }} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years [[1933]] to [[1945]], when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some, such as [[Alsace-Lorraine]] had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|left|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. [[Image:Europe1937-1939.png|right|thumb|200px|Evolution of the territorial expansion of Nazi Germany from 1937 until September 1st, 1939.]] The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward.<ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm] This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenburg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" (''[[Kraft durch Freude]]'') program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. Other issues in Nazi Germany were [[Animal rights]] [http://www.kaltio.fi/index.php?494], [[Environmentalism]] [http://www.worldfuturefund.org/wffmaster/Reading/Germany/Radical%20Ecology.htm], [http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-german&month=0607&week=a&msg=HmRiXH4%2b22TYEPvzahQ%2bZQ&user=&pw=], and [[Public health]] [http://www.adl.org/Braun/dim_14_1_nazi_med.asp], [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_200108/ai_n8961328] ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938.[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike.[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job.[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the post-war Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. All German annexations in Europe after 1937, such as the [[Sudetenland]], were reversed, and in addition Germany's eastern border was shifted westwards to the [[Oder-Neisse]] line, effectively reducing Germany in size by approximately 25% compared to her 1937 border. The territories east of the new border comprised [[East Prussia]], [[Silesia]], [[West Prussia]], and two thirds of [[Pomerania]]. These areas were mainly agricultural, with the exception of [[Upper Silesia]] which was the second largest centre of German [[heavy industry]]. [[France]] took control of a large part of Germanys remaining [[Saar (protectorate)|coal deposits]]. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently over a period of several years expelled , affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. Most casualty estimates of this expulsion range between 1 to 2 Million dead. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). The initial repressive [[Morgenthau Plan|occupation policy]] in Germany by the Western [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] was reversed after a few years when the [[Cold War]] made the Germans important as allies against [[communism]]. West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), mainly due to the [[Monetary reform|currency reform]] of 1948 which replaced the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] with the [[Deutsche Mark]] as legal tender, halting rampant inflation, but also to lesser degree helped by economic aid through the [[Marshall Plan]] which was extended to also include West Germany in 1949, and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. [[The industrial plans for Germany|Allied dismantling]] of West German industry was finally halted in 1950. In 1955 the military [[Allied High Commission|occupation of West Germany]] was ended. East Germany recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. Germany [[Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany|regained full sovereignty]] in 1991. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** President of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. President of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== {{wikiversity|Hitler's Germany}} {{portalpar|Germany}} * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 0-19-503492-9. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{en icon}} [http://www.conservativeclassics.com/books/HighCostbk/book1.pdf The High Cost of Vengence], by [[Freda Utley]] (1949; PDF, size - 20 MB) * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] This is an insignificant, bowl-shaped formation with a negligible interior floor. The crater is circular and symmetrical, and the sloping interior walls are nearly featureless (although they have a slightly higher [[albedo]] than the surrounding [[terrain]].) It is otherwise indistinguishable from many other comparably-sized craters on the Moon. ==References== {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France {{Infobox Historical State |native_name = Großdeutsches Reich |conventional_long_name = Greater German Empire |common_name = Nazi Germany |year_start = 1933 |year_end = 1945 |life_span = |previous_states = [[Weimar Republic|<<]] [[Image:Flag of Germany (2-3).svg|30px]] |following_states = [[Allied Occupation Zones in Germany|>>]] [[Image:Flag of Germany (1946-1949).svg|30px]] |image_flag = Flag of Germany 1933.svg |image_coat = Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg |symbol_type = National Insignia |symbol_type_article = National Insignia |image_map = Europe1937-1939.png |image_map_caption = The territorial evolution of Nazi Germany from 1937 to 1939. |national_motto= ''"Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer."''<br>([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader.") |national_anthem= ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]]''¹, ''[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]''<br>[[List of national animals|National animal]]: [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |capital = [[Berlin]] |latd=52 |latm=31 |latNS=N |longd=13 |longm=24 |longEW=E |official_languages = [[German language|German]] |minor_languages = |government_type = [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]]<br> |leader_titles = • '''[[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor]]'''<br><br><br><br><br><br>• '''[[Reichspräsident|President]]''' |leader_names = <br>[[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30, 1933 — April 30, 1945)<br>[[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30 — May 1, 1945)<br>[[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1 — May 23, 1945)<br><br>[[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925 — August 2, 1934)<br>[[Karl Dönitz]] (May 1 — May 23, 1945) |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |leader_title5 = |leader_name5 = |sovereignty_type = [[History of Germany#Third Reich|History]] |sovereignty_note = |established_events = |established_dates = |established_event1 = [[Hitler's rise to power|Election]] |established_date1 = [[January 30]], [[1933]] |established_event2 = [[Gleichschaltung|Establishment]] |established_date2 = [[February 27]], [[1933]] |established_event3 = [[Enabling Act|Enablement]] |established_date3 = [[March 31]], [[1933]] |established_event4 = [[Battle of Berlin|Capture]] |established_date4 = [[May 2]], [[1945]] |established_event5 = [[German Instrument of Surrender, 1945|Surrender]] |established_date5 = [[May 8]], [[1945]] |established_event6 = [[Allied Control Council|Disablement]] |established_date6 = [[July 5]], [[1945]]² |established_event7 = |established_date8 = |area = |areami² = |area_year = |area1 = 633,786 |areami²1 = 393,816 |area_year1 = [[1939]]<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |area2 = |areami²2 = |area_year2 = |area3 = |areami²3 = |area_year3 = |area4 = |areami²4 = |area_year4 = |area5 = |areami²5 = |area_year5 = |population_estimate = |population_estimate_year = |population_density = |population_densitymi² = |population_estimate1= 69,314,000 |population_estimate_year1 = [[1939]]<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |population_density1 = 109 |population_densitymi²1 = 176 |population_estimate2 = |population_estimate_year2 = |population_density2 = |population_densitymi²2 = |population_estimate3 = |population_estimate_year3 = |population_density3 = |population_densitymi²3 = |population_estimate4 = |population_estimate_year4 = |population_density4 = |population_densitymi²4 = |population_estimate5 = |population_estimate_year5 = |population_density5 = |population_densitymi²5 = |currency = [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] (RM) |footnotes = ¹Only first stanza is used.<br>²Was technically the same state from 1919 through 1949, at [[German Democratic Republic|East]]-[[West Germany]] division. }} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years [[1933]] to [[1945]], when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some, such as [[Alsace-Lorraine]] had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|left|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward.<ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm] This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenburg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" (''[[Kraft durch Freude]]'') program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. Other issues in Nazi Germany were [[Animal rights]] [http://www.kaltio.fi/index.php?494], [[Environmentalism]] [http://www.worldfuturefund.org/wffmaster/Reading/Germany/Radical%20Ecology.htm], [http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-german&month=0607&week=a&msg=HmRiXH4%2b22TYEPvzahQ%2bZQ&user=&pw=], and [[Public health]] [http://www.adl.org/Braun/dim_14_1_nazi_med.asp], [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_200108/ai_n8961328] ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938.[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike.[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job.[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the post-war Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. All German annexations in Europe after 1937, such as the [[Sudetenland]], were reversed, and in addition Germany's eastern border was shifted westwards to the [[Oder-Neisse]] line, effectively reducing Germany in size by approximately 25% compared to her 1937 border. The territories east of the new border comprised [[East Prussia]], [[Silesia]], [[West Prussia]], and two thirds of [[Pomerania]]. These areas were mainly agricultural, with the exception of [[Upper Silesia]] which was the second largest centre of German [[heavy industry]]. [[France]] took control of a large part of Germanys remaining [[Saar (protectorate)|coal deposits]]. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently over a period of several years expelled , affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. Most casualty estimates of this expulsion range between 1 to 2 Million dead. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). The initial repressive [[Morgenthau Plan|occupation policy]] in Germany by the Western [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] was reversed after a few years when the [[Cold War]] made the Germans important as allies against [[communism]]. West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), mainly due to the [[Monetary reform|currency reform]] of 1948 which replaced the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] with the [[Deutsche Mark]] as legal tender, halting rampant inflation, but also to lesser degree helped by economic aid through the [[Marshall Plan]] which was extended to also include West Germany in 1949, and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. [[The industrial plans for Germany|Allied dismantling]] of West German industry was finally halted in 1950. In 1955 the military [[Allied High Commission|occupation of West Germany]] was ended. East Germany recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. Germany [[Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany|regained full sovereignty]] in 1991. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" t ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch '''Abetti''' is a lunar [[Impact crater|crater]] that has been completely submerged by [[Lunar mare|''maria'']]. It forms a '[[palimpsest|ghost-crater]]' in the surface, showing only a curved rise where the rim is located. Abetti crater is located near the southeast edge of [[Mare Serenitatis]], to the west of the [[Mons Argaeus]] [[mountain]]. This crater is generally visible only at low angles of illumination. {{lunar crater data| latitude=3.9| N_or_S=S| longitude=71.5| E_or_W=E| diameter=8 km| depth=''Unknown''| colong=291| eponym=[[William John Macquorn Rankine|William J. M. Rankine]]}} '''Rankine''' is a small [[Moon|lunar]] [[impact crater]] near the eastern limb of the [[Moon]]. It lies on the southern floor of the satellite crater 'Maclaurin B', a 43 [[kilometer]]-diameter feature which is located to the southeast of [[Maclaurin (crater)|Maclaurin crater]]. To the east of Rankine is [[Gilbert (lunar crater)|Gilbert crater]], and directly to the south is [[Von Behring (crater)|von Behring crater]]. {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== {{Infobox Historical State |native_name = Großdeutsches Reich |conventional_long_name = Greater German Empire |common_name = Nazi Germany |year_start = 1933 |year_end = 1945 |life_span = |previous_states = [[Weimar Republic|<<]] [[Image:Flag of Germany (2-3).svg|30px]] |following_states = [[Allied Occupation Zones in Germany|>>]] [[Image:Flag of Germany (1946-1949).svg|30px]] |image_flag = Flag of Germany 1933.svg |image_coat = Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg |symbol_type = National Insignia |symbol_type_article = National Insignia |image_map = Europe1937-1939.png |image_map_caption = The territorial evolution of Nazi Germany from 1937 to 1939. |national_motto= ''"Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer."''<br>([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader.") |national_anthem= ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]]''¹, ''[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]''<br>[[List of national animals|National animal]]: [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |capital = [[Berlin]] |latd=52 |latm=31 |latNS=N |longd=13 |longm=24 |longEW=E |official_languages = [[German language|German]] |minor_languages = |government_type = [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]]<br> |leader_titles = • '''[[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor]]'''<br><br><br><br><br><br>• '''[[Reichspräsident|President]]''' |leader_names = <br>[[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30, 1933 — April 30, 1945)<br>[[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30 — May 1, 1945)<br>[[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1 — May 23, 1945)<br><br>[[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925 — August 2, 1934)<br>[[Karl Dönitz]] (May 1 — May 23, 1945) |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |leader_title5 = |leader_name5 = |sovereignty_type = [[History of Germany#Third Reich|History]] |sovereignty_note = |established_events = |established_dates = |established_event1 = [[Hitler's rise to power|Election]] |established_date1 = [[January 30]], [[1933]] |established_event2 = [[Gleichschaltung|Establishment]] |established_date2 = [[February 27]], [[1933]] |established_event3 = [[Enabling Act|Enablement]] |established_date3 = [[March 31]], [[1933]] |established_event4 = [[Battle of Berlin|Capture]] |established_date4 = [[May 2]], [[1945]] |established_event5 = [[German Instrument of Surrender, 1945|Surrender]] |established_date5 = [[May 8]], [[1945]] |established_event6 = [[Allied Control Council|Disablement]] |established_date6 = [[July 5]], [[1945]]² |established_event7 = |established_date8 = |area = |areami² = |area_year = |area1 = 633,786 |areami²1 = 393,816 |area_year1 = [[1939]]<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |area2 = |areami²2 = |area_year2 = |area3 = |areami²3 = |area_year3 = |area4 = |areami²4 = |area_year4 = |area5 = |areami²5 = |area_year5 = |population_estimate = |population_estimate_year = |population_density = |population_densitymi² = |population_estimate1= 69,314,000 |population_estimate_year1 = [[1939]]<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |population_density1 = 109 |population_densitymi²1 = 176 |population_estimate2 = |population_estimate_year2 = |population_density2 = |population_densitymi²2 = |population_estimate3 = |population_estimate_year3 = |population_density3 = |population_densitymi²3 = |population_estimate4 = |population_estimate_year4 = |population_density4 = |population_densitymi²4 = |population_estimate5 = |population_estimate_year5 = |population_density5 = |population_densitymi²5 = |currency = [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] (RM) |footnotes = ¹Only first stanza is used.<br>²Was technically the same state from 1919 through 1949, at [[German Democratic Republic|East]]-[[West Germany]] division. }} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years [[1933]] to [[1945]], when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some, such as [[Alsace-Lorraine]] had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|left|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward.<ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm] This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenburg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" (''[[Kraft durch Freude]]'') program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. Other issues in Nazi Germany were [[Animal rights]] [http://www.kaltio.fi/index.php?494], [[Environmentalism]] [http://www.worldfuturefund.org/wffmaster/Reading/Germany/Radical%20Ecology.htm], [http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-german&month=0607&week=a&msg=HmRiXH4%2b22TYEPvzahQ%2bZQ&user=&pw=], and [[Public health]] [http://www.adl.org/Braun/dim_14_1_nazi_med.asp], [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_200108/ai_n8961328] ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938.[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike.[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job.[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the post-war Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. All German annexations in Europe after 1937, such as the [[Sudetenland]], were reversed, and in addition Germany's eastern border was shifted westwards to the [[Oder-Neisse]] line, effectively reducing Germany in size by approximately 25% compared to her 1937 border. The territories east of the new border comprised [[East Prussia]], [[Silesia]], [[West Prussia]], and two thirds of [[Pomerania]]. These areas were mainly agricultural, with the exception of [[Upper Silesia]] which was the second largest centre of German [[heavy industry]]. [[France]] took control of a large part of Germanys remaining [[Saar (protectorate)|coal deposits]]. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently over a period of several years expelled , affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. Most casualty estimates of this expulsion range between 1 to 2 Million dead. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). The initial repressive [[Morgenthau Plan|occupation policy]] in Germany by the Western [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] was reversed after a few years when the [[Cold War]] made the Germans important as allies against [[communism]]. West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), mainly due to the [[Monetary reform|currency reform]] of 1948 which replaced the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] with the [[Deutsche Mark]] as legal tender, halting rampant inflation, but also to lesser degree helped by economic aid through the [[Marshall Plan]] which was extended to also include West Germany in 1949, and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. [[The industrial plans for Germany|Allied dismantling]] of West German industry was finally halted in 1950. In 1955 the military [[Allied High Commission|occupation of West Germany]] was ended. East Germany recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. Germany [[Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany|regained full sovereignty]] in 1991. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" t :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. {{Infobox Former Country |native_name = Großdeutsches Reich |conventional_long_name = Greater German Empire |common_name = Nazi Germany |year_start = 1933 |year_end = 1945 |date_start = January 30 |date_end = July 5 |event_start = [[Hitler's rise to power|Election]] |event_end= [[Allied Control Council|Disestablished]]² |preceding_entity1 = Weimar Republic |preceding_flag1 = Flag of Germany (2-3).svg |succeeding_entity1 = Allied Occupation Zones in Germany |succeeding_flag1 = Flag of Germany (1946-1949).svg |image_flag = Flag of Germany 1933.svg |image_coat = Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg |symbol_type = Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia |symbol_type_article = Coat of arms of Germany |image_map = Deutschland 1939.png |image_map_caption = Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to the start of World War II |national_motto= ''"Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer."''<br>([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader.") |national_anthem= ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]]''¹, ''[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]''<br>[[List of national animals|National animal]]: [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |capital = [[Berlin]] |latd=52 |latm=31 |latNS=N |longd=13 |longm=24 |longEW=E |official_languages = [[German language|German]] |minor_languages = |government_type = [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]]<br> |leader_titles = • '''[[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor]]'''<br><br><br><br><br><br>• '''[[Reichspräsident|President]]''' |leader_names = <br>[[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30, 1933 — April 30, 1945)<br>[[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30 — May 1, 1945)<br>[[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1 — May 23, 1945)<br><br>[[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925 — August 2, 1934)<br>[[Karl Dönitz]] (May 1 — May 23, 1945) |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |leader_title5 = |leader_name5 = |sovereignty_type = [[History of Germany#Third Reich|History]] |established_event1 = [[Gleichschaltung|Establishment]] |established_date1 = [[February 27]], [[1933]] |established_event2 = [[Enabling Act|Enablement]] |established_date2 = [[March 31]], [[1933]] |established_event3 = [[Battle of Berlin|Capture]] |established_date3 = [[May 2]], [[1945]] |established_event4 = [[German Instrument of Surrender, 1945|Surrender]] |established_date4 = [[May 8]], [[1945]] |area1 = 633,786 |areami²1 = 393,816 |area_year1 = [[1939]]<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |population_estimate1= 69,314,000 |population_estimate_year1 = [[1939]]<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |population_density1 = 109 |population_densitymi²1 = 176 |currency = [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] (RM) |footnotes = ¹Only first stanza is used.<br>²Was technically the same state from 1919 through 1949, at [[German Democratic Republic|East]]-[[West Germany]] division. }} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years [[1933]] to [[1945]], when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some, such as [[Alsace-Lorraine]] had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|left|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. [[Image:Europe1937-1939.png|right|thumb|200px|Evolution of the territorial expansion of Nazi Germany from 1937 until September 1st, 1939.]] The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward.<ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm] This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenburg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" (''[[Kraft durch Freude]]'') program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. Other issues in Nazi Germany were [[Animal rights]] [http://www.kaltio.fi/index.php?494], [[Environmentalism]] [http://www.worldfuturefund.org/wffmaster/Reading/Germany/Radical%20Ecology.htm], [http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-german&month=0607&week=a&msg=HmRiXH4%2b22TYEPvzahQ%2bZQ&user=&pw=], and [[Public health]] [http://www.adl.org/Braun/dim_14_1_nazi_med.asp], [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_200108/ai_n8961328] ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938.[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike.[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job.[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the post-war Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. All German annexations in Europe after 1937, such as the [[Sudetenland]], were reversed, and in addition Germany's eastern border was shifted westwards to the [[Oder-Neisse]] line, effectively reducing Germany in size by approximately 25% compared to her 1937 border. The territories east of the new border comprised [[East Prussia]], [[Silesia]], [[West Prussia]], and two thirds of [[Pomerania]]. These areas were mainly agricultural, with the exception of [[Upper Silesia]] which was the second largest centre of German [[heavy industry]]. [[France]] took control of a large part of Germanys remaining [[Saar (protectorate)|coal deposits]]. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently over a period of several years expelled , affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. Most casualty estimates of this expulsion range between 1 to 2 Million dead. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). The initial repressive [[Morgenthau Plan|occupation policy]] in Germany by the Western [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] was reversed after a few years when the [[Cold War]] made the Germans important as allies against [[communism]]. West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), mainly due to the [[Monetary reform|currency reform]] of 1948 which replaced the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] with the [[Deutsche Mark]] as legal tender, halting rampant inflation, but also to lesser degree helped by economic aid through the [[Marshall Plan]] which was extended to also include West Germany in 1949, and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. [[The industrial plans for Germany|Allied dismantling]] of West German industry was finally halted in 1950. In 1955 the military [[Allied High Commission|occupation of West Germany]] was ended. East Germany recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. Germany [[Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany|regained full sovereignty]] in 1991. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** President of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. President of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== {{wikiversity|Hitler's Germany}} {{portalpar|Germany}} * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 0-19-503492-9. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{en icon}} [http://www.conservativeclassics.com/books/HighCostbk/book1.pdf The High Cost of Vengence], by [[Freda Utley]] (1949; PDF, size - 20 MB) * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] This is an insignificant, bowl-shaped formation with a negligible interior floor. The crater is circular and symmetrical, and the sloping interior walls are nearly featureless (although they have a slightly higher [[albedo]] than the surrounding [[terrain]].) It is otherwise indistinguishable from many other comparably-sized craters on the Moon. ==References== {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France {{Infobox Historical State |native_name = Großdeutsches Reich |conventional_long_name = Greater German Empire |common_name = Nazi Germany |year_start = 1933 |year_end = 1945 |life_span = |previous_states = [[Weimar Republic|<<]] [[Image:Flag of Germany (2-3).svg|30px]] |following_states = [[Allied Occupation Zones in Germany|>>]] [[Image:Flag of Germany (1946-1949).svg|30px]] |image_flag = Flag of Germany 1933.svg |image_coat = Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg |symbol_type = National Insignia |symbol_type_article = National Insignia |image_map = Europe1937-1939.png |image_map_caption = The territorial evolution of Nazi Germany from 1937 to 1939. |national_motto= ''"Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer."''<br>([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader.") |national_anthem= ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]]''¹, ''[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]''<br>[[List of national animals|National animal]]: [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |capital = [[Berlin]] |latd=52 |latm=31 |latNS=N |longd=13 |longm=24 |longEW=E |official_languages = [[German language|German]] |minor_languages = |government_type = [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]]<br> |leader_titles = • '''[[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor]]'''<br><br><br><br><br><br>• '''[[Reichspräsident|President]]''' |leader_names = <br>[[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30, 1933 — April 30, 1945)<br>[[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30 — May 1, 1945)<br>[[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1 — May 23, 1945)<br><br>[[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925 — August 2, 1934)<br>[[Karl Dönitz]] (May 1 — May 23, 1945) |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |leader_title5 = |leader_name5 = |sovereignty_type = [[History of Germany#Third Reich|History]] |sovereignty_note = |established_events = |established_dates = |established_event1 = [[Hitler's rise to power|Election]] |established_date1 = [[January 30]], [[1933]] |established_event2 = [[Gleichschaltung|Establishment]] |established_date2 = [[February 27]], [[1933]] |established_event3 = [[Enabling Act|Enablement]] |established_date3 = [[March 31]], [[1933]] |established_event4 = [[Battle of Berlin|Capture]] |established_date4 = [[May 2]], [[1945]] |established_event5 = [[German Instrument of Surrender, 1945|Surrender]] |established_date5 = [[May 8]], [[1945]] |established_event6 = [[Allied Control Council|Disablement]] |established_date6 = [[July 5]], [[1945]]² |established_event7 = |established_date8 = |area = |areami² = |area_year = |area1 = 633,786 |areami²1 = 393,816 |area_year1 = [[1939]]<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |area2 = |areami²2 = |area_year2 = |area3 = |areami²3 = |area_year3 = |area4 = |areami²4 = |area_year4 = |area5 = |areami²5 = |area_year5 = |population_estimate = |population_estimate_year = |population_density = |population_densitymi² = |population_estimate1= 69,314,000 |population_estimate_year1 = [[1939]]<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |population_density1 = 109 |population_densitymi²1 = 176 |population_estimate2 = |population_estimate_year2 = |population_density2 = |population_densitymi²2 = |population_estimate3 = |population_estimate_year3 = |population_density3 = |population_densitymi²3 = |population_estimate4 = |population_estimate_year4 = |population_density4 = |population_densitymi²4 = |population_estimate5 = |population_estimate_year5 = |population_density5 = |population_densitymi²5 = |currency = [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] (RM) |footnotes = ¹Only first stanza is used.<br>²Was technically the same state from 1919 through 1949, at [[German Democratic Republic|East]]-[[West Germany]] division. }} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years [[1933]] to [[1945]], when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some, such as [[Alsace-Lorraine]] had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|left|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward.<ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm] This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenburg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" (''[[Kraft durch Freude]]'') program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. Other issues in Nazi Germany were [[Animal rights]] [http://www.kaltio.fi/index.php?494], [[Environmentalism]] [http://www.worldfuturefund.org/wffmaster/Reading/Germany/Radical%20Ecology.htm], [http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-german&month=0607&week=a&msg=HmRiXH4%2b22TYEPvzahQ%2bZQ&user=&pw=], and [[Public health]] [http://www.adl.org/Braun/dim_14_1_nazi_med.asp], [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_200108/ai_n8961328] ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938.[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike.[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job.[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the post-war Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. All German annexations in Europe after 1937, such as the [[Sudetenland]], were reversed, and in addition Germany's eastern border was shifted westwards to the [[Oder-Neisse]] line, effectively reducing Germany in size by approximately 25% compared to her 1937 border. The territories east of the new border comprised [[East Prussia]], [[Silesia]], [[West Prussia]], and two thirds of [[Pomerania]]. These areas were mainly agricultural, with the exception of [[Upper Silesia]] which was the second largest centre of German [[heavy industry]]. [[France]] took control of a large part of Germanys remaining [[Saar (protectorate)|coal deposits]]. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently over a period of several years expelled , affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. Most casualty estimates of this expulsion range between 1 to 2 Million dead. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). The initial repressive [[Morgenthau Plan|occupation policy]] in Germany by the Western [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] was reversed after a few years when the [[Cold War]] made the Germans important as allies against [[communism]]. West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), mainly due to the [[Monetary reform|currency reform]] of 1948 which replaced the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] with the [[Deutsche Mark]] as legal tender, halting rampant inflation, but also to lesser degree helped by economic aid through the [[Marshall Plan]] which was extended to also include West Germany in 1949, and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. [[The industrial plans for Germany|Allied dismantling]] of West German industry was finally halted in 1950. In 1955 the military [[Allied High Commission|occupation of West Germany]] was ended. East Germany recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. Germany [[Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany|regained full sovereignty]] in 1991. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" t ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeechsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Großdeutsches Reich''' <br> '''Greater German Empire'''</big> | align="center" colspan="2"| {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;" | width="130px"| [[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|130px]]<br><small>[[Flag of Nazi Germany]] 1933-1945</small> || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Wappen Nazi-Deutschlands.jpeg|120px]]<br><small>[[Eagle atop swastika|National Insignia]] |- |} |- | align=center colspan=2 style="background:#f9f9f9;" | [[Image:Deutschland 1939.png|300px|Nazi Germany in 1939]]<br><small>Nazi Germany at its fullest extent prior to [[World War II]].</small> |- | align=center colspan=2 | <small>Political [[motto]]: ''Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer.'' ([[English language|English]]: "One people, one nation, one leader")</small> |- |'''[[Official language]]''' || [[German language|German]] |- |'''[[Capital]]''' || [[Berlin]] |- |'''[[Area]]''' || 633,786 km² (c. 1939)<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4901.html Germany — Country Study]</ref> |- |'''[[Population]]''' || 69,314,000 (1939)<ref>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office), [http://www.destatis.de/download/jahrbuch/stjb2.pdf ''Statistisches Jahrbook 2005 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland''], p. 8</ref> |- |'''[[Government]]''' || [[Totalitarianism|Totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] |- |'''[[Head of state]]/[[Head of government]]|| [[Reichspräsident]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (May 12, 1925–August 2, 1934)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (January 30,1933-August 2, 1934)<br>[[Führer und Reichskanzler]] [[Adolf Hitler]] (August 2, 1934-April 30, 1945)<br>[[Reichspräsident]] [[Karl Doenitz]] (April 30, 1945-May 23 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Joseph Goebbels]] (April 30-May 1, 1945)<br>[[Reichskanzler]] [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk|Ludwig von Krosigk]] (May 1-May 23, 1945) |- | '''Predecessor''' || [[Weimar Republic]] |- |'''Creation''' || January-March [[1933]] |- |'''Collapse''' || May [[1945]] |- | '''Succeeding states''' || [[East Germany]]<br>[[West Germany]]<br><ref>Germany was split up between the Allies in occupation zones, with the Soviets taking the [[East Germany|Eastern Zone]] and [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]] taking the [[West Germany|Western Zone]]. Besides this, some [[Historical Eastern Germany|Eastern German]] territories, which had been inside Germany before 1937, were assigned to the [[People's Republic of Poland|Poland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] by the victorious powers at the [[Potsdam Conference]].</ref> |- |'''[[Currency]]''' || [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] |- | '''[[National anthem]]''' || ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]] (1st stanza) /[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]'' |- | '''[[National animal]]''' || [[Eagle]] and [[Tiger]] |- | colspan=2 align=right style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px" | <small>{{edit|Nazi Germany}}</small> |} '''Nazi Germany''' or the '''Third Reich''' refers to [[Germany]] in the years 1933 to 1945, when it was governed by the [[National Socialist German Workers Party]] (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'', NSDAP), the Nazi Party, with ''[[Führer]]'' [[Adolf Hitler]] as [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] and, from 1934, [[Head of State|head of state]]. As well as [[Weimar Republic|Germany proper]], the [[Reich]] included areas with [[ethnic Germans|ethnic German]] populations such as [[Austria]], the [[Sudetenland]] and the territory of [[Klaipėda region|Memel]]. It also included several regions acquired in the midst of [[World War II]]; some had been a part of [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] prior to the [[Treaty of Versailles]], while other areas, particularly in the case of a few regions in [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|occupied Poland]], had not. ==Background and terminology== [[Image:JapanGermanyToast.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Imperial Japan]] ([[Yosuke Matsuoka]] up front) was militarily the strongest ally of Nazi Germany. Here they are toasting to the new [[Tripartite Pact|Axis Pact]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].]] Nazi Germany signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] and [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Fascist Italy]] during World War II. The three principal nations in this [[military alliance|alliance]], collectively referred to as the [[Axis Powers]], fought against the [[Allies of World War II]], which were led at first by the [[United Kingdom]] but after 1941 joined by the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]]. ''Third Reich'' is often used as a near-[[synonym]] for Nazi Germany. In [[German language|German]], the regime was and is sometimes referred to as ''Drittes Reich''. Despite the interchangeable status of these terms, "Drittes Reich" is never referred to as the "Third Empire", the rough English translation. The [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] used the terms ''Drittes Reich'' and ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' ("Thousand-Year Empire") in order to connect the German empire they wished to forge to the ones of old (the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and the [[German Empire|Second German Empire]]) while alluding to envisioned future prosperity and the new nation's alleged destiny. The Holy Roman Empire, deemed the ''First Empire'' or ''First Reich'', had lasted almost a thousand years from 843 to 1806. The term ''Tausendjähriges Reich'' was used only briefly and dropped from propaganda in 1939, officially to avoid [[persiflage]] and possibly to even avoid religious connotations. In speeches, books and articles about the Third Reich after [[8 May]] [[1945]], the phrase has taken on a new meaning and the early Nazi professions about a "thousand year" empire are often juxtaposed against the twelve years that the Third Reich actually existed. The official name of Nazi Germany, in use after the 1933 ''German National Socialist Revolution'', varied until 1943. However, the Nazis did not refer to their State as "Nazi Germany" or "National Socialist Germany", and such titles never appeared in official publications. Rather, they intensified the use of the official name of the pre-1945 German state: ''Deutsches Reich'', a term officially used in [[Imperial Germany]] until 1919 and afterwards within the [[Weimar Republic]]. In 1943, however, the government decreed a change of official state name to the more expansionist name ''Großdeutsches Reich'' (''Greater German Empire''), which remained in official use until the collapse of Nazi Germany in May, 1945. == Ideology == [[Image:NaziGaue.png|thumb|right|200px|A 1941 map of Nazi Germany and its administrative regions.]] {{Portalpar|Nazism|Nazi Swastika.svg|35px}} Ideologically, the [[Nazi]]s endorsed the concept of "Großdeutschland", or [[Großdeutschland|Greater Germany]], and believed that the incorporation of the [[Germanic peoples]] into one nation was a vital step towards their national success. While the Nazis proposed the creation of an all-encompassing German ethnic State, others, particularly non-Germans, were in strong opposition to the idea, believing that a very large and powerful Germany would be to the disadvantage of the rest of Europe. Similarly, the "German problem", as it is often referred to in English scholarship, focuses on the issue of administration of Germanic regions within Northern and Central Europe, an important theme throughout German history.<ref>Bischof, Günter, “The Historical Roots of a Special Relationship: Austro-German Relations Between Hegemony and Equality.” In Unequal Partners, ed. Harald von Riekhoff and Hanspeter Neuhold. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1993</ref> Such "logic" also manifested itself in the recreation of a Polish state, with the goal of creating numerous counterweights in order to "balance out Germany's power." Still, it was the nationalist love affair with the [[Volk]] concept that culminated in [[World War II]] and the destruction of much of Germany. It was the issue over administration of the [[Polish corridor]] and [[Danzig]] that ultimately led to the war and as a further extension of racial policy, the [[Lebensraum]] program, adapted in the midst of the war, pertained to similar interests; it was decided that Eastern Europe would be settled with ethnic Germans, and the [[Slavic Peoples|Slavic]] population who met the Nazi racial standard would be absorbed into the Reich. Those not fitting the racial standards were to be used as cheap labour force or deported eastward. <ref>[http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm Hitler's Plan, Dac.neu.edu]</ref> [[Racialism]] was an important aspect of society within the Third Reich. The Nazis also combined [[anti-Semitism]] with [[anti-Communist]] ideology and regarded the leftist movement - as well as international market capitalism - as the work of "conspiratorial Jewry". They referred to this so-called movement as the "Jewish-Bolshevistic revolution of subhumans."[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/ssnur1.htm]. This platform manifested itself in the displacement, internment and later, the systematic extermination of an estimated six million European Jews in the midst of World War II. Other victims of Nazi persecution included [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations in and outside of Slavic countries, blacks, [[Roma people|Gypsies]] (viewed as [[Untermensch|subhuman]]), political opponents, social outcasts, [[homosexuals]], religious dissidents such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] and [[Freemasons]], and unyielding Church-affiliated leadership ([[Confessing Church|Confessing Church of German Lutherans]] and resisting [[Roman Catholic]] clergy). One could argue that a war with the [[Soviet Union]] was inevitable based on the Third Reich's precepts. However, World War II officially began after Nazi Germany invaded [[Poland]] on [[1 September]] 1939, which led to [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] both declaring war on Germany. The global conflict that followed left Europe in ruins and led to the deaths of roughly sixty-two million persons. ==Chronology of events== {{History of Germany}} * [[Weimar Republic]] (includes the events leading to Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933) * [[Hitler's rise to power]] * [[Gleichschaltung]] (the legal measures taken by the Nazis to establish their dictatorship) * [[Rhineland|Reoccupation of the Rhineland]] * [[Anschluss]] * [[Axis Powers]] * [[World War II]] (with a focus on military events) ==Pre-War Politics 1933-1939== In the wake of the frustrations imposed through the [[Versailles Treaty]], the worldwide economic depression of the 1930's, the counter-traditionalism of the [[Weimar Republic|Weimar]] period and the threat of Soviet-sponsored communism in Germany, many voters began turning their support towards the Nazi Party, which made great promises of an economic, cultural, and military renewal. The [[Dolchstoßlegende]] figured prominently. On [[30 January]] [[1933]], Hitler was appointed [[chancellor of Germany]] by President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] after attempts by General [[Kurt von Schleicher]] to form a viable government failed. Hindenberg was put under pressure by Hitler through his son [[Oskar von Hindenburg]], as well as intrigue from former Chancellor [[Franz von Papen]] following his collection of participating [[Rhenish-Westphalian Industrial Magnates|financial]] interests and own ambitions to combat communism. Even though the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] had gained the largest share of the popular vote in the two [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] general elections of 1932, they had no majority of their own, and just a slim majority in parliament with their Papen-proposed Nationalist [[DNVP]]- [[NSDAP]] coalition. This coalition ruled through accepted continuance of the Presidential decree, issued under Article 48 of the 1919 consititution. ===Consolidation of power=== [[Image:BerlinNaziEra.jpg|thumb|280px|left|Recreation of [[Berlin]] during the Nazi era ]] The new government installed a dictatorship in a series of measures in quick succession (see ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' for details). On [[27 February]] [[1933]] the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] was [[Reichstag fire|set on fire]], and this was followed immediately by the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]], which rescinded [[habeas corpus]] and civil liberties. A further step that turned Germany into a dictatorship virtually overnight was the [[Enabling Act]] passed in March 1933 with 444 votes, to the 94 of the remaining Social Democrats. The act gave the government (and thus effectively the Nazi Party) legislative powers and also authorized it to deviate from the provisions of the constitution. With these powers, Hitler removed the remaining opposition and turned the [[Weimar Republic]] into the "Third Reich". Further consolidation of power was achieved on [[30 January]] [[1934]], with the ''Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reichs'' (Act to rebuild the Reich). The act changed the highly decentralized federal Germany of the Weimar era into a centralized state. It disbanded state parliaments, transferring sovereign rights of the states to the Reich central government and put the state administrations under the control of the Reich administration. Only the army remained independent from Nazi control. The German army had traditionally been somewhat separate from the government. The Nazi quasi-military [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] expected top positions in the new power structure. Wanting to preserve good relations with the army, on the night of [[30 June]] [[1934]], Hitler initiated the ''[[Night of the Long Knives]]'', a purge of the leadership ranks of Röhm's SA as well as other political enemies, carried out by another, more elitist, Nazi organization, the [[SS]]. At the death of president Hindenburg on [[2 August]] [[1934]], the Nazi-controlled Reichstag merged the offices of ''Reichspräsident'' and ''Reichskanzler'' and reinstalled Hitler with the new title ''[[Führer]] und Reichskanzler''. Until the death of Hindenburg, the army did not follow Hitler. However, with the death of Hindenburg, the entire army swore their obedience to Hitler. The inception of the [[Gestapo]], police acting outside of any civil authority, highlighted the Nazis' intention to use powerful, coercive means to directly control German society. Soon, an army estimated to be of about 100,000 spies and infiltrators operated throughout Germany, reporting to Nazi officials the activities of any critics or dissenters. Most ordinary Germans, happy with the improving economy and better standard of living, remained obedient and quiet, but many political opponents, especially [[Communism|communists]] and some types of [[socialists]], were reported by omnipresent eavesdropping spies, and put in prison camps where they were severely mistreated, and many tortured and killed. It is estimated that tens of thousands of political victims died or disappeared in the first few years of Nazi rule. :''For political opposition during this period, see [[German resistance movement]].'' ===Social policy=== :''See also: [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany]]'' [[Image:Kondorlegion Parade Hitler.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Large military parades, preferably with the Führer himself in attendance, became main social events in the Nazi era.]] The Nazi regime was characterized by political control of every aspect of society in a quest for racial ([[Aryan]], [[Northern Europe|Nordic]]), social and cultural purity. Modern [[abstract art]] and [[avant-garde|avant-garde art]] was thrown out of museums, and put on special display as ''"[[Degenerate art]]"'', where it was to be ridiculed. In one notable example on [[31 March]] [[1937]], huge crowds stood in line to view a special display of "degenerate art" in Munich, while a concurrent exhibition of 900 works personally approved by Adolf Hitler attracted a tiny, unenthusiastic gathering. The Nazi Party pursued its aims through persecution and killing of those considered impure, targeted especially against minority groups such as [[Jew]]s, [[Roma (people)|Gypsies]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust|Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[homosexuality|homosexuals]]. In the years following the Nazi rise to power, many Jews fled the country and were encouraged to do so. By the [[Nuremberg Laws]] passed in 1935, Jews were stripped of their German citizenship and denied government employment. Most Jews employed by Germans lost their jobs at this time, which were being taken by unemployed Germans. Notably, the Nazi government attempted to send 17,000 German Jews of Polish descent back to Poland, a decision which led to the assassination of [[Ernst vom Rath]] by [[Herschel Grynszpan]], a German Jew living in France. This provided the pretext for a [[pogrom]] the Nazi Party incited against the Jews on [[9 November]] [[1938]], which specifically targeted Jewish businesses. The event was called ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' (Night of Broken Glass, literally "Crystal Night"); the [[euphemism]] was used because the numerous broken windows made the streets look as if covered with crystals. By September 1939, more than 200,000 Jews had left Germany, with the Nazi government seizing any property they left behind. The Nazis also undertook programs targeting "weak" or "unfit" members of their own population, such as the [[T-4 Euthanasia Program]], killing tens of thousands of disabled and sick Germans in an effort to "maintain the purity of the German [[Master race]]" (German: ''[[Herrenvolk]]'') as described by [[Nazi propaganda|Nazi propagandists]]. The techniques of mass killing developed in these efforts would later be used in [[the Holocaust]]. Under a law passed in 1933, the Nazi regime carried out the [[compulsory sterilization]] of over 400,000 individuals labeled as having hereditary defects, ranging from [[mental illness]] to [[alcoholism]]. Recent research by academics such as [[Götz Aly]] has emphasized the role of the extensive Nazi [[Social welfare|welfare]] programmes that supposedly helped maintain public support for the regime that lasted long into the war. The German community was nationalized and labor and entertainment - from festivals, to vacation trips and traveling cinemas - were all made a part of the "Strength through Joy" program. Also crucial to the building of loyalty and comradeship was the implementation of the [[National Labor Service]] and the [[Hitler Youth]] Organization, with the former being compulsory and the latter consisting of nearly six million boys and girls. In addition to a number of architectural projects that were undertaken, the construction of the [[Autobahn]] made it the first [[National Highway System|National Motor Highway]] system in the world. It should be noted that between 1933 and 1936, Germany outpaced the United States in construction, automobile production, unemployment and employment. All in all, the New Reich gave Germans confidence and naturally instilled loyalty. ===Economic policy=== [[Image:20 Deutschmark note 3rd Reich.jpg|right|thumb|270px|The [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]] gained significant value during the Third Reich.]] When the Nazis came to power the most pressing issue was an [[unemployment]] rate of close to 30%. The economic management of the state was first given to respected banker [[Hjalmar Schacht]]. Under his guidance, a new economic policy to elevate the nation was drafted. One of the first actions was to destroy the [[trade union]]s and impose strict [[Incomes policy|wage control]]s. The government then expanded the [[money supply]] through massive [[deficit spending]]. However at the same time the government imposed a 4.5% [[interest rate]] ceiling, creating a massive shortage in borrowable funds. This was resolved by setting up a series of dummy companies that would pay for goods with [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]. The most famous of these was the [[MEFO]] company, and these bonds used as currency became known as [[mefo bills]]. While it was promised that these bonds could eventually be exchanged for real money, the repayment was put off until after the collapse of the Reich. These complicated maneuvers also helped conceal armament expenditures that violated the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. According to economic theory, price control combined with a large increase in the money supply should have produced a large [[black market]], but harsh penalties that saw violators sent to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camp]]s or even shot prevented this development. Repressive measures also kept [[volatility]] low, reducing inflationary pressures. New policies also limited imports of consumer goods and focused on producing exports. [[International trade]] was greatly reduced remaining at about a third of 1929 levels throughout the Nazi period. Currency controls were extended, leading to a considerable overvaluation of the [[German reichsmark|Reichsmark]]. These policies were successful in cutting unemployment dramatically. Most industry was not [[nationalized]], however industry was closely regulated with quotas and requirements to use domestic resources. These regulations were set by administrative committees composed of government and business officials. Competition was limited as major companies were organized into [[cartel]]s through these administrative committees. Selective nationalization was used against businesses that failed to agree to these arrangements. The [[bank]]s, which had been nationalized by Weimar, were returned to their owners and each administrative committee had a bank as member to finance the schemes. While the strict state intervention into the economy and the massive rearmament policy led to full employment during the 1930s, real wages in Germany dropped by roughly 25% between 1933 and 1938 [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. Trade unions were abolished, as well as collective bargaining and the right to strike[http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html]. The right to quit also disappeared: Labor books were introduced in 1935, and required the consent of the previous employer in order to be hired for another job. [http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html] The German economy was transferred to the leadership of [[Hermann Göring]] when, on [[18 October]], [[1936]], the German Reichstag announced the formation of a [[Four-Year Plan]]. The Nazi economic plan aimed to achieve a number of objectives. Under the leadership of [[Fritz Todt]], a massive public works project, the [[Reichsarbeitsdienst]], was started, rivaling Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] in both size and scope. It functioned as a military-like unit, its most notable achievements being the network of [[Autobahn]]en and, once the war started, the building of bunkers, underground facilities and entrenchments all over Europe. Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament, with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions. In comparison, a military buildup had also been a part of the New Deal (regarding the Navy) and Stalin's [[First Five Year Plan]]. The Four-Year Plan was discussed in the controversial [[Hossbach Memorandum]], which provides the "minutes" from one of Hitler's briefings. Some use the Hossbach Memorandum to show that Hitler planned a war in Eastern Europe in the pursuit of [[Lebensraum]], believing that the Western powers of the United Kingdom and France would not intervene, leaving him free to take over the USSR, the "natural enemy" of Germany. However, this [[functionalism versus intentionalism|intentionalist view]] is disputed. Nevertheless, the war came and although the Four-Year Plan technically expired in 1940, Hermann Göring had built up a power base in the "Office of the Four-Year Plan" that effectively controlled all German economic and production matters by this point in time. In 1942, the growing burdens of the war and the death of Todt saw the economy move to a full [[war economy]] under [[Albert Speer]]. ==World War II== :''See also: [[Military history of Germany during World War II]]'' [[Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|thumb|300px|right|German conquests and allies in Europe during World War II.]] The "[[Danzig]] crisis" peaked in the months after Poland rejected Nazi Germany's initial offer regarding both the [[Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]]. After a series of ultimatums, the Germans broke from diplomatic relations and shortly thereafter, [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Germany invaded Poland]] on 1 September 1939. This led to the outbreak of the Second World War in Europe when on 3 September 1939, the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]] both declared war on Germany. The [[Sitzkrieg|Phony War]] followed. On 9 April 1940 the Germans struck north against [[Denmark]] and [[Norway]], in part to secure the safety of continuing iron ore supplies from [[Sweden]] through Norwegian costal waters. British and French forces landed in the north, only to be defeated in the ensuing [[Norwegian Campaign]]. In May, the Phony War ended when despite the protestations of many of his advisors, Hitler took a gamble and sent German forces into France and the [[Low Countries]]. The [[Battle of France]] was an overwhelming German victory. Later that year, Germany subjected the United Kingdom to heavy bombing during the [[Battle of Britain]]. This may have served two purposes, either as a precursor to [[Operation Sea Lion]] or it may have been an effort to dissuade the British populace from continuing to support the war. Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and on the eve of the invasion, Hitler's former deputy, [[Rudolf Hess]], attempted to negotiate terms of peace with the United Kingdom in an unofficial private meeting after crash-landing in Scotland. Nazi Germany declared war on the United States on 11 December, 1941, four days after the Japanese bombed [[Pearl Harbor]]. This allowed German submarines in the Atlantic to fight US convoys that had been supporting the United Kingdom and although Nazi hubris is often cited, Hitler presumably sought the further support of Japan. He was convinced of the [[United States|United States']] aggressive intentions following the leaking of [[Rainbow Five]] and hearing of the forboding content of [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s Pearl Harbor speech. Before then, Germany had practiced its own policy of [[appeasement]], taking drastic precautions in order to avoid the United States' entry into the war. The persecution of minorities and "undesirables" continued both in Germany and the occupied countries. From 1941 onward, Jews were required to wear a [[yellow badge]] in public and most were transferred to [[ghettos]], where they remained isolated from the rest of the population. In January 1942, at the [[Wannsee Conference]] and under the supervision of [[Reinhard Heydrich]], a plan for the "[[Final Solution]] of the Jewish Question" (''Endlösung der Judenfrage'') in Europe was hatched. From then until the end of the war some six million Jews and many others, including homosexuals, Slavs, and political prisoners, were systematically killed. In addition, more than ten million people were put into forced labor. This [[genocide]] is called [[the Holocaust]] in [[English language|English]] and the ''[[Shoah]]'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Thousands were shipped daily to [[extermination camps]] (''Vernichtungslager'', sometimes called "death factories") and [[concentration camp]]s (''Konzentrationslager'', ''KZ''), some of which were originally detention centers but later converted into literal mass-murder factories, or death camps, for the purpose of killing of their inmates. Parallel to the Holocaust, the Nazis conducted a ruthless program of conquest and exploitation over the captured [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Poland|Polish]] territories and their [[Slavs|Slavic]] populations as part of their ''[[Generalplan Ost]]''. According to estimates, 20 million Soviet civilians, three million non-Jewish Poles, and seven million [[Red Army]] soldiers died under Nazi maltreatment in what the Russians call the [[Great Patriotic War]]. The Nazis' plan was to extend German ''[[lebensraum]]'' ("living space") eastward, a foreseen consequence of the war in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, said by the Nazis to have been waged in order "to defend Western Civilization against [[Bolshevism]]". Due to many of the atrocities suffered under [[Stalin]], the Nazi message was interpreted by many to be legitimate. Many Ukranians, Balts and other disillusioned Soviets fought with the Germans, not to mention other Europeans enlisted in numerous [[SS|Schutzstaffel]] divisions. By February 1943 the Soviets had defeated the Germans at [[Stalingrad]] and began the push westward, winning the tank battle at [[Kursk]]-Orel in July. The German Army was pushed back to the borders of Poland by February 1944 following the great success of [[Operation Bagration]]. The Allies opened a Western Front in June 1944 at [[Operation Overlord|Normandy]], a year and a half after the Soviets turned the tide on the Eastern Front. Soviet troops moving westward met Allied troops moving eastward at Torgau at the Elbe on [[April 26]] [[1945]] (Cohen). On [[April 30]] [[1945]], as Berlin was being taken by Soviet forces, Hitler committed suicide. He was succeeded by Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], whose caretaker government sought a separate peace with the Western Allies. On [[4 May]]&ndash;[[8 May]] [[1945]] German armed forces surrendered unconditionally. This was the [[end of World War II in Europe]] and, with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on [[5 July]] [[1945]], the four Allied powers "assume[d] supreme authority with respect to Germany" ([[Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany]], US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520). ==The Post-War Period== :''See also: [[Nuremberg Trials]]'', ''[[Expulsion of Germans after World War II]]'' [[Image:Nur Dest.png|thumb|300px|right|[[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] lies in hazy ruins shortly after the Nazi surrender. Like many German cities, it had suffered under years of Allied strategic bombardment.]] The [[Potsdam Conference]] in August 1945 created arrangements and outline for new government for the postwar Germany as well as [[war reparations]] and resettlement. Virtually all [[German people|Germans]] in [[Central Europe]] were subsequently expulsed to west of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], affecting about seventeen million ethnic Germans. The French, US and British occupation zones later became [[West Germany]] (the Federal Republic of Germany), while the Soviet zone became the [[Communism|communist]] [[East Germany]] (the German Democratic Republic, excluding sections of Berlin). West Germany recovered economically by the 1960s, being called the [[economic miracle]] (German term ''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''), which was kickstarted by the economic aid of the United States of America through the [[Marshall Plan]], and upheld thanks to fiscal policy and intense labor, eventually leading to [[Gastarbeiter|labor shortages]]. The East recovered at a slower pace under [[Communism]] until 1990, due to reparations paid to the Soviet Union and the effects of the centrally planned economy. After the war, surviving Nazi leaders were put on trial by an Allied tribunal at [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg]] for crimes against humanity. A minority were sentenced to death and executed, but a number were jailed and then released by the mid 1950s due to poor health and old age. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, some renewed efforts were made in West Germany to take those who were directly responsible for "crimes against humanity" to court (e.g. [[Auschwitz trials]]). However, many of the less prominent leaders continued to live well into the 1980s and 1990s. In all non-fascist European countries legal purges were established to punish the members of the former Nazi and Fascist parties. Even there, however, some of the former leaders found ways to accommodate themselves under the new circumstances. An uncontrolled punishment hit the [[Descendants of Nazi Officials|children of Nazis]] and those [[War children|fathered by German soldiers]] in occupied countries, including the "[[Lebensborn]]" children. ===Military structure=== {{see also|Military history of Germany during World War II}} [[Image:War Ensign of Germany 1938-1945.svg|thumb|200px|right|The Nazi war flag and Ensign of the [[Kriegsmarine]]]] '''[[Wehrmacht]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces :'''[[OKW]]''' &mdash; Armed Forces High Command ::Chief of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces - [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Wilhelm Keitel]]''' ::: Chief of the Operations Staff - [[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Alfred Jodl]]''' '''[[German Army|Heer]]''' &mdash; Army :'''[[OKH]]''' &mdash; Army High Command :Army Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Generaloberst|Colonel General]] '''[[Werner von Fritsch]]''' (1935 to 1938) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Walther von Brauchitsch]]''' (1938 to 1941) ::[[Führer]] and [[Reichskanzler|Reich Chancellor]] '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' (1941 to 1945) :::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Ferdinand Schörner]]''' (1945) '''[[Kriegsmarine]]''' &mdash; Navy :'''[[OKM]]''' &mdash; Navy High Command :Navy Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Erich Raeder]]''' (1928-1943) ::[[Grossadmiral|Grand Admiral]] '''[[Karl Dönitz]]''' (1943-1945) ::[[Generaladmiral|General Admiral]] '''[[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]]''' (1945) '''[[Luftwaffe]]''' &mdash; Airforce :'''[[OKL]]''' &mdash; Airforce High Command ::''[[Reichsluftschutzbund]]'' (Air Force Auxiliary) :Air Force Commanders-in-Chief ::[[Reichsmarschall|Reich Marshal]] '''[[Hermann Göring]]''' (to 1945) ::[[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] '''[[Robert Ritter von Greim]]''' (1945) '''[[Abwehr]]''' &mdash; Military Intelligence :[[Rear Admiral]] '''[[Konrad Patzig]]''' {1932-1935) :[[Vice Admiral]] '''[[Wilhelm Canaris]]''' (1935-1944) '''[[Waffen-SS]]''' &mdash; Nazi Party military branch ==Organization of the Third Reich== The leaders of Nazi Germany created a large number of different organizations for the purpose of helping them stay in power. They rearmed and strengthened the military, set up an extensive state security apparatus and created their own personal party army, the ''Waffen SS''. Through staffing of most government positions with Nazi Party members, by 1935 the German national government and the Nazi Party had become virtually one and the same. By 1938, through the policy of ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'', local and state governments lost all legislative power and answered administratively to Nazi party leaders, known as [[Gauleiter]]s, who governed ''[[Gau (German)|Gau]]e'' and ''[[Reichsgau]]e''. The organization of the Nazi state, as of 1944, was as follows: ===Head of State and Chief Executive=== * [[Führer]] and [[Chancellor of Germany|Reich Chancellor]] ([[Adolf Hitler]]) ===Cabinet and national authorities=== * Office of the [[Reich Chancellery]] ([[Hans Lammers]]) * Office of the [[Party Chancellery]] ([[Martin Bormann]]) * Office of the [[Presidential Chancellery]] ([[Otto Meissner]]) * Privy Cabinet Council ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) * Chancellery of the Führer ([[Philip Bouhler]]) ===Reich Offices=== * Office of the [[Four year plan|Four-Year Plan]] ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Reich Master Forester ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Office of the Inspector for Highways * Office of the President of the Reich Bank * Reich Youth Office * Reich Treasury Office * General Inspector of the Reich Capital * Office of the Councillor for the Capital of the Movement ([[Munich, Bavaria]]) ===Reich Ministries=== {{Nazism}} * Reich Foreign Ministry ([[Joachim von Ribbentrop]]) * Reich Interior Ministry ([[Wilhelm Frick]], [[Heinrich Himmler]]) * Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ([[Joseph Goebbels]]) * Reich Ministry of Aviation ([[Hermann Göring]]) * Reich Ministry of Finance ([[Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk]]) * Reich Ministry of Justice ([[Franz Schlegelberger]]) * Reich Economics Ministry ([[Walther Funk]]) * Reich Ministry for Nutrition and Agriculture ([[R. Walther Darre]]) * Reich Labor Ministry ([[Franz Seldte]]) * Reich Ministry for Science, Education, and Public Instruction ([[Bernhard Rust]]) * Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs ([[Hanns Kerrl]]) * Reich Transportation Ministry ([[Julius Dorpmüller]]) * Reich Postal Ministry ([[Wilhelm Ohnesorge]]) * Reich Ministry for Weapons, Munitions, and Armament ([[Fritz Todt]], [[Albert Speer]]) * Reich Ministers without Portfolio ([[Konstantin von Neurath]], [[Hans Frank]], [[Hjalmar Schacht]], [[Arthur Seyss-Inquart]]) ===Occupation authorities=== * Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ([[Alfred Rosenberg]]) * [[General Government]] of [[Poland]] ([[Hans Frank]]) * Reich Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Konstantin von Neurath]]) ** Deputy Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia ([[Reinhard Heydrich]]) * Office of the Military Governor of France ===Legislative Branch=== * [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] ** Speaker of the Reichstag ([[Hermann Göring]]) * [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] (disbanded February 14, 1934) It has to be considered that there is little use talking about a ''legislative branch'' in a totalitarian state, where there is no separation of powers. For example, since 1933 the Reichsregierung (Reich cabinet) was enabled to enact Reichsgesetze (statute law) without respect to the constitution from 1919. ===[[Nazi party paramilitary ranks|Paramilitary organizations]]=== * ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) * ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) ** ''[[Allgemeine SS]]'' ** ''[[Waffen SS]]'' ** ''[[Germanic SS|Germanische SS]] * ''[[Deutscher Volkssturm]]'' * ''[[National Socialist Motor Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps]]'' (NSKK) * ''[[National Socialist Flyers Corps|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps]]'' (NSFK) ===National police=== Reich Central Security Office (''RSHA &mdash; [[Reichssicherheitshauptamt]]'') [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] * Order Police (''[[Ordnungspolizei]]'' (''Orpo'')) ** ''[[Schutzpolizei]]'' (Safety Police) ** ''[[Gendarmerie]]'' (Rural Police) ** ''[[Gemeindepolizei]]'' (Local Police) * Security Police (''[[Sicherheitspolizei]]'' (''Sipo'')) ** ''[[Geheime Staatspolizei]]'' (''Gestapo'') ** ''[[Kriminalpolizei|Reichskriminalpolizei]]'' (''Kripo'') ** ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' ([[SD]]) ===Political organizations=== * [[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] &mdash; [[Nazism|National Socialist]] German Workers Party (abbreviated NSDAP) * Youth organisations ** [[Hitler Youth|''Hitler-Jugend'']] &mdash; Hitler-youth (for boys and young men) [[Baldur von Schirach]] ** ''[[Bund Deutscher Mädel]]'' (for girls and young women) ** ''[[Deutsches Jungvolk]]'' (for very young boys and girls ages 6-8) ===Service organizations=== * ''[[Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft|Deutsche Reichsbahn]]'' (State Railway) * ''[[Reichspost]]'' (State Postal Service) * ''[[Deutsches Rotes Kreuz]]'' (German Red Cross) ===Religious organizations=== * [[German Christians]] * [[Protestant Reich Church]] ===Academic organizations=== * National Socialist German University Teachers League * National Socialist German Students League ==Prominent persons in Nazi Germany== For a listing of Hitler's cabinet see : [[Members of Hitler's cabinet|Hitler's Cabinet, January 1933 - April 1945]] ===[[National Socialist German Workers Party|Nazi Party]] and [[List of Nazi Party leaders and officials|Nazi government leaders and officials]]=== * [[Artur Axmann]] &mdash; Reich Youth Leader (successor of [[Baldur von Schirach]] in 1940) * [[Ernst Wilhelm Bohle]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1933-1945) * [[Martin Bormann]] &mdash; Head of the Party Chancellery (Parteikanzlei) and Private Secretary to Adolf Hitler * [[Karl Brandt]] &mdash; Reich Commissioner of Health and Sanitation * [[Alois Brunner]] &mdash; SS Lieutenant Colonel and Adolf Eichmann’s most important assistant * [[Otto Dietrich]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Reich Chief of the Press * [[Adolf Eichmann]] &mdash; recording secretary at the [[Wansee Conference]], facilitator of the [[Final Solution]] *[[Karl Fiehler]] &mdash; Nazi Lord Mayor of Munich and Head of the unity organization for local politics * [[Hans Frank]] &mdash; Minister, Head of the German Law Academy * [[Roland Freisler]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry of Justice and President of the ''[[Volksgerichtshof]]'' * [[Wilhelm Frick]] &mdash; Minister of the Interior * [[Hans Fritzsche]] &mdash; senior official of the Reich Ministry for Propaganda * [[Walter Funk]] &mdash; Minister of Industries * [[Joseph Goebbels]] &mdash; Minister of Propaganda, became Chancellor of Germany for one day following Hitler's death, was named his immediate successor by Hitler himself. * [[Hermann Göring]] &mdash; ''Reichsmarschall'' and Minister-President of Prussia. Air Minister. Minister of the Interior. Speaker of the Reichstag. * [[Franz Gürtner]] &mdash; Minister of Justice * [[Karl Hanke]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State, Propaganda Ministry * [[Rudolf Hess]] &mdash; the ''Führer's'' Deputy * [[Reinhard Heydrich]] &mdash; Head of [[RSHA|Reich Main Security Office]] and Protector of [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|Bohemia and Moravia]] * [[Konstantin Hierl]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Labour Service * [[Heinrich Himmler]] &mdash; Reich Leader SS * [[Adolf Hitler]] &mdash; ''Führer'' and Reich Chancellor * [[Ernst Kaltenbrunner]] &mdash; Chief of the [[RSHA]] (1943-1945) * [[Hanns Kerrl]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs (1933–1941) * [[Karl Otto Koch]] &mdash; SS Colonel and commandant of the concentration camps at [[Buchenwald]] and [[Majdanek]] * [[Hans Lammers]] &mdash; Head of the Reich Chancellery * [[Herbert Lange]] &mdash; SS Major, chief inspector of the [[Poznań|Posen]] State Police Headquarters * [[Robert Ley]] &mdash; Leader of the German Labour Front * [[Viktor Lutze]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1934–1943) * [[Otto Meissner]] &mdash; Head of the Reich President’s Office * [[Alfred Meyer]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State at the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Konstantin von Neurath]] &mdash; Head of the Secret Cabinet * [[Hans Nieland]] &mdash; Head of the NSDAP Foreign Organisation (1931-1933) and Lord Mayor of Dresden (1940-1945) * [[Erich Priebke]] &mdash; SS Captain, participated in the massacres at the Ardeatine caves near Rome * [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] &mdash; Foreign Minister (1938–1945) * [[Ernst Röhm]] &mdash; Chief of Staff of the SA (1931–1934) * [[Alfred Rosenberg]] &mdash; ideologist of National Socialism, Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories * [[Bernhard Rust]] &mdash; Minister of Education * [[Carl Schmitt]] &mdash; expert on constitutional law and political philosopher, who affected Nazism with his anti-Semite and antidemocratic theses * [[Fritz Sauckel]] &mdash; General Plenipotentiary for the Employment of Labour (1942–1945) * [[Baldur von Schirach]] &mdash; Leader of the ''Hitlerjugend'' (Nazi Youth Organisation), Gauleiter of Vienna * [[Franz Seldte]] &mdash; Reich Minister of Labor (1933–1945) * [[Arthur Seyß-Inquart]] &mdash; ''Reichsstatthalter'' in Austria, Commissioner for the Occupied Netherlands * [[Albert Speer]] &mdash; First Architect, Minister for Armament from 1942 * [[Julius Streicher]] &mdash; [[Gauleiter]] of [[Franconia]] (1923-1940), publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]'' * [[Josef Terboven]] &mdash; ''Reichskommissar'' for Norway (1940–1945) * [[Fritz Todt]] &mdash; Inspector General for German Roadways, Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (1940-1942) * [[Hjalmar Schacht]] &mdash; Minister, Governor of the Central Bank (''Reichsbank'') (1933-1939) * [[Gertrud Scholtz-Klink]] &mdash; Reich Leader of Women (1934-1945) * [[Hans von Tschammer und Osten]] &mdash; Under-Secretary of State and Reich Sports Leader (1933-1943) ===SS personnel=== * See: [[List of SS Personnel]] === Military === {{seealso|OKH|OKW}} * [[Karl Dönitz]]-Commander of the German [[U-Boat]] force, later the German Navy. Was named as Hitler's successor as Reich president (not to be confused with Chancellor of Germany). * [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] * [[Erwin Rommel]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] * [[Claus von Stauffenberg]] * [[Wilhelm Canaris]] * [[Alfred Jodl]] * [[Erich Raeder]] * [[Robert Ritter von Greim]] * [[Albert Kesselring]] * [[Erich von Manstein]] ===Other=== * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Eva Braun]] * [[Wernher von Braun]] * [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]] * [[Anton Drexler]] * [[Gottfried Feder]] * [[Friedrich Flick]] * [[Theodor Fritsch]] * [[Arthur de Gobineau]] * [[Hans Friedrich Karl Günther]] (not to be confused with [[Hans Günther]]) * [[Karl Harrer]] * [[Willibald Hentschel]] * [[Alfred Hoche]] * [[Armin D. Lehmann]] * [[Lanz von Liebenfels]] * [[Guido von List]] * [[Karl Lueger]] * [[Alfred Ploetz]] * [[Ferdinand Porsche]] * [[Traudl Junge]] * [[John Rabe]] * [[Geli Raubal]] * [[Leni Riefenstahl]] * [[Oskar Schindler]] * [[Rudolf von Sebottendorf]] * [[Richard Sorge]] * [[Johannes Stark]] * [[Walter Thiel]] * [[Richard Wagner]] * [[Winifred Wagner]] * [[Konrad Zuse]] * [[Otto van Hinbrick]] * [[Walther Sommerlath]] ===Noted victims=== {{seealso|The Holocaust}} * [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] * [[Georg Elser]] * [[Anne Frank]] * [[Janusz Korczak]] * [[Erich Mühsam]] * [[Carl von Ossietzky]] * [[White Rose]] (Sophie and Hans Scholl and others) * [[Bruno Schulz]] * [[Ernst Thälmann]] ===Noted refugees=== * [[Albert Bassermann]] * [[Johannes R. Becher]] * [[Rudolf Belling]] * [[Walter Benjamin]] * [[Bertolt Brecht]] * [[Marlene Dietrich]] * [[Albert Einstein]] * [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] * [[Sigmund Freud]] * [[Erich Fromm]] * [[Kurt Gödel]] * [[Walter Gropius]] * [[Friedrich Hayek]] * [[:de:Heinrich Eduard Jacob|Heinrich Eduard Jacob]] * [[:de:Theodor Kramer|Theodor Kramer]] * [[Fritz Lang]] * [[Thomas Mann]] * [[Lise Meitner]] * [[Ludwig von Mises]] * [[Solomon Perel]] * [[Erich Maria Remarque]] * [[Anna Seghers]] * [[Kurt Tucholsky]] * [[Kurt Weill]] ===Noted survivors=== * [[Bruno Bettelheim]] * [[Viktor Frankl]] * [[:de:Eugen Kogon|Eugen Kogon]] * [[Primo Levi]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Kurt Schumacher]] * [[Franz von Papen]] * [[Roman Polanski]] * [[Elie Wiesel]] * [[Simon Wiesenthal]] * [[Arnulf Øverland]] * [[Trygve Bratteli]] ==See also== * [[Anschluss]] * [[Awards and Decorations of Nazi Germany]] * [[Consequences of German Nazism]] * [[Glossary of the Third Reich]] * [[History of Germany]] * [[Nazi architecture]] * [[Nazi plunder|Nazi Plunder]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Songs of the Third Reich]] * [[Union of Poles in Germany]] * [[Weimar Republic]] ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references/> </div> ==Further reading== :''See also'' [[List of Adolf Hitler books]] <div class="references-small"> #[[William Sheridan Allen]] ''The Nazi Seizure of Power : the experience of a single German town, 1922-1945'' by New York ; Toronto : F. Watts, 1984 ISBN 0-531-09935-0. # [[Karl Dietrich Bracher]]. ''The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism''; New York, Praeger 1970. # Michael Burleigh. ''The Third Reich: A New History''. 2002. ISBN 0-8090-9326-X, standard scholarly history 1918-1945 # [[Martin Broszat]] ''German National Socialism, 1919-1945'' translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press 1966. # [[Martin Broszat]] ''The Hitler State : The Foundation and Development Of The Internal Structure Of The Third Reich'' by translated by John W. Hiden, London : Longman, 1981 ISBN 0-582-49200-9. # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Coming of the Third Reich''. ISBN 0-14-100975-6, standard scholarly history to 1933 # [[Richard J. Evans]]. ''The Third Reich in Power'' 2005 ISBN 1-59420-074-2. the latest and most scholarly history # [[Richard Grunberger]]. ''A Social History of the Third Reich'' 1974 ISBN 0-14-013675-4. # [[Klaus Hildebrand]]. ''The Third Reich'' London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1984 ISBN 0-04-943033-5. # [[Andreas Hillgruber]] ''Germany and the two World Wars'', Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8. # [[David Irving]] "Hitler's War", London, Focal Point Publications ISBN 1-872197-10-8. # [[Ian Kershaw]]. ''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'' London: Arnold. 4th ed. 2000 ISBN 0-340-76028-1 #[[Claudia Koonz]]. ''Mothers In The Fatherland : Women, The Family, And Nazi Politics'' by New York : St. Martin's Press, 1987 ISBN 0-312-54933-4. # [[Guido Knopp]], ''Hitler's Henchmen'' (1998), Sutton Publishing (2005), ISBN 0-7509-3781-5 # Christian Leitz , ed. ''The Third Reich : the essential readings'' Oxford, UK ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell Publishers, 1999 ISBN 0-631-20700-7. # [[Hans Mommsen]] ''From Weimar to Auschwitz'' Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1991 ISBN 0-691-03198-3. # [[Roger Moorhouse]] ''Killing Hitler'' London, Jonathan Cape, 2006, ISBN 0-224-07121-1 #[[Detlev Peukert]]. ''Inside Nazi Germany : conformity, opposition and racism in everyday life'' by London : Batsford, 1987 ISBN 0-7134-5217-X. # [[Hans Rothfels]]. ''The German Opposition to Hitler: An Assessment'' Longwood Pr Ltd: London 1948, 1961, 1963, 1970 ISBN 0-85496-119-4. #[[William L. Shirer]] ''[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' by. ISBN 0-671-72868-7 # [[Henry Ashby Turner]]. ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'' , New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 019503492 {{Please check ISBN|019503492}}. # [[Alfred Sohn-Rethel]] ''Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism'',London, CSE Bks, 1978 ISBN 0-906336-00-7 # Sir [[John Wheeler-Bennett]] ''The Nemesis of Power : The German Army in Politics 1918-1945'', Palgrave Macmillan: London: 1953, 1964, 2005 ISBN 1-4039-1812-0. # Christian Zenter and Friedemann Bedurftig. ''The [[Encyclopedia of the Third Reich]]'' (1985 by Sudwest Verlag GmbH & co. KG, Munich). #[[Hans Frankfurt]] [http://www.sarasota.k12.fl.us/pvs/index.html Nazi Germany] </div> ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|Nazi Germany.ogg|2006-03-16}} * {{en icon}} [http://meinkampf.freespeecalkfmdjpoalsmfasifpoasfhsite.com English online version READ, PRINT, DOWNLOAD, text and pdf version] * {{en icon}} [http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=31 Axis History Factbook &mdash; Third Reich] * {{en icon}} [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] - Photos taken during the Nazi regime compared to present-day locations * {{en icon}} [http://hitlernews.cloudworth.com/ Hitler's Third Reich in the News] - Daily edited review of Third Reich-related news and articles. * {{de icon}} [http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php NS-Archiv] - Large collection of original scanned Nazi documents * {{de icon}} [http://www.videolexikon.com/view_310-33-505-0704-001.htm The German Resistance and the USA] * {{de icon}} [http://www.vl-zeitgeschichte.de WWW-Virtual Library Contemporary History - Germany] - Catalog with online resources * {{en icon}} [http://youtube.com/watch?v=YauM5dHLn1s "Banking with Hitler"] - British documentary about foreign banks doing business with Germany in the 1930s * {{de icon}} [http://video.google.nl/videoplay?docid=-2317238126655047317&q=Tercer+Reich The Third Reich and National Socialism in Color - a video documentary by Spiegel TV] [[Category:1933 establishments]] [[Category:1945 disestablishments]] [[Category:Anti-Semitism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] [[Category:Holocaust]] [[Category:Nazi architecture]] [[Category:Nazi Germany|*]] {{Link FA|no}} [[af:Nazi Duitsland]] [[ang:Nazi Þēodiscland]] [[bg:Нацистка Германия]] [[ca:Tercer Reich]] [[cs:Třetí říše]] [[cy:Yr Almaen Natsïaidd]] [[da:Tredje rige]] [[de:Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]] [[et:Kolmas Riik]] [[es:Alemania nazi]] [[eo:Nazia Germanio]] [[fa:آلمان نازی]] [[fr:Troisième Reich]] [[ko:나치 독일]] [[hr:Treći Reich]] [[id:Jerman Nazi]] [[it:Germania nazista]] [[he:גרמניה הנאצית]] [[hu:Harmadik Birodalom]] [[nl:Nazi-Duitsland]] [[ja:ナチス・ドイツ]] [[no:Tysklands historie (1933–1945)]] [[pl:III Rzesza]] [[pt:Alemanha Nazi]] [[ro:Germania Nazistă]] [[ru:Третий рейх]] [[sl:Tretji rajh]] [[sr:Нацистичка Немачка]] [[fi:Kansallissosialistinen Saksa]] [[sv:Nazityskland]] [[vi:Đức Quốc Xã]] [[zh:纳粹德国]] * {{Lunar crater references}} {{sci-stub}} [[Category:Craters on the Moon]] ==References== * {{Lunar crater references}} ==External links== * {{lpi-moonatlas|Abetti}} [[Category:Craters on the Moon]] [[it:Abetti (cratere)]] [[ja:アベッティ (クレーター)]] --> '''Entsiclopedia''' easte carte tu cai sãntu contsãnate nai ma importantile date ti theme diferente di bana tutã. 3019 5725 2006-01-17T23:45:45Z Latinus 79 rv spam 3020 5728 2006-01-17T23:46:00Z Latinus 79 rv spam 3021 5729 2006-01-17T23:46:04Z Latinus 79 rv spam 3022 5723 2006-01-17T23:45:23Z Latinus 79 rv spam 3023 5538 2005-12-16T11:13:14Z Korg 40 blanking - spam 3046 5610 2005-12-24T10:50:43Z 86.104.217.146 3047 6149 2006-04-22T14:05:51Z Proofreader 98 *-Dumitru Pariza 17.07.1908 *-Ionel Zeana 19.07.1912 *-Ion Cutova, 13.07.1919 *-Despa Caranica, 04.07.1920 *-Matilda Caragiu, 20.07.1927 *-Ioryi Beca 01.07.1950 *-Dina Cuvata, 09.07.1952 *-Georghe Perdichi, 22.5.1912 *-Vasil Tega, 20.5.1921 *-Iancu Galbageari, 18.5.1923 *-Mihali Prefti, 04.5.1953 *-Vasili Tode, 11.5.1958 *-Sirma Guci, 11.5.1960 *-Clarisa Cavachi, 01.5.1970 *-Ianachi Naci 13.8.1908 *-Zahu Pana 21.8.1921 *-Petrica Dragoti 20.8.1947 *-Nacu Goga 13.8.1956 *-Aura Pasha 2.8.1975 *-Costandin Papanace 15.9.1904 *-Zica Zica 15.9.1915 *-George VRANA 22.9.1965 *-Cola Babu 26.10.1901 *-Vanghiu Pasha 18.10.1938 *-Gheorghe Carageani 10.10.1939 *-Ghica Godi 13.10.1939 3048 8084 2006-10-13T16:26:16Z 130.60.242.47 '''Mare sportishci armãneshci '''. ==Di tu Romãnia== ===Fotbal=== [[Gica HAGI]] [[Dan COE]] [[Ianis ZICU]] ===Mãnabalã=== [[Cristian GATSU]] ===Athletizmo=== [[Dinu PISHTALU]] ==Di tu Vãryãria== ===Fotbalu=== Hristo Stoicicov ==Di tu Arbinishia== ==Di tu Gãrtsia== ==Di tu REI Machedonia== 3049 8613 2006-11-21T20:44:00Z 194.150.216.212 Removing all content from page 3050 8634 2006-11-21T22:08:03Z 194.150.216.212 [[Nomlu]] *[[LIGA ARMANJLORU]] *[[UNIA TI CULTURA A ARMANJLORU DITU MAKIDONII]] 3055 7065 2006-09-13T05:13:03Z Escarbot 112 robot Adding: af, als, an, ang, ar, ast, be, bg, bm, bn, br, bs, ca, ceb, chr, cs, csb, cv, cy, da, de, el, en, eo, es, et, eu, fa, fi, fo, fr, fur, fy, ga, gd, gl, got, gu, he, hi, hr, ht, hu, hy, ia, id, ilo, io, is, it, ja, jbo, ka, kn, ko, ku, k {|width="60%" align="center" cellspacing="3" style="border: 5px solid #FF3333; background-color: #FFFFCC; margin-bottom: 6px;" |align="center"|'''Please do not leave any comments on this page!''' |- |'''YurikBot''' is mostly used for resolving interwiki links. 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The bot has been given bot status on some larger sites, but may still not have it here. |- | You can learn more about me at my [[:en:User:Yurik|English]] page, or leave me a message '''[[:en:User talk:Yurik|here]]'''. |- | |- |Thank you! |} 3059 5726 2006-01-17T23:45:48Z Latinus 79 rv spam 3060 5730 2006-01-17T23:46:33Z Latinus 79 rv spam 3061 5680 2006-01-06T09:46:48Z Apostolos Margaritis 76 [http://www.vlachophiles.net/buletin.htm Suţata Culturală Aromână Athina: Buletin di Presă] 3062 5691 2006-01-10T13:02:24Z Zigger 77 en [[en:User:Zigger]] 3063 5692 2006-01-10T13:02:39Z Zigger 77 en [[en:User talk:Zigger]] 3064 7039 2006-09-09T12:54:13Z Interwiki de 80 [[Special:Contributions/Interwiki_de|My contributions]] {{Babel|en-2}} 3065 9083 2007-01-24T17:03:46Z Thijs!bot 143 Robot interwiki: Adãugat: [[hsb:Jendźelska]] Modificat: [[th:อังกฤษ]] [[Image:Flag of England.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura ali Anglia]] [[Image:Armsofengland.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Anglia]] [[Image:LocationEngland.png|thumb|right|250px|Anglia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Anglia''' (en:'''England''') easte nai ma mare parte di [[Britania Mare]]. <br>Cãsãbãlu capital: [[Londra]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Stat]] [[Category:Britania Mare]] [[af:Engeland]] [[als:England]] [[ang:Englaland]] [[ar:إنجلترا]] [[ast:Inglaterra]] [[az:İngiltərə]] [[be:Англія]] [[bg:Англия]] [[br:Bro-Saoz]] [[bs:Engleska]] [[ca:Anglaterra]] [[cs:Anglie]] [[cy:Lloegr]] [[da:England]] [[de:England]] [[el:Αγγλία]] [[en:England]] [[eo:Anglio]] [[es:Inglaterra]] [[et:Inglismaa]] [[eu:Ingalaterra]] [[fa:انگلستان]] [[fi:Englanti]] [[fr:Angleterre]] [[fy:Ingelân]] [[ga:Sasana]] [[gd:Sasainn]] [[gl:Inglaterra - England]] [[gn:Ingyaterra]] [[gv:Sostyn]] [[he:אנגליה]] [[hi:इंग्लैंड]] [[hr:Engleska]] [[hsb:Jendźelska]] [[hu:Anglia]] [[ia:Anglaterra]] [[id:Inggris]] [[io:Anglia]] [[is:England]] [[it:Inghilterra]] [[ja:イングランド]] [[ka:ინგლისი]] [[ko:잉글랜드]] [[ku:Ingilîstan]] [[kw:Pow Sows]] [[la:Anglia]] [[lb:England]] [[li:Ingeland]] [[ln:Ingɛlandi]] [[lt:Anglija]] [[lv:Anglija]] [[mk:Англија]] [[ms:England]] [[nds:England]] [[nds-nl:Engelaand (regio)]] [[nl:Engeland]] [[nn:England]] [[no:England]] [[nrm:Angliétèrre]] [[oc:Anglatèrra]] [[pl:Anglia]] [[pms:Anghiltèra]] [[pt:Inglaterra]] [[rm:Engalterra]] [[ro:Anglia]] [[ru:Англия]] [[sco:Ingland]] [[sh:Engleska]] [[simple:England]] [[sk:Anglicko]] [[sl:Anglija]] [[sr:Енглеска]] [[st:Engelane]] [[sv:England]] [[sw:Uingereza (nchi)]] [[ta:இங்கிலாந்து]] [[tg:Англия]] [[th:อังกฤษ]] [[tpi:Inglan]] [[tr:İngiltere]] [[uk:Англія]] [[ur:انگلستان]] [[uz:Angliya]] [[vi:Anh]] [[vo:Linglän]] [[zh:英格兰]] [[zh-classical:英格蘭]] [[zh-min-nan:Eng-tē]] [[zu:INgilandi]] 3066 5732 2006-01-17T23:57:41Z Latinus 79 <blockquote> <blockquote>Pagină meu pi Uichipedia Anglica easti [[:en:User:Latinus|Latinus]].</blockquote> [[el:User:Latinus]] [[en:User:Latinus]] [[fr:User:Latinus]] 3067 9097 2007-01-25T11:33:53Z TXiKiBoT 147 Robot interwiki: Adãugat: arc, az, bat-smg, be, br, cu, fa, hr, hy, ka, lv, mr, oc, qu, ru-sib, sh, sq, sw, ug, vo Modificat: bs, tl, zh-min-nan '''Athena''' easti capitala [[Gârţii]]. {{ciot}} [[Category:Gârţii]] [[an:Atenas]] [[ar:أثينا]] [[arc:ܐܬܝܢܐ]] [[az:Afina]] [[bat-smg:Atienā]] [[be:Атэны]] [[bg:Атина]] [[br:Aten]] [[bs:Atena (grad)]] [[ca:Atenes]] [[cs:Athény]] [[cu:Аѳины]] [[da:Athen]] [[de:Athen]] [[el:Αθήνα]] [[en:Athens]] [[eo:Ateno]] [[es:Atenas]] [[et:Ateena]] [[eu:Atenas]] [[fa:آتن]] [[fi:Ateena]] [[fo:Athen]] [[fr:Athènes]] [[fy:Atene]] [[ga:An Aithin]] [[gl:Atenas - Αθήνα]] [[he:אתונה]] [[hr:Atena (grad)]] [[hu:Athén]] [[hy:Աթենք]] [[id:Kota Athena]] [[io:Athina]] [[is:Aþena]] [[it:Atene]] [[ja:アテネ]] [[ka:ათენი]] [[ko:아테네]] [[la:Athenae]] [[lb:Athen]] [[lt:Atėnai]] [[lv:Atēnas]] [[mk:Атина]] [[mr:अथेन्स]] [[nds:Athen]] [[nl:Athene]] [[nn:Aten]] [[no:Athen]] [[oc:Atenas]] [[pl:Ateny]] [[pt:Atenas]] [[qu:Athina]] [[ro:Atena]] [[ru:Афины]] [[ru-sib:Афины]] [[scn:Ateni]] [[sh:Atena]] [[simple:Athens]] [[sk:Atény]] [[sl:Atene]] [[sq:Athina]] [[sr:Атина]] [[sv:Aten]] [[sw:Athens]] [[ta:ஏதென்ஸ்]] [[th:เอเธนส์]] [[tl:Lungsod ng Athína]] [[tr:Atina]] [[ug:ئافېنا]] [[uk:Афіни]] [[vo:Aten]] [[zh:雅典]] [[zh-min-nan:Ngá-tián]] 3068 7459 2006-09-19T00:58:40Z Khoikhoi 123 Redirecting to [[Armãnj]] #REDIRECT [[Armãnj]] 3069 5754 2006-01-18T16:28:13Z Latinus 79 fix broken redirect #REDIRECT [[Limba aromână]] 3070 5753 2006-01-18T16:27:09Z Latinus 79 [[Limba aromânã]] moved to [[Limba aromână]] #REDIRECT [[Limba aromână]] 3071 5985 2006-03-19T15:53:55Z Asteraki 93 #REDIRECT [[Ripublica Machidunii]] 3073 5994 2006-03-19T16:33:59Z Asteraki 93 #REDIRECT [[Ripublica Machedonia]] 3074 5771 2006-01-19T19:01:44Z Latinus 79 [[Principatul de la Pind]] moved to [[Principatu di la Pind]]: aeste easti Uishipedia aromana, nu dacoromana #REDIRECT [[Principatu di la Pind]] 3075 5780 2006-01-20T15:30:27Z 17.255.248.6 <B>[http://www.vlachophiles.net/buletin.htm Buletin di Presa ditu Gartsie]<B> 3076 8659 2006-11-22T19:10:19Z 194.150.216.212 Removing all content from page 3077 5977 2006-03-16T03:05:26Z 132.181.7.1 /* Help */ Γειά, απ' την Ελλάδα είσαι; Ξέρεις Αρμάνικα (Βλάχικα); Αν ναι, θα είσαι ο πρώτος που ξέρει. [[User:Latinus|Latinus]] 12:23, 21 January 2006 (UTC) Kali mera! Dhen ime elinas oute apo Eladha: mono to onoma mou (paratsoukla) ine 'Greek'. Zburasc armaneashte (vlahika) ghine. Di iu hii/eshti? Iu ti amintashi? Iu banedzi tu Ga^rtsie? Ama s-ai vreari araspunde-ni! [[User:Tsiftiteli|Tsiftiteli]] 09:40, 23 January 2006 (UTC) == request == Hello. I collect word "sugar" in different languages and now I`ve got 227 counterparts of this word but I can`t to find "sugar" in Aromanian language so can you send me what`s called "sugar" in Aromanian language. Thank you very much. [[User:Szoltys1990|Szoltys1990]] 13:56, 28 January 2006 (UTC) == Help == Tsiftiteli, please help me translating ''Ea închide întodeauna fereastra înainte de a cina'' into Aromanian. English: ''She always closes the window before dining''. Italian: ''Lei chiude sempre la finestra prima di cenare''. Spanish: ''Ella cierra siempre la ventana antes de cenar''. French: ''Elle ferme toujours la fenêtre avant de diner''. Portuguese: ''Ela fecha sempre a janela antes de jantar''. BTW, I'm very proud to see that this wikipedia is finaly working. I launched it a year ago, and I don't speak Aromanian, but it turned out good with the translations I guess. Hopefuly it will not stop here, and it will reach the Romanian Wikipedia, or go even further. --[[:ro:Utilizator:Danutz|Danutz]] ==Article request== '''Greetings Tsiftiteli'''! Can you please help me write a stub for [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Jesus_Church this article] - which is based on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Jesus_Church English article] or Romanian article; just 2-5 lines would be sufficient enough. Your help would be appreciated (I do not know what the correct Aromanian title should be) Regards -- [[en:User:Jose77|Jose77]], {{CURRENTTIME}} {{CURRENTDAYNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAMEGEN}} {{CURRENTYEAR}} (UTC) 3078 5794 2006-01-23T05:23:28Z Koavf 86 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Koavf !!!!!] [[en:User:koavf]] 3079 5796 2006-01-23T10:20:54Z Tsiftiteli 83 3080 6840 2006-08-27T13:22:09Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Informatica]] moved to [[Informaticã]] 3135 5933 2006-02-27T03:21:17Z 148.4.72.124 me gusta como hace huevos se vale to aunque se pase conficha se vale to' 3136 7884 2006-10-06T13:41:07Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 <center><h1>MÃCÃRI ARMÃNESHCI<h1></center> NOTÃ: TUTI MÃCÃRLI SUNTU CUMÃNDÃSITI DI MÃYIRGIOANJI TI UNÃ FUMEALJI CU DZATSI SUFLITI ! 1. CULISHIC: 300 g fãrinã di misur; 2,5 l apã; 300 g cash di oaie; 100 ml untulemnu. Mãyiripsearea: Apa s-bagã ta s-hearbã tu un vas, tu hirbeari s-adavgã untulemnul, deapoea cashlu chisat cu bunela sh-fãrina di misur pispilitã. S-minteashti ghini pãnã s-leagã culishiclu tu tighani. Cãndu easti ghini adrat sh-mintitu, s-adavgã pisuprã niheamã untulemnu tsãrgãsit sh-chiper arosh. S-andreadzi measa cu stulitsi ti taifã shi s-bagã pi masã vaslu cu culishic shi s-mãcã cu pãni, cu lingura icã cu bunela. Orixi bunã!… 1 bis. CULEASH DINJICAT: S-mãrilipseashti ca culishiclu ma subtsãri shi s-toarnã tu tãvã pisti pãnea dinjhicatã. S-minteashti shi s-mãcã cu lingura. 2. ZBULDZU TI CILIMEANJ: Njedzu di pãni sh-cash di oaie. Mãyiripsearea: Maea (Mana), andridzea ti cilimeanj cãndu yinea di la gioc Zbuldzul, di njedz di pãni frimtat cu cashlu chisat cu bunela tu unã cinii, deapoea ãl bãga tu unã distimeli (barbutã) curatã shi lu-anvãrtea ca unã topci cu doauli mãnj, pãnã s-adra vãrtos zbuldzul. Tu bitiseari s-disfatsi distimelea (barbuta) shi s-ascoati zbuldzul. Nã-l didea tu mãnã shi, cushia la gioc, sh-mãcam… 3. SHUPLA: 3 l apã; 1 kg fãrinã di misur; 300 g cash di oaie; 100 ml untulemnu; sari. Mãyiripsearea: Apa hearbi tu un vas, deapoea s-troarnã pisti fãrinã tu tãvã, s-advgã untulemnul sh-cashlu chisat cu bunela shi s-minteashti ghini cu ciubãnica di lemnu. S-andreadzi tu tãvã shi s-bagã tu cireap ta s-coacã. Shupla s-mãcã ma multu serli pi tsinã cu taifa sh-cu oaspits. 4. TÃRHÃNÃ: Tãrhãnãlu s-adarã toamna ti tutã iarna di: fãrinã di gãrnu; oauã; lapti. S-frimitã fãrina cu laptili tu un vas, s-adavgã oauãli shi s-frimitã ghini pãnã aluatlu easti sãnãtos. Deapoea s-treatsi prit unã sitã cu guvili mãri ca s-adarã sãrmi cãt boblu di ariz, deapoea s-tindi la soari ti uscari unã dzuã; urmeadzã bãgarea tu cireap cu cãldurã (cãnjinã) ptsãnã, ti uscari ghini. TÃRHÃNÃ MÃCARI: 3 l apã; 500 g tãrhãnã; 100 g seu di oaie (untulemnu); 300 g cash di oaie. Mãyiripsearea: apa s-hearbi cu undili, s-adavgã seulu (untulemnul), s-toarnã pisti tãrhãnãlu tu tãvã, s-adavgã cashlu sãrmat cu bunela, s-minteashti ptsãn. S-andreadzi masa cu stulitsi, s-bagã tãvãlu cu tãrhãnã sh-taifa mãcã cu lingura. 5. PETURI: Peturli s-adarã ti “Mãcari di peturi“, dit fãrinã albã, lapti, oauã. Mãyiripsearea: laptili s-minteashti cu fãrina shi oauãli. S-frimitã ghini aluatlu, s-tindu peturli cu shtsala shi s-tindu/ s-bagã la soari ti uscari. A doaua dzuã s-bagã tu cireaplu niheamã arsu (cu cãnjinã ma mari) ti uscari cama ghini. MÃCAREA DI PETURI: 2 l apã; 300 g peturi; 300 g cash di oaie; 100 ml untulemnu. Prota s-hearbi apa tu un tingire cu undi, s-toarnã untulemnul sh-deapoea s-toarnã pisti peturli arupti tu tãvã shi cu cashlu sãrmat. S-anvãleashti cu altu vas ta s-abureadzã. Mãcarea tu tãvã s-andreadzi pi masa cu stulitsi sh-mãcã tutã taifa dit tãvã, cu bunela. 6. DZAMÃ DI PÃNI CU CASHU: 1 kg filii di pãni tãljati subtsãri; 2 l apã; 100 ml untulemnu; 300 g cash di ooaie. Mãyiripsearea: apa s-hearbi tu un tingire, tu bitisitã s-toarnã untulemnul. Filiili di pãni s-andreg tu tãvã, cu cashlu sãrmat pisuprã shi s-toarnã apa tu tãvã pisti pãni cu cash. S-anvãleashti tãvãlu cu unã cãpachi ta s-abureadzã mãcarea. S-andreadzi measa cu stulitsi ti tutã taifa, cu tãvãlu pi measã. S-mãcã cu lingura, serli (tsinã). 7. SHIRBET: 2 l apã; 50 ml puscã; 100 g zahari. Mãyiripsearea: tu vaslu cu apã aratsi, s-adavgã zahari sh-puscã. S-ameasticã ghini. Aestã mãcari s-adra ma multu tu chiro di vearã, la agru shi s-mãca cu pãni icã s-bia ca shirbet. 8. AYIU CIUCUTIT: 200 g ayiu (ciucutit); 2 l apã aratsi; 100 ml untulemnu; 50 ml puscã; sari. Mãyiripsearea: ayilu curat s-ciucuteashti ghini cu sarea, s-adavgã untulemnul, s-ameasticã ghini cu pusca. S-mãca dzua di Vinirea la agru, veara. 9. BUCUVALÃ: 500 g pãni; 100 ml untulemnu; 100 g zahari. Mãyiripsearea: untulemnul s-tsãrgãseashti tu tighani. S-toarnã pãnea dinjicatã shi sãrmatã pisti untulemnu. S-ameasticã pãnã s-arusheashti shi s-adavgã zaharea pispilitã sh-iara s-minteashti. Bucuvala s-adra ti cilimeanj. 10. CÃVÃRMÃ (Ti ma multu chiro, toamna): 15 kg carni di oaie; 10 l apã; sari. Mãyiripsearea: carnea di oie s-talji cumãts njits shi s-hearbi tu oalã mari, pãnã cadi di pi oasi. Carnea s-curã ghini di pi oasi sh-deapoea s-bagã tu altu vas cu grãsimea (seulu) di carni shi s-tsãrgãseashti pi foc pãnã s-arusheashti. Cãndu easti etimã s-toarnã tu altu vas cama tes shi s-alasã pãnã s-ancljagã, deapoea s-arãtseashti. S-ascoati dit vas shi s-tsãni tu arãtsimi. Ti mãcari, s-talji filii shi s-mãcã cu pãni sh-cu bunela, ca gustari tu taifã icã ti oaspits. 11. PIPERCHI DINJICATI TSÃRGÃSITI: 2 kg piperchi grasi; 500 g pãtãrgeani; 500 g cash di oaie; 5 oauã; 150 ml untulemnu. Mãyiripsearea: untulemnul s-tsãrgãseashti tu tighani (tighãnici), s-adavgã piperchili curati, aspilati sh-astricurati, dinjicati. S-minteashti mãcarea pãnã s-moalji piperchili, deapoaea s-adavgã pãtrãgeanili curati, aspilati sh-tãljati shi s-ameasticã iara. S-adavgã cashlu tãljat sh-chisat cu bunela, deapoea oauãli bãtuti cu bunela. S-minteashti mãcarea pãnã s-tsãrgãseashti ghini. Aestã mãcari s-andridzea ti taifã sh-ti oaspits. S-andreadzi masa cu stulitsi shi s-mãcã dit cinii cu bunela, tahinãrli shi serli. Orixi bunã! 12. PÃPUDYIU DI FISULJ: 400 g fisulju albu; 25 g ayiu; 100 ml untulemnu; sari; chiper arosh. Mãyiripsearea: s-aleadzi fisulju, s-aspealã tu ma multi api sh-deapoaea s-hearbi tu tingire. Prota apã s-vearsã shi s-bagã apã caldã, s-cuntinuã hirbearea. Cãndu fisulju easti hertu s-ascoati, s-astricoarã shi s-chiseadzã cu ciubana di lemnu. S-adavgã untulemnul sh-ayilu chisat. Sadavgã sarea shi s-minteashti ghini, deapoea s-andreadzi opsea cu untulemnu sh-cu chiper arosh. S-andreadzi masa cu stulitsi ti taifã shi s-mãcã ca gustari tahinãrli. 13. OAUÃ TSÃRGÃSITI: 20 oauã; 400 g cash di oaie; 150 ml untulemnu. Mãyiripsearea: untulemnul s-tsãrgãseashti tu tighani, s-adavgã cashlu chisat cu bunela shi s-minteashti. Oauãli s-aspealã, s-ashtergu, s-frãngu tu un vas shi s-mintescu cu bunela, deapoea s-adavgã tu tighani shi s-mintescu iara. Mãcarea s-andreadzi tu cinii mari. S-andridzea masa cu stulitsi ti tutã taifa, sh-maxus ti dzinirlji cãndu yinea la soacrã. 14. BÃRGÃDAN: 700 g fãrinã di misur; 100 g ligdã; 500 g cash di oaie; 400 g tsãgãridz. Mãyiripsearea: apa s-hearbi cu sari sh-cãndu ãlj da unda, s-pispileashti fãrina di misur, s-minteashti cu ciubana di lemnu. Dupu tsi hearbi ghini, s-andreadzi tãvãlu cu ligdã s-tindi un arãndu di bãrgãdan, s-pispilescu pisuprã un arãndu di tsãgãridz, deapoea un arãndu di bãrgãdan, un arãndu di cash, iara un arãndu di bãrgãdan sh-pisuprã s-pispileashti ligda tuchitrã,, cashlu sh-iara tsãgãridz pisuprã. Tãvãlu s-andreadzi pi masa cu stulitsi ti tutã taifa. S-mãcã cu bunela Orixi bunã! 15. PRASHI CU CARNI DI PORCU: 1 kg carni di porcu; 1,5 kg prashi; 200 g ligdã (untulemnu); 500 g pãtrãgeani; sari. Mãyiripsearea: prashlji s-curã, s-aspealã shi s-talji cumãts ma mãri. Carnea s-talji cumãts (filii), s-bagã tu tighani ti tsãrgãseari cu ligda (untulemnul). S-bagã prashi tãljats, s-minteashti cu ciubãnica pãnã s-tsãrgãsescu. S-adavgã pãtrãgeanili tãljati filii shi s-minteashti cu adãvgarea di sari. S-andreadzi masa ti tutã taifa cu stulitsi shi s-mãcã cu bunela. 16. COMBARI CU CARNI DI PORCU LA CIREAP: 1,5 kg carni di porcu; 2,5 kg combari; 200 ml untulemnu; 150 g tseapã; chiper arosh; sari. Mãyiripsearea: combarlji s-curã di coaji, s-aspealã, s-talji filii sh-s-andreg tu tãvã. Carnea s-aspealã, s-talji filii shi s-bagã pisti combari, cu tseapã tãljatã filii subtsãri pisuprã. S-pispileashti sarea sh-chiperlu, untulemnul pisuprã cu niheamã apã. Tãvãlu andreptu s-bagã tu cireap pi pirustilji. S-ancljidi cireaplu, s-alasã s-tsãrgãseascã ghini. Cãndu mãcarea easti etimã s-andreadzi masa cu buneli; tãvãlu pi masã, mãcã tutã taifa sh-oaspits cara s-astãhiseascã aclo. 17. PÃCE DI PORCU: 500 g carni di porcu; 500 g cicioari di porcu; 1 kg cap di porcu; 100 g ayiu; sari. Mãyiripsearea: caplu sh-cicioarli di porcu s-trec prit pirã di foc. S-curã ungljili di la cicioari, s-talji cumãts, s-aspealã shi s-upãrescu. Carnea s-aspealã shi s-talji cumãts. Caplu, cicioarli sh-carnea s-herbu tu tingire cu apã sh-sari, pãnã cadi carnea di pi oasi shi s-curã ghini. S-andreadzi tut pãcelu astricurat tu tãvã cu ayilu pispilit sh-cu dzama pisuprã. Pãcelu adrat s-alasã ta sã ncljagã la arãtsimi. S-andreadzi masa cu stulitsi sh-cu tãvãlu pi masã, mãcã tutã taifa, cu bunela. 18. MÃCARI DI URDZÃTS CU ARIZ: 2,5 kg urdzãts; 200 g ariz; 200 ml untulemnu; 150 g tseapã; 50 g ayiu; chiper arosh; sari. Mãyiripsearea: urdzãtsli s-curã, s-aspealã tu ma multi api shi s-bagã tu tingire cu apã heartã sh-cu sari. Dupu tsi herbu s-astricoarã sh-tu tingire s-bagã untulemnul sh-tseapa tãljatã filii shi s-alasã s-moalji niheamã, deapoea s-adavgã urdzãtsli. S-minteashti mãcarea. Arizlu s-aleadzi, s-aspealã, s-upãreashti niheamã ahoryea, s-astricoarã cu niheamã apã aratsi shi s-bagã tu tingirelu cu urdzãtsli. S-minteashti ghini cu niheamã apã, s-adavgã ayilu chisat, chiperlu sh-sarea dupu orixi. S-andreadzi masa cu stulitsi sh-cu mãcarea tu cinii mari, pi masã. Mãcã tutã taifa cu bunela. 19. PESCU CU ARIZ LA CIREAP: 1,5 kg pescu; 700 g ariz; 200 g tseapã; 200 ml untulemnu; 500 g pãtrãgeani aroshi; chiper; sari. Mãyiripsearea: pescul s-curã di pãrãgits sh-di matsã, s-aspealã ghini shi s-talji tu 10 cumãts. Arizlu s-aleadzi sh-s-aspealã. Pãtrãgeanili s-curã, s-aspealã shi s-upãrescu. Tseapa tãljatã njicã s-tsãrgãseashti cu giumitati di untulemnu sh-cu niheamã apã. S-adavgã arizlu tu tsãrgãseari. S-adavgã chiperlu, sarea shi 1,5 l apã ta s-hearbã ghini. Pescul cumãts s-andreadzi tu tãvã pisti arizlu tes, sh-pisuprã pãtrãgeanili tãljati giumitãts. S-toarnã alantu untulemnu pisti tut tu tãvã shi s-bagã tu cireap ti cutseari 20-25 minuti. Masa s-andreadzi cu stulitsi ti taifã, cu tãvãlu pi masã; mãcã fumealja sh-oaspitslji, cu bunela. 20. YIANOMATI DI MATSÃ DI NJEL CU ARIZ: matsã di la un njel; 500 g ariz; 2 l apã; 150 g tseapã; 200 ml untulemnu; sari. Mãyiripsearea: matsãli s-shutsã, s-aspealã cu apã sh-sari, s-herbu ninti tu apã. S-ascot dit apã, s-dinjicã njits, s-aspealã iara, s-tsãrgãsescu cu untulemnu tu tighãnici. S-adavgã tseapa dinjicatã shi s-minteashti. Arizlu s-aleadzi, s-aspealã, s-astricoarã di apã, s-toarnã pisti matsã, s-tsãrgãseashti niheamã. Mãcarea s-toarnã tu tãvã, cu apa heartã cu undili, s-minteashti shi s-bagã tu cireap ta s-hearbã ghini, s-nu armãnã dzamã. Tãvãlu s-andreadzi ti mãcari pi masa cu stulitsi ti tutã taifa shi s-mãcã cu bunela. 21. AHNII DI OAIE: 2 kg carni di oaie; 1,5 kg tseapã; 100 ml untulemnu; 2 l apã; 100 g iazmã; chiper arosh; sari. Mãyiripsearea: carnea s-talji cumãts cama njits, s-hearbi ghini tu tingire, tseapa s-dinjicã shi s-tsãrgãseashti ahoryea tu tighani cu untulemnu shi s-toarnw pisti carni tu tingire. S-minteashti mãcarea pãnã s-nu armãnã dzamã shi s-bagã iazma tu minteari tu bitisitã. Mãcarea s-andreadzi tu vas cama mari; s-andreadzi masa cu stulitsi shi s-mãcã cu lingura. 22. NJEL UMPLUT CU YIANOMATI SHI ARIZ: njel ãntreg; 500 g ariz; yianomatli di la njel (matsãli, pãnticlu, splina, inima, buretslji) fãrã hicat; 250 ml untulemnu; 200 g tseapã; chiper arosh; sari. Mãyiripsearea: njelu ntreg s-talji la pãntic, matsãli s-shutsã, s-aspealã ghini cu sari shi s-herbu ãntredz deadun cu alanti yianomati. Dupu tsi hearsirã s-ascot dit apã shi s-dinjicã cama njits, s-tsãrgãsescu tu tighani cu untulemnu sh-cu tseapã dinjicatã. Arizlu s-aleadzi, s-aspealã, s-astricoarã shi s-toarnã pisti mãcarea di yianomati. S-adavgã niheamã apã (200 ml), s-hearbi niheamã pãnã s-chearã dzama. S-ameasticã, s-adavgã chiperlu sh-sarea shi s-minteashti ghini mãcarea. Mãcarea adratã s-bagã nuntru tu njel, s-coasi njelu cu hir albu shi s-uidiseashti tu tãvã. S-andreadzi cireaplu s-ardã ghini shi s-bagã tãvãlu tu cireap pi pirustii. S-ancljidi ghini cireaplu ti fridzeari ghini 1-1 ½ sihati. Cãndu easti etim adrat, s-ascoati tãvãlu cu njel, s-bagã pi masã, s-discoasi, s-ascoati mãcarea di nuntru tu un vas cama mari, njelu s-talji icã s-arupi cumãts. S-andreadzi masa cu stulitsi, mãcarea s-mãcã cu bunela sh-carnea cu mãna. Aestã mãcari s-adatrã tu sãrbãtori (Pashti), la isuseri, la turnarea-a nveastãljei atsea noaua sh-la alti arãdz armãneshtsã. 23. PITÃROANJI DI PRASH CU PETURI COAPTI: 1,5 kg fãrinã albã; 2 kg prashi; apã; 300 ml untulemnu; 500 g cash di oaie. Mãyiripsearea: aluatlu s-andreadzi di fãrinã cu apã, s-frimitã ghini, s-tindu peturli cu shtsala shi s-coc pi plitã (pi ploaci, cirche). Prashlji s-curã, s-aspealã, s-dinjicã njits, s-tsãrgãsescu niheamã cu untulemnu pãnã s-moalji, s-adavgã cashlu sãrmat tu vaslu cu prashi shi s-minteashti ghini. S-andreadzi tãvãlu, s-aundzi cu untulemnu shi s-bagã prighios un petur nicoptu, deapoea pisti petur s-pispileashti mãcarea di prash cu cash; s-adavgã un petur coptu pisti mãcari, deapoea tut ashi s-adavgã mãcari shi un petur pãnã s-dipisescu peturli, ama pisuprã un petur nicoptu. Pita s-bagã tu cireaplu coptu ghini, pãnã s-coatsi. S-ascoati dit cireap cãndu easti coaptã, s-aspurcucheashti pisuprã cu apã ta s-abureadzã ghini. S-bagã tãvãlu pi measã, s-talji cumãts sh-mãcã taifa sh-cu oaspitslji, cu mãna. 24. PLÃTSINTA: 2 kg fãrinã albã; 1 l apã; 1 l untulemnu; 500 g zahari; 200 g stafidz; 50 ml esentsã di rom; 150 g limonji arasã; sari. Mãyiripsearea: fãrina s-andreadzi tu tãvã, apa s-hearbi cu undili .Untulemnul s-tsãrgãseashti tu tighanj, ahoryea. Apa s-toarnã cãti niheamã pisti fãrinã, cu unã mãnã s-minteashti cu bunela sh-cu alantã s-toarnã apa, s-minteashti ghini fãrina. Untulemnul s-tsãrgãseashti ghini, s-adavgã pisti aluat 300 g zahari shi s-minteashti cu bunela. S-pispilescu tu minteari njiurizma di limonji, stafidzlji shi esentsa di rom. S-frimitã ghini tuti deadun pãnã s-chearã untulemnul. S-tindi ghini plãtsinta tu tãvã, s-andreadzi pisuprã cu lingura, s-chindiseashti cu bunela shi s-talji cu cãtsutlu cumãts, nicoaptã. S-bagã tu cireaplu andreptu sh-arsu ghini. S-ancljidi cireaplu ti cutseari 50-60 minuti sh-cãndu easti etimã s-ascoati dit cireap shi s-pispileashti cu zaharea armasã (200 g). Plãtsinta s-adarã la numtã ti ghrambo, din partea a soacrãljei a ghrambolui (mana-a nveastiljei). Plãtsinta s-adarã sh-la misãlj. 25. PITÃ ANVÃRTITÃ CU CASH: 1 kg fãrinã albã; 500 ml apã; 500 ml untulemnu; 500 g cash di oaie; 5 oauã; sari. Mãyiripsearea: fãrina s-ameasticã cu apa shi sarea tu un vas; s-frimitã ghini, s-tindu peturi cu shtsala (dzatsi peturi). Cashlu sãrmat cu bunela s-ameasticã cu oauãli aspilati sh-ciucutiti ninti. Pi cafi petur s-pispileashti untulemnul. Cashlu cu oauãli s-anvãrteashti tu peturi, suluri. S-andreadzi tãvãlu aumtu cu untulemnu, s-bagã peturli rulatiu (adrati suluri) arada, cãti ancapi tu tãvã. S-andreadzi cireaplu, s-ardi ghini shi s-bagã ma multi piti tu cireap; s-coc ghini. Ahoryea s-hearbi apa cu niheamã cash (ãlj si dzãtsi armea), cari s-toarnã pisti pitã, s-alasã tu cireap pãnã s-abureadzã ghini. S-ascoati dit cireap cãndu easti etimã, s-bagã tãvãlu pi masã cu stulitsi, s-talji cadari (cumãts), sh-mãcã taifa sh-oaspits cara s-hibã la measã. S-mãcã cu mãna. 26. PITÃ SÃLÃRII CU CASH: 1 kg fãrinã albã; 500 ml apã; 150 ml untulemnu; 500 g cash di oaie; 5 oauã; 500 ml lapti; sari. Mãyiripsearea: fãrina s-ameasticã cu apa shi sarea tu un vas; s-frimitã ghini aluatlu, s-tindu peturli cu shtsala. S-andreadzi tãvãlu, aumtu cu untulemnu, peturli s-adunã sufri shi s-bagã tu tãvã, pãnã s-umpli tãvãlu. Oauãli s-aspealã, s-frãngu shi s-bat cu cashlu sh-cu laptili. Pita s-bagã tu cireap ti cutseari; dupu tsi s-coatsi s-ascoati shi s-toarnã pisti pitã armea adratã di apã, cash sh-untulemnu shi s-bagã iara tu cireap, ti cutseari. Cãndu easti etimã s-ascoati diot cireap, s-andreadzi pi masã tãvãlu cu pita tãljatã codari (cumãts) shi s-mãcã cu mãna (taifa sh-cu oaspits). Steryiu STAVROSITU 3137 6653 2006-07-27T11:57:02Z 65.111.168.23 3138 8624 2006-11-21T21:38:10Z 194.150.216.212 *[[Nomlu]] alfavitica arada *[[BANA ARMANEASCA]] - fundatsii *[[FARA ARMANEASCA]] - asociatsii *[[LIGA ARMANJLORU DIT RUMANII]] - federatsii *[[MOSCOPOLE]] - fundatsii *[[SAMARINA]] - fundatsii *[[SUTSATA CULTURALA ARMANEASCA]] - asociatsii 3139 8564 2006-11-14T11:42:50Z Hvn0413 137 Redirecting to [[Di tu Arbinishia]] #Redirect [[Di tu Arbinishia]] 3140 5962 2006-03-04T10:36:17Z 83.28.136.15 ==[[Kurów]]== Could you please write a stub http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kur%C3%B3w - just a few sentences based on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kur%C3%B3w , RO or MO wiki? Only 2 -5 sentences enough. Please. [[:pl:User:Pietras1988|Pietras1988]] 10:36, 4 March 2006 (UTC) 3141 5963 2006-03-05T03:21:49Z Dcljr 89 page creation -- I speak English '''Please note:''' I speak [[:en:English language|English]]. - [[User:Dcljr|dcljr]] ---- 3142 5964 2006-03-05T03:43:30Z Dcljr 89 page creation -- more to come... {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} articles [[en:User:Dcljr]] 3143 5970 2006-03-12T10:11:57Z Al 91 Hello! My name is Al and I come from the [http://nl.wikipedia.org Dutch Wikipedia]. I also speak Romanian, a language like Aromanian ([[Armâneashti]]?). [[mo:User:Al]] [[nl:Gebruiker:Al]] [[ro:Utilizator:Al]] [[rm:User:Al]] 3144 8865 2006-12-29T01:21:31Z Thijs!bot 143 robot Adding: [[oc:Bucarèst]] '''Bucureshci''' easte cãsãbãlu capital di [[Romãnia]]. [[Category:Romãnia]] [[am:ቡካረስት]] [[ar:بوخارست]] [[ast:Bucarest]] [[bg:Букурещ]] [[bo:པུ་ཁ་རེ་སིད]] [[bs:Bukurešt]] [[ca:Bucarest]] [[cs:Bukurešť]] [[da:Bukarest]] [[de:Bukarest]] [[el:Βουκουρέστι]] [[en:Bucharest]] [[eo:Bukareŝto]] [[es:Bucarest]] [[et:Bukarest]] [[eu:Bukarest]] [[fa:بخارست]] [[fi:Bukarest]] [[fr:Bucarest]] [[frp:Bucarèst]] [[fy:Bûkarest]] [[gl:Bucarest]] [[he:בוקרשט]] [[hr:Bukurešt]] [[hu:Bukarest]] [[hy:Բուխարեստ]] [[ia:Bucarest]] [[id:Bukarest]] [[io:Bucarest]] [[is:Búkarest]] [[it:Bucarest]] [[ja:ブカレスト]] [[ka:ბუქარესტი]] [[ko:부쿠레슈티]] [[la:Bucaresta]] [[lt:Bukareštas]] [[lv:Bukareste]] [[mk:Букурешт]] [[mo:Букурешть]] [[nl:Boekarest]] [[no:Bucureşti]] [[oc:Bucarèst]] [[pl:Bukareszt]] [[pt:Bucareste]] [[rm:Bucaresta]] [[rmy:Bukureshti]] [[ro:Bucureşti]] [[ru:Бухарест]] [[ru-sib:Бухарес]] [[scn:Bucarest]] [[sh:Bukurešt]] [[simple:Bucharest]] [[sk:Bukurešť]] [[sq:Bukureshti]] [[sr:Букурешт]] [[sv:Bukarest]] [[tet:Bukareste]] [[tg:Бухарест]] [[tr:Bükreş]] [[ug:بۇخارېست]] [[uk:Бухарест]] [[vo:Bucureşti]] [[yi:בוקאַרעשט]] [[zh:布加勒斯特]] 3145 5981 2006-03-17T15:06:14Z Al 91 #redirect[[nl:Overleg gebruiker:Al]] 3146 5983 2006-03-19T15:41:36Z 84.164.247.161 [[als:Benutzer:Asteraki]] [[de:Benutzer:Asteraki]] [[da:Bruger:Asteraki]] [[el:Χρήστης:Αστεράκι]] [[en:User:Asteraki]] [[es:Usuario:Asteraki]] [[fr:User:Asteraki]] [[it:Utente:Asteraki]] [[lt:Naudotojas:Asteraki]] [[sv:Användare:Asteraki]] 3147 8528 2006-11-12T18:02:11Z Tekleni 132 FYROM [[Image:Flag of Macedonia.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di REIMachedonia]] [[Image:Grb.gif|thumb|150px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali REIMachedonia]] [[Image:LocationMacedonia.png|thumb|250px|right|REIMachedonia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Republica Ex-Iugoslavã ali Machedonia''' ([[limba macedoneanâ|limba vurgãreascã]]: ''Поранешна Југословенска Република Македонија'', [[limba arbinishascã]]: ''Ish-Republika Jugosllave e Maqedonisë'') cum easte pricunuscutã di organizatsiile internationale: Organizatsia-a Natsiilor Unite, Unia europeanã etc. a singurã si-dzãse ca "Republica ali Machedonia". Nãsã easte un stat tu [[Europa]]. Statlu aestu easte tu teritoria cunuscutã shi sum numa [[Machedonia di Avardarlu]] tu [[Machedonia]]. <br>Cãsãbãlu capital: [[Scopia]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[category:Stat]] <!--Other languages--> [[ar:مقدونيا]] [[ast:República de Macedonia]] [[zh-min-nan:Makedonija Kiōng-hô-kok]] [[be:Рэспубліка Македонія]] [[bs:Republika Makedonija]] [[br:Makedonia (Republik)]] [[bg:Република Македония]] [[ca:República de Macedònia]] [[cs:Republika Makedonie]] [[cy:Gweriniaeth Macedonia]] [[da:Makedonien]] [[de:Mazedonien]] [[arc:ܡܩܕܘܢܝܐ]] [[et:Makedoonia]] [[el:Πρώην Γιουγκοσλαβική Δημοκρατία της Μακεδονίας]] [[es:República de Macedonia]] [[eo:Respubliko de Makedonio]] [[eu:Mazedoniako Errepublika]] [[fa:مقدونیه]] [[fr:Macédoine (pays)]] [[fy:Masedoanje]] [[gl:Macedonia - Македонија]] [[ko:마케도니아 공화국]] [[hy:Մակեդոնիա]] [[hsb:Makedonska]] [[hr:Makedonija]] [[io:Macedonia]] [[id:FYROM]] [[is:Lýðveldið Makedónía]] [[it:Repubblica di Macedonia]] [[he:מקדוניה]] [[ku:Komara Makedonyayê]] [[lt:Makedonija]] [[li:Macedonië (land)]] [[lv:Maķedonijas Republika]] [[hu:Macedónia]] [[mk:Република Македонија]] [[ms:Republik Macedonia]] [[nl:Macedonië (land)]] [[ne:म्यासेडोनिया]] [[ja:マケドニア共和国]] [[no:Republikken Makedonia]] [[nn:Republikken Makedonia]] [[oc:Macedònia]] [[ug:ماكېدونىيە]] [[pam:Republic of Macedonia]] [[ps:مقدونيه]] [[nds:Makedonien (Land)]] [[pl:Macedonia]] [[pt:República da Macedónia]] [[ro:Republica Macedonia]] [[rmy:Republika Makedoniya]] [[ru:Республика Македония]] [[se:Makedonia]] [[sq:Ish Republika Jugosllave e Maqedonisë]] [[scn:Macidonia (ex Ripubblica jugoslava di)]] [[simple:Republic of Macedonia]] [[sk:Macedónsko]] [[sl:Makedonija]] [[sr:Република Македонија]] [[fi:Makedonian tasavalta]] [[sv:Makedonien]] [[tl:Republika ng Masedonya]] [[th:สาธารณรัฐมาซิโดเนีย]] [[tg:Ҷумҳурии Мақдуния]] [[tr:Makedonya Cumhuriyeti]] [[uk:Республіка Македонія]] [[vo:Makedonän]] [[fiu-vro:Makõdoonia]] [[zh:馬其頓共和國]] 3148 5999 2006-03-19T23:11:06Z 84.164.247.161 #REDIRECT [[Ripublica Machedonia]] 3149 8904 2007-01-02T07:23:18Z Thijs!bot 143 robot Adding: [[oc:Macedònia (Grècia)]] [[Image:verginasun.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Soare Verginas]] -Flambura di Machedonia Gãrtsescã]] [[Image:Macedonia greece prefectures.png|375px|right]] '''Machedonia''' / '''Machedonia Gãrtsescã''' ( [[Limba gãrtsescã|gre]]: ''Μακεδονία'' / ''Ελληνική Μακεδονία''), easte un raion tu Gãrtsie (52% raione di [[Machedonia]] ) tu Peninsula Balcanicã, [[Gãrtsia]]. *Capital: [[Sãrunã]]. == Ligãture == * [http://www.museumsofmacedonia.gr/ Muzeile ali Machedonie] * [http://www.macedonia.info Istoria ali Machedonia] [[category:Europa]] [[category:Gãrtsia]] [[Category:Machedonia]] [[als:Makedonien (Griechenland)]] [[ast:Macedonia (Grecia)]] [[be:Македонія (Грэцыя)]] [[bg:Егейска Македония]] [[br:Makedonia (Gres)]] [[bs:Makedonija (Grčka)]] [[cs:Makedonie (řecká)]] [[cy:Macedonia (Gwlad Groeg)]] [[da:Makedonien (græsk region)]] [[de:Makedonien (griechische Provinz)]] [[el:Μακεδονία (διαμέρισμα)]] [[en:Macedonia (Greece)]] [[eo:Makedonio (Grekio)]] [[es:Macedonia Griega]] [[fi:Makedonia (Kreikka)]] [[fr:Macédoine grecque]] [[gl:Macedonia-Μακεδονία]] [[hr:Egejska Makedonija]] [[it:Macedonia (Grecia)]] [[lt:Graikijos Makedonija]] [[mk:Егејска Македонија]] [[nl:Macedonië (Griekenland)]] [[oc:Macedònia (Grècia)]] [[pl:Macedonia (Grecja)]] [[pt:Macedónia (Grécia)]] [[ru:Македония (Греция)]] [[scn:Macidonia (Grecia)]] [[sh:Makedonija (Grčka)]] [[sr:Егејска Македонија]] [[sv:Makedonien (region i Grekland)]] [[tr:Makedonya (Yunanistan)]] [[uk:Македонія (Греція)]] 3150 6184 2006-05-18T14:38:05Z Al 91 #REDIRECT [[Românii]] 3151 6015 2006-03-22T20:25:31Z Al 91 [[Talk:România]] moved to [[Talk:Rumânia]]: Correct? #REDIRECT [[Talk:Rumânia]] 3152 6018 2006-03-22T20:33:16Z Al 91 I took a look to your "Sugar Page" and I saw "Zahãr", by '''Romanian'''. It should be Zah'''[[ă]]'''r :P. Greets, [[User:Al|Al]] 20:33, 22 March 2006 (UTC) 3153 6154 2006-04-22T15:00:17Z Proofreader 98 That will be a useful article. Please consider adding information about the following: 1. Adolf Hitler’s notorious salute originated from the USA’s early Pledge of Allegiance and a [http://rexcurry.net/USA-pledge-of-allegiance-rexcurrydotnet.jpg shocking photograph is here]. The original Pledge began with a military salute that then stretched out toward the flag and a [http://rexcurry.net/USA-pledge-of-allegiance2-rexcurrydotnet.jpg photograph is here]. In actual use, the [http://rexcurry.net/book1a1contents-pledge.html second part] of the gesture was performed with a straight arm and palm down by disinterested children perfunctorily performing the forced ritual chanting by extending the initial military salute, as shown by Professor Rex Curry. Due to the way that both gestures were used sequentially in the pledge, the [http://rexcurry.net/bellamy-edward-german-connections.html military salute] led to the hard, stylized salute of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party. The Nazi salute is an extended military salute via the USA’s Pledge. 2. Adolf Hitler’s symbol (the swastika), although it was an ancient symbol, was used sometimes by the National Socialist German Workers Party to represent overlapping “S” letters for their “socialism,” as shown in [http://rexcurry.net/book1a1contents-swastika.html Swastika Secrets] by Dr. Rex Curry. The same symbolism is shown in Hitler’s own bizarre signature, which Hitler alter to use the same stylized "S" letter for "socialist," and similar alphabetic symbolism still shows on [http://rexcurry.net/bookchapter4a1a2a.html Volkswagens]. 3. The Hitler-style salute in the USA pre-dated the Nazis by 30 years and was created by Francis Bellamy (author of the "Pledge of Allegiance"). Francis Bellamy and Edward Bellamy (author of the novel "Looking Backward") and Charles Bellamy (author of "A Moment of Madness") and Frederick Bellamy (who introduced Edward to socialistic "Fourierism") were socialists. Edward, Charles and Frederick were brothers, and Francis was their cousin. Francis and Edward were both self-proclaimed National Socialists and they supported the "Nationalism" movement in the USA, the "Nationalist" magazine, and the "Nationalist Educational Association." They wanted all of society to ape the military and they touted "military socialism" and the "industrial army." Edward’s book was an international bestseller, translated into every major language (including German) and he inspired the "Nationalist Party" (in the USA) and their dogma influenced socialists worldwide (including Germany) via “Nationalist Clubs.” Many of their policies were followed in the USA and still are followed in the USA and caused the USA’s big, expensive and oppressive government. Apart from discussions about the salute the article would first of all need an explanation who that man was. As a start I would suggest something like "Adolf Hitler (b. 1889, d. 1945) was a German dictator. After WW I he founded a nationalist movement called "National Socialist Worker's Party" and took over power in Germany in 1933. He extablished a dictatorship that persecuted, tortured and killed countless members of the opposition. In 1939 he started WW II by invading Poland. During the following years German troops devastated large parts of Europe. About 6 million jews were killed as a consequence of Hitlers antisemitic politic. After being defeated by the Russian army at Stalingrad in 1943 Hitler's army had to retreat being finally defeated by the allied forces in 1945. Hitler committed suicide when the Red Army conquered the German capital Berlin." Something like that, and of course in Arumanian. --[[User:Proofreader|Proofreader]] 15:00, 22 April 2006 (UTC) 3154 6021 2006-03-26T23:21:22Z Taichi 94 {{Babel-4|es|en-2|ja-1|roa-rup-0}} Hi I'm '''Taichi'''. I don't speak aromanian; for any message please go [[:es:Usuario Discusión:Taichi|here]]. [[es:Usuario:Taichi]] 3217 6215 2006-06-04T22:51:24Z LesRunt 95 [[Image:Fantana_r1_c2.jpg|right]] '''Fantana''' is the latest in a long line of Comedians to make the move from the stage to the screen. Fantana is young, good looking with a great physique and often boasts to have slept with over 100 women (at the tender age of 20, no less!) Dubbed as some as Comedy Gold, Fantana has been making waves across the United Kingdom. He does however have his detractors, but like all great men he steps over them on the way to the strip club (his own words) *Fantana was born in England, United Kingdom in 1985 *He is 5 foot 4 inches tall and 154 pounds (11 stone) *He is an avid fitness fanatic and competes in boxing (amateur) *Started boxing at the age of seven after he saw his Father beat up their neighbour *Apparently was knocked out in sparring, several times *Most known for his bust up with wannabe celeb Jay from Big Brother *Has been in the British Soap Opera Hollyoaks, in a night club scene in 2005 *Re-occuring hand injuries from boxing have pushed back his pro debut (indefinately, as of February 2006) *Many documents, interviews relating to his sour relationship with his father *Shoots, Hunts and Fishes across the United Kingdom '''Taken from Fantana.net''' Not just as smart as he is sexy, Fantana is taking Britain by storm. Loved by millions, he has a devoted fan base and a harem of beautiful women who tend to his every need. Cited as being Britain’s answer to Roy Jones Junior, Fantana is not only a skillful, classy boxer, he is brilliant vocalist and has the acting ability of a prime Arnold Schwarzenegger. Needless to say, with his winning combination of looks, physique and endearing qualities which win ladies hearts the world over (such as the ability to talk properly without spitting, being able to dress himself and knowing how to spell the word romantic) Fantana is the biggest thing to hit the face of the Earth since the meteor shower which killed off Atlantis. Ask anyone in Britain today who Fantana is and you will likely get the response that he’s the best thing ever, and that is a huge understatement. Hoping to translate his success over to America where he has appeared in Independent USA where he was interviewed by Bradford Sanders, Fantana has been offered several large Hollywood film rolls. That’s not to say he hasn’t kept his feet firmly on the ground, Fantana still trains hard but now has the liberty to play just that little bit harder with the success he is enjoying. Fantana himself is a humble, outgoing, easy to approach individual with a wide variety of languages under his belt. He can fluidly speak English, American, Australian, Canadian and Dutch. He has an aura of invincibility around him which fans are drawn too. Boxing, Acting, Dancing, Singing and Theatre, Fantana is a phenomenon in part due to his wide arsenal of talent. 2005 is set to be his biggest year to date with the success of the film Bankerman playing in large to his booming success. Fantana is not just all about play. He often gives to charity and is involved in many fund raising events. He ran the London marathon and probably would have won if he had not stopped to carry individuals less fortunate them himself. Radiating love and happiness everywhere he goes, Fantana often visits children’s hospitals and performs some of his songs and plays for the children and nurses. He is a man of remarkable resilience and doesn’t succumb to any challenge. In short, Fantana is the man. ==External links== *[http://www.fantana.net/ Fantana Home Page] *[http://www.myspace.com/fantanaxxx Fantana on Myspace] 3218 7465 2006-09-19T09:51:19Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 :Hello! My name is '''[[m:User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]]''', and I'm a [[m:Stewards|Steward]] of the Wikimedia Foundation, born 1988, living in Norway. If you wish to contact me, you can do so [[m:User talk:Jon Harald Søby|here]]. :Buna dzuã! Numa a mea easte '''[[m:User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]]''', sh-mine escu un di [[m:Stewards|Stewardzlji]] ali Fondatsia Wikimedia, escu faptu anlu 1988, shi bãnedz tu [[Norveghia]]. Cãndu vrets s-avets contactu tu mine putets s-u adrats atsea [[m:User talk:Jon Harald Søby|aoatse]]. [[aa:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ab:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[af:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ak:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[als:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[am:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[an:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ang:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ar:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[arc:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[as:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ast:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[av:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ay:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[az:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ba:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bat-smg:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[be:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bg:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bh:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bi:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bm:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[br:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bs:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[bug:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ca:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ce:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ceb:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ch:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[cho:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[chr:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[chy:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[co:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[cr:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[cs:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[csb:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[cv:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[cy:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[da:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[de:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[dv:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[dz:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ee:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[el:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[en:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[eo:User:Jon Harald SØBY]] [[es:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[et:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[eu:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[fa:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ff:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[fi:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[fiu-vro:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[fj:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[fo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[fr:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[frp:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[fur:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[fy:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ga:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[gd:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[gl:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[gn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[got:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[gu:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[gv:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ha:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[haw:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[he:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[hi:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ho:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[hr:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ht:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[hu:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[hy:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[hz:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ia:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[id:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ie:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ig:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ii:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ik:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ilo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[io:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[is:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[it:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[iu:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ja:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[jbo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[jv:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ka:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[kg:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[kj:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ki:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[kk:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[kl:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[km:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[kn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ko:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[kr:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ks:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ksh:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ku:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[kv:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[kw:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ky:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[la:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[lad:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[lb:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[lg:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[li:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[lij:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[lmo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ln:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[lo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[lt:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[lv:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[map-bms:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mg:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mh:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mi:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mk:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ml:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mr:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ms:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mt:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[mus:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[my:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[na:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[nah:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[nap:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[nds:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[nds-nl:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ne:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ng:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[nl:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[nn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[no:User:Jhs]] [[nrm:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[nv:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ny:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[oc:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[om:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[or:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[os:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pa:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pam:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pap:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pdc:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pi:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pih:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pl:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pms:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ps:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[pt:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[qu:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[rm:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[rmy:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[rn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ro:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ru:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[rw:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sa:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sc:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[scn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sco:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sd:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[se:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sg:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sh:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[si:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[simple:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sk:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sl:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sm:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[so:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sq:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sr:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ss:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[st:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[su:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sv:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[sw:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ta:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[te:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tet:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tg:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[th:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ti:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tk:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tl:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tn:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[to:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tpi:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tr:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ts:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tt:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tum:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[tw:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ty:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[udm:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ug:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[uk:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ur:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[uz:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[ve:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[vec:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[vi:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[vls:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[vo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[wa:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[war:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[wo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[xal:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[xh:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[yi:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[yo:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[za:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[zh:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[zh-min-nan:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[zh-yue:User:Jon Harald Søby]] [[zu:User:Jon Harald Søby]] 3219 9082 2007-01-24T15:48:13Z Thijs!bot 143 Robot interwiki: Adãugat: [[qu:Vilnius]] '''Vilnius''' easte cãsãbãlu capital ali [[Litva]]. [[am:ቪልኒውስ]] [[ar:فيلنيوس]] [[bat-smg:Vėlnios]] [[be:Вільня]] [[bg:Вилнюс]] [[br:Vilnius]] [[bs:Vilnius]] [[ca:Vílnius]] [[cs:Vilnius]] [[da:Vilnius]] [[de:Vilnius]] [[el:Βίλνιους]] [[en:Vilnius]] [[eo:Vilno]] [[es:Vilna]] [[et:Vilnius]] [[eu:Vilnius]] [[fa:ویلنیوس]] [[fi:Vilna]] [[fr:Vilnius]] [[frp:Vilnius]] [[gl:Vilnius]] [[he:וילנה]] [[hr:Vilnius]] [[hu:Vilnius]] [[hy:Վիլնյուս]] [[id:Vilnius]] [[io:Vilnius]] [[it:Vilnius]] [[ja:ビリニュス]] [[ka:ვილნიუსი]] [[ko:빌뉴스]] [[ksh:Vilnius]] [[ku:Vilnius]] [[la:Vilna]] [[lb:Vilnius]] [[lt:Vilnius]] [[lv:Viļņa]] [[mk:Вилнус]] [[mo:Вильнюс]] [[nap:Vilnius]] [[nds:Vilnius]] [[nl:Vilnius]] [[nn:Vilnius]] [[no:Vilnius]] [[oc:Vílnius]] [[os:Вильнюс]] [[pl:Wilno]] [[pt:Vilnius]] [[qu:Vilnius]] [[ro:Vilnius]] [[ru:Вильнюс]] [[sh:Vilnius]] [[simple:Vilnius]] [[sk:Vilnius]] [[sq:Vilnius]] [[sr:Виљњус]] [[sv:Vilnius]] [[sw:Vilnius]] [[th:วิลนีอุส]] [[tr:Vilnüs]] [[uk:Вільнюс]] [[vo:Vilnius]] [[zh:维尔纽斯]] [[zh-min-nan:Vilnius]] 3220 8925 2007-01-05T00:01:31Z Thijs!bot 143 robot Adding: [[bs:Solun]], [[ku:Selanik]] Modifying: [[de:Thessaloniki]] '''Sãrunã''' (''[[limba gãrtseascã|el]]'': '''Θεσσαλονίκη''') easte capitalã ali [[Machedonia Gãrtseascã]]. [[Category:Gãrtsia]] [[Category:Machedonia]] [[ar:سالونيك]] [[bg:Солун]] [[bs:Solun]] [[ca:Tessalònica]] [[cs:Soluň]] [[cu:Селунь]] [[de:Thessaloniki]] [[el:Θεσσαλονίκη]] [[en:Thessaloniki]] [[es:Salónica (ciudad)]] [[et:Thessaloníki]] [[fi:Thessaloniki]] [[fr:Thessalonique]] [[he:סלוניקי]] [[hr:Solun]] [[id:Thessaloniki]] [[it:Salonicco]] [[ja:テッサロニキ]] [[ku:Selanik]] [[la:Thessalonica]] [[lt:Salonikai]] [[lv:Saloniki]] [[mk:Солун]] [[nds:Thessaloniki]] [[nl:Thessaloniki (stad)]] [[no:Thessaloniki]] [[pl:Saloniki]] [[pt:Salónica]] [[ro:Salonic]] [[ru:Салоники]] [[scn:Saluniccu]] [[simple:Thessaloniki]] [[sk:Solún]] [[sr:Солун]] [[sv:Thessaloníki]] [[tl:Lungsod ng Thessaloníki]] [[tr:Selanik]] [[uk:Салоніки]] [[zh:塞萨洛尼基]] 3221 9102 2007-01-26T15:59:55Z Thijs!bot 143 Robot interwiki: Adãugat: [[qu:Riga]] '''Riga''' easte cãsãbãlu capital ali [[Letonia]]. [[am:ሪጋ]] [[ar:ريغا]] [[bat-smg:Rīga]] [[be:Рыґа]] [[bg:Рига]] [[br:Riga]] [[bs:Riga]] [[ca:Riga]] [[cs:Riga]] [[da:Riga]] [[de:Riga]] [[el:Ρίγα]] [[en:Riga]] [[eo:Rigo]] [[es:Riga]] [[et:Riia]] [[eu:Riga]] [[fi:Riika]] [[fr:Rīga]] [[frp:Riga]] [[gl:Riga]] [[he:ריגה]] [[hr:Riga]] [[hu:Riga]] [[id:Riga]] [[io:Riga]] [[it:Riga]] [[ja:リガ]] [[ka:რიგა]] [[ko:리가]] [[lt:Ryga]] [[lv:Rīga]] [[mo:Рига]] [[mr:रिगा]] [[nds:Riga]] [[nl:Riga]] [[nn:Riga]] [[no:Riga]] [[oc:Riga]] [[os:Ригæ]] [[pl:Ryga]] [[pms:Riga]] [[pt:Riga]] [[qu:Riga]] [[ro:Riga]] [[ru:Рига]] [[sh:Riga]] [[simple:Riga]] [[sk:Riga]] [[sq:Riga]] [[sr:Рига]] [[sv:Riga]] [[tg:Рига]] [[th:ริกา]] [[tr:Riga]] [[uk:Рига]] [[zh:里加]] 3222 9081 2007-01-24T15:34:12Z TXiKiBoT 147 Robot interwiki: Adãugat: [[el:Ταλίν]], [[qu:Tallin]] '''Tallinn''' easte cãsãbãlu capital ali [[Estonia]]. [[af:Tallinn]] [[am:ታሊን]] [[ar:تالين]] [[bat-smg:Talins]] [[be:Талін]] [[bg:Талин]] [[br:Tallinn]] [[bs:Talin]] [[ca:Tallinn]] [[co:Tallinn]] [[cs:Tallinn]] [[da:Tallinn]] [[de:Tallinn]] [[el:Ταλίν]] [[en:Tallinn]] [[eo:Talino]] [[es:Tallin]] [[et:Tallinn]] [[eu:Tallinn]] [[fi:Tallinna]] [[fr:Tallinn]] [[fy:Tallin]] [[ga:Tallinn]] [[gl:Talín - Tallinn]] [[he:טאלין]] [[hr:Tallinn]] [[hu:Tallinn]] [[hy:Տալլին]] [[ia:Tallinn]] [[id:Tallinn]] [[io:Tallinn]] [[it:Tallinn]] [[ja:タリン]] [[ka:ტალინი]] [[ko:탈린]] [[la:Castrum Danorum]] [[lb:Tallinn]] [[lt:Talinas]] [[lv:Tallina]] [[mo:Талин]] [[nds:Reval]] [[nl:Tallinn]] [[nn:Tallinn]] [[no:Tallinn]] [[pl:Tallinn]] [[pms:Tàllin]] [[pt:Tallinn]] [[qu:Tallin]] [[rmy:Tallinn]] [[ro:Talin]] [[ru:Таллин]] [[simple:Tallinn]] [[sk:Tallinn]] [[sq:Talin]] [[sr:Талин]] [[sv:Tallinn]] [[tg:Таллин]] [[th:ทาลลินน์]] [[tr:Tallinn]] [[tt:Tallinn]] [[udm:Таллин]] [[uk:Таллін]] [[yi:טאלין]] [[zh:塔林]] 3223 9101 2007-01-26T11:30:04Z Thijs!bot 143 Robot interwiki: Adãugat: [[az:Niderland]] Modificat: [[ro:Ţările de Jos]] [[Image:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Olanda]] [[Image:Nl-arms.gif|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Olanda]] [[Image:LocationNetherlands.png|thumb|250px|right|Olanda tu [[Europa]]]] '''Olanda''' easte stat tu [[Unia europeanã]] shi tu [[Europa]]. <br>Cãsãbãlu capital: [[Amsterdam]]. [[Image:River Amstel by Night - Frans Koppelaar.jpg|250px|thumb| Arao Amstel tu noapte]] [[Image:Canals of Amsterdam.jpg|250px|thumb| Canale Prinsengracht shi Bloemgracht]] [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Unia europeanã]] [[Category:Stat]] ''' [[af:Nederland]] [[als:Niederlande]] [[an:Países Baxos]] [[ang:Niðerland]] [[ar:هولندا]] [[arc:ܗܘܠܢܕܐ]] [[ast:Holanda]] [[az:Niderland]] [[be:Нідэрлянды]] [[bg:Холандия]] [[br:Izelvroioù]] [[bs:Nizozemska]] [[ca:Països Baixos]] [[cs:Nizozemsko]] [[cy:Yr Iseldiroedd]] [[da:Holland]] [[de:Niederlande]] [[el:Ολλανδία]] [[en:Netherlands]] [[eo:Nederlando]] [[es:Países Bajos]] [[et:Holland]] [[eu:Herbehereak]] [[fa:هلند]] [[fi:Alankomaat]] [[fiu-vro:Holland]] [[fr:Pays-Bas]] [[frp:Payis-Bâs]] [[fy:Nederlân]] [[ga:An Ísiltír]] [[gl:Países Baixos - Nederland]] [[got:𐌽𐌹𐌸𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳]] [[he:הולנד]] [[hr:Nizozemska]] [[hsb:Nižozemska]] [[hu:Hollandia]] [[ia:Pais Basse]] [[id:Belanda]] [[ilo:Nederlandia]] [[io:Nederlando]] [[is:Holland]] [[it:Paesi Bassi]] [[ja:オランダ]] [[ka:ნიდერლანდი]] [[ko:네덜란드]] [[ksh:Nederläng]] [[ku:Holanda]] [[la:Nederlandia]] [[lb:Holland]] [[li:Nederland]] [[lt:Nyderlandai]] [[lv:Nīderlande]] [[mk:Холандија]] [[ms:Belanda]] [[na:Eben Eyong]] [[nah:Ahmotlacpactli]] [[nds:Nedderlannen]] [[nds-nl:Nederlaand]] [[nl:Nederland]] [[nn:Nederland]] [[no:Nederland]] [[nrm:Pays Bas]] [[oc:Païses Basses]] [[pam:Netherlands]] [[pap:Hulanda]] [[pl:Holandia]] [[pms:Pais Bass]] [[pt:Países Baixos]] [[qu:Urasuyu]] [[ro:Ţările de Jos]] [[ru:Нидерланды]] [[rw:U Buholandi]] [[scn:Olanda]] [[se:Hollánda]] [[sh:Nizozemska]] [[simple:Netherlands]] [[sk:Holandsko]] [[sl:Nizozemska]] [[sq:Holanda]] [[sr:Холандија]] [[st:Hôlanê]] [[sv:Nederländerna]] [[sw:Uholanzi]] [[ta:நெதர்லாந்து]] [[tg:Нидерланд]] [[th:ประเทศเนเธอร์แลนด์]] [[tl:Netherlands]] [[to:Holani]] [[tpi:Holan]] [[tr:Hollanda]] [[ug:گوللاندىيە]] [[uk:Нідерланди]] [[vi:Hà Lan]] [[vls:Olland]] [[vo:Nedän]] [[wa:Bas Payis]] [[war:Paises Bajos]] [[xh:ENetherlands]] [[zea:Nederland]] [[zh:荷兰]] [[zh-classical:尼德蘭]] [[zh-min-nan:Kē-tē-kok]] [[zh-yue:荷蘭]] 3224 9056 2007-01-22T00:17:33Z Thijs!bot 143 Robot interwiki: Adãugat: [[mk:Амстердам]] '''Amsterdam''' easte cãsãbãlu capital ali [[Olanda]]. [[Category:Olanda]] [[af:Amsterdam (Nederland)]] [[am:አምስተርዳም]] [[ar:أمستردام]] [[arc:ܐܡܣܬܪܕܡ]] [[az:Amsterdam]] [[be:Амстэрдам]] [[bg:Амстердам]] [[bn:অ্যামস্টারডাম]] [[bs:Amsterdam]] [[ca:Amsterdam]] [[cs:Amsterdam]] [[csb:Amsterdam]] [[cy:Amsterdam]] [[da:Amsterdam]] [[de:Amsterdam]] [[el:Άμστερνταμ]] [[en:Amsterdam]] [[eo:Amsterdamo]] [[es:Ámsterdam]] [[et:Amsterdam]] [[eu:Amsterdam]] [[fa:آمستردام]] [[fi:Amsterdam]] [[fr:Amsterdam]] [[frp:Amsterdam]] [[fy:Amsterdam]] [[gd:Amsterdam]] [[gl:Ámsterdam - Amsterdam]] [[he:אמסטרדם]] [[hr:Amsterdam]] [[hu:Amszterdam]] [[ia:Amsterdam]] [[id:Amsterdam]] [[io:Amsterdam]] [[is:Amsterdam]] [[it:Amsterdam]] [[ja:アムステルダム]] [[ka:ამსტერდამი]] [[ko:암스테르담]] [[la:Amstelodamum]] [[lb:Amsterdam]] [[li:Amsterdam]] [[lt:Amsterdamas]] [[lv:Amsterdama]] [[mk:Амстердам]] [[ms:Amsterdam]] [[na:Amsterdam]] [[nds:Amsterdam]] [[nds-nl:Amsterdam]] [[nl:Amsterdam]] [[nn:Amsterdam]] [[no:Amsterdam]] [[oc:Amsterdam]] [[pl:Amsterdam]] [[pt:Amsterdão]] [[ro:Amsterdam]] [[ru:Амстердам]] [[scn:Amsterdam]] [[sh:Amsterdam]] [[simple:Amsterdam]] [[sk:Amsterdam]] [[sl:Amsterdam]] [[sq:Amsterdami]] [[sr:Амстердам]] [[sv:Amsterdam]] [[tg:Амстердам]] [[th:อัมสเตอร์ดัม]] [[tr:Amsterdam]] [[udm:Амстердам]] [[ug:ئامستېردام]] [[uk:Амстердам]] [[vi:Amsterdam]] [[zh:阿姆斯特丹]] 3225 6121 2006-04-06T14:01:53Z 82.117.205.146 The Prayer To Our Father (in the original Aramaic) Abwûn d'bwaschmâja Nethkâdasch schmach Têtê malkuthach. Nehwê tzevjânach aikâna d'bwaschmâja af b'arha. Waschboklân chaubên wachtahên aikâna daf chnân schwoken l'chaijabên. Wela tachlân l'nesjuna ela patzân min bischa. Metol dilachie malkutha wahaila wateschbuchta l'ahlâm almîn. Amên. 3226 6134 2006-04-22T12:41:10Z Proofreader 98 My name is Rainer Doehle, I am mainly contributing to the German Wikipedia. Unfortunately I don't speak Aromanian but would like to help with interwiki-links. I am a native German speaker and also speak English and French fluently. --[[User:Proofreader|Proofreader]] 12:41, 22 April 2006 (UTC) 3227 6135 2006-04-22T13:26:28Z Proofreader 98 This text is not only in the wrong language but also obviously copied and therefore a copyright violation. I think it would be best to delete it. Der Text ist in der falschen Sprache und zudem offenbar kopiert und daher eine URV. Am besten wäre es, man löscht ihn. --[[User:Proofreader|Proofreader]] 13:26, 22 April 2006 (UTC) 3228 6136 2006-04-22T13:29:24Z Proofreader 98 This article should be translated and changed from its current essayistic to a more encyclopedic form. --[[User:Proofreader|Proofreader]] 13:29, 22 April 2006 (UTC) 3229 6145 2006-04-22T14:00:41Z Proofreader 98 [[Category:Evropa]] [[ar:تصنيف:يونان]] [[ast:Categoría:Grecia]] [[be:Катэгорыя:Грэцыя]] [[bg:Категория:Гърция]] [[br:Rummad:Gres]] [[bs:Category:Grčka]] [[ca:Categoria:Grècia]] [[cs:Kategorie:Řecko]] [[da:Kategori:Grækenland]] [[de:Kategorie:Griechenland]] [[el:Κατηγορία:Ελλάδα]] [[en:Category:Greece]] [[eo:Kategorio:Grekio]] [[es:Categoría:Grecia]] [[et:Kategooria:Kreeka]] [[eu:Kategoria:Grezia]] [[fi:Luokka:Kreikka]] [[fo:Bólkur:Grikkaland]] [[fr:Catégorie:Grèce]] [[gl:Category:Grecia]] [[he:קטגוריה:יוון]] [[hr:Kategorija:Grčka]] [[hu:Kategória:Görögország]] [[id:Kategori:Yunani]] [[io:Category:Grekia]] [[is:Flokkur:Grikkland]] [[it:Categoria:Grecia]] [[ja:Category:ギリシャ]] [[ka:კატეგორია:საბერძნეთი]] [[ko:분류:그리스]] [[la:Categoria:Graecia]] [[lb:Category:Griicheland]] [[lt:Kategorija:Graikija]] [[mk:Категорија:Грција]] [[na:Category:Greece]] [[nds:Kategorie:Grekenland]] [[nl:Categorie:Griekenland]] [[nn:Kategori:Hellas]] [[no:Kategori:Hellas]] [[os:Категори:Греци]] [[pl:Kategoria:Grecja]] [[pt:Categoria:Grécia]] [[ro:Categorie:Grecia]] [[ru:Категория:Греция]] [[scn:Category:Grecia]] [[sh:Category:Grčka]] [[simple:Category:Greece]] [[sk:Kategória:Grécko]] [[sl:Kategorija:Grčija]] [[sr:Категорија:Грчка]] [[sv:Kategori:Grekland]] [[th:Category:ประเทศกรีซ]] [[tl:Category:Gresya]] [[tr:Kategori:Yunanistan]] [[uk:Категорія:Греція]] [[zh:Category:希腊]] [[zh-min-nan:Category:Hi-lia̍p]] 3230 6148 2006-04-22T14:04:28Z Proofreader 98 [[Category:Evropa]] [[be:&#1050;&#1072;&#1090;&#1101;&#1075;&#1086;&#1088;&#1099;&#1103;:&#1052;&#1072;&#1082;&#1077;&#1076;&#1086;&#1085;&#1110;&#1103;]] [[bg:&#1050;&#1072;&#1090;&#1077;&#1075;&#1086;&#1088;&#1080;&#1103;:&#1056;&#1077;&#1087;&#1091;&#1073;&#1083;&#1080;&#1082;&#1072; &#1052;&#1072;&#1082;&#1077;&#1076;&#1086;&#1085;&#1080;&#1103;]] [[cs:Kategorie:Makedonie]] [[de:Kategorie:Mazedonien]] [[en:Category:Republic of Macedonia]] [[es:Categoría:República de Macedonia]] [[fr:Catégorie:Macédoine]] [[ja:Category:&#12510;&#12465;&#12489;&#12491;&#12450;&#20849;&#21644;&#22269;]] [[mk:Категорија:Македонија]] [[pt:Categoria:Macedónia]] [[ro:Categorie:Macedonia]] [[ru:Category:Македония]] [[sl:Category:Makedonija]] [[sv:Kategori:Makedonien]] 3231 6150 2006-04-22T14:07:01Z Proofreader 98 Are these aromanian personalities? If so, the article should be moved to the aromanian term for "Aromanian personalities". --[[User:Proofreader|Proofreader]] 14:07, 22 April 2006 (UTC) 3232 6156 2006-04-22T15:02:31Z Proofreader 98 [[af:Kategorie:Asië]] [[an:Category:Asia]] [[ar:تصنيف:آسيا]] [[ast:Categoría:Asia]] [[be:Катэгорыя:Азія]] [[bg:Категория:Азия]] [[br:Rummad:Azia]] [[ca:Categoria:Àsia]] [[cs:Kategorie:Asie]] [[csb:Kategòrëjô:Azëjô]] [[da:Kategori:Asien]] [[de:Kategorie:Asien]] [[el:Κατηγορία:Ασία]] [[en:Category:Asia]] [[eo:Kategorio:Azio]] [[es:Categoría:Asia]] [[et:Kategooria:Aasia]] [[eu:Kategoria:Asia]] [[fa:رده:آسیا]] [[fi:Luokka:Aasia]] [[fo:Bólkur:Asia]] [[fr:Catégorie:Asie]] [[fy:Kategory:Aazje]] [[gl:Category:Asia]] [[he:קטגוריה:אסיה]] [[hu:Kategória:Ázsia]] [[id:Kategori:Asia]] [[io:Category:Azia]] [[is:Flokkur:Asía]] [[it:Categoria:Asia]] [[ja:Category:アジア]] [[ka:კატეგორია:აზია]] [[ko:분류:아시아]] [[kw:Category:Asi]] [[la:Categoria:Asia]] [[lb:Category:Asien]] [[li:Kategorie:Azië]] [[lv:Category:Āzija]] [[mk:Категорија:Азија]] [[mo:Category:Асия]] [[ms:Kategori:Asia]] [[nds:Kategorie:Asien]] [[nl:Categorie:Azië]] [[no:Kategori:Asia]] [[os:Категори:Ази]] [[pam:Category:Asia]] [[pl:Kategoria:Azja]] [[pt:Categoria:Ásia]] [[ro:Categorie:Asia]] [[ru:Категория:Азия]] [[scn:Category:Asia]] [[se:Category:Ásia]] [[sh:Category:Azija]] [[sk:Kategória:Ázia]] [[sl:Kategorija:Azija]] [[sq:Category:Azia]] [[sr:Категорија:Азија]] [[su:Kategori:Asia]] [[sv:Kategori:Asien]] [[th:Category:ทวีปเอเชีย]] [[tl:Category:Asya]] [[tr:Kategori:Asya]] [[vi:Thể loại:Châu Á]] [[wa:Categoreye:Azeye]] [[war:Category:Asya]] [[zh:Category:亚洲]] [[zh-min-nan:Category:A-chiu]] 3233 6158 2006-04-22T15:05:33Z Proofreader 98 [[Category:Evropa]] [[af:Kategorie:Nederland]] [[ar:تصنيف:هولندا]] [[ast:Categoría:Holanda]] [[be:Катэгорыя:Нідэрлянды]] [[bg:Категория:Холандия]] [[bs:Category:Holandija]] [[ca:Categoria:Països Baixos]] [[cs:Kategorie:Nizozemsko]] [[csb:Kategòrëjô:Néderlandzkô]] [[da:Kategori:Nederland]] [[de:Kategorie:Niederlande]] [[el:Κατηγορία:Ολλανδία]] [[en:Category:Netherlands]] [[eo:Kategorio:Nederlando]] [[es:Categoría:Países Bajos]] [[et:Kategooria:Holland]] [[fi:Luokka:Alankomaat]] [[fr:Catégorie:Pays-Bas]] [[fy:Kategory:Nederlân]] [[gl:Category:Países Baixos]] [[he:קטגוריה:הולנד]] [[hr:Kategorija:Nizozemska]] [[hu:Kategória:Hollandia]] [[id:Kategori:Belanda]] [[io:Category:Nederlando]] [[is:Flokkur:Holland]] [[it:Categoria:Paesi Bassi]] [[ja:Category:オランダ]] [[ka:კატეგორია:ნიდერლანდი]] [[ko:분류:네덜란드]] [[la:Categoria:Nederlandia]] [[lb:Category:Holland]] [[li:Kategorie:Nederland]] [[lt:Kategorija:Olandija]] [[mk:Категорија:Холандија]] [[na:Category:Eben Eyong]] [[nds:Kategorie:Nedderlannen]] [[nl:Categorie:Nederland]] [[nn:Kategori:Nederland]] [[no:Kategori:Nederland]] [[os:Категори:Нидерландтæ]] [[pl:Kategoria:Holandia]] [[pt:Categoria:Países Baixos]] [[ro:Categorie:Olanda]] [[ru:Категория:Нидерланды]] [[simple:Category:Netherlands]] [[sk:Kategória:Holandsko]] [[sl:Kategorija:Nizozemska]] [[sr:Категорија:Холандија]] [[sv:Kategori:Nederländerna]] [[th:Category:ประเทศเนเธอร์แลนด์]] [[tl:Category:Netherlands]] [[tr:Kategori:Hollanda]] [[wa:Categoreye:Bas Payis]] [[zh:Category:荷兰]] [[zh-min-nan:Category:Kē-tē-kok]] 3234 6163 2006-04-22T15:18:46Z Proofreader 98 [[Category:Evropa]] [[ar:تصنيف:رومانيا]] [[ast:Categoría:Rumanía]] [[be:Катэгорыя:Румынія]] [[bg:Категория:Румъния]] [[bs:Category:Rumunija]] [[ca:Categoria:Romania]] [[cs:Kategorie:Rumunsko]] [[da:Kategori:Rumænien]] [[de:Category:Rumänien]] [[en:Category:Romania]] [[eo:Kategorio:Rumanio]] [[es:Categoría:Rumania]] [[et:Kategooria:Rumeenia]] [[fi:Luokka:Romania]] [[fr:Catégorie:Roumanie]] [[gl:Category:Romanía]] [[he:קטגוריה:רומניה]] [[hr:Kategorija:Rumunjska]] [[hu:Kategória:Románia]] [[io:Category:Rumania]] [[is:Flokkur:Rúmenía]] [[it:Categoria:Romania]] [[ja:Category:ルーマニア]] [[ka:კატეგორია:რუმინეთი]] [[ko:분류:루마니아]] [[lb:Category:Rumänien]] [[lt:Kategorija:Rumunija]] [[lv:Category:Rumānija]] [[mo:Category:Ромыния]] [[na:Category:Romania]] [[nds:Kategorie:Rumänien]] [[nl:Categorie:Roemenië]] [[nn:Kategori:Romania]] [[no:Kategori:Romania]] [[pl:Kategoria:Rumunia]] [[pt:Categoria:Roménia]] [[ro:Categorie:România]] [[ru:Категория:Румыния]] [[scn:Category:Rumania]] [[simple:Category:Romania]] [[sk:Kategória:Rumunsko]] [[sl:Kategorija:Romunija]] [[sr:Категорија:Румунија]] [[sv:Kategori:Rumänien]] [[ta:பகுப்பு:ருமேனியா]] [[tl:Category:Romania]] [[tr:Kategori:Romanya]] [[uk:Категорія:Румунія]] [[wa:Categoreye:Roumaneye]] [[yi:קאַטעגאָריע:רומעניע]] [[zh:Category:罗马尼亚]] 3235 6166 2006-04-26T12:55:04Z LUCPOL 100 .. 3236 6168 2006-04-30T19:32:33Z Sirius Zwarts Bot 101 #redirect[[en:User:Sirius Zwarts Bot]] 3237 6216 2006-06-13T08:30:25Z Ahoerstemeier 105 {{delete}} {{delete}} 3238 6217 2006-06-13T08:30:46Z Ahoerstemeier 105 Please see [[:en:Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Zergeisterung]] Please see [[:en:Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Zergeisterung]] [[User:Ahoerstemeier|Ahoerstemeier]] 08:30, 13 June 2006 (UTC) 3239 6180 2006-05-11T06:48:57Z 62.231.118.227 '''Bold text''' 3240 6181 2006-05-11T18:04:55Z Mithridates 104 Sysop en la [[Ido]] Wikipedia. ^^ [[en:User:Mithridates]] [[io:User:Mithridates]] 3241 6186 2006-05-20T17:06:30Z Srtxg 1 <noinclude> empty template, used by Babel </noinclude> 3242 6203 2006-05-20T17:45:03Z Srtxg 1 width <div style="float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.2em; width: 17.8em; border-collapse:collapse; border: #99B3FF solid 1px; background-color: #FFFFFF; padding: 0 0.1em 0.1em;"> <big><center>'''[[Wikipedia:Babel]]'''</center></big> {{User {{{1}}}}}{{User {{{2|}}}}}{{User {{{3|}}}}}{{User {{{4|}}}}}{{User {{{5|}}}}}{{User {{{6|}}}}}{{User {{{7|}}}}}{{User {{{8|}}}}}{{User {{{9|}}}}}{{User {{{10|}}}}}{{User {{{11|}}}}}{{User {{{12|}}}}}{{User {{{13|}}}}}{{User {{{14|}}}}}{{User {{{15|}}}}}{{User {{{16|}}}}}{{User {{{17|}}}}}{{User {{{18|}}}}}{{User {{{19|}}}}}{{User {{{20|}}}}} </div> 3243 6188 2006-05-20T17:07:45Z Srtxg 1 #REDIRECT [[Template:Babel]] 3244 7581 2006-09-20T10:52:44Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 <div style="float:left;border:solid #FFBBBB 1px;margin:1px"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#FFEEEE" |style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#FFBBBB;text-align:center;font-size:14pt"|'''rup-0''' |style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em"|Ufilizitorlu aestu nu zburashce '''[[:Category:User rup-0|armãneashce]]'''. |} </div> [[Category:User rup-0|{{PAGENAME}}]] 3245 7121 2006-09-14T22:15:13Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 <div style="float:left;border:solid #C0C8FF 1px;margin:1px"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#F0F8FF" |style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#C0C8FF;text-align:center;font-size:14pt"|'''rup-1''' |style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em"|Aistu ufilizator poate s-da contributsie cu un nivel '''[[:Category:User rup-1|di baza]]''' di '''[[:Category:User rup|armãneashce]]'''. |} </div> [[Category:User rup|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:User rup-1|{{PAGENAME}}]] 3246 6192 2006-05-20T17:25:23Z Srtxg 1 #REDIRECT [[Template:User rup-0]] 3247 6195 2006-05-20T17:33:46Z Srtxg 1 <div style="float:left;border:solid #C0C8FF 1px;margin:1px"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#F0F8FF" |style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#C0C8FF;text-align:center;font-size:14pt"|'''en-1''' |style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em"|This user is able to contribute with a '''[[:Category:User en-1|basic]]''' level of '''[[:Category:User en|English]]'''. |} </div> [[Category:User en|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:User en-1|{{PAGENAME}}]] 3248 6196 2006-05-20T17:34:31Z Srtxg 1 <div style="float:left;border:solid #C0C8FF 1px;margin:1px"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#F0F8FF" |style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#C0C8FF;text-align:center;font-size:14pt"|'''eo-1''' |style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em"|Ĉi tiu uzanto povas komuniki per '''[[:Category:User eo-1|baza]]''' nivelo de '''[[:Category:User eo|Esperanto]]'''. |} </div> [[Category:User eo|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:User eo-1|{{PAGENAME}}]] 3249 6197 2006-05-20T17:35:19Z Srtxg 1 <div style="float:left;border:solid #C0C8FF 1px;margin:1px"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#F0F8FF" |style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#C0C8FF;text-align:center;font-size:14pt"|'''ja-1''' |style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em"|この利用者は'''[[:Category:User ja-1|初級]]'''の'''[[:Category:User ja|日本語]]'''ができます。 |} </div> [[Category:User ja|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:User ja-1|{{PAGENAME}}]] 3250 6198 2006-05-20T17:39:50Z Srtxg 1 <div style="float:left;border:1px solid #6EF7A7;margin:1px"> {|cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#C5FCDC" |style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#6EF7A7;text-align:center;font-size:14pt"|'''ja''' |style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em"|この利用者は'''[[:Category:User ja|日本語]]'''を'''[[:Category:User ja-N|母語]]'''としています。 |} </div> [[Category:User ja|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:User ja-N|{{PAGENAME}}]] 3251 6199 2006-05-20T17:40:13Z Srtxg 1 <div style="float:left;border:1px solid #6EF7A7;margin:1px"> {|cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#C5FCDC" |style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#6EF7A7;text-align:center;font-size:14pt"|'''es''' |style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em"|Este usuario tiene el '''[[:Category:User es|español]]''' como '''[[:Category:User es-N|lengua materna]]'''. |} </div> [[Category:User es|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:User es-N|{{PAGENAME}}]] 3252 6200 2006-05-20T17:40:42Z Srtxg 1 <div style="float:left;border:1px solid #6EF7A7;margin:1px"> {|cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#C5FCDC" |style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#6EF7A7;text-align:center;font-size:14pt"|'''fr''' |style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em"|Cet utilisateur a pour '''[[:Category:User fr-N|langue maternelle]]''' le '''[[:Category:User fr|français]]'''. |} </div> [[Category:User fr|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:User fr-N|{{PAGENAME}}]] 3253 6201 2006-05-20T17:41:23Z Srtxg 1 <div style="float:left;border:1px solid #6EF7A7;margin:1px"> {|cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#C5FCDC" |style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#6EF7A7;text-align:center;font-size:14pt"|'''wa''' |style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em"|Cist uzeu chal est on '''[[:Category:User wa|walon]]'''-cåzant '''[[:Category:User wa-N|natif]]'''. |} </div> [[Category:User wa|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:User wa-N|{{PAGENAME}}]] 3254 6209 2006-05-20T17:50:05Z Srtxg 1 en-3 <div style="float:left;border:1px solid #99B3FF;margin:1px"> {|cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#E0E8FF" |style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#99B3FF;text-align:center;font-size:14pt"|'''en-3''' |style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em"|This user is able to contribute with an '''[[:Category:User en-3|advanced]]''' level of '''[[:Category:User en|English]]'''. |} </div> [[Category:User en|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:User en-3|{{PAGENAME}}]] 3255 6208 2006-05-20T17:49:50Z Srtxg 1 <div style="float:left;border:1px solid #99B3FF;margin:1px"> {|cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#E0E8FF" |style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#99B3FF;text-align:center;font-size:14pt"|'''ru-3''' |style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em"|Этот участник '''[[:Category:User ru-3|свободно]]''' владеет '''[[:Category:User ru|русским языком]]'''. |} </div> [[Category:User ru|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:User ru-3|{{PAGENAME}}]] 3256 6210 2006-05-20T17:52:13Z Srtxg 1 <div style="float:left;border:1px solid #77E0E8;margin:1px"> {|cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#D0F8FF" |style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#77E0E8;text-align:center;font-size:14pt"|'''en-2''' |style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em"|This user is able to contribute with an '''[[:Category:User en-2|intermediate]]''' level of '''[[:Category:User en|English]]'''. |} </div> [[Category:User en|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:User en-2|{{PAGENAME}}]] 3257 6212 2006-05-25T17:07:03Z Diagraph01 45 * If you hasten, please write to my [[:ja:利用者‐会話:Diagraph01|ja.wp's discussion page]] in English or Japanese language :) ---- 3258 6213 2006-06-03T19:06:13Z 86.105.209.78 Penis (pula) heste hun horgan genital hal barbatului. 3259 6214 2006-06-04T22:50:52Z LesRunt 95 Fantana logo Fantana logo 3260 8446 2006-11-09T20:27:19Z Andrew Dalby 97 I'm a historian and linguist. I edit and create Wikipedia articles as a way of building up my knowledge of topics I plan to write about: it'll usually be food history, language history, and ancient and medieval people. If you like, or don't like, what I write, please use my talk page on English Wikipedia, [[:en:User talk:Andrew Dalby]]. Welcome, also, to my home page, [http://perso.wanadoo.fr/dalby/index.html A Food Word Site]. Here's a list of [[:en:User:Andrew Dalby/Bibliography|my books]] and papers, followed by books by others that I have cited in Wikipedia articles. Andrew Dalby 3261 6247 2006-06-30T13:34:23Z Andrew Dalby 97 Redirecting to [[en:User talk:Andrew Dalby]] #REDIRECT [[:en:User talk:Andrew Dalby]] 3262 6235 2006-06-19T21:10:18Z Willtron 106 Please, if you want to tell me something do it [[:an:Descusión usuario:Willtron|here]]. Thank you. 3263 8903 2007-01-02T05:39:33Z Thijs!bot 143 robot Adding: [[arc:ܠܘܢܕܘܢ]], [[bat-smg:Londons]], [[pms:Londra]] '''Londra''' easte cãsãbãlu capital ali [[Britania Mare]] shi [[Anglia]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Britania Mare]] [[af:Londen]] [[als:London]] [[am:ለንደን]] [[an:Londres]] [[ang:Lunden]] [[ar:لندن]] [[arc:ܠܘܢܕܘܢ]] [[ast:Londres]] [[az:London]] [[bat-smg:Londons]] [[be:Лондан]] [[bg:Лондон]] [[bn:লন্ডন]] [[br:Londrez]] [[bs:London]] [[ca:Londres]] [[co:Londra]] [[cs:Londýn]] [[cy:Llundain]] [[da:London]] [[de:London]] [[el:Λονδίνο]] [[en:London]] [[eo:Londono]] [[es:Londres]] [[et:London]] [[eu:Londres]] [[fa:لندن]] [[fi:Lontoo]] [[fiu-vro:London]] [[fr:Londres]] [[frp:Londres]] [[fy:Londen]] [[ga:Londain]] [[gd:Lunnainn]] [[gl:Londres - London]] [[gu:લંડન]] [[he:לונדון]] [[hi:लंदन]] [[hr:London]] [[hu:London]] [[hy:Լոնդոն]] [[ia:London]] [[id:London]] [[io:London]] [[is:London]] [[it:Londra]] [[ja:ロンドン]] [[ka:ლონდონი]] [[ko:런던]] [[ku:London]] [[kw:Loundres]] [[la:Londinium]] [[lb:London]] [[li:Londe]] [[ln:Londoni]] [[lt:Londonas]] [[lv:Londona]] [[mk:Лондон]] [[mr:लंडन]] [[ms:London]] [[nds:London]] [[nl:Londen]] [[nn:London]] [[no:London]] [[nrm:Londres]] [[oc:Londres]] [[os:Лондон]] [[pl:Londyn]] [[pms:Londra]] [[pt:Londres]] [[qu:London]] [[rm:Londra]] [[ro:Londra]] [[ru:Лондон]] [[scn:Londra]] [[sco:Lunnon]] [[sh:London]] [[simple:London]] [[sk:Londýn]] [[sl:London]] [[sq:Londra]] [[sr:Лондон]] [[sv:London]] [[ta:இலண்டன்]] [[tg:Лондон]] [[th:ลอนดอน]] [[tr:Londra]] [[tt:London]] [[ug:لوندون]] [[uk:Лондон]] [[ur:لندن]] [[vi:Luân Đôn]] [[vo:London]] [[yi:לאנדאן]] [[zh:伦敦]] [[zh-min-nan:London]] [[zh-yue:倫敦]] 3473 6595 2006-07-13T11:14:04Z 85.98.108.193 == Headline text == slm [[Link title]][[Link title]]''Italic text'''''Bold text''' n xfjk fhşöriju,n,c bndtpu fnbihtpkuhü , 3474 9114 2007-01-30T19:09:27Z Thijs!bot 143 Robot interwiki: Modificat: [[he:רוסלנה ליז'יצ'קו]] Ruslana easti unâ cântâreaţâ ân [[Ucrainii]]. [[ast:Ruslana]] [[be:Руслана]] [[bg:Руслана Лижичко]] [[bs:Ruslana]] [[ca:Ruslana]] [[cs:Ruslana]] [[da:Ruslana]] [[de:Ruslana Lyschytschko]] [[el:Ruslana Stepanivna Lyzhychko]] [[en:Ruslana]] [[eo:Ruslana]] [[es:Ruslana]] [[et:Ruslana]] [[fi:Ruslana]] [[fr:Rouslana]] [[ga:Ruslana]] [[he:רוסלנה ליז'יצ'קו]] [[it:Ruslana Lyzhichko]] [[ja:ルスラナ]] [[lt:Ruslana]] [[lv:Ruslana]] [[nl:Ruslana Lyzhychko]] [[no:Ruslana Lyzjytsjko]] [[oc:Ruslana]] [[pl:Rusłana Łyżyczko]] [[pt:Ruslana]] [[ro:Ruslana]] [[ru:Лыжичко, Руслана Степановна]] [[sv:Ruslana Lyzjitjko]] [[tr:Ruslana]] [[uk:Лижичко Руслана]] 3475 7066 2006-09-13T16:53:48Z 62.101.181.167 [[Image:Flag of Aragon.svg|thumb|150px|Flag of Aragon]] [[Image:Flag of Greece.svg|thumb|150px|]] Hi, I'm Willtron. I'm from [[:en:Saragossa|Zaragoza]] ([[:en:Aragon|Aragón]]) and I'm habitual collaborator and sysop of [[:an:Portalada|Biquipedia]] ([[:en:Aragonese language|Aragonese]] Wikipedia). ==Languajes== * '''es''' Native Spanish * '''en-3''' English level 3 * '''an-2''' Aragonese level 2 * '''ca-1''' Catalan level 1 I don't speak Aromanian, so if you want to say something to me you could do it [[:an:Descusión usuario:Willtron|here]] in Aragonese, English or Spanish. [[an:Usuario:Willtron]] [[en:User:Willtron]] [[es:Usuario:Willtron]] 3476 6605 2006-07-21T13:04:25Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Prota padzinâ]] moved to [[Prota frãndzã]]: Nu u-are zborlu padzina tu limba armãneascã! Atsel zbor easte pseftu-romãnescu. #REDIRECT [[Prota frãndzã]] 3477 6614 2006-07-25T07:54:08Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Gârţii]] moved to [[Gãrtsia]]: LANGUAGE, LANGUAGE, LANGUAGE! #REDIRECT [[Gãrtsia]] 3478 6623 2006-07-25T08:46:26Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Salonic]] moved to [[Sãrunã]]: LIMBA, LIMBA! #REDIRECT [[Sãrunã]] 3479 6628 2006-07-25T08:50:46Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Machedonia (Gârţii)]] moved to [[Machedonia Gãrtseascã]] #REDIRECT [[Machedonia Gãrtseascã]] 3480 6631 2006-07-25T09:04:46Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Limba aromână]] moved to [[Limba armãneascã]]: LIMBA, LIMBA! #REDIRECT [[Limba armãneascã]] 3481 6638 2006-07-25T09:17:16Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Ripublica Machedonia]] moved to [[Republica Machedonia]]: LIMBA LIMBA! #REDIRECT [[Republica Machedonia]] 3482 8939 2007-01-07T12:17:28Z 82.78.200.212 Dear Jose77, I am sorry for delaying the translation, and I hope that it's quality and pureness would in a way make up for lost time. Thank you for your offer, we are organizing materials for our website and perhaps we might consider Chinese as a language. Let me ask you have you ever done poetic translation from English to Chinese? Please don't hesitate to ask anything else. We would be glad to translate some Chinese works into Aromanian. Yours sincerely, Dumitrachi T. Fundu ==Gratitude== :'''Greetings Dumitrachi T. Fundu'''! :'''Thankyou so much''' for your excellent quality translation effort! :I am very grateful. :''May God bless you and may Aromanian Wikipedia prosper''! ==Aromanian Interface translation== Although I do not know how to change the Wikipedia Logo - I do know how to translate the Interface. (However, only sysops can do that) You can apply for temporary sysop status [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_permissions#Current_temporary_permissions_for_emergency_or_technical_purposes Here] so you can translate these [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Allmessages System messages] into Aromanian. --[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 03:16, 5 August 2006 (UTC) [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Jon_Harald_S%C3%B8by This administrator] knows how to change the Logo so you can ask him for help. --[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 22:31, 5 August 2006 (UTC) <br>Dear '''Jose77''' thank you very much for your effort in helping us. We hope we can be of assistence and continue our helping relationship. All the best in everything that you do, Dumitrachi T. Fundu ==Aromână/Română== ===English=== Eeamoscopolecrushuva, please stop with this opressive regime against Romanian and Romanians. We all (or the majority of us) want just to help here. I myself launched this encyclopedia, and tried to make some translations (although it was very hard, because i haven't had any knowledge of this language and i used some newspaper articles to find the correct terms). You can see the test page [http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Prota_padzin%C3%A2 here, on the Romanian Wikipedia] (or see [http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Prota_padzin%C3%A2/original]); that happened back in 2004. I also designed the current design for the main bage, and also contacted the an aromanian yahoo group at that time, were some people expressed their willings to participate. Hopefully you will end this campaign, because it does not help anybody. As you may see in the [[:ro:|main page of the Romanian Wikipedia]], I listed first Aromanian in the interlanguage links list. I also wrote a petition for an ISO 639 code for the Aromanian language, wich was finaly awarded (rup). And it is not just me, at that time all users on ro.wiki (although not many) expressed their support on the creation of Aromanian Wiki. If you have personal feelings about Romanians, I'd suggest to keep it for you, because nobody will be intersted in that. I think I wrote a message like this also before, but I see it is gone, so I wrote it again. ===Reply=== ''Danutz'' don't write to me in your Gypsy language because I simply don't understand it and it has nothing to do with my Aroman language. You take it upon yourself to give a soveregn nation it's language, mix it with Romanian and do whatever you want. My intentions are to keep the Aroman language pure from your disguisting language, and you or whoever you want to name behind you have simply no right to invade a language nor a nation for your own nationalistic purposes. Because the majority of Aromans feel very different from your "nation" is what hurts you the most, and you should keep your Quazimodo theories to yourself. I have the right to write whatever I think is true and I will use my every right to defend my nation against the Romanian terror of assimilation whenever and wherever I can. The pitiful excuse you're giving me is only a mask behind your disgusting campaign against the Aromans and I surely know you consulted your fellow Gypsy Romanians to make such a disgusting excuse for a Romanian language encyclopedia and afterwards name it as Aroman. Nobody in the Aroman world names their language as 'Aromână' if you really wanted to help you would have done so by consulting some of the linguists and not your friends. I have no intention of communication with you again, and I repeat that I will defend the rights of my nation to have their own language, WHICH IS, WAS AND WILL ALWAYS BE DIFFERENT FROM ROMANIAN. :Please stop insulting the romanian langauge. You're not funny. Our languages may not be identical, but also not very diferent. If you insult the romanian language, you insult somehow your own language. I can surely make a difference between Dacoromanian and Aromanian, but actually we both are Vlachs --[[User:Olahus|Olahus]] 21:36, 29 December 2006 (UTC) ==Re:Re:== I just wrote also in Romanian because I don't speak very well English, and I thought it might help you understand. I personaly belive Aromanian is a dialect of Romanian, but that is just my personal opinion. Anyway it's not about this, because I have not written anyplace such things, I just put an explanation in Romanian, because Aromanian is also a minority language in Romania (in Dobrogea), and also a link to the Romanian language wiki. It is also (if not a dialect) the closest language to it (except for Meglenitic, that is also controversial and mainly extinct). I don't know why you are writing about Gypsy Romanians, should I feel ofended? We both know Romanians (Romance) and Gypsies (Hindi, I guess) are not related, but even if they were? Would that be a problem? I was not raised with problems regarding ethnic diversity. I don't know why you are so in to this, but I ashore you I was (and am) well intended, because I'm not very curios about such issues as I have my own problems and personal life and don't have time to bother with such things (I just want to help, when I have time). It doesn't bother me at all what Aromanians think, as they are free to think whatever they want. BTW, how do Aromanians reffer to their language. I knew Armâneashti, armâneshce (Romanian: ''aromâneşte'') but is there another term used for this? Anyway, I hope from now on you will be a little bit more [[:en:Wikipedia:Neutral Point of View|NPOV]] because that is the spirit of Wikipedia. Apropo, wouldn't it be preferable a title like Uichipedia for Wikipedia (it sounds more phonetic, more aromanian) as that localization of the name happens with several other Wikipedias? And one last thing: You are not allowed to write whatever you want on Wikipedia, because there are some norms that you should follow. Otherwise you can get banned. And I'll suggest you don't change the main page again by eliminating the Romanian language text, and the Romanian language link, if you wouldn't like that to happen, as would be classified as POV (Romanian has the same right as the other languages to appear there, and to disfruit of the same privilages). I was very indulgent because I was happy to see an Aromanian native contributing here, but I donnot have any problem to begin a discussion to result in your banning if there are real reasons to do that. --[[:ro:Utilizator:Danutz|Danutz]] ===In hope of understanding=== You consider my language as your dialect, and that offends me, and all the people who work with me. Your claim is that everyone should express their feelings, and I agree, but an Encyclopedia should not be lead by feelings, but facts. There is a fact that the Aroman language has been codified on several International Congresses. There they decided to keep the "W" so there is no need Wikipedia to be named as Uichipedia. We decided to keep the names of things in their original form, except the names we have already 'Aromanized'. I am just giving an example of how you Romanians are not related with the Gypsies (Romany-sounds the same, doesn't it?) so are we NOT related with you Romanians (look for the Aromanian genetic study). It's true that both of our languages are Latinized (somewhere Romanized) but as they have never been 'one language' in order for my language to be a dialect of yours. (I believe that the reverse statement to be propaganda, and you cannot do anything about it) I intend to put facts here, facts in the language of my people who call themselves only with one name: Armãnj, they call their language Limba armãneascã or armãneshce (no other names, like i.e. Macedo-romanii as you Romanians usually put it). One name - one nation - one language. I don't intend to lead any more discussions on this topic any more. Of course we can communicate on other topics but I consider this matter to be closed. I appologize for being a little strong on language, but I am afraid that this is the only way to talk to certain people. I hope you understand my position which I am prepaired to defend, because I have taken upon myself the work to make my language count, and to fight any fight needed. Perhaps we can even cooperate, as you are so willing to help, and I am happy to have some help. I don't know how to change the Armâneashti title you have put and perhaps you can change it into Armãneshce. I guess this would be a lot for the beginning, but lets start over positively. I hope Dumitrachi T. Fundu, President of [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 15:35, 18 September 2006 (UTC) :I appreciate your point of view, I removed a romanian propaganda sentence in the main page, as you can see in the history of the page. I also presented the Romanian point of view (hopefuly you wont remove it). What Wikipedia advises us is to do in such way so we present both points of view. Something like. Some linguist claim it is a separate language (with a reference for that), others find that is a dialect of the Romanian language (a refference for that) while others think it is a romanized greek language (another refference for that). Something like that you can find on the [[:en:Aromanian language]] or even [[:ro:Limba română#Clasificare şi limbi înrudite]] (if you understand some of that, because you said you don't understand well Romanian, but just so for an idea). Otherwise, about the interwikis, I issued a request on [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2006-September/045294.html this page]. Hopefuly well get some replies (you can find replies on [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2006-September/subject.html#45226 this page] by clicking on Edit -> Find and search for "Change language name"). If this doesn't solve the problem we should do a report at http://bugzilla.wikimedia.org/ (but I never worked with that, and I donnot know what to do). --[[:ro:Utilizator:Danutz|Danutz]] :Mulţumesc pentru lucrul vostru. Thank you for your effort. I guess that we have worked out our differences and we can continue to make the Aroman Wikipedia stronger and better for the sake of us all. Perhaps history will show who was right. I will try and understand your view in the Classification of the Romanian language. I am currently working on the Wikis on European countries, it's going slow, because I'm adding the most important Insignia of the countries, and then I'll fill in the other data. I have people working on an English version, which would contain all theories, which would express a better English language article on the Aromans and Aroman, and then I'll give it to the translation unit to make a couple of translations for other wikis. If you have a look at the other languages (especially Greek and Romanian, and then English, German and Slavic-Macedonian) you can see a big difference. Perhaps it'll be best to unify them all. I personally consider the comparison of Aromanian with Romanian should be removed, and then add the similarity to the other Romance languages, to show furthermore that it has a considerable similarity to Portugese and Spanish on one side and Italian and French on the other. I also think that we are supposed to explain the Greek theory and the influence of Greek and Turkish on Aroman. I can't seem to find the people working on the [[Biologhia]] and [[Hemia]] links especially the classification links. I suppose they are Romanian too, as the links are all in Romanian, I personally saw to their translation, and I'd like to give them our thanks. Respectfully yours, Dumitrachi T. Fundu, and the Eea Moscopole-Crushuva team; [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 18:30, 18 September 2006 (UTC) '''Danutz''' I saw the discussion going on on the page for changing the Title and code, I too agree that the double code 'roa' which actually denotes a language in the Eastern Romance language family is highly unnecessary as 'rup' is the only code for a language (no other language has this code). Also I think that people should be informed that the Crushuva dialect which I use, was accepted at a meeting as the official dialect of Aromanian, and this meeting was held in Sofia, in the organization of the SEEMO (South Eastern European Media Organization) on the Aromanian language media conference. Secretary Oliver Vujovic, clearly pointed this out in his report after the conference. [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 22:16, 19 September 2006 (UTC) == On Biology== Hello. I am Jean, author of the texts on biology. First of all, I'd like to thank you for the translation from English into Aromanian. I also want to underline that no text on biology is written in Romanian. The texts outside tables are in English, while those inside tables are in Latin. The Latin texts represent the denomination of systematic units which are international (have the same name in all languages). What has to be translated from Latin into Aromanian is only Regnum, Subregnum, Phylum, Subphylum, Classis, Subclassis, Ordo, Genus. I have tried to classify the organism according to the quoted authors. There is a simillar cassfication in the English Wiki. The differences between classifications are clearer in the [[Welwitschia mirabilis]]. To make it more obvious, I'll place * after the words or clauses that need translation.If there is any question, please write in My talk. The classification of entities and organism follows the patern in the next table: <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Entity]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Viruses]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><center><small>[[Organism]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Regnum Monera]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Regnum Fungi]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Regnum Protozoa]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Regnum Plantae]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Regnum Animalia]]</td> </td> </table> --[[User:Jean|Jean]] 20:31, 19 September 2006 (UTC) ==Interwiki, alphabet== Okay, I issued a new request, explaining that this is the official dialect, and also the official writing. I didn't know Aromanian was standardised. That is very good. I'll sugest you'll put a sentence in the main page saying: ''Aesta easte Wikipedia ti limbã armaneashcã anyrapsitã dupã [http://www.armanami.org/curs.htm regulili standardu astãsiti la simpozionlu di Bituli dit anlu 1997], regulili tsi easte oficali shi tsi cathi un di noi va s-ufilisim.'' ( that writing on this Wikipedia is only aloud - or recommended - with the standard alphabet as described [http://www.armanami.org/curs.htm here]). That way reverts of the alphabet will be prevented. I also changed [[Template:Current]]. --[[:ro:Utilizator:Danutz|Danutz]] ===A little correction=== You only need to change the sentence a bit to be correct:Aesta easte Wikipedia pi limba armaneascã anyrapsitã dupu [http://www.armanami.org/curs.htm regulile standarde astãsite pi Sympozionlu di tu Bitule dit anlu 1997], regulile sãntu ofitsale shi va s-hibã ufilizite di cathi un di noi. Thank you very much for your work. All the best [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 13:50, 20 September 2006 (UTC) Ok, I put that on the main page here so that Aromanians know what alphabet to use. --[[User:Danutz|Danutz]] 18:25, 20 September 2006 (UTC) ==On Biologie 2== I appologise for the delay of my answer. Ewerything is perfect with Welwistschia. As regards the titles of the articls. I also think that '''Amirãriljea-a Animalilor''' (latinica '''Regnum Animalia''')is more correct. This rule should be written on a separate page. Then, there is the problem of the name of an article about, for ex, the crab apple. The best would be to apply the previous rule. In the other Wikipedias, only the popular name is present in the title. The result of applying the rule would by an encyclopedia at a high scientifical level. I have written at Regnum Plantae some common names of plants in English. If I applied the previous rule I should also specify the Latin name.Please write your comments on my Talk page in Aromanian. '''Haristo'''--[[User:Jean|Jean]] 21:55, 24 September 2006 (UTC) ==Interwiki== I filed a report to bugzilla, you can find it [http://bugzilla.wikimedia.org/show_bug.cgi?id=7432 here]. I also wrote about the change of the adress from roa-rup to rup. Now we should get a reply. --[[:ro:utilizator:Danutz|Danutz]] == [[Kurów]] == Very thx for your article about Kurów. You are great. [[:wikt:pl:User:Pietras1988|Pietras1988]] 08:19, 30 September 2006 (UTC) ==Editura== I am sorry that you disagree with the Publishing House. I have more information about writers and translators in the volumes I have. Moreover, other volumes are to be found in antiquarians'shops.--[[User:Jean|Jean]] 21:14, 12 October 2006 (UTC) ==Translation Request== '''Greetings Eeamoscopolecrushuva'''! Can you please help me translate the rest of [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisearica_di_Dealihea_al_Isus this article] into Armâneashti? Your help would be very gratefully appreciated, Thankyou very much. Yours Sincerely, From --[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 05:30, 21 October 2006 (UTC) :'''Thankyou so much Dumitrachi T. Fundu''' for the brilliant translation help! :I am very very grateful. ''May you succeed in whatever you do''! :Best Wishes --[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 22:07, 24 October 2006 (UTC) ==The latest message has been deleted== I do not allow swearing and if you are such a slavicbulgarian hero who claim a name that is not yours why didn't you sign at the end? It just shows how scared you are of the truth. Nobody said your language was less worthed than the others, we wouldn't have put it in that case. But if you keep calling us vlachs then we'll keep calling you bulgarians. Our name is Aromanians, and when you'll start calling us by the name we wish to be called, then we'll call you the name you wish to be called. Till then, things will remain as they are. You say that my people is stupid. Really, tbey were foolish to ever help in the creation of your banana country and should have created a new state within. But, things can change, nobody knows. It is time that your s.c. country's propaganda against my people stops. The black ages that my people had in your country fighting your fights, being ashamed to express their nationality, are over you silly boy, so it is time that you quit. More and more people are beginning to read this Wikipedia by the day, and unfortunately for you our language and nation will prosper again, as it had, but I don't know and I don't care what will happen to you bulgarians. I had no intention of replying to your pitiful response to a thing you do not understand, and because you might be a minor or a demented person (which can clearly be seen from the use of language) I had to write something. [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 13:59, 24 October 2006 (UTC) == Intrebare == Sper ca se va intelege oarecum ce spun fara sa folosesc diacriticele. E posibil sa scriu un articol in romana normala si apoi cineva sa-l converteasca in aromana? Cãndu ãnj-scriats pi romãneashce, pistipsescu cã va mi-achicãsits. Cãt vã-achicãsii, vrets s-pitritsets articule pi romãneashce a depoia s-vã hibã tradutsite pi armãneashce. Sigura ca va s-poate, mine cu teamlu-a mel adrãm cãt putem shi tsi putem s-u mãrisim numirlu-a articulilor pi armãneashce aoatse. Alla, cama ghine va s-hibã cãndu va s-putets s-u adrats pi anglica (English) sh-cama lishor va nã-hibã. Tu pistipseare di achicãsire, [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 14:05, 25 October 2006 (UTC) Costandina Dica, vitse-prezidentu Atunci de ce nu începi să traduci din articolele de pe wikipedia română? Numai ghini --[[User:Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] 12:32, 4 November 2006 (UTC) ==Re: Aromanian name== '''Greetings Eeamoscopolecrushuva'''! Since only administrators can change the title of "roa-rup" from ''Armâneashti'' into ''Armãneashce'', therefore I have placed your name at the [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_permissions#Aromanian_Wikipedia Requests for adminiship] and after a few days you will be able to translate the Interface fron English to Aromanian. --[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 03:34, 26 October 2006 (UTC) ==Haristo== Thank you for translating the article „Tipanosoma” and the other articles.--[[User:Jean|Jean]] 09:56, 28 October 2006 (UTC) == Hi == Hi, sorry for not writing in Aromanian (I don't any), but it's nice to see that there still are people who can speak the language fluently and are young enough to have been immersed in the computer age (most Aromenians in Greece who are fluent in Aromanian are too old, and don't know how to use a computer - the ones who do, probably haven't found the Aromanian Wikipedia yet). Could you please give me your views (as an Aromanian from the FYROM if that's what you are - your username mentions Moscopole and Crushuva) over several views which are confusing to people like me, who don't know much about Aromanians (I'm from southern Greece and haven't set foot in Thessaly, Macedonia or Epirus for years). *Some people claim that Aromanians are partially assimilated Romanians who speak a Romanian dialect. *Some people claim that Aromanians are a quasi-ethnic and linguistic group within the Greek people who speak an independent Latin language. *Some people claim that Aromanians are an independent ethnic group 100% distinct from all of their surroundings who speak an independent Latin language. Which of the above is closer to the views of the Aromanians? If you're interested, there's a rather good Greek-Aromanian website which includes information on Aromanians and the Aromanian language (including a small dictionary and guide to the grammar). Unfortunately, this website is all in Greek: http://www.remen.gr/ They say that "remen" is a name by which some Aromanians call themselves.--[[:en:User:Tekleni|Tekleni]] 22:36, 31 October 2006 (UTC) :Let me answer for you Tekleni: *Aromanians are Romanians South to Danube. They speak a dialect of Romanian.[[User:Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] 12:14, 4 November 2006 (UTC) == sysop == Hi, there is a request to make you sysop by Jose77. If you like to become sysop here please enter the request your self. You can get temporary sysop status if you request it; * [[meta:Requests_for_permissions#Temporary_permissions_for_emergency_or_technical_purposes]] --[[User:Walter|Walter]] 22:08, 3 November 2006 (UTC) :*Hey, please accept the request, I think it would be a very good idea. :-) [[User:Khoikhoi|Khoikhoi]] 02:55, 11 November 2006 (UTC) ::*No problem! Cheers, [[User:Khoikhoi|Khoikhoi]] 03:42, 13 November 2006 (UTC) :{{done}} - I make you temp sysop for 3 months. '''Expire date:2007-02-15'''. To stay sysop make sure that you follow the normal procedure by then (= ask it localy and ask it here then again when you have support) ::To translate the Interface into Aromanian, go [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Allmessages Here] --[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 08:21, 16 November 2006 (UTC) =="Grailu Armãnescu"== "Grailu Armãnescu" spuni multi; spuni cã noi armãnjlji ca unã mileti-ahorghea din Balcanj, avem unã musheatã limbã cari u-avem ca yishteari armasã shi vigljeatã di para-para-pãpãnjlji nica dit etili-atseali cari tora s-ved diparti ca tu neguri di dauã njilj di-anj. Limba-armãneascã easti mushuteatsa cu cari nã pirifãnsim tuts noi cari nã u vrem Armãnamea. Limba-armãneascã easti-atsea pi cari s-cãntarã njiljli di cãntitsi cari li-avem shi cari li-aflãm shi pit cãrtsãli veclji, limba pi cari multi dadi sh-diznjirdarã shi-sh lji-adunarã njitslji-a lor ta s-doarmã tu sãrmãnitsã, limba pi cari multi feati shi gionj sh-lji spusirã "caimadzlji"-a sivdãlui ma shi limba pi cari s-plãmsirã shi s-mirlusirã multsã gionj picurari shi cãrvãnari shi dascalj shi preftsã, cari sh-u deadirã bana ti vruta-lã Armãnami, tu etsli mintiti shi tu anjlji grei ti-Armãnamea lã dzãtsem cã suntu Apostolj shi Martiri-armãneshtsã. Cã, cripãri shi-anj grei zate Armãnjlji avurã ca baia - nu shtea multu ti ghinets. --[[User:Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] 18:40, 12 November 2006 (UTC) == Limba armãneascã == Dear Eeamoscopolecrushuva, Could you, please, tell me what is the origin of "muzãchear". What's the name of the place in which this dialect(?) is spoken, in which country it is and what's it's name in that country's language. Sorry for my bad English! Sincerely Yours, [[User:82.78.200.212|82.78.200.212]] 12:17, 7 January 2007 (UTC). I am "Iubitor de limbi" on the Romanian Wikipedia. I don't register here, because I don't speak Aromanian. 3483 8329 2006-10-26T15:44:18Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[en:User:Jose77]] <div align="center" class="usermessage">[[Image:Internet-group-chat.svg|left|25px]] '''<span class="plainlinks">Vã plãcãrsescu s-le alãsats mesajile-a voastre [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=User_talk:Jose77&action=edit&section=new Aoa]</div> *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Jose77 Videts-u sitelu-a mel pi anglica] 3484 8305 2006-10-26T03:37:55Z Jose77 116 3485 6665 2006-07-31T16:03:41Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Artâ culinarâ]] moved to [[Arta culinarã]] #REDIRECT [[Arta culinarã]] 3486 6667 2006-07-31T16:04:07Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Arta culinarã]] moved to [[Magheripsire]] #REDIRECT [[Magheripsire]] 3487 6670 2006-07-31T16:04:56Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Magheripsire]] moved to [[Margheripsire]] #REDIRECT [[Margheripsire]] 3488 9118 2007-01-31T06:12:34Z Thijs!bot 143 Robot interwiki: Adãugat: [[frp:Veretâbla Égllése de Jèsus]] [[Image:TJC.jpg|right]] "'''Bisearica di Dealihea al Isus'''" easte unã [[bisearicã]] independentã tsi ira formatã Beijing, [[Chinã]] anlu 1917. Azã nãsã are cãtrã 1,5 milionji di ãmbistimenji tu patrudzãtse sh-tsintsi di staturi. Bisearicã featse parte di lumache [[protestantã]] di [[Crishcinizmolu]] tsi inshea tu ahurhita-a secului yinghits. [[Cãrciunlu]] shi [[Pashcile]] nu s-yiurtusescu. Bisearicã easte nitrinitarã shi pistipseashce cã tutile ãnvitseri-a Vangheljlui lipseashce s-au referentse biblitse ta s-hibã sustsãnute ta s-putem s-fudzim di interpretatsiuri nibune. Bisearica aistã idhyia ashi are scupo s-u dyivãsescã Vangheljlu ti tutile natsie ninte di Yineare-atsea Dhefthera al [[Isus]]. Nãsã idhyia ashi ira unã di treile indighenitse biserits-di-acasã chinezeshce tsi existã di ninte [[comunizmolu]] s-u ljea Chinã anlu 1949. ==Dzatsile doctrine== Dzatsile doctrine di baze di bisearicã sãntu: #'''Isus Hristos''' - Isus Hristos, Zborlu tsi si-featse om, muri pi crutsea ti ascãpare-a amãrtoshlor, s-anastasi pi dzua-a treia shi s-alinã tu Tserlu. Nãs easte uniclu Ascãpãtor ali umanitatea, Fãcãtorlu-a tserlui sh-a loclui, atsel mash unlu Dumnidzã di Dealihea. #'''[[Biblia Ayia]]''' - Biblia Ayia, tsi easte adratã di Testamentulu atsel Veclju shi atsel Nao, easte inspiratã di Dumnidzã, dealihea unicã biblicã shi standardu ti bãnare crishcinã. #'''Spiritlu ayiu''' - Apruchiare a Spiritlui ayiu easte garantsia ti aprucheare-a noastrã di Vãsilia tu Tserlu.Bisearicã pistipseashce cã "zburare pi limbe" easte provã ti aprucheare-a [[Spiritlui ayiu]]. #'''Pãtãgiune''' - Pãtãgiune tu apã easte sacramentulu ti ljirtare-a amãrtiilor shi ti regheneratsia. Pistimenlji-u fac [[Pãtãgiune]]a tu Numa-a Domnului Isus Hristos cu caplu-a personãljei ãnghios shi complet bãgatã sum apã tsi easte naturalã. #'''Cumnicãturã ayia''' - Cumnicãtura aya easte sacramentulu ti fãtseare di comemorasia a moartiljei di Domnulu Isus Hristolu. Nã-featse ta s-putem s-loam parte di truplu shi sãndzã-a Domnului a nostru shi s-him tu cumincãtura cu Nãs ta s-putem s-loam bana ti totãna shi s-him alinats pi Dzua di tu Sone. Mash unã pãne fãrã zime (mayia) shi bitur di auã easte ufilizatã di bisearicã. #'''Dzua-a Sabbathlui''' - Dzua-a Sabbathlui easte Dzua Ayia, vluisitã shi ayificatã di Dumnidzã. S-featse cu gratsia-a Domnului ti comemoratsia-a fãtseariljei di Dumnidzãlu shi ascãpare shi cu umute ti discurmare ti totãna tu banã tsi va s-yinã. Contra di alantile denomantsie crishcineshci, bisearicã nica u-tsãne [[Sabbathlu]] Sãmbãtã sh-nu Dumãnicã. #'''Ascãpare''' tsi easte datã di gratsia-a Dumnidzãlui prin pistipseare. Pistimenjlji lipseashce s-u alasã bana-a lor pi tu Spiritlu Ayiu ta s-yinã dupu ayiseare, s-u tinjiseascã Dumnidzãlu shi s-u va umanitate. #'''Giudicãturã di Sone''' - Yineare-a Domnului Dheftherã va si s-facã pi Dzua di tu Sone cãndu Nãs va s-dipunã di tu tserlu s-da giudicãtura pi lumea: atselji ãndriptatslji va s-aprucheascã bana ti totãna, a atselji arãilji va s-hibã blãstimats ti totãna. #'''Aspilare-a ciciorlor''' - Sacramentulu di aspilare-a ciciorlor da posibilitate ti unlu s-ljea parte cu Domnulu Isus. Idhyia ashi nãsã easte shi un comemorator constantu cã omlu s-aibã ayape, ayisire, aprinduire, ljirtare shi slujuire. Bisearica pistipseashce cã cathi unã personã cai u-apruche pãtãgiunea di apã lipseashce sã-lji hibã ciciorle aspilate tu numa di Isus Hristos. #'''Bisearicã''' - Bisearicã di Dealihea di Isus, adratã di Domnulu Isus Hristos, prin Spiritlu Ayiu tu chirolu di "ploae di tu sone", easte biserica di dealihea restauratã di chirolu-a Apostolilor. [[af:Ware Jesuskerk]] [[als:Wahre Kirche Jesu]] [[am:ዕውነተኛ ኢየሱስ ቤተ ክርስቲያን]] [[an:Berdadera Ilesia de Chesús]] [[ang:Sōþ Iesus Cirice]] [[ar:كنيسة يسوع الحقيقي]] [[arc:ܥܕܬܐ ܝܫܘܥ ܫܪܝܪܐ]] [[as:প্ৰকৃত যীশু গীৰ্জা]] [[ast:Verdadera Ilesia de Xesús]] [[az:Həqiqi İsa Kilsəsi]] [[bar:Wahre Jesus Kirchn]] [[bat-smg:Tėkruojė Jezaus bažninčė]] [[be:Праўдзівая Царква Ісуса]] [[bg:Истинска църква на Исус]] [[bn:সত্য যীশু গীর্জা]] [[bo:བདེན་པའི་ཡི་ཤུ་ཚོགས་པ།]] [[bpy:হায় যীশুর গীর্জাগ]] [[br:Iliz Gwir Jezuz]] [[bs:Prava Crkva Isusova]] [[ca:Veritable Església de Jesús]] [[cbk-zam:El Verdadero Iglesia de Jesus]] [[ceb:Matuod Simbahan ni Jesus]] [[chr:ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ ᏥᏌᏯ]] [[co:Vera Chjesa di Ghjesù]] [[cs:Pravá církev Ježíšova]] [[csb:Prôwdzëwô Cerkwiô Jezësa]] [[cv:Иссусăн чăн чиркĕвĕ]] [[cy:Eglwys y Gwir Iesu]] [[da:Den Sande Jesus Kirke]] [[de:Wahre Kirche Jesu]] [[diq:Kiliseyê Gercek Hz. İsay]] [[dv:ހަގީގީ މަސީހީ ކަނީސާ]] [[el:Αληθινή Εκκλησία του Ιησού]] [[eml:Vera Césa ed Gesù]] [[en:True Jesus Church]] [[eo:Vera Eklezio de Jesuo]] [[es:La Verdadera Iglesia de Jesús]] [[et:Tõeline Jeesuse Kirik]] [[eu:Jesusen Egiazko Eliza]] [[fa:کلیسای حقیقی عیسی]] [[fi:Todellisen Jeesuksen Kirkko]] [[fiu-vro:Tõõlinõ Jeesusõ Kerik]] [[fj:Dina Jisu Lotu]] [[fo:Sannur Jesus Kirkja]] [[fr:Véritable Église de Jésus]] [[frp:Veretâbla Égllése de Jèsus]] [[fur:Vere Glesie di Jesù]] [[fy:Wiere Jezustsjerke]] [[ga:Eaglais Fhíor Íosa]] [[gd:Eaglais Fhìor Ìosa]] [[gl:Verdadeira Igrexa de Xesús]] [[glk:Isǎ haqiqi kalisǎ]] [[got:𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐌺𐌺𐌻𐌴𐍃𐌾𐍉 𐌹𐌴𐍃𐌰𐌿𐍃]] [[gu:સત્ય ઈશુ મસીહ ઘર]] [[gv:Agglish Yeesey Firrinagh]] [[haw:Ka Ho'omana Iesū 'Oia'i'o]] [[he:הכנסייה האמיתית של ישו]] [[hi:ईसा मसीह सत्य गिरजाघर]] [[hr:Prava Crkva Isusova]] [[ht:Legliz de Vre Jezi]] [[hu:Igaz Jézus Egyház]] [[hy:Հիսուսի ճշմարիտ Եկեղեցի]] [[ia:Ver Ecclesia de Jesus]] [[id:Gereja Yesus Sejati]] [[ig:Ezigbo ulo uka Jesu]] [[ilo:Agpayso a Simbaan ni Jesus]] [[io:Vera Eklezio di Iesu]] [[is:Sanna Jesús kirkjan]] [[it:Vera Chiesa di Gesù]] [[ja:真イエス教会]] [[jbo:stace lijda befi la .iecuax]] [[jv:Gréja Yesus Sajati]] [[ka:ქრისტეს ჭეშმარიტი ეკლესია]] [[kg:Dibundu ya Kieleka ya Yesu]] [[kk:Исаның Нағыз Шіркеуі]] [[km:ព្រះវិហារយេស៊ូគ្រិស្គពិត]] [[kn:ಟ್ರೂ ಜೀಸಸ್ ಚರ್ಚ್]] [[ko:참예수교회]] [[ksh:Kirresh fum Woohre Jesu Krißti en Shiina]] [[ku:Klîsa ya Îsa yê rastîn]] [[kv:Истинная церковь Иисуса]] [[kw:Eglos Wir Yesu]] [[ky:Ыйсанын Нукура Чиркөөсү]] [[la:Vera Ecclesia Iesu]] [[lad:Verdadera Eglesia de Jesus]] [[lb:True Jesus Church]] [[li:Ware Zjezus Kèrk]] [[lmo:Vera gesa da Gesüü Criist]] [[lo:ນິກາຍ ໂບດທູຈຶຊັດ]] [[lt:Tikrojo Jėzaus bažnyčia]] [[lv:Patiesā Jēzus Baznīca]] [[map-bms:Gereja Yesus Sejati]] [[mg:Tena Fiangonan'i Jesoa]] [[mi:Hāhi Tika o Ihu]] [[mk:Вистинска црква на Исус]] [[ml:സത്യ യേശു സഭ]] [[mn:Үнэн Есүсийн Сүм]] [[mo:Бисeрикa Aдeвэрaтулуй Исус]] [[mr:सत्य येशू प्रार्थनास्थळ]] [[ms:Gereja Jesus Benar]] [[mt:Knisja Vera ta' Ġesù]] [[my:စစ္‌မ္ဟန္‌ေသာေယရ္ဟုဘုရား၏အသင္‌းေတာ္‌]] [[mzn:عیسی ره حقیقی کیلیسا]] [[nap:'A chiesa overa 'e Giesù]] [[nds:Wohre Jesuskark]] [[nds-nl:Waore Jezuskärke]] [[ne:साँचो यशु गिर्जाघर]] [[new:True Jesus Church]] [[nl:Ware Jezuskerk]] [[nn:Den sanne jesuskyrkja]] [[no:Sanne Jesus Kirke]] [[nov:Veri Jesu Eklesie]] [[nrm:Véthitabl'ye Églyise dé Jésû]] [[oc:Glèisa vertadièra de Jèsus]] [[os:Чырыстийы æцæг аргъуан]] [[pa:ਟਰੂ ਜੀਸਸ ਚਰਚ]] [[pam:Tutung Pisamban nang Jesus]] [[pap:E Misa Berdadero di Hesus]] [[pdc:True Jesus Church]] [[pl:Prawdziwy Kościół Jezusa]] [[pms:La Vera Cesa ëd Gesù]] [[ps:د مسيح حقيقي کليسا]] [[pt:Verdadeira Igreja de Jesus]] [[qu:Chiqap Jesuspa Inlisyan]] [[rm:Baselgia Vaira da Jesus]] [[rmy:I Khangeri le Chache Jesuseski]] [[ro:Biserica Adevăratului Isus]] [[ru:Истинная церковь Иисуса]] [[ru-sib:Праведна церьква Христова]] [[rw:Idini Ryitwa Yezu Nyakuri]] [[sa:ट्रु जीसस चर्च]] [[scn:Vera Chiesa di Gesù]] [[sco:True Jesus Kirk]] [[sd:سَچِي يَسُو چَرچ]] [[sh:Prava Crkva Isusova]] [[si:සත්‍යයේ ජේසු සමිදාණන්ගේ සභාව]] [[simple:True Jesus Church]] [[sk:Pravá cirkev Ježišova]] [[sl:Prava Jezusova Cerkev]] [[sm:'O le Lotu a Iesu Moni]] [[so:Mida Rumeed Kaniisada Ciise]] [[sq:Kisha e Vërtetë e Jezusit]] [[sr:Права црква Исусова]] [[su:Gareja Yesus Sajati]] [[sv:The True Jesus Church]] [[sw:True Jesus Church]] [[ta:உண்மையான இயேசு தேவாலயம்]] [[te:నిజ ఏసుక్రీస్తు మండలి]] [[tg:Масчиди хаконии Исо]] [[th:โบสถ์ทรูจีซัส]] [[tk:Çyn Isa Serkowy]] [[tl:Totoong Simbahan ni Hesus]] [[to:Siasi moʻoni ʻa Sēsū]] [[tpi:Tru Jisas Lotu]] [[tr:Gerçek İsa Kilisesi]] [[tt:Ğaysanıñ Çın Çirkäwe]] [[ug:ئەمەلیي ئەيسا چەركوۋ]] [[uk:Істинна церква Ісуса]] [[ur:کلیساۓ عیسوی حقیقی]] [[uz:Chin Iso Cherkovi]] [[vec:Vera Ciesa de Gesù]] [[vi:Chân Giê-xu Giáo hội]] [[vls:Woare Jezuskerke]] [[wa:Vraiye Eglijhe da Djezus]] [[war:Tinuod Hesus Simbahan]] [[wuu:真耶稣教会]] [[yi:ישו'ס ריכטיגע קירכע]] [[yo:Ijo Jesu l’otito]] [[zh:真耶稣教会]] [[zh-min-nan:Chin Iâ-so͘ Kàu-hōe]] [[zh-yue:真耶穌教會]] [[zu:True Jesus Church]] 3489 6692 2006-08-04T21:22:46Z Jose77 116 [[en:Image:TJC.jpg]] [[en:Image:TJC.jpg]] 3490 6702 2006-08-06T20:51:30Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Machidunii]] moved to [[Machedonia]] #REDIRECT [[Machedonia]] 3491 edit=sysop:move=sysop 7364 2006-09-18T15:51:28Z Jon Harald Søby 96 Protected "[[Image:Wiki.png]]": protecting to avoid vandalism [edit=sysop:move=sysop] 3492 6705 2006-08-07T09:39:32Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 3493 6842 2006-08-27T13:22:09Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Talk:Informatica]] moved to [[Talk:Informaticã]] Chiar ar fi interesant. Pot intelege unele cuvinte scrise, dar ma gandesc ca a vorbi cu un aroman este mult mai usor! 3494 9106 2007-01-27T17:57:52Z 89.114.205.113 Romaneste = armaneashti De aceeaşi părere cu comentariul de la "Informatsii". În plus aş propune prezentarea alfabetului, deoarece constat că sunt multe litere diferite de cele în română.--[[User:Jean|Jean]] 13:37, 12 August 2006 (UTC) Ce este armaneashti? Stimati dusmani ai poporului roman,lasatzi-va de glume proaste....Chiar crede cineva ca exista aceasta "limba"?Eu stiu ca aromana [aromana si nu armaneashti sau alte bazaconii de genul acesta] este un dialect al limbii romane iar cei care vorbesc acest dialect sunt la fel de romani ca orice oltean,moldovean sau ardelean.Am studiat "Uikipedia".O consider o "facatura" a unora care vor cu orice pret sa inventeze "o noua limba".Bravo domnilor,continuati...Pe langa limba "moldoveneasca " ati mai inventat si "armaneashti"La ma i mare cu "bihoreneasca,olteneasca sau teleormaneasca!" Ce este armaneashti? Stimati dusmani ai poporului roman,lasatzi-va de glume proaste....Chiar crede cineva ca exista aceasta "limba"?Eu stiu ca aromana [aromana si nu armaneashti sau alte bazaconii de genul acesta] este un dialect al limbii romane iar cei care vorbesc acest dialect sunt la fel de romani ca orice oltean,moldovean sau ardelean.Am studiat "Uikipedia".O consider o "facatura" a unora care vor cu orice pret sa inventeze "o noua limba".Bravo domnilor,continuati...Pe langa limba "moldoveneasca " ati mai inventat si "armaneashti" scrisa fie cu litere chirilice[ca moldoveneasca din Transnistria]fie cu alfabetul grecesc!...Desigur ca literele latine au fost impuse de opresorii romani,nu-i asa?La ma imare cu "bihoreneasca,olteneasca sau teleormaneasca!" What is armaneashti?Dear enemies of Romanian people,I believe that you are making jokes!...Do you really believe that this"language" exists?I know that aromana[aromana and not armaneashti or other stuff like that]is a dialect of Romanian language and people speaking this dialect are as true Romanians as any oltean,moldovean or ardelean.I studied "Uikipedia".I consider it an invention of some people who want at any price to invent "a new language"Congratulations,gentlemen,go on!...Once with "moldoveneasca" you have also invented"armaneashti"written or in cyrillic[like moldoveneasca of transnistria] or in greek letters!....Of course Latin letters were imposed by Romanian opressors,weren't they?Go on fellows and multiply these "languages" by adding"bihoreneasca,olteneasca or teleormaneasca!"Qu-est ce que c'est armaneashti?Cheres enemies du peuple roumain,c-est une blague!....Ilya quelqu'un qui croit dans l'existence de cette langue?Je sais que aromana[aromana et pas armaneashti ou autres stupidites]est un dialect de la langue roumaine et ceux qui parlent cette langue sont aussi roumaines que aucun oltean,moldovean ou ardelean.J'ai etudie "Uikipedia"Je la considere une invention de ceux qui veulent inventer"une nouvelle langue".Bravo,messieurs,continuez...Vous avez invente auparavant la langue"moldoveneasca" et maintenant vous inventez"armaneashti" ecrite soit avec lettres kirylliques[comme moldoveneasca de transnistria] soit utilisant l'alphabet grecque!...Biensur que les lettres latines ont ete imposes par les oppressors roumaines,n'est pas?...Multipliez les langues en ajoutant aussi"bihoreneasca,olteneasca or teleormaneasca"!... <br>Dear enemy of the Aroman people, what is Romanian I ask? We all know Romanians are the same as Romany or Gypsies, and the Aromans can never be "Ghiftsa" like you. So stop with this non-sense you ignorant fool! [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Fundu]]. Is Fundu your name,dear user?You have the opportunity to express yourself in a civilized manner and not to talk like an uneducated person! Aroman people does not exist!It is an invention of some impostors!Aromans are a part of Romanian people-this is my opinion,of course.I hope this is not a reason for you again to offend me ,personnaly or to use impolite phrases. I do not know what is "Ghiftsa"....You made me....ignorant fool...and my people....Gypsies....Be attentive at your words! This is not an academic kind of speaking so you could be forbidden to enter or write on this site!I am waiting from you a scientific and civilized answer and not offences.Have a nice Autumn! mama, ce haos pe aici. initial cand am vazut prima pagina am crezut ca fusese vandalizata si scrisese unu la misto. sincer, habar n-aveam ca aromana arata asa. mai buna romana noastra. If my people are an invention of some imposters, I do not have anything more to say to you, "dear user" (at least be as decent as to signing your "academic" name). The policy of your state against my people, is obvious, and I do not intend to fight a fight that has already been won, we have a genetic research which clearly differentiates our two nations. This is my final reply. [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 14:09, 25 October 2006 (UTC) == On the proper use of Aromanian == For those following the various debates on the use of Aromanian language or the origins of Aromanians it should be made clear from the get-go that within the Aromanian community itself there is a wide spectrum of views with regards to these issues. The origin of the Aromanians and by extrapolation, their nationality, the status of Aromanian as a separate language or as a dialect of Romanian and finally the use of a proper alphabet are all open questions. Not aknowledging this would mean in fact not reflecting the views of the community. To take just one example, the main page of Wikipedia in Aromanian lists (and uses) the so called Bitolia alphabet; other, more or less official, websites such as that of the Aromanian Language Department at RRI (http://www.rri.ro/index.php?lmb=2) uses the so called "traditional" alphabet. == "So-called traditional alphabet" == The traditional alphabet of Aromanian of course, is the Greek alphabet, written by the geniuses of the Aromanian creations in the centuries after the formation of the Aromanian element in Epirus, Thessaly, Macedonia and Thrace. As the Greek culture flourished at the time, most Aromanians maintained writing their language in Greek. One small part of them fell into the depths of the Panslavistic movement (Dimitri al Miladin cu fratlu-su Constandin, etc.) and started writing in the Bulgarian / Slavic script. The only ones using the so-called traditional alphabet are the pro-Romanians and Romanians. Fortunatelly, they are getting less and less by the day. Why don't you cite an Aromanian site from Greece? like http://www.vlahoi.net; http://www.vlahoi.gr or from scopia http://www.mrt.com.mk/vl/ or the many Aromanian language newspapers and books printed in scopia? There is not one written in your alphabet. (??) But your only point is to prove a quazi-theory of yours, not write the truth. And what about the Aromanians themselves? The Editura cartea armaneasca from Constantsa and USA, use a completely different alphabet to the Romanian one, what about that? Don't always present one side of the story. We selected the Bitule alphabet only because it reflects the views of Aromanians worldwide (let me remind you, there were representatives from Romania as well). You cannot pose a threat any more with your propaganda. We are now aware of the benefits of the recent genetic study's results, which clearly state, AROMANIANS ARE A SEPARATE NATION, AND THERE IS NOTHING YOU CAN DO ABOUT IT. [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 21:37, 25 October 2006 (UTC) (Btw, not writing your name, really makes you brave:)) ==Macedonian== Hi, and sorry for not writing in Aromanian -- I can read quite a bit, but not write. I wasn't aware that several alphabets have been used for writing Aromanian; until now I had only seen Aromanian texts written in Latin script, although using various spelling rules. Actually I came here to ask if ''vurgãreashce'' is the correct name of the Macedonian language in Aromanian. The English article [[:en:Macedonian language|Macedonian language]] says that Macedonian and Bulgarian are similar, but not identical. Apparently this is very important for an anonymous user, [[User:62.162.166.175|62.162.166.175]]. He also strongly disagrees with writing "FYROM" instead of "the Republic of Macedonia". Is there a simple solution for this? Thanks. [[User:AdiJapan|AdiJapan]] 05:26, 26 October 2006 (UTC) There is - the language name is MACEDONIAN (MACEDONICA), and the country name is REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA. The written on the main page is nothing but pure propaganda and insult for all Macedonians. It is mainly Greek POV (Greeks don't recognise R. Macedonia's name, thus the language name), and putting on someone's point of view in Wikipedia is wrong ([[:en:Wikipedia:NPOV|take a look at this]]). BTW, look at these links - the language name is everywhere - Macedonian: *[http://www.seelrc.org:8080/grammar/mainframe.jsp?nLanguageID=3 A grammar of Macedonian by Victor Friedman] *[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=mkd Ethnologue report for Macedonian] * [http://www.makedonija.info/language.html The Macedonian Language] [[User:62.162.166.175|62.162.166.175]] 13:25, 26 October 2006 (UTC) ::This is WIKIPEDIA and has nothing to do with the UN. The people (including Aromanians) call themselves "Macedonians" and any other name that is putting on to them is like someone changes your own name. [[User:62.162.166.175|62.162.166.175]] 13:29, 26 October 2006 (UTC) Hello AdiJapan, It's a pleasure to communicate with you. First I'd like to give a short but effective explanation to the problem, and then we can work out some solutions. 1. Aromanian name: The people of the (as recognized by the United Nations [http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/47/a47r225.htm UN]) this country has been recognized as the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (or FYROM or Republica Ex-Iugoslava ali Machedonia in Aromanian -REIM). Therefore, the facts state so. We can agree to use both names, because if I put only the Republic of Macedonia, Republica Machedonia, the Wiki will be constantly changed by the Greek Aromanians. This country as you can see from my other discussion has called my people, Vlach. This was a way of clearing things up, our nation's name is Aromanian, and we also strongly disagree with the name Vlasi / Vlach. Also if you see this page : [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MK] note the name used: Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. 2. I'll quote a book from Skopje FYRO Macedonia called "The social & folk interactions in the Aromanian family" by Kleanti Liaku-Anovska, PhD Skopje, 2000 IABN: 9989-642-01-X edition 9989-642-23-0, book 33, CIP - National and University Library "St.Kliment Ohridski" Skopje; in which on page 52 it states: the Vlachs call the Macedonians and Bulgarians zdãngãnji or vurgãri, and their language vurgãreashce and vurgarica respectively. (this name has been mentioned in other books as well: "The Vlachs on the Balkans" by Vanghel Tarpcovski-Tarpcu, also other books from Kleanti Liaku-Anovska, PhD (The social characteristics of the Aromanian storytellers, The Aromanian stories from Struga, The Aromanian stories from Krusevo etc) (also in Skopje, if you want I can check the year). Therefore, this name has been widely accepted among the Aromanians, and if I put Macedonian, then it would refer to either Ancient Macedonian; if you say Macedonian (macedonean) in Romania they would think that it's about the Aromanian language (as they call us Macedo-romanii or Macedonenii etc.) To avoid confusion, we have put this name. Also if you consider sites like this [http://www.eurominority.org/version/maps/map-european-languages-eu.asp] this language Macedonian is called Slavo-Macedonian or Slavic Macedonian, on the Albanian wiki for this language you find gjuha sllavo-maqedone etc. Vurgar or in some dialects Varyar/Vargar means Slav. Whenever you hear an Aromanian talk he/she would say "Zburam (pi) armaneashce, alla cama multu zburam sh-pi vurgareshce" (We speak in Aromanian, but we more speak/communicate in (Slavic) Macedonian). As I have explained before, to make a difference between these two Slavic languages we say Vurgarica for Bulgarian and Vurgareashce for (Slavic) Macedonian. But I don't think that insulting my nation or me would get this anonymous author (and being anonymus especially annoys me, but I won't go any further on this issue) anything but rage and quarrels. We can discuss this further of course, whenever you'd want to. My sincerest regards, Dumitrachi T. Fundu, PhD and [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 13:22, 26 October 2006 (UTC) ::The edits "Slav-Macedonia" etc. in the Albanian Wikipedia were made by [[sq:Përdoruesi:Telex|Telex]] ([[:en:User:Telex]] in english Wiki), who is GREEK. What can you expect? Do you want Aromanian Wikipedia to be so nationalistic and POV-ish (which is against all Wikipedia rules) like the Albanian Wikipedia which tolerates that? In all other SERIOUS Wikipedias, the name is Republic of Macedonia and Macedonian language. [[User:62.162.166.175|62.162.166.175]] 14:15, 26 October 2006 (UTC) So the Albanian Wikipedia is not serious? And why then on the English site the language is also called Slavic Macedonian? Ethnologue report lists also Slavic Macedonian as a name. In the Bulgarian one, it is said that Bulgaria treats it as a dialect of Bulgarian. The Greek wiki calls it Slavomakedoniki. Also, if you check the others, the Greek position is mentioned everywhere. You claim you want a NPOV, but only claim your personal views and the views in your country. When and if we make an article abt your language we'll put both positions, but I am not going to change the name my language has for your language - Vurgareashce (the books I've mentioned were published in Skopje, if you check, so if your country allowed them, then you shouldn't tell jokes in here). [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 14:30, 26 October 2006 (UTC) And so - according to all what you've said - you choose the Bulgarian position? What an interesting way of (pseudo)NPOV. Macedonian is a codificated language and is recognised as such. Nationalism is the least one can do to describe the language as "not Macedonian", in this case Vurgareasche. And yes - Albanian Wiki is not serious because before Telex made those edits, the articles were named "Macedonia" and "Macedonian language", but they were changed with no discussion. [[User:62.162.166.175|62.162.166.175]] 17:05, 26 October 2006 (UTC) ==Aromanians do not call themselves Macedonians== Well the only ones who call the Aromanians - Macedonians, are first the Romanian propagandists and second the propaganda of FYROM. Why are you afraid of the pure facts? And the names that my people gives to your people is a part of the Aromanian language. You cannot erase nor deny that. [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 13:36, 26 October 2006 (UTC) :I'm speaking of Aromanians as citizens of R. Macedonia, and not like ethnic Macedonians. :BTW, what will you say about Todor Proya ([[en:Tose Proeski|Tose Proeski]]) who is Aromanian, but declares himself as Macedonian? :BTW, there is a BIG difference btw. Vurgaresche and Macedonica. Your claims Eeamoscopolecrushuva are simply nationalism. [[User:62.162.166.175|62.162.166.175]] 14:04, 26 October 2006 (UTC) And - weren't you the guy which said that Aromanians are called ''Macedo-Romanians'' ([[:en:Aromanians]])??? [[User:62.162.166.175|62.162.166.175]] 14:18, 26 October 2006 (UTC) * Well, again you try to divert from the truth. The FYROM propaganda made Aromanains call themselves and identify themselves as "Macedonians". I said that another propaganda (the Romanian one) calls us Macedo-Romanians or Macedonians. So your claims are also nationalistic. Your country is trying to assimilate my people and therefore is nationalistic. Considering "Toshe al Proia" if he calls himself "Macedonian" how can he be Aromanian? Does he speak the language? NO. Does he identify himself as Aromanian? NO. And how can you make a distinction between Aromanians and "Macedonians" if you call them by one name? [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 14:30, 26 October 2006 (UTC) Any sources about your claims, or nationalism is your best attribute? [[User:62.162.166.175|62.162.166.175]] 16:57, 26 October 2006 (UTC) You want to say that after all I expained you did not understand a single word? Pity, really pitiful. I won't waste my time in future. It was just a waste of time talking to you. [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 17:00, 26 October 2006 (UTC) I will completely understand if you cite sources ([[:en:Wikipedia:Cite sources|Wikipedia:Cite sources]]) about your claims that Aromanians are assimilated by the Macedonian government. [[User:62.162.166.175|62.162.166.175]] 17:02, 26 October 2006 (UTC) Eu nu vad care este problema unora. Aromanii au o identitate bine definita, fiind un popor extins aproximativ pe teritoriul anticei Macedonii. Ei se numesc Armâni, iar limba este armâneascã. Putem, desigur, sa le zicem aromâni, vlahi sau cutsovlahi, dar trebuie sa acceptam si forma pe care si-o doresc ei. Macedo-românii reprezinta doar un termen de localizare si se refera, asa cum am mai spus, nu la actuala ci la vechea Macedonie. Limba macedoneana si macedonenii nu au de-a face cu armânii. Cred ca prioritatea oamenilor de bine si de cultura din România este mai degraba salvarea limbii si a poporului armân (ca si a celui istro-român si megleno-român), decat o asimilare in masa, asta in conditiile in care armânii din Grecia refuza o recunoastere oficiala de teama catalogarii lor ca minoritari. De exemplu, mie nu-mi convine ca scade numarul, si asa foarte mic, al istro-romanilor sau al megleno-romanilor. Iar pe nea Fundu l-as duce intr-o familie de armâni, sa auda limba lor, si sa-mi spuna si mie cat a inteles din cele vorbite. Putina grija in afirmatii![[ro:Utilizator:Alex:D|Alex:D]] :Foarte ghini spus Alex --[[User:Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] 20:48, 11 November 2006 (UTC) :Mas scupolu-a guvernului shi a statlui romãnescu ira s-u ascapã di chireare limba armãneascã cãtse tine nu u-zbureshci limba armãneascã aoatse? Ha? Cãtse statlu romãnescu azãptãsi cu "agiutorlu" ti Armãnjlji dupu fudzire-a Turtsãlor di tu Balcanlu? Di ispete-a comunizmolui? Nu nã-arãdets cama, nu vã-pistipsim! Iara, cãtse Armãnjlji di Romãnia nu sãntu nica pricunuscute ca un popul? Cãtse vrets s-nã misticats cu voi - romãnjlji, siyura! S-vã spunets cã avets "tsi shciu mine, vãrã frate" aclo ãnghios tu Machedonie, cai voi va u-dzãtsets "Macedo-romãn" a lucurlu aistu nu existeadzã! Shi Romãnia, nu sade Gãrtsia - Ellada, nu va s-le pricunoascã Armãnjlji ca un popul, ma va sade s-le misticã factile sade ti interesile-a ljei! Cãndu scupolu nu ira di asimilatsia, cãtse Armãnjlji tu Romãnia nu u-shciu limba a lor orighinalã, cum sã-zburashce tu Crushuva, pi exemplu, ma u-misticã cu limba romãneascã. Nu nã-arãdets domne, ghine vã-vidzum cai hits! [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 11:51, 12 November 2006 (UTC) :Intrucat abia inteleg armâna scrisa (am prins doar o idee vaga), daca mesajul tau imi era adresat, o sa te rog sa il scrii in engleza. [[ro:Utilizator:Alex:D|Alex:D]] ==Who is in fact writing the Aromanian language Wikipedia?== I would be curious to find out who is (and how many contributors are) in fact working on the Aromanian language Wikipedia. It is by no mean impartial nor does it reflect the diversity of views that exist within the Aromanian community. I think this should be noted somewhere! Alex Mr. Eeamoscopolecrushuva fail to note or mention the fact that Aromanian is in fact best preserved and most activelz spoken in Romania, and that the vast and overwhelming literature in Aromanian was in fact written by Aromanians from Romania or educated in Romanian schools. And lets face the truth, the alphabet used in these pages and created in 1997 reflected both the desire of some do distance the community from Romania and Romanian-driven ideology (which in itself may not be an entirely bad idea) but also because the proponents of this alphabet were unable at that time to easily incorporate diacritics in their writing. This much was addmited by the chief sponsors of the new alphabet. <small>—The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:72.83.225.233|72.83.225.233]] ([[User talk:72.83.225.233|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/72.83.225.233|contribs]]) 00:45, 20 November 2006.</small><!-- Template:Unsigned --> ==Ortografia aromână== Văd că acest proiect foloseşte ortografia nouă, renunţînd la peste 100 de ani de tradiţie a culturii aromâne. Nu e o idee bună. Nu uitaţi că azi ţara în care cultura aromână e cel mai dezvoltată, în care apar cele mai multe publicaţii aromâneşti, este România. Aromânii din România, chiar dacă nu sînt majoritatea aromânilor din lume, reprezintă cea mai mare parte a culturii aromâne scrise. Noua ortografie va separa aromânii din România de ceilalţi aromâni, ceea ce nu va ajuta cultura aromână. Să procuri fonturi cu diacritice nu e o problemă reală azi, bunăvoinţă să fie. Cine a hotărît să se renunţe la alfabetul tradiţional (cu diacritice: ş, ţ) pentru noul alfabet? A existat vreo discuţie pe această temă pe Wikipedia asta?--[[User:MariusM|MariusM]] 12:53, 12 January 2007 (UTC) ==Activitatea acestei Wikipedii== Această Wikipedie doarme, nu are contributori. M-am dus la "recent changes" (nu s-a tradus nici interfaţa), am dat "hide minor edits" şi în ultimile 6 zile singurul contributor înregistrat eram eu. Nu cumva lipsa de activitate a acestei wikipedii este fiindcă s-a adoptat un alfabet pe care majoritatea aromânilor care folosesc în scris aromâna (potenţialii contributori ai acestei wikipedii) nu-l recunosc?--[[User:MariusM|MariusM]] 12:59, 12 January 2007 (UTC) == Romaneste = armaneashti == Stimate Dr.Fundu, va scriu in Romana shi sunt sigur ca veti citi in Armaneashte: In romana populara, la sate, prin Moldova shi Bucovina, se spune "ghini" in loc de "bine", unul din domnitorii Moldovei a fost Petru Mushat (= "frumos" in armaneashti), Craciun fericit = Craciun Harosu (in armaneashti) etc etc etc Nici intr-o alta limba (zborlu) Craciun nu se spune Craciun!!!! In plus, moldovenii in Bizantz (Grecia mediavala) erau numiti moldo-vlahi, Tara Romaneasca se numea Valahia, in Slovacia si acum exista o zona de munte numita Walahia - de la numele pastorilor care se numeau pe ei "Vlahi". Puteti sa ma contactati la dan.zloteanu@yahoo.com, imi va face o mare placere sa continui aceasta discutie cu Dumneavoastra. Cu respect, un roman pe numele Dan 3495 7777 2006-09-29T08:50:28Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 Biologhia easte shciintsã tsi le-cerciteshce iatsãle shi organizmile. Organizmile sãntu clasificate dupu Anca Sãrbu, 1999, pi: * [[Amirãriljea-a Monirlor]] * [[Amirãriljea-a Fundzãlor]] * [[Amirãriljea-a Protozoilor]] * [[Amirãriljea-a Iarbilor]] * [[Amirãriljea-a Animalilor]] ==Ominji shi istoria== [[Lista di biolodzi]] -- [[Premia di Nobel ti Fiziologhia icã Meditsina]] ==Bibliografia== * Sãrbu, Anca, ''Biologie vegetalã'' (Vegetal Biology), Editura Universitãtsii din Bucureshci,1999. [[af:Biologie]] [[als:Biologie]] [[an:Biolochía]] [[ar:علم الأحياء]] [[ast:Bioloxía]] [[be:Біялёгія]] [[bg:Биология]] [[bn:জীববিদ্যা]] [[br:Bevoniezh]] [[bs:Biologija]] [[ca:Biologia]] [[co:Biologia]] [[cs:Biologie]] [[csb:Biologijô]] [[cv:Биологи]] [[cy:Bioleg]] [[da:Biologi]] [[de:Biologie]] [[dv:ދިރުމާބެހޭ އިލްމު]] [[el:Βιολογία]] [[en:Biology]] [[eo:Biologio]] [[es:Biología]] [[et:Bioloogia]] [[eu:Biologia]] [[fa:زیست‌شناسی]] [[fi:Biologia]] [[fo:Lívfrøði]] [[fr:Biologie]] [[fur:Biologjie]] [[fy:Biology]] [[ga:Bitheolaíocht]] [[gd:Bith-eòlas]] [[gl:Bioloxía]] [[gv:Bea-oaylleeaght]] [[he:ביולוגיה]] [[hr:Biologija]] [[ht:Biyoloji]] [[hu:Biológia]] [[ia:Biologia]] [[id:Biologi]] [[ie:Biologie]] [[io:Biologio]] [[is:Líffræði]] [[it:Biologia]] [[iu:ᐆᒪᔅᓱᓯᖃᕐᑐᓕᕆᓂᖅ]] [[ja:生物学]] [[jbo:mivyske]] [[jv:Biologi]] [[ka:ბიოლოგია]] [[km:ជីវវិទ្យា]] [[kn:ಜೀವಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ]] [[ko:생물학]] [[kw:Bywonieth]] [[ky:Биология]] [[la:Biologica]] [[lad:Biolojiya]] [[lb:Biologie]] [[li:Biologie]] [[lt:Biologija]] [[lv:Bioloģija]] [[mk:Биологија]] [[mn:Биологи]] [[ms:Biologi]] [[nah:Yolizmatiliztli]] [[nap:Biologgia]] [[nds:Biologie]] [[nds-nl:Biologie]] [[ne:जीवशास्त्र]] [[nl:Biologie]] [[nn:Biologi]] [[no:Biologi]] [[oc:Biologia]] [[os:Биологи]] [[pam:Biologia]] [[pih:Biiolojie]] [[pl:Biologia]] [[ps:ژواکپېژندنه]] [[pt:Biologia]] [[ru:Биология]] [[sc:Biologia]] [[scn:Bioluggìa]] [[sco:Biologie]] [[sh:Biologija]] [[simple:Biology]] [[sk:Biológia]] [[sl:Biologija]] [[sr:Биологија]] [[su:Biologi]] [[sv:Biologi]] [[sw:Biolojia]] [[ta:உயிரியல்]] [[th:ชีววิทยา]] [[tl:Biyolohiya]] [[tr:Biyoloji]] [[tt:Biologí]] [[ug:بىئولوگىيە]] [[uk:Біологія]] [[ur:حیاتیات]] [[vec:Biologia]] [[vi:Sinh học]] [[vo:Lifav]] [[war:Biyolohiya]] [[zh:生物学]] [[zh-yue:生物學]] 3496 8063 2006-10-09T15:12:48Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Amirãriljea-a Iarbilor (latinica Regnum Plantae)''' The scientist included in this large systematic category the photosynthetizing pluricelular organisms. ==Caracteristits ãnghenerale di organizmile tu Amirãriljea-a Iarbilor== ===Organizme politselulare=== Tute aiste organizme au trupuri cai sãntu adrate di cama multe tselule diferente. ===Organizme cu fotosynthezã=== Iarbile sãntu organizme cai u-fac (synthetsescu) mãcarea-a lor singurle di substantsiur minerale, apã shi carbon-dioxidlu tu protselsu di fotosynthezã. ===Organizme cai sãntu adaptats s-bãneadzã pi loclu=== ====Bunile lucre di bana pi loclu tu comparatsia cu bana tu apã==== ====Adaptarea-a iarbilor ti bana pi loclu==== <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Amirãrilje]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subamirãrilje]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Rasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Clasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subclasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Aradã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Familia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subfamilia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ghen]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Reprezentantsã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="198"><center><small>Iarbe</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[Bryobionta]]</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[Bryophyta]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[Hepaticatae]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Marchantiales]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Marchantiaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Marchantia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Marchantia polimorpha]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Jungermanales]]</td> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>-</td> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Plagiochila]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Cephalozia]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Cephalozia]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Bryatae]]</td> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Sphagnales]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Sphagnaceae]]</td> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Sphagnum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Sphagnum palustre]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Polytrichales]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Polytrichaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Polytrichum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="258"><center><small>[[Cormofit|Cormobionta]]</td> <td rowspan="11"><center><small>[[Pteridophyta]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Psilophytatae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Psilotales]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Psilotaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Psilotum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Psilotum triquetum]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Lycopodiatae]]</td> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>-</td> <td rowspan="1"><center><small>[[Lycopodiales]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Lycopodiaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Lycopodium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Selaginellales]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Selaginellaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Selaginella]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Isoëtales]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Isoëtaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Isoëtes]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Isoëtes lacustris]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Eguisetatae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Equisetales]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Equisetaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Equisetum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[Filicatae]]</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[Polypodiidae]]</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[Filicales]]</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[Polypodiaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Polipodium]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Phyllitis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Dryopteris]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr>> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Athyrium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Asplenium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Blechnum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="10"><center><small>[[Pinophyta]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[Cycadatae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Pteridospermales]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td ><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Caytoniales]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>-</td> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Cycadales]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Cycadaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Cycas]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Cycas revoluta]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Zamiaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Zamia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Zamia floridiana]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Bennettitatae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Ginkgoatatae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Ginkgoales]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Ginkgo]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ginkgo biloba]] </td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Pinatae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Clasa Gnetatae|Gnetatae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Ephedrales]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ephedraceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Ephedra]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-l]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Gnetales]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Gnetaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Gnetum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Gnetum latifolium]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Welwitschiales]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Welwitschiaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Welwitschia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Welwitschia mirabilis]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="190"><center><small>[[Magnoliophyta]] ([[Magnoliophyta|Angio-spermatophyta]])</td> <td rowspan="109"><center><small>[[Magnoliatae]] ([[Magnoliatae|Dicotiledonatae]])</td> <td rowspan="15"><center><small>[[Magnoliidae]]</td> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Magnoliales]]</td> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Magnoliaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Magnolia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Magnolia stellata]]</td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Liriodendron]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Piperales]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Piperaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Piper]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Pepper]]*</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[Ranunculales]]</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[Ranunculaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ranunculoidea]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ranunculus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ranunculus repens]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Helleboroideae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Helleborus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[Anemonoideae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Clematis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Clematis montana]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Anemone]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Anemone ranunculoides]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Hepatica]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Pulsatilla]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Papaverales]]</td> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Papaveraceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Papaver]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Papaver somniferum]] [[Afion]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Chelidonium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Aristolochiales]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Aristolochiaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Aristolochia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Aristolochia clematitis]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Nymphaeales]]</td> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Nymphaeaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Nuphar]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Lotus]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Nymphaea]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Nymphaea lotus var. termalis]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Victoria]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Victoria cruziana]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="30"><center><small>[[Rosidae]]</td> <td rowspan="10"><center><small>[[Rosales]]</td> <td rowspan="10"><center><small>[[Rosaceae]]</td> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Rosoideae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Rosa]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Rozã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Rubus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Blackburry]]*</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Maloideae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Malus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Meare]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Cydonia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Pyrus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><center><small>[[Prunoideae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Prunus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Prunus domestica]] [[Purnu]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Cerasus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Amygdalus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Armenica]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Persica]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Hearhica]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="10"><center><small>[[Fabales]]</td> <td rowspan="10"><center><small>[[Fabaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Pisum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Bizelje]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Trifolium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Clover]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Medicago]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Astragalus]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Vicia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Phaseolus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Fisulje]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Robinia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Lupinus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Glycone]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Sophora]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Sophora prodani]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="10"><center><small>[[Araliales]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Araliaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Hedera]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Edrã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="9"><center><small>[[Apiaceae]] (Umbelifere)</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Daucus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Patatã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Coriandrum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Coriandar]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Apium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Petroselinum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Carum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Levisticum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Pastinaca]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Carota albã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Cicuta]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Conium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Conium maculatum]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="10"><center><small>[[Dilleniidae]]</td> <td rowspan="5"><center><small>[[Capparales]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Capparaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[Brassicaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Brassica]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Verdzu]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Raphanus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Sinapsis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Thlaspi]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Cucurbitales]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Cucurbitaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Cucurbita]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Curcubetã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[Malvales]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Tiliaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Tilia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Malvaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Gossypium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Hibiscus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Malva]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="10"><center><small>[[Caryophyllidae]]</td> <td rowspan="8"><center><small>[[Caryophyllales]]</td> <td rowspan="8"><center><small>[[Caryophyllaceae]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[Alsinoideae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Stellaria]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Cerastium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Spergularia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Moehringia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Moehringia trinerva]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[Silenoideae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Dianthus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Silene]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Lychnis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Saponaria]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Polyonales]]</td> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Polygonaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Rumex]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Polygonum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="44"><center><small>[[Asteridae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Gentianales]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Gentianales]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Dipsacales]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Oleales]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Polemoniales]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="12"><center><small>[[Scrophulariales]]</td> <td rowspan="5"><center><small>[[Solanaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Solanum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Lycopersicon]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Capsicum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-l]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Nicotiana]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Atropa]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><center><small>[[Scrophulariaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Verbascum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Scrophularia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Linaria]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Digitalis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Veronica]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Plantaginaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Plantago]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Littorella]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="10"><center><small>[[Lamiales]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Verbenaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="9"><center><small>[[Lamiaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Lamium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Prunella]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Salvia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Stachys]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Thymus]]</td> <td><center><small> [[Thymus sp.]] Cimbrul</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Mentha]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Mentha arvensis]] [[Ayazmã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Rosmarinus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ruzmãrinã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Lavandula]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Melissa]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="17"><center><small>[[Asterales]]</td> <td rowspan="17"><center><small>[[Asteraceae]] (Compositae)</td> <td rowspan="12"><center><small>[[Asteroideae]] (Tubuliflore)</td> <td><center><small>[[Helianthus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Oclju-a soariljei]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Cardus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Onopordon]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Arctium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Xanthium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Cirsium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Achillea]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Matricaria]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Tusilago]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Artemisia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Chrysantemum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Hrizãnthemã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Aster]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><center><small>[[Cichorioidae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Cichorium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Sonchus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Taraxacum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Surdicã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Hieracium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Lactuca]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="55"><center><small>[[Liliatae]] (Monocotiledonatae)</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[Alismidae]]</td> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Alismales]]</td> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Alismaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Alisma]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Sagittaria]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Hydrocharitales]]</td> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Hydrocharitaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Hydrocharis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Vallisneria]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Elodea]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Potamogetonales]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Potamogetonaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Potamogeton]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Potamogeton natans]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="40"><center><small>[[Liliidae]]</td> <td rowspan="10"><center><small>[[Liliales]]</td> <td rowspan="8"><center><small>[[Liliaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Lilium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Allium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Tseapã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Convallaria]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Tullipa]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Tulipanã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Scilla]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Hyacinthus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Colchicum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Aloe]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Amaryllidaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Galantus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Snowdrop]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Narcissus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Iridales]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Iris]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Iris]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Gladiolus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Gladiolã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[Orchidales]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[Orchidaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Orchis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Orhidea]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Listera]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Listera ovata]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Cypripedium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Vanilla]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Vanillia plantifolia]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Juncales]]</td> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Juncaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Juncus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Luzula]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><center><small>[[Cyperales]]</td> <td rowspan="5"><center><small>[[Cyperaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Caarex]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Scirpus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Scirpus silvaticus]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Schoenoplectus ]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Schoenoplectus lacustris]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Heleocharis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Heleocharis palustris]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Bolboschoenus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Bolboschoenus maritimus]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="17"><center><small>[[Poales]]</td> <td rowspan="17"><center><small>[[Poaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Triticum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Yãrnu]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Secale]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Sicarã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Hordeum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Avena]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-l]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Oryza]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Arizã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Zea]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Misur indian]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Nardus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Festuca]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Festuca pratensis]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Dactylis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Briza]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Briza media]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Poa]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Poa bolbosa]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Lolium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Glyceria]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Glyceria aqvatica]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Phragmites]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Agrostis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Cynodon]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Stipa]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="16"><center><small>[[Arecidae]]</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[Arales]]</td> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Araceae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Arum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Acorus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Monstera]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Lemnaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Lemna]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Linte]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Spirodela]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Spirodela polyrrhiza]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Wolffia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Wolffia arrhiza]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Typhales]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Sparganiaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Sparganium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Sparganiaceae ramosum]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Typhaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Typha]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> </table> ==Bibliografia== * Sãrbu, Anca, ''Biologie vegetalã'' (Vegetal Biology), Editura Universitãtsii din Bucureshci,1999. [[af:Plantae]] [[als:Pflanzen]] [[ar:نبات]] [[ast:Plantae]] [[bn:উদ্ভিদ]] [[zh-min-nan:Si̍t-bu̍t]] [[bg:Растения]] [[ca:Planta]] [[cs:Rostliny]] [[cy:Planhigyn]] [[da:Planteriget]] [[de:Pflanzen]] [[et:Taimed]] [[en:Plant]] [[es:Plantae]] [[eo:Plantoj]] [[eu:Landare]] [[fr:Plante]] [[fur:Plantis]] [[ga:Planda]] [[gl:Planta]] [[ko:식물]] [[hr:Biljke]] [[id:Tumbuhan]] [[iu:ᐱᕈᖅᑐᖅ]] [[os:Зайæгой]] [[is:Jurt]] [[it:Plantae]] [[he:צמח]] [[kw:Plans]] [[la:Planta]] [[lv:Augi]] [[lb:Planzeräich]] [[lt:Augalai]] [[hu:Növény]] [[mk:Растенија]] [[ms:Tumbuhan]] [[nah:Plantae]] [[nl:Planten]] [[ja:植物]] [[no:Planter]] [[nn:Plante]] [[nrm:Pliante]] [[oc:Plantae]] [[nds:Plant]] [[pl:Rośliny]] [[pt:Plantae]] [[ro:Regnum Plantae]] [[ru:Растения]] [[simple:Plant]] [[sk:Rastliny]] [[sl:Rastline]] [[sr:Биљкa]] [[fi:Kasvi]] [[sv:Växter]] [[th:พืช]] [[vi:Thực vật]] [[tr:Bitki]] [[uk:Рослини]] [[zh:植物]] 3497 8123 2006-10-14T19:09:10Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 <blockquote>Frãndza-a mea pi Wikipedia romãneascã easte [[:ro:User:Jean|Jean]].</blockquote> [[ro:User:Jean]] {{Babel|rup-0}} ===Mulţumesc - Haristo=== I wasn't sure if you wanted me to communicate on this Talk page or the Romanian one, but I'll write my comment here and leave you a note on your Romanian talk page, so that I don't destroy your nice concept there. I'd like to commend you on your great work on Biology, and thank you in the name of my people. I have translated the link you pointed out on [[Welwitschia mirabilis]]. Please see if everything is all right there. I am aware that the 'categories' you mentioned in the table should be translated, but I also believe that on the pages we should put the following thing: ex. '''Regnum Animalia''': Regnum Animalia is '''Amirãriljea-a Animalilor''' in Aromanian. The translation should also include the original in Latin, so the text should start: '''Amirãriljea-a Animalilor''' (latinica '''Regnum Animalia''')...etc. So, this should be repeated for the other names, because the original Latin should always remain for the interested scientists and other people, but the popular name of the organism, should also be put, and not be left only as: '''Amirãriljea''' ''Monera'' (Aromanian-Latin) but '''Amirãriljea-a Monirlor''' (I also found the use of Procariota instead, but I think that Moniri would be a more correct translation). I think that if it's not as big a problem, please put an asterik (*) next to the things that need translation. As you are a biologist, you would be able to at least understand a bit the translation, so, if you'd like check the translation whenever you have the time. Again, thank you very much for your efforts and I wish you all the best in your private life and career. [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 07:47, 20 September 2006 (UTC) ===Biologhia=== Ok, I am glad that we understood each other, and I made the necessary changes for the [[Regnum Plantae]] which I moved to the [[Amirãriljea-a Iarbilor]] and added both names in the introduction. However, I would need your help in writing a suitable introduction, (a few words really) or if you want we can do that in the end. I have made the necessary changes in the popular names you have provided and added some, which I was certain in, but still more remail. I am sure I can find suitable popular names, so I will try and find some, for the rest, I would kindly ask for your help. Thank you for your excellent cooperation, and I wish you all the best. [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 23:26, 25 September 2006 (UTC) ===Editura=== '''Jean''' thanks for the new pages. The only thing we should eventually correct is the [[Idghea Editurã]] because it means '''The Same Publisher''', and the books you have entered come from the '''Editura Cartea Aromãnã''', even though we do not agree with the positions of this publisher, it would be fair to acknowledge their work and mention them by their real name. '''Haristo''' [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 18:43, 7 October 2006 (UTC) ===Disagreement=== Unfortunately, even though we are a small nation, we cannot always get along with one another. Perhaps the greatest reason for this is the difference of dialect and the play where we came from. That is why in the name of my 'editura' I have clearly stated the city of Moscopole and then the city of Crushuva, which were the two greatest standing points of Aromanian culture, and the best developed Aromanian language. Recent genetic research has shown that there great genetic differences (and other anthropological differences) between the different Aromanian populations. I won't comment on the results for the difference or nearness with the other Balkan populations. Thank you for your work and all the best. '''Haristo''' [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 19:09, 14 October 2006 (UTC) 3498 7739 2006-09-26T08:18:57Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <th>[[Amirãrilje]]</td> <th>[[Subamirãrilje]]</td> <th>DIVIZIA</td> <th>GRUPA</td> <th colspan="2">CADUR</td> <th>[[Rasã]]</td><th rowspan="9">[[NEVERTEBRATE|NIVERTEBRATS]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>1</td> <th>2</td><th>3</td> <th>4</td> <th colspan="2">5</td> <th>6</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="10">[[ Animalia]]</td> <th rowspan="10">[[Metazoa]]</th><th rowspan="2">[[Diploblastica]] ([[Didermice]])([[Radiata]])</td> <th rowspan="2">-</td><th colspan="2">-</td> <th>[[Spongia]]</td> </td> <tr> <th colspan="2">-</td><th>[[ Cnidari]], [[Ctenaria]], [[Acnidaria]]</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="8">[[Triploblastica]] ([[Bilateralia]])</td> <th rowspan="3">[[Spiralia]]</td><th colspan="2">[[Protostomieni acelomaţi]]</td><th>[[Plathelminthes]], [[Nemertieni]] ([[Rhynchocoela]])</td> </td> <tr> <th colspan="2">[[Protostomieni pseudocelomatsi]]</td> <th>[[Nemathelminthes]], [[Acanthocephala]], [[Entoprocta]]</td> <tr> <th rowspan="2">[[Protostomieni eucelomatsi]]</td><th rowspan="2">[[Hiponeurieni]]</td> <th>[[Mollusca]], [[Sipunculida]], [[Echiurida]], [[Priapluida]]</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="3">[[Articulata]]</td> <th>[[Annelida]], [[Onychophora]], [[Tardigrada]], [[Pentastomida]] ([[Pentastomida|Linguatulida]]), [[Arthropoda]], [[Lophophorata]]</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="2">[[Deuterstomieni eucelomatsi]]</td> <th>[[Epitelioneurieni]]</td><th>[[Echinodermata]], [[Hemicordata]], [[Pogonophora]], [[Chetognatha]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Epineurieni]] ([[Cordate]])</td><th>[[Urochordata]], [[Cephalochordata]], [[Cyclostomata]], [[Pisces]], [[Amphibia]], [[Reptilia]], [[Aves]], [[Phylum Mamalia|Mammalia]]</td><th>[[Cordate]]</td> </td> </td> </table> *Tu be translated from Latin in to aromaninan ==Bibliografia== * Georgescu, D., ''Animale nevertebrate'' – Morfofizioloige – Editura Didacticã shi Pedagogicã, R.A. Bucureshci, 1997 3499 6751 2006-08-22T18:31:34Z Jean 119 /* Bibliography */ <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Classis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subclassis]]</td> <td><center><small>Infraclasă</td> <td><center><small>[[Ordo]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subordo]]</td> <td><center><small>Suprafamilie</td> <td><center><small>[[Familia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Genus]]</td> <td><center><small>Reprezentanţi</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>1</td> <td><center><small>2</td> <td><center><small>3</td> <td><center><small>4</td> <td><center><small>5</td> <td><center><small>6</td> <td><center><small>7</td> <td><center><small>8</td> <td><center><small>9</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="130"><center><small>[[Mammalia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Eotheria]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><small>-</th> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><center><small> [[Prototheria]]</td> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>-</td> <td rowspan="3"><small>[[Monotremata]]</th> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>-</td> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>-</td> <td><small>[[Ornithorhynchidae]]</td> <td><small>[[Ornithorhyncus]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><small> [[Tachyglossidae]]</td> <td><small>[[Tachyglossus]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Zaglossus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Zaglossus bruynii]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Allotheria]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <th><small>-</td> <td><small>-</th> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="149"><center><small>[[Theria]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Panthotheria]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><small>-</th> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="13"><center><small>[[Metatheria]]</td> <td rowspan="13"><center><small>[[Marsupialia]]</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[Polyprotodontia]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><small>[[Didelphidae]]</th> <td><center><small>[[Didelphis]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>-</td> <td><small>[[Dasyuridae]]</td> <td><small>[[Phascogale]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>-</td> <td><small>[[Myrmecobiidae]]</td> <td><small>[[Myrmecobius]]</td> <td><small>[[Myrmecobius fasciatus]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>-</td> <td><small>[[Notoryctidae]]</td> <td><small>[[Notorictes]]</td> <td><small>[[Notoryctes typhlopus]]</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><small>-</td> <td rowspan="2"><small>[[Peramelidae]]</td> <td><small>[[Macrotis]]</td> <td><small>[[Macrotis lagotis]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Perameles]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Paucituberculata]] ([[Caenolestoidea]])</td> <td><small>-</td> <td><small>-</td> <td><small>[[Caenolestes]]</th> <td><small>[[Caenolestes obscurum]]</th> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="6"><small>[[Diprotodontia]]</td> <td rowspan="6"><small>-</td> <td rowspan="3"><small>[[Phalangeridae]]</td> <td><small>[[Dactylopsila]]</th> <td><small>[[Dactylopsila picata]]</th> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Petaurus]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Phascolarctos]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Vombatidae]]</td> <td><small>[[Vombatus]]</td> <td><small>[[Vombatus ursinus]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><small>[[Macropodidae]]</td> <td><small>[[Macropus]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Dendrolagus]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="159"><small>[[Eutheria]]</td> <td rowspan="25"><small>[[Fissipedia]]</td> <td rowspan="25"><small>-</td> <td rowspan="15"><small>[[Canoidea]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><small>[[Canidae]]</th> <td><small>[[Canis]]</th> <td><small>-</th> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Vulpes]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Alopex]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Nyctereutes]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><small>[[Ursidae]]</td> <td><small>[[Ursus (gen)]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Selenarctos]]</td> <td><small>[[Selenarctos thibetanus]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Thalassarctos]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><small>[[Procyonidae]]</td> <td><small>[[Procyon]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Potos]]</td> <td><small>[[Potos flavus]]</th> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="6"><small>[[Mustelidae]]</td> <td><small>[[Mustela]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Vormella]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Martes]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Meles]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Lutra]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Enhydra]]</td> <td><small>-<tr> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="9"><small>[[Feloidea]]</td> <td rowspan="3"><small>[[Viveridae]]</td> <td><small>[[Viverra]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Genetta]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Herpestes]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Hyaenidae]]</td> <td><small>[[Hyaena]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><small>[[Felidae]]</td> <td><small>[[Felis]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Lynx]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Panthera]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Acinonyx]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Felis]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><small>[[Pinnipedia]]</td> <td rowspan="5"><small>-</td> <td rowspan="5"><small>-</td> <td><small>[[Otariidae]]</td> <td><small>[[Otaria]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Odobenidae]]</td> <td><small>[[Odobenus]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><small>[[Phocidae]]</td> <td><small>[[Phoca]]</td> <td><small>[[Phoca vitulina]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Monachus]]</td> <td><small>[[Monachus monachus]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><small>[[Mirounga]]</td> <td><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="8"><center><small>[[Cetacea]]</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[Odontoceti]]</td> <th rowspan="6"><small>-</td> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Platanistidae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Platanista]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Platanista gangetica]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Inia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Inia geoffroyensis]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Delphinidae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Delphinus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Delphinus delphis]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Tursiops]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Tursiops tursio]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Orcinus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Orcinus orca]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Phocaenidae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Phocaena]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Phocaena phocaena]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Misticeti]]</td> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Balenopteridae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Balaenoptera]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Balaenoptera musculus]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Balenidae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Balaena]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Tubulidentata]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Orycteropus]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Hyracoidea]]</td> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Procaviidae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Dendrohyrax]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr>> <td><center><small>[[Heterohyrax]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Procavia]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><center><small>[[Proboscidea]]</td> <td rowspan="5"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="5"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="5"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>&dagger; [[Moeritherium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>&dagger; [[Palaeomastodon]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small> &dagger;[[Deinotherium]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Loxodonta]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Elephas]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Sirenia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>?</td> <td><center><small>[[Trichechus]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>?</td> <td><center><small>[[Dugong]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Dugong dugong]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Rhytina]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="21"><center><small>[[Artiodactyla]]([[Paraxonia]])</td> <td><center><small>[[Suiformes]] ([[Nonruminantia]])</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Hippopotamidae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Hippopotamus]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="20"><center><small>[[Ruminantia]] ([[Selenodonta]])</td> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Tylopoda]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Camelidae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Camelus]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Lama]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Lama sp.]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="8"><center><small>[[Elaphoidea]]</td> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Trangulidae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Hyemoschus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Hyemoschus acvaticus]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Moschiola]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Moschiola meminna]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Tragulus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Tragulus sp.]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Moschidae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Moschus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Moschus meminna]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[Cervidae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Capreolus]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Alces]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Rangifer]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Cervus]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="10"><center><small>[[Tauroidea]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Antilocapridae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Antilocapra]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Antilocapra americana]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="7"><center><small>[[Bovidae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Bos]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Bison]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Bubalus]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Ovibos]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Ovis]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Capra]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Rupicapra]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Girafidae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Giraffa]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Okapia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Okapi]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="7"><center><small>[[Perissodactzla]] ([[Mesaxonia]])</td> <td rowspan="7"><center><small>-</td> <td rowspan="7"><center><small>-</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[Equidae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Equus]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Hemionus]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Asinus]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Hippotigris]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Hippotigris zebra]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Tapiridae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Tapirus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Tapirus indicus]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Rhinocerotidae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Rhynoceros]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Rhynoceros unicornis]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Diceros]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Diceros bicornis]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="7"><center><small>[[Edentata]]</td> <td rowspan="7"><center><small>-</td> <td rowspan="7"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Bradypodidae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Choloepus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Choloepus didacticus]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Bradypus ]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Bradypus tridactylus]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Myrmecophagidae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Myrmecophaga]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Myrmecophaga trydactyla]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Cyclopes]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Cyclopes didactylus]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Dasypodidae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Dasypus]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Tolypeutes]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Tolypeutes mataco]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Priodontes]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Priodontes giganteus]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Pholidota]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Manis]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Dermoptera]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Cynocephalus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Cynocephalus volans]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[Lagomorfe|Lagomopha]]</td> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Leporidae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Lepus]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Oryctolagus]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Sylvalagus]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Ochotonidae]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Ochotona]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="15"><center><small>[[Rodentia]]</td> <td rowspan="15"><center><small>-</td> <td rowspan="15"><center><small>-</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[Sciuridae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Sciurus]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Marmota]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Citellus]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Sciuropterus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Sciuropterus volans]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Gliridae]] ([[Mzoxidae]])</td> <td><center><small>[[Glis]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Muscardinus]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Dipodidae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Jaculus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Dipus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Cricetidae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Cricetus]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> </table> ==Bibliography== * Feider, Z., Gyurko, St., Grossu, V.Al., Pop, Victor ''Zoologia vertebratelor'' (Invertebrate Zoology), Ediţia a 3-a, Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică, Bucureşti, 1976; 3500 8177 2006-10-22T05:55:48Z Jean 119 ==A == *[[Louis Agassiz]] ([[1807]]-[[1873]]); *[[Alexander Agassiz]]; *[[Joel Asaph Allen]] ([[1838]]-[[1921]]); *[[Aristotel]], ([[384 î.Hr.]] –[[322 î.Hr.]]); *[[Peter Artedi]], ([[1705]]-[[1735]]); == B == *[[Churchill Babington]] ([[1831]]-[[1881]]); *[[Karl Ernst von Baer]] ([[1792]]-[[1876]]); *[[Spencer Fullerton Baird]], ([[1823]]-[[1887]]); *[[David Baltimore]] ([[1938]]- ),[[Premiul Nobel]] *[[Joseph Banks]], ([[1743]]-[[1820]]); *[[Philip Barker Webb]], ([[1793]]-[[1854]]); *[[John Bartram]], ([[1699]]-[[1777]]); *[[William Bartram]], ([[1739]]-[[1823]]); *[[Anton de Bary]], ([[1831]]-[[1888]]); *[[Patrick Bateson]]; *[[Bauhin|Gaspard Bauhin]]; *[[Mihai C. Băcescu ]] ([[1908]]-[[1999]]); *[[Petre Mihai Bănănescu ]] [[1921]]; *[[Charles Emerson Beecher]] ([[1856]]-[[1904]]); *[[Charles William Beebe]], ([[1877]]-[[1962]]); *[[George Bentham]], ([[1800]]-[[1884]]); *[[Günter Blobel]], [[Premiul Nobel]] *[[Robert Brown]], ([[1773]]-[[1858]]) *[[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon|Buffon]] ([[1707]]-[[1788]]); *[[Luther Burbank]], ([[1849]]-[[1926]]); == C == *[[Rachel Carson]], ([[1907]]-[[1964]]); *[[Elena Chiriac]]; *[[Min Chueh Chang]]; *[[Frank Michler Chapman]] ([[1864]]-[[1945]]); *[[Stanley Cohen (doctor)|Stanley Cohen]]; *[[Radu Codreanu]] ([[1904]]-[[1987]]); *[[Edward Drinker Cope]] ([[1840]]-[[1897]]); *[[Jacques-Yves Cousteau|Jacques Cousteau]]; *[[Francis Crick]], [[1916]]; *[[Georges Cuvier]], ([[1769]]-[[1832]]); == D == *[[Anders Dahl]], ([[1751]]-[[1789]]); *[[Charles Darwin]], ([[1809]]-[[1882]]); *[[Erasmus Darwin]] ([[1731]]-[[1802]]); *[[Richard Dawkins]], ([[1941]]); *[[Max Delbrück]]; *[[Theodosius Dobzhansky]], ([[1900]]-[[1975]]); *[[Jonas C. Dryander]], ([[1748]]-[[1810]]); *[[Renato Dulbecco]]; *[[Robin Dunbar]]; == E == *[[Sylvia Earle]]; *[[Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg]], ([[1795]]-[[1876]]); *[[Paul Ehrlich]], ([[1854]]-[[1915]]),[[Premiul Nobel]] *[[Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz]]; == F == *[[Ronald Fisher]], ([[1890]]-[[1962]]); *[[Alexander Fleming]], ([[1881]]-[[1955]]); *[[Howard Florey]]; *[[E.B. Ford]] ([[1901]]-[[1988]]); *[[Dian Fossey]], ([[1932]]-[[1985]]); *[[Elias Magnus Fries]], ([[1794]]-[[1878]]; *[[Rosalind Franklin]], ([[1920]]-[[1958]]); == G == *[[Charles Frédéric Girard]], ([[1822]]-[[1895]]); *[[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]], ([[1749]]-[[1832]]); *[[Jane Goodall]], [[1934]]; *[[Philip Henry Gosse]], ([[1810]]-[[1888]]); *[[Stephen Jay Gould]], ([[1941]]-[[2002]]); *[[John Graham]] *[[Asa Gray]], ([[1810]]-[[1888]]); *[[John Edward Gray|J.E. Gray]], ([[1800]]-[[1875]]); *[[Pavel Groselj]], ([[1883]]-[[1940]]); == H == *[[Ernst Haeckel]] ([[1834]]-[[1919]]); *[[Hermann August Hagen]] ([[1817]]-[[1893]]); *[[J. B. S. Haldane]] ([[1892]]-[[1964]]); *[[Christoher A. Hall]] *[[William Donald Hamilton]] ([[1936]]-[[2000]]); *[[Frederik Hasselquist]] ([[1722]]-[[1752]]); *[[Willi Hennig]] ([[1913]]-[[1976]]); *[[Robert Hooke]] ([[1635]]-[[1703]]); *[[Sarah Blaffer Hrdy]]; *[[Alexander von Humboldt]], ([[1769]]-[[1859]]); *[[Thomas Henry Huxley]] ([[1825]]-[[1895]]); *[[Alpheus Hyatt]] ([[1838]]-[[1902]]); *[[Libbie Hyman]] ([[1888]]-[[1969]]); == I == *[[Mihail Andrei Ionescu ]] ([[1900]]-[[1988]]); == J == *[[François Jacob]], ([[1920]]- ),[[Premiul Nobel]]; *[[Wilhelm Johannsen]], ([[1857]]-[[1927]]); *[[David Starr Jordan]] ([[1851]]-[[1931]]); *[[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu]], ([[1748]]-[[1836]]); *[[Ernest Everett Just]]; == K == *[[Pehr Kalm]], ([[1716]]-[[1779]]); *[[Motoderu Kamo]]; *[[Stuart Kauffman]]; *[[Motoo Kimura]]; *[[Karl Koch (botanist)]], ([[1809]]-[[1879]]); *[[Robert Koch]], ([[1843]]-[[1910]]),[[Premiul Nobel]] *[[Arthur Kornberg]]; == L == *[[Friedrich Loeffler]]; *[[Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck| Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]] ([[1744]]-[[1829]]); *[[William Elford Leach]] ([[1790]]-[[1836]]); *[[Joseph Le Conte]], ([[1823]]-[[1901]]); *[[Anton van Leeuwenhoek|Antoni van Leeuwenhoek]] ([[1632]]-[[1723]]); *[[Joseph Leidy]] ([[1823]]-[[1891]]); *[[Charles Alexander Lesueur]]; *[[Richard Lewontin]]; *[[Aristid Lindenmayer]]; *[[Carolus Linnaeus]] ([[Carl Linné]]) *[[Konrad Zacharias Lorenz|Konrad Lorenz]] ([[1903]]-[[1989]]; *[[James Lovelock]], [[1919]]; *[[A. S. Loukashkin]]; *[[Salvador Luria]]; *[[Trofim Lysenko]] ([[1898]]-[[1976]]); == M == *[[Eugen Macovschi ]] ([[1906]]-[[1985]]); *[[Marcello Malpighi]]; *[[Lynn Margulis]]; *[[Othniel Charles Marsh]], ([[1831]]-[[1899]]); *[[William Diller Matthew]] ([[1871]]-[[1930]]) *[[Ernst Mayr]] ([[1904]]- ); *[[Maud Leonora Menten]]; *[[John C. Merriam]]; *[[August Karl Arnold Michaelis]] *[[Leonor Michaelis]]; *[[Rita Levi-Montalcini]]; *[[Ernst Mayr]], [[1904]]); *[[Barbara McClintock]], ([[1902]]-[[1992]]); *[[Gregor Mendel]]; *[[Ivan Vladimirovici Miciurin]]; *[[Luc Montaigner]]; *[[Thomas Hunt Morgan]]; *[[Roger Morse]]; *[[Desmond Morris]], [[1928]]; *[[Kary Mullis]], [[1944]]); == N == *[[Gary Paul Nabhan]]; *[[John Needham]]; == O == *[[Henry Fairfield Osborn]] ([[1857]]-[[1935]]); *[[Richard Owen]], ([[1804]]-[[1892]]); == P == *[[George Emil Palade]], n. [[1912]] [[Premiul Nobel]] 1974 *[[Paracelsus]], ([[1493]]-[[1541]]); *[[Daniel Pauly|Dr. Daniel Pauly]]; *[[Louis Pasteur]], ([[1822]]-[[1895]]); *[[Christian Hendrik Persoon]], ([[1761]]-[[1836]]); *[[Charles Pickering (naturalist)]], ([[1805]]-[[1878]]); *[[Gregory Goodwin Pincus]]; == Q == == R == *[[C. S. Rafinesque]], ([[1783]]-[[1840]]); *[[Răvăruţ M]]; *[[Francesco Redi]]; *[[Martin Rodbell]]; *[[Alfred Romer]], ([[1894]]-[[1973]]); *[[Robert Rosen]], ([[1934]]-[[1998]]); *[[Harald Rosenthal]]; == S == *[[Charlest Schuchert]]; *[[Theodor Schwann]], ([[1810]]-[[1882]]); *[[Matthias Jakob Schleiden]], ([[1804]]-[[1881]]); *[[Giovanni Antonio Scopoli]], ([[1723]]-[[1788]]); *[[George Shaw]], ([[1751]]-[[1813]]); *[[Rupert Sheldrake]], [[1942]]); *[[Rolf Singer]], ([[1906]]-[[1994]]); *[[John Maynard Smith]]; *[[Daniel Solander]], ([[1733]]-[[1782]]); *[[Lazzaro Spallanzani]], ([[1729]]-[[1799]]) *[[Anders Sparman]], ([[1748]]-[[1859]]); *[[Roger W. Sperry]], ([[1913]]-[[1994]]); *[[Georg Wilhelm Steller]] , ([[1709]]-[[1746]]); *[[Nettie Stevens]]; *[[Jan Swammerdam]], ([[1637]]-[[1680]]); == T == *[[Patricia A. Tomlinson]]; *[[John Torrey]], ([[1796]]-[[1873]]); *[[Robert Trivers]]; *[[Turenschi E.]]; *[[Ruth Turner]]; *[[Theophrastus]]; *[[Johannes Thiele]], ([[1860]]-[[1935]]); *[[Carl Peter Thunberg]], ([[1743]]-[[1828]]); == Ţ == *[[Ion Ţuculescu]], ([[1910]]-[[1962]]); == V == *[[Francisco Varela]], ([[1946]]-[[2001]]); *[[Craig Venter]]; *[[Rudolf Virchow]], ([[1821]]-[[1902]]); *[[Dimitrie Voinov]], ([[1867]]-[[1951]]); == W == *[[James D. Watson]], [[1928]], [[Premiul Nobel]] *[[Alfred Russel Wallace]], ([[1823]]-[[1913]]); *[[August Weismann]], ([[1834]]-[[1914]]); *[[Alexander Wilson]], ([[1766]]-[[1813]]); *[[Edward Osborne Wilson|Edward O. Wilson]]; *[[Carl Woese]]; *[[Sewall Wright]], ([[1889]]-[[1988]]); == X == == Y == == Z == *[[Floyd Zaiger]], ([[1926]] - ). 3501 7768 2006-09-29T08:45:51Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Amirãriljea-a Protozoilor (latinica: Regnum Protozoa)''' <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Amirãrilje]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subamirãrilje]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Rasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subrasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Superclasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Clasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subclasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Aradã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ghen]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Reprezentantsã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="198"><center><small>[[Protista]]</td> <td rowspan="16"><center><small>[[Protozoa]]</td> <td rowspan="16"><center><small>[[Sarcomastigophora]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[Flagellata]] [[Flagellata|Mastigophora]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[Phytomastigophorea]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Zoomastigophorea]]</td> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Choanoflagellida]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Codonosiga]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Khinetoplastida]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Trypanosoma]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Hipermastigida]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Trychonympha]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Opalinata]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Opalinata]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Opalina]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="13"><center><small>[[Sarcodina]]</td> <td rowspan="5"><center><small>[[Rhizopoda]]</td> <td rowspan="5"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Gymnamoeba]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Amoeba]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Thecamoeba]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Arcella]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Granuloreticulosia]]</td> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Foraminiferida]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Lagena]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Nodosaria]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Globigerina]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[Actinopoda]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[Polyeystinea]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Pipetta]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Styloshporea]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Hexalonche]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Heliadiscus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> </table> ==Bibliografia== * Georgescu, D., ''Animale nevertebrate'' – Morfofizioloige – Editura Didacticã shi Pedagogicã, R.A. Bucureshci, 1997 3502 7763 2006-09-29T08:44:36Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Regnum Fungi]] moved to [[Amirãriljea-a Fundzãlor]] '''Amirãriljea-a Fundzãlor (latinica:Regnum Fungi)''' <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Amirãrilje]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subamirãrilje]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Rasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Clasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subclasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Aradã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Familia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subfamilia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ghen]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Reprezentantsã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="198"><center><small>-</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> </table> 3503 7760 2006-09-29T08:43:14Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Amirãriljea-a Monirlor (latinica: Regnum Monera)''' <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Amirãrilje]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subamirãrilje]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Rasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Clasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subclasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Aradã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Familia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subfamilia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ghen]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Reprezentantsã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="198"><center><small>[[Regnum Monera|Monera]]</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> </table> 3504 7455 2006-09-18T22:49:29Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 {|style="width: 100%" |- !Grupa !Group 1 element|1 !Group 2 element|2 !Group 3 element|3 !Group 4 element|4 !Group 5 element|5 !Group 6 element|6 !Group 7 element|7 !Group 8 element|8 !Group 9 element|9 !Group 10 element|10 !Group 11 element|11 !Group 12 element|12 !Group 13 element|13 !Group 14 element|14 !Group 15 element|15 !Group 16 element|16 !Group 17 element|17 !Group 18 element|18 |- !Periodã |colspan="19"|<br /> |- !Period 1 element|1 |style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|1<br />[[Hydroghenium|H]] |colspan="16"|<br /> |style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|2<br />He |- !Period 2 element|2 |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|3<br />Li |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|4<br />Be |colspan="10"|<br /> |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|5<br />B |style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|6<br />C |style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|7<br />N |style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|8<br />O |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff99;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|9<br />F |style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|10<br />Ne |- !Period 3 element|3 |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|11<br />Na |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|12<br />Mg |colspan="10"|<br /> |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|13<br />Al |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|14<br />Si |style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|15<br />P |style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|16<br />S |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff99;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|17<br />Cl |style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|18<br />Ar |- !Period 4 element|4 |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|19<br />K |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|20<br />Ca |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|21<br />Sc |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|22<br />Ti |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|23<br />V |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|24<br />Cr |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|25<br />Mn |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|26<br />Fe |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|27<br />Co |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|28<br />Ni |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|29<br />Cu |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|30<br />Zn |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|31<br />Ga |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|32<br />Ge |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|33<br />As |style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|34<br />Se |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff99;color:green;border:1px solid black;"|35<br />Br |style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|36<br />Kr |- !Period 5 element|5 |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|37<br />Rb |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|38<br />Sr |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|39<br />Y |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|40<br />Zr |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|41<br />Nb |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|42<br />Mo |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|43<br />Tc |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|44<br />Ru |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|45<br />Rh |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|46<br />Pd |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|47<br />Ag |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|48<br />Cd |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|49<br />In |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|50<br />Sn |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|51<br />Sb |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|52<br />Te |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|53<br />I |style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|54<br />Xe |- !Period 6 element|6 |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|55<br />Cs |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|56<br />Ba |style="vertical-align: top; text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;"|*<br /> |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|72<br />Hf |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|73<br />Ta |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|74<br />W |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|75<br />Re |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|76<br />Os |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|77<br />Ir |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|78<br />Pt |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|79<br />Au</td> |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:green;border:1px solid black;"|80<br />Hg |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|81<br />Tl |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|82<br />Pb |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|83<br />Bi |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|84<br />Po |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff99;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|85<br />At |style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:red;border:1px dashed black;"|86<br />Rn |- !Period 7 element|7 |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|87<br />Fr |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|88<br />Ra |style="vertical-align: top; text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;"|**<br /> |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|104<br />Rf |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|105<br />Db |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|106<br />Sg |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|107<br />Bh |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|108<br />Hs |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|109<br />Mt |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|110<br />Ds |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|111<br />Rg |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:green;border:1px dotted black;"|112<br />Uub |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|113<br />Uut |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|114<br />Uuq |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|115<br />Uup |style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|116<br />Uuh |style="text-align:center;background-color:#fcfecc;color:#cccccc;"|117<br />Uus |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ecfefc;color:#cccccc;"|118<br />Uuo |- |colspan="21"|<br /> |- |colspan="4" style="text-align:right"|* '''Lantanides''' |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|57<br />La |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|58<br />Ce |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|59<br />Pr |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|60<br />Nd |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|61<br />Pm |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|62<br />Sm |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|63<br />Eu |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|64<br />Gd |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|65<br />Tb |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|66<br />Dy |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|67<br />Ho |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|68<br />Er |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|69<br />Tm |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|70<br />Yb |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|71<br />Lu |- |colspan="4" style="text-align:right"|** '''Actinides''' |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|89<br />Ac |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|90<br />Th |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|91<br />Pa |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|92<br />U |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|93<br />Np |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|94<br />Pu |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|95<br />Am |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|96<br />Cm |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|97<br />Bk |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|98<br />Cf |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|99<br />Es |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|100<br />Fm |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|101<br />Md |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|102<br />No |style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|103<br />Lr |} <table align="center"> <caption>'''Tablu Periodic di Elementile Himitse '''</caption> <tr> <td bgcolor="#ff6666">Metale alcãle</td> <td bgcolor="#ffdead">Metale alcãle di loc</td> <td bgcolor="#ffbfff">Lantanide</td> <td bgcolor="#ff99cc">Actinide</td> <td bgcolor="#ffc0c0">Metale di media</td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#cccccc">Metal povre</td> <td bgcolor="#cccc99">Metaloide</td> <td bgcolor="#a0ffa0">Nimetal</td> <td bgcolor="#ffff99">Aloghen</td> <td bgcolor="#c0ffff">Gas avut</td> </tr> </table> '''Temperatura shi presia sãntu normale''' * tu hroma <font color="red">aroshe</font> sãntu gãsuri * tu hroma <font color="green">verdã</font> sãntu lichide * tu hroma <font color="black">lae</font> sãntu solidzle {| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="4" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 40%; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; clear: right" |H||[[Hydroghenium]] |- |He||[[Helium]] |- |Li||[[Lithium]] |- |Be||[[Berilium]] |- |B||[[Bor]] |- |C||[[Carbon]] |- |N||[[Nitroghenium]] |- |O||[[Oxighen]] |- |F||[[Fluor]] |- |Ne||[[Neon]] |- |Na||[[Natrium]] |- |Mg||[[Magnezium]] |- |Al||[[Aluminium]] |- |Si||[[Silitsium]] |- |P||[[Fosfor]] |- |S||[[Sulfur]] |- |Cl||[[Hlor]] |- |Ar||[[-]] |- |K||[[Calium]] |- |Ca||[[Caltsium]] |- |Sc||[[-]] |- |Ti||[[-]] |- |V||[[-]] |- |Cr||[[-]] |- |Mn||[[-]] |- |Fe||[[-]] |- |Co||[[-]] |- |Ni||[[-]] |- |Cu||[[-]] |- |Zn||[[-]] |- |Ga||[[-]] |- |Ge||[[-]] |- |As||[[-]] |- |Se||[[-]] |- |Br||[[-]] |- |Kr||[[-]] |- |Rb||[[-]] |- |Sr||[[-]] |- |Y||[[-]] |- |Zr||[[-]] |- |Nb||[[-]] |- |Mo||[[-]] |- |Tc||[[-]] |- |Ru||[[-]] |- |Rh||[[-]] |- |Pd||[[-]] |- |Ag||[[-]] |- |Cd||[[-]] |- |In||[[-]] |- |Sn||[[-]] |- |Sb||[[-]] |- |Te||[[-]] |- |I||[[-]] |- |Xe||[[-]] |- |Cs||[[-]] |- |Ba||[[-]] |- |La||[[-]] |- |Ce||[[-]] |- |Pr||[[-]] |- |Nd||[[-]] |- |Pm||[[-]] |- |Sm||[[-]] |- |Eu||[[-]] |- |Gd||[[-]] |- |Tb||[[-]] |- |Dy||[[-]] |- |Ho||[[-]] |- |Er||[[-]] |- |Tm||[[-]] |- |Yb||[[-]] |- |Lu||[[-]] |- |Hf||[[-]] |- |Ta||[[-]] |- |W||[[-]] |- |Re||[[-]] |- |Os||[[-]] |- |Ir||[[-]] |- |Pt||[[-]] |- |Au||[[-]] |- |Hg||[[-]] |- |Tl||[[-]] |- |Pb||[[-]] |- |Bi||[[-]] |- |Po||[[-]] |- |At||[[-]] |- |Rn||[[-]] |- |Fr||[[-]] |- |Ra||[[-]] |- |Ac||[[-]] |- |Th||[[-]] |- |Pa||[[-]] |- |U||[[-]] |- |Np||[[-]] |- |Pu||[[-]] |- |Am||[[-]] |- |Cm||[[-]] |- |Bk||[[-]] |- |Cf||[[-]] |- |Es||[[-]] |- |Fm||[[-]] |- |Md||[[-]] |- |No||[[-]] |- |Lr||[[-]] |- |Rf||[[-]] |- |Db||[[-]] |- |Sg||[[-]] |- |Bh||[[-]] |- |Hs||[[-]] |- |Mt||[[-]] |- |Ds||[[-]] |- |Rg||[[-]] |} 3505 8579 2006-11-15T18:05:45Z Jean 119 <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <th>An</td> <th>Numa</td> <th>Stat</td> <th>Contributsia</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[1901]] </td> <th>[[Emil von Behring]]</td> <th>[[Ghermãnia]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[1902]]</td> <th>[[ Ronald Ross]] </td> <th>[[Marea Britanie]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[1903]]</td> <th>[[Niels Ryberg Finsen]] </td> <th>[[Danimarca]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[1904]] </td> <th>[[Ivan Pavlov]] </td> <th>[[Arusia]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[1905]] </td> <th>[[Robert Koch]]</td> <th>[[Ghermãnia]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[1906]] </td> <th>[[Camillo Golgi]] shi [[Santiago Ramón y Cajal]]</td> <th>[[Ghermãnia]], [[Ispania]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="2" >[[1907]]</td> <th>[[Alphonse Laveran]]</td> <th>[[Frãntsia]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[E Buchner]]</td> <th>[[Ghermãnia]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="2">[[1908]]</td> <th>[[Ilya Mecinikov]] </td> <th>[[Arusia]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Paul Ehrlich]] </td> <th>[[Ghermãnia]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[1909]] </td> <th>[[Theodor Kocher]]</td> <th>[[Shwaitsã]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[1910]] </td> <th>[[Albrecht Kossel]] </td> <th>[[Ghermãnia]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[1911]]</td> <th>[[Allvar Gullstrand]]</td> <th>[[Suidia]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[1912]]</td> <th>[[Alexis Carrel]]</td> <th>[[Statile Unite ali Americhia*]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[1913]]</td> <th>[[Charles Richet]]</td> <th>[[Frãntsia]] </td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[1914]] </td> <th>[[Robert Bárány]] </td> <th>[[Ungaria]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[1915]]</td> <th>[[R. Willstratter]] </td> <th>[[Marea Britanie]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[1919]]</td> <th>[[Jules Bordet]]</td> <th>[[Belghia]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[1920]]</td> <th>[[August Krogh]]</td> <th>[[Danimarca]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="2">[[1922]] </td> <th>[[Archibald V. Hill]] </td> <th>[[Marea Britanie]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Otto Meyerhof]] </td> <th>[[Ghermãnia]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[1923]] </td> <th>[[Frederick G. Banting]] shi [[John MacLeod]]</td> <th>[[Canada]]*</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[1924]]</td> <th>[[Wilhem Einthiven]]</td> <th>[[Olanda]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[1926]]</td> <th>[[Johannes Fibiger]]</td> <th>[[Danimarca]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="2" >[[1927]]</td> <th>[[N.O. Wielland]] </td> <th>[[Marea Britanie]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Julius Wagner-Jauregg]] </td> <th>[[Austria]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[1928]] </td> <th>[[Charles Nicolle]]</td> <th>[[Frãntsia]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="3">[[1929]]</td> <th>[[Christiaan Eijkman]] </td> <th>[[Olanda]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Sir Frederick Hopkins]]</td> <th>[[Marea Britanie]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[A. Harden]] shi [[H. E. Chelpin]]</td> <th>[[Marea Britanie]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> </td> </table> 3506 6787 2006-08-23T20:44:55Z Jean 119 <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Regnum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subregnum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Phylum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Classis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subclassis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ordo]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Familia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subfamilia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Genus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Reprezentanti]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="198"><center><small>-</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> </table> ==Bibliography== * Feider, Z., Gyurko, St., Grossu, V.Al., Pop, Victor ''Zoologia vertebratelor'' (Invertebrate Zoology), Ediţia a 3-a, Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică, Bucureşti, 1976; 3507 6788 2006-08-23T20:45:40Z Jean 119 <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Regnum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subregnum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Phylum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Classis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subclassis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ordo]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Familia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subfamilia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Genus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Reprezentanti]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="198"><center><small>-</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> </table> ==Bibliography== * Feider, Z., Gyurko, St., Grossu, V.Al., Pop, Victor ''Zoologia vertebratelor'' (Invertebrate Zoology), Ediţia a 3-a, Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică, Bucureşti, 1976; 3508 6789 2006-08-23T20:46:42Z Jean 119 <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Regnum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subregnum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Phylum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Classis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subclassis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ordo]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Familia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subfamilia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Genus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Reprezentanti]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="198"><center><small>-</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> </table> ==Bibliography== * Feider, Z., Gyurko, St., Grossu, V.Al., Pop, Victor ''Zoologia vertebratelor'' (Invertebrate Zoology), Ediţia a 3-a, Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică, Bucureşti, 1976; 3509 6790 2006-08-23T20:47:24Z Jean 119 <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Regnum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subregnum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Phylum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Classis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subclassis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ordo]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Familia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subfamilia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Genus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Reprezentanti]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="198"><center><small>-</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> </table> ==Bibliography== * Feider, Z., Gyurko, St., Grossu, V.Al., Pop, Victor ''Zoologia vertebratelor'' (Invertebrate Zoology), Ediţia a 3-a, Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică, Bucureşti, 1976; 3510 6784 2006-08-23T20:40:56Z Jean 119 <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Regnum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subregnum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Phylum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Classis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subclassis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ordo]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Familia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subfamilia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Genus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Reprezentanti]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="198"><center><small>-</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> </table> 3511 6785 2006-08-23T20:41:23Z Jean 119 <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Regnum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subregnum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Phylum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Classis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subclassis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ordo]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Familia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subfamilia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Genus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Reprezentanti]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="198"><center><small>-</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> </table> 3512 6786 2006-08-23T20:41:56Z Jean 119 <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Regnum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subregnum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Phylum]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Classis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subclassis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ordo]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Familia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subfamilia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Genus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Reprezentanti]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="198"><center><small>-</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> </table> 3513 7786 2006-09-29T08:58:51Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Molluschilor (latinica: Mollusca)''' sãntu clasificate dupu Georgescu, 1997, pi: <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <th>[[Rasã]]</td> <th>[[Clasã]]</td> <th>[[Subclasã]]</td> <th>[[Aradã]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>1</td> <th>2</td> <th>3</td> <th>4</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="35"> [[Mollusca]]</td> <th>[[Poliplacofore|Polyplacophora]]</th><th>-</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Monoplacophora]]</td> <th>-</th><th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Aplacophora]]</td> <th>-</th><th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="7">[[Gasteropoda]]</td> <th rowspan="3">[[Prosobranchiata]]</th><th>[[Archaesgastropoda]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Mesogasteropoda]] [[Pectinibranchia]]</th> </td> <tr> <th>[[Neogasteropoda]]</th> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="2">[[Opisthobranchiata]]</th> <th>[[Tectibranchiata]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Nudibranchiata]]</th> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="2">[[Pulmonata]]</th><th>[[Basommatophora]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Stylommatophora]]</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="3">[[Bivalvia]] ([[Lammelibranchia]])</td> <th>[[Protobranchiata]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th >[[Filibranchiata]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th >[[Eulamellibranchiata]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th >[[Scaphopoda]]</td> <th>[[Septibranchiata]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="3">[[Cephalopoda]]</td> <th>[[Tetrabranchiata]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> </td> <th rowspan="2">[[Dibranchiata]]</td> <th>[[Decapoda]]</td> </td> <tr> </td> <th>[[Octopoda]]</td> </td> </table> Sh-alante autori prubarã s-facã ãndao alante clasificatsii: [[Clasificatsia-a mulluschilor dupu Matic sh.a., 1983|Matic sh.a., 1983]]; [[Clasificatsia-a molluschilor dupu Firã and Nãstãsescu, 1977 |Firã shi Nãstãsescu, 1977]]. ==Bibliografia== * Georgescu, D., ''Animale nevertebrate'' – Morfofizioloige – Editura Didacticã shi Pedagogicã, R.A. Bucureshci, 1997. 3514 7686 2006-09-22T21:43:14Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[The classification of the mollusks after Matic et al., 1983]] moved to [[Clasificatsia-a mulluschilor dupu Matic sh.a., 1983]] <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <th>[[Rasã]]</td> <th>[[Clasã]]</td> <th>[[Subclasã]]</td> <th>[[Aradã]]</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="10">[[Mollusca]]</td> <th>[[Polyplacophora]]</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Monoplacophora]]</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Aplacophora]], [[Aplacophora|Solenogastra]]</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="6">[[Gasteropoda]]</td> <th rowspan="2">[[Prosobranchiata]]</td> <th>[[Diotocardia]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Monotocardia]]</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="3">[[Opistobranchiata]]</td> <th>[[Tectibranchiata]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Nudibranchiata]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Pteropoda]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> </td> </table> 3515 6807 2006-08-24T19:57:17Z Jean 119 [[The classification of the mollusks after Matic er al., 1983]] moved to [[The classification of the mollusks after Matic et al., 1983]]: Spelling error correction #REDIRECT [[The classification of the mollusks after Matic et al., 1983]] 3516 7690 2006-09-22T21:46:22Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[The classification of the mollusks after Firă and Năstăsescu, 1977]] moved to [[Clasificatsia-a molluschilor dupu Firã and Nãstãsescu, 1977]] <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <th>[[Rasã]]</td> <th>[[Clasã]]</td> <th>[[Subclasã]]</td> <th>[[Aradã]]</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="10">[[Mollusca]]</td> <th rowspan="3">[[Polyplacophora]]</td> <th rowspan="3">-</td> <th>[[Lepidopleurina]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Ischiochitonina]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Acanthochitonina]]</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="6">[[Aplacophora]], [[Aplacophora|Solenogastra]]</td> <th rowspan="2">[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="3">[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> </td> </table> 3517 7697 2006-09-22T21:49:51Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <th>[[Clasã]]</td> <th>[[Subclasã]]</td> <th>[[Aradã]]</td> <th>[[Ghen]]</td> <th>Spetsies</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Polyplacophora]]</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> <th>[[Chiton]]</td> <th>[[Chiton marginatus]]</td> </td> 3518 6816 2006-08-24T21:23:03Z Jean 119 [[Poliplacofore]] moved to [[Polyplacophora]]: Spelling error correction #REDIRECT [[Polyplacophora]] 3519 7696 2006-09-22T21:49:24Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <th>[[Clasã]]</td> <th>[[Subclasã]]</td> <th>[[Aradã]]</td> <th>[[Ghen]]</td> <th>Spetsies</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Monoplacophora]]</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> <th>[[Neopilina]]</td> <th>[[Neopilina galacteae]]</td> </td> </table> 3520 7695 2006-09-22T21:49:03Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <th>[[Clasã]]</td> <th>[[Subclasã]]</td> <th>[[Aradã]]</td> <th>[[Ghen]]</td> <th>Spetsies</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Aplacophora]]</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> <th>[[Neomenia]]</td> <th>[[Neomenia sp.]]</td> </td> </table> 3521 6829 2006-08-27T13:19:38Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Bioloyii]] moved to [[Biologhia]] #REDIRECT [[Biologhia]] 3522 6832 2006-08-27T13:20:11Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Chimii]] moved to [[Hemia]] #REDIRECT [[Hemia]] 3523 6836 2006-08-27T13:21:36Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Informatsii]] moved to [[Informatica]] #REDIRECT [[Informatica]] 3524 6838 2006-08-27T13:21:36Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Talk:Informatsii]] moved to [[Talk:Informatica]] #REDIRECT [[Talk:Informatica]] 3525 6841 2006-08-27T13:22:09Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Informatica]] moved to [[Informaticã]] #REDIRECT [[Informaticã]] 3526 6843 2006-08-27T13:22:09Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Talk:Informatica]] moved to [[Talk:Informaticã]] #REDIRECT [[Talk:Informaticã]] 3527 6845 2006-08-27T13:22:44Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Sportu]] moved to [[Spor]] #REDIRECT [[Spor]] 3528 6850 2006-08-27T13:24:07Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Vurgarii]] moved to [[Vurgaria]] #REDIRECT [[Vurgaria]] 3529 7901 2006-10-07T05:57:26Z Jean 119 [[Jean/Cutia de nisip]] [[Jean/Cutia di arinã 2]] 3530 7740 2006-09-26T08:19:15Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Sfundzile (latinica: Spongia)''' sãntu clasificate dupu Georgescu, 1997, pi: <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Rasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Clasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ghen]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Reprezentantsã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[Spongia]] [[Spongia|Porifera]], [[Spongia|Parazoa]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Calcarea]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Sycon]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Sycon raphanus]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Hexactinellida]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Euplectella]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Euplectella aspergillum]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Demospongia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Spongilla]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Spongilla lacustris]]</td> </td> </table> ==Bibliografia== Georgescu, D., Animale nevertebrate – Morfofizioloige – Editura Didacticã shi Pedagogicã, R.A. Bucureshci, 1997 3531 7781 2006-09-29T08:53:07Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Cnidarlji (latinica:Cnidari)''' sãntu clasificate dupu Georgescu, 1997, pi: <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Amirãrilje]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subamirãrilje]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Rasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Clasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subclasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Aradã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Familia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subfamilia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ghen]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Reprezentantsã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="198"><center><small>-</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="6"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> </table> ==Bibliografia== Georgescu, D., Animale nevertebrate – Morfofizioloige – Editura Didacticã shi Pedagogicã, R.A. Bucureshci, 1997 3532 8199 2006-10-24T03:37:09Z Jean 119 ==4== <includeonly>{| style="position:relative; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; border: #aaa 1px solid; float:right; clear:right; width:200px;" cellpadding="0" |- style="text-align:center;" ! style="background: {{{culoare}}};" |'''{{{nume}}}'''<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{status|}}}|then=<br><center><small>{{{status|}}}</small></center>}}<!-- -->{{subtext|if=|test={{{fosilă|}}}|contents=Fosilă din: {{{fosilă|}}}}} |- | {{qif|test={{{imagine|}}}|then=[[image:{{{imagine}}}|{{{imagine_lăţime|200px}}}|{{{imagine_text|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{imagine_text|}}}</div></small>}}<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{imagine2|}}}|then=[[image:{{{imagine2}}}|{{{imagine2_lăţime|200px}}}|{{{imagine2_text|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{imagine2_text|}}}</div></small>}} |- style="text-align:center;" ! style="background: {{{culoare}}};" | '''[[Clasificare ştiinţifică]]'''{{#if:{{{cf|}}}|<small><br>după {{{cf|}}}</small>}} |- style="text-align:center;" | {| style="margin:0 auto; text-align:left; background:none;" cellpadding="2" {{row|if=|test={{{domeniu|}}}|label=Domeniu:|contents={{{domeniu|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_domeniu|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{superregnum|}}}|label=Supraregn:|contents={{{superregnum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_superregnum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{regnum|}}}|label=Regn:|contents={{{regnum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_regnum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subregnum|}}}|label=Subregn:|contents={{{subregnum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subregnum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{unranked_phylum|}}}|label=(unranked)|contents={{{unranked_phylum|}}}<br><small>{{{unranked_phylum_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{superdivisio|}}}|label=Supradiviziune:|contents={{{superdivisio|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_superdivisio|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{superphylum|}}}|label=Supraîncrengătură:|contents={{{superphylum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_superphylum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{divisio|}}}|label=Încrengătură:|contents={{{divisio|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_divisio|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{phylum|}}}|label=Încrengătură:|contents={{{phylum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_phylum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subdivisio|}}}|label=Subdiviziune:|contents={{{subdivisio|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subdivisio|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subphylum|}}}|label=Subîncrengătură:|contents={{{subphylum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subphylum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{infraphylum|}}}|label=Infraîncrengătură:|contents={{{infraphylum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_infraphylum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{microphylum|}}}|label=Microîncrengătură:|contents={{{microphylum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_microphylum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{nanophylum|}}}|label=Nanoîncrengătură:|contents={{{nanophylum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_nanophylum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{unranked_classis|}}}|label=(unranked)|contents={{{unranked_classis|}}}<br><small>{{{unranked_classis_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{superclassis|}}}|label=Supraclasă:|contents={{{superclassis|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_superclassis|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{classis|}}}|label=Clasă:|contents={{{classis|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_classis|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subclassis|}}}|label=Subclasă:|contents={{{subclassis|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subclassis|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{infraclassis|}}}|label=Infraclasă:|contents={{{infraclassis|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_infraclassis|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{unranked_ordo|}}}|label=(unranked)|contents={{{unranked_ordo|}}}<br><small>{{{unranked_ordo_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{superordo|}}}|label=Supraordin:|contents={{{superordo|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_superordo|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{ordo|}}}|label=Ordin:|contents={{{ordo|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_ordo|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subordo|}}}|label=Subordin:|contents={{{subordo|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subordo|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{infraordo|}}}|label=Infraordin:|contents={{{infraordo|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_infraordo|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{zoodivisio|}}}|label=Diviziune:|contents={{{zoodivisio|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_zoodivisio|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{zoosectio|}}}|label=Secţiune:|contents={{{zoosectio|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_zoosectio|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{zoosubsectio|}}}|label=Subsecţiune:|contents={{{zoosubsectio|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_zoosubsectio|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{unranked_familia|}}}|label=(unranked)|contents={{{unranked_familia|}}}<br><small>{{{unranked_familia_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{superfamilia|}}}|label=Suprafamilie:|contents={{{superfamilia|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_superfamilia|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{familia|}}}|label=Familie:|contents={{{familia|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_familia|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subfamilia|}}}|label=Subfamilie:|contents={{{subfamilia|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subfamilia|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{supertribus|}}}|label=Supratrib:|contents={{{supertribus|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_supertribus|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{tribus|}}}|label=Trib:|contents={{{tribus|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_tribus|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subtribus|}}}|label=Subtrib:|contents={{{subtribus|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subtribus|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{affinis|}}}|label=Alianţă:|contents={{{affinis|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_affinis|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{genus|}}}|label=Gen:|contents='''{{{genus|}}}'''<br><small>{{{autoritate_genus|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{genus2|}}}|label=Gen:|contents={{{genus2|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_genus2|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subgenus|}}}|label=Subgen:|contents={{{subgenus|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subgenus|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{sectio|}}}|label=Secţiune:|contents={{{sectio|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_sectio|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{series|}}}|label=Serie:|contents={{{series|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_series|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{globus_species|}}}|label=Grup de specii:|contents={{{globus_species|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_globus_species|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subglobus_species|}}}|label=Subgrup de specii:|contents={{{subglobus_species|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subglobus_species|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{congregatio_species|}}}|label=Complex de specii:|contents={{{congregatio_species|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_congregation_species|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{species|}}}|label=Specie:|contents='''{{{species|}}}'''<br><small>{{{autoritate_species|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subspecies|}}}|label=Subspecie:|contents='''''{{{subspecies|}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_subspecies|}}}</small>}} |}<!-- -->{{section|if=|test={{{diversitate|}}}|color={{{culoare}}}|contents=[[{{{legătură_diversitate}}}|Diversitate]]}} |- | style="text-align:center;" | {{{diversity|}}}<!-- -->{{section|if=|test={{{binomial|}}}|color={{{culoare}}}|contents=[[Nomenclatura binară|Nume binar]]}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{binomial|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{binomial}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_binomial|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{section|if=|test={{{trinomial|}}}|color={{{culoare}}}|contents=[[Nomenclatura trinară|Nume trinar]]}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{trinomial|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{trinomial}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_trinomial|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{section|if=|test={{{typus_species|}}}|color={{{culoare}}}|contents=[[Tip biologic|Tip de Specie]]}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{typus_species|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents={{{typus_species}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_typus_species|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{hartă_răspândire|}}}|then=<tr><td>[[image:{{{hartă_răspândire}}}|{{{hartă_răspândire_lăţime|200px}}}|{{{hartă_răspândire_text|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{hartă_răspândire_text|}}}</div></small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{binomial2|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{binomial2}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_binomial2|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{trinomial2|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{trinomial2}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_trinomial2|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{hartă_răspândire2|}}}|then=<tr><td>[[image:{{{hartă_răspândire2}}}|{{{hartă_răspândire2_lăţime|200px}}}|{{{hartă_răspândire2_text|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{hartă_răspândire2_text|}}}</div></small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{binomial3|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{binomial3}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_binomial3|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{trinomial3|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{trinomial3}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_trinomial3|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{hartă_răspândire3|}}}|then=<tr><td>[[image:{{{hartă_răspândire3}}}|{{{hartă_răspândire3_lăţime|200px}}}|{{{răspândire3_lăţime_text|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{hartă_răspândire3_text|}}}</div></small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{binomial4|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{binomial4}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_binomial4|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{trinomial4|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{trinomial4}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_trinomial4|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{hartă_răspândire4|}}}|then=<tr><td>[[image:{{{hartă_răspândire4}}}|{{{hartă_răspândire4_lăţime|200px}}}|{{{hartă_răspândire4_text|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{hartă_răspândire4_text|}}}</div></small>}}<!-- -->{{section|if=|test={{{subdiviziune|}}}|color={{{culoare}}}|contents={{{rang_subdiviziune}}}}} |- | style="padding: 0 .5em;" | {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" {{{subdiviziune|}}} |}<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{sinonime|}}}|then=<tr style="text-align:center; background:{{{culoare}}};"><th>[[Sinonim|Sinonime]]</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center;">{{{sinonime}}}</td></tr>}} |}</includeonly> <noinclude> __TOC__ Acest format setează o cutie taxonomică. Este relativ simplu de utilizat. Majoritatea parametrilor sunt opţionali, deci dacă vreo înregistrare este irelevantă, nu o includeţi. ==88== <includeonly>{| style="position:relative; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; float:right; background:white; clear:right; width:200px;" border="1" cellpadding="0" |- style="text-align:center;" ! style="background: {{{color}}}; position:relative; display:block;" |<span style="position:absolute; right:0.2em; top:0.1em; font-size:70%;">[[Wikipedia:How to read a taxobox|?]]</span>'''{{{name}}}'''{{#if:{{{status|}}}|<br><span style="text-align:center">{{#switch:{{{status}}} |SE|se|SECURE|Secure|secure=<small>'''[[Conservation status|Conservation status:]]&nbsp;Secure'''</small> |DOM|dom|DOMESTICATED|Domesticated|domesticated=<small>'''[[Conservation status|Conservation status:]]&nbsp;Domesticated'''</small>{{{category|[[Category:Domesticated animals]]}}} |DD|dd=<small>'''[[Conservation status|Conservation&nbsp;status:]] Data&nbsp;deficient'''</small> |LR|lr=<small>'''[[Conservation status|Conservation&nbsp;status:]] Lower&nbsp;risk'''</small> {{{category|[[Category:Invalid conservation status]]}}} |LC|lc=<small>'''[[Conservation status|Conservation&nbsp;status:]] Least&nbsp;concern'''</small> |LR/lc|lr/lc|LR/LC=<small>'''[[Conservation status|Conservation&nbsp;status:]] Least&nbsp;concern&nbsp;(LR/lc)'''</small> |NT|nt=<small>'''[[Conservation status|Conservation&nbsp;status:]] Near&nbsp;threatened'''</small> |LR/nt|lr/nt=<small>'''[[Conservation status|Conservation&nbsp;status:]] Near&nbsp;threatened&nbsp;(LR/nt)'''</small> |LR/cd|lr/cd=<small>'''[[Conservation status|Conservation&nbsp;status:]] Conservation&nbsp;dependent&nbsp;(LR/cd)'''</small> |VU|vu=<small>'''[[Conservation status|Conservation status:]] Vulnerable'''</small> |EN|en=<small>'''[[Conservation status|Conservation status:]] Endangered'''</small>{{{category|[[Category:Endangered species]]}}} |CR|cr=<small>'''[[Conservation status|Conservation status:]] Critical'''</small>{{{category|[[Category:Critically endangered species]]}}} |PE|pe=<small>'''[[Conservation status|Conservation status:]] Critical (Possibly Extinct)'''</small>{{{category|[[Category:Critically endangered species]]}}} |EW|ew=<small>'''[[Conservation status|Conservation&nbsp;status:]] Extinct&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;wild'''</small>{{{category|[[Category:Species extinct in the wild]]}}} |EX|ex=<small>'''[[Conservation status|Conservation&nbsp;status:]] Extinct{{#if:{{{extinct|}}}|&nbsp;({{{extinct}}}) }}'''</small> |FOSSIL|Fossil|fossil=<small>'''[[Conservation status|Conservation status:]] Fossil'''</small> |PRE|pre=<small>'''[[Conservation status|Conservation status:]] Prehistoric'''</small> |text|Text|TEXT=<small>'''[[Conservation status|Conservation&nbsp;status:]] See&nbsp;text'''</small> |{{{status}}} }}{{#if:{{{status_ref|}}}|<small>{{{status_ref|}}}</small>}}</span>}} {{#if: {{{fossil_range|}}}|<br><center><small>Fossil range: {{{fossil_range}}}</small></center>}} |- style="text-align:center;" | {{#if:{{{image|}}}|[[image:{{{image}}}|{{{image_width|200px}}}|{{{image_caption|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{image_caption|}}}</div></small>}} {{#if:{{{image2|}}}|[[image:{{{image2}}}|{{{image2_width|200px}}}|{{{image2_caption|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{image2_caption|}}}</div></small>}} |- style="text-align:center;" ! style="background: {{{color}}};" | '''{{#if:{{{virus_group|}}}|[[Virus classification]]|[[Scientific classification]]}}''' |- style="text-align:center;" | {| style="margin:0 auto; text-align:left; background:white;" cellpadding="2" |-valign=top {{#if:{{{virus_group|}}}| {{!}} Group: {{!}} {{#switch:{{{virus_group}}} |I|i=Group I <small>([[dsDNA virus|dsDNA]])</small> |II|ii=Group II <small>([[ssDNA virus|ssDNA]])</small> |III|iii=Group III <small>([[dsRNA virus|dsRNA]])</small> |IV|iv=Group IV <small>([[Positive-sense ssRNA virus|(+)ssRNA]])</small> |V|v=Group V <small>([[Negative-sense ssRNA virus|(-)ssRNA]])</small> |VI|vi=Group VI <small>([[ssRNA-RT virus|ssRNA-RT]])</small> |VII|vii=Group VII <small>([[dsDNA-RT virus|dsDNA-RT]])</small> |{{{virus_group}}} }}}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{domain|}}}| {{!}} Domain: {{!}} {{{domain}}}<br><small>{{{domain_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{superregnum|}}}| {{!}} Superkingdom: {{!}} {{{superregnum}}}<br><small>{{{superregnum_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{regnum|}}}| {{!}} Kingdom: {{!}} {{{regnum}}}<br><small>{{{regnum_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{subregnum|}}}| {{!}} Subkingdom: {{!}} {{{subregnum}}}<br><small>{{{subregnum_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{unranked_phylum|}}}| {{!}} (unranked) {{!}} {{{unranked_phylum}}}<br><small>{{{unranked_phylum_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{superdivisio|}}}| {{!}} Superdivision: {{!}} {{{superdivisio}}}<br><small>{{{superdivisio_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{superphylum|}}}| {{!}} Superphylum: {{!}} {{{superphylum}}}<br><small>{{{superphylum_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{divisio|}}}| {{!}} Division: {{!}} {{{divisio}}}<br><small>{{{divisio_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{phylum|}}}| {{!}} Phylum: {{!}} {{{phylum}}}<br><small>{{{phylum_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{subdivisio|}}}| {{!}} Subdivision: {{!}} {{{subdivisio}}}<br><small>{{{subdivisio_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{subphylum|}}}| {{!}} Subphylum: {{!}} {{{subphylum}}}<br><small>{{{subphylum_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{infraphylum|}}}| {{!}} Infraphylum: {{!}} {{{infraphylum}}}<br><small>{{{infraphylum_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{microphylum|}}}| {{!}} Microphylum: {{!}} {{{microphylum}}}<br><small>{{{microphylum_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{nanophylum|}}}| {{!}} Nanophylum: {{!}} {{{nanophylum}}}<br><small>{{{nanophylum_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{unranked_classis|}}}| {{!}} (unranked) {{!}} {{{unranked_classis}}}<br><small>{{{unranked_classis_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{superclassis|}}}| {{!}} Superclass: {{!}} {{{superclassis}}}<br><small>{{{superclassis_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{classis|}}}| {{!}} Class: {{!}} {{{classis}}}<br><small>{{{classis_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{subclassis|}}}| {{!}} Subclass: {{!}} {{{subclassis}}}<br><small>{{{subclassis_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{infraclassis|}}}| {{!}} Infraclass: {{!}} {{{infraclassis}}}<br><small>{{{infraclassis_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{unranked_ordo|}}}| {{!}} (unranked) {{!}} {{{unranked_ordo}}}<br><small>{{{unranked_ordo_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{magnordo|}}}| {{!}} Magnorder: {{!}} {{{magnordo}}}<br><small>{{{magnordo_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{superordo|}}}| {{!}} Superorder: {{!}} {{{superordo}}}<br><small>{{{superordo_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{ordo|}}}| {{!}} Order: {{!}} {{{ordo}}}<br><small>{{{ordo_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{subordo|}}}| {{!}} Suborder: {{!}} {{{subordo}}}<br><small>{{{subordo_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{infraordo|}}}| {{!}} Infraorder: {{!}} {{{infraordo}}}<br><small>{{{infraordo_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{parvordo|}}}| {{!}} Parvorder: {{!}} {{{parvordo}}}<br><small>{{{parvordo_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{zoodivisio|}}}| {{!}} Division: {{!}} {{{zoodivisio}}}<br><small>{{{zoodivisio_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{zoosectio|}}}| {{!}} Section: {{!}} {{{zoosectio}}}<br><small>{{{zoosectio_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{zoosubsectio|}}}| {{!}} Subsection: {{!}} {{{zoosubsectio}}}<br><small>{{{zoosubsectio_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{unranked_familia|}}}| {{!}} (unranked) {{!}} {{{unranked_familia}}}<br><small>{{{unranked_familia_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{superfamilia|}}}| {{!}} Superfamily: {{!}} {{{superfamilia}}}<br><small>{{{superfamilia_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{familia|}}}| {{!}} Family: {{!}} {{{familia}}}<br><small>{{{familia_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{subfamilia|}}}| {{!}} Subfamily: {{!}} {{{subfamilia}}}<br><small>{{{subfamilia_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{supertribus|}}}| {{!}} Supertribe: {{!}} {{{supertribus}}}<br><small>{{{supertribus_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{tribus|}}}| {{!}} Tribe: {{!}} {{{tribus}}}<br><small>{{{tribus_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{subtribus|}}}| {{!}} Subtribe: {{!}} {{{subtribus}}}<br><small>{{{subtribus_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{alliance|}}}| {{!}} Alliance: {{!}} {{{alliance}}}<br><small>{{{alliance_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{genus|}}}| {{!}} Genus: {{!}} {{{genus}}}<br><small>{{{genus_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{genus2|}}}| {{!}} Genus: {{!}} {{{genus2}}}<br><small>{{{genus2_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{subgenus|}}}| {{!}} Subgenus: {{!}} {{{subgenus}}}<br><small>{{{subgenus_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{sectio|}}}| {{!}} Section: {{!}} {{{sectio}}}<br><small>{{{sectio_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{series|}}}| {{!}} Series: {{!}} {{{series}}}<br><small>{{{series_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{species_group|}}}| {{!}} Species group: {{!}} {{{species_group}}}<br><small>{{{species_group_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{species_subgroup|}}}| {{!}} Species subgroup: {{!}} {{{species_subgroup}}}<br><small>{{{species_subgroup_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{species_complex|}}}| {{!}} Species complex: {{!}} {{{species_complex}}}<br><small>{{{species_complex_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{species|}}}| {{!}} Species: {{!}} <span style="white-space: nowrap">{{{species}}}</span><br><small>{{{species_authority|}}}</small>}} |-valign=top {{#if:{{{subspecies|}}}| {{!}} Subspecies: {{!}} <span style="white-space: nowrap">{{{subspecies}}}</span><br><small>{{{subspecies_authority|}}}</small>}} |} |- bgcolor={{{color|white}}} {{#if:{{{diversity|}}}| ! [[{{{diversity_link}}}|Diversity]] {{!}}- style="text-align:center;" {{!}} {{{diversity|}}}}} |- bgcolor="{{{color|white}}}" {{#if:{{{binomial|}}}| ! <center>[[Binomial nomenclature|Binomial name]]</center> {{!}}- style="text-align:center;" {{!}} '''{{{binomial}}}'''<br><small>{{{binomial_authority|}}}</small>}} |-bgcolor="{{{color|white}}}" {{#if:{{{trinomial|}}}| ! <center>[[Trinomial nomenclature|Trinomial name]] </center> {{!}}- style="text-align:center;" {{!}} '''{{{trinomial}}}'''<br><small>{{{trinomial_authority|}}}</small>}} |-bgcolor="{{{color|white}}}" {{#if:{{{type_genus|}}}| ! <center>[[Biological type|Type Genus]] </center> {{!}}- style="text-align:center;" {{!}} {{{type_genus}}}<br><small>{{{type_genus_authority|}}}</small>}} |-bgcolor="{{{color|white}}}" {{#if:{{{type_species|}}}| ! <center>[[Biological type|Type Species]] </center> {{!}}- style="text-align:center;" {{!}} {{{type_species}}}<br><small>{{{type_species_authority|}}}</small>}} |- style="text-align:center;" {{#if:{{{range_map|}}}| {{!}} [[image:{{{range_map}}}|{{{range_map_width|200px}}}|{{{range_map_caption|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{range_map_caption|}}}</div></small>}} |- style="text-align:center;" {{#if:{{{binomial2|}}}| {{!}} '''{{{binomial2}}}'''<br><small>{{{binomial2_authority|}}}</small>}} |- style="text-align:center;" {{#if:{{{trinomial2|}}}| {{!}} '''{{{trinomial2}}}'''<br><small>{{{trinomial2_authority|}}}</small>}} |- style="text-align:center;" {{#if:{{{range_map2|}}}| {{!}} [[image:{{{range_map2}}}|{{{range_map2_width|200px}}}|{{{range_map2_caption|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{range_map2_caption|}}}</div></small>}} |- style="text-align:center;" {{#if:{{{binomial3|}}}| {{!}} '''{{{binomial3}}}'''<br><small>{{{binomial3_authority|}}}</small>}} |- style="text-align:center;" {{#if:{{{trinomial3|}}}| {{!}} '''{{{trinomial3}}}'''<br><small>{{{trinomial3_authority|}}}</small>}} |- style="text-align:center;" {{#if:{{{range_map3|}}}| {{!}} [[image:{{{range_map3}}}|{{{range_map3_width|200px}}}|{{{range_map3_caption|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{range_map3_caption|}}}</div></small>}} |- style="text-align:center;" {{#if:{{{binomial4|}}}| {{!}} '''{{{binomial4}}}'''<br><small>{{{binomial4_authority|}}}</small>}} |- style="text-align:center;" {{#if:{{{trinomial4|}}}| {{!}} '''{{{trinomial4}}}'''<br><small>{{{trinomial4_authority|}}}</small>}} |- style="text-align:center;" {{#if:{{{range_map4|}}}| {{!}} [[image:{{{range_map4}}}|{{{range_map4_width|200px}}}|{{{range_map4_caption|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{range_map4_caption|}}}</div></small>}} |- bgcolor="{{{color|white}}}" {{#if:{{{subdivision|}}}| ! <center>{{{subdivision_ranks}}}</center> {{!}}- {{!}} style="padding: 0 .5em;" {{!}} {{{subdivision|}}} }} |-style="text-align:center; background:{{{color}}};" {{#if:{{{synonyms|}}}| ! <center>[[Synonymy|Synonyms]]</center> {{!}}- {{!}} style="padding: 0 .5em;" {{!}} {{{synonyms|}}} }} |}</includeonly><noinclude> ==About this template== This template sets up a taxobox. Although the implementation is complicated, it is relatively simple to use. See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Tree of Life/taxobox usage|taxobox usage]] for an explanation. For an example in practice, look at the edit page of [[Orca]] - [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orca&action=edit]. Most parameters are optional, so if a particular entry is not relevant for your case, just leave it out. == Making changes == Before making any non-minor changes to this template, please make a copy of the whole template to your userspace and do tests there. This will avoid unnecessary load on the servers and prevent a large number of pages being screwed up. To edit and test the taxobox template in your userspace: # Copy the text in the large edit box of [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Taxobox&action=edit Template:Taxobox] to <nowiki>[[User:</nowiki>''YOUR USERNAME''<nowiki>/taxobox]]</nowiki>. Copy the whole text so that you don't leave anything out. # Test the template with various taxonomies by copying the text of a plant/animal species or group to <nowiki>[[User:</nowiki>''YOUR USERNAME''<nowiki>/taxoboxtest]]</nowiki>. # Replace the <nowiki>{{Taxobox|...}}</nowiki> template used by <nowiki>[[User:</nowiki>''YOUR USERNAME''<nowiki>/taxoboxtest]]</nowiki> with <nowiki>{{User:</nowiki>''YOUR USERNAME/''taxobox<nowiki>|...}}</nowiki> # If unsure, please check a few different animals and plants and groups # Check the [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Taxobox&action=history Template:Taxobox history], in case changes have been made while you've been editing # Copy the whole text of <nowiki>[[User:</nowiki>''YOUR USERNAME''<nowiki>/taxobox]]</nowiki> back to <nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:Taxobox]]}} # Check that plant and animal pages still work. # Request your userspace taxobox and taxoboxtest pages are deleted using {{tl|db-userreq}} {{esoteric}} [[Category:Science infobox templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:Templates using ParserFunctions|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[es:Plantilla:Taxobox]] [[ga:Teimpléad:Bosca Sonraí Tacsanomaíochta]] ==Literatură== *Roman **Autori de romane în aromână* **Traducători de romane în aromână* **Autori aromâni ce au scris în alte limbi* ***Autori aromâni ce au scris în Română* *Poezia **Autori de volume de poezie în aromână* **Traducători de poezie în aromână* **Poeţi aromâni ce au scris în alte limbi* ***Poeţi aromâni ce au scris în Română* *Nuvelă* *Schiţă* *Teatro <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <th>Română</td> <th>Engleză</td> <th>Aromână</td> </td> <tr> <th>Bibliografie</td> <th>Bibliography</td> <th>Bibliografia</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> </td> </table> ==--== {| class="plainlinks" style="font-size: 90%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;" |- ! width="150" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #efefef; text-align: center;" | Subspecies !! style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #efefef; text-align: center;" | Classification !! width="150" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #efefef; text-align: center;" | Status !! width="300" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #efefef; text-align: center;" | Historic Range (see [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cd/Original_distribution_of_wolf_subspecies.GIF map]) |- |rowspan="2" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #f9f9f9;" | '''[[Eastern Timber Wolf]]''' ||align="center" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #f9f9f9;" | ''Canis lupus lycaon '' ||align="center" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #f9f9f9;" | At risk ||align="center" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #f9f9f9;" |Southeastern Canada, Eastern United States |- |colspan="4" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #f9f9f9;" | A smaller subspecies. Became extinct in 1889 as a result of poisoning campaigns. |- |rowspan="2" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #efefef;" | '''[[Japanese Wolf|Honshu Wolf]] ''' ||align="center" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #efefef;" | ''Canis lupus hodophilax '' ||align="center" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #efefef;" | Extinct ||align="center" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #efefef;" |Japanese islands of Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu |- |colspan="4" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #efefef;" | A very small subspecies. Became extinct in 1905 from a combination of rabies and human eradication efforts. |- |rowspan="2" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #f9f9f9;" | '''[[Indian Wolf]]''' ||align="center" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #f9f9f9;" | ''Canis lupus pallipes'' ||align="center" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #f9f9f9;" | Endangered, declining ||align="center" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #f9f9f9;" |Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India |- |colspan="4" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #f9f9f9;" | A very small subspecies. Typically tawny, buff, or reddish with a very short, dense coat. Hunted as a nuisance animal. |- |rowspan="2" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #efefef;" | '''[[Italian Wolf]]''' ||align="center" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #efefef;" | ''Canis lupus italicus'' ||align="center" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #efefef;" | Endangered||align="center" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #efefef;" |Italian peninsula |- |colspan="4" style="border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; padding: 0.3em; background: #efefef;" | An average-sized subspecies. Full canine color spectrum represented. Occupy comparatively smaller territories. Protected. |} ==Imagine== [[Image:Lion in Kenya.jpg|180px|right|thumb|''[[Panthera leo]]'' (Lion), a species of the kingdom '''Animalia''']] ==11== [[Image:Tulip01.jpg|thumb|left|The androecium and gynoecium of a [[tulip]].]] ==bbb=== <gallery> Image:Bluete-Schema.png| <br />1. Receptacul <br />2. Sepale/ Sepal*<br />3. Petale/ Petal*<br />4. Stamine/ Stamens*<br />5. Pistil/Pistil* Image:Illustration_Oxalis_acetosella0.jpg|right|thumb|185px|Harilik jänesekapsas, <br /><small>5 rohelist tupplehte, <br />5 valget kroonlehte, <br />2×5 tolmukat, <br />5 emakat</small>]] </gallery> ==qqqqqq== [[Image:Englishtitles2-1.jpg|375px|right]] ==wwwwwww== <includeonly>{| style="position:relative; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; border: #aaa 1px solid; float:right; clear:right; width:200px;" cellpadding="0" |- style="text-align:center;" ! style="background: {{{culoare}}};" |'''{{{nume}}}'''<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{status|}}}|then=<br><center><small>{{{status|}}}</small></center>}}<!-- -->{{subtext|if=|test={{{fosilă|}}}|contents=Fosilă din: {{{fosilă|}}}}} |- | {{qif|test={{{imagine|}}}|then=[[image:{{{imagine}}}|{{{imagine_lăţime|200px}}}|{{{imagine_text|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{imagine_text|}}}</div></small>}}<!-- 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-->{{row|if=|test={{{unranked_phylum|}}}|label=(unranked)|contents={{{unranked_phylum|}}}<br><small>{{{unranked_phylum_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{superdivisio|}}}|label=Supradiviziune:|contents={{{superdivisio|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_superdivisio|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{superphylum|}}}|label=Supraîncrengătură:|contents={{{superphylum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_superphylum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{divisio|}}}|label=Încrengătură:|contents={{{divisio|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_divisio|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{phylum|}}}|label=Încrengătură:|contents={{{phylum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_phylum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subdivisio|}}}|label=Subdiviziune:|contents={{{subdivisio|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subdivisio|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subphylum|}}}|label=Subîncrengătură:|contents={{{subphylum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subphylum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{infraphylum|}}}|label=Infraîncrengătură:|contents={{{infraphylum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_infraphylum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{microphylum|}}}|label=Microîncrengătură:|contents={{{microphylum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_microphylum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{nanophylum|}}}|label=Nanoîncrengătură:|contents={{{nanophylum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_nanophylum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{unranked_classis|}}}|label=(unranked)|contents={{{unranked_classis|}}}<br><small>{{{unranked_classis_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{superclassis|}}}|label=Supraclasă:|contents={{{superclassis|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_superclassis|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{classis|}}}|label=Clasă:|contents={{{classis|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_classis|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subclassis|}}}|label=Subclasă:|contents={{{subclassis|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subclassis|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{infraclassis|}}}|label=Infraclasă:|contents={{{infraclassis|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_infraclassis|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{unranked_ordo|}}}|label=(unranked)|contents={{{unranked_ordo|}}}<br><small>{{{unranked_ordo_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{superordo|}}}|label=Supraordin:|contents={{{superordo|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_superordo|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{ordo|}}}|label=Ordin:|contents={{{ordo|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_ordo|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subordo|}}}|label=Subordin:|contents={{{subordo|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subordo|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{infraordo|}}}|label=Infraordin:|contents={{{infraordo|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_infraordo|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{zoodivisio|}}}|label=Diviziune:|contents={{{zoodivisio|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_zoodivisio|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{zoosectio|}}}|label=Secţiune:|contents={{{zoosectio|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_zoosectio|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{zoosubsectio|}}}|label=Subsecţiune:|contents={{{zoosubsectio|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_zoosubsectio|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{unranked_familia|}}}|label=(unranked)|contents={{{unranked_familia|}}}<br><small>{{{unranked_familia_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{superfamilia|}}}|label=Suprafamilie:|contents={{{superfamilia|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_superfamilia|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{familia|}}}|label=Familie:|contents={{{familia|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_familia|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subfamilia|}}}|label=Subfamilie:|contents={{{subfamilia|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subfamilia|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{supertribus|}}}|label=Supratrib:|contents={{{supertribus|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_supertribus|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{tribus|}}}|label=Trib:|contents={{{tribus|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_tribus|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subtribus|}}}|label=Subtrib:|contents={{{subtribus|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subtribus|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{affinis|}}}|label=Alianţă:|contents={{{affinis|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_affinis|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{genus|}}}|label=Gen:|contents='''{{{genus|}}}'''<br><small>{{{autoritate_genus|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{genus2|}}}|label=Gen:|contents={{{genus2|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_genus2|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subgenus|}}}|label=Subgen:|contents={{{subgenus|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subgenus|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{sectio|}}}|label=Secţiune:|contents={{{sectio|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_sectio|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{series|}}}|label=Serie:|contents={{{series|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_series|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{globus_species|}}}|label=Grup de specii:|contents={{{globus_species|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_globus_species|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subglobus_species|}}}|label=Subgrup de specii:|contents={{{subglobus_species|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subglobus_species|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{congregatio_species|}}}|label=Complex de specii:|contents={{{congregatio_species|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_congregation_species|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{species|}}}|label=Specie:|contents='''{{{species|}}}'''<br><small>{{{autoritate_species|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subspecies|}}}|label=Subspecie:|contents='''''{{{subspecies|}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_subspecies|}}}</small>}} |}<!-- -->{{section|if=|test={{{diversitate|}}}|color={{{culoare}}}|contents=[[{{{legătură_diversitate}}}|Diversitate]]}} |- | style="text-align:center;" | {{{diversity|}}}<!-- -->{{section|if=|test={{{binomial|}}}|color={{{culoare}}}|contents=[[Nomenclatura binară|Nume binar]]}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{binomial|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{binomial}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_binomial|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{section|if=|test={{{trinomial|}}}|color={{{culoare}}}|contents=[[Nomenclatura trinară|Nume trinar]]}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{trinomial|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{trinomial}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_trinomial|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{section|if=|test={{{typus_species|}}}|color={{{culoare}}}|contents=[[Tip biologic|Tip de Specie]]}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{typus_species|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents={{{typus_species}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_typus_species|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{hartă_răspândire|}}}|then=<tr><td>[[image:{{{hartă_răspândire}}}|{{{hartă_răspândire_lăţime|200px}}}|{{{hartă_răspândire_text|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{hartă_răspândire_text|}}}</div></small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{binomial2|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{binomial2}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_binomial2|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{trinomial2|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{trinomial2}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_trinomial2|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{hartă_răspândire2|}}}|then=<tr><td>[[image:{{{hartă_răspândire2}}}|{{{hartă_răspândire2_lăţime|200px}}}|{{{hartă_răspândire2_text|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{hartă_răspândire2_text|}}}</div></small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{binomial3|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{binomial3}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_binomial3|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{trinomial3|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{trinomial3}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_trinomial3|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{hartă_răspândire3|}}}|then=<tr><td>[[image:{{{hartă_răspândire3}}}|{{{hartă_răspândire3_lăţime|200px}}}|{{{răspândire3_lăţime_text|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{hartă_răspândire3_text|}}}</div></small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{binomial4|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{binomial4}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_binomial4|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{trinomial4|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{trinomial4}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_trinomial4|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{hartă_răspândire4|}}}|then=<tr><td>[[image:{{{hartă_răspândire4}}}|{{{hartă_răspândire4_lăţime|200px}}}|{{{hartă_răspândire4_text|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{hartă_răspândire4_text|}}}</div></small>}}<!-- -->{{section|if=|test={{{subdiviziune|}}}|color={{{culoare}}}|contents={{{rang_subdiviziune}}}}} |- | style="padding: 0 .5em;" | {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" {{{subdiviziune|}}} |}<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{sinonime|}}}|then=<tr style="text-align:center; background:{{{culoare}}};"><th>[[Sinonim|Sinonime]]</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center;">{{{sinonime}}}</td></tr>}} |}</includeonly> <noinclude> __TOC__ Acest format setează o cutie taxonomică. Este relativ simplu de utilizat. Majoritatea parametrilor sunt opţionali, deci dacă vreo înregistrare este irelevantă, nu o includeţi. ==Parametri== 3533 7782 2006-09-29T08:54:29Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Acnidarlji (latinica: Acnidaria)''' sãntu clasificate dupu Georgescu, 1997, pi: <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Rasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Clasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subclasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ghen]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Reprezentantsã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[Acnidaria]] [[Acnidaria|Ctenaria]] </td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[Ctenofora]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Tentaculata]] ([[Tentaculata|Micopharingea]])</td> <td><center><small>[[Cestus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Cestus veneris]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Atentaculata]] ([[Atentaculata|Macropffaringea]])</td> <td><center><small>[[Beroё]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Beroё ovata]]</td> </td> </table> ==Bibliografia== Georgescu, D., Animale nevertebrate – Morfofizioloige – Editura Didacticã shi Pedagogicã, R.A. Bucureshci, 1997 3534 7784 2006-09-29T08:56:48Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Plathelmintsãlji (latinica: Platheminthes)''' sãntu clasificate dupu Georgescu, 1997, pi: <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Rasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Clasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subclasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Aradã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ghen]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Reprezentantsã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><center><small>[[Plathelminthes]] </td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[Turbelaria]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Acoelia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Convoluta]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Convoluta convoluta]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Rhabdocola]] </td> <td><center><small>[[Mesostoma]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Mesostoma ehrenbengii]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]] </td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]] </td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> </table> ==Bibliografia== Georgescu, D., Animale nevertebrate – Morfofizioloige – Editura Didacticã shi Pedagogicã, R.A. Bucureshci, 1997 3535 7785 2006-09-29T08:57:54Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Nemathelmintsãlji (latinica: Nemathelminthes)''' sãntu clasificate dupu Georgescu, 1997, pi: <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Rasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Clasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subclasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Aradã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ghen]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Reprezentantsã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><center><small>[[Nemathelminthes]] ([[Nemathelminthes|Aschelminthes]]) </td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[Rotatoria]]</td> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[Monogomonta]]</td> <td rowspan="3"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Epiphanes]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Epiphanes sp.]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Brachionus]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Brachionus calyciflorus]] </td>> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Keratella]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Keratella cohlcaris]] </td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]] </td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]] </td> </td> </table> ==Bibliografia== Georgescu, D., Animale nevertebrate – Morfofizioloige – Editura Didacticã shi Pedagogicã, R.A. Bucureshci, 1997 3536 7787 2006-09-29T09:00:30Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Sipunculindzãlji (latinica: Sipunculida)''' sãntu clasificate dupu Georgescu, 1997, pi: <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Rasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Clasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Subclasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Ghen]]</td> <td><center><small>[[Reprezentantsã]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>[[-]] </td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[-]] </td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> </table> ==Bibliografia== Georgescu, D., Animale nevertebrate – Morfofizioloige – Editura Didacticã shi Pedagogicã, R.A. Bucureshci, 1997. 3537 7699 2006-09-22T21:55:26Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 Clasificatsia-a molluschilor dupu Georgescu,1997: <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <th>[[Rasã]]</td> <th>[[Clasã]]</td> <th>[[Subclasã]]</td> <th>[[Ghen]]</td> <th>[[Spetsies]]</th> </td> <tr> <th>1</td> <th>2</td> <th>3</td> <th>4</td> <th>5</th> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="9">[[Gasteropoda]]</td> <th rowspan="3">[[Prosobranchiata]]</th><th>[[Archaesgastropoda]]</td> <th>[[-]]</th> <th>[[-]]</th> </td> <tr> <th>[[Mesogasteropoda]] [[Pectinibranchia]]</th> <th>[[-]]</th> <th>[[-]]</th> </td> <tr> <th>[[Neogasteropoda]]</th> <th>[[-]]</th> <th>[[-]]</th> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="2">[[Opisthobranchiata]]</th> <th>[[Tectibranchiata]]</td> <th>[[-]]</th> <th>[[-]]</th> </td> <tr> <th>[[Nudibranchiata]]</th> <th>[[-]]</th> <th>[[-]]</th> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="4">[[Pulmonata]]</th> <th rowspan="3">[[Basommatophora]]</td> <th>[[Limnaea]]</th> <th>[[Limnaea stagnalis]]</th> </td> <tr> <th>[[Planorbis]]</td> <th>[[Planorbis corneus]]</th> </td> <tr> <th>[[Tropidiscus]]</td> <th>[[Tropidiscus carinatus]]</th> </td> <tr> <th>[[Stylommatophora]]</td> <th>[[-]]</th> <th>[[-]]</th> </td> </table> ==Bibliografia== * Georgescu, D., ''Animale nevertebrate'' – Morfofizioloige – Editura Didacticã shi Pedagogicã, R.A. Bucureshci, 1997. 3538 7790 2006-09-29T09:02:46Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Echiuridzlji (latinica: Echiurida)''' sãntu clasificate dupu Georgescu, 1997, pi: <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <th>[[Rasã]]</td> <th>[[Clasã]]</td> <th>[[Subclasã]]</td> <th>[[Ghen]]</td> <th>[[Spetsies]]</th> </td> <tr> <th>1</td> <th>2</td> <th>3</td> <th>4</td> <th>5</th> </td> <tr> <th>Echiurida</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> <th>[[Bonnelia]]</td> <th>[[Bonnelia viridis]]</th> </td> </table> ==Bibliografia== *Georgescu, D., Animale nevertebrate – Morfofizioloige – Editura Didacticã shi Pedagogicã, R.A. Bucureshci, 1997. 3539 7789 2006-09-29T09:02:00Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Priapluidzlji (latinica:Priapluida)''' sãntu clasificate dupu Georgescu, 1997, pi: <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <th>[[Rasã]]</td> <th>[[Clasã]]</td> <th>[[Subclasã]]</td> <th>[[Ghen]]</td> <th>[[Spetsies]]</th> </td> <tr> <th>1</td> <th>2</td> <th>3</td> <th>4</td> <th>5</th> </td> <tr> <th>[[Priapluida]]</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> <th>[[Priapulus]]</td> <th>[[Priapulus bicaudatus]]</th> </td> </table> ==Bibliografia== * Georgescu, D., Animale nevertebrate – Morfofizioloige – Editura Didacticã shi Pedagogicã, R.A. Bucureshci, 1997. 3540 6901 2006-08-29T11:34:56Z Jean 119 Annelida sãntu clasificate dupu Georgescu, 1997, pi: <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <th>[[Phylum]]</td> <th>[[Classis]]</td> <th>[[Subclassis]]</td> <th>[[Ordo]]</td> <th>[[Genus]]</td> <th>[[Species]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>1</td> <th>2</td> <th>3</td> <th>4</td> <th>5</td> <th>3</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="10">[[Annelida]]</td> <th>[[Poliychaeta]]</td> <th>[[Errantia]]</td> <th>-</td> <th>[[Nereis]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> <th>-</td> </td> </table> ==Bibliografia== * Georgescu, D., ''Animale nevertebrate'' – Morfofizioloige – Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică, R.A. Bucureşti, 1997. 3541 6900 2006-08-29T11:34:13Z Jean 119 Onychophora sãntu clasificate dupu Georgescu, 1997, pi: <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <th>[[Phylum]]</td> <th>[[Classis]]</td> <th>[[Subclassis]]</td> <th>[[Ordo]]</td> <th>[[Genus]]</td> <th>[[Species]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>1</td> <th>2</td> <th>3</td> <th>4</td> <th>5</td> <th>3</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Onychophora]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>-</td> <th>[[Peripatus]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> </table> ==Bibliografia== * Georgescu, D., ''Animale nevertebrate'' – Morfofizioloige – Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică, R.A. Bucureşti, 1997. 3542 6899 2006-08-29T11:33:13Z Jean 119 Tardigrada sãntu clasificate dupu Georgescu, 1997, pi: <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <th>[[Phylum]]</td> <th>[[Classis]]</td> <th>[[Subclassis]]</td> <th>[[Ordo]]</td> <th>[[Genus]]</td> <th>[[Species]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>1</td> <th>2</td> <th>3</td> <th>4</td> <th>5</td> <th>3</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Tardigradda]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>-</td> <th>[[Echiniscus]]</td> <th>[[Echiniscus sp.]]</td> </td> </table> ==Bibliografia== * Georgescu, D., ''Animale nevertebrate'' – Morfofizioloige – Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică, R.A. Bucureşti, 1997. 3543 6898 2006-08-29T11:31:51Z Jean 119 Pentasomida sãntu clasificate dupu Georgescu, 1997, pi: <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <th>[[Phylum]]</td> <th>[[Classis]]</td> <th>[[Subclassis]]</td> <th>[[Ordo]]</td> <th>[[Genus]]</td> <th>[[Species]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>1</td> <th>2</td> <th>3</td> <th>4</td> <th>5</td> <th>3</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Pentastomida]] (Linguatulida)</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>-</td> <th>[[Cephalobaena]]</td> <th>[[Cephalobaena tetrapoda]]</td> </td> </table> ==Bibliografia== * Georgescu, D., ''Animale nevertebrate'' – Morfofizioloige – Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică, R.A. Bucureşti, 1997. 3544 6911 2006-08-29T12:06:39Z Jean 119 Pentastomida este un substantiv propriu la singular ce denumeşte o încrengătură. Trebuie făcut acordul dintre subiect (Pentastomida) şi predicat. --[[User:Jean|Jean]] 12:06, 29 August 2006 (UTC) 3545 6913 2006-08-29T19:21:36Z Jean 119 Artropoda sãntu clasificate dupu Georgescu, 1997, pi: <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <th>[[Phylum]]</td> <th>[[Subphzlum]]</td> <th>[[Classis]]</td> <th>[[Subclassis]]</td> <th>[[Ordo]]</td> <th>[[Genus]]</td> <th>[[Species]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>1</td> <th>2</td> <th>3</td> <th>4</td> <th>5</td> <th>6</td> <th>7</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="10">[[Arthropoda]] </td> <th>[[Trilobita]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>-</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Chelicerata]] </td> <th>[[Merostomat]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>-</td> <th>[[Limulus]]</td> <th>[[Limulus polzphemus]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[-]] </td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>-</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[-]] </td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>-</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[-]] </td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>-</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> </td> </table> ==Bibliografia== * Georgescu, D., ''Animale nevertebrate'' – Morfofizioloige – Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică, R.A. Bucureşti, 1997. 3546 6914 2006-08-29T19:33:25Z Jean 119 Echinodermata sãntu clasificate dupu Georgescu, 1997, pi: <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <th>[[Phylum]]</td> <th>[[Subphylum]]</td> <th>[[Classis]]</td> <th>[[Subclassis]]</td> <th>[[Ordo]]</td> <th>[[Genus]]</td> <th>[[Species]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>1</td> <th>2</td> <th>3</td> <th>4</td> <th>5</td> <th>6</td> <th>7</td> </td> <tr> <th rowspan="10">[[Echinodermata]] </td> <th>[[Pelmatozoa]]</td> <th>[[Crinoidea]]</td> <th>-</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[Pentacinus]]</td> <th>-</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[Eleutherozoa]] </td> <th>[[Asteroidea]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>-</td> <th>[[Asterias]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[-]] </td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>-</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[-]] </td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>-</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <th>[[-]] </td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>-</td> <th>[[-]]</td> <th>[[-]]</td> </td> </table> ==Bibliografia== * Georgescu, D., ''Animale nevertebrate'' – Morfofizioloige – Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică, R.A. Bucureşti, 1997. 3547 6917 2006-08-30T02:37:46Z Jean 119 [[Image:MarchantiaPolymorpha.jpg]] 3548 8727 2006-12-13T19:52:34Z Escarbot 112 robot Adding: [[hu:Páfrányfenyők]] [[Image:Radziejowice ginkgo biloba01.jpg|250px|thumb|Lemnu di Ginkgo biloba]] [[ar:جنكو]] [[bg:Гинко]] [[ca:Ginkgo]] [[cs:Jinan dvoulaločný]] [[da:Tempeltræ]] [[de:Ginkgo]] [[en:Ginkgo]] [[eo:Ginko]] [[es:Ginkgo biloba]] [[et:Hõlmikpuu]] [[fi:Neidonhiuspuut]] [[fr:Ginkgo biloba]] [[he:גינקגו דו אונתי]] [[hu:Páfrányfenyők]] [[it:Ginkgo biloba]] [[ja:イチョウ]] [[ko:은행나무]] [[lb:Ginkgobam]] [[lt:Dviskiautis ginkmedis]] [[lv:Ginki]] [[nl:Ginkgo biloba]] [[no:Tempeltre]] [[pl:Miłorząb dwuklapowy]] [[pt:Ginkgo]] [[ro:Ginkgo]] [[ru:Гинкго]] [[simple:Ginkgo]] [[sk:Ginko dvojlaločné]] [[sl:Ginko biloba]] [[sr:Гинко]] [[sv:Ginkgo]] [[th:แปะก๊วย]] [[tr:Mabet ağacı]] [[zh:银杏]] 3549 8062 2006-10-09T15:06:24Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 ==Clasificatsia shciintsificã dupu ma multe fãntãne== <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>Dupu [[Răvăruţ, 1973|Rãvãruts, 1973]]</td> <td><center><small>Dupu Pop shi colaborator 1985</td> <td><center><small>Dupu [[Anca Sârbu|Sãrbu (1999)]] shi Wikipedia [[Romãnia|romãneascã]], 2006</td> <td><center><small>Dupu Wikipedia [[Polandia|poloneascã]] 2006</td> <td><center><small>Dupu Wikipedia [[Suidia|suidescã]], 2006</td> <td><center><small>Dupu Wikipedia [[Finlanda|finicã]], 2006</td> <td><center><small>Dupu Wikipedia [[Britania Mare|anglicã]], [[Gallia|gallicã]], [[Italia|itallicã]], [[Olanda|olandicã]], [[Portogallia|portogallã]], shi [[Ispania|ispãnescã]], 2006 </td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Etapã]], [[Domeniu|Domen]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Euthallophytae]], [[Eucaryotae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td>[[/]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Eucariote]]</td> <td>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Regnum|Amirãrilje]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td bgcolor="ff999"><center><small>[[Vegetal]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Regnum Plantae|Plantae]]</td> <td>[[/]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Plantae]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center>[[Plantae]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Regnum Plantae|Plantae]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Subregnum|Subamirãrilje]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Cormofit|Cormobionta]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Cormofit|Cormobionta]]</td> <td><center><small>[[=]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td bgcolor="ff999"><center><small>[[Tracheobionta]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Phylum|Rasã]]</td> <td style="border: 1px solid black; background:#90EE90;"><center><small>[[Gymnospermatophyta]] [[Ginmosperme]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Pinophyta]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Pinophyta]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td style="border: 1px solid black; background:#90EE90;"><center><small>[[Spermatophyta]]</td> <td><center><small>Magnoliophyta ???</td> <td bgcolor="ff999"><center><small>[[Gnetophyta]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Subphylum|Subrasã]]</td> <td bgcolor="ff999"><center><small>[[Prae-angyospermatophytina]] [[(Chlamydospermae)]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>-</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td bgcolor="ff999"><center><small>[[Gnetophyta]]</td> <td bgcolor="ff999"><center><small>[[Gnetophytina]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Classis|Clasã]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Gnetatae]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Gnetatae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td style="border: 1px solid black; background:#90EE90;"><center><small>[[Gnetopsida]]</td> <td style="border: 1px solid black; background:#90EE90;"><center><small>[[Gnetopsida]]</td> <td style="border: 1px solid black; background:#90EE90;"><center><small>[[Gnetopsida]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Ordo|Aradã]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Welwitschiales]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Welwitschiales]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Welwitschiales]]</td> <td><center><small>[[=]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Welwitschiales]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Welwitschiales]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Welwitschiales]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Familia|Familia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Welwitschiaceae]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Welwitschiaceae]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Welwitschiaceae]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Welwitschiaceae]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Genus|Ghen]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Welwitschia]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Welwitschia]]</td> <td><center><small>[[=]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Welwitschia]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Welwitschia]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Welwitschia]]</td> </td> <tr> <td><center><small>[[Species|Spetsies]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Welwitschia mirabilis]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Welwitschia mirabilis]]</td> <td><center><small>[[-]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Welwitschia mirabilis]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Welwitschia mirabilis]]</td> <td style="background:#afdead;"><center><small>[[Welwitschia mirabilis]]</td> </td> </table> <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td style="background:#afdead;">Cu vearde</td> <td style="border: 1px solid black; background:#90EE90;">Cu vearde</td> <td><center><small>Idhyie nume la autori diferentsã</td> </td> </td> <tr> <td bgcolor="ff999">Cu aroshe</td> <td>-</td> <td><center><small>Idhyie nume la autori diferentsã</td> </td> </td> </table> [[Image:Welwitschia mirabilis(1).jpg|thumb|240px|Comparatsia di mãrime (Welwitschia tu Namibia)]] [[Image:Welwitschia-seeds.jpg|left|240px|''Welwitschia mirabilis'' muljearicã, lilicile sãntu cu forma di cep (ãncljiditor).]] [[Image:Welwitschia mirabilis1.jpg|left|240px|''Welwitschia mirabilis'', iarba tinirã]] [[Image:Welwitschia_mirabilis(2).jpg|thumb|240px|Welwitschia ghiganticã tu Namibia, tu Notlu di Swakopmund, easte bãgatã tu protectsia. Mãrime: tsircã mãrime di un om, Anjlji cca: 1.500 di anj.]] [[Image:Welwitschia Mirabilis Area of Circulation.png|thumb|240px|Loclu di tsirculatsia]] 3550 8165 2006-10-21T06:29:18Z Jean 119 [[image:Magnolia stellata6.jpg|thumb|Magnolia stellata]] 3551 8161 2006-10-20T20:25:36Z Jean 119 [[image:Ranunculus repens(02).jpg|thumb|Ranunculus repens]] 3552 7714 2006-09-25T23:16:14Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Afion (latinica Papaver somniferum)''' ==Cãdzuri== * [http://www.poppies.org/gallery/ Galeria di cãdzuri di Afionlu] * [http://www.geopium.org/Photos/Pavots_Poppies/pavotspoppies.htm Cãdzuri di afion opiatic pi www.geopium.org] <br /> <gallery> Image:Illustration Papaver somniferum0.jpg|Afion opiatic <br /> di Thomé ''Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz'' (''Iarbile di tu [[Ghermãnia]], [[Austria]] shi [[Shwaitsã]]'') 1885 Image:Opium_poppy.jpg|Afion ti ornamentu tu [[Chatsworth House|Casa Chatsworth]], [[Britania Mare]] Image:Crowning_P_Somniferum_topview.jpg|Di pi suprã vidzut [[Opium|Afion opiatic]] cu njicã ilichie shi curunã Immature crowning </gallery> 3553 8126 2006-10-14T19:36:50Z Jean 119 [[image:flowering_victoria.jpg|reigt|thumb|Lilice di ''Victoria sp. ///in the Amsterdam Hortus Botanicus <br>Photograph by Dirk van der Made''*///]] The genus '''''Victoria''''' represents the giant water lilies. The most famous, ''Victoria amazonica'', is the largest of all the water lilies with leaves sometimes nearly 3 m in diameter, on stalks 7-8 m in length. ''Victoria'' is named after Queen Victoria. ==Species== ''[[Victoria amazonica]]'' (Poepp.) Sowerby<br/> ''[[Victoria cruziana]]'' A. D. Orb<br/> ''[[Victoria mattogrossensis]]'' 3554 7715 2006-09-25T23:17:55Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Victoria cruziana flower.jpg|left|thumb|Lilice di ''Victoria cruzianã'']] 3555 8166 2006-10-21T06:31:09Z Jean 119 [[image:Aristolochia clematitis 160505.jpg|thumb|Aristolochia clematitis]] 3556 8933 2007-01-06T15:02:14Z Thijs!bot 143 robot Adding: [[fi:Rantaminttu]] '''Ayazmã (latinica: Mentha arvensis)''' [[image : mentha_arvensis_2005.08.28_09.49.00.jpg|250px|thumb|'''Mentha arvensis''']] [[de:Acker-Minze]] [[en:Mentha arvensis]] [[fi:Rantaminttu]] [[fr:Menthe des champs]] [[ja:ニホンハッカ]] [[nl:Akkermunt]] [[sv:Åkermynta]] 3557 8877 2006-12-30T03:28:25Z Thijs!bot 143 robot Adding: [[ca:Conium]] Modifying: [[es:Conium maculatum]] [[Image:Koeh-191.jpg|thumb|left|''Conium maculatum'']] [[bg:Бучиниш]] [[ca:Conium]] [[cs:Bolehlav plamatý]] [[de:Gefleckter Schierling]] [[en:Conium]] [[es:Conium maculatum]] [[fi:Myrkkykatko]] [[fr:Grande ciguë]] [[hu:Bürök]] [[it:Conium]] [[ja:ドクニンジン]] [[lt:Mauda]] [[nl:Gevlekte scheerling]] [[nrm:Conium maculatum]] [[pl:Szczwół plamisty]] [[pt:Cicuta]] [[sv:Odört]] 3558 6939 2006-08-30T03:45:13Z Jean 119 [[image : Anemone ranunculoides 300303.jpg|thumb|''Anemone ranunculoides'']] 3559 6938 2006-08-30T03:34:44Z Jean 119 [[Image:Clematis Montana 02.jpg|thumb|''Clematis montana'']] 3560 8167 2006-10-21T06:36:01Z Jean 119 '''Purnu (latinica:Prunus domestica)''' [[image : Prunus-domestica.JPG|250px|thumb|Prunus domestica]] 3561 6945 2006-08-30T20:39:10Z Multiaccount control 122 this user have been created for the sole purpose of debunking , multiple accounts users users have the right to have multiple accounts. but users may not abuse of the system. users also may not register in languages they don't know only to spam the version with their link 3633 8961 2007-01-09T03:22:29Z 70.16.247.100 Replacing page with 'delete' delete 3634 7034 2006-09-07T18:06:39Z Jean 119 [[The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] moved to [[Premia di Nobel ti Fiziologhia icã Meditsina]]: I have changed the English denomination with the Aromanian one. #REDIRECT [[Premia di Nobel ti Fiziologhia icã Meditsina]] 3635 7113 2006-09-14T21:59:11Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''New Delhi''' (Nju Delhi) easte cãsãbãlu capital ali [[India|Indie]]. [[Image:Humanyu.JPG|thumb|250px|right| [[Tombã di Humayun]], tsi s-aflã tu New Delhi, are dezain di arhitecturã cãcum shi [[Taj Mahal|Taj Mahalu]].]] [[Image:newdelhicommercial.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Case di pãrmãthie tu New Delhi]] [[Image:indiawarmealmori.JPG|thumb|250px|[[war memorial|Tsentru di polim]] tu Portã di India ]] 3636 7892 2006-10-06T13:49:02Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Berlin''' easte cãsãbãlu capital ali Statlu Federal Berlin sh-ali [[Ghermãnia|Republica Federalã Ghermãnia]]. [[Image:BrandenburgGate FrontatNight June 2004.jpg|trumb|right|330px|Portã di Brandenburg]] [[Image:Freie Universitaet Berlin - Gebaeudekomplex Rost- und Silberlaube.jpg|thumb|320px|Univerzitetlu liber di Berlin]] [[Image:Berlin Fernsehturm 2005.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Cula di TV]] 3637 7110 2006-09-14T21:54:00Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Bonn''' easte cãsãbã tu Republica Federalã Ghermãnia. [[Image:BNRATHAU.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Aula Istorica-a Cãsãbãlui]] [[Image:Bonn_Muenster.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Cathedralã Münster]] [[Image:Godesburg 2 db.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Tsitãdela Godesburg]] 3638 7055 2006-09-11T19:16:44Z 67.19.171.42 Subject1 Hi all! Bye 3639 7061 2006-09-11T20:14:26Z Jean 119 <includeonly>{| style="position:relative; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; border: #aaa 1px solid; float:right; clear:right; width:200px;" cellpadding="0" |- style="text-align:center;" ! style="background: {{{culoare}}};" |'''{{{nume}}}'''<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{status|}}}|then=<br><center><small>{{{status|}}}</small></center>}}<!-- -->{{subtext|if=|test={{{fosilă|}}}|contents=Fosilă din: {{{fosilă|}}}}} |- | {{qif|test={{{imagine|}}}|then=[[image:{{{imagine}}}|{{{imagine_lăţime|200px}}}|{{{imagine_text|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{imagine_text|}}}</div></small>}}<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{imagine2|}}}|then=[[image:{{{imagine2}}}|{{{imagine2_lăţime|200px}}}|{{{imagine2_text|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{imagine2_text|}}}</div></small>}} |- style="text-align:center;" ! style="background: {{{culoare}}};" | '''[[Clasificare ştiinţifică]]'''{{#if:{{{cf|}}}|<small><br>după {{{cf|}}}</small>}} |- style="text-align:center;" | {| style="margin:0 auto; text-align:left; background:none;" cellpadding="2" {{row|if=|test={{{domeniu|}}}|label=Domeniu:|contents={{{domeniu|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_domeniu|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{superregnum|}}}|label=Supraregn:|contents={{{superregnum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_superregnum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{regnum|}}}|label=Regn:|contents={{{regnum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_regnum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subregnum|}}}|label=Subregn:|contents={{{subregnum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subregnum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{unranked_phylum|}}}|label=(unranked)|contents={{{unranked_phylum|}}}<br><small>{{{unranked_phylum_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{superdivisio|}}}|label=Supradiviziune:|contents={{{superdivisio|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_superdivisio|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{superphylum|}}}|label=Supraîncrengătură:|contents={{{superphylum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_superphylum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{divisio|}}}|label=Încrengătură:|contents={{{divisio|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_divisio|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{phylum|}}}|label=Încrengătură:|contents={{{phylum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_phylum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subdivisio|}}}|label=Subdiviziune:|contents={{{subdivisio|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subdivisio|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subphylum|}}}|label=Subîncrengătură:|contents={{{subphylum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subphylum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{infraphylum|}}}|label=Infraîncrengătură:|contents={{{infraphylum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_infraphylum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{microphylum|}}}|label=Microîncrengătură:|contents={{{microphylum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_microphylum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{nanophylum|}}}|label=Nanoîncrengătură:|contents={{{nanophylum|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_nanophylum|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{unranked_classis|}}}|label=(unranked)|contents={{{unranked_classis|}}}<br><small>{{{unranked_classis_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{superclassis|}}}|label=Supraclasă:|contents={{{superclassis|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_superclassis|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{classis|}}}|label=Clasă:|contents={{{classis|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_classis|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subclassis|}}}|label=Subclasă:|contents={{{subclassis|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subclassis|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{infraclassis|}}}|label=Infraclasă:|contents={{{infraclassis|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_infraclassis|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{unranked_ordo|}}}|label=(unranked)|contents={{{unranked_ordo|}}}<br><small>{{{unranked_ordo_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{superordo|}}}|label=Supraordin:|contents={{{superordo|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_superordo|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{ordo|}}}|label=Ordin:|contents={{{ordo|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_ordo|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subordo|}}}|label=Subordin:|contents={{{subordo|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subordo|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{infraordo|}}}|label=Infraordin:|contents={{{infraordo|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_infraordo|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{zoodivisio|}}}|label=Diviziune:|contents={{{zoodivisio|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_zoodivisio|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{zoosectio|}}}|label=Secţiune:|contents={{{zoosectio|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_zoosectio|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{zoosubsectio|}}}|label=Subsecţiune:|contents={{{zoosubsectio|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_zoosubsectio|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{unranked_familia|}}}|label=(unranked)|contents={{{unranked_familia|}}}<br><small>{{{unranked_familia_authority|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{superfamilia|}}}|label=Suprafamilie:|contents={{{superfamilia|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_superfamilia|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{familia|}}}|label=Familie:|contents={{{familia|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_familia|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subfamilia|}}}|label=Subfamilie:|contents={{{subfamilia|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subfamilia|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{supertribus|}}}|label=Supratrib:|contents={{{supertribus|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_supertribus|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{tribus|}}}|label=Trib:|contents={{{tribus|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_tribus|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subtribus|}}}|label=Subtrib:|contents={{{subtribus|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subtribus|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{affinis|}}}|label=Alianţă:|contents={{{affinis|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_affinis|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{genus|}}}|label=Gen:|contents='''{{{genus|}}}'''<br><small>{{{autoritate_genus|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{genus2|}}}|label=Gen:|contents={{{genus2|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_genus2|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subgenus|}}}|label=Subgen:|contents={{{subgenus|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subgenus|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{sectio|}}}|label=Secţiune:|contents={{{sectio|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_sectio|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{series|}}}|label=Serie:|contents={{{series|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_series|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{globus_species|}}}|label=Grup de specii:|contents={{{globus_species|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_globus_species|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subglobus_species|}}}|label=Subgrup de specii:|contents={{{subglobus_species|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_subglobus_species|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{congregatio_species|}}}|label=Complex de specii:|contents={{{congregatio_species|}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_congregation_species|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{species|}}}|label=Specie:|contents='''{{{species|}}}'''<br><small>{{{autoritate_species|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{subspecies|}}}|label=Subspecie:|contents='''''{{{subspecies|}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_subspecies|}}}</small>}} |}<!-- -->{{section|if=|test={{{diversitate|}}}|color={{{culoare}}}|contents=[[{{{legătură_diversitate}}}|Diversitate]]}} |- | style="text-align:center;" | {{{diversity|}}}<!-- -->{{section|if=|test={{{binomial|}}}|color={{{culoare}}}|contents=[[Nomenclatura binară|Nume binar]]}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{binomial|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{binomial}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_binomial|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{section|if=|test={{{trinomial|}}}|color={{{culoare}}}|contents=[[Nomenclatura trinară|Nume trinar]]}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{trinomial|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{trinomial}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_trinomial|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{section|if=|test={{{typus_species|}}}|color={{{culoare}}}|contents=[[Tip biologic|Tip de Specie]]}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{typus_species|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents={{{typus_species}}}<br><small>{{{autoritate_typus_species|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{hartă_răspândire|}}}|then=<tr><td>[[image:{{{hartă_răspândire}}}|{{{hartă_răspândire_lăţime|200px}}}|{{{hartă_răspândire_text|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{hartă_răspândire_text|}}}</div></small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{binomial2|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{binomial2}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_binomial2|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{trinomial2|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{trinomial2}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_trinomial2|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{hartă_răspândire2|}}}|then=<tr><td>[[image:{{{hartă_răspândire2}}}|{{{hartă_răspândire2_lăţime|200px}}}|{{{hartă_răspândire2_text|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{hartă_răspândire2_text|}}}</div></small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{binomial3|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{binomial3}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_binomial3|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{trinomial3|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{trinomial3}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_trinomial3|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{hartă_răspândire3|}}}|then=<tr><td>[[image:{{{hartă_răspândire3}}}|{{{hartă_răspândire3_lăţime|200px}}}|{{{răspândire3_lăţime_text|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{hartă_răspândire3_text|}}}</div></small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{binomial4|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{binomial4}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_binomial4|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{row|if=|test={{{trinomial4|}}}|style=style="text-align:center;"|contents='''''{{{trinomial4}}}'''''<br><small>{{{autoritate_trinomial4|}}}</small>}}<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{hartă_răspândire4|}}}|then=<tr><td>[[image:{{{hartă_răspândire4}}}|{{{hartă_răspândire4_lăţime|200px}}}|{{{hartă_răspândire4_text|}}}]]<br><small><div style="text-align:center">{{{hartă_răspândire4_text|}}}</div></small>}}<!-- -->{{section|if=|test={{{subdiviziune|}}}|color={{{culoare}}}|contents={{{rang_subdiviziune}}}}} |- | style="padding: 0 .5em;" | {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" {{{subdiviziune|}}} |}<!-- -->{{qif|test={{{sinonime|}}}|then=<tr style="text-align:center; background:{{{culoare}}};"><th>[[Sinonim|Sinonime]]</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center;">{{{sinonime}}}</td></tr>}} |}</includeonly> <noinclude> 3640 7076 2006-09-14T07:22:28Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Tată a nostru]] moved to [[Tatã a nostru]] #REDIRECT [[Tatã a nostru]] 3641 7078 2006-09-14T07:22:28Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Talk:Tată a nostru]] moved to [[Talk:Tatã a nostru]] #REDIRECT [[Talk:Tatã a nostru]] 3642 7081 2006-09-14T07:30:22Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Arbinuşii]] moved to [[Arbinishia]] #REDIRECT [[Arbinishia]] 3643 7084 2006-09-14T07:31:46Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Sârbii]] moved to [[Sãrghia]] #REDIRECT [[Sãrghia]] 3644 7092 2006-09-14T12:35:29Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Românii]] moved to [[Romãnia]] #REDIRECT [[Romãnia]] 3645 7103 2006-09-14T18:34:30Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Bucureshti]] moved to [[Bucureshci]] #REDIRECT [[Bucureshci]] 3646 7558 2006-09-20T09:27:44Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Relighia''' icã '''Piste''' easte organizatsia tu cai pistipsescu cama multu di ominjlji shi partitsipeadzã tu ashi-dzãsã 'liturghie' iu s-liturghiseshce piste cãtrã Dumnidzãlu. Ca relighii s-declaredzã nai ma multu relighiile monotheistitse (tu cai s-pistipseashce sade tu un Dumnidzã). *[[Bisearica_di_Dealihea_al_Isus|Bisearica di Dealihea al Isus]] *[[Bisearica Romacatholicã]] 3647 7116 2006-09-14T22:04:10Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Enţiclopedia]] moved to [[Entsiclopedia]] #REDIRECT [[Entsiclopedia]] 3648 7123 2006-09-15T07:18:02Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Evropa]] moved to [[Europa]] #REDIRECT [[Europa]] 3649 7128 2006-09-15T07:21:55Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Ţarâ Balteanâ]] moved to [[Staturi baltitse]] #REDIRECT [[Staturi baltitse]] 3650 7132 2006-09-15T07:26:17Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Lithonia]] 3651 7131 2006-09-15T07:26:00Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Latvia''' easte [[staturi baltitse|stat baltic]] tu Europa. ===Cãsãbãlu capital==== Riga [[category:Europa]] [[category:Staturi baltitse]] 3652 7140 2006-09-15T07:39:42Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Ghirmânii]] moved to [[Ghermãnia]] #REDIRECT [[Ghermãnia]] 3653 9077 2007-01-23T23:58:07Z Thijs!bot 143 Robot interwiki: Adãugat: [[ml:ഓസ്ട്രിയ]] [[Image:Flag of Austria.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Austria]] [[Image:Austria Bundesadler.svg|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Austria]] [[Image:LocationAustria.png|thumb|250px|right|Austria tu [[Europa]]]] '''Austria''' ('''Österreich''') easte stat tu [[Unia europeanã]] tu [[Europa]]. Cãsãbãlu capital di Austria easte [[Viena]]. [[category:Europa]] [[category:Unia europeanã]] [[category:Stat]] [[category:Stat ghermanofonic]] [[af:Oostenryk]] [[als:Österreich]] [[am:ኦስትሪያ]] [[an:Austria]] [[ang:Ēastrīce]] [[ar:نمسا]] [[arc:ܢܡܣܐ]] [[ast:Austria]] [[bar:Östareich]] [[bat-smg:Austrėjė]] [[be:Аўстрыя]] [[bg:Австрия]] [[bn:অস্ট্রিয়া]] [[br:Aostria]] [[bs:Austrija]] [[ca:Àustria]] [[cs:Rakousko]] [[cy:Awstria]] [[da:Østrig]] [[de:Österreich]] [[el:Αυστρία]] [[en:Austria]] [[eo:Aŭstrio]] [[es:Austria]] [[et:Austria]] [[eu:Austria]] [[fa:اتریش]] [[fi:Itävalta]] [[fiu-vro:Austria]] [[fo:Eysturríki]] [[fr:Autriche]] [[frp:Ôtrich·e]] [[fur:Austrie]] [[fy:Eastenryk]] [[ga:An Ostair]] [[gd:An Ostair]] [[gl:Austria - Österreich]] [[gu:ઑસ્ટ્રિયા]] [[he:אוסטריה]] [[hi:ऑस्ट्रिया]] [[hr:Austrija]] [[hsb:Awstriska]] [[hu:Ausztria]] [[hy:Ավստրիա]] [[ia:Austria]] [[id:Austria]] [[ilo:Austria]] [[io:Austria]] [[is:Austurríki]] [[it:Austria]] [[ja:オーストリア]] [[ka:ავსტრია]] [[kk:Аустрия]] [[km:អូត្រីហ្ស]] [[ko:오스트리아]] [[ku:Avûstûrya]] [[kw:Estrych]] [[la:Austria]] [[lb:Éisträich]] [[li:Oesteriek]] [[lt:Austrija]] [[lv:Austrija]] [[mk:Австрија]] [[ml:ഓസ്ട്രിയ]] [[mo:Аустрия]] [[mr:ऑस्ट्रिया]] [[ms:Austria]] [[mt:Awstrija]] [[na:Austria]] [[nds:Öösterriek]] [[nds-nl:Oostnriek]] [[ne:अष्ट्रीया]] [[nl:Oostenrijk]] [[nn:Austerrike]] [[no:Østerrike]] [[nrm:Autriche]] [[oc:Àustria]] [[os:Австри]] [[pam:Austria]] [[pdc:Eestereich]] [[pl:Austria]] [[ps:اطريش]] [[pt:Áustria]] [[qu:Awstrya]] [[rm:Austria]] [[ro:Austria]] [[ru:Австрия]] [[sa:आस्ट्रिया]] [[scn:Austria]] [[sco:Austrik]] [[se:Nuortariika]] [[sh:Austrija]] [[simple:Austria]] [[sk:Rakúsko]] [[sl:Avstrija]] [[sq:Austria]] [[sr:Аустрија]] [[sv:Österrike]] [[sw:Austria]] [[ta:ஆஸ்திரியா]] [[tet:Áustria]] [[th:ประเทศออสเตรีย]] [[tl:Austria]] [[tr:Avusturya]] [[udm:Австрия]] [[ug:ئاۋسترىيە]] [[uk:Австрія]] [[ur:آسٹریا]] [[vec:Austria]] [[vi:Áo]] [[vo:Lösterän]] [[war:Austria]] [[yi:עסטרייך]] [[zh:奥地利]] [[zh-min-nan:Tang-kok]] 3654 7161 2006-09-15T07:56:51Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Rusii]] moved to [[Arusia]] #REDIRECT [[Arusia]] 3655 7410 2006-09-18T20:24:22Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Flag of Switzerland.svg|thumb|150px|right|Flambura di Shwaitsã]] [[Image:Coat of Arms of Switzerland.svg|thumb|150px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Shwaitsã]] [[Image:LocationSwitzerland.png|thumb|250px|right|Shwaitsã tu [[Europa]]]] '''Federatsia shwaitsã''' (de:'''Schweizerisches Eidgenossenschaft''') easte stat tu [[Europa]]. [[category:Europa]] [[category:Stat]] 3656 7168 2006-09-15T08:01:25Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Ucrainii]] moved to [[Ucraina]] #REDIRECT [[Ucraina]] 3657 9080 2007-01-24T11:36:00Z Thijs!bot 143 Robot interwiki: Adãugat: [[dv:ފަރަންސޭސިވިލާތް]], [[ml:ഫ്രാന്‍സ്]] [[Image:Flag of France.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Gallia]] [[Image:France coa.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Gallia]] [[Image:LocationFrance.png|thumb|250px|right|Gallia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Gallia''' (fr:'''France''') easte stat tu [[Unia Europeanã]] tu [[Europa]]. Cãsãbãlu capital: '''[[Parij]]''' [[category:Europa]] [[category:Unia Europeanã]] [[category:Stat]] [[af:Frankryk]] [[als:Frankreich]] [[am:ፈረንሣይ]] [[an:Franzia]] [[ang:Francland]] [[ar:فرنسا]] [[arc:ܦܪܢܣܐ]] [[ast:Francia]] [[bar:Frankreich]] [[be:Францыя]] [[bg:Франция]] [[bn:ফ্রান্স]] [[br:Bro-C'hall]] [[bs:Francuska]] [[ca:França]] [[ceb:Pransiya]] [[co:Francia]] [[cs:Francie]] [[csb:Francëjô]] [[cv:Франци]] [[cy:Ffrainc]] [[da:Frankrig]] [[de:Frankreich]] [[dv:ފަރަންސޭސިވިލާތް]] [[el:Γαλλία]] [[en:France]] [[eo:Francio]] [[es:Francia]] [[et:Prantsusmaa]] [[eu:Frantzia]] [[fa:فرانسه]] [[fi:Ranska]] [[fiu-vro:Prantsusmaa]] [[fr:France]] [[frp:France]] [[fur:France]] [[fy:Frankryk]] [[ga:An Fhrainc]] [[gd:An Fhraing]] [[gl:Francia - France]] [[gu:ફ્રાઁસ]] [[gv:Yn Rank]] [[he:צרפת]] [[hi:फ़्राँस]] [[hr:Francuska]] [[hsb:Francoska]] [[ht:Frans]] [[hu:Franciaország]] [[hy:Ֆրանսիա]] [[ia:Francia]] [[id:Perancis]] [[ilo:Francia]] [[io:Francia]] [[is:Frakkland]] [[it:Francia]] [[ja:フランス]] [[jbo:fasygu'e]] [[ka:საფრანგეთი]] [[kn:ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸ್]] [[ko:프랑스]] [[ks:फ्रांस]] [[ksh:Frankrish]] [[ku:Fransa]] [[kw:Pow Frynk]] [[la:Francia]] [[lad:Fransia]] [[lb:Frankräich]] [[li:Frankriek]] [[lmo:Francja]] [[ln:Falansia]] [[lt:Prancūzija]] [[lv:Francija]] [[mg:Frantsa]] [[mk:Франција]] [[ml:ഫ്രാന്‍സ്]] [[mn:Франц улс]] [[mr:फ्रान्स]] [[ms:Perancis]] [[na:France]] [[nds:Frankriek]] [[nds-nl:Frankriek]] [[ne:फ्रान्स]] [[nl:Frankrijk]] [[nn:Frankrike]] [[no:Frankrike]] [[nov:Fransia]] [[nrm:France]] [[oc:França]] [[os:Франц]] [[pam:France]] [[pl:Francja]] [[pms:Fransa]] [[ps:فرانسه]] [[pt:França]] [[qu:Fransya]] [[rm:Frantscha]] [[rmy:Franchiya]] [[ro:Franţa]] [[ru:Франция]] [[ru-sib:Францыя]] [[sa:फ्रांस]] [[sc:Frantza]] [[scn:Francia]] [[sco:Fraunce]] [[sh:Francuska]] [[simple:France]] [[sk:Francúzsko]] [[sl:Francija]] [[so:Faransiiska]] [[sq:Franca]] [[sr:Француска]] [[st:France]] [[sv:Frankrike]] [[sw:Ufaransa]] [[ta:பிரான்ஸ்]] [[tet:Fransa]] [[tg:Фаронса]] [[th:ประเทศฝรั่งเศส]] [[tl:Pransya]] [[tpi:Pranis]] [[tr:Fransa]] [[ty:Farāni]] [[udm:Франция]] [[ug:فرانسىيە]] [[uk:Франція]] [[ur:فرانس]] [[vec:Franzsa]] [[vi:Pháp]] [[vls:Vrankriek]] [[vo:Fransän]] [[war:Fransya]] [[zh:法国]] [[zh-classical:法蘭西共和國]] [[zh-min-nan:Hoat-kok]] [[zh-yue:法國]] 3658 7174 2006-09-15T08:04:29Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Frãntsii]] moved to [[Frãntsia]] #REDIRECT [[Frãntsia]] 3659 9089 2007-01-24T22:54:42Z 81.172.148.233 [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Britania Mare]] [[Image:UK COA.png|thumb|150px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Britania Mare]] [[Image:LocationUnitedKingdom.png|thumb|250px|right|Britania Mare tu [[Europa]]]] '''Britania Mare''' ('''Great Britain''') icã '''Vãsilia Unitã ali Britania Mare shi Irlanda di Aratsile''' ('''United Kindgom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland''') easte stat ilandã tu [[Unia europeanã]] tu [[Europa]]. <br>Cãsãbãlu capital: [[Londra]]. Pãrtsã: *[[Anglia]] *[[Wales]] *[[Scotlandia]] [[category:Europa]] [[category:Unia europeanã]] [[category:Stat]] [[af:Verenigde Koninkryk]] [[als:Grossbritannien und Nordirland]] [[am:ዩናይትድ ኪንግደም]] [[an:Reino Unito]] [[ang:Geānlǣht Cynerīce]] [[ar:المملكة المتحدة]] [[arc:ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܚܕܝܬܐ]] [[ast:Reinu Xuníu]] [[az:Böyük Britaniya]] [[bar:Großbritannien]] [[be:Вялікабрытанія]] [[bg:Обединено кралство Великобритания и Северна Ирландия]] [[bn:যুক্তরাজ্য]] [[br:Rouantelezh Unanet Breizh-Veur ha Norzhiwerzhon]] [[bs:Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo]] [[ca:Regne Unit de la Gran Bretanya i Irlanda del Nord]] [[co:Regnu Unitu]] [[cs:Spojené království]] [[cy:Y Deyrnas Unedig]] [[da:Det Forenede Kongerige Storbritannien og Nordirland]] [[de:Vereinigtes Königreich]] [[el:Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο]] [[en:United Kingdom]] [[eo:Unuiĝinta Reĝlando]] [[es:Reino Unido]] [[et:Suurbritannia]] [[eu:Erresuma Batua]] [[fa:پادشاهی متحده]] [[fi:Yhdistynyt kuningaskunta]] [[fo:Stóra Bretland]] [[fr:Royaume-Uni]] [[frp:Royômo-Uni]] [[fy:Grut-Brittanje]] [[ga:An Ríocht Aontaithe]] [[gd:An Rìoghachd Aonaichte]] [[gl:Reino Unido - United Kingdom]] [[gv:Reeriaght Unnaneyssit]] [[he:הממלכה המאוחדת]] [[hi:संयुक्त राजशाही]] [[hr:Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo]] [[hsb:Wulkobritaniska]] [[ht:Wayòm Ini]] [[hu:Egyesült Királyság]] [[hy:Միավորված Թագավորություն]] [[ia:Regno Unite]] [[id:Britania Raya]] [[ilo:Pagarian ti Britania ken Umamianan nga Irlandia]] [[io:Unionita Rejio]] [[is:Bretland]] [[it:Regno Unito]] [[ja:イギリス]] [[ka:გაერთიანებული სამეფო]] [[ko:영국]] [[ku:Keyatiya Yekbûyî ya Brîtaniya Mezin û Îrlanda]] [[kw:Rywvaneth Unys]] [[la:Britanniarum Regnum]] [[lb:Groussbritannien an Nordirland]] [[li:Vereineg Keuninkriek]] [[lij:Regno Unïo]] [[lt:Jungtinė Karalystė]] [[lv:Apvienotā Karaliste]] [[mi:Kīngitanga Kotahi]] [[mk:Обединетото Кралство]] [[ms:United Kingdom]] [[mt:Renju Unit]] [[nds:Grootbritannien un Noordirland]] [[nds-nl:Verienigd Keuninkriek]] [[nl:Verenigd Koninkrijk]] [[nn:Storbritannia]] [[no:Det forente kongerike Storbritannia og Nord-Irland]] [[nrm:Rouoyaume Unni]] [[oc:Reialme Unit]] [[os:Стыр Британи]] [[pam:United Kingdom]] [[pl:Wielka Brytania]] [[pms:Regn Unì]] [[ps:برطانيه]] [[pt:Reino Unido]] [[qu:Hukllachasqa Qhapaq Suyu]] [[rm:Reginavel Unì da la Gronda Britannia ed Irlanda dal Nord]] [[rmy:Phandlo Thagaripen la Bare Britaniyako thai le Nordutne Irlandesko]] [[ro:Regatul Unit]] [[ru:Великобритания]] [[scn:Regnu Unitu]] [[sco:Unitit Kinrick]] [[sh:Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo]] [[simple:United Kingdom]] [[sk:Spojené kráľovstvo]] [[sl:Združeno kraljestvo Velike Britanije in Severne Irske]] [[sq:Britania e Madhe]] [[sr:Уједињено Краљевство]] [[sv:Storbritannien]] [[ta:ஐக்கிய இராச்சியம்]] [[tet:Reinu Naklibur]] [[tg:Подшоҳии Муттаҳида]] [[th:สหราชอาณาจักร]] [[tl:Nagkakaisang Kaharain]] [[tr:Birleşik Krallık]] [[ty:Paratāne]] [[ug:برىتانىيە]] [[uk:Велика Британія]] [[ur:برطانیہ]] [[vi:Vương quốc Liên hiệp Anh và Bắc Ireland]] [[yi:בריטאניע]] [[zh:英国]] [[zh-classical:英國]] [[zh-min-nan:Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok]] [[zh-yue:英國]] 3660 7188 2006-09-15T08:24:57Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Uichipedia]] moved to [[Wikipedia]] #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia]] 3661 7219 2006-09-16T17:00:01Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 Europa easte un [[continent]]. 3662 7399 2006-09-18T18:55:50Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Flag of Montenegro.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Montenegro]] [[Image:Coat of arms of Montenegro.svg|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Montenegro]] [[Image:LocationMontenegro.png|thumb|250px|right|Montenegro tu [[Europa]]]] '''Montenegro''' ('''Crna gora''') easte stat tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Stat]] 3663 7230 2006-09-16T17:06:53Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Monte negro]] moved to [[Montenegro]] #REDIRECT [[Montenegro]] 3664 9090 2007-01-24T23:13:54Z Thijs!bot 143 Robot interwiki: Adãugat: [[ml:ക്രൊയേഷ്യ]], [[qu:Hurwatsuyu]] [[Image:Flag of Croatia.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Croatia]] [[Image:Croatian Coat of Arms.svg|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Croatia]] [[Image:LocationCroatia.png|thumb|250px|right|Croatia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Croatia''' (hr:'''Hrvatska''') easte stat tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Stat]] [[af:Kroasië]] [[als:Kroatien]] [[an:Croazia]] [[ar:كرواتيا]] [[arc:ܟܪܘܬܝܐ]] [[ast:Croacia]] [[az:Xorvatiya]] [[be:Харватыя]] [[bg:Хърватия]] [[bn:ক্রোয়েশিয়া]] [[br:Kroatia]] [[bs:Hrvatska]] [[ca:Croàcia]] [[cs:Chorvatsko]] [[cy:Croatia]] [[da:Kroatien]] [[de:Kroatien]] [[el:Κροατία]] [[en:Croatia]] [[eo:Kroatio]] [[es:Croacia]] [[et:Horvaatia]] [[eu:Kroazia]] [[fa:کرواسی]] [[fi:Kroatia]] [[fiu-vro:Horvaatia]] [[fr:Croatie]] [[frp:Croacie]] [[fur:Cravuazie]] [[fy:Kroaasje]] [[gl:Croacia - Hrvatska]] [[he:קרואטיה]] [[hi:क्रोएशिया]] [[hr:Hrvatska]] [[hsb:Chorwatska]] [[hu:Horvátország]] [[ia:Croatia]] [[id:Kroasia]] [[ilo:Croatia]] [[io:Kroatia]] [[is:Króatía]] [[it:Croazia]] [[ja:クロアチア]] [[ka:ხორვატია]] [[ko:크로아티아]] [[ku:Xirvatistan]] [[kw:Kroati]] [[ky:Хорватия]] [[la:Croatia]] [[lb:Kroatien]] [[li:Kroatië]] [[lt:Kroatija]] [[lv:Horvātija]] [[mk:Хрватска]] [[ml:ക്രൊയേഷ്യ]] [[mt:Kroazja]] [[na:Croatia]] [[nds:Kroatien]] [[ne:क्रोएसिया]] [[nl:Kroatië]] [[nn:Kroatia]] [[no:Kroatia]] [[oc:Croàcia]] [[pam:Croatia]] [[pl:Chorwacja]] [[pms:Croassia]] [[ps:کروآسيا]] [[pt:Croácia]] [[qu:Hurwatsuyu]] [[ro:Croaţia]] [[ru:Хорватия]] [[sa:क्रोएशिया]] [[scn:Croazzia]] [[se:Kroátia]] [[sh:Hrvatska]] [[simple:Croatia]] [[sk:Chorvátsko]] [[sl:Hrvaška]] [[sq:Kroacia]] [[sr:Хрватска]] [[sv:Kroatien]] [[tg:Хорватия]] [[th:ประเทศโครเอเชีย]] [[tl:Croatia]] [[tr:Hırvatistan]] [[ug:كرودىيە]] [[uk:Хорватія]] [[vi:Croatia]] [[vo:Kroatän]] [[war:Croasia]] [[zh:克罗地亚]] [[zh-min-nan:Hrvatska]] [[zh-yue:克羅地亞]] 3665 8998 2007-01-13T01:32:46Z TXiKiBoT 147 Robot interwiki: Modificat: [[qu:Busna-Hirsiquwina]] [[Image:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Bosna shi Hertsegovina]] [[Image:Bosnia and Herzegovina Coats of Arms.svg|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Bosna shi Hertsegovina]] [[Image:LocationBosniaAndHerzegovina.png|thumb|250px|right|Arbinishia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Bosna shi Hertsegovina''' ('''Bosna i Hercegovina''') easte un stat tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Stat]] [[als:Bosnien-Herzegowina]] [[an:Bosnia y Erzegobina]] [[ar:البوسنة و الهرسك]] [[arc:ܒܘܣܢܐ ܘܗܪܣܟ]] [[ast:Bosnia-Herzegovina]] [[be:Босьнія і Герцагавіна]] [[bg:Босна и Херцеговина]] [[bn:বসনিয়া ও হার্জেগোভিনা]] [[br:Bosnia-ha-Herzegovina]] [[bs:Bosna i Hercegovina]] [[ca:Bòsnia i Hercegovina]] [[chr:ᏉᏍᏂᏯ]] [[cs:Bosna a Hercegovina]] [[cu:Босна]] [[cy:Bosna a Hercegovina]] [[da:Bosnien-Hercegovina]] [[de:Bosnien und Herzegowina]] [[el:Βοσνία και Ερζεγοβίνη]] [[en:Bosnia and Herzegovina]] [[eo:Bosnio kaj Hercegovino]] [[es:Bosnia y Herzegovina]] [[et:Bosnia ja Hertsegoviina]] [[eu:Bosnia-Herzegovina]] [[fa:بوسنی هرزگووین]] [[fi:Bosnia ja Hertsegovina]] [[fiu-vro:Bosnia ja Hertsegoviina]] [[fr:Bosnie-Herzégovine]] [[frp:Bosnie-Hèrzègovena]] [[fy:Bosnje]] [[gl:Bosnia - Hercegovina - Босна и Херцеговина]] [[he:בוסניה והרצגובינה]] [[hi:बॉस्निया और हर्ज़ेगोविना]] [[hr:Bosna i Hercegovina]] [[hsb:Bosniska]] [[hu:Bosznia-Hercegovina]] [[hy:Բոսնիա և Հերցոգովինա]] [[id:Bosnia-Herzegovina]] [[io:Bosnia e Herzegovina]] [[is:Bosnía og Hersegóvína]] [[it:Bosnia-Erzegovina]] [[ja:ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナ]] [[ka:ბოსნია და ჰერცეგოვინა]] [[ko:보스니아 헤르체고비나]] [[ks:बास्निया]] [[ku:Bosna Hersek]] [[kw:Bosni–Hertsegovina]] [[la:Bosnia et Herzegovina]] [[lb:Bosnien-Herzegowina]] [[li:Bosnië en Hercegovina]] [[lt:Bosnija ir Hercegovina]] [[lv:Bosnija un Hercegovina]] [[mk:Босна и Херцеговина]] [[ms:Bosnia dan Herzegovina]] [[na:Bosnia me Herzegowina]] [[nds:Bosnien-Herzegowina]] [[ne:बोस्निया र हर्जगोविना]] [[nl:Bosnië en Herzegovina]] [[nn:Bosnia-Hercegovina]] [[no:Bosnia-Hercegovina]] [[oc:Bòsnia e Ercegovina]] [[pam:Bosnia and Herzegovina]] [[pl:Bośnia i Hercegowina]] [[pms:Bòsnia ed Erzegòvina]] [[pt:Bósnia-Herzegovina]] [[qu:Busna-Hirsiquwina]] [[ro:Bosnia şi Herţegovina]] [[ru:Босния и Герцеговина]] [[sa:बास्निया]] [[scn:Bosnia-Erzegovina]] [[se:Bosnia-Hercegovina]] [[sh:Bosna i Hercegovina]] [[simple:Bosnia and Herzegovina]] [[sk:Bosna a Hercegovina]] [[sl:Bosna in Hercegovina]] [[sq:Bosnja dhe Hercegovina]] [[sr:Босна и Херцеговина]] [[sv:Bosnien och Hercegovina]] [[sw:Bosnia na Herzegovina]] [[ta:பொசுனியாவும் எர்செகோவினாவும்]] [[tg:Босния ва Ҳерсеговина]] [[th:ประเทศบอสเนียและเฮอร์เซโกวีนา]] [[tl:Bosnia at Herzegovina]] [[tr:Bosna-Hersek]] [[ug:بوسنىيە]] [[uk:Боснія і Герцеґовина]] [[vi:Bosna và Hercegovina]] [[vo:Bosnän e Härzegovän]] [[war:Bosnia ngan Herzegovina]] [[zh:波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那]] [[zh-min-nan:Bosna kap Hercegovina]] 3666 7570 2006-09-20T09:41:05Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Flag of Hungary.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Ungaria]] [[Image:Coat of arms of Hungary.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Ungaria]] [[Image:LocationHungary.png|thumb|250px|right|Ungaria tu [[Europa]]]] '''Republica Ungaria''' (hu:'''Magyar Köztársaság''') easte stat tu [[Unia europeanã]] shi [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Unia europeanã]] [[Category:Stat]] 3667 7418 2006-09-18T21:48:01Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Flag of Turkey.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Turchia]] [[Image:Turkey coat of arms.png|thumb|150px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Turchia]] [[Image:LocationTurkey.png|thumb|250px|right|Turchia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Turchia''' (tr:'''Türkiye Cumhuriyeti''') easte stat tu [[Europa]] [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Stat]] 3668 8920 2007-01-04T13:37:18Z JAnDbot 142 robot Modifying: [[yi:מאלדאוויע]] [[Image:Flag of Moldova.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Moldova]] [[Image:Moldova gerb.gif|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Moldova]] [[Image:LocationMoldova.png|thumb|250px|right|Moldova tu [[Europa]]]] '''Moldova''' ('''Moldova''', '''Moldavia''') easte un stat tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Stat]] [[af:Moldawië]] [[als:Moldawien]] [[am:ሞልዶቫ]] [[an:Moldabia]] [[ar:مولدافيا]] [[arc:ܡܘܠܕܦܝܐ]] [[ast:Moldavia]] [[az:Moldova]] [[be:Малдова]] [[bg:Молдова]] [[br:Moldova]] [[bs:Moldavija]] [[ca:República de Moldàvia]] [[chr:ᎼᎸᏙᏩ]] [[cs:Moldavsko]] [[cv:Молдави]] [[cy:Moldofa]] [[da:Moldavien]] [[de:Moldawien]] [[el:Μολδαβία]] [[en:Moldova]] [[eo:Moldava Respubliko]] [[es:Moldavia]] [[et:Moldova Vabariik]] [[eu:Moldavia]] [[fa:مولداوی]] [[fi:Moldova]] [[fiu-vro:Moldova]] [[fr:République de Moldavie]] [[frp:Moldavie (payis)]] [[fy:Moldaavje]] [[ga:An Mholdóiv]] [[gl:Moldova]] [[he:מולדובה]] [[hi:मोल्दाविया]] [[hr:Moldavija]] [[ht:Moldavi]] [[hu:Moldova]] [[hy:Մոլդովա]] [[id:Moldavia]] [[io:Moldova]] [[is:Moldóva]] [[it:Moldavia]] [[ja:モルドバ]] [[ka:მოლდოვა]] [[kk:Молдова]] [[ko:몰도바]] [[kw:Moldova]] [[la:Moldavia]] [[lb:Moldawien]] [[li:Moldavië]] [[lt:Moldavija]] [[lv:Moldova]] [[mk:Молдавија]] [[mo:Молдова]] [[mt:Moldovja]] [[nds:Moldawien]] [[nds-nl:Moldavië (laand)]] [[ne:मोल्दोवा]] [[nl:Moldavië (land)]] [[nn:Moldova]] [[no:Moldova]] [[oc:Moldàvia]] [[pam:Republic of Moldova]] [[pl:Mołdawia]] [[pms:Moldavia]] [[pt:Moldávia]] [[rm:Moldavia]] [[ro:Republica Moldova]] [[ru:Молдавия]] [[sa:मोल्दोवा]] [[se:Moldávia]] [[sh:Moldavija]] [[simple:Moldova]] [[sk:Moldavsko]] [[sl:Moldavija]] [[sq:Moldavia]] [[sr:Молдавија]] [[sv:Moldavien]] [[th:ประเทศมอลโดวา]] [[tl:Moldova]] [[tr:Moldova]] [[ug:مولدوۋا]] [[uk:Республіка Молдова]] [[war:Moldavia]] [[yi:מאלדאוויע]] [[zh:摩尔多瓦]] [[zh-min-nan:Moldova]] [[zh-yue:摩爾多瓦]] 3669 9064 2007-01-22T23:43:41Z TXiKiBoT 147 Robot interwiki: Adãugat: [[hsb:Běłoruska]] [[Image:Flag of Belarus.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Arusia albã]] [[Image:Belarus coa.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Arusia albã]] [[Image:LocationBelarus.png|thumb|250px|right|Arusia albã tu [[Europa]]]] '''Republica Arusia albã''' ('''Рэспубліка Беларусь''') easte stat tu [[Europa]]. Cãsãbãlu capital: [[Minsc]] [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Stat]] [[am:ቤላሩስ]] [[an:Belarrusia]] [[ang:Belarus]] [[ar:روسيا البيضاء]] [[arc:ܒܠܪܘܣ]] [[ast:Bielorrusia]] [[bat-smg:Baltarusėjė]] [[be:Беларусь]] [[bg:Беларус]] [[bn:বেলারুশ]] [[br:Byelarus]] [[bs:Bjelorusija]] [[ca:Bielorússia]] [[chr:ᏇᎳᎷᏒ]] [[cs:Bělorusko]] [[cu:Бѣла Рѹсь]] [[cv:Белоруси]] [[cy:Belarus]] [[da:Hviderusland]] [[de:Weißrussland]] [[el:Λευκορωσία]] [[en:Belarus]] [[eo:Belorusio]] [[es:Bielorrusia]] [[et:Valgevene]] [[eu:Bielorrusia]] [[fa:بلاروس]] [[fi:Valko-Venäjä]] [[fiu-vro:Valgõvinne]] [[fr:Biélorussie]] [[frp:Bièlorussie]] [[fy:Wyt-Ruslân]] [[ga:An Bhealarúis]] [[gl:Bielorrusia - Беларусь]] [[he:בלארוס]] [[hi:बेलारूस]] [[hr:Bjelorusija]] [[hsb:Běłoruska]] [[ht:Byelorisi]] [[hu:Fehéroroszország]] [[hy:Բելառուս]] [[ia:Bielorussia]] [[id:Belarus]] [[ilo:Belarus]] [[io:Bielorusia]] [[is:Hvíta-Rússland]] [[it:Bielorussia]] [[ja:ベラルーシ]] [[ka:ბელარუსი]] [[kk:Беларус]] [[ko:벨라루스]] [[ku:Rûsya Sipî]] [[kw:Belarussi]] [[la:Ruthenia Alba]] [[lb:Wäissrussland]] [[li:Wit-Rusland]] [[lt:Baltarusija]] [[lv:Baltkrievija]] [[mk:Белорусија]] [[mo:Беларус]] [[mr:बेलारूस]] [[ms:Belarus]] [[na:Belarus]] [[nds:Wittrussland]] [[nds-nl:Wit-Ruslaand]] [[ne:बेलारुस]] [[new:बेलारुस]] [[nl:Wit-Rusland]] [[nn:Kviterussland]] [[no:Hviterussland]] [[oc:Bielorussia]] [[pam:Belarus]] [[pl:Białoruś]] [[pms:Bielorussia]] [[pt:Bielorrússia]] [[qu:Bilarus]] [[ro:Belarus]] [[ru:Белоруссия]] [[ru-sib:Беларусь]] [[sa:बेलारूस]] [[scn:Bielorussia]] [[sh:Belorusija]] [[simple:Belarus]] [[sk:Bielorusko]] [[sl:Belorusija]] [[sq:Bjellorusia]] [[sr:Белорусија]] [[sv:Vitryssland]] [[sw:Belarus]] [[ta:பெலாரஸ்]] [[tg:Беларус]] [[th:ประเทศเบลารุส]] [[tl:Belarus]] [[tr:Beyaz Rusya]] [[ug:بېلورۇسىيە]] [[uk:Білорусь]] [[ur:بیلارس]] [[vi:Belarus]] [[vo:Vieta-Rusän]] [[war:Bielorrusia]] [[yi:בעלאָרוסיע]] [[zh:白俄罗斯]] [[zh-min-nan:Belarus]] 3670 7249 2006-09-16T17:38:26Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Arusia alba]] moved to [[Arusia albã]] #REDIRECT [[Arusia albã]] 3671 9078 2007-01-24T02:36:08Z Thijs!bot 143 Robot interwiki: Adãugat: [[ml:ഡെന്മാര്‍ക്ക്‌]] Modificat: [[qu:Dansuyu]] [[Image:Flag of Denmark.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Danimarca]] [[Image:Denmark coa.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Danimarca]] [[Image:LocationDenmark.png|thumb|250px|right|Danimarca tu [[Europa]]]] '''Vãsilia di Danimarca''' ('''Kongeriget Danmark''') easte stat tu [[Unia europeanã]] shi tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Unia europeanã]] [[Category:Stat]] [[af:Denemarke]] [[als:Dänemark]] [[am:ዴንማርክ]] [[an:Dinamarca]] [[ang:Denemearc]] [[ar:دانمارك]] [[arc:ܕܢܡܪܟ]] [[ast:Dinamarca]] [[bar:Dänemark]] [[be:Данія]] [[bg:Дания]] [[bn:ডেনমার্ক]] [[bo:དན་མྲག]] [[br:Danmark]] [[bs:Danska]] [[ca:Dinamarca]] [[co:Danimarca]] [[cs:Dánsko]] [[csb:Dëńskô]] [[cv:Дани]] [[cy:Denmarc]] [[da:Danmark]] [[de:Dänemark]] [[el:Δανία]] [[en:Denmark]] [[eo:Danio]] [[es:Dinamarca]] [[et:Taani]] [[eu:Danimarka]] [[fa:دانمارک]] [[fi:Tanska]] [[fiu-vro:Taani]] [[fo:Danmark]] [[fr:Danemark]] [[frp:Danemârc]] [[fy:Denemark]] [[ga:An Danmhairg]] [[gd:An Danmhairg]] [[gl:Dinamarca - Danmark]] [[gv:Yn Danvarg]] [[he:דנמרק]] [[hr:Danska]] [[hsb:Danska]] [[ht:Dànmak]] [[hu:Dánia]] [[hy:Դանիա]] [[ia:Danmark]] [[id:Denmark]] [[io:Dania]] [[is:Danmörk]] [[it:Danimarca]] [[ja:デンマーク]] [[ka:დანია]] [[kk:Дания]] [[kl:Danmarki]] [[ko:덴마크]] [[ks:Ḍēnamārka]] [[ku:Danimarka]] [[kw:Danmark]] [[la:Dania]] [[lb:Dänemark]] [[lg:Denmarki]] [[li:Daenemark]] [[lij:Danemarca]] [[lt:Danija]] [[lv:Dānija]] [[mk:Данска]] [[ml:ഡെന്മാര്‍ക്ക്‌]] [[ms:Denmark]] [[na:Denmark]] [[nds:Däänmark]] [[nds-nl:Denmaark]] [[ne:डेनमार्क]] [[nl:Denemarken]] [[nn:Danmark]] [[no:Danmark]] [[nov:Dania]] [[nrm:Dannemar]] [[oc:Danemarc]] [[os:Дани]] [[pam:Denmark]] [[pdc:Denemarrick]] [[pl:Dania]] [[pms:Danimarca]] [[ps:ډېنمارک]] [[pt:Dinamarca]] [[qu:Dansuyu]] [[ro:Danemarca]] [[ru:Дания]] [[ru-sib:Дания]] [[sa:डेनमार्क]] [[sc:Danimarca]] [[scn:Danimarca]] [[se:Dánmárku]] [[sh:Danska]] [[simple:Denmark]] [[sk:Dánsko]] [[sl:Danska]] [[sq:Danimarka]] [[sr:Данска]] [[sv:Danmark]] [[sw:Denmark]] [[ta:டென்மார்க்]] [[tet:Dinamarka]] [[tg:Дания]] [[th:ประเทศเดนมาร์ก]] [[tl:Denmark]] [[tr:Danimarka]] [[uk:Данія]] [[vi:Đan Mạch]] [[vo:Danän]] [[war:Dinamarka]] [[yi:דענמארק]] [[zh:丹麦]] [[zh-min-nan:Dan-kok]] [[zh-yue:丹麥]] 3672 9122 2007-01-31T15:44:28Z TXiKiBoT 147 Robot interwiki: Adãugat: [[am:እስፓንያ]] [[Image:Flag of Spain.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Ispania]] [[Image:Escudo de España.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Ispania]] [[Image:LocationSpain.png|thumb|250px|right|Ispania tu [[Europa]]]] '''Vãsilia di Ispania''' ('''Reino de España''') easte stat tu [[Unia europeanã]] shi tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Unia europeanã]] [[Category:Stat]] [[af:Spanje]] [[als:Spanien]] [[am:እስፓንያ]] [[an:España]] [[ang:Spēonland]] [[ar:إسبانيا]] [[arc:ܐܣܦܢܝܐ]] [[ast:España]] [[az:İspaniya]] [[bat-smg:Ispanėjė]] [[be:Гішпанія]] [[bg:Испания]] [[bn:স্পেন]] [[br:Spagn]] [[bs:Španija]] [[ca:Espanya]] [[cbk-zam:España]] [[ceb:Espanya]] [[co:Spagna]] [[cs:Španělsko]] [[csb:Szpańskô]] [[cv:Испани]] [[cy:Sbaen]] [[da:Spanien]] [[de:Spanien]] [[dz:Spain]] [[el:Ισπανία]] [[en:Spain]] [[eo:Hispanio]] [[es:España]] [[et:Hispaania]] [[eu:Espainia]] [[fa:اسپانیا]] [[fi:Espanja]] [[fiu-vro:Hispaania]] [[fo:Spania]] [[fr:Espagne]] [[frp:Èspagne]] [[fur:Spagne]] [[fy:Spanje]] [[ga:An Spáinn]] [[gd:An Spàinn]] [[gl:España]] [[gn:Epaña]] [[gu:સ્પેઇન]] [[gv:Yn Spaainey]] [[haw:Sepania]] [[he:ספרד]] [[hi:स्पेन]] [[hr:Španjolska]] [[hsb:Španiska]] [[ht:Espay]] [[hu:Spanyolország]] [[hy:Իսպանիա]] [[ia:Espania]] [[id:Spanyol]] [[ilo:Espania]] [[io:Hispania]] [[is:Spánn]] [[it:Spagna]] [[ja:スペイン]] [[jbo:sangu'e]] [[ka:ესპანეთი]] [[ko:에스파냐]] [[ks:Spēna]] [[ku:Spanya]] [[kw:Spayn]] [[la:Hispania]] [[lad:Espanya]] [[lb:Spuenien]] [[li:Spanje]] [[ln:Espania]] [[lt:Ispanija]] [[lv:Spānija]] [[mg:Espaina]] [[mi:Pāniora]] [[mk:Шпанија]] [[mr:स्पेन]] [[ms:Sepanyol]] [[mt:Spanja]] [[na:Pain]] [[nah:Caxtillān]] [[nds:Spanien]] [[nds-nl:Spanje]] [[ne:स्पेन]] [[new:स्पेन]] [[nl:Spanje]] [[nn:Spania]] [[no:Spania]] [[nrm:Espangne]] [[oc:Espanha]] [[os:Испани]] [[pam:Espanya]] [[pl:Hiszpania]] [[pms:Spagna]] [[ps:اسپانيا]] [[pt:Espanha]] [[qu:Ispaña]] [[rm:Spagna]] [[ro:Spania]] [[ru:Испания]] [[ru-sib:Еспання]] [[sc:Ispagna]] [[scn:Spagna]] [[sco:Spain]] [[se:Spánia]] [[sh:Španija]] [[simple:Spain]] [[sk:Španielsko]] [[sl:Španija]] [[sq:Spanja]] [[sr:Шпанија]] [[st:Spain]] [[sv:Spanien]] [[sw:Hispania]] [[ta:ஸ்பெயின்]] [[tet:España]] [[tg:Испониё]] [[th:ประเทศสเปน]] [[tl:Espanya]] [[to:Sepeni]] [[tpi:Spen]] [[tr:İspanya]] [[ty:Paniora]] [[udm:Испания]] [[ug:ئىسپانىيە]] [[uk:Іспанія]] [[ur:اسپین]] [[vec:Spagna]] [[vi:Tây Ban Nha]] [[vls:Spanje]] [[vo:Spanyän]] [[war:Espanya]] [[yi:שפאניע]] [[zh:西班牙]] [[zh-min-nan:Se-pan-gâ]] [[zh-yue:西班牙]] 3673 7263 2006-09-16T17:50:57Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Frãntsia]] moved to [[Gallia]] #REDIRECT [[Gallia]] 3674 9059 2007-01-22T15:30:08Z JAnDbot 142 Robot interwiki: Modificat: [[qu:Bilgasuyu]] [[Image:Flag of Belgium.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Belghia]] [[Image:Belgium coa.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Belghia]] [[Image:LocationBelgium.png|thumb|250px|right|Belghia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Vãsilia di Belghia''' ('''Koninkrijk België''') easte stat tu [[Unia europeanã]] shi tu [[Europa]]. Cãsãbãlu capital di Belghia easte [[Bruxelles]] (Brussel). [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Unia europeanã]] [[Category:Stat]] [[af:België]] [[als:Belgien]] [[an:Belchica]] [[ang:Belgium]] [[ar:بلجيكا]] [[arc:ܒܠܓܝܟܐ]] [[ast:Bélxica]] [[bar:Belgien]] [[be:Бэльгія]] [[bg:Белгия]] [[bn:বেলজিয়াম]] [[bo:པེར་ཅིན]] [[br:Belgia]] [[bs:Belgija]] [[ca:Bèlgica]] [[cs:Belgie]] [[cv:Бельги]] [[cy:Gwlad Belg]] [[da:Belgien]] [[de:Belgien]] [[el:Βέλγιο]] [[en:Belgium]] [[eo:Belgio]] [[es:Bélgica]] [[et:Belgia]] [[eu:Belgika]] [[fa:بلژیک]] [[fi:Belgia]] [[fiu-vro:Belgiä]] [[fr:Belgique]] [[frp:Bèlg·ique]] [[fur:Belgjo]] [[fy:Belgje]] [[ga:An Bheilg]] [[gd:A' Bheilg]] [[gl:Bélxica - België]] [[gv:Yn Velg]] [[he:בלגיה]] [[hr:Belgija]] [[hsb:Belgiska]] [[ht:Bèljik]] [[hu:Belgium]] [[hy:Բելգիա]] [[ia:Belgica]] [[id:Belgia]] [[ilo:Belgium]] [[io:Belgia]] [[is:Belgía]] [[it:Belgio]] [[ja:ベルギー]] [[jbo:gugdrbelgi]] [[jv:Belgia]] [[ka:ბელგია]] [[ko:벨기에]] [[ku:Belçîka]] [[kw:Pow Belg]] [[la:Belgia]] [[lb:Belsch]] [[li:Belsj]] [[ln:Bɛ́ljika]] [[lt:Belgija]] [[lv:Beļģija]] [[mk:Белгија]] [[mr:बेल्जियम]] [[ms:Belgium]] [[na:Belgium]] [[nds:Belgien]] [[nds-nl:België]] [[ne:बेल्जियम]] [[nl:België]] [[nn:Belgia]] [[no:Belgia]] [[nov:Belgia]] [[nrm:Belgique]] [[oc:Belgica]] [[os:Бельги]] [[pam:Belgium]] [[pl:Belgia]] [[pms:Belgio]] [[ps:بلجيم]] [[pt:Bélgica]] [[qu:Bilgasuyu]] [[rm:Belgia]] [[ro:Belgia]] [[ru:Бельгия]] [[sa:बेल्जियम]] [[scn:Belgiu]] [[se:Belgia]] [[sh:Belgija]] [[simple:Belgium]] [[sk:Belgicko]] [[sl:Belgija]] [[sq:Belgjika]] [[sr:Белгија]] [[sv:Belgien]] [[sw:Ubelgiji]] [[ta:பெல்ஜியம்]] [[tet:Béljika]] [[tg:Белгия]] [[th:ประเทศเบลเยียม]] [[tl:Belhika]] [[tpi:Belsum]] [[tr:Belçika]] [[uk:Бельгія]] [[vi:Bỉ]] [[vls:Belgje]] [[wa:Beldjike]] [[war:Belhika]] [[zea:België]] [[zh:比利时]] [[zh-min-nan:Belgien]] [[zh-yue:比利時]] 3675 9107 2007-01-28T02:59:56Z Thijs!bot 143 Robot interwiki: Modificat: [[ro:Cehia]] [[Image:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Cehia]] [[Image:Coat of arms of the Czech Republic.svg|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Cehia]] [[Image:LocationCzechRepublic.png|thumb|250px|right|Cehia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Republica Cehia''' ('''Česká republika''') easte stat tu [[Unia europeanã]] shi tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Unia europeanã]] [[Category:Stat]] [[af:Tsjeggië]] [[am:ቼክ ሪፑብሊክ]] [[an:Republica Checa]] [[ang:Cecland]] [[ar:تشيك]] [[arc:ܬܫܝܟ]] [[ast:República Checa]] [[az:Çex Respublikası]] [[be:Чэхія]] [[bg:Чехия]] [[bn:চেক প্রজাতন্ত্র]] [[bo:ཅེ་ཁེ]] [[br:Republik Tchek]] [[bs:Češka]] [[ca:República Txeca]] [[co:Ripublica Cecca]] [[cs:Česko]] [[csb:Czeskô Repùblika]] [[cu:Чешьско]] [[cy:Gweriniaeth Tsiec]] [[da:Tjekkiet]] [[de:Tschechien]] [[el:Τσεχία]] [[en:Czech Republic]] [[eo:Ĉeĥio]] [[es:República Checa]] [[et:Tšehhi]] [[eu:Txekiar Errepublika]] [[fa:جمهوری چک]] [[fi:Tšekki]] [[fiu-vro:Tsehhi Vabariik']] [[fr:République tchèque]] [[frp:Rèpublica tch·èca]] [[fur:Republiche Ceche]] [[fy:Tsjechje]] [[ga:An tSeic]] [[gl:Chequia - Česko]] [[gv:Yn Pobblaght Sheckagh]] [[he:צ'כיה]] [[hi:चेक गणराज्य]] [[hr:Češka]] [[hsb:Čěska republika]] [[hu:Csehország]] [[hy:Չեխիայի Հանրապետություն]] [[ia:Republica Chec]] [[id:Ceko]] [[io:Chekia]] [[is:Tékkland]] [[it:Repubblica Ceca]] [[ja:チェコ]] [[ka:ჩეხეთი]] [[ko:체코]] [[ku:Komara Çêkiyayê]] [[la:Res publica Bohemica]] [[lb:Tschechesch Republik]] [[li:Tsjechië]] [[lij:Repubbrica Ceca]] [[lt:Čekija]] [[lv:Čehija]] [[mk:Чешка]] [[mr:चेक प्रजासत्ताक]] [[ms:Republik Czech]] [[na:Republik Czechia]] [[nds:Tschechien]] [[nds-nl:Tsjechie]] [[ne:चेक रिपब्लिक]] [[nl:Tsjechië]] [[nn:Tsjekkia]] [[no:Tsjekkia]] [[nrm:Républyique Tchèque]] [[oc:Republica Chèca]] [[os:Чехи]] [[pam:Czech Republic]] [[pl:Czechy]] [[pms:Repùblica Ceca]] [[ps:چېک جمهوريت]] [[pt:República Checa]] [[qu:Chik Suyu]] [[rmy:Chexiya]] [[ro:Cehia]] [[ru:Чехия]] [[ru-sib:Чехия]] [[scn:Ripùbblica Ceca]] [[se:Čeahkka]] [[sh:Češka Republika]] [[simple:Czech Republic]] [[sk:Česko]] [[sl:Češka]] [[sq:Republika Çeke]] [[sr:Чешка Република]] [[sv:Tjeckien]] [[sw:Ucheki]] [[tg:Чехия]] [[th:สาธารณรัฐเช็ก]] [[tl:Czechia]] [[tr:Çek Cumhuriyeti]] [[uk:Чехія]] [[vi:Cộng hòa Séc]] [[vo:Tsyegän]] [[war:Republika Czeka]] [[yi:טשעכיע]] [[zh:捷克]] [[zh-min-nan:Česko]] [[zh-yue:捷克]] 3676 7538 2006-09-20T08:18:34Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Flag of Cyprus.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Chipro]] [[Image:Cyprus Coat of Arms.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Chipro]] [[Image:LocationCyprus.png|thumb|250px|right|Chipro tu [[Europa]]]] '''Republica di Chipro''' (gãr.:'''Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία'''; tur.:'''Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti''') easte stat tu [[Unia europeanã]] shi tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Unia europeanã]] [[Category:Stat]] [[af:Ciprus]] [[ar:قبرص]] [[an:Chipre]] [[ast:Chipre]] [[az:Cənubi Kipr]] [[bn:সাইপ্রাস]] [[zh-min-nan:Ku-pí-lō·]] [[be:Кіпр]] [[bs:Kipar]] [[br:Republik Kiprenez]] [[bg:Кипър]] [[ca:Xipre]] [[cs:Kypr]] [[cy:Cyprus]] [[da:Cypern]] [[de:Republik Zypern]] [[arc:ܩܒܪܨ]] [[et:Küpros]] [[el:Κύπρος]] [[en:Cyprus]] [[es:Chipre]] [[eo:Kipro]] [[eu:Zipre]] [[fa:قبرس]] [[fo:Kýpros]] [[fr:Chypre (pays)]] [[fy:Syprus]] [[ga:An Chipir]] [[gl:Chipre - Κύπρος]] [[ko:키프로스]] [[hy:Կիպրոս]] [[hi:साइप्रस]] [[io:Chipro]] [[id:Siprus]] [[os:Кипр]] [[is:Kýpur]] [[it:Cipro]] [[he:קפריסין]] [[kw:Kyproes]] [[ht:Chip]] [[ku:Qubris]] [[la:Cyprus]] [[lv:Kipra]] [[lb:Zypern]] [[lt:Kipras]] [[lmo:Cipru]] [[hu:Ciprus]] [[mk:Кипар]] [[ms:Cyprus]] [[na:Cyprus]] [[nl:Cyprus]] [[ja:キプロス]] [[no:Kypros]] [[nn:Republikken Kypros]] [[nrm:Chypre]] [[oc:Chipre]] [[pam:Cyprus]] [[nds:Zypern]] [[pl:Cypr (państwo)]] [[pt:Chipre]] [[ro:Cipru]] [[ru:Кипр]] [[sq:Qipro]] [[scn:Cipru]] [[simple:Cyprus]] [[sk:Cyprus (štát)]] [[sl:Ciper]] [[sr:Кипар]] [[sh:Cipar]] [[fi:Kyproksen tasavalta]] [[sv:Cypern]] [[tet:Xipre]] [[th:ประเทศไซปรัส]] [[vi:Kypros]] [[tr:Güney Kıbrıs Rum Kesimi]] [[uk:Кіпр]] [[fiu-vro:Küprüs]] [[zh-yue:塞浦路斯]] [[zh:賽普勒斯]] 3677 9048 2007-01-21T01:01:23Z TXiKiBoT 147 Robot interwiki: Modificat: [[qu:Finlandya]] [[Image:Flag of Finland.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Finlanda]] [[Image:Coat of arms of Finland.svg|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Finlanda]] [[Image:LocationFinland.png|thumb|250px|right|Finlanda tu [[Europa]]]] '''Republica Finlanda''' ('''Suomen tasavalta''') easte stat tu [[Unia europeanã]] shi tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Unia europeanã]] [[Category:Stat]] [[af:Finland]] [[als:Finnland]] [[am:ፊንላንድ]] [[an:Finlandia]] [[ar:فنلندا]] [[arc:ܦܢܠܢܕܐ]] [[ast:Finlandia]] [[bar:Finnlånd]] [[be:Фінляндыя]] [[bg:Финландия]] [[br:Finland]] [[bs:Finska]] [[ca:Finlàndia]] [[cs:Finsko]] [[csb:Fińskô]] [[cv:Финлянди]] [[cy:Y Ffindir]] [[da:Finland]] [[de:Finnland]] [[ee:Finland]] [[el:Φινλανδία]] [[en:Finland]] [[eo:Finnlando]] [[es:Finlandia]] [[et:Soome]] [[eu:Finlandia]] [[fa:فنلاند]] [[fi:Suomi]] [[fiu-vro:Soomõ]] [[fo:Finnland]] [[fr:Finlande]] [[frp:Finlande]] [[fy:Finlân]] [[ga:An Fhionlainn]] [[gd:Suòmaidh]] [[gl:Finlandia - Suomi]] [[got:𐍆𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳]] [[gv:Fynlann]] [[haw:Pinilana]] [[he:פינלנד]] [[hi:फ़िनलैंड]] [[hr:Finska]] [[hsb:Finska]] [[ht:Fenlann]] [[hu:Finnország]] [[hy:Ֆինլանդիա]] [[ia:Finlandia]] [[id:Finlandia]] [[ilo:Finlandia]] [[io:Finlando]] [[is:Finnland]] [[it:Finlandia]] [[ja:フィンランド]] [[ka:ფინეთი]] [[ko:핀란드]] [[ku:Fînlanda]] [[kw:Pow Finn]] [[la:Finnia]] [[lb:Finnland]] [[li:Finland]] [[lt:Suomija]] [[lv:Somija]] [[mk:Финска]] [[ms:Finland]] [[na:Finland]] [[nds:Finnland]] [[nds-nl:Finlaand]] [[ne:फिनल्याण्ड]] [[nl:Finland]] [[nn:Finland]] [[no:Finland]] [[nrm:Fînlande]] [[oc:Finlàndia]] [[os:Финлянди]] [[pam:Finland]] [[pl:Finlandia]] [[pms:Finlandia]] [[ps:فېنلانډ]] [[pt:Finlândia]] [[qu:Finlandya]] [[rmy:Finland]] [[ro:Finlanda]] [[ru:Финляндия]] [[ru-sib:Финляндия]] [[scn:Finlandia]] [[se:Suopma]] [[sh:Finska]] [[simple:Finland]] [[sk:Fínsko]] [[sl:Finska]] [[sq:Finlanda]] [[sr:Финска]] [[sv:Finland]] [[sw:Ufini]] [[ta:பின்லாந்து]] [[tet:Finlándia]] [[tg:Финланд]] [[th:ประเทศฟินแลนด์]] [[tl:Finland]] [[tpi:Finlan]] [[tr:Finlandiya]] [[tt:Finlândiä]] [[udm:Финляндия]] [[ug:فىنلاندىيە]] [[uk:Фінляндія]] [[vi:Phần Lan]] [[vo:Suomiyän]] [[wa:Finlande]] [[war:Finlandya]] [[yi:פינלאנד]] [[zh:芬兰]] [[zh-min-nan:Suomi]] [[zh-yue:芬蘭]] 3678 7544 2006-09-20T08:30:10Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Flag of Ireland.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Irlanda]] [[Image:COA_IRELAND.PNG|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Irlanda]] [[Image:LocationIreland.png|thumb|250px|right|Irlanda tu [[Europa]]]] '''Republica Irlanda''' (ir:'''Poblacht na hÉireann''') easte stat tu [[Unia europeanã]] shi tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Unia europeanã]] [[Category:Stat]] [[af:Republiek van Ierland]] [[ar:جمهورية إيرلندا]] [[an:Irlanda]] [[ast:República d'Irlanda]] [[zh-min-nan:Éire]] [[be:Рэспубліка Ірляндыя]] [[bs:Irska]] [[br:Republik Iwerzhon]] [[bg:Република Ирландия]] [[ca:República d'Irlanda]] [[cs:Irská republika]] [[cy:Gweriniaeth Iwerddon]] [[da:Irland (land)]] [[de:Irland]] [[et:Iirimaa]] [[el:Δημοκρατία της Ιρλανδίας]] [[en:Republic of Ireland]] [[es:Irlanda]] [[eo:Respubliko de Irlando]] [[eu:Irlanda]] [[fo:Írland]] [[fr:République d'Irlande]] [[fy:Ierlân]] [[ga:Poblacht na hÉireann]] [[gv:Pobblaght Nerin]] [[gd:Poblachd na h-Éireann]] [[gl:Irlanda - Éire]] [[ko:아일랜드]] [[hr:Irska]] [[io:Irlando]] [[id:Republik Irlandia]] [[ia:Irlanda]] [[is:Írska lýðveldið]] [[it:Repubblica d'Irlanda]] [[he:אירלנד]] [[kw:Repoblek Iwerdhon]] [[la:Irlandia]] [[lv:Īrija]] [[lb:Irland (Land)]] [[lt:Airija]] [[li:Ierland]] [[hu:Írország]] [[ms:Ireland]] [[na:Republik Ireland]] [[nl:Ierland (land)]] [[nds-nl:Ierlaand]] [[ne:आयरल्याण्ड]] [[ja:アイルランド]] [[no:Republikken Irland]] [[nn:Republikken Irland]] [[nrm:Républyique d'Irlande]] [[oc:Irlanda (país)]] [[pam:Republic of Ireland]] [[ps:د آيرلېنډ جمهوريت]] [[nds:Irland]] [[pl:Irlandia]] [[pt:República da Irlanda]] [[ro:Republica Irlanda]] [[rmy:Republika Irland]] [[rm:Republica da l'Irlanda]] [[ru:Ирландия]] [[se:Irlánda]] [[sco:Republic o Ireland]] [[sq:Irlanda]] [[simple:Republic of Ireland]] [[sk:Írsko]] [[sl:Irska (država)]] [[fi:Irlanti]] [[sv:Irland]] [[tl:Ireland (bansa)]] [[th:สาธารณรัฐไอร์แลนด์]] [[vi:Cộng hòa Ireland]] [[tr:İrlanda]] [[udm:Ирландия]] [[uk:Республіка Ірландія]] [[vo:Lireyän]] [[fiu-vro:Iirimaa]] [[zh:爱尔兰共和国]] 3679 9123 2007-01-31T16:38:58Z TXiKiBoT 147 Robot interwiki: Adãugat: [[am:ጣልያን]] [[Image:Flag of Italy.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Italia]] [[Image:Italian coa.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Italia]] [[Image:LocationItaly.png|thumb|250px|right|Italia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Republica di Italia''' (it:'''Repubblica Italiana''') easte stat tu [[Unia europeanã]] shi tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Unia europeanã]] [[Category:Stat]] [[af:Italië]] [[als:Italien]] [[am:ጣልያን]] [[an:Italia]] [[ar:إيطاليا]] [[arc:ܐܝܛܠܝܐ]] [[ast:Italia]] [[az:İtaliya]] [[bar:Italien]] [[bat-smg:Italėjė]] [[be:Італія]] [[bg:Италия]] [[bo:དགྱིའི་དའ་རླིས]] [[br:Italia]] [[bs:Italija]] [[ca:Itàlia]] [[co:Italia]] [[cs:Itálie]] [[cu:Италї]] [[cv:Итали]] [[cy:Yr Eidal]] [[da:Italien]] [[de:Italien]] [[el:Ιταλία]] [[eml:Itâglia]] [[en:Italy]] [[eo:Italio]] [[es:Italia]] [[et:Itaalia]] [[eu:Italia]] [[fa:ایتالیا]] [[fi:Italia]] [[fiu-vro:Itaalia]] [[fr:Italie]] [[frp:Étalie]] [[fur:Italie]] [[fy:Itaalje]] [[ga:An Iodáil]] [[gd:An Eadailt]] [[gl:Italia]] [[haw:Italia]] [[he:איטליה]] [[hi:इटली]] [[hr:Italija]] [[hsb:Italska]] [[ht:Itali]] [[hu:Olaszország]] [[hy:Իտալիա]] [[ia:Italia]] [[id:Italia]] [[ilo:Italia]] [[io:Italia]] [[is:Ítalía]] [[it:Italia]] [[ja:イタリア]] [[jbo:gugdrxitali]] [[ka:იტალია]] [[kn:ಇಟಲಿ]] [[ko:이탈리아]] [[ku:Îtalya]] [[kw:Itali]] [[la:Italia]] [[lad:Italia]] [[lb:Italien]] [[li:Italië]] [[lij:Italia]] [[lmo:Itàlia]] [[lt:Italija]] [[lv:Itālija]] [[mk:Италија]] [[ml:ഇറ്റലി]] [[mn:Итали]] [[mr:इटली]] [[ms:Itali]] [[mt:Italja]] [[na:Italy]] [[nap:Italia]] [[nds:Italien]] [[nds-nl:Italiën]] [[ne:इटाली]] [[nl:Italië]] [[nn:Italia]] [[no:Italia]] [[nrm:Italie]] [[oc:Itàlia]] [[os:Итали]] [[pam:Italy]] [[pl:Włochy]] [[pms:Italia]] [[ps:اټاليا]] [[pt:Itália]] [[qu:Italya]] [[rm:Italia]] [[rmy:Italiya]] [[ro:Italia]] [[ru:Италия]] [[sa:इटली]] [[sc:Itàlia]] [[scn:Italia]] [[sh:Italija]] [[simple:Italy]] [[sk:Taliansko]] [[sl:Italija]] [[so:Talyaaniga]] [[sq:Italia]] [[sr:Италија]] [[sv:Italien]] [[sw:Italia]] [[ta:இத்தாலி]] [[tg:Итолиё]] [[th:ประเทศอิตาลี]] [[tl:Italya]] [[tpi:Italia]] [[tr:İtalya]] [[ty:’Itāria]] [[uk:Італія]] [[ur:اٹلی]] [[vec:Itałia]] [[vi:Ý]] [[vo:Litaliyän]] [[war:Italya]] [[yi:איטאליע]] [[zh:意大利]] [[zh-classical:義大利]] [[zh-min-nan:Italia]] [[zh-yue:意大利]] 3680 9096 2007-01-25T11:18:09Z TXiKiBoT 147 Robot interwiki: Adãugat: [[hsb:Luxemburgska]] [[Image:Flag of Luxembourg.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Luxemburg]] [[Image:Coat of arms Grand Duchy of Luxembourg large.png|thumb|150px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Luxemburg]] [[Image:LocationLuxembourg.png|thumb|250px|right|Luxemburg tu [[Europa]]]] '''Mare Voivodat di Luxemburg''' (lux.:'''Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg''', gall.:'''Grand-Duché de Luxembourg''', gher.:'''Großherzogtum Luxemburg''') easte stat tu [[Unia europeanã]] shi tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Unia europeanã]] [[Category:Stat]] [[af:Luxemburg]] [[als:Luxemburg]] [[an:Lusemburgo]] [[ang:Letseburh]] [[ar:لوكسمبورغ]] [[arc:ܠܘܟܣܡܒܘܪܓ]] [[ast:Luxemburgu]] [[be:Люксэмбург]] [[bg:Люксембург]] [[br:Luksembourg (bro)]] [[ca:Luxemburg]] [[cs:Lucembursko]] [[csb:Luksembùrskô]] [[cy:Lwcsembwrg]] [[da:Luxembourg]] [[de:Luxemburg]] [[dv:ލަޒަންބާ]] [[el:Λουξεμβούργο]] [[eml:Lussembûrg]] [[en:Luxembourg]] [[eo:Luksemburgio]] [[es:Luxemburgo]] [[et:Luksemburg]] [[eu:Luxenburgo]] [[fa:لوکزامبورگ]] [[fi:Luxemburg]] [[fr:Luxembourg (pays)]] [[frp:Luxembôrg (payis)]] [[fy:Lúksemboarch]] [[ga:Lucsamburg]] [[gd:Lucsamburg]] [[gl:Luxemburgo - Lëtzebuerg]] [[he:לוקסמבורג]] [[hi:लक्सेम्बर्ग]] [[hr:Luksemburg]] [[hsb:Luxemburgska]] [[hu:Luxemburg]] [[ia:Luxemburg]] [[id:Luxemburg]] [[io:Luxemburgia]] [[is:Lúxemborg]] [[it:Lussemburgo]] [[ja:ルクセンブルク]] [[ka:ლუქსემბურგი (ქვეყანა)]] [[ko:룩셈부르크]] [[ku:Luksemburg]] [[kw:Lushaborg]] [[la:Luxemburgum]] [[lb:Lëtzebuerg (Land)]] [[li:Luxemburg (land)]] [[lij:Luxemburgo (Naçioin d'Euròpa)]] [[lt:Liuksemburgas]] [[lv:Luksemburga (valsts)]] [[mk:Луксембург]] [[ms:Luxembourg]] [[nds:Luxemborg]] [[nds-nl:Luxemburg (laand)]] [[ne:लक्जेम्बर्ग]] [[nl:Luxemburg (land)]] [[nn:Luxembourg]] [[no:Luxembourg]] [[nrm:Luxembourg]] [[oc:Luxemborg (estat)]] [[os:Люксембург (паддзахад)]] [[pam:Luxembourg]] [[pl:Luksemburg (państwo)]] [[pms:Lussemborgh]] [[pt:Luxemburgo]] [[qu:Luksimbur]] [[rm:Luxemburg]] [[ro:Luxemburg]] [[ru:Люксембург]] [[sc:Lussemburgu]] [[sh:Luksemburg]] [[simple:Luxembourg]] [[sk:Luxembursko]] [[sl:Luksemburg]] [[sq:Luksemburgu]] [[sr:Луксембург]] [[sv:Luxemburg]] [[sw:Luxemburg]] [[tg:Люксембург]] [[th:ประเทศลักเซมเบิร์ก]] [[tl:Luxembourg]] [[tr:Lüksemburg]] [[ug:ليۇكسېمبۇرگ]] [[uk:Люксембург]] [[vi:Luxembourg]] [[vo:Luxämburgän]] [[wa:Grande-Dutcheye do Lussimbork]] [[war:Luxemburg]] [[zh:卢森堡]] [[zh-min-nan:Luxembourg]] [[zh-yue:盧森堡]] 3681 7792 2006-09-29T09:06:01Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Flag of Malta.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Malta]] [[Image:Coat of arms of Malta.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Malta]] [[Image:LocationMalta.png|thumb|250px|right|Malta tu [[Europa]]]] '''Republica Malta''' ('''Republic of Malta''') easte stat tu [[Unia europeanã]] shi tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Unia europeanã]] [[Category:Stat]] [[af:Malta]] [[als:Malta]] [[ar:مالطا]] [[an:Malta]] [[ast:Malta]] [[zh-min-nan:Malta]] [[be:Мальта]] [[bs:Malta]] [[br:Malta]] [[bg:Малта]] [[ca:Malta]] [[cs:Malta]] [[cy:Malta]] [[da:Malta]] [[de:Malta]] [[et:Malta]] [[el:Μάλτα]] [[en:Malta]] [[es:Malta]] [[eo:Malto (lando)]] [[eu:Malta]] [[fa:مالت (کشور)]] [[fr:Malte]] [[fy:Malta]] [[ga:Málta]] [[gl:Malta]] [[ko:몰타]] [[hi:माल्टा]] [[hr:Malta]] [[io:Malta]] [[id:Malta]] [[ia:Malta]] [[os:Мальтæ (паддзахад)]] [[is:Malta]] [[it:Malta]] [[he:מלטה]] [[ka:მალტა]] [[kw:Malta]] [[ht:Malt]] [[ku:Malta]] [[la:Melitta]] [[lv:Malta]] [[lb:Malta]] [[lt:Malta]] [[li:Malta]] [[hu:Málta]] [[mk:Малта]] [[mt:Malta]] [[ms:Malta]] [[nl:Malta (land)]] [[nds-nl:Malta (laand)]] [[ne:माल्टा]] [[ja:マルタ]] [[no:Malta]] [[nn:Malta]] [[oc:Malta]] [[ug:مالتا]] [[pam:Malta]] [[nds:Malta]] [[pl:Malta]] [[pt:Malta]] [[ro:Malta]] [[ru:Мальта (государство)]] [[se:Málta]] [[sq:Malta]] [[scn:Malta]] [[simple:Malta]] [[sk:Malta]] [[sl:Malta]] [[sr:Малта]] [[sh:Malta]] [[fi:Malta]] [[sv:Malta]] [[tl:Malta]] [[tet:Malta]] [[th:ประเทศมอลตา]] [[vi:Malta]] [[tg:Малта]] [[tr:Malta]] [[uk:Мальта (держава)]] 3682 7439 2006-09-18T22:18:00Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Flag of Norway.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Norveghia]] [[Image:Norway coa.png.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Norveghia]] [[Image:LocationNorway.png|thumb|250px|right|Norveghia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Vãsilia di Norveghia''' (Bokmål: '''Kongeriket Norge'''; Nynorsk: '''Kongeriket Noreg''') easte stat tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Stat]] 3683 7401 2006-09-18T20:07:32Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Flag of Portugal.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Portogallia]] [[Image:Coat of arms of Portugal.png|thumb|150px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Portogallia]] [[Image:LocationPortugal.png|thumb|250px|right|Portogallia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Republica Portogallia''' ('''República Portuguesa''') easte stat tu [[Unia europeanã]] shi tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Unia europeanã]] [[Category:Stat]] 3684 7408 2006-09-18T20:14:13Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Flag of San Marino.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di San Marino]] [[Image:Coat of arms of San Marino.png|thumb|150px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali San Marino]] [[Image:LocationSanMarino.png|thumb|250px|right|San Marino tu [[Europa]]]] '''Republica Serenã San Marino''' (it:'''Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino''') easte stat tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Stat]] 3685 7411 2006-09-18T20:25:16Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Flag of Slovakia.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Slovachia]] [[Image:Coat of Arms of Slovakia.svg|thumb|150px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Slovachia]] [[Image:LocationSlovakia.png|thumb|250px|right|Slovachia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Republica Slovachia''' ('''Slovenská republika''') easte stat tu [[Unia europeanã]] shi tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Unia europeanã]] [[Category:Stat]] 3686 7412 2006-09-18T20:26:09Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Flag of Slovenia.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Slovenia]] [[Image:Coat of Arms of Slovenia.svg|thumb|150px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Slovenia]] [[Image:LocationSlovenia.png|thumb|250px|right|Slovenia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Republica Slovenia''' ('''Republika Slovenija''') easte stat tu [[Unia europeanã]] shi tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Unia europeanã]] [[Category:Stat]] 3687 7417 2006-09-18T21:47:15Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Flag of Sweden.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Suidia]] [[Image:Sweden greater arms.png|thumb|150px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Suidia]] [[Image:LocationSweden.png|thumb|250px|right|Suidia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Vãsilia di Suidia''' ('''Konungariket Sverige''') easte stat tu [[Unia europeanã]] shi tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Unia europeanã]] [[Category:Stat]] 3688 7505 2006-09-19T15:18:56Z Heinzschw 124 [[Image:Flag of the Vatican City.svg|thumb|150px|right|Flambura di Vaticanlu]] [[Image:Holysee coat of arms.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Vaticanlu]] [[Image:LocationVaticanCity.png|thumb|250px|right|Vaticanlu tu [[Europa]]]] '''Statlu-a Cãsãbãlui Vatican''' (lat.:'''Status Civitatis Vaticanae'''; it.:'''Stato della Città del Vaticano''') easte stat-cãsãbã tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Stat]] 3689 9100 2007-01-26T11:29:37Z Thijs!bot 143 Robot interwiki: Adãugat: [[th:ยิบรอลตาร์]] [[Image:Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Ghibraltar]] [[Image:Gibraltar-FortressAndKey.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Ghibraltar]] [[Image:LocationGibraltar.png|thumb|250px|right|Ghibraltar tu [[Europa]]]] '''Ghibraltar''' (ang.:'''Gibraltar''') easte teritoria di piste amare ali [[Marea Britanie|Britania Mare]] tu [[Europa]]. [[category:Europa]] [[ar:مستعمرة جبل طارق]] [[ast:Xibraltar]] [[br:Jibraltar]] [[bs:Gibraltar]] [[ca:Gibraltar]] [[cs:Gibraltar]] [[da:Gibraltar]] [[de:Gibraltar]] [[el:Γιβραλτάρ]] [[en:Gibraltar]] [[eo:Ĝibraltaro]] [[es:Gibraltar]] [[et:Gibraltar]] [[eu:Gibraltar]] [[fa:جبل‌الطارق]] [[fi:Gibraltar]] [[fr:Gibraltar]] [[gl:Xibraltar - Gibraltar]] [[he:גיברלטר]] [[hr:Gibraltar]] [[hsb:Gibraltar]] [[hu:Gibraltár]] [[ia:Gibraltar]] [[id:Gibraltar]] [[io:Gibraltar]] [[is:Gíbraltar]] [[it:Gibilterra]] [[ja:ジブラルタル]] [[ka:გიბრალტარი]] [[ko:지브롤터]] [[kw:Jibraltar]] [[la:Calpe]] [[lb:Gibraltar]] [[lt:Gibraltaras]] [[lv:Gibraltārs]] [[mi:Kamaka]] [[nds:Gibraltar]] [[nl:Gibraltar]] [[nn:Gibraltar]] [[no:Gibraltar]] [[oc:Gibartar]] [[pam:Gibraltar]] [[pl:Gibraltar]] [[pt:Gibraltar]] [[ro:Gibraltar]] [[ru:Гибралтар]] [[scn:Gibbilterra]] [[sh:Gibraltar]] [[simple:Gibraltar]] [[sk:Gibraltár]] [[sl:Gibraltar]] [[sq:Gjibraltari]] [[sr:Гибралтар]] [[sv:Gibraltar]] [[th:ยิบรอลตาร์]] [[tl:Gibraltar]] [[tr:Cebelitarık]] [[uk:Ґібралтар]] [[wa:Djibraltar]] [[zh:直布罗陀]] [[zh-min-nan:Gibraltar]] 3690 7314 2006-09-17T12:00:16Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Marea Britanie]] moved to [[Britania Mare]] #REDIRECT [[Britania Mare]] 3691 7545 2006-09-20T08:31:18Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Flag of Iceland.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Islanda]] [[Image:Skjaldarmerki.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Islanda]] [[Image:LocationIceland.png|thumb|250px|right|Islanda tu [[Europa]]]] '''Republica Islanda''' ('''Lýðveldið Ísland''') easte stat ilandã tu [[Europa]]. [[category:Europa]] [[category:Stat]] [[af:Ysland]] [[als:Island]] [[ang:Īsland]] [[ar:آيسلندا]] [[an:Islandia]] [[ast:Islandia]] [[az:İslandiya]] [[zh-min-nan:Peng-tē]] [[be:Ісьляндыя]] [[bs:Island]] [[br:Island]] [[bg:Исландия]] [[ca:Islàndia]] [[cv:Исланди]] [[cs:Island]] [[cy:Gwlad yr Iâ]] [[da:Island]] [[de:Island]] [[dv:އައިސްލަންޑަން]] [[et:Island]] [[el:Ισλανδία]] [[en:Iceland]] [[es:Islandia]] [[eo:Islando]] [[eu:Islandia]] [[fa:ایسلند]] [[fo:Ísland]] [[fr:Islande]] [[fy:Yslân]] [[ga:An Íoslainn]] [[gd:Innis Tile]] [[gl:Islandia - Ísland]] [[gu:આઇસલૅન્ડ]] [[ko:아이슬란드]] [[hy:Իսլանդիա]] [[hi:आइस्लैंड]] [[hr:Island]] [[io:Islando]] [[id:Islandia]] [[is:Ísland]] [[it:Islanda]] [[he:איסלנד]] [[ka:ისლანდია]] [[kw:Island]] [[sw:Iceland]] [[ku:Îslanda]] [[la:Islandia]] [[lv:Islande]] [[lb:Island]] [[lt:Islandija]] [[li:Iesland]] [[lmo:Islànda]] [[hu:Izland]] [[mk:Исланд]] [[ms:Iceland]] [[na:Iceland]] [[nl:IJsland]] [[nds-nl:Ieslaand]] [[ne:आईसल्याण्ड]] [[ja:アイスランド]] [[no:Island]] [[nn:Island]] [[oc:Islàndia]] [[ug:ئىسلاندىيە]] [[pam:Iceland]] [[ps:آيسلېنډ]] [[nds:Iesland]] [[pl:Islandia]] [[pt:Islândia]] [[ro:Islanda]] [[qu:Islandiya]] [[ru:Исландия]] [[se:Islánda]] [[sa:आइसलैंड]] [[sc:Islanda]] [[sq:Islanda]] [[scn:Islandia]] [[simple:Iceland]] [[sl:Islandija]] [[sr:Исланд]] [[sh:Island]] [[fi:Islanti]] [[sv:Island]] [[tl:Iceland]] [[ta:ஐஸ்லாந்து]] [[th:ประเทศไอซ์แลนด์]] [[vi:Iceland]] [[tpi:Aislan]] [[tr:İzlanda]] [[uk:Ісландія]] [[fiu-vro:Island']] [[yi:איסלאנד]] [[zh-yue:冰島]] [[zh:冰岛]] 3692 7438 2006-09-18T22:16:26Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Flag of Monaco.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Monaco]] [[Image:Coat of arms of Monaco.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo al Monaco]] [[Image:LocationMonaco.png|thumb|250px|right|Monaco tu [[Europa]]]] '''Printsipatlu Monaco''' (gallica: '''Principauté de Monaco'''; monégasque: '''Principatu de Múnegu'''; occitan: '''Principat de Mónegue''') easte monarhia parlamentarã shi cãsãbã-stat tu [[Europa]]. [[category:Europa]] [[category:Stat]] 3693 8959 2007-01-08T17:02:33Z TXiKiBoT 147 Robot interwiki: Modificat: [[qu:Pulunya]] [[Image:Flag of Poland.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Polandia]] [[Image:Coat of arms of Poland-official.png|thumb|150px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Polandia]] [[Image:LocationPoland.png|thumb|250px|right|Polandia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Republica Polandia''' ('''Rzeczpospolita Polska''') easte stat tu [[Unia europeanã]] shi tu [[Europa]]. [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Unia europeanã]] [[Category:Stat]] [[af:Pole]] [[als:Polen]] [[am:ፖላንድ]] [[an:Polonia]] [[ang:Polaland]] [[ar:بولندا]] [[arc:ܦܘܠܢܕܐ]] [[ast:Polonia]] [[az:Polşa]] [[be:Польшча]] [[bg:Полша]] [[br:Polonia]] [[bs:Poljska]] [[ca:Polònia]] [[cs:Polsko]] [[csb:Pòlskô]] [[cu:Пол̑ьска]] [[cv:Польша]] [[cy:Gwlad Pwyl]] [[da:Polen]] [[de:Polen]] [[diq:Polonya]] [[el:Πολωνία]] [[en:Poland]] [[eo:Pollando]] [[es:Polonia]] [[et:Poola]] [[eu:Polonia]] [[fa:لهستان]] [[fi:Puola]] [[fiu-vro:Poola]] [[fo:Pólland]] [[fr:Pologne]] [[frp:Pologne]] [[fur:Polonie]] [[fy:Poalen]] [[ga:An Pholainn]] [[gd:A' Phòlainn]] [[gl:Polonia - Polska]] [[gn:Polonia]] [[gv:Yn Pholynn]] [[he:פולין]] [[hi:पोलैंड]] [[hr:Poljska]] [[hsb:Pólska]] [[hu:Lengyelország]] [[hy:Լեհաստան]] [[ia:Polonia]] [[id:Polandia]] [[ilo:Polandia]] [[io:Polonia]] [[is:Pólland]] [[it:Polonia]] [[ja:ポーランド]] [[jbo:polskas]] [[jv:Polandia]] [[ka:პოლონეთი]] [[ko:폴란드]] [[ku:Polonya]] [[kw:Poloni]] [[la:Polonia]] [[lb:Polen]] [[li:Pole]] [[lij:Polonia]] [[lt:Lenkija]] [[lv:Polija]] [[mk:Полска]] [[mo:Полония]] [[ms:Poland]] [[mt:Polonja]] [[na:Poland]] [[nap:Pulonnia]] [[nds:Polen]] [[nds-nl:Pooln]] [[nl:Polen]] [[nn:Polen]] [[no:Polen]] [[nrm:Polongne]] [[oc:Polonha]] [[os:Польшæ]] [[pam:Poland]] [[pl:Polska]] [[pms:Polònia]] [[pt:Polónia]] [[qu:Pulunya]] [[ro:Polonia]] [[ru:Польша]] [[ru-sib:Польша]] [[scn:Pulonia]] [[sco:Poland]] [[se:Polen]] [[sh:Poljska]] [[simple:Poland]] [[sk:Poľsko]] [[sl:Poljska]] [[sq:Polonia]] [[sr:Пољска]] [[sv:Polen]] [[sw:Poland]] [[tet:Polónia]] [[tg:Полша]] [[th:ประเทศโปแลนด์]] [[tl:Poland]] [[tr:Polonya]] [[ug:پولشا]] [[uk:Польща]] [[uz:Polsha]] [[vi:Ba Lan]] [[vls:Pooln]] [[vo:Polän]] [[war:Polonya]] [[yi:פוילן]] [[zh:波兰]] [[zh-min-nan:Polska]] [[zh-yue:波蘭]] 3694 7343 2006-09-17T18:52:34Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 3695 7351 2006-09-17T19:32:39Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Ditu Gârtsii]] moved to [[Di tu Gãrtsia]] #REDIRECT [[Di tu Gãrtsia]] 3696 7413 2006-09-18T20:46:23Z Jean 119 {| style="margin:0 auto" align=center class="toccolours" !align=center style="background:#80FF00;"|Morfologia florii |- |align=rite style="font-size:75%;"| {| class="wikitable" width=95% {{tabelfrumos}} |- | rowspan="20"| [[Floare]] | [[Peduncul floral]] | | |- | [[Receptacul]] | | |- | rowspan="3"|[[Caliciu]] | [[Sepală]] | |- | [[Caliciu dialisepal]] | |- | [[Caliciu gamopetal]] | |- | rowspan="4"| [[Corolă]] | [[Petală]] | |- | |[[Corolă dialipetală]] | |- | [[Corolă gamopetală]] |- | [[ Flori apetale|Corolă lipsă]] ([[ Flori apetale]]) | |- | rowspan="2"| [[Androceu]] | rowspan="2"| [[Stamină]] | [[Filament]] |- | [[Anteră]] |- | rowspan="3"| [[Gineceu]] | rowspan="3"|[[Carpelă]] | [[Ovar]] |- | [[Stil]] |- | [[Stigmat]] |- |} 3697 7415 2006-09-18T20:52:06Z Jean 119 3698 7427 2006-09-18T21:56:15Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Anglii]] moved to [[Anglia]] #REDIRECT [[Anglia]] 3699 9113 2007-01-30T18:35:51Z Thijs!bot 143 Robot interwiki: Adãugat: [[et:Ema Teresa]] '''Agnesa Gongea Boiagi''' icã '''Dada Thereza''' ([[Scopia]], August 26, 1910 – September 5, 1997, Calcutta) ira [[Armãnj|Armãnã]] sorã di njiluiame, unã aradã catholicã tsi nãsã singurã u-formã. Tu Xumedrulu 2003, [[Papa Ioannis Pavlu II|Pãpãlu Ioannis Pavlu Dhefterlu]] le-proclãmã ti Macariosã, shi tora nãsã easte cunuscutã ca ''Macariosa'' icã ''Beatificatã Dada Thereza'' di [[Bisearica Romacatholicã|Catholitslji]] tu lumea tutã. [[Image:Mother Teresa1.jpg|thumb|right|Dada Thereza, stamba poshtalã di [[India]]]] [[Image:Mother Teresa2.gif|thumb|right|Dada Thereza, stamba poshtalã di [[Republica Machedonia|REIMachedonia]]]] [[Image:Mother Teresa3.jpg|thumb|right|Dada Thereza]] [[ar:الأم تريزا]] [[bg:Майка Тереза]] [[bn:মাদার তেরেসা]] [[ca:Mare Teresa de Calcuta]] [[cs:Matka Tereza]] [[da:Moder Teresa]] [[de:Mutter Teresa]] [[en:Mother Teresa]] [[eo:Patrino Teresa]] [[es:Teresa de Calcuta]] [[et:Ema Teresa]] [[eu:Kalkutako Teresa]] [[fa:مادر ترزا]] [[fi:Äiti Teresa]] [[fr:Mère Teresa]] [[he:האם תרזה]] [[hi:मदर टेरेसा]] [[hu:Kalkuttai Teréz anya]] [[id:Bunda Teresa]] [[it:Madre Teresa di Calcutta]] [[ja:マザー・テレサ]] [[ko:테레사 수녀]] [[la:Mater Teresa]] [[lb:Mutter Teresa]] [[lt:Motina Teresė]] [[lv:Māte Terēze]] [[mk:Мајка Тереза]] [[mr:मदर तेरेसा]] [[ms:Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu]] [[nl:Moeder Teresa]] [[no:Moder Teresa]] [[pl:Matka Teresa z Kalkuty]] [[pt:Madre Teresa de Calcutá]] [[ro:Maica Tereza]] [[ru:Мать Тереза]] [[sk:Matka Tereza]] [[sl:Mati Tereza]] [[sq:Nënë Tereza]] [[sv:Moder Teresa]] [[ta:அன்னை தெரேசா]] [[vi:Mẹ Teresa]] [[zh:德蕾莎修女]] [[zh-min-nan:Teresa Siu-lú]] [[zh-yue:德蘭修女]] 3700 8922 2007-01-04T15:34:06Z 84.230.146.104 /* Lista di cunuscuts Armãnj */ '''Armãnjlji''' (alante nume: ''Aromâni'', ''Rrãmãnji'', ''Tsintsari'', ''Vlahi'' icã forma propagandisticã atsiloru dit Romanie ''Macedoromãni'') sãntu un popul tsi bãnedzã tu [[Gãrtsia]], [[Sãrghia]], [[Republica Machedonia|Republica Ex-Iugoslavã ali Machedonia]], [[Arbinishia]], [[Vurgaria]] shi [[Romãnia]]. Numirlu a lor easte 2,500,000. Limba a lor easte [[limba armãneascã]]. ===Lista di cunuscuts Armãnj=== *[[Dada Thereza]] *[[Gheorghe Hagi]] *[[Cristian Gaţu]] *[[Gheorghe Becali]] * [http://www.farsarotul.org Sutsatã Farsharotul pi internet] (pi anglica) [[bg:Аромъни]] [[de:Aromunen]] [[el:Αρμάνοι]] [[en:Aromanians]] [[es:Arumano]] [[hu:Cincárok]] [[ja:アルーマニア人]] [[pl:Arumuni]] [[ro:Aromâni]] [[ru:Аромуны]] [[sr:Аромуни]] [[fi:aromuuni]] 3701 7456 2006-09-18T22:50:55Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Hydroghenium''' (semnulu hemic '''H'''; lat. '''Hydrogenium''') easte protlu elementu tu Tavla Periodicã di Elementsãlji, adratã dupu hemicianlu arus '''Dmitrii Ivanovici Mendeleev'''. 3702 7460 2006-09-19T00:59:01Z Khoikhoi 123 Redirecting to [[en:User:Khoikhoi]] #REDIRECT [[:en:User:Khoikhoi]] 3703 7461 2006-09-19T00:59:12Z Khoikhoi 123 Redirecting to [[en:User talk:Khoikhoi]] #REDIRECT [[:en:User talk:Khoikhoi]] 3704 8617 2006-11-21T20:49:27Z 194.150.216.212 Removing all content from page 3705 8193 2006-10-23T15:56:13Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Pope Benedictus XVI january,20 2006 (7 small).jpg|right|200px|Sãmtsãljea-a lui Pãpãlu Benedictu al XVIlu]] '''Sãmtsãljea-a lui Pãpãlu Benedictu al XVIlu''' (lat.:'''Benedictus PP.XVI''', faptu: '''Joseph Alois Ratzinger''' pi 16le di Aprir, 1927 tu [[Marktl am Inn]], [[Bayern]], [[Ghermãnia]]) easte 265-lu shi di tora [[Papa]] di [[Bisearica Romacatholicã]], shi [[monarh|Suveren]] al [[Vatican|Vaticanlu]]. Nãs ira [[Inauguratsia papalã|inaugurat]] ti [[Papa]] cu [[Misa]] ti inauguratsie pi 19le di Aprir, 2005, shi u-lua [[Bazilica al Ay. Ioanni Lateranlu]], pi 7le di Mai, 2005. Pãpãlu Benedictu al XVIlu are tsitidentsã shi di [[Ghermãnia]] shi di [[Vatican|Vaticanlu]]. Nãs u-clironomisi [[Papa Ioannis Pavlu II|Pãpãlu Ioanni Pavlu al II-lu]], cai muri pi 2lu di Aprir, 2005. 3706 7593 2006-09-20T13:52:16Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 {| align=center class="messagebox current" style="border:1px solid #CECDCD; border-color:black; width: auto;" | [[Image:Current event marker.png|50px| ]] | '''Aistu {{{1|articlu}}} documenteadzã un [[Evenimente di tora|evenimentu di tora]].''' <br> <small>Informatsiile pot s-alãxeascã cum va s-ducã evenimentu.</small> |}{{#if:{{NAMESPACE}}|<!-- don't categorize -->|[[Category:Current events]]}} 3707 7475 2006-09-19T10:20:46Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 {| class="infobox" style="width: 20em; font-size: 95%; text-align: left; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-bottom: 0px;" cellpadding="3" |- style="background-color: #F7D79C;" ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | {{{Numa_armãneascã}}} |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;" | {{{Foto|}}} |- {{#if: {{{numa_dupu_faptu|}}}| ! Numa di faptu {{!}} {{{numa_dupu_faptu}}}}} |- ! Pontificat&nbsp;ahurhi | {{{ahurhi}}} |- ! Pontificat&nbsp;bitisi | {{{bitisi}}} |- ! Di ninte nãs | {{{di_ninte}}} |- {{#if: {{{dupu_nãs|}}}| ! Dupu nãs {{!}} {{{dupu_nãs}}}}} |- ! Faptu | {{{data_di_faptu}}}<br>{{{loclu_di_faptu|}}} |- {{#if: {{{data_di_murire|}}}| ! Muri {{!}} {{{data_di_murire}}}<br>{{{loclu_di_murire|}}}}} |- {{#if: {{{alantu|}}}| {{!}} colspan="2" style="font-style: italics; text-align: center; font-size: smaller;" {{!}} [[Pope {{{alantu}}}|Alante Papi cu numa {{{alantu}}}]]}} |- {{#if: {{{footnotes|}}}| {{!}} colspan="2" style="font-style: italics; font-size: smaller; border-top: 1px solid;" {{!}} {{{footnotes}}}}} |}<noinclude> [[Category:Pope templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:people infobox templates|Pope]] [[Category:Templates using ParserFunctions|{{PAGENAME}}]] </noinclude> 3708 7480 2006-09-19T10:24:34Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 |<noinclude></noinclude> 3709 7482 2006-09-19T10:27:04Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 :<div class="noprint">''Main article{{#if:{{{2|}}}|s}}&#58; [[{{{1}}}|{{{l1|{{{1}}}}}}]]{{#if:{{{2| }}} |{{#if:{{{3|}}}|,&#32;|&#32;and&#32;}}[[{{{2}}}|{{{l2|{{{2}}}}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{3|}}} |{{#if:{{{4|}}}|,&#32;|,&#32;and&#32;}}[[{{{3}}}|{{{l3|{{{3}}}}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{4|}}} |{{#if:{{{5|}}}|,&#32;|,&#32;and&#32;}}[[{{{4}}}|{{{l4|{{{4}}}}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{5|}}} |, and [[{{{5}}}|{{{l5|{{{5}}}}}}]]}}''{{#if:{{{6| }}}|&#32; (too many parameters in &#123;&#123;[[Template:main|main]]&#125;&#125;)}}</div><noinclude> 3710 7495 2006-09-19T15:11:53Z Heinzschw 124 3711 7497 2006-09-19T15:13:04Z Heinzschw 124 3712 7498 2006-09-19T15:13:45Z Heinzschw 124 3713 7499 2006-09-19T15:14:45Z Heinzschw 124 3714 7500 2006-09-19T15:15:23Z Heinzschw 124 3715 7501 2006-09-19T15:15:59Z Heinzschw 124 3716 7502 2006-09-19T15:16:40Z Heinzschw 124 3717 7503 2006-09-19T15:17:28Z Heinzschw 124 3718 7504 2006-09-19T15:18:29Z Heinzschw 124 3719 8893 2007-01-01T00:15:38Z TXiKiBoT 147 robot Adding: bs, hsb, ia, mi, mk, pms, tg Modifying: oc, uk [[Image:Flag of Wales 2.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Wales]] [[Image:Wales COA.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Wales]] [[Image:LocationWales.PNG|thumb|250px|right|Wales tu [[Europa]]]] '''Wales''' (wel.: '''Cymru''') easte un di patrule pãrtsa-a [[Britania Mare|Vãsiliiljei Unitã]] tu [[Europa]]. Cãsãbãlu capital: [[Cardiff]] [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Britania Mare]] [[af:Wallis]] [[als:Wales]] [[ar:ويلز]] [[az:Uels]] [[bg:Уелс]] [[br:Kembre]] [[bs:Vels]] [[ca:Gal·les]] [[cs:Wales]] [[cy:Cymru]] [[da:Wales]] [[de:Wales]] [[en:Wales]] [[eo:Kimrio]] [[es:Gales]] [[et:Wales]] [[eu:Gales]] [[fi:Wales]] [[fr:Pays de Galles]] [[ga:An Bhreatain Bheag]] [[gd:A' Chuimrigh]] [[gl:Gales - Cymru]] [[gv:Bretin]] [[he:ויילס]] [[hr:Wales]] [[hsb:Wales]] [[ht:Gal]] [[hu:Wales]] [[ia:Galles]] [[id:Wales]] [[io:Wals]] [[it:Galles]] [[ja:ウェールズ]] [[ka:უელსი]] [[ko:웨일스]] [[ku:Wales]] [[kw:Kembra]] [[la:Cambria]] [[ln:Ekólo Wali]] [[lt:Velsas]] [[lv:Velsa]] [[mi:Wēra]] [[mk:Велс]] [[nds:Wales]] [[nl:Wales]] [[nn:Wales]] [[no:Wales]] [[nrm:Galles]] [[oc:País de Galas]] [[pl:Walia]] [[pms:Gàles]] [[pt:País de Gales]] [[rm:Valisa]] [[ro:Ţara Galilor]] [[ru:Уэльс]] [[sco:Wales]] [[simple:Wales]] [[sk:Wales]] [[sl:Wales]] [[sr:Велс]] [[sv:Wales]] [[tg:Уелс]] [[th:เวลส์]] [[tr:Galler]] [[uk:Уельс]] [[zh:威爾士]] [[zh-min-nan:Cymru]] 3720 8892 2006-12-31T23:01:40Z TXiKiBoT 147 robot Adding: an, mi, nds-nl, pms, tg, vi [[Image:Flag of Scotland.svg|thumb|200px|right|Flambura di Scotlandia]] [[Image:Royal Arms of Scotland.png|thumb|100px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Scotlandia]] [[Image:LocationScotland.png|thumb|250px|right|Scotlandia tu [[Europa]]]] '''Scotlandia''' (galicheashce: '''Alba''') easte natsia tu [[Europa]] di nord-westu shi easte unã di patrule pãrtsa-a [[Britania Mare|Vãsiliiljei Unitã]]. Cãsãbãlu capital: [[Edinburgh]] [[category:Europa]] [[Category:Britania Mare]] [[af:Skotland]] [[als:Schottland]] [[an:Escozia]] [[ang:Scotland]] [[ar:أسكتلندا]] [[ast:Escocia]] [[be:Шатляндыя]] [[bg:Шотландия]] [[br:Skos]] [[bs:Škotska]] [[ca:Escòcia]] [[cs:Skotsko]] [[cy:Yr Alban]] [[da:Skotland]] [[de:Schottland]] [[el:Σκωτία]] [[en:Scotland]] [[eo:Skotlando]] [[es:Escocia]] [[et:Šotimaa]] [[eu:Eskozia]] [[fa:اسکاتلند]] [[fi:Skotlanti]] [[fo:Skotland]] [[fr:Écosse]] [[fy:Skotlân]] [[ga:Albain]] [[gd:Alba]] [[gl:Escocia - Alba]] [[gv:Nalbin]] [[he:סקוטלנד]] [[hr:Škotska]] [[ht:Ekòs]] [[hu:Skócia]] [[ia:Scotia]] [[id:Skotlandia]] [[io:Skotia]] [[is:Skotland]] [[it:Scozia]] [[ja:スコットランド]] [[ka:შოტლანდია]] [[ko:스코틀랜드]] [[ku:Îskoçya]] [[kw:Alban]] [[la:Scotia]] [[lb:Schottland]] [[li:Sjotland]] [[ln:Ekósi]] [[lt:Škotija]] [[lv:Skotija]] [[mi:Koterana]] [[ms:Scotland]] [[nds-nl:Schotlaand]] [[nl:Schotland]] [[nn:Skottland]] [[no:Skottland]] [[nrm:Êcosse]] [[oc:Escòcia]] [[pl:Szkocja]] [[pms:Scòssia]] [[pt:Escócia]] [[rm:Scozia]] [[ro:Scoţia]] [[ru:Шотландия]] [[sco:Scotland]] [[sh:Škotska]] [[simple:Scotland]] [[sk:Škótsko]] [[sl:Škotska]] [[sr:Шкотска]] [[sv:Skottland]] [[sw:Uskoti]] [[tg:Шотландия]] [[th:สกอตแลนด์]] [[tr:İskoçya]] [[ug:شوتلاندىيە]] [[uk:Шотландія]] [[vi:Scotland]] [[zh:蘇格蘭]] [[zh-min-nan:Scot-tē]] 3721 7732 2006-09-26T08:11:48Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 Hãbãri di tu Lumea pãnã 26lu di Yizmaciunj (Martsã): * Nai ma putsãn 12 di ominj ira vãtãmats tu unã explozia nãfoarã di ofislu di guvernmentulu tu '''Lashkar Gah''' tu Notlu-a '''Afghanistanlui'''.(BBC) * Dietlu al Iapan spuse cã '''Shinzo Abe''' easte Minister-prezidentu al Iapan. Cu 52 di anj, nãs easte nai ma tinirlu Minister-prezidentu dupu Dhefterlu Polim di tu Lume. (Reuters via Tiscali) * '''Junichiro Koizumi''', Minister-prezidentulu al Iapan di tu Aprirlu 2001, u-didea guvernulu la prezidentulu di Partia liberal-democraticã '''Shinzo Abe'''. * '''Ali Abdullah Saleh''', cai u-condutse '''Yemen''' di tu anlu 1978, easte aligat nica unã oarã ti Prezidentu cu 77.2% di botsle, dupu giuditsle di parte-a coalitsiiljei di opozitsia di '''Yemen''' ti niregularitãts pi alidzerle. * Tu '''K Club''' tu '''Straffan''', [[Irlanda]], nai ma mãrle golferi di tu [[Europa]] amintarã piste timlu di '''Statilel Unite ali Americhia''' cu rezultat di 18½ contra 9½ shi u-amintarã '''Ryder Cuplu''' di 2006. * '''Yahya Jammeh''' easte nica unã oarã aligat ti al treilu mandat ti Prezidentu ali '''Gambia'''. * '''Toomas Hendrik Ilves''' easte aligat ti Prezidentu nao ali [[Estonia]]. is elected the new President of Estonia. Hãbãri di tu Lumea pãnã 21lu di Yizmaciunj (Vinirã): * Anchisi arãsculare tu '''Sulawesi Tsentralã''', tu '''Indonisia''' dupu vãtãmare di trei militantsã cai furã giudicate ti partitsipantsã tu un atac pi un internat musulman. (Reuters) * Prototyplu di tranlu magnetic '''Transrapid Maglev''' s-pimse tu '''Emsland''', [[Ghermãnia]] cu tsi sãntu pliguite cama di 20 ominj. (BBC)(Deutsche Welle) Hãbãri di tu Lumea pãnã 21lu di Yizmaciunj (Gioia): * Armatã al '''Israilu''' atãcã unã lumache-a Bancãljei Natsionalã a Iordanlui shi priloa cama di 1,5 milionj di dolar americheshci di cãsãbadzlji-a Budzãljei di Westu.(Jordan Times) * Un giudicãtor federal tu '''San Francisco''' lj-bãga ahapse dao jurnalishci di '''San Francisco Chronicle ''' ti 18 di mesh cã nu u-deadirã numa-a personãljei tsi lã-didea unã martirie ascumtã di giudicatã mare ti steroide tu baseball. (AP via Yahoo) * '''Cong Thanh Do''', activistu democratic di '''SUA''' easte pitricut liber di parte-a '''Vietnamlui'''. (Mercury News) * Prezidentulu-a '''Pakistanlui''' Pervez Musharraf spuse cã Vitse-secretarlui di Stat ali '''SUA''' Richard Armitage didea fuvirisire cã va u-bombardeadzã statlu-a lui "nãpoi tu Seculu di Cheatrã" dupu atacurle di 11-lu di Yizmaciunj maca nu u-agiutã Polimlu contra Terrorlu conducat di '''SUA'''. (CTV NEWS) * Guvermentulu ali '''Indonisia''' le-vãtãmã crishcinjlji '''Fabianus Tibo''' (60 di anj), '''Marinus Riwu''' (48 di anj), shi '''Dominggus da Silva''' (42 di anj) cu armatã tsi ira conducatã contra ljirtare di guvermentulu ti tuts atselji cai loarã parte tu conflictulu di Poso. Treilji bãrbats ira giudicate ti dutsire di atacuri piste Musulmanjlji anlu 2000 cu tsi 70 di ominj murirã. Njiljilji di ominj di politsia fac blocade pi cãljuri cai s-ducã pãnã la ahãpsinatã shi le-ved biseritsle. Cama multu di lucurtori ti ãndrepturle-a omlui spusirã cã giudicãturã easte ti arshine. (CBS) * Shatlu di Cosmos Atlantis vine pi '''Loclu''' pi Tsentru di Cosmos Kennedy, cu tsi u-bitisi misia STS-115. (Reuters) * Gheneralu '''Sonthi Boonyaratglin''' u-duse couplu d'état tu Thailandu s-u facã cãdeare-a guvermentului a Minister-prezidentului '''Thaksin Shinawatra'''. Hãbãri di tu Lumea pãnã 20le di Yizmaciunj, 2006 (Njercurã): * Prezenterlu di Top Gear di tu BBC, Richard Hammond easte pliguit serioz tu unã probã s-u facã recordu di velositate tu [[Britania Mare]] ti TV show.(BBC) * Tu Kazakhstan, 41 di mineri murirã tu nai ma araolu actsidentu dupu explozia di methan tu unã minã ti carbon. (Reuters) * Giudicare ti coruptsia al ex vitse-prezidentulu ali Africhie di Notlu Jacob Zuma ira arcat di giudicãtorlu di tu Giudicare Analtã Pietermaritzburg, shi didea giudicare cã cazlu di Statlu s-duse "di un funico pãnã la alantu" shi nu putea ta s-ducã pi unã protsedurã normalã. Cu aestã s-pistipseashce cã va s-hibã criscute shansile al Zuma s-yinã tu loclu di Prezidentu dupu Thabo Mbeki, ma prosecutorlji spusirã cã iara va le-bagã pi giudicare incriminatsiile depoia. (Mail & Guardian Online) * Dzatsile di oaminj ira vãtãmats shi suti sãntu chirute tu [[India]] shi Bangladesh dupu furtunã di cãdeare di ploae tu Budzãle al Bengal. (BBC) * Shinzo Abe easte alidzeat di liderlu-a partiilljei ali Partia Liberal-Democraticã di Iapanlu, cu tsi yinea tu luclu al Minister-prezidentulu di tora Junichiro Koizumi. Poate cã nãs va s-hibã aligat ti nao Minister-prezidentu tu 30le di Yizmaciunj 2006. (Bloomberg) * Minister-prezidentu di Thailandu '''Thaksin Shinawatra''' declãrã status di ayonjisime tu Bangcoc di ispete cã membrilji ali Armatulã Vãsiljescã Thailandã adrarã un coup d'état. * Protesti contra guvermentulu Budapesta s-featsirã violentsã dupu tsi Minister-prezidentulu Ferenc Gyurcsány ali [[Ungaria]] spuse cã partia-a lui spuse minciunj mash s-amintã pi alidzerle. Hãbãri di tu Lumea pãnã 19le di Yizmaciunj, 2006 (Martsã): * Pi 61-le Andamusire Anuale ali Grupa di Banca Munidalã shi Fondulu Monetar Internatsional, membrilji adusira detsizia s-u reformeadzã FMI cu tsi ali China shi alantile pãzãri tsi inshescu va lã-si da cama multu ãndreptsã ti votare. * Alliansa ti Suidia le-amintã alidzerle-nghenerale tu [[Suidia]] * Dupu proteste di lume musulmanã, [[Papa Benedictu XVI|Pãpãlu Benedictu XVIlu]] u-didea jileare-a lui ti tsitatlu di un dialog di Eta media tsi spuse critiche ti Islamlu. * Echipa di Shuttlu di Cosmos Atlantis, tu STS-115 u-bitisi priimnare tu Cosmoslu-a lor al treilu shi di tu sone, shi va s-continueadzã cu fãtseare ali Istasia di Cosmos Internatsionalã. * Cu armã, '''Kimveel Gill''', dishcljise pliguiri pi 20 ominj tu Collegilu Dawson tu Montreal, Canada, cu tsi vãtãmã unã studentã shi pligui optu alante sudentsã, a depoia fãtsea suitsid. [[ang:Efenealde belimpas]] [[as:Current events]] [[ar:الأحداث الجارية]] [[be:Бягучыя падзеі]] [[ca:Viquipèdia:Actualitat]] [[cs:Aktuality]] [[cy:Materion cyfoes]] [[da:Aktuelle begivenheder]] [[de:Aktuelle Ereignisse]] [[en:Current events]] [[et:Sündmused maailmas]] [[es:Portal:Actualidad]] [[eo:Aktualaĵoj]] [[fa:وقایع کنونی]] [[fr:Actualités]] [[gl:Novas]] [[ko:요즘 화제]] [[hi:ताज़ी घटनाएँ]] [[io:Aktualaji]] [[id:Wikipedia:Peristiwa terkini]] [[ia:Actualitates]] [[os:Xabar]] [[it:Avvenimenti in corso]] [[he:ויקיפדיה:אקטואליה]] [[ka:მიმდინარე მოვლენები]] [[ku:Bûyerên rojane]] [[la:Novissima]] [[lb:Aktualitéit]] [[li:In 't nuuis]] [[hu:Friss események]] [[ms:Wikipedia:Hal Semasa]] [[mn:Мэдээ]] [[nl:In het nieuws]] [[ja:最近の出来事]] [[pl:Bieżące wydarzenia]] [[pt:Eventos atuais]] [[ro:Actualităţi]] [[ru:Текущие события]] [[sq:Portal:Ngjarjet e tanishme]] [[sl:Trenutni dogodki]] [[sr:Тренутни догађаји]] [[fi:Ajankohtaista]] [[sv:Aktuella händelser]] [[tl:Kasalukuyang pangyayari]] [[ta:நடப்பு நிகழ்வுகள்]] [[th:เหตุการณ์ปัจจุบัน]] [[vi:Thời sự]] [[tr:Güncel olaylar]] [[uk:Поточні події]] [[ur:حالات حاضرہ]] [[yi:וויקיפּעדיע:אלע נייעס]] [[yo:Current events]] [[zh-yue:時人時事]] [[zh:新闻动态]] 3722 7559 2006-09-20T09:29:17Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Bisearica Romacathlicã''' easte unã di biseritsle crishcineshci. Tu caplu alishcei bisearica easte [[Papa|Pãpãlu]]. Pãpãlu di tora easte [[Papa Benedictu XVI|Pãpãlu Benedictu al XVIlu]] 3723 8190 2006-10-23T15:53:24Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Papa''' (di gãr: παππας, afendu; di lat.: papa, Papa, afendu) easte biscuplu di Roma, shi, ca Mushcinitorlu al Ayiulu Chetru easte caplu ali [[Bisearica Romacatholicã]]. [[af:Pous]] [[als:Papst]] [[ang:Pāpa]] [[ar:بابوية]] [[ast:Papa]] [[bn:পোপ]] [[bs:Papa]] [[ca:Papa]] [[cs:Papež]] [[cy:Pab]] [[da:Pave]] [[de:Papst]] [[el:Πάπας]] [[en:Pope]] [[eo:Papo]] [[es:Papa]] [[et:Paavst]] [[eu:Aita Santua]] [[fa:پاپ]] [[fi:Paavi]] [[fr:Pape]] [[fy:Paus]] [[he:אפיפיור]] [[hi:पोप]] [[hr:Papa]] [[hu:Pápa (egyházfő)]] [[id:Paus (Katolik Roma)]] [[io:Papo]] [[is:Páfi]] [[it:Papa]] [[ja:ローマ教皇]] [[jv:Paus]] [[ka:რომის პაპი]] [[ko:교황]] [[kw:Pab]] [[la:Papa]] [[lb:Poopst]] [[li:Paus]] [[lt:Popiežius]] [[lv:Romas pāvests]] [[ms:Paus (Katolik)]] [[nds:Paapst]] [[nl:Paus]] [[nn:Pave]] [[no:Pave]] [[nrm:Pape]] [[pl:Papież]] [[pt:Papa]] [[ro:Papă]] [[ru:Папство]] [[scn:Papa]] [[sco:Pape]] [[sh:Papa]] [[simple:Pope]] [[sk:Pápež]] [[sl:Papež]] [[sq:Papa]] [[sr:Папа]] [[sv:Påve]] [[ta:பாப்பரசர்]] [[th:พระสันตะปาปา]] [[tl:Papa]] [[tpi:Pop]] [[tr:Papa]] [[ug:رىم پاپىسى]] [[uk:Папа Римський]] [[ur:پوپ]] [[vi:Giáo Hoàng]] [[zh:教宗]] 3724 7564 2006-09-20T09:33:55Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Current events]] moved to [[Evenimente di tora]] #REDIRECT [[Evenimente di tora]] 3725 7586 2006-09-20T11:32:55Z AdiJapan 125 ja {{Babel|rup-1|ro|en-3|fr-3|ja-2}} [[ro:User:AdiJapan]] [[en:User:AdiJapan]] [[fr:User:AdiJapan]] [[ja:User:AdiJapan]] 3726 7585 2006-09-20T11:32:28Z AdiJapan 125 user ro <div style="float:left;border:1px solid #6EF7A7;margin:1px"> {|cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#C5FCDC" |style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#6EF7A7;text-align:center;font-size:14pt"|'''ro''' |style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em"|Acest utilizator este un vorbitor '''[[:Category:User ro-N|nativ]]''' al '''[[:Category:User ro|limbii române]]'''.'''. |} </div> [[Category:User ro|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:User ro-N|{{PAGENAME}}]] 3727 7587 2006-09-20T11:35:40Z AdiJapan 125 fr-3 <div style="float:left;border:1px solid #99B3FF;margin:1px"> {|cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#E0E8FF" |style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#99B3FF;text-align:center;font-size:14pt"|'''fr-3''' |style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em"|Cet utilisateur peut contribuer avec un niveau '''[[:Category:User fr-3|avancé]]''' de '''[[:Category:User fr|français]]'''. |} </div> [[Category:User fr|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:User fr-3|{{PAGENAME}}]] 3728 7588 2006-09-20T11:38:55Z AdiJapan 125 ja-2 <div style="float:left;border:1px solid #77E0E8;margin:1px"> {|cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#D0F8FF" |style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#77E0E8;text-align:center;font-size:14pt"|'''ja-2''' |style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em"|この利用者は'''[[:Category:User ja-2|ある程度]]'''の'''[[:Category:ser ja|日本語]]'''を話します。 |} </div> [[Category:User ja|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:User ja-2|{{PAGENAME}}]] 3729 7602 2006-09-21T02:32:12Z Jean 119 [[Regnum Animalia]] moved to [[Amirãriljea-a Animalilor]] #REDIRECT [[Amirãriljea-a Animalilor]] 3730 7611 2006-09-21T10:04:49Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Limbi]] moved to [[Limbe]] #REDIRECT [[Limbe]] 3731 7613 2006-09-21T12:30:19Z Heinzschw 124 3732 7616 2006-09-21T12:37:49Z Heinzschw 124 3733 7619 2006-09-21T12:40:51Z Heinzschw 124 3734 7624 2006-09-21T12:45:32Z Heinzschw 124 3735 7625 2006-09-21T12:46:09Z Heinzschw 124 3736 7626 2006-09-21T12:47:09Z Heinzschw 124 3737 8445 2006-11-08T17:02:45Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 Di tu [[Gãrtsia]]: *[http://www.vlahoi.net Vlahi - Armãnlji (pi gãrtseashce)] *[http://www.vlaxoi.gr Vlahi - Armãnjlji di tu Serres, Gãrtsia] *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtnCyhdSYmE&mode=related&search= Cor armãnescu di tu Gãrtsia (video)] *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZfZpv7BMxxQ Cãduri cu Armãnji importantsã (video)] Autorlu-a lushciui video piste cãnticlu al Gica Coada "Are maia un nipot" le-prezenteadzã cãdzurle di: un picurar armãnescu (arhiva Manachi), Toma Caragiu, Stere Gulea, Barba Vasile, Dada Theresa, Octavian Goga, Lucian Blaga ,Apostol Margarit, Mina Minovici, Ion Caramitru, Ioannis Kolettis, Ilie Carafolie, Gheorghe Hagi, Garabet Ibraileanu, Emanoil Gojdu, Cristian Hagi Gulea, Constantin Noica, I.L.Caragiale, Camil Ressu, Andrei Saguna, Alexandru Arsinel, Neagu Djuvara, Clissura- Gãrtsia, Vãrgãria, Arbinishia- fãrshirots, Fãrshirots, Yrãmushcianj. Ti jale, autorlu tu sone pi romãneashce dzãse cã Armãnjlji sãntu Romãnj, sh-nu un popul autohton cum shcim noi, alla pistipsim cã nai cama ghine ira s-vã-u spunem. * [http://www.remen.gr/ Frãndzã-a Farshirotslor di tu Gãrtsia (Haristo ti informatsia Tekleni)] 3738 8652 2006-11-22T18:26:54Z 194.150.216.212 *[[tu Arbinushii]] *[[tu Gãrtsii]] *[[tu Makidunii]] *[[tu Rumãnii]] *[[tu Vurgarii]] *[[tu Amerikii]] 3739 8648 2006-11-22T18:15:36Z 194.150.216.212 *[[Theatre armãneshci di tu Arbinishia]] *[[Theatre armãneshci di tu REIMachedonia]] *[[Theatre armãneshci di tu Gãrtsia]] *[[Theatre armãneshci di tu Vurgãria]] *[[Theatre armãneshci di tu Romãnia]] *[[Rejiseri armãneshci]] *[[Theatrinj di arazga armaneasca ]] 3740 7642 2006-09-21T16:25:36Z 194.150.216.212 [[RO - Parei]] - [[RO - Cantatori]] 3741 7637 2006-09-21T16:17:35Z 194.150.216.212 [[Pindu]] - [[Samarina]] - [[Vlahos]] - [[Steaua di vreari]] - [[Shopatlu]] - [[Moscopole]] - [[Agapys]] 3742 7638 2006-09-21T16:20:52Z 194.150.216.212 [[Hrista LUPCI]] - [[Gicu COADA]] - [[Cristian IONESCU]] - [[Nelu IANCA]] - [[Ianula]] - 3743 7640 2006-09-21T16:23:41Z 194.150.216.212 [[GR - Cantatori]] - [[GR - Parei]] 3744 7644 2006-09-21T16:29:41Z 194.150.216.212 [[DARDACULI Steryiu]] - [[MANECA Yioryi]] - [[STERYIU Hrista]] - [[ZUCA Costa]] 3745 7655 2006-09-21T22:29:38Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Herb Kurowa.png|thumb|150px|right|Ethnosimvolo ali Kurów]] [[Image:KurówPoland.png|thumb|250px|right|Kurów tu [[Polandia]]]] '''Kurów''' easte hoarã tu [[Polandia]] di Not-Datlu, shi s-aflã anamisã di [[Puławy]] shi [[Lublin]], pi arãolu [[Kurówka]]. Easte cãsãbãlu capital-a unãljei [[gmina]] ahoryea, unã comunã ãn cadur-a [[Voivodãme ali Lublin|Voivodãmea ali Lublin]] shi are 2811 di bãnãtori (dit anlu '''2005'''). Anamisa di anjlji '''1431''' shi '''1442''' a hoarãljei le-ira date ãndrepturi di cãsãbã dupu [[Nomlu di Magdeburg]]. Ca un cãsãbã privat, ira tsentru ti pãrmãthia a mãcariljei di loclu ãnvitsinat. Idhyia ashi avea shi factorile ti chiurcu shi cheale. Tu '''seculu XVI''', Kurów ira un di tsentrile-a [[Calvinizmo|Calvinizmolui]], nica dit chirolu cãndu [[Frãtsiljea poloneascã]] shidea aclo. Di tu anlu '''1660''', cama multu di bãnãtorlji s-convertarã tu [[Arianizmo]]. Dupu anlu '''1660''', cãsãbãlu are idhyia istorie cu raionlu di ãnvãrligã. Anlu '''1795''', dupu a treia [[Partitsia di Polandia|partitsia-a Polandiiljei]], Kurów ira anexat di [[Austria]]. Anlu '''1809''', s-fãtsea parte di [[Voivodãmea di Warshavã]]. Anlu '''1815''', Kurów s-fãtsea parte di [[Vãsilia Polonã]]. Tu chirolu di [[Arãsculare di Brumarlu]], tu Shcurtulu '''1831''', njiclu [[Polim di Kurów]], cãndu armatã polonã sum gheneralu [[Józef Dwernicki]] bãgat sum Armatã aruseascã. Anlu '''1870''', tu chirolu a [[Arãsculare di Ianarlu|Arãsculariljei di Ianarlu]], cãsãbãlu ti totãna u-chiru statuslu, tsi nica nu easte iara priloat. Dit anlu '''1918''', Kurów nica unã oarã featse parte di [[Polandia]]. Unã di atractsiile turistitse easte shi bisearicã [[renesansã]] (nica unã oarã adratã tu '''1692''') cu murmintsãle-a familiiljei Zbąski shi sculpturile adrate di [[Santi Gucci]] ('''1587'''). Kurów idhyia ashi easte cunuscutã ca loclu di faptã a gheneralui [[Wojciech Jaruzelski]]. <gallery> Image:Kosciol1.jpg|Bisearica (adratã tu 1452) Image:Urzad2.jpg|Aula Communã </gallery> [[map-bms:Kurów]] [[pdc:Kurów]] [[vls:Kurów]] [[bat-smg:Kurów]] [[Category:Polandia]] [[Category:Hoarã]] [[af:Kurów]] [[als:Kurau]] [[am:ኩሩቭ]] [[ang:Kurów]] [[ar:كوروف]] [[an:Kurów]] [[ast:Kurów]] [[az:Kurów]] [[zh-min-nan:Kurów-chhī]] [[be:Кураў]] [[bs:Kurov]] [[bg:Куров]] [[ca:Kurów]] [[cv:Куров]] [[ceb:Kurów]] [[cs:Kurów]] [[co:Kurów]] [[cy:Kurów]] [[da:Kurów]] [[de:Kurów]] [[dv:ކުރޫފް]] [[arc:ܟܘܼܪܘܿܘ]] [[et:Kurów]] [[el:Κουρόβ]] [[en:Kurów]] [[es:Kurów]] [[eo:Kurów]] [[eu:Kurow]] [[fa:روستای کورو (لهستان)]] [[fr:Kurów]] [[fy:Kurów]] [[fur:Kurów]] [[ga:Kurów]] [[gv:Kurów]] [[gd:Kurów]] [[gl:Curóv - Kurów]] [[got:𐌺𐌿𐍂𐍉𐍅]] [[ko:쿠루프]] [[hy:Կուռով]] [[hi:कुरोव]] [[hr:Kurów]] [[io:Kurów]] [[ilo:Kurów]] [[id:Kurów]] [[ia:Kurów]] [[os:Курув]] [[is:Kurów]] [[it:Kurów]] [[he:קורוב]] [[jv:Kurów]] [[ka:კუროვი]] [[csb:Kurów]] [[kw:Kurów]] [[ky:Kurów]] [[sw:Kurów]] [[ku:Kurów]] [[lad:Kurów]] [[la:Curovia]] [[lv:Kurova]] [[lb:Kurów]] [[lt:Kuruvas]] [[li:Kurów]] [[lmo:Kurów]] [[hu:Kurów]] [[mk:Куров (село)]] [[mg:Kurów]] [[ml:ക്യുറോ]] [[mt:Kurów]] [[mi:Kurów]] [[mr:कुरो, पोलंड]] [[ms:Kurów]] [[mo:Курув]] [[na:Kurów]] [[nl:Kurów]] [[ne:Kurów]] [[ja:クルフ]] [[nap:Kurów]] [[no:Kurów]] [[nn:Kurów]] [[oc:Kurów]] [[pap:Kurów]] [[nds:Kurów]] [[pl:Kurów (powiat puławski)]] [[pt:Kurów]] [[ro:Kurów, judeţul Puławy]] [[qu:Kurów]] [[ru:Куров]] [[war:Kurów]] [[sco:Kurów]] [[sq:Kurów]] [[scn:Kurów]] [[si:Kurów]] [[simple:Kurów]] [[sk:Kurów]] [[sl:Kurów]] [[sr:Куров (повјат пулавски)]] [[sh:Kurov]] [[su:Kurów]] [[fi:Kurów]] [[sv:Kurów]] [[tl:Kurów]] [[tt:Kurów]] [[te:కురోవ్]] [[tet:Kurów]] [[th:กูรูฟ]] [[vi:Kurów]] [[tr:Kurów]] [[udm:Курув]] [[uk:Курів]] [[vec:Kurów]] [[vo:Kurów]] [[fiu-vro:Kurów]] [[yi:קוראָב]] [[zh:库鲁夫市]] 3746 7656 2006-09-21T22:37:42Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Comuna''' (polica: '''gmina''', plural: '''gminy''') easte parte printsipalã (pi nai ma njiclu nivel) di divizia teritorialã tu [[Polandia]]. Pãnã tu anlu '''2004''' avea 2,478 di comune. Zborlu ''gmina'' easte vinit di zborlu [[Ghermãnia|ghermãnescu]] ''Gemeinde'', tsi spune "comunã" icã "comunitate". Di tu anlu '''1990''', cãndu u-alãxi cama njicã [[gromada]], comuna easte parte di bazã ali divizia administrativã. Are trei tipuri di comune tu Polandia: # comuna di cãsãbã (comuna, comuna urbanã) (''gmina miejska'') - featse un cãsãbã # comunã mixã (''gmina miejsko-wiejska'') - featse cãsãbã shi horle di anvãrligã # comuna di hoarã (''gmina wiejska'') - featse mash hori Caplu di leghislativã shi controlã a cathi unãljei comuna easte contsilu-a comunãljei (''rada gminy''). Puteare executivã easte tsãnuta di parte-a caplui a comunãljei: ''wójt'' (caplu-a comunãljei di hoarã), celnic (''burmistrz'', caplu-a comunilor mix shi di cãsãbã) icã prezidentu (''prezydent'', cap-a comunilor di cãsãbã cu cama multu di 100,000 bãnãtori). 3747 8762 2006-12-18T01:33:25Z Thijs!bot 143 robot Adding: eml, it, rm Removing: an, ast, co, fur, nap, scn, simple, tl, wa *'''[[Giovanni Carnovali]]'''; *'''[[Danilo Innocenti|Danilo «Piccio» Innocenti]]'''; *'''[[Giuseppe Piccio]]'''; *'''[[Juan Carlo Piccio]]'''; *'''[[Osvaldo Piccio]]'''; *'''[[Pier Ruggero Piccio]]'''; *'''[[Vicente Piccio, Jr.]]'''; *'''[[Piccio Raffanini]]'''. [[eml:Piccio]] [[en:Piccio]] [[frp:Piccio]] [[it:Piccio]] [[lij:Piccio]] [[lmo:Piccio]] [[mt:Piccio]] [[nrm:Piccio]] [[oc:Piccio]] [[pms:Piccio]] [[rm:Piccio]] [[sc:Piccio]] [[vec:Piccio]] 3748 7660 2006-09-22T13:01:18Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Jean/Cutia de nisip]] moved to [[Jean/Cutia di arinã]]: In Aromanian:) #REDIRECT [[Jean/Cutia di arinã]] 3749 7663 2006-09-22T13:10:53Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Ditu Makidonii]] moved to [[Di tu Machedonia]]: Easte Dit Machedonia icã Di tu Machedonia, aidi s-u adrãm cum lipseashce. #REDIRECT [[Di tu Machedonia]] 3750 7665 2006-09-22T13:12:58Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Ditu Rumânii]] moved to [[Di tu Romãnia]]: Ti idhyia ca Di tu Machedonia... #REDIRECT [[Di tu Romãnia]] 3751 7670 2006-09-22T13:54:01Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Frândzi cu topică armâneasca sh ligături pi internet]] moved to [[Frãndzã ti Armãnjlji pi Internet]] #REDIRECT [[Frãndzã ti Armãnjlji pi Internet]] 3752 8983 2007-01-12T08:18:28Z JAnDbot 142 Robot interwiki: Înlãturat: [[oc:Tirana]] [[Image:Tirana-color.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Casa cu hroma di tu Tirana]] '''Tirana''' (Arbinishashce: Tiranë icã Tirana) easte cãsãbãlu capital shi nai ma mare ali [[Arbinishia|Republica Arbinishia]]. Ira formatã anlu 1614 di '''Suleyman Pasha''' shi s-fãtsea cãsãbãlu capital ali Arbinishia anlu 1920. Tirana easte localizatã pi 41°19′48″N, 19°49′12″E (41.33°N, 19.82°E) tu districtu shi comuna cu idhyia numa. Mãrime di averajã easte 90 di metre piste nivelu-a amariljei. S-aflã pi Arãolu Ishm. Ofitsial, populatsia tu anlu 2003 ira 380,400, ma s-pistipseashce cã numirlu easte 1,000,000 di bãnãtori. ==Ligãturi== * [http://www.tirana.gov.al www.tirana.gov.al (site ofitsial)] * [http://pages.albaniaonline.net/guida2001/curiosities%20about%20tirana.htm Ghid di anlu 2002 - Facte interesante ti Tirana (anglicheashce)] * [http://www.tirana-online.de/bilder/tiranakarte.gif Harta di Tirana (1.35MB)] [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Arbinishia]] [[Category:Cãsãbã]] [[als:Tirana]] [[am:ቲራና]] [[ar:تيرانا]] [[be:Тырана]] [[bg:Тирана]] [[bs:Tirana]] [[ca:Tirana]] [[cs:Tirana]] [[da:Tirana]] [[de:Tirana]] [[el:Τίρανα]] [[en:Tirana]] [[eo:Tirano]] [[es:Tirana]] [[et:Tirana]] [[eu:Tirana]] [[fa:تیرانا]] [[fi:Tirana]] [[fr:Tirana]] [[frp:Tirana]] [[he:טירנה]] [[hr:Tirana]] [[hu:Tirana]] [[id:Tirana]] [[io:Tirane]] [[it:Tirana]] [[ja:ティラナ]] [[ka:ტირანა]] [[ko:티라나]] [[lt:Tirana]] [[lv:Tirāna]] [[mg:Tirana]] [[mk:Тирана]] [[nl:Tirana (stad)]] [[nn:Tirana]] [[no:Tirana]] [[pl:Tirana]] [[pt:Tirana]] [[qu:Tirana]] [[ro:Tirana]] [[ru:Тирана]] [[sh:Tirana]] [[simple:Tirana]] [[sk:Tirana]] [[sq:Tirana]] [[sr:Тирана]] [[sv:Tirana]] [[tg:Тирана]] [[tr:Tiran]] [[ug:تىرانا]] [[vo:Tirana]] [[zh:地拉那]] 3753 7687 2006-09-22T21:43:14Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[The classification of the mollusks after Matic et al., 1983]] moved to [[Clasificatsia-a mulluschilor dupu Matic sh.a., 1983]] #REDIRECT [[Clasificatsia-a mulluschilor dupu Matic sh.a., 1983]] 3754 7691 2006-09-22T21:46:22Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[The classification of the mollusks after Firă and Năstăsescu, 1977]] moved to [[Clasificatsia-a molluschilor dupu Firã and Nãstãsescu, 1977]] #REDIRECT [[Clasificatsia-a molluschilor dupu Firã and Nãstãsescu, 1977]] 3755 7708 2006-09-25T23:07:51Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Regnum Plantae]] moved to [[Amirãriljea-a Iarbilor]] #REDIRECT [[Amirãriljea-a Iarbilor]] 3756 7713 2006-09-25T23:15:42Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Papaver somniferum]] moved to [[Afion]] #REDIRECT [[Afion]] 3757 7719 2006-09-25T23:19:18Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Prunus domestica]] moved to [[Purnu]] #REDIRECT [[Purnu]] 3758 7722 2006-09-25T23:21:06Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Mentha arvensis]] moved to [[Ayazmã]] #REDIRECT [[Ayazmã]] 3759 7728 2006-09-25T23:35:12Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 <div style="float:left;border:solid #6ef7a7 1px;margin:1px"> {| cellspacing="0" style="width:238px;background:#c5fcdc" |style="width:45px;height:45px;background:#C0C8FF;text-align:center;font-size:14pt"|'''rup''' |style="font-size:8pt;padding:4pt;line-height:1.25em"|Aistu ufilizator u-zburashce multu ghine '''[[:Category:User rup|limba armãneascã]]'''. |} </div> [[Category:User rup|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:User rup|{{PAGENAME}}]] 3760 7730 2006-09-25T23:36:55Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 {{User rup}} '''Editura electronicã armãneascã "Moscopole-Crushuva"''' easte adunare di ominj, cai zburãscu ghine armãneashce shi publicheadzã lucre ti Armãnjlji pi limba armãneascã sh-pi alante limbe pi Internet. Prezidentu shi fundãtor-a lishcei editurã easte Prof. dr. Dumitrachi T. Fundu. 3761 7738 2006-09-26T08:18:05Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Spongia]] moved to [[Sfundzã]] #REDIRECT [[Sfundzã]] 3762 7742 2006-09-26T19:50:25Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 I see you are located in Konya, Turkey. Please explain why you added Turkish links on a different language page? We are glad if you'd like to add Turkish language to the explanations. If you know this language, please provide suitable text, not links which do not have anything to do with the page. All the best, [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 19:50, 26 September 2006 (UTC) 3763 7745 2006-09-27T10:41:36Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 3764 7750 2006-09-28T02:33:56Z Khoikhoi 123 Redirecting to [[Sãrunã]] #REDIRECT [[Sãrunã]] 3765 7751 2006-09-28T02:34:00Z Khoikhoi 123 Redirecting to [[Sãrunã]] #REDIRECT [[Sãrunã]] 3766 7757 2006-09-29T08:41:52Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Regnum Monera]] moved to [[Amirãrilje-a Monirlor]] #REDIRECT [[Amirãrilje-a Monirlor]] 3767 7759 2006-09-29T08:42:12Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Amirãrilje-a Monirlor]] moved to [[Amirãriljea-a Monirlor]] #REDIRECT [[Amirãriljea-a Monirlor]] 3768 7764 2006-09-29T08:44:36Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Regnum Fungi]] moved to [[Amirãriljea-a Fundzãlor]] #REDIRECT [[Amirãriljea-a Fundzãlor]] 3769 7767 2006-09-29T08:45:27Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Regnum Protozoa]] moved to [[Amirãriljea-a Protozoilor]] #REDIRECT [[Amirãriljea-a Protozoilor]] 3770 7773 2006-09-29T08:48:37Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[List of biologists]] moved to [[Lista di biolodzi]] #REDIRECT [[Lista di biolodzi]] 3771 7801 2006-09-30T11:08:35Z Xandi 127 +iw '''><(((*>''' [[pt:User:Xandi]] [[aa:User:Xandi]] [[af:Gebruiker:Xandi]] [[ak:User:Xandi]] [[als:Benutzer:Xandi]] [[am:User:Xandi]] [[an:Usuario:Xandi]] [[ang:User:Xandi]] [[ar:مستخدم:Xandi]] [[arc:User:Xandi]] [[as:User:Xandi]] [[ast:Usuariu:Xandi]] [[ay:Utilisateur:Xandi]] [[av:Участник:Xandi]] [[az:İstifadəçi:Xandi]] [[ba:Ҡатнашыусы:Xandi]] [[be:Удзельнік:Xandi]] [[bg:Потребител:Xandi]] [[bm:Utilisateur:Xandi]] [[bn:ব্যবহারকারী:Xandi]] [[bo:User:Xandi]] [[br:Implijer:Xandi]] [[bs:User:Xandi]] [[ca:Usuari:Xandi]] [[ch:User:Xandi]] [[chr:User:Xandi]] [[co:User:Xandi]] [[ceb:User:Xandi]] [[cs:Wikipedista:Xandi]] [[csb:Brëkòwnik:Xandi]] [[cy:Defnyddiwr:Xandi]] [[cv:Хутшăнакан:Xandi]] [[da:Bruger:Xandi]] [[dv:User:Xandi]] [[dz:User:Xandi]] [[ee:User:Xandi]] [[el:Χρήστης:Xandi]] [[en:User:Xandi]] [[eo:Vikipediisto:Xandi]] [[es:Usuario:Xandi]] [[et:Kasutaja:Xandi]] [[eu:user:Xandi]] [[fa:کاربر:Xandi]] [[ff:User:Xandi]] [[fi:Käyttäjä:Xandi]] [[fiu-vro:User:Xandi]] [[fj:User:Xandi]] [[fo:Brúkari:Xandi]] [[fr:Utilisateur:Xandi]] [[frp:User:Xandi]] [[fur:Utent:Xandi]] [[fy:Meidogger:Xandi]] [[ga:Úsáideoir:Xandi]] [[gd:User:Xandi]] [[gl:User:Xandi]] [[got:User:Xandi]] [[gu:User:Xandi]] [[haw:User:Xandi]] [[he:משתמש:Xandi]] [[hi:सदस्य:Xandi]] [[kj:User:Xandi]] [[hr:Suradnik:Xandi]] [[hu:User:Xandi]] [[hz:User:Xandi]] [[ia:Usator:Xandi]] [[id:user:Xandi]] [[ig:User:Xandi]] [[ii:User:Xandi]] [[ilo:User:Xandi]] [[io:User:Xandi]] [[is:User:Xandi]] [[it:Utente:Xandi]] [[iu:User:Xandi]] [[ja:利用者:Xandi]] [[jv:Panganggo:Xandi]] [[ka:მომხმარებელი:Xandi]] [[kg:User:Xandi]] [[ki:User:Xandi]] [[kj:User:Xandi]] [[kk:User:Xandi]] [[km:User:Xandi]] [[kn:ಸದಸ್ಯ:Xandi]] [[kr:User:Xandi]] [[ks:User:Xandi]] [[ksh:Medmaacher:Xandi]] [[ku:Bikarhêner:Xandi]] [[kv:Участник:Xandi]] [[kw:User:Xandi]] [[la:Usor:Xandi]] [[lad:User:Xandi]] [[lb:user:Xandi]] [[lg:User:Xandi]] [[li:Gebroeker:Xandi]] [[lij:User:Xandi]] [[lmo:User:Xandi]] [[ln:User:Xandi]] [[lo:User:Xandi]] [[lt:Naudotojas:Xandi]] [[lv:Lietotājs:Xandi]] [[mg:User:Xandi]] [[mi:user:Xandi]] [[mk:Корисник:Xandi]] [[ml:User:Xandi]] [[mo:User:Xandi]] [[mr:User:Xandi]] [[ms:User:Xandi]] [[mt:User:Xandi]] [[nah:Usuario:Xandi]] [[nap:User:Xandi]] [[nds:Bruker:Xandi]] [[nds-nl:Gebruker:Xandi]] [[ng:User:Xandi]] [[nl:Gebruiker:Xandi]] [[nn:User:Xandi]] [[no:Bruker:Xandi]] [[nrm:User:Xandi]] [[ny:User:Xandi]] [[nv:User:Xandi]] [[oc:User:Xandi]] [[om:User:Xandi]] [[or:User:Xandi]] [[os:Архайæг:Xandi]] [[pa:ਮੈਂਬਰ:Xandi]] [[pam:User:Xandi]] [[pap:User:Xandi]] [[pdc:User:Xandi]] [[pl:Wikipedysta:Xandi]] [[pms:Ciaciarade:Xandi]] [[ps:User:Xandi]] [[qu:Usuario:Xandi]] [[rm:User:Xandi]] [[rn:User:Xandi]] [[ro:Utilizator:Xandi]] [[ru:Участник:Xandi]] [[rw:User:Xandi]] [[sa:User:Xandi]] [[sc:Utente:Xandi]] [[scn:User:Xandi]] [[sco:User:Xandi]] [[sd:User:Xandi]] [[se:User:Xandi]] [[sg:User:Xandi]] [[sh:User:Xandi]] [[si:User:Xandi]] [[simple:User:Xandi]] [[sk:Redaktor:Xandi]] [[sl:Uporabnik:Xandi]] [[sn:User:Xandi]] [[sq:User:Xandi]] [[sr:Корисник:Xandi]] [[ss:User:Xandi]] [[st:User:Xandi]] [[su:Pamaké:Xandi]] [[sv:Användare:Xandi]] [[sw:User:Xandi]] [[ta:பயனர்:Xandi]] [[te:సభ్యుడు:Xandi]] [[tet:User:Xandi]] [[tg:Корбар:Xandi]] [[th:ผู้ใช้:Xandi]] [[ti:User:Xandi]] [[tk:User:Xandi]] [[tl:User:Xandi]] [[tn:User:Xandi]] [[tpi:User:Xandi]] [[tr:Kullanıcı:Xandi]] [[tt:Äğzä:Xandi]] [[tum:User:Xandi]] [[ty:User:Xandi]] [[tw:User:Xandi]] [[udm:Викиавтор:Xandi]] [[uk:Користувач:Xandi]] [[ur:صارف:Xandi]] [[uz:User:Xandi]] [[ve:User:Xandi]] [[vec:Utente:Xandi]] [[vi:user:Xandi]] [[vls:User:Xandi]] [[xal:Орлцач:Xandi]] [[xh:User:Xandi]] [[yi:באַניצער:Xandi]] [[yo:User:Xandi]] [[wa:Uzeu:Xandi]] [[war:User:Xandi]] [[wo:User:Xandi]] [[za:User:Xandi]] [[zh:User:Xandi]] [[zh-min-nan:User:Xandi]] [[zh-yue:User:Xandi]] [[zu:User:Xandi]] 3772 7803 2006-10-01T04:54:47Z Jean 119 [[Image:Bluete-Schema.png|150px|right|thumb| <br />1. Receptacul <br />2. Sepal*<br />3. Petal*<br />4. Stamens*<br />5. Pistil*]] [[Image:Tulip01.jpg|thumb|left|The androecium and gynoecium. ]] 3773 8065 2006-10-09T15:15:41Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Tulip closeup.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Tulipanã]] [[Image:Stamper tulp vdg.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Tulipanã]] '''Tulipanã''' (lat.''Tulipa'') easte un ghen di vãrã 100 di spetsiesi di [[flowering plant|lilice]] tu familia [[Liliaceae]]. ==Morfologhia== ==Crishciare-a Tulipanjlor== ==Spetsiese printsipale== *''[[Tulipa armena]]'' *''[[Tulipa agenensis]]'' DC. *''[[Tulipa aucheriana]]'' *''[[Tulipa aximensis]]'' Jord. ex Baker *''[[Tulipa batalinii]]'' *''[[Tulipa biflora]]'' *''[[Tulipa billietiana]]'' Jord. *''[[Tulipa borszczowii]]'' *''[[Tulipa butkovii]]'' *''[[Tulipa carinata]]'' *''[[Tulipa celsiana]]'' *''[[Tulipa clusiana]]'' DC. *''[[Tulipa cretica]]'' *''[[Tulipa cypria]]'' *''[[Tulipa dasystemon]]'' *''[[Tulipa didier]]i'' Jord. *''[[Tulipa dubia]]'' *''[[Tulipa edulis]]'' *''[[Tulipa ferganica]]'' *''[[Tulipa gesneriana]]'' [[Carolus Linnaeus|L]]. *''[[Tulipa goulimyi]]'' *''[[Tulipa greigii]]'' *''[[Tulipa grengiolensis]]'' *''[[Tulipa heterophylla]]'' *''[[Tulipa hoogiana]]'' *''[[Tulipa humilis]]'' *''[[Tulipa iliensis]]'' *''[[Tulipa ingens]]'' *''[[Tulipa julia]]'' *''[[Tulipa kaufmanniana]]'' *''[[Tulipa kolpakowskiana]]'' *''[[Tulipa kurdica]]'' *''[[Tulipa kuschkensis]]'' *''[[Tulipa lanata]]'' *''[[Tulipa lehmanniana]]'' *''[[Tulipa linifolia]]'' *''[[Tulipa marjolleti]]'' Perrier & Songeon *''[[Tulipa mauriana]]'' Jord. & Fourr. *''[[Tulipa micheliana]]'' *''[[Tulipa montana]]'' *''[[Tulipa montisandrei]]'' J.Prudhomme *''[[Tulipa orphanidea]]'' *''[[Tulipa ostrowskiana]]'' *''[[Tulipa platystigma]]'' Jord. *''[[Tulipa polychroma]]'' *''[[Tulipa praecox]]'' *''[[Tulipa praestans]]'' *''[[Tulipa primulina]]'' *''[[Tulipa pulchella]]'' *''[[Tulipa raddi]]i'' Reboul *''[[Tulipa retroflexa]]'' *''[[Tulipa sarracenica]]'' Perrier *''[[Tulipa saxatilis]]'' *''[[Tulipa sharonensis]]'' *''[[Tulipa sprengeri]]'' *''[[Tulipa stapfii]]'' *''[[Tulipa subpraestans]]'' *''[[Tulipa sylvestris]]'' [[Carolus Linnaeus|L]]. *''[[Tulipa sylvestris australis]] '' (Link) Pamp - [[Tulipe méridionale]] *''[[Tulipa sylvestris silvestris]]'' [[Carolus Linnaeus|L]]. *''[[Tulipa systola]]'' *''[[Tulipa tarda]]'' *''[[Tulipa tetraphylla]]'' *''[[Tulipa tschimganica]]'' *''[[Tulipa tubergeniana]]'' *''[[Tulipa turkestanica]]'' *''[[Tulipa undulatifolia]]'' *''[[Tulipa urumiensis]]'' *''[[Tulipa urumoffii]]'' *''[[Tulipa violacea]]'' ==Videts shi== [[Spetsiese di tulipane tu Gallia]] [[Espèces sauvages présentes en Angleterre]] 3774 7887 2006-10-06T13:42:57Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Illustration Tulipa sylvestris0.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Tulipa sylvestris'' di Thomé, ''Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz'' (1885)]] 3775 7814 2006-10-01T05:44:16Z Jean 119 [[Image:Tulipa liniifolia2.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Tulipa liniifolia'']] 3776 7815 2006-10-01T05:46:28Z Jean 119 [[Image:Tulipa praestans0.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Tulipa praestans'']] 3777 7817 2006-10-01T05:50:00Z Jean 119 [[Image:Tulipa turkestanica.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Tulipa turkestanica'']] 3778 7818 2006-10-01T05:51:25Z Jean 119 [[Image:Tulipa pulchella0.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Tulipa pulchella'']] 3779 7825 2006-10-01T06:11:28Z Jean 119 [[Image:TulipaBataliniiBronzeCharm.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Tulipa batalinii]] '''''Tulipa batalinii''''' is a species of [[tulip]] native to [[Iran]] and [[Turkestan]]. The plant is about 15 cm in height. It flowers in [[spring (season)|spring]], usually around mid-April. 3780 7890 2006-10-06T13:45:50Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Carl von Linné.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Carolus Linnaeus(Carl von Linné)]] [[Image:Carl Linnaeus dressed as a Laplander.jpg|thumb|right|Carl Linnaeus tu strãnjle Lapp. Portretlu ira adrat cãndu nãs ira tu [[Olanda]], di Martin Hoffman tu [[Hartecamp]]]] [[Image:Linne_autograph.png|thumb|250px|[[Signature|Simnãturã]] di Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné).]] 3781 7870 2006-10-05T09:04:39Z 208.49.241.227 [[Image:Jean-baptiste lamarck2.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Portrait di Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]] '''Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck''' 1 avgustulu [[1744]], [[Bazentin]], [[Somme (département)|Somme]]–[[18 andreulu]] [[1829]], [[Parij]]) ira un [[Biologhia|biolog]] [[Gallia|gallichescu]]. 3782 7885 2006-10-06T13:42:35Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Espèces sauvages de tulipes présentes en France]] moved to [[Spetsiese di tulipane tu Gallia]] *''[[Tulipa agenensis]]'' [[DC]]. *''[[Tulipa aximensis]]'' [[Jord.]] ex [[Baker]] *''[[Tulipa billietiana]]'' [[Jord.]] *''[[Tulipa clusiana]]'' [[DC.]] *''[[Tulipa didieri]]'' [[Jord.]] *''[[Tulipa gesneriana]]'' [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] *''[[Tulipa marjolleti]]'' [[Perrier]] & [[Songeon]] *''[[Tulipa mauriana]]'' [[Jord.]] & [[Fourr.]] *''[[Tulipa montisandrei]]'' [[J.Prudhomme]] *''[[Tulipa platystigma]]'' [[Jord.]] *''[[Tulipa raddii]]'' [[Reboul]] *''[[Tulipa sarracenica]]'' [[Perrier]] *''[[Tulipa sylvestris]]'' [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] *''[[Tulipa sylvestris australis]]'' [[Link]] *''[[Tulipa sylvestris silvestris]]'' [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] 3783 8559 2006-11-14T09:17:57Z 208.49.241.227 ==Janre shi tipuri di literaturã== Multu [[editure|editurã]] au publicatã: *[[Poezia]] *[[Roman]] *[[Short story|Pirmith shcurtu]] *[[Theatro]] 3784 7866 2006-10-05T08:58:48Z 208.49.241.227 *[[Autori di romani pi armãneashce]] *[[Traducãtori di romani pi armãneashce]] 3785 9109 2007-01-29T22:25:30Z Thijs!bot 143 Robot interwiki: Adãugat: [[hi:पेरिस]] '''Parijlji''' (gal. '''Paris''') easte cãsãbãlu capital ali [[Gallia|Gallie]]. [[af:Parys]] [[als:Paris (Stadt)]] [[am:ፓሪስ]] [[an:París]] [[ar:باريس]] [[arc:ܦܪܝܣ]] [[ast:París]] [[be:Парыж]] [[bg:Париж]] [[bo:ཕ་རིས]] [[br:Pariz]] [[bs:Pariz]] [[ca:París]] [[cs:Paříž]] [[cy:Paris]] [[da:Paris]] [[de:Paris]] [[el:Παρίσι]] [[en:Paris]] [[eo:Parizo]] [[es:París]] [[et:Pariis]] [[eu:Paris]] [[fa:پاریس]] [[fi:Pariisi]] [[fr:Paris]] [[frp:Paris]] [[fur:Paris]] [[fy:Parys]] [[ga:Páras]] [[gd:Paris]] [[gl:París - Paris]] [[gv:Paarys]] [[he:פריז]] [[hi:पेरिस]] [[hr:Pariz]] [[hu:Párizs]] [[hy:Փարիզ]] [[ia:Paris]] [[id:Paris]] [[io:Paris]] [[it:Parigi]] [[ja:パリ]] [[jbo:pariz]] [[ka:პარიზი]] [[kn:ಪ್ಯಾರಿಸ್]] [[ko:파리 시]] [[ksh:Paris]] [[ku:Parîs]] [[kw:Paris]] [[la:Lutetia]] [[lad:Paris]] [[lb:Paräis]] [[li:Paries]] [[lij:Parigg-i]] [[lmo:Paris]] [[ln:Pari]] [[lt:Paryžius]] [[lv:Parīze]] [[mg:Paris]] [[mr:पॅरिस]] [[ms:Paris]] [[na:Paris]] [[nds:Paris]] [[nl:Parijs]] [[nn:Paris]] [[no:Paris]] [[oc:París]] [[os:Париж]] [[pl:Paryż]] [[pms:Paris]] [[pt:Paris]] [[qu:Paris]] [[ro:Paris]] [[ru:Париж]] [[sc:Parigi]] [[scn:Pariggi]] [[sco:Paris]] [[sh:Pariz]] [[simple:Paris]] [[sk:Paríž]] [[sl:Pariz]] [[sq:Parisi]] [[sr:Париз]] [[sv:Paris]] [[sw:Paris]] [[ta:பாரிஸ்]] [[tet:París]] [[tg:Париж]] [[th:ปารีส]] [[tl:Lungsod ng Paris]] [[tr:Paris]] [[ty:Paris]] [[ug:پارىژ]] [[uk:Париж]] [[ur:پیرس]] [[vi:Paris]] [[vls:Paris]] [[war:Paris]] [[zh:巴黎]] [[zh-min-nan:Pa-lí]] 3786 7886 2006-10-06T13:42:36Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Espèces sauvages de tulipes présentes en France]] moved to [[Spetsiese di tulipane tu Gallia]] #REDIRECT [[Spetsiese di tulipane tu Gallia]] 3787 8200 2006-10-24T03:39:15Z Jean 119 3788 7905 2006-10-07T11:49:14Z Jean 119 Thank you for the translation. You are the second person who has translated into Aromanian. I am glad that I can contribute to the Aromanian Wiki, knowing only few words in Aromanian. --[[User:Jean|Jean]] 11:49, 7 October 2006 (UTC) 3789 8660 2006-11-22T19:11:07Z 194.150.216.212 ==Poezia== ===Autori di poezia pi armãneashce=== *[[Ioryi Murnu]] *[[Nushi Tuilliu]] *[[Kira I. Mantsu]] *[[Nicolae Batzaria]] *[[Dina Cuvata]] *[[Nushi Tulliu]] *[[George Murnu]] *[[Constantin Belemace]] *[[Ilie A. Ceara]] *[[Nicolae C. Velo]] *[[Cola Caratana]] *[[George M. Merca]] *[[Thiuhari Mihadashlu]] *[[Dumitru S. Garofil]] *[[Nico Ogeacli]] *[[Vanghea Mihanj-Sterghiu]] *[[Elena Stere]] *[[Mariana Bara]] *[[Tulliu Carafoli]] *[[Zicu A. Araia]] *[[Andreilu-al Bagavu]] ===Traducãtori di poezia pi armãneashce=== [[Ionel Zeana]] ===Poets armãneshci alte limbe=== ===Poets armãneshci pi romãneashce=== *[[Nicolae Caratanã]] *[[Vetuţa Pop]] ===Editsiur paralele=== ====Tu editsia paralelã: armãneascã-romãneascã==== *[[Costa Guli]] *[[Ionel Zeana]] *[[N. Guli]] 3790 8023 2006-10-07T22:01:49Z Jean 119 [[Puizii]] - [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1989]] 3791 8024 2006-10-07T22:03:00Z Jean 119 *[[Steauã di Dor]] – [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1994]] 3792 8026 2006-10-07T22:04:29Z Jean 119 *[[Zghic di Moarti]] - [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] -[[1989]] *[[Sãrmãnitsa]] – [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1990]] 3793 8025 2006-10-07T22:03:45Z Jean 119 [[Pãrãvulii]] – [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1989]] 3794 8027 2006-10-07T22:05:11Z Jean 119 *[[Puizii]] – [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1989]] *[[Murmintsã fãrã Crutsi]] – [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1993]] 3795 8110 2006-10-14T12:57:27Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 traducãtor sh-nu tradutor (nu u-trudui nitsiun!:)) Alathuse... [[Image:Gmurnu.jpg|thumb|George Murnu]] '''George Murnu''' (numa armãneascã: '''Ioryi al Murnu''') [[1lu di Ianar]] [[1868]], [[Veryia]], faptu tu Imperia Otomanã, tora tu [[Gãrtsia]], muri 17le di Brumar [[1957]], [[Bucureshci]] ira profesor pi Univerzitet, arheolog, istorician, traducãtor shi poet armãnescu. ==Poezia scriatã di G. Murnu== *[[Bair di Cãntic Armãnesc]] - [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1989]] 3796 8029 2006-10-07T22:06:28Z Jean 119 *[[Dimãndarea Pãrinteascã]] – [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1990]] 3797 8030 2006-10-07T22:07:02Z Jean 119 * [[Nichita Turnari]] – [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1991]] 3798 8031 2006-10-07T22:07:42Z Jean 119 *[[Shana shi Ardirea-a Gramostiljei]] – [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1991]] 3799 8032 2006-10-07T22:08:11Z Jean 119 *[[Ashteptu Soarili]] – [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1991]] 3800 8034 2006-10-07T22:10:27Z Jean 119 *[[Livãdzli]] – [[Vatrã Armãneascã]] – [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1991]] 3801 8035 2006-10-07T22:10:59Z Jean 119 *[[Botsli di Didindi]] – [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - 1992 3802 8036 2006-10-07T22:11:28Z Jean 119 *[[Cãntitsi di-a Paplui Mitra]] – [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1992]] 3803 8037 2006-10-07T22:12:03Z Jean 119 *[[Chisã shi Colise]] - [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1992]] 3804 8038 2006-10-07T22:12:45Z Jean 119 *[[Trãdzeri]] – [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - 1992 3805 7949 2006-10-07T14:23:53Z Jean 119 *[[Frãmturi di Banã]] – Tu [[Idghea Editurã]] - [[1993]] 3806 8041 2006-10-07T22:14:40Z Jean 119 *[[Pirushana shi Furljii]] – [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1993]] 3807 8042 2006-10-07T22:15:32Z Jean 119 *[[Fudzi Haraua di la Noi]] - [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1993]] 3808 8043 2006-10-07T22:16:19Z Jean 119 *[[Carti di Aleadziri]] – [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1994]] 3809 8044 2006-10-07T22:17:38Z Jean 119 ==Tu editsii paralelã: armãnã-rumãnã== *[[Cãntitsi trã Armãnami]] - [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1992]] ==Translations*== *[[Lucian blaga]] - [[Puizii aleapti]] - [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1995]] 3810 8045 2006-10-07T22:18:27Z Jean 119 *[[Pod peste legendă]] - [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1992]] 3811 8046 2006-10-07T22:19:01Z Jean 119 *[[Poeme]] - [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1993]] 3812 8047 2006-10-07T22:20:19Z Jean 119 *[[Costa Guli]] - [[Soneti]] - [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1990]] *[[N. Guli]] & [[Costa Guli]] & [[Ionel Zeana]] - Balada a Livãdzlor - [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1994]] 3813 8039 2006-10-07T22:13:21Z Jean 119 *[[Elena Stere]] & [[Mariana Bara]] - [[Frãmturi di Banã]] – [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1993]] 3814 8040 2006-10-07T22:13:53Z Jean 119 *[[Elena Stere]] & [[Mariana Bara]]- [[Frãmturi di Banã]] – [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1993]] 3815 8048 2006-10-07T22:21:13Z Jean 119 *[[N. Guli]] & [[Costa Guli]] & [[Ionel Zeana]] - [[Balada a Livãdzlor]] - [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] - [[1994]] 3816 8019 2006-10-07T21:54:28Z Jean 119 /* Adresa */ ==Transpuniri pri Limba Armãnã== [[Lucian Blaga]] - [[Puizii alepati]] - Transpuniri pri Limba Armãnã [[Ionel Zeana]] - [[1995]] 3817 8022 2006-10-07T21:59:21Z Jean 119 [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] 3818 7986 2006-10-07T15:53:36Z Jean 119 [[Iliea A. Ceara]] moved to [[Ilie A. Ceara]]: Correct name #REDIRECT [[Ilie A. Ceara]] 3819 7989 2006-10-07T15:57:17Z Jean 119 [[Geoarge M. Merca]] moved to [[George M. Merca]]: Correct name #REDIRECT [[George M. Merca]] 3820 7992 2006-10-07T16:00:42Z Jean 119 [[Dumitru S. Carofil]] moved to [[Dumitru S. Garofil]]: Correct name #REDIRECT [[Dumitru S. Garofil]] 3821 8020 2006-10-07T21:55:43Z Jean 119 '''Editura Cartea Aromãnã''' easte unã editurã tsi easte sum cumãndisire di D-l Tiberius Cunia. ==Pi limba armãneascã== [[Nicolae Batzaria]] – Pãrãvulii – 1989 [[Dina Cuvata]] – Zghic di Moarti 1989 [[Nushi Tulliu]] – Puizii – 1989 [[George Manu]] – Bair di Cãntic Armãnesc -1989 [[Constantin Belemace]] – Dimãndarea Pãrinteascã – 1990 [[Dina Cuvata]] – Sãrmãnitsa – 1990 [[Ilie A. Ceara]] – Nichita Turnari – 1991 [[Nicolae C. Velo]] – Shana shi Ardirea-a Gramostiljei – 1991 [[Cola Caratana]] – Ashteptu Soarili – 1991 [[George M. Merca]] – Livãdzli – Vatrã Armãneascã – 1991 [[Thiuhari Mihadashlu]] – Botsli di Didindi – 1992 [[Dumitru S. Garofil]] – Cãntitsi di-a Paplui Mitra – 1992 [[Nico Ogeacli]] – Chisã shi Colise -1992 [[Vanghea Mihanj-Sterghiu]] – Trãdzeri – 1992 [[Elena Stere]] & [[Mariana Bara]] – Frãmturi di Banã – 1993 [[Tulliu Carafoli]] – Pirushana shi Furljii – 1993 [[Zicu A. Araia]] – Fudzi Haraua di la Noi [[Nushi Tulliu]][ – Murmintsã fãrã Crutsi – 1993 [[Kira I. Mantsu]] – Steauã di Dor – 1994 [[Andreilu-al Bagavu]] – Carti di Aleadziri – 1994 ==Tu editsiuri paralele : armãneascã-romãneascã== *[[Ionel Zeana]] - [[Cãntitsi trã Armãnami]] - [[1992]] *[[N. Guli]] & [[Costa Guli]] & [[Ionel Zeana]] - [[Balada a Livãdzlor]] - [[1994]] ==Pi limba romãneascã== *[[Nicolae Caratanã]] - [[Pod peste legendă]] - [[1992]] *[[Vetuţa Pop]] - [[Poeme]] - [[1993]] ==Adresa== * T. Cunia 107 Britain Road, Fayetteville, NY 13066-1807, USA * D. S. Garofil Str. Ioan Borcea Nr. 38 Constanţa, Cod 8700. România 3822 8002 2006-10-07T16:36:01Z Jean 119 [[George Manu]] moved to [[George Murnu]]: Correct name #REDIRECT [[George Murnu]] 3823 8018 2006-10-07T21:53:16Z Jean 119 [[Idghea Editurã]] moved to [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]]: Correct title #REDIRECT [[Editura Cartea Aromãnã]] 3824 9121 2007-01-31T15:13:23Z JAnDbot 142 Robot interwiki: Înlãturat: [[mo:2006]] ==Evenimenti== ==Fapturi== ==Muriri== [[Category:Seculu 21]] [[af:2006]] [[am:2006 እ.ኤ.አ.]] [[an:2006]] [[ang:2006]] [[ar:2006]] [[ast:2006]] [[av:2006]] [[az:2006]] [[ba:2006]] [[bat-smg:2006]] [[be:2006]] [[bg:2006]] [[bn:২০০৬]] [[bo:2006]] [[br:2006]] [[bs:2006]] [[ca:2006]] [[ceb:2006]] [[cho:2006]] [[chr:2006]] [[co:2006]] [[cs:2006]] [[csb:2006]] [[cv:2006]] [[cy:2006]] [[da:2006]] [[de:2006]] [[dv:2006]] [[el:2006]] [[en:2006]] [[eo:2006]] [[es:2006]] [[et:2006]] [[eu:2006]] [[fa:۲۰۰۶ (میلادی)]] [[fi:2006]] [[fiu-vro:2006]] [[fo:2006]] [[fr:2006]] [[frp:2006]] [[fur:2006]] [[fy:2006]] [[ga:2006]] [[gd:2006]] [[gl:2006]] [[got:2006]] [[gu:2006]] [[gv:2006]] [[he:2006]] [[hi:२००६]] [[hr:2006]] [[ht:2006 (almanak gregoryen)]] [[hu:2006]] [[hy:2006]] [[ia:2006]] [[id:2006]] [[ie:2006]] [[ilo:2006]] [[io:2006]] [[is:2006]] [[it:2006]] [[ja:2006年]] [[jbo:2006moi nanca]] [[jv:2006]] [[ka:2006]] [[kg:2006]] [[kk:2006]] [[kn:೨೦೦೬]] [[ko:2006년]] [[ks:2006]] [[ksh:Joohr 2006]] [[ku:2006]] [[kw:2006]] [[ky:2006]] [[la:2006]] [[lb:2006]] [[lg:2006]] [[li:2006]] [[lij:2006]] [[lmo:2006]] [[ln:2006]] [[lt:2006]] [[map-bms:2006]] [[mg:2006]] [[mi:2006]] [[mk:2006]] [[ml:2006]] [[mn:2006]] [[mr:ई.स. २००६]] [[ms:2006]] [[na:2006]] [[nah:2006]] [[nap:2006]] [[nds-nl:2006]] [[nl:2006]] [[nn:2006]] [[no:2006]] [[nrm:2006]] [[oc:2006]] [[os:2006]] [[pam:2006]] [[pap:2006]] [[pdc:2006]] [[pl:2006]] [[pms:2006]] [[pt:2006]] [[qu:2006]] [[rm:2006]] [[rmy:2006]] [[ro:2006]] [[ru:2006 год]] [[ru-sib:2006]] [[sa:2006]] [[sc:2006]] [[scn:2006]] [[sco:2006]] [[se:2006]] [[sh:2006]] [[si:2006]] [[simple:2006]] [[sk:2006]] [[sl:2006]] [[sq:2006]] [[sr:2006]] [[su:2006]] [[sv:2006]] [[sw:2006]] [[ta:2006]] [[te:2006]] [[tg:2006]] [[th:พ.ศ. 2549]] [[tk:2006]] [[tl:2006]] [[tpi:2006]] [[tr:2006]] [[tt:2006]] [[udm:2006]] [[ug:2006]] [[uk:2006]] [[ur:2006ء]] [[uz:2006]] [[vec:2006]] [[vi:2006]] [[vls:2006]] [[wa:2006]] [[war:2006]] [[yi:ה'תשס"ו]] [[zh:2006年]] [[zh-classical:二〇〇六年]] [[zh-min-nan:2006 nî]] [[zh-yue:2006年]] 3825 8868 2006-12-29T15:24:19Z Thijs!bot 143 robot Modifying: [[vo:Frankfurt len Main]] '''Frankfurt am Main''' easte cãsãbã tu [[Ghermãnia|Republica Federalã Ghermãnia]]. [[Image:Karte frankfurt am main in deutschland.png|thumb|right|200px|'''Frankfurt am Main''' tu [[Ghermãnia|Republica Federalã Ghermãnia]]]] [[Image:Aussicht maintower.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Cula mare]] [[Image:Deutschherrnbrücke010.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Punte tu '''Frankfurt am Main''']] [[af:Frankfurt am Main]] [[als:Frankfurt am Main]] [[an:Fráncfort d'o Meno]] [[ang:Frankfurt]] [[ar:فرانكفورت]] [[ast:Frankfurt]] [[az:Frankfurt]] [[be:Франкфурт-на-Майне]] [[bg:Франкфурт на Майн]] [[br:Frankfurt]] [[bs:Frankfurt am Main]] [[ca:Frankfurt del Main]] [[co:Frankfurt]] [[cs:Frankfurt nad Mohanem]] [[cy:Frankfurt]] [[da:Frankfurt am Main]] [[de:Frankfurt am Main]] [[el:Φρανκφούρτη]] [[en:Frankfurt]] [[eo:Frankfurto ĉe Majno]] [[es:Fráncfort del Meno]] [[et:Frankfurt]] [[eu:Frankfurt]] [[fa:فرانکفورت]] [[fi:Frankfurt am Main]] [[fo:Frankfurt am Main]] [[fr:Francfort-sur-le-Main]] [[frp:Francfort]] [[fy:Frankfurt]] [[ga:Frankfurt]] [[gd:Frankfurt]] [[gl:Frankfurt - Frankfurt am Main]] [[he:פרנקפורט]] [[hr:Frankfurt na Majni]] [[hu:Frankfurt am Main]] [[ia:Frankfurt am Main]] [[id:Frankfurt am Main]] [[io:Frankfurt am Main]] [[is:Frankfurt]] [[it:Francoforte sul Meno]] [[ja:フランクフルト・アム・マイン]] [[ka:მაინის ფრანკფურტი]] [[ko:프랑크푸르트]] [[ksh:Frankfurt]] [[ku:Frankfurt]] [[kw:Frankfurt]] [[la:Francofurtum ad Moenum]] [[lb:Frankfurt am Main]] [[li:Frankfurt am Main]] [[lmo:Frankfurt]] [[lt:Frankfurtas prie Maino]] [[lv:Frankfurte pie Mainas]] [[mk:Франкфурт]] [[ms:Frankfurt]] [[na:Frankfurt]] [[nap:Frankfurt]] [[nds:Frankfort an’n Main]] [[nl:Frankfurt am Main]] [[nn:Frankfurt am Main]] [[no:Frankfurt am Main]] [[oc:Francfòrt de Men]] [[pdc:Frankfurt]] [[pl:Frankfurt nad Menem]] [[pms:Franchfort sël Men]] [[pt:Frankfurt am Main]] [[qu:Frankfurt]] [[rm:Frankfurt]] [[ro:Frankfurt]] [[ru:Франкфурт-на-Майне]] [[scn:Francuforti suprô Menu]] [[sco:Frankfurt]] [[se:Frankfurt]] [[sh:Frankfurt na Majni]] [[simple:Frankfurt am Main]] [[sk:Frankfurt nad Mohanom]] [[sl:Frankfurt na Majni]] [[sq:Frankfurt am Main]] [[sr:Франкфурт на Мајни]] [[sv:Frankfurt am Main]] [[sw:Frankfurt]] [[tet:Frankfurt]] [[th:แฟรงค์เฟิร์ต]] [[tl:Lungsod ng Frankfurt]] [[tr:Frankfurt]] [[ug:فرانكفورت]] [[uk:Франкфурт на Майні]] [[uz:Frankfurt am Main]] [[vec:Francoforte sul Meno]] [[vi:Frankfurt am Main]] [[vls:Frankfurt]] [[vo:Frankfurt len Main]] [[zh:法兰克福]] 3826 9037 2007-01-18T16:23:10Z TXiKiBoT 147 Robot interwiki: Adãugat: [[new:ई सं १८६८]] ==Evenimente== ==Fapturi== '''[[George Murnu]]''' (numa armãneascã: '''Ioryi al Murnu''') ira faptu pi 1lu di Ianar [[1868]], [[Veryia]], tu Imperia Otomanã, tora tu [[Gãrtsia]]. ==Muriri== [[Category:Seculu 19]] [[af:1868]] [[am:1868 እ.ኤ.አ.]] [[an:1868]] [[ar:1868]] [[ast:1868]] [[az:1868]] [[be:1868]] [[bg:1868]] [[bn:১৮৬৮]] [[bpy:মারি ১৮৬৮]] [[br:1868]] [[bs:1868]] [[ca:1868]] [[co:1868]] [[cs:1868]] [[csb:1868]] [[cv:1868]] [[cy:1868]] [[da:1868]] [[de:1868]] [[el:1868]] [[en:1868]] [[eo:1868]] [[es:1868]] [[et:1868]] [[eu:1868]] [[fi:1868]] [[fr:1868]] [[fy:1868]] [[ga:1868]] [[gd:1868]] [[gl:1868]] [[he:1868]] [[hr:1868]] [[ht:1868 (almanak gregoryen)]] [[hu:1868]] [[hy:1868]] [[ia:1868]] [[id:1868]] [[io:1868]] [[is:1868]] [[it:1868]] [[ja:1868年]] [[ka:1868]] [[ko:1868년]] [[ksh:Joohr 1868]] [[la:1868]] [[lb:1868]] [[lmo:1868]] [[lt:1868]] [[mk:1868]] [[ms:1868]] [[nap:1868]] [[new:ई सं १८६८]] [[nl:1868]] [[nn:1868]] [[no:1868]] [[nov:1868]] [[nrm:1868]] [[oc:1868]] [[os:1868]] [[pl:1868]] [[pt:1868]] [[ro:1868]] [[ru:1868 год]] [[ru-sib:1868]] [[scn:1868]] [[se:1868]] [[simple:1868]] [[sk:1868]] [[sl:1868]] [[sq:1868]] [[sr:1868]] [[sv:1868]] [[sw:1868]] [[th:พ.ศ. 2411]] [[tr:1868]] [[tt:1868]] [[uk:1868]] [[uz:1868]] [[vec:1868]] [[wa:1868]] [[zh:1868年]] 3827 8083 2006-10-13T05:34:56Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 ==Evenimente== ==Fapturi== ==Muriri== '''[[George Murnu]]''' (numa armãneascã: '''Ioryi al Murnu''') muri pi 17le di Brumar [[1957]], [[Bucureshci]]. [[Category:Seculu 20]] 3828 8491 2006-11-12T12:05:54Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Gheorghe (Yoryi, Gica) Hagi''' , amitat tu [[5-le di Shcurtu]] [[1965]] tu hoara [[Sãcele]], comuna [[Constantsa|Constanţa]], easte tricut giucãtor di futbol di tu [[Romãnia]] shi tora easte trainer armãnescu. '''Gica''' easte al treile ficior di familia '''Hagi'''. Afendu-su easte '''Iancu''' shi dada-sa easte '''Chirata'''. Are 2 sori '''Sultana''' shi '''Elena'''. Nicuchira-a lui easte '''Marilena'''. Cu nãsã are 2 fumelji '''Chira''' shi '''Ianis'''. == Tinjie == * cu '''[[Steaua Bucharest]]''': ** Supercuplu europescu : 1987 ** Campionatlu di Futbol Romãnescu: 1987, 1988, 1989 ** Cuplu romãnescu: 1987, 1988, 1989 * cu '''[[Galatasaray]]''', [[Turchia]]: ** Cuplu di UEFA: 2000 ** Supercuplu europescu: 2000 ** Campionatlu di Futbol ãnturtsescu : 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 ** Cuplu ãnturtsescu: 1999, 2000, 2005 (as coach) == Ligãturi di nãfoarã == *[http://www.hagi.ro Websitelu ofitsial al Gheorghe Hagi] 3829 8118 2006-10-14T18:53:30Z Jean 119 '''Dan Coe''' ([[8 September|September 8]] [[1941]] — [[8 September|September 8]] [[1982]]) was a [[Romãnia]] football defender, of Aromanian nationality. He was born in [[ Bucureshci]] and debuted in Divizia A with [[Rapid Bucureşti]] in 1962. 3830 8185 2006-10-23T12:50:11Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 ==Evenimente== ==Fapturi== * [[8 September ]]- Dan Coe apurãtor di futbal [[Romãnia]] (muri [[1982]]). ==Muriri== [[Category:Seculu 20]] 3831 9093 2007-01-25T09:50:42Z JAnDbot 142 Robot interwiki: Modificat: [[als:1980er#1982]], [[am:1982]] ==Evenimente== ==Fapturi== ==Muriri== * [[8 September ]] - Dan Coe [[Romãnia]] football defender (b. [[1941]]). [[Category:Seculu 20]] [[af:1982]] [[als:1980er#1982]] [[am:1982]] [[an:1982]] [[ar:1982]] [[ast:1982]] [[av:1982]] [[az:1982]] [[be:1982]] [[bg:1982]] [[bpy:মারি ১৯৮২]] [[br:1982]] [[bs:1982]] [[ca:1982]] [[co:1982]] [[cs:1982]] [[csb:1982]] [[cv:1982]] [[cy:1982]] [[da:1982]] [[de:1982]] [[el:1982]] [[en:1982]] [[eo:1982]] [[es:1982]] [[et:1982]] [[eu:1982]] [[fi:1982]] [[fo:1982]] [[fr:1982]] [[frp:1982]] [[fy:1982]] [[ga:1982]] [[gd:1982]] [[gl:1982]] [[he:1982]] [[hr:1982]] [[ht:1982 (almanak gregoryen)]] [[hu:1982]] [[hy:1982]] [[ia:1982]] [[id:1982]] [[ilo:1982]] [[io:1982]] [[is:1982]] [[it:1982]] [[ja:1982年]] [[ka:1982]] [[kn:೧೯೮೨]] [[ko:1982년]] [[ksh:Joohr 1982]] [[ku:1982]] [[kw:1982]] [[la:1982]] [[lb:1982]] [[lmo:1982]] [[lt:1982]] [[mk:1982]] [[ms:1982]] [[nah:1982]] [[nap:1982]] [[nds:1982]] [[nl:1982]] [[nn:1982]] [[no:1982]] [[nov:1982]] [[nrm:1982]] [[oc:1982]] [[os:1982]] [[pam:1982]] [[pdc:1982]] [[pl:1982]] [[pt:1982]] [[ro:1982]] [[ru:1982 год]] [[ru-sib:1982]] [[scn:1982]] [[se:1982]] [[simple:1982]] [[sk:1982]] [[sl:1982]] [[sq:1982]] [[sr:1982]] [[sv:1982]] [[sw:1982]] [[ta:1982]] [[te:1982]] [[th:พ.ศ. 2525]] [[tk:1982]] [[tl:1982]] [[tr:1982]] [[tt:1982]] [[uk:1982]] [[uz:1982]] [[vec:1982]] [[vi:1982]] [[vls:1982]] [[wa:1982]] [[zh:1982年]] [[zh-min-nan:1982 nî]] [[zh-yue:1982年]] 3832 8492 2006-11-12T12:06:15Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 ==Evenmente== ==Fapturi== *[[5-li di Shcurtu]] - [[Gica HAGI]], giucãtor di futbol di tu [[Romãnia]] shi trainer di tora ==Muriri== [[Category:Seculu 20]] 3833 8111 2006-10-14T17:07:43Z Jean 119 /* Muriri */ ==Evenimente== * Dzua natsionalã ali [[Republica Machedonia|REI Machedonia]] ==Fapturi== * [[1941]] - [[Dan COE|Dan Coe]] [[Romãnia]] football defender (d. [[1982]]). ==Muriri== * [[1982]] - [[Dan COE|Dan Coe]] [[Romãnia]] football defender (b. [[1941]]). [[Category:Yizmãciunj]] 3834 8109 2006-10-14T12:56:10Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[8 September]] moved to [[8 di Yizmãciunj]] #REDIRECT [[8 di Yizmãciunj]] 3835 8117 2006-10-14T18:48:32Z Jean 119 '''''Hedera''''' is a genus of about ten species of climbing or ground-creeping evergreen woody plants in the family [[Araliaceae]], native to the [[Macaronesia|Atlantic Islands]], western, central and southern [[Europe]], northwestern [[Africa]] and across central-southern [[Asia]] east to [[Japan]]. ==Species== *''[[Hedera algeriensis]]'' – Algerian Ivy. Northwest [[Africa]]. *''[[Hedera azorica]]'' – Azores Ivy. [[Azores]]. *''[[Hedera canariensis]]'' – Canaries Ivy. [[Canary Islands]]. *''[[Hedera colchica]]'' – Caucasian Ivy or Persian Ivy. Northern [[Turkey]] to [[Iran]]. *''[[Hedera helix]]'' – Common Ivy. Most of [[Europe]], except [[Atlantic (ocean)|Atlantic]] coasts and cold northeastern areas. *''[[Hedera hibernica]]'' – Irish Ivy. Atlantic coastal areas of [[Europe]] from [[Scotland]] and [[Ireland]] to [[Portugal]]. *''[[Hedera maderensis]]'' – Madeiran Ivy. [[Madeira]]. *''[[Hedera nepalensis]]'' – Himalayan Ivy. [[Himalaya]], [[China]], [[Taiwan]]. *''[[Hedera pastuchowii]]'' – Pastuchov's Ivy. Central [[Asia]] (southern states of the former [[Soviet Union]]). *''[[Hedera rhombea]]'' – Japanese Ivy. [[Japan]], [[Korean peninsula|Korea]], [[China]], [[Taiwan]]. ==References== * McAllister, H. (1982). New work on ivies. ''Int. Dendrol. Soc. Yearbook'' 1981: 106-109. <gallery> Image:Ivy uf1.jpg|''Hedera helix'' leaves Image:English Ivy Berries.jpg|''Hedera helix'' berries Image:Hedera colchica0.jpg|''Hedera colchica'' flowers Image:Hedera colchica1.jpg|''Hedera colchica'' foliage Image:Efeu.jpg|Tempelherrenhaus [[Weimar]] </gallery> 3836 8128 2006-10-14T20:21:50Z Jean 119 ==Species== About 10-15 species, including:<br/> ''[[Nuphar advena]]'' <br/> ''[[Nuphar japonica]]'' <br/> ''[[Nuphar kalmiana]]'' <br/> ''[[Nuphar lutea]]'' - Yellow Water-lily<br/> ''[[Nuphar microphylla]]'' <br/> ''[[Nuphar orbiculata]]'' <br/> ''[[Nuphar polysepala]]'' <br/> ''[[Nuphar pumila]]'' - Least Water-lily<br/> ''[[Nuphar rubrodisca]]'' <br/> ''[[Nuphar saggitifolia]]'' <br/> ''[[Nuphar shimadae]]'' <br/> ''[[Nuphar ulvacea]]'' <br/> ''[[Nuphar variegata]]'' 3837 8130 2006-10-14T20:26:21Z Jean 119 [[image:Nuphar lutea 170803.jpg|thumb|'''Nuphar lutea''']] 3838 8134 2006-10-15T07:33:11Z Jean 119 /* Species */ ==Species== About 50 species, including:<br/> ''[[Nymphaea alba]]'' - European White Water-lily<br/> ''[[Nymphaea amazonium]]'' <br/> ''[[Nymphaea ampla]]'' <br/> ''[[Nymphaea blanda]]'' <br/> ''[[Nymphaea caerulea]]'' - Egyptian Blue Water-lily<br/> ''[[Nymphaea calliantha]]'' <br/> ''[[Nymphaea candida]]'' <br/> ''[[Nymphaea capensis]]'' - Cape Blue Water-lily<br/> ''[[Nymphaea citrina]]'' <br/> ''[[Nymphaea colorata]]'' <br/> ''[[Nymphaea elegans]]'' <br/> ''[[Nymphaea fennica]]'' <br/> ''[[Nymphaea flavovirens]]'' <br/> ''[[Nymphaea gardneriana]]'' <br/> ''[[Nymphaea gigantea]]'' - Australian Water-lily<br/> ''[[Nymphaea heudelotii]]'' <br/> ''[[Nymphaea jamesoniana]]'' <br/> ''[[Nymphaea lotus]]'' - Egyptian White Water-lily<br/> ''[[Nymphaea lotus var. termalis]]'' <br/> ''[[Nymphaeae lutea]]'' - Yellow water-lily or Brandy bottle<br/> ''[[Nymphaea mexicana]]'' - Yellow Water-lily<br/> ''[[Nymphaea micrantha]]'' <br/> ''[[Nymphaea odorata]]'' - Fragrant Water-lily<br/> ''[[Nymphaea pubescens]]'' <br/> ''[[Nymphaea rubra]]'' - India Red Water-lily<br/> ''[[Nymphaea rudgeana]]'' <br/> ''[[Nymphaea stellata]]'' - Blue Water-lily ([[National flower]] of [[Sri Lanka]]) ''[[Nymphaea stuhlmannii]]'' <br/> ''[[Nymphaea sulfurea]]'' <br/> ''[[Nymphaea tetragona]]'' - Pygmy Water-lily<br/> ''[[Nymphaea tuberosa]]'' 3839 8132 2006-10-14T20:39:04Z Jean 119 [[image:Nymphaea_alba.jpg|thumb|'''Nynphaea alba''']] 3840 8133 2006-10-14T21:23:39Z 84.76.37.37 pçiiç 3841 8343 2006-10-28T08:34:50Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Image:Trypanosoma_cruzi_crithidia.jpeg|thumb|250px|''[[Trypanosoma cruzi]]'' parazite]] '''Trypanosomes''' sãntu unã grupã di protozoi chinetoplastidi cai s-dhiafurescu cu atsea tsi au sade un flagellum. Tuts sãntu parazite, shi s-aflu nai cama la insectlji. ==Spetsies== * ''[[Trypanosoma avium]]'' * ''[[Trypanosoma boissoni]]'' * ''[[Trypanosoma brucei]]'' * ''[[Trypanosoma carassii]]'' * ''[[Trypanosoma cruzi]]'' * ''[[Trypanosoma congolense]]'' * ''[[Trypanosoma equinum]]'' * ''[[Trypanosoma equiperdum]]'' * ''[[Trypanosoma evansi]]'' *''[[Trypanosoma lewisi]]'' * ''[[Trypanosoma melophagium]]'' *''[[Trypanosoma percae]]'' *''[[Trypanosoma rangeli]]'' * ''[[Trypanosoma rotatorium]]'' * ''[[Trypanosoma simiae]]' * ''[[Trypanosoma suis]]'' * ''[[Trypanosoma theileri]]'' * ''[[Trypanosoma trigalae]]'' * ''[[Trypanosoma vivax]]'' 3842 8327 2006-10-26T14:46:04Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''''Trypanosoma suis''''' easte trypanosoma protozoicã tu ghenlu trypanosoma tsi featse unã formã di lãndziturã surra la animalile 3843 8325 2006-10-26T14:44:17Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Trypanosoma percae''' la peshcile: Perca fluviatilis 3844 8328 2006-10-26T14:47:30Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Trypanosoma trigalae''' la teleostslji di amare. 3845 8326 2006-10-26T14:44:56Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Trypanosoma rotatorium''' la apaloclji. 3846 8149 2006-10-18T18:57:48Z Jean 119 '''Trypanosoma boissoni''', in elasmobranch. 3847 8342 2006-10-28T08:33:21Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Trypanosoma cruzi''' u-featse lãndziturã Chagas la omlu. [[Image:Trypanosoma_cruzi_crithidia.jpeg|thumb|left|250px|''[[Trypanosoma cruzi]]'' parazite]] [[Image:Carte maladie Chagas.png|thumb|250px|Chagas tu [[Latin America|Americhia Latinã]] (A:zone [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemitse]])]] [[Image:Chagoma.jpg|thumb|right|Ficiorlu aestu di Panama u-are lãndziturã Chagas manifestatã ca unã infectsia acutã cu umflãturã di ocljul-ndreptu (Semnulu ali Romaña). Source: CDC.]] [[Image:Triatoma_infestans.jpg|thumb|Insectulu vector ''[[Triatoma infestans]]'' (Bubica tsi bashe)]] 3848 8178 2006-10-22T05:58:32Z Jean 119 {| border="0" id="toc" style="margin: 0 auto;" align=center | '''Cuprins:''' [[#A|A]] [[#B|B]] [[#C|C]] [[#D|D]] [[#E|E]] [[#F|F]] [[#G|G]] [[#H|H]] [[#I|I]] [[#J|J]] [[#K|K]] [[#L|L]] [[#M|M]] [[#N|N]] [[#O|O]] [[#P|P]] [[#Q|Q]] [[#R|R]] [[#S|S]] [[#T|T]] [[#U|U]] [[#V|V]] [[#W|W]] [[#X|X]] [[#Y|Y]] [[#Z|Z]]__FARACUPRINS__ |} 3849 8566 2006-11-14T11:44:20Z Hvn0413 137 Redirecting to [[Di tu Vãrgãria]] #Redirect [[Di tu Vãrgãria]] 3850 8195 2006-10-23T18:31:14Z 200.171.184.55 * [http://www.conhecaubatuba.com.br/ubatuba/index.asp?g=1&e=8 Conheça Ubatuba - Informations about Ubatuba - Sao Paulo - Brazil] 3851 8205 2006-10-24T14:02:32Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Di tu Machedonia]] moved to [[Di tu Republica Ex-Iugoslavã Machedonia]] #REDIRECT [[Di tu Republica Ex-Iugoslavã Machedonia]] 3852 8213 2006-10-24T22:14:01Z Jose77 116 <div class="notice" style="background:#ffc; border:1px solid #AAA; padding:0.5em; margin:0.5em auto;"> [[Image:Stop_hand.svg|50px|left]] OK, it is time for your insulting jokes to end. You are potentially offending people, both people here in the Wikipedia community and the wider readership. What you are doing could be seen as '''[[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]]''' and you could get '''[[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing Wikipedia for it. '''You might not get another warning before having a block imposed''', so be careful and be serious from now on. <!-- Template:Seriously (last warning) --> </div> Your swearing [http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Eeamoscopolecrushuva&curid=3482&diff=8196&oldid=8164 here] was innapropiate and will not be tolerated in the near future. Please refrain yourself from any continuation of this type of insulting or ''Corrective Action'' will have to be taken and enforced. --[[User:Jose77|Jose77]] 22:13, 24 October 2006 (UTC) 3853 8306 2006-10-26T05:00:14Z AdiJapan 125 no vandalizing <div class="notice" style="background:#ffc; border:1px solid #AAA; padding:0.5em; margin:0.5em auto;"> [[Image:Stop_hand.svg|50px|left]] OK, it is time for your insulting jokes to end. You are potentially offending people, both people here in the Wikipedia community and the wider readership. What you are doing could be seen as '''[[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]]''' and you could get '''[[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing Wikipedia for it. '''You might not get another warning before having a block imposed''', so be careful and be serious from now on. <!-- Template:Seriously (last warning) --> </div> --[[User:AdiJapan|AdiJapan]] 09:15, 25 October 2006 (UTC) :That is just a standard message for any type of vandalism, and you must agree you deserved it for writing '''MACHIDUNIA, MACEDONICA''' in large letters on the main page. You might be right about the name of the Macedonian language and the name of the country, but vandalizing this Wikipedia just to make a point is not the solution. The solution can be found by taking the issue to the corresponding talk page or to the talk page of the user who reverted your edit. --[[User:AdiJapan|AdiJapan]] 05:00, 26 October 2006 (UTC) 3854 8336 2006-10-26T17:09:09Z 62.162.166.175 INSULTING!!! Do you know what are you talking about? I'm not insulting anyone!!! I just want reliable aromanian encyclopedia! In the lists of languages in the main page, Macedonian is translated as "Vurgaresche (Bulgarian)" and everywhere there is FYROM stuff! That is NOT true. As for good and reliable encyclopedia you shouldn't write such pseudodata and propaganda! Now THAT is an inslult to the Macedonian people (including Macedonian Aromanians)!. [[User:62.162.166.175|62.162.166.175]] 17:14, 25 October 2006 (UTC) ::Excuse me, but I think you should take a look at the discussion for the main page. User Eeamoscopolecrushuva is having some nationalistic attitude. Regards [[User:62.162.166.175|62.162.166.175]] 17:09, 26 October 2006 (UTC) 3911 8347 2006-10-28T10:11:05Z Jean 119 [[Image:Chaos diffluens.jpg|thumb|250px|Chaos diffluens]] '''Amoeba''' is a genus of protozoa that moves by means of temporary projections called pseudopods, and is well-known as a representative unicellular organism. 3912 8348 2006-10-28T10:16:09Z Jean 119 ==Spetsies== *[[Amoeba dubia]] *[[Amoeba proteus]] *[[Chaos diffluens]] *[[Difflugia oblongia]] *[[Thecamoeba terricola]] 3913 8349 2006-10-28T10:24:39Z Jean 119 [[Image:Ammonia_tepida.jpg|thumb|Foraminiferan (''Ammonia tepida'')]] 3915 8353 2006-10-28T21:53:17Z Aromanikka 130 Cici-faci! 3916 8426 2006-11-04T12:18:06Z Bonaparte 135 What kind of idiotic, pro-Greek article. This article is totally POV-ish. [[Image:Unbalanced scales.svg|none|100px|POV in Aromanian Wikipedia.]] --[[User:Aromanikka|Aromanikka]] 21:55, 28 October 2006 (UTC) Is it? Oh well, it's interesting how you mock our language and expect us to respect you. If you want to correct it, be my guest. But don't forget to put both sides because presenting only your POV is also not allowed. [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 11:37, 29 October 2006 (UTC) :OK, done. [[User:Aromanikka|Aromanikka]] 12:10, 29 October 2006 (UTC) Nitsi nu shcii tsi ai adratã. Hahahahaha! S-dutse sh-ashi nu are s-fac corectsiur. Cãndu vãrnu va u-ghiuvusescã va sã-shcie tsi vurgãrinj hits shi adrats! [[User:Eeamoscopolecrushuva|Eeamoscopolecrushuva]] 14:10, 30 October 2006 (UTC) :Nitsi nu shcii sa vorbesti ghini limba.--[[User:Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] 12:18, 4 November 2006 (UTC) 3919 8374 2006-10-29T12:07:34Z Aromanikka 130 [[Di tu Republica Ex-Iugoslavã Machedonia]] moved to [[Di tu Republica Machedonia]]: NPOV #REDIRECT [[Di tu Republica Machedonia]] 3920 8969 2007-01-11T07:51:32Z 195.149.251.74 [[Image:Ongal.jpg|none|650px]] [[Image:Cscr-featured.svg|26px]][[:pt:História da Geórgia do Sul e Sandwich do Sul|História da Geórgia do Sul e Sandwich do Sul]] 3921 8530 2006-11-12T18:02:28Z Tekleni 132 rv. #REDIRECT [[Machedonia]] 3922 8398 2006-10-31T21:56:15Z Tekleni 132 [[Talk:Republica Machedonia]] moved to [[Talk:Republica Ex-Iugoslavã ali Machedonia]]: NPOV #REDIRECT [[Talk:Republica Ex-Iugoslavã ali Machedonia]] 3923 8404 2006-10-31T21:59:49Z Tekleni 132 Redirecting to [[en:User:Tekleni]] #REDIRECT [[:en:User:Tekleni]] 3924 8413 2006-11-01T19:59:05Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 '''Athina''' (gãr. '''Αθήνα''') easte cãsãbãlu capital ali [[Gãrtsia|Gãrtsie]]. [[Image:Acropolis-Athens34.jpg|thumb|right|Acropolis tu Athina]] [[Category: Gãrtsia]] [[ar:أثينا]] [[an:Atenas]] [[bg:Атина]] [[zh-min-nan:Athína]] [[bs:Atina]] [[ca:Atenes]] [[cs:Athény]] [[da:Athen]] [[de:Athen]] [[et:Ateena]] [[el:Αθήνα]] [[en:Athens]] [[es:Atenas]] [[eo:Ateno]] [[eu:Atenas]] [[fo:Athen]] [[fr:Athènes]] [[fy:Atene]] [[ga:An Aithin]] [[gl:Atenas - Αθήνα]] [[ko:아테네]] [[io:Athina]] [[id:Kota Athena]] [[is:Aþena]] [[it:Atene]] [[he:אתונה]] [[la:Athenae]] [[lt:Atėnai]] [[lb:Athen]] [[hu:Athén]] [[mk:Атина]] [[nl:Athene]] [[nds:Athen]] [[ja:アテネ]] [[no:Athen]] [[nn:Aten]] [[pl:Ateny]] [[pt:Atenas]] [[ro:Atena]] [[ru:Афины]] [[scn:Ateni]] [[simple:Athens]] [[sk:Atény]] [[sl:Atene]] [[sr:Атина]] [[fi:Ateena]] [[sv:Aten]] [[tl:Athína]] [[ta:ஏதென்ஸ்]] [[th:เอเธนส์]] [[tr:Atina]] [[uk:Афіни]] [[zh:雅典]] 3925 8412 2006-11-01T19:57:41Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 3926 8419 2006-11-03T22:02:36Z Walter 134 {| | [[Image:Wikizine.png|180px|wikizine]] <tt>An independent internal news bulletin for the members of the Wikimedia community</tt><br><em>[http://cur.wikizine.org Read the most current edition of Wikizine]</em> To subscribe by email [mailto:request@wikizine.org?subject=subscribe click here] or go to [http://www.wikizine.org Wikizine.org].<br> You have news? Pretty please send it to [mailto:ihavenews@wikizine.org ihavenews@wikizine.org]. |} ---- {{babel-2|nl|en-2}} [[Image:Adoptfirefox.jpg|right|400px|Adopt Firefox]] *Timezone: UTC +1 Hi, I am user Walter (Walter Vermeir) form Belgium. My home Wiki is the dutch Wikipedia or "[[wikimedia:wikipedia:nl:Hoofdpagina|Wikipedia NL]]" like we call it. '''I am not active on this wiki''' For more info see my userpage on Wikimedia Meta; [[wikimedia:meta:user:Walter]] === Contact === *My talk page on Meta; [[wikimedia:meta:user:User_talk:Walter]] ---- *[[/request]] 3927 8540 2006-11-12T18:29:21Z Bonaparte 135 /* Hello! */ potsi cum sa nu :"Wärte das Auge nicht sonnenhaft so konnte es die Sonne nicht erblicken..." :[[User:Bonaparte|<font color="#FFFFFF" style="background: maroon;">&nbsp;Bonaparte&nbsp;</font>]] [[User talk:Bonaparte|<small>talk</small>]]<small> & </small>[[Special:Contributions/Bonaparte|<small>contribs</small>]] :"Mein Vater Persifal trägt eine Krone :Sein Rittersohn bin ich, Lohengrin genannt" :[[User:Bonaparte|<font color="#FFFFFF" style="background: maroon;">&nbsp;Bonaparte&nbsp;</font>]] [[User talk:Bonaparte|<small>talk</small>]]<small> & </small>[[Special:Contributions/Bonaparte|<small>contribs</small>]] :"Wanderer tritt still herein :Schmerz versteinerte die Schwelle; :Da erglänzt in reiner Helle :Auf dem Tische Brot und Wein" :[[User:Bonaparte|<font color="#FFFFFF" style="background: maroon;">&nbsp;Bonaparte&nbsp;</font>]] [[User talk:Bonaparte|<small>talk</small>]]<small> & </small>[[Special:Contributions/Bonaparte|<small>contribs</small>]] :"Ich bin der räuber Orbazan" :[[User:Bonaparte|<font color="#FFFFFF" style="background: maroon;">&nbsp;Bonaparte&nbsp;</font>]] [[User talk:Bonaparte|<small>talk</small>]]<small> & </small>[[Special:Contributions/Bonaparte|<small>contribs</small>]] :"Hier stehe Ich. Ich kann nicht anders. Gott helfe mir. Amen." :[[User:Bonaparte|<font color="#FFFFFF" style="background: maroon;">&nbsp;Bonaparte&nbsp;</font>]] [[User talk:Bonaparte|<small>talk</small>]]<small> & </small>[[Special:Contributions/Bonaparte|<small>contribs</small>]] :"Eine feste Burg ist unser Gott." :[[User:Bonaparte|<font color="#FFFFFF" style="background: maroon;">&nbsp;Bonaparte&nbsp;</font>]] [[User talk:Bonaparte|<small>talk</small>]]<small> & </small>[[Special:Contributions/Bonaparte|<small>contribs</small>]] :"I trust I make myself obscure." :[[User:Bonaparte|<font color="#FFFFFF" style="background: maroon;">&nbsp;Bonaparte&nbsp;</font>]] [[User talk:Bonaparte|<small>talk</small>]]<small> & </small>[[Special:Contributions/Bonaparte|<small>contribs</small>]] == Welcome on my discussion page == http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_permissions#Aromanian_Wikipedia == Hello! == With all my respect to you, but why are you warning me? Look at the other's POV-ish edits. It's preposterous! Regards, [[User:Aromanikka|Aromanikka]] 18:16, 12 November 2006 (UTC) :I didn't get my answer! Please, answer me. [[User:Aromanikka|Aromanikka]] 18:22, 12 November 2006 (UTC) OK. BTW, are you a candidate for sysop? Can I give my vote? [[User:Aromanikka|Aromanikka]] 18:28, 12 November 2006 (UTC) potsi cum sa nu.--[[User:Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] 18:29, 12 November 2006 (UTC) 3928 8424 2006-11-04T12:15:28Z Bonaparte 135 == Bonaparte. == [[Image:Napoleon4.jpg|center|260px|''Napoléon crossing the Alps,'' by [[Jacques-Louis David]]]] {{babel-1|liberal}} 3929 8430 2006-11-04T19:01:04Z 86.127.26.191 Stela e cea mai mare si mai tare machidoanca din Constanta!!! 3930 8432 2006-11-06T03:42:51Z 200.106.37.189 bvnvnbn 3931 8484 2006-11-12T11:56:30Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 *MIHALI PREFTI - Armanjljiimachidonenj - Clirunonjlji a dzãilor - 2006 (CD) *MIHALI PREFTI - Mithoi sh-isturii - 2006 (CD) *MIHALI PREFTI - Haiditsa - unã isturii di tu muntile Almu, di tu [[Shwaitsã]] (carte) *MIHALI PREFTI - Carte-a Caliljei - Poemi filosofitsi di Lao Tzã (carte) 3932 8465 2006-11-12T07:25:45Z 194.150.216.212 [[TOMA CARAGIU]]- [[ION CARAMITRU]]- [[SEBASTIAN PAPAIANI]]- [[NICU CONSTANTIN]]- [[GEORGE VRACA]]- 3933 8493 2006-11-12T12:07:44Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 Di tu Gãrtsia: *[[Frats Manachia]] Di tu Romãnia: *[[STERE GULEA]] - *[[TOMA ENACHE]] 3934 8482 2006-11-12T11:54:45Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Tu Amerikii]] moved to [[Tu Americhie]]: Limba, domne! #REDIRECT [[Tu Americhie]] 3935 8486 2006-11-12T11:57:28Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Teatru]] moved to [[Theatro]] #REDIRECT [[Theatro]] 3936 8489 2006-11-12T12:01:13Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 [[Regizori di arazga armaneasca ditu Rumanii]] moved to [[Rejiseri armãneshci]] #REDIRECT [[Rejiseri armãneshci]] 3937 8529 2006-11-12T18:02:20Z Tekleni 132 rv. #REDIRECT [[Republica Ex-Iugoslavã ali Machedonia]] 3938 8552 2006-11-12T23:12:25Z Tekleni 132 Avertizare! stop! Aesta easte Wikipedia pi armãneashce. Daca nu iti convine poti sa pleci. Numai ghini. --[[User:Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] 18:09, 12 November 2006 (UTC) A mea easte amiraliea s'i puterea. Nu uita. --[[User:Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] 18:20, 12 November 2006 (UTC) :Tsi nu zburashti limba noastra. Avertizare-tsi tsi rog.--[[User:Tekleni|Tekleni]] 18:23, 12 November 2006 (UTC) Tu nu sci limba aromana. Articularea cu articolu nidefinitu şi cu articolu definitu. Tu nu sci nimica. --[[User:Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] 18:26, 12 November 2006 (UTC) :Da, i slavomakedonska propaganda ne pripađa tuka.--[[User:Tekleni|Tekleni]] 18:33, 12 November 2006 (UTC) Aromanikka, bunãoarã, tra s-videm ma ghini cum s-aplicã (lucreadzã) regula di ma nsus, nu vrem s-dzãtsem cã noi avem ndriptati. Nu vrem necã s-dzãtsem cã altsã au ndriptati. Tsi easti ndreptu sh-tsi easti strãmbu, tsãni di regula faptã. --[[User:Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] 18:35, 12 November 2006 (UTC) =="Grailu Armãnescu"== "Grailu Armãnescu" spuni multi; spuni cã noi armãnjlji ca unã mileti-ahorghea din Balcanj, avem unã musheatã limbã cari u-avem ca yishteari armasã shi vigljeatã di para-para-pãpãnjlji nica dit etili-atseali cari tora s-ved diparti ca tu neguri di dauã njilj di-anj. Limba-armãneascã easti mushuteatsa cu cari nã pirifãnsim tuts noi cari nã u vrem Armãnamea. Limba-armãneascã easti-atsea pi cari s-cãntarã njiljli di cãntitsi cari li-avem shi cari li-aflãm shi pit cãrtsãli veclji, limba pi cari multi dadi sh-diznjirdarã shi-sh lji-adunarã njitslji-a lor ta s-doarmã tu sãrmãnitsã, limba pi cari multi feati shi gionj sh-lji spusirã "caimadzlji"-a sivdãlui ma shi limba pi cari s-plãmsirã shi s-mirlusirã multsã gionj picurari shi cãrvãnari shi dascalj shi preftsã, cari sh-u deadirã bana ti vruta-lã Armãnami, tu etsli mintiti shi tu anjlji grei ti-Armãnamea lã dzãtsem cã suntu Apostolj shi Martiri-armãneshtsã. Cã, cripãri shi-anj grei zate Armãnjlji avurã ca baia - nu shtea multu ti ghinets. --[[User:Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] 18:40, 12 November 2006 (UTC) :Zošto ne sakaš da prifakjaš deka imeto na tvojata zemja e PJRM? Obedinetite Nacii go kažuvaat ova.--[[User:Tekleni|Tekleni]] 23:12, 12 November 2006 (UTC) 3939 8556 2006-11-13T06:20:50Z Eeamoscopolecrushuva 22 Pistipsescu ca nu-are s-nji eshci nãrãitã ma, scupolu ãnj-ira sade nai cama bun (s-u ãnvitsam gramatica cum lipseashce). Bravos! ghini ai vinit! --[[User:Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] 18:36, 12 November 2006 (UTC) Ούτε κάνει την ελληνική προπαγάνδα. [[User:Aromanikka|Aromanikka]] 20:07, 12 November 2006 (UTC) Η Δημοκρατία της Μακεδονίας δεν είναι "η πρώην γιουγκοσλαβική Δημοκρατία της Μακεδονίας". [[User:Aromanikka|Aromanikka]] 20:12, 12 November 2006 (UTC) :Aesta easte Wikipedia pi limba armãneascã, zbura pi armãneashce!--[[User:Tekleni|Tekleni]] 23:19, 12 November 2006 (UTC) 3940 8615 2006-11-21T20:46:47Z 194.150.216.212 Removing all content from page 3941 8583 2006-11-16T08:24:54Z Jose77 116 [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px| ]] {{{1|'''Done'''}}}<noinclude>[[Category:Template|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude> 3942 8585 2006-11-16T23:59:37Z Alex:D 138 Harta1935 Harta1935 3943 8684 2006-12-04T21:04:06Z Jean 119 /* [[Australopithecus]] */ ==[[The evolution of the human species]]== ==[[Homo]]== ==[[Australopithecus]]== ==[[Paranthropus]]== 3944 8592 2006-11-19T18:13:35Z Jean 119 Thank you for the translation Anthropology. --[[User:Jean|Jean]] 18:13, 19 November 2006 (UTC) 3945 8593 2006-11-19T18:15:01Z Jean 119 ==[[After Ian Tattersall (2001), modifies by Sylvie Daoudal (2002)]]== 3946 8829 2006-12-26T12:02:35Z 89.136.162.92 /* Note */ <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="20"><center><small>Milioane ani</td> <td><center><small>At present</td> <td colspan="6" bgcolor="ffff99"><center><small>.</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><center><small>'''1'''</td> <td bgcolor="cccccc"><center><small>{.......}{Specii actuale de gorile şi cimpanzei}</td> <td bgcolor="green24"><center><small>'''[[Homo sapiens]]'''<br/>(Ewry where in the word)</td> <td colspan="4" bgcolor="ffff99"><center><small>.</td> </td> <tr> <td bgcolor="cccccc" rowspan="19"><center><small>Linie <br/> evolutivă <br /> ce duce <br /> spre <br/> gorilele <br /> şi <br />cimpanzeii <br /> actuali</td> <td bgcolor="green3"><center>↑</td> <td bgcolor="ff999"><center><small>[[Omul de Neanderthal|Homo neandertalensis]]<br/>(Europe and east Asia)</td> <td colspan="3" bgcolor="ffff99"><center><small>.</td> </td> <tr> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="green1"><center><small>??<br/>↑↑<br/>[[Homo heidelbergensis]]<br/>(old world)</td> <td colspan="3" bgcolor="ffff99"><center><small>.</td> </td> <tr> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="green9"><center><small>↑<br/>[[Homo antecessor]]<br/>(Spain)</td> <td bgcolor="ff999"><center><small>[[Homo erectus]]<br/>(East Asia)</td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="ffff99"><center><small>.</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>'''2'''</td> <td colspan="3" bgcolor="green9"><center><small>??<br/>↑↑<br/>[[Homo ergaster]] (pre erectus)<br/>(Est Africa)</td> <td bgcolor="ff999"><center><small>[[Paranthropus robustus]]<br/>(South Africa)</td> <td bgcolor="ff999"><center><small>[[Paranthropus boisei]]<br/>(Africa de est)</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="ffff99"><center><small>.</td> <td bgcolor="ffff99"><center><small>.</td> <td colspan="1" bgcolor="green9"><center><small>↑<br/>?<br/>[[Homo habilis]]<br/>(Africa subsahariană)</td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="green"><center><small>↑↑</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>'''3'''</td> <td colspan="1" bgcolor="ff999"><center><small>[[Homo rudolfensis]]<br/>(Africa de est)</td> <td colspan="1" bgcolor="green8"><center><small>↑</td> <td bgcolor="ffff99"><center><small>.</td> <td colspan="1" bgcolor="green"><center><small>↑</td> </td> <tr> <td bgcolor="ffff99" colspan="2"><center><small>.</td> <td colspan="1" bgcolor="green9"><center><small>??<br/>↑↑<br/>[[Australopithecus africanus]]<br/>(Africa de sud)<br/>↑</td> <td bgcolor="ff999"><center><small>[[Australopithecus garhi]]<br/>(Etiopia)</td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="green"><center><small>↑<br/>[[Paranthropus aethiopicus]]<br/>(Africa de est)<small><br/>↑<br/>?</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>'''4'''</td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="ff999"><center><small>[[Australopithecus bahrelghazali]]<br/>(Ciad)<br/>↑<br/>?</td> <td bgcolor="green9" colspan="3"><center><small><center><small>↑↑?<br/>↑↑↑<br/>[[Australopitecus afarensis]]<br/>(Etiopia, Tanzania)<br/>↑</td> </td> <tr> <td colspan="6" bgcolor="yellow"><center><small>[[Hominid|HOMINIZI]]</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>'''5'''</td> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="ffff99"><center><small>.</td> <td bgcolor="green9" colspan="3"><center><small>↑↑<br/>?↑<br/>[[Australopithecus anamensis]]<br/>(Kenia)</td> </td> <tr> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="ff999"><center><small>[[Australopithecus ramidus]]<br/>(Etiopia)</td> <td colspan="3" bgcolor="green9"><center>↑<br/>?</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><center><small>'''6'''</td> <td bgcolor="green9" colspan="6"><center><small>↑↑<br/>??<br/>[[Ardipithecus ramidus]]<br/>(Etiopia)</td> </td> <tr> <td colspan="3" bgcolor="ffff99"><center><small>.</td> <td bgcolor="green9"><small><center>↑<br />?<br />[[Orrorin tugenensis]]<br/>(Kenia)</td> <td bgcolor="ff999"><center><small>?</td> </td> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><center>'''7'''</td> <td colspan="3" bgcolor="ffff99"><center><small>.</td> <td bgcolor="green9"><center><small><br/>↑<br/>?</td> <td bgcolor="green9"><center><small>↑<br/>?<br/> [[Sahelanthropus tchadensis]]<br/>(Ciad)</td> </td> <tr> <td bgcolor="cccccc" colspan="5"><small><center>↑↑<br/>??<br/>Mari maimuţe primitive strămoşii gorilelor, cimpanzeilor {şi oamenilor}</td> </table> ==Note== <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1"> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="green1"><center><small>Boxes coloured in light green </td> <td><small>The main line of evolution </td> </td> <tr> <td bgcolor="green"><small>Boxes coloured in dark green </td> <td><small>Failed evolution line</td> </td> <tr> <td bgcolor="ff999"><small>Boxes coloured in red </td> <td><small>Failed evolution branches </td> </td> </table> ==External links== [http://ma.prehistoire.free.fr/arbre.htm Ma préhistorie. L'arbre généalogique ] 3947 8608 2006-11-20T04:23:54Z Jean 119 /* [[Homo habilis]] */ ==[[Homo sapiens]]== ==[[Homo habilis]] (Handy Man)== ==[[Homo rudolfensis]] (Rudolf Man)== ==[[Homo ergaster]] (Working Man)== ==[[Homo erectus]] (Upright Man)== ==[[Homo floresiensis]] ([[Flores]] )== ==[[Homo antecessor]] (Predecessor Man)== ==[[Homo heidelbergensis]] (Heidelberg Man)== ==[[Homo neanderthalensis]] (Neanderthal Man)== ==[[Homo rhodesiensis]] (Rhodesia Man)== ==[[Homo cepranensis]] (Ceprano Man)== ==[[Homo georgicus]] (Georgia Man)== 3948 8672 2006-11-28T23:43:50Z Jean 119 ==[[Homo sapiens sapiens]]== ==[[Homo sapiens idaltu]]== ==[[Homo sapiens neanderthalensis]]== 3949 8598 2006-11-19T18:39:35Z Jean 119 [[image:PPlaquecloseup.svg|thumb|right|Homo sapiens]] 3950 8599 2006-11-19T18:40:57Z Jean 119 [[image:Homo sapiens neanderthalensis.jpg|thumb|200 px|Homo sapiens neanderthalensis]] [[Image:Neanderthal hunter.jpg|thumb|200 px|Neanderthal hunter]] [[Image:Neandertal.jpg|thumb|180 px|Neanderthal-]] [[Image:Neanderthaler Fund.png|thumb|250 px|left|Dravn face of Neanderthal men]] [[Image:Carte Neandertaliens.jpg|thumb|left|200 px]] 3951 8601 2006-11-20T01:57:36Z Khoikhoi 123 <small>—The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:{{{1}}}|{{{1}}}]] ([[User talk:{{{1}}}|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/{{{1}}}|contribs]]) {{{2|}}}.</small><!-- Template:Unsigned --><noinclude> ---- <includeonly>:''This template documentation is [[Wikipedia:Template doc page pattern|transcluded]] from [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc]]'' [<span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}/doc|action=edit}} edit]</span>]</includeonly>__NOTOC__ <!-- EDIT TEMPLATE DOCUMENTATION BELOW THIS LINE --> === Purpose === * {{tl|unsigned}} Used to label unsigned comments in a conversation. === Usage === <code>&#123;&#123;subst:unsigned|''user name''|''date''&#125;&#125;</code> ;user name : name or IP of user who left comment ;date : datestamp from edit history (remember to label it UTC) The datestamp from the edit history appears in your local time that is set in your preferences. <br> '''In order for the time to be UTC, adjust it using the difference you designated between the server time and local time.''' === Example === Typing: <code><nowiki>{{subst:unsigned|Jpgordon|09:20, Jun 17, 2005 (UTC)}}</nowiki></code> will yield: {{unsigned|Jpgordon|09:20, Jun 17, 2005 (UTC)}} <includeonly> <!-- ADD CATEGORIES BELOW THIS LINE --> [[Category:Internal link templates|Unsigned]] <!-- ADD INTERWIKIS BELOW THIS LINE --> [[be:Шаблён:Няма подпісу]] [[de:Vorlage:Unsigned]] [[en:Template:Unsigned]] [[es:Plantilla:Nofirmado]] [[fi:Malline:Allekirjoittamaton]] [[kn:ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:Unsigned]] [[nl:Sjabloon:Afzender]] [[pt:Predefinição:Não assinou]] [[ta:வார்ப்புரு:Unsigned]] [[vi:Tiêu bản:Vô danh]] </includeonly> </noinclude> 3952 8606 2006-11-20T02:23:37Z Khoikhoi 123 {{[[Template:{{{1}}}|{{{1}}}]]}}<noinclude> =Documentation= {{Tlx|Tl}} is used to display a template name as a link. '''Tl''' stands for '''Template link'''. == Usage == <pre> {{subst:Tl|template name to display}} </pre> == Example == {| class="wikitable" ! Code ! Result |- | <code>{&#123;subst:Tl&#124;tfd&#125;}</code> | {{[[Template:tfd|tfd]]}} |} <includeonly> {{interwikitmp-grp|!{{FULLPAGENAMEE}} }} </includeonly> <includeonly> <!-- ADD CATEGORIES BELOW THIS LINE --> [[Category:Internal link templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] [[Category:Miscellaneous templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] <!-- ADD INTERWIKIS BELOW THIS LINE --> [[az:Şablon:ŞK]] [[bg:Шаблон:Ш]] [[ca:Plantilla:Tl]] [[en:Template:Tl]] [[fi:Malline:Malline]] [[fr:Modèle:M]] [[ka:თარგი:Tl]] [[kw:Template:Viz]] [[pl:Szablon:S]] [[sl:Predloga:Tl]] [[uk:Шаблон:Tl]] [[vi:Tiêu bản:Tl]] [[zh:Template:Tl]] [[he:תבנית:תב]] [[ko:틀:Tl]] </includeonly> </noinclude> 3953 8610 2006-11-20T04:32:21Z Jean 119 [[Image:Chaos diffluens.jpg|thumb|Amoeba proteus]] 3954 8622 2006-11-21T21:31:06Z 194.150.216.212 New page: Tu Rumanii nomlu OG26/2000 dzatsi ca oaminjljii tsi voru si lucreadza ti intereslu gheneral i comunitaru potu si si aduna tu doaua turlii di sutsati: "asociatsii" shi "fundatsii". "Asoci... Tu Rumanii nomlu OG26/2000 dzatsi ca oaminjljii tsi voru si lucreadza ti intereslu gheneral i comunitaru potu si si aduna tu doaua turlii di sutsati: "asociatsii" shi "fundatsii". "Asociatsiili" lipseashti s-aiba naima putsan 3 membri shi potu si aiba filiali teritoriali cu naima putsan 3 membri. "Fundatsiili" si adara di unu i ma multsa oaminj. Doaua i ma multi di aesti doaua turlii di sutsati potu si si aduna tu una sutsata ma mari tsi s-cljeama "federatsii". 3955 8658 2006-11-22T19:10:00Z 194.150.216.212 Removing all content from page 3956 8635 2006-11-21T22:09:46Z 194.150.216.212 Amintatu tu [[1 di Yinaru]] [[1868]] tu [[Veryia]] ditru [[Nturtseasca Vasilii]]. Muri Bucureshti tu anlu 1957 3957 8656 2006-11-22T19:09:11Z 194.150.216.212 Removing all content from page 3958 8655 2006-11-22T19:08:43Z 194.150.216.212 Removing all content from page 3959 8657 2006-11-22T19:09:32Z 194.150.216.212 Removing all content from page 3960 8686 2006-12-04T21:06:46Z Jean 119 ==[[Notable Specimens]]== ==[[Australopithecus afarensis]]== ==Australopithecus robustus== ==[[Australopithecus africanus]]== ==[[Australopithecus anamensis]]== ==[[Australopithecus bahrelghazali]]== ==[[Ardipithecus ramidus]]== ==[[Australopithecus garhi]]== 3961 8649 2006-11-22T18:18:35Z 194.150.216.212 New page: *[[Theatrinj ditru Arbinushii]] *[[Theatrinj ditru Gartsii]] *[[Theatrinj ditru Makidunii]] *[[Theatrinj ditru Rumanii]] *[[Theatrinj ditru Varyarii]] *[[Theatrinj ditru Arbinushii]] *[[Theatrinj ditru Gartsii]] *[[Theatrinj ditru Makidunii]] *[[Theatrinj ditru Rumanii]] *[[Theatrinj ditru Varyarii]] 3962 8650 2006-11-22T18:19:45Z 194.150.216.212 New page: Tu Rumania nu ari theatri armaneshtsa Tu Rumania nu ari theatri armaneshtsa 3963 8651 2006-11-22T18:23:06Z 194.150.216.212 New page: *[[Toma CARAGIU]] *[[Ion CARAMITRU]] *[[Nicu CONSTANTIN]] *[[Sebastian PAPAIANI]] *[[Toma CARAGIU]] *[[Ion CARAMITRU]] *[[Nicu CONSTANTIN]] *[[Sebastian PAPAIANI]] 3964 8664 2006-11-25T17:44:42Z 193.231.18.7 New page: '''Vaginul (pizda)''' heste hun horgan genital hal femeiurii. '''Vaginul (pizda)''' heste hun horgan genital hal femeiurii. 3965 8669 2006-11-27T18:40:54Z 89.58.47.99 New page: Kostenloser Windows Vista Support [http://www.vista-zone.eu www.vista-zone.eu] Kostenloser Windows Vista Support [http://www.vista-zone.eu www.vista-zone.eu] 3966 8685 2006-12-04T21:04:42Z Jean 119 New page: ==Paranthropus aethiopicus== ==Paranthropus robustus== ==Paranthropus boisei== ==Paranthropus aethiopicus== ==Paranthropus robustus== ==Paranthropus boisei== 3967 8687 2006-12-04T21:07:36Z Jean 119 New page: [[Image:Hadar,_Ethiopia_;_Australopithecus_afarensis_1974_discovery_map.png|thumb|left]] [[image: Lucy Mexico.jpg |thumb|Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy)]] [[Image:Lucy_(Frankfurt_am_Ma... [[Image:Hadar,_Ethiopia_;_Australopithecus_afarensis_1974_discovery_map.png|thumb|left]] [[image: Lucy Mexico.jpg |thumb|Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy)]] [[Image:Lucy_(Frankfurt_am_Main).jpg|thumb|Lucy (Frankfurt am Main)]] [[Image:Lucyreconstructionlarge.jpg|thumb|Lucy reconstructionlarge]] [[Image:Squelette_de_Lucy.JPG|thumb|Squelette_de_Lucy]] 3968 8688 2006-12-04T21:08:20Z Jean 119 New page: *[[Laetoli|Laetoli footprints]] *[[AL 200-1]] *[[AL 129-1]] *[[Australopithecus afarensis |Lucy]] *[[Mrs. Ples|STS 5 (Mrs. Ples)]] *[[STS 14]] *[[STS 71]] *[[Taung Child]] *[[Selam (Austra... *[[Laetoli|Laetoli footprints]] *[[AL 200-1]] *[[AL 129-1]] *[[Australopithecus afarensis |Lucy]] *[[Mrs. Ples|STS 5 (Mrs. Ples)]] *[[STS 14]] *[[STS 71]] *[[Taung Child]] *[[Selam (Australopithecus)|Selam]] 3969 8689 2006-12-04T21:09:12Z Jean 119 New page: [[image : Austrolopithecus africanus.jpg|thumb|Austrolopithecus africanus]] [[Image:Australopithecus africanus female.jpg|thumb|Austrolopithecus africanus]] [[Image:Australopithecus_afri... [[image : Austrolopithecus africanus.jpg|thumb|Austrolopithecus africanus]] [[Image:Australopithecus africanus female.jpg|thumb|Austrolopithecus africanus]] [[Image:Australopithecus_africanus.jpg|thumb|Australopithecus africanus]] 3970 8690 2006-12-04T21:09:59Z Jean 119 New page: [[Image:Bahr_el_Ghazal,_Chad_;_Australopithecus_bahrelghazali_1995_discovery_map.png|thumb|]] [[Image:Bahr_el_Ghazal,_Chad_;_Australopithecus_bahrelghazali_1995_discovery_map.png|thumb|]] 3971 9119 2007-01-31T08:48:21Z JAnDbot 142 Robot interwiki: Adãugat: [[bpy:আতাকুরা:JAnDbot]] Manual controlled interwiki bot owned by [[:cs:Wikipedista:JAn Dudík|JAn]] [[aa:User:JAnDbot]] [[af:Gebruiker:JAnDbot]] [[als:Benutzer:JAnDbot]] [[am:User:JAnDbot]] [[an:Usuario:JAnDbot]] [[ang:User:JAnDbot]] [[ar:مستخدم:JAnDbot]] [[arc:User:JAnDbot]] [[ast:Usuariu:JAnDbot]] [[az:İstifadəçi:JAnDbot]] [[ba:Ҡатнашыусы:JAnDbot]] [[bar:Benutzer:JAnDbot]] [[bat-smg:Naudotojas:JAnDbot]] [[be:Удзельнік:JAnDbot]] [[bg:Потребител:JAnDbot]] [[bn:ব্যবহারকারী:JAnDbot]] [[bpy:আতাকুরা:JAnDbot]] [[br:Implijer:JAnDbot]] [[bs:Korisnik:JAnDbot]] [[ca:Usuari:JAnDbot]] [[ceb:User:JAnDbot]] [[co:User:JAnDbot]] [[cs:Wikipedista:JAnDbot]] [[csb:Brëkòwnik:JAnDbot]] [[cu:Польѕевател҄ь:JAnDbot]] [[cv:Хутшăнакан:JAnDbot]] [[cy:Defnyddiwr:JAnDbot]] [[da:Bruger:JAnDbot]] [[de:Benutzer:JAnDbot]] [[diq:User:JAnDbot]] [[dv:User:JAnDbot]] [[el:Χρήστης:JAnDbot]] [[eml:User:JAnDbot]] [[en:User:JAnDbot]] [[eo:Vikipediisto:JAnDbot]] [[es:Usuario:JAnDbot]] [[et:Kasutaja:JAnDbot]] [[eu:Lankide:JAnDbot]] [[fa:کاربر:JAnDbot]] [[fi:Käyttäjä:JAnDbot]] [[fiu-vro:User:JAnDbot]] [[fo:Brúkari:JAnDbot]] [[fr:Utilisateur:JAnDbot]] [[frp:User:JAnDbot]] [[fur:Utent:JAnDbot]] [[fy:Meidogger:JAnDbot]] [[ga:Úsáideoir:JAnDbot]] [[gd:User:JAnDbot]] [[gl:User:JAnDbot]] [[gu:User:JAnDbot]] [[gv:User:JAnDbot]] [[he:משתמש:JAnDbot]] [[hi:सदस्य:JAnDbot]] [[hr:Suradnik:JAnDbot]] [[hsb:Wužiwar:JAnDbot]] [[ht:User:JAnDbot]] [[hu:User:JAnDbot]] [[hy:User:JAnDbot]] [[ia:Usator:JAnDbot]] [[id:Pengguna:JAnDbot]] [[ie:User:JAnDbot]] [[ii:User:JAnDbot]] [[ilo:User:JAnDbot]] [[io:User:JAnDbot]] [[is:Notandi:JAnDbot]] [[it:Utente:JAnDbot]] [[iu:User:JAnDbot]] [[ja:利用者:JAnDbot]] [[jbo:User:JAnDbot]] [[jv:Panganggo:JAnDbot]] [[ka:მომხმარებელი:JAnDbot]] [[kk:Қатысушы:JAnDbot]] [[km:User:JAnDbot]] [[kn:ಸದಸ್ಯ:JAnDbot]] [[ko:사용자:JAnDbot]] [[ks:User:JAnDbot]] [[ksh:Metmaacher:JAnDbot]] [[ku:Bikarhêner:JAnDbot]] [[kw:User:JAnDbot]] [[ky:User:JAnDbot]] [[la:Usor:JAnDbot]] [[lad:User:JAnDbot]] [[lb:User:JAnDbot]] [[li:Gebroeker:JAnDbot]] [[lij:User:JAnDbot]] [[lmo:User:JAnDbot]] [[ln:User:JAnDbot]] [[lt:Naudotojas:JAnDbot]] [[lv:Lietotājs:JAnDbot]] [[map-bms:User:JAnDbot]] [[mk:Корисник:JAnDbot]] [[ml:User:JAnDbot]] [[mn:User:JAnDbot]] [[mr:सदस्य:JAnDbot]] [[ms:Pengguna:JAnDbot]] [[nah:Usuario:JAnDbot]] [[nap:Utente:JAnDbot]] [[nds:Bruker:JAnDbot]] [[nds-nl:Gebruker:JAnDbot]] [[ne:User:JAnDbot]] [[new:User:JAnDbot]] [[nl:Gebruiker:JAnDbot]] [[nn:Brukar:JAnDbot]] [[no:Bruker:JAnDbot]] [[nov:User:JAnDbot]] [[nrm:User:JAnDbot]] [[oc:Utilizaire:JAnDbot]] [[os:Архайæг:JAnDbot]] [[pam:User:JAnDbot]] [[pap:User:JAnDbot]] [[pdc:User:JAnDbot]] [[pih:User:JAnDbot]] [[pl:Wikipedysta:JAnDbot]] [[pms:Utent:JAnDbot]] [[ps:User:JAnDbot]] [[pt:Usuário:JAnDbot]] [[qu:Usuario:JAnDbot]] [[rmy:Jeno:JAnDbot]] [[ro:Utilizator:JAnDbot]] [[ru:Участник:JAnDbot]] [[ru-sib:User:JAnDbot]] [[sa:User:JAnDbot]] [[sc:Utente:JAnDbot]] [[scn:User:JAnDbot]] [[sco:User:JAnDbot]] [[se:User:JAnDbot]] [[sh:User:JAnDbot]] [[simple:User:JAnDbot]] [[sk:Redaktor:JAnDbot]] [[sl:Uporabnik:JAnDbot]] [[so:User:JAnDbot]] [[sq:Përdoruesi:JAnDbot]] [[sr:Корисник:JAnDbot]] [[su:Pamaké:JAnDbot]] [[sv:Användare:JAnDbot]] [[sw:User:JAnDbot]] [[ta:பயனர்:JAnDbot]] [[te:సభ్యుడు:JAnDbot]] [[tg:Корбар:JAnDbot]] [[th:ผู้ใช้:JAnDbot]] [[tk:User:JAnDbot]] [[tl:User:JAnDbot]] [[tpi:User:JAnDbot]] [[tr:Kullanıcı:JAnDbot]] [[tt:Äğzä:JAnDbot]] [[ug:User:JAnDbot]] [[uk:Користувач:JAnDbot]] [[ur:صارف:JAnDbot]] [[uz:User:JAnDbot]] [[vec:Utente:JAnDbot]] [[vi:Thành viên:JAnDbot]] [[vls:Gebruker:JAnDbot]] [[vo:User:JAnDbot]] [[wa:Uzeu:JAnDbot]] [[war:User:JAnDbot]] [[yi:באַניצער:JAnDbot]] [[zh:User:JAnDbot]] [[zh-classical:User:JAnDbot]] [[zh-min-nan:User:JAnDbot]] [[zh-yue:User:JAnDbot]] 3972 8737 2006-12-16T14:15:18Z Tiyoringo 139 /* 他言語版リンク */ == バベル(Babel) == <table style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 242px; border: #99B3FF solid 1px"> <tr><td><center>'''[[Wikipedia:Babel]]'''</center></td></tr> <tr><td>{{User ja}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User en-2}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User de-1}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User zh-1}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User es-0}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User fr-0}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User it-0}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User nl-0}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User pt-0}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User roa-rup-0}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User ru-0}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User simple-2}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User BirthdayYear|1|9|7|X}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User windows}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User browser:Microsoft Internet Explorer}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User inclusionist}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User 歴検 2級世界史}}</td></tr> <!--<tr><td>{{User death-expand}}</td></tr>--> <tr><td>{{User Hutu}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User Yahoo! JAPAN}}</td></tr> <tr><td>{{User Google}}</td></tr> </table> == 他言語版リンク == *[[aa:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] *[[ab:Участник:Tiyoringo|アブハズ語（アブハジア共和国）]] *[[af:Gebruiker:Tiyoringo|アフリカーンス語（南アフリカなど）]] *[[ak:User:Tiyoringo|アカン語（ガーナ、コートジボアール）]] *[[als:Benutzer:Tiyoringo|アレマン語（スイス、高地ドイツ）]] *[[am:User:Tiyoringo|アムハラ語（エチオピア）]] *[[an:Usuario:Tiyoringo|アラゴン語（スペインの一部）]] *[[ang:User:Tiyoringo|古英語]] *[[ar:مستخدم:Tiyoringo|アラビア語]] *[[arc:User:Tiyoringo|現代アッシリア語]] *[[as:User:Tiyoringo|アッサム語（インド・アッサム地方）]] *[[ast:Usuariu:Tiyoringo|アストゥーリア語（ポルトガルの方言）]] *[[av:Участник:Tiyoringo|アヴァル語（ダゲスタン共和国）]] *[[ay:User:Tiyoringo|アイマラ語（ボリビア・ペルー）]] *[[az:İstifadəçi:Tiyoringo|アゼルバイジャン語]] *[[ba:Ҡатнашыусы:Tiyoringo|バシキール語（バシコルトスタン）]] *[[bar:User:Tiyoringo|ババリア語]] *[[bat-smg:User:Tiyoringo|（リトアニアの一部）]] *[[be:Удзельнік:Tiyoringo|ベラルーシ語]] *[[bg:Потребител:Tiyoringo|ブルガリア語]] *[[bh:User:Tiyoringo|ビハリ語（インド・ビハール州）]] *[[bi:User:Tiyoringo|ビスラマ語（バヌアツ、ニューカレドニア）]] *[[bm:Utilisateur:Tiyoringo|バンバラ語（マリ、ブルキナファソ、コートジボアール、ガンビア）]] *[[bn:ব্যবহারকারী:Tiyoringo|ベンガル語（バングラデシュ）]] *[[bo:User:Tiyoringo|チベット語]] *[[bpy:User:Tiyoringo|（バングラデシュ・ミャンマー国境地方）]] *[[br:Implijer:Tiyoringo|ブルトン語（ブルターニュ地方）]] *[[bs:Korisnik:Tiyoringo|ボスニア語]] *[[bug:User:Tiyoringo|ブギス語（スラウェシ島南部）]] *[[bxr:User:Tiyoringo|（ブリヤート語（ブリヤート共和国）]] *[[ca:Usuari:Tiyoringo|カタルーニャ語（カタロニア地方）]] *[[cbk-zam:User:Tiyoringo|スペイン語系言語（フィリピン南部）]] *[[cdo:User:Tiyoringo|閩東語]] *[[ce:User:Tiyoringo|チェチェン語]] *[[ceb:User:Tiyoringo|セブアノ語（セブ島ほか）]] *[[ch:User:Tiyoringo|チャモロ語（グアム、マリアナ諸島）]] *[[cho:User:Tiyoringo|チョクト語（アメリカ先住民）]] *[[chr:User:Tiyoringo|チェロキー語（アメリカ先住民の一部）]] *[[chy:User:Tiyoringo|（アメリカ先住民）]] *[[co:User:Tiyoringo|コルシカ語]] *[[cr:User:Tiyoringo|クリー語（カナダ、アルバータ州/ラブラドル州）]] *[[cs:Wikipedista:Tiyoringo|チェコ語]] *[[csb:Brëkòwnik:Tiyoringo|カシューブ語（ポーランドの一部など）]] *[[cu:User:Tiyoringo|古代教会スラヴ語（東ヨーロッパ）]] *[[cv:Хутшăнакан:Tiyoringo|チュヴァシ語（ヴォルガ川周辺の一部]] *[[cy:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] *[[da:Bruger:Tiyoringo|デンマーク語]] *[[de:Benutzer:Tiyoringo|ドイツ語]] *[[diq:User:Tiyoringo|（トルコ東部）]] *[[dv:User:Tiyoringo|ディベヒ語（モルディブ）]] *[[dz:User:Tiyoringo|ゾンカ語（ブータン）]] *[[el:Χρήστης:Tiyoringo|ギリシャ語]] *[[eml:User:Tiyoringo|（サンマリノ）]] *[[en:User:Tiyoringo|英語]] *[[eo:Vikipediisto:Tiyoringo|エスペラント語（人工言語）]] *[[es:Usuario:Tiyoringo|スペイン語]] *[[et:Kasutaja:Tiyoringo|エストニア語]] *[[eu:Lankide:Tiyoringo|バスク語（バスク地方）]] *[[ewe:User:Tiyoringo|エウェ語（ガーナ、トーゴ）]] *[[fa:کاربر:Tiyoringo|ペルシア語（イラン、タジキスタン、アフガニスタン）]] *[[ff:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] *[[fi:Käyttäjä:Tiyoringo|フィンランド語]] *[[fiu-vro:User:Tiyoringo|ヴォロ語（エストニア南東部）]] *[[fj:User:Tiyoringo|フィジー語（フィジー）]] *[[fo:Brúkari:Tiyoringo|フェロー語（フェロー諸島）]] *[[fr:Utilisateur:Tiyoringo|フランス語]] *[[frp:User:Tiyoringo|アルピタン語（フランス、イタリア、スイス国境地帯）]] *[[fur:Utent:Tiyoringo|フリウリ語（イタリア、スロベニア国境地帯）]] *[[fy:Meidogger:Tiyoringo|フリジア語（北海沿岸など）]] *[[ga:Úsáideoir:Tiyoringo|アイルランド語]] *[[gd:User:Tiyoringo|スコットランド・ゲール語]] *[[gl:User:Tiyoringo|ガリシア語]] *[[glk:User:Tiyoringo|（イラン・カスピ海沿岸）]] *[[gn:User:Tiyoringo|グアラニー語（パラグアイ、ボリビア）]] *[[got:User:Tiyoringo|ゴート語（ほぼ死語）]] <!-- *[[gsw:User:Tiyoringo]](als:Benutzer:Tiyoringo) --> *[[gu:User:Tiyoringo|グジャラート語（インド、グジャラート州）]] *[[gv:User:Tiyoringo|マン島語]] *[[ha:User:Tiyoringo|ハウサ語（ナイジェリア北部など）]] *[[haw:User:Tiyorinho|ハワイ語]] *[[he:משתמש:Tiyoringo|ヘブライ語]] *[[hi:सदस्य:Tiyoringo|ヒンディー語（インドの大部分）]] *[[ho:User:Tiyoringo|（パプアニューギニアの一部）]] *[[hr:Suradnik:Tiyoringo|クロアチア語]] *[[hsb:User:Tiyoringo|（ザクセン）]] *[[ht:User:Tiyoringo|ハイチ語]] *[[hu:User:Tiyoringo|ハンガリー語]] *[[hy:User:Tiyoringo|アルメニア語]] *[[hz:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] *[[ia:Usator:Tiyoringo|インターリングア（国際補助語）]] *[[id:Pengguna:Tiyoringo|イド語（人工言語）]] *[[ie:User:Tiyoringo|インターリングア（国際補助語）]] *[[ig:User:Tiyoringo|イボ語（ナイジェリア、赤道ギニア）]] *[[ii:User:Tiyoringo|彝語（四川省、雲南省少数民族）]] *[[ik:User:Tiyoringo|イヌイット語（アラスカなど）]] *[[ilo:User:Tiyoringo|イロカノ語（ルソン島北部）]] *[[io:User:Tiyoringo|イド語（人工言語）]] *[[is:Pengguna:Tiyoringo|アイスランド語]] *[[it:Utente:Tiyoringo|イタリア語]] *[[iu:User:Tiyoringo|イヌクティトゥット語（カナダ北極海沿岸地方）]] *[[ja:利用者:Tiyoringo|日本語]] *[[jbo:User:Tiyoringo|ロジバン（人工言語）]] *[[jv:Panganggo:Tiyoringo|ジャワ語（ジャワ島中部、東部）]] *[[ka:მომხმარებელი:Tiyoringo|グルジア語]] <!-- *[[kaa:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] --> *[[kg:User:Tiyoringo|コンゴ語（コンゴ共和国、コンゴ民主共和国、アンゴラ]] *[[ki:User:Tiyoringo|（ケニアの一部）]] *[[kj:User:Tiyoringo|（ナミビア、アンゴラ）]] *[[kk:Қатысушы:Tiyoringo|カザフ語]] <!-- *[[kk-cn:User:Tiyoringo]] *[[kk-kz:User:Tiyoringo]] *[[kk-tr:User:Tiyoringo]] --> *[[kl:User:Tiyoringo|グリーンランド語]] *[[km:User:Tiyoringo|クメール語（カンボジア）]] *[[kn:ಸದಸ್ಯ:Tiyoringo|カンナダ語（インド南部）]] *[[ko:사용자:Tiyoringo|朝鮮語]] *[[kr:User:Tiyoringo|（ナイジェリア、チャド、ニジェール、カメルーン）]] *[[ks:User:Tiyoringo|カシミール語（カシミール地方）]] *[[ksh:Medmaacher:Tiyoringo|リプアーリ語（ラインラント、ベルギー東部）]] *[[ku:Bikarhêner:Tiyoringo|クルド語]] *[[kv:Участник:Tiyoringo|コミ語（ロシア・コミ共和国）]] *[[kw:User:Tiyoringo|コーンウォル語（イギリス、コーンウォル地方）]] *[[ky:User:Tiyoringo|キルギス語]] *[[la:Usor:Tiyoringo|ラテン語]] *[[lad:User:Tiyoringo|ジュデズモ語（スペイン系ユダヤ人）]] *[[lb:User:Tiyoringo|ルクセンブルク語]] *[[lbe:User:Tiyoringo|（ダゲスタン共和国南部）]] *[[lg:User:Tiyoringo|ガンダ語（ウガンダ）]] *[[li:Gebroeker:Tiyoringo|リンブルグ語（低地ドイツ語）]] *[[lij:User:Tiyoringo|リグリア語]] *[[lmo:User:Tiyoringo|ロンバルド語（ロンバルディア地方）]] *[[ln:User:Tiyoringo|リンガラ語（コンゴ民主共和国、コンゴ共和国）]] *[[lo:User:Tiyoringo|ラーオ語（ラオス）]] *[[lt:Naudotojas:Tiyoringo|リトアニア語]] *[[lv:Lietotājs:Tiyoringo|ラトビア語]] *[[map-bms:User:Tiyoringo|バニュマス語（ジャワ島中部ほか）]] *[[mg:User:Tiyoringo|マダガスカル語]] *[[mh:User:Tiyoringo|マーシャル語（マーシャル諸島、ナウル）]] *[[mi:User:Tiyoringo|マオリ語（ニュージーランド先住民）]] *[[mk:Корисник:Tiyoringo|マケドニア語]] *[[ml:User:Tiyoringo|マラヤラム語（インド南部）]] *[[mn:User:Tiyoringo|モンゴル語]] *[[mo:User:Tiyoringo|モルドバ語]] *[[mr:User:Tiyoringo|マラーティー語（インド西部）]] *[[ms:Pengguna:Tiyoringo|マレー語]] *[[mt:User:Tiyoringo|マルタ語]] *[[mus:User:Tiyoringo|（アメリカ先住民）]] *[[my:User:Tiyoringo|ビルマ語（ミャンマー）]] *[[mzn:User:Tiyoringo|マザーンダラン語（イラン・カスピ海沿岸）]] *[[na:User:Tiyoringo|ナウル語]] *[[nah:Usuario:Tiyoringo|ナワトル語（メキシコ先住民）]] *[[nap:Utente:Tiyoringo|ナポリ語]] *[[nds:Bruker:Tiyoringo|低ザクセン語（ドイツ北部）]] *[[nds-nl:Gebruker:Tiyoringo|オランダ低ザクセン語（オランダ北部）]] *[[ne:User:Tiyoringo|ネパール語（ネパール）]] *[[new:User:Tiyoringo|ネパール語（ネパール）]] *[[ng:User:Tiyoringo|（ナミビア、アンゴラ南部）]] *[[nl:Gebruiker:Tiyoringo|オランダ語]] *[[nn:Brukar:Tiyoringo|ニーノシュク（ノルウェーの方言）]] *[[no:Bruker:Tiyoringo|ノルウェー語]] <!-- *[[non:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] --> *[[nov:User:Tiyoringo|ノヴィアル（人工言語）]] *[[nrm:User:Tiyoringo|ノルマン語（ノルマンディー地方）]] *[[nv:User:Tiyoringo|ナバホ語（ニューメキシコ州、ユタ州先住民族）]] *[[ny:User:Tiyoringo|チェワ語（マラウイ）]] *[[oc:Utilizaire:Tiyoringo|オック語（ガスコーニュ地方など）]] *[[om:User:Tiyoringo|オロモ語（エチオピア、ケニア）]] *[[or:User:Tiyoringo|オリヤー語（インド・オリッサ州）]] *[[os:Архайæг:Tiyoringo|オセット語（北オセチア共和国）]] *[[pa:User:Tiyoringo|パンジャブ語（インド・パンジャブ州、パキスタン）]] *[[pag:User:Tiyoringo|（ルソン島中部）]] *[[pam:User:Tiyoringo|パンパンガ語（フィリピン北部の一部）]] *[[pap:User:Tiyoringo|ポルトガル語系言語（オランダ領アンチル諸島及びアルバ）]] *[[pdc:User:Tiyoringo|ペンシルバニア・ドイツ語（ペンシルバニア州、カナダ・アメリカ国境）]] *[[pi:User:Tiyoringo|パーリ語（上座仏教教典）]] *[[pih:User:Tiyoringo|ノーフォーク語（オーストラリア領ノーフォーク島）]] *[[pl:Wikipedysta:Tiyoringo|ポーランド語]] *[[pms:Utent:Tiyoringo|ピエモンテ語（ピエモンテ地方）]] *[[ps:User:Tiyoringo|パシュトー語（アフガニスタンの一部）]] *[[pt:Usuário:Tiyoringo|ポルトガル語]] <!-- *[[pt-br:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] --> *[[qu:Usuario:Tiyoringo|ケチュア語（インカ帝国）]] *[[rm:User:Tiyoringo|ロマンシュ語（スイス）]] *[[rmy:Jeno:Tiyoringo|ロマ語（ジプシー）]] *[[rn:User:Tiyoringo|ルンディ語（ブルンジ）]] *[[ro:Utilizator:Tiyoringo|ルーマニア語]] *[[roa-rup:User:Tiyoringo|アルーマニア語（ルーマニア語の流れを持つ）]] *[[roa-tar:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] *[[ru:Участник:Tiyoringo|ロシア語]] *[[ru-sib:User:Tiyoringo|（シベリア）]] *[[rw:User:Tiyoringo|（ルワンダ）]] *[[sa:User:Tiyoringo|サンスクリット語（インドの古典言語）]] *[[sc:Utente:Tiyoringo|サルディーニャ語（サルディーニャ島）]] *[[scn:User:Tiyoringo|シチリア語（シチリア島）]] *[[sco:User:Tiyoringo|スコットランド語]] *[[sd:User:Tiyoringo|シンディー語（パキスタン、シンド州）]] *[[se:User:Tiyoringo|北部サーミ語（ラップランド）]] *[[sg:User:Tiyoringo|サンゴ語（中央アフリカ共和国）]] *[[sh:User:Tiyoringo|セルビア・クロアチア語]] *[[si:User:Tiyoringo|シンハラ語（スリランカ）]] *[[simple:User:Tiyoringo|シンプル英語]] *[[sk:Redaktor:Tiyoringo|スロバキア語]] *[[sl:Uporabnik:Tiyoringo|スロベニア語]] *[[sm:User:Tiyoringo|サモア語]] *[[sn:User:Tiyoringo|ショナ語（ジンバブエなど）]] *[[so:User:Tiyoringo|ソマリ語（ソマリア）]] *[[sq:Përdoruesi:Tiyoringo|アルバニア語]] *[[sr:Корисник:Tiyoringo|セルビア語]] <!-- *[[sr-ec:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] *[[sr-el:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] *[[sr-jc:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] *[[sr-jl:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] --> *[[ss:User:Tiyoringo|スワジ語（スワジランド）]] *[[st:User:Tiyoringo|ソト語（レソト）]] *[[su:Pamaké:Tiyoringo|スンダ語]] *[[sv:Användare:Tiyoringo|スウェーデン語]] *[[sw:User:Tiyoringo|スワヒリ語（ケニア、タンザニア）]] *[[ta:பயனர்:Tiyoringo|タミル語（スリランカ）]] *[[te:సభ్యుడు:Tiyoringo|テルグ語（インド南東部）]] *[[tet:User:Tiyoringo|テトゥン語（東ティモール）]] *[[tg:User:Tiyoringo|タジク語]] *[[th:ผู้ใช้:Tiyoringo|タイ語]] *[[ti:User:Tiyoringo|ティグリヤ語]] *[[tk:User:Tiyoringo|トルクメン語（トルクメニスタン）]] *[[tl:User:Tiyoringo|タガログ語（フィリピン）]] *[[tlh:User:Tiyoringo|クリンゴン語（スタートレック）]] *[[tn:User:Tiyoringo|ツワナ語（ボツワナ）]] *[[to:User:Tiyoringo|トンガ語]] *[[tokipona:User:Tiyoringo|トキポナ（人工言語）]] *[[tpi:User:Tiyoringo|トク・ピジン（パプア・ニューギニア、ソロモン諸島、バヌアツ）]] *[[tr:Kullanıcı:Tiyoringo|トルコ語]] *[[ts:User:Tiyoringo|（モザンビーク、スワジランドなど）]] *[[tt:Äğzä:Tiyoringo|タタール語（北アジア）]] *[[tum:User:Tiyoringo|トゥンブカ語（マラウイなど）]] *[[tw:User:Tiyoringo|トウィ語（ガーナ）]] *[[ty:User:Tiyoringo|タヒチ語]] <!-- *[[tyv:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] ---> *[[udm:Викиавтор:Tiyoringo|ウドムルト語（ロシアの一部）]] *[[ug:User:Tiyoringo|ウィグル語]] *[[uk:Користувач:Tiyoringo|ウクライナ語]] *[[ur:صارف:Tiyoringo|ウルドゥー語（パキスタン、インドなど）]] *[[uz:User:Tiyoringo|ウズベク語（ウズベキスタン）]] *[[ve:User:Tiyoringo|（南アフリカ、ジンバブエ）]] *[[vec:Utente:Tiyoringo|ヴェネツィア語]] *[[vi:Thành viên:Tiyoringo|ベトナム語]] *[[vls:Gebruker:Tiyoringo|フラマン語]] *[[vo:User:Tiyoringo|不明]] *[[wa:Uzeu:Tiyoringo|ワロン語（ベルギー南部）]] *[[war:User:Tiyoringo|ワライワライ語（フィリピン中部）]] *[[wo:User:Tiyoringo|ウォロフ語（セネガル、ガンビア、モーリタニア）]] *[[wuu:User:Tiyoringo|呉語（上海ほか）]] *[[xal:Орлцач:Tiyoringo|オイラト語（モンゴル西部など）]] *[[xh:User:Tiyoringo|（南アフリカ共和国）]] *[[yi:באַניצער:Tiyoringo|イディッシュ語（ユダヤ人、主に中欧、東欧）]] *[[yo:User:Tiyoringo|ヨルバ語（ナイジェリア）]] *[[za:User:Tiyoringo|チワン語（広西省少数民族など）]] *[[zea:User:Tiyoringo|オランダ南西部北海沿岸地方]] *[[zh:User:Tiyoringo|中国語]] *[[zh-classical:User:Tiyoringo|古文/文言文（漢文）]] <!-- *[[zh-cn:User:Tiyoringo|中国語]] *[[zh-hk:User:Tiyoringo|中国語]] --> *[[zh-min-nan:User:Tiyoringo|閩南語（福建省南部）]] <!-- *[[zh-sg:User:Tiyoringo|中国語]] *[[zh-tw:User:Tiyoringo|中国語]] --> *[[zh-yue:User:Tiyoringo|広東語]] *[[zu:User:Tiyoringo|ズールー語（南アフリカ、ズールー族）]] == プロフィール(PROFILE) == *[[:ja:Wikipedia:善意にとる]] === BASKETBALL === *[[NBA]]、[[w:New York Knics|ニューヨーク・ニックス]]のファン。 *[[2006年バスケットボール世界選手権]]のうち、[[さいたまスーパーアリーナ]]で行なわれた20試合中、12試合を観戦した。 **決勝戦（[[スペイン]]対[[ギリシャ]]）7位8位決定戦（[[リトアニア]]対[[ドイツ]]）(4階席より観戦,仕事のため7位8位決定戦は第2Qぐらいから)[[画像:20060903 2157~001.jpg]] **3位から6位決定戦（[[アメリカ]]対[[アルゼンチン]]）、（[[フランス]]対[[トルコ]]）スタンドS席より観戦 **5位から8位戦（フランス対ドイツ）、（トルコ対リトアニア）、アリーナS席(ゴール裏2列目)より観戦 **準々決勝2日目（アメリカ対ドイツ）、（ギリシャ対フランス）、アリーナS席より観戦 **ベスト8決定戦2日目（アメリカ対[[ニュージーランド]]）、（ドイツ対[[ナイジェリア]]）、（フランス対[[アンゴラ]]）、（ギリシャ対[[中国]]）、午前午後は観客入替（1日4試合スタンドS席より観戦、午後は最後列） *購入したグッズ **ピンバッジ（観戦したほぼ全ての試合、スペイン優勝、その他多数） **[[タオル]][[マフラー]]（ギリシャ（中国戦後）、トルコ（フランス戦後）ドイツ（ナイジェリア戦後？）） **Tシャツ（予選Bグループのもの2種類（黒、白）、ギリシャ、トルコ、北海道の絵柄入りの記念Tシャツ（[[札幌]]ラウンドのもの、ただしXXXサイズ、[[北海道]]出身の職場の人へプレゼント） **お菓子3種類 **タイピン（優勝カップ） **ボールペン（[[バツマル]]） **シャーペン（バツマル） *購入したグッズ（公式以外） **[[携帯ストラップ]]（キティ）部活動シリーズ *購入予定グッズ（DVD全てのセット） *:さすがに30,000円のトーナメントピンバッジ限定200か300セットは購入しませんでした。何年か前だったり、10,000円くらいなら買ってました。 === OTHER SPORTS === *[[NFL]]、[[Chicago Bears|シカゴ・ベアーズ]]のファン。 *[[Jリーグ]]、[[ジェフ千葉]]（[[古河電工]]のときより）のファン。 *天皇杯（サッカー）に出場したことのある大学の出身。J1のチームとの試合には応援に出かけました。 == リンク(LINK) == *[[利用者:Tiyoringo/立ち上げ記事]] *[http://www.nba.com/hawks/ アトランタ・ホークス] *[http://www.nba.com/celtics/ ボストンセルティックス] *[http://www.nba.com/bobcats/index_main.html シャーロット・ボブキャッツ] *[http://www.nba.com/bulls/ シカゴ・ブルズ] *[http://www.nba.com/cavaliers/ クリーブランド・キャバリアーズ] *[http://www.nba.com/mavericks/ ダラス・マーベリックス] *[http://www.nba.com/nuggets/ デンバー・ナゲッツ] *[http://www.nba.com/pistons/index_main.html デトロイト・ピストンズ] *[http://www.nba.com/warriors/index_main.html ゴールデンステート・ウォリアーズ] *[http://www.nba.com/rockets/index_main.html ヒューストン・ロケッツ] *[http://www.nba.com/pacers/ インディアナ・ペイサーズ] *[http://www.nba.com/clippers/index_main.html ロサンゼルス・クリッパーズ] *[http://www.nba.com/lakers/ ロサンゼルス・レイカーズ] *[http://www.nba.com/grizzlies/ メンフィス・グリズリーズ] *[http://www.nba.com/heat/ マイアミ・ヒート] *[http://www.nba.com/bucks/ ミルウォーキー・バックス] *[http://www.nba.com/timberwolves/ ミネソタ・ティンバーウルブズ] *[http://www.nba.com/nets/ ニュージャージー・ネッツ] *[http://www.nba.com/hornets/ ニューオーリンズ・ホーネッツ] *[http://www.nba.com/knicks/ ニューヨーク・ニックス] *[http://www.nba.com/magic/index_main.html オーランド・マジック] *[http://www.nba.com/sixers/index_main.html フィラデルフィア・セブンティシクサーズ] *[http://www.nba.com/suns/index_main.html フェニックス・サンズ] *[http://www.nba.com/blazers/ ポートランド・トレイルブレイザーズ] *[http://www.nba.com/kings/ サクラメント･キングス] *[http://www.nba.com/spurs/ サンアントニオ・スパーズ] *[http://www.nba.com/sonics/ シアトル・スーパーソニックス] *[http://www.nba.com/raptors/ トロント・ラプターズ] *[http://www.nba.com/jazz/ ユタ・ジャズ] *[http://www.nba.com/wizards/index_main.html ワシントン･ウィザーズ] 3973 8872 2006-12-29T19:24:09Z 83.30.31.53 redirect #REDIRECT[[Polandia]] 3974 8871 2006-12-29T19:23:42Z 83.30.31.53 redirect #REDIRECT[[Polandia]] 3975 9088 2007-01-24T22:46:57Z Thijs!bot 143 Robot interwiki: Adãugat: mi, nv, ps, udm, yo Modificat: ksh Thijs!bot is a bot of [[:nl:User:Thijs!|Thijs!]] creating interwiki-links on many languages. It mostly works on articles that have not been interlinked at all. It uses pywikipedia. It's controller speaks and writes English, German and Dutch and understands the basics of Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, Spanish, French and Italian, on a level sufficiently high to control this bot responsibly. If you have any question to the controller of this bot, please put them on [[:nl:User:Thijs!|his Dutch user page]]. 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( Please, help me by adding a similar message in Aromanian at the top of the list, and removing this petition at the same time. Thanks :-) 3977 8734 2006-12-16T13:29:06Z Rosoco 146 New page: Country birth: Albania, Birth City: Voskopoja Origin: Greek-Albanian Age: Secret Sex: Secret Interest: Albanology Favourite Book: Albania: The Bradt Travel Guide Education: Universi... Country birth: Albania, Birth City: Voskopoja Origin: Greek-Albanian Age: Secret Sex: Secret Interest: Albanology Favourite Book: Albania: The Bradt Travel Guide Education: University of Tirana Religion: An Orthodox Albanian [http://www.look-for-albania.com/ A look at Albania] “guide, forum & info” a website for tourism and travel information about Albania". 3978 8735 2006-12-16T13:29:10Z Rosoco 146 New page: Country birth: Albania, Birth City: Voskopoja Origin: Greek-Albanian Age: Secret Sex: Secret Interest: Albanology Favourite Book: Albania: The Bradt Travel Guide Education: Universi... Country birth: Albania, Birth City: Voskopoja Origin: Greek-Albanian Age: Secret Sex: Secret Interest: Albanology Favourite Book: Albania: The Bradt Travel Guide Education: University of Tirana Religion: An Orthodox Albanian [http://www.look-for-albania.com/ A look at Albania] “guide, forum & info” a website for tourism and travel information about Albania". 3979 8744 2006-12-17T21:06:02Z Qurqa 92 New page: :) :) 3980 8768 2006-12-18T23:48:24Z TXiKiBoT 147 New page: This is a bot account, run by [[:eu:Lankide:TXiKi|eu:TXiKi]]. If you want to contact me, please visit [[:eu:Lankide eztabaida:TXiKi|my talk page]]. Thank you! This is a bot account, run by [[:eu:Lankide:TXiKi|eu:TXiKi]]. If you want to contact me, please visit [[:eu:Lankide eztabaida:TXiKi|my talk page]]. Thank you! 3981 8820 2006-12-25T09:25:54Z 194.150.216.212 *[[PAREI ORCHESTRALI]] *[[PAREI di FOLKLOR]] *[[SOLISHTSA]] 3982 8818 2006-12-25T08:51:21Z 194.150.216.212 *[[Gicu COADA]] *[[Gica GODI]] *[[Sirma GRANZULEA]] *[[Cristian IONESCU]] *[[Nelu IANCA]] *[[IANULA]] *[[Hrista LUPCI]] 3983 8819 2006-12-25T09:23:51Z 194.150.216.212 New page: *[[AGAPYS]] *[[IHOLU]] *[[MOSCOPOLE]] *[[PINDU]] *[[SAMARINA]] *[[SHOPATLU]] *[[STEAUA DI VREARI]] *[[VLAHOS]] *[[AGAPYS]] *[[IHOLU]] *[[MOSCOPOLE]] *[[PINDU]] *[[SAMARINA]] *[[SHOPATLU]] *[[STEAUA DI VREARI]] *[[VLAHOS]] 3984 8821 2006-12-25T09:27:37Z 194.150.216.212 New page: *[[MUSHATA ARMANA]] *[[IHOLU ARMANESCU]] *[[LILICI DITU MAIU]] *[[PILISTERLU]] *[[MUSHATA ARMANA]] *[[IHOLU ARMANESCU]] *[[LILICI DITU MAIU]] *[[PILISTERLU]] 3985 8823 2006-12-25T09:32:02Z 194.150.216.212 *[[AGAPYS]] *[[IHOLU]] *[[MOSCOPOLE]] *[[PINDU]] *[[SAMARINA]] *[[SHOPATLU]] *[[STEAUA DI VREARI]] *[[VLAHOS]] 3986 8869 2006-12-29T16:08:47Z 86.125.111.33 sterge, nonsens 3987 8907 2007-01-02T09:16:40Z 194.150.216.212 Amintata tu anlu ...... *Membri: *PEANCI Dani *CHIOSE George 3988 8987 2007-01-12T16:32:33Z Al 91 New page: [[Image:European flag.svg|right|thumb|300px|Flambura di unia europeanã]] [[Image:LocatieEuropeseUnie.png|right|thumb|300px|Unia tu Europa]] '''Unia europeanã''' easte unã unia tu [[eur... [[Image:European flag.svg|right|thumb|300px|Flambura di unia europeanã]] [[Image:LocatieEuropeseUnie.png|right|thumb|300px|Unia tu Europa]] '''Unia europeanã''' easte unã unia tu [[europa]]. Cãsãbãlu capital di unia europeanã easte [[Bruxelles]] shi [[Strasbourg]]. == Staturi == *[[Austria]] *[[Belghia]] *[[Britania Mare]] *[[Cehia]] *[[Chipro]] *[[Danimarca]] *[[Estonia]] *[[Finlanda]] *[[Gallia]] *[[Gãrtsia]] *[[Ghermãnia]] *[[Irlanda]] *[[Islanda]] *[[Ispania]] *[[Italia]] *[[Letonia]] *[[Litva]] *[[Luxemburg]] *[[Malta]] *[[Olanda]] *[[Portogallia]] *[[Polandia]] *[[Romãnia]] *[[Slovachia]] *[[Slovenia]] *[[Suidia]] *[[Ungaria]] *[[Vurgaria]] [[Category:Europa]] [[af:Europese Unie]] [[an:Unión Europeya]] [[ang:Europisc Gesamnung]] [[ar:اتحاد أوروبي]] [[ast:Xunión Europea]] [[az:Avropa İttifaqı]] [[bar:Europäische Union]] [[bat-smg:Europas Sajunga]] [[be:Эўрапейскі Зьвяз]] [[bg:Европейски съюз]] [[bn:ইউরোপীয় ইউনিয়ন]] [[br:Unaniezh Europa]] [[bs:Evropska unija]] [[ca:Unió Europea]] [[co:Unioni Auropea]] [[cs:Evropská unie]] [[csb:Eùropejskô Ùnijô]] [[cv:Европа Пĕрлешĕвĕ]] [[cy:Yr Undeb Ewropeaidd]] [[da:Den Europæiske Union]] [[de:Europäische Union]] [[el:Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση]] [[en:European Union]] [[eo:Eŭropa Unio]] [[es:Unión Europea]] [[et:Euroopa Liit]] [[eu:Europar Batasuna]] [[fa:اتحادیهٔ اروپا]] [[fi:Euroopan unioni]] [[fiu-vro:Õuruupa Liit]] [[fr:Union européenne]] [[frp:Union eropèèna]] [[fur:Union Europeane]] [[fy:Jeropeeske Uny]] [[ga:An tAontas Eorpach]] [[gd:An t-Aonadh Eorpach]] [[gl:Unión Europea]] [[he:האיחוד האירופי]] [[hi:यूरोपीय संघ]] [[hr:Europska unija]] [[hsb:Europska Unija]] [[ht:Inyon Ewopeyèn]] [[hu:Európai Unió]] [[hy:Եվրոպական Միություն]] [[ia:Union Europee]] [[id:Uni Eropa]] [[ie:Europan Union]] [[io:Europana Uniono]] [[is:Evrópusambandið]] [[it:Unione Europea]] [[ja:欧州連合]] [[jv:Uni Eropah]] [[ka:ევროპის კავშირი]] [[ko:유럽 연합]] [[ksh:Europäish Unjon]] [[ku:Yekîtiya Ewropayê]] [[kw:Unyans Europek]] [[la:Unio Europaea]] [[lb:Europäesch Unioun]] [[li:Europese Unie]] [[lij:Comunitæ Europea]] [[lt:Europos Sąjunga]] [[lv:Eiropas Savienība]] [[mk:Европска Унија]] [[ms:Kesatuan Eropah]] [[mt:Unjoni Ewropea]] [[nds:Europääsche Union]] [[nds-nl:Europese Unie]] [[nn:Den europeiske unionen]] [[no:Den europeiske union]] [[nrm:Unnion Ûropéenne]] [[oc:Union Europèa]] [[pdc:Eiropeeische Union]] [[pl:Unia Europejska]] [[pms:Union Europenga]] [[pt:União Europeia]] [[rmy:Europikano Ekipen]] [[ro:Uniunea Europeană]] [[ru:Европейский Союз]] [[scn:Unioni Europea]] [[sco:European Union]] [[sh:Evropska unija]] [[simple:European Union]] [[sk:Európska únia]] [[sl:Evropska unija]] [[sq:Bashkimi Evropian]] [[sr:Европска унија]] [[sv:Europeiska unionen]] [[sw:Umoja wa Ulaya]] [[ta:ஐரோப்பிய ஒன்றியம்]] [[tet:Uniaun Europeia]] [[tg:Иттиҳоди Аврупо]] [[th:สหภาพยุโรป]] [[tl:Kaisahang Europeo]] [[tr:Avrupa Birliği]] [[tt:Awrupı Berlege]] [[uk:Європейський Союз]] [[vec:Union Eoropea]] [[vi:Liên minh châu Âu]] [[vls:Europese Unie]] [[wa:Union Uropeyinne]] [[war:Unyon Europeo]] [[zh:欧洲联盟]] [[zh-classical:歐洲聯盟]] [[zh-min-nan:Europa Liân-bêng]] [[zh-yue:歐洲聯盟]] 3989 8988 2007-01-12T16:33:28Z Al 91 New page: [[Category:Europa]] [[Category:Europa]] 3990 8990 2007-01-12T16:40:11Z Al 91 New page: '''Moscova''' easte cãsãbãlu capital di [[Arusia]]. [[Category:Arusia]] '''Moscova''' easte cãsãbãlu capital di [[Arusia]]. [[Category:Arusia]] 3991 8991 2007-01-12T16:41:21Z Al 91 New page: '''{{subst:PAGENAME}}''' easte cãsãbãlu capital di Arusia albã. [[Category:Arusia albã]] '''Minsc''' easte cãsãbãlu capital di Arusia albã. [[Category:Arusia albã]] 3992 8993 2007-01-12T16:42:40Z Al 91 New page: '''{{subst:PAGENAME}}''' easte cãsãbãlu capital di [[Austria]]. [[Category:Austria]] '''Viena''' easte cãsãbãlu capital di [[Austria]]. [[Category:Austria]] 3993 8995 2007-01-12T16:43:58Z Al 91 New page: '''{{subst:PAGENAME}}''' easte cãsãbãlu capital di Belghia. [[Category:Belghia]] '''Bruxelles''' easte cãsãbãlu capital di Belghia. [[Category:Belghia]] 3994 9087 2007-01-24T22:45:47Z Thogo 151 {{delete}} {{delete|interwiki spam --[[User:Thogo|Thogo]] 22:45, 24 January 2007 (UTC)}} ---- Hello! I want to know, where you have a section for advertising at a forum? Or it is not present? I have not found it. P.S. Are you see storm in Europe? It's a horror... 3995 9052 2007-01-21T12:59:01Z Pill 148 delete -- [[:m:User:Pill|Pill]], swmt {{delete}} Hey I must say - very well done. really Lisa 3996 9053 2007-01-21T12:59:33Z Pill 148 New page: {| style="margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text align:left" |'''This page has been nominated for [[Meta:Meta:Deletion policy#Crit... {| style="margin:0.5em auto; width:95%; background-color:#FFFACD; border:2px solid #88A; padding:5px; text align:left" |'''This page has been nominated for [[Meta:Meta:Deletion policy#Criteria for speedy deletion|speedy deletion]]{{#if:{{{soon|}}}|&nbsp;after a short period of time.''' This delay is intended to give the contributor time to modify the page to make it relevant. If it is relevant, please remove this tag.}}{{#if:{{{1|}}}|.&nbsp;The user who left this tag provided the following reason:<div style="margin-left:2em" align="center">{{{1}}}</div>|.<br />}} |- |style="font-size:.9em;"|If you disagree with its speedy deletion, remove the template and discuss it on [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|its talk page]]. <div align="center"><small>'''[[Meta:Administrators|Administrators]]:''' Please check the [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=history}} page history], especially the [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|diff=0}} last diff], before [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=delete}} deleting].</small></div> |} 3997 9120 2007-01-31T13:57:55Z 87.242.117.125 Very Interesting Here! == Just posting == just posting just posting == Very Interesting Here! == Hello world! I'm from Latvia, I now have a computer and Internet! It's so interesting here! But on some forums I see strange posts, they offer to buy some pills or something and they look very stupid. It is robots posting? I thought moderators should delete such posts. Maybe somebody will explain me what's going on? But at all it is very interesting to speak to all you people! Kisses! :) 3998 9098 2007-01-25T13:27:59Z Thogo 151 new {| cellpadding='2' style='border-color:'#008B45'; empty-cells:show;' <!-- Beginn Hauptrahmen --> |- | heigth='2px' bgcolor='#7EC0EE' colspan='2' | |- <!------------ Kopf mit Willkommenstext und der Navileiste ------------> | colspan='2' | <!------ Willkommenstext ------> <span style="text-align: center; font-size: 127%;line-height: 1.3"> Welcome to my user page! </span> <br/><br/> My name is Thomas Goldammer, I'm from Leipzig, Germany. I'm sysop on the [[wikt:de:Benutzer:Thomas Goldammer|German Wiktionary]], the [[:de:Benutzer:Thomas Goldammer|German Wikipedia]] and the [[:iu:User:Thogo|Inuktitut Wikipedia]]. I visit this wiki to undo vandalism and put deletion requests on nonsense pages having the hope that administrators here find them and delete the pages. <br/> {| align='center' style='padding: 5px;text-align: center;' |- | width=48% style='border-bottom: 1px dashed #AAAAAA;' | |- | '''«[[m:User talk:Thogo|Discussion]]»''' &#124; [[Special:Emailuser/Thogo|E-Mail]] &#124; [[Special:Contributions/Thogo|Contribs]] <br/> Today is {{CURRENTDAYNAME}}, the {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}. This wiki has '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' articles. |- | width=48% style="border-top: 1px dashed #AAAAAA;" | |} |}